am 2a452522: (-s ours) am 3e10bcc1: am c4d807da: am d4f30d0d: Fix world-readable permissions due to sqlite race condition

* commit '2a452522127d9213d820324b22c873476fa0bc94':
  Fix world-readable permissions due to sqlite race condition
diff --git a/dist/Android.mk b/dist/Android.mk
index 2db4384..02c2409 100644
--- a/dist/Android.mk
+++ b/dist/Android.mk
@@ -29,6 +29,14 @@
 	-DSQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION \
 	-DSQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS=0600
 
+device_sqlite_flags := $(common_sqlite_flags) \
+    -DSQLITE_ENABLE_ICU \
+    -DUSE_PREAD64 \
+    -Dfdatasync=fdatasync \
+    -DHAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
+
+host_sqlite_flags := $(common_sqlite_flags)
+
 common_src_files := sqlite3.c
 
 # the device library
@@ -36,13 +44,17 @@
 
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(common_src_files)
 
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(common_sqlite_flags) -DUSE_PREAD64 -Dfdatasync=fdatasync \
-				-DHAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
+LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(device_sqlite_flags)
 
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := libdl
 
 LOCAL_MODULE:= libsqlite
-LOCAL_C_INCLUDES += $(call include-path-for, system-core)/cutils
+
+LOCAL_C_INCLUDES += \
+    $(call include-path-for, system-core)/cutils \
+    external/icu/icu4c/source/i18n \
+    external/icu/icu4c/source/common
+
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += liblog \
             libicuuc \
             libicui18n \
@@ -52,14 +64,13 @@
 # include android specific methods
 LOCAL_WHOLE_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libsqlite3_android
 
-
 include $(BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARY)
 
 
 include $(CLEAR_VARS)
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(common_src_files)
 LOCAL_LDLIBS += -lpthread -ldl
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(common_sqlite_flags)
+LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(host_sqlite_flags)
 LOCAL_MODULE:= libsqlite
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += libicuuc-host libicui18n-host
 LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := liblog libutils libcutils
@@ -79,14 +90,18 @@
 
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := shell.c
 
-LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(LOCAL_PATH)/../android $(call include-path-for, system-core)/cutils
+LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := \
+    $(LOCAL_PATH)/../android \
+    $(call include-path-for, system-core)/cutils \
+    external/icu4c/i18n \
+    external/icu4c/common
 
 LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := libsqlite \
             libicuuc \
             libicui18n \
             libutils
 
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(common_sqlite_flags) -DUSE_PREAD64
+LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(device_sqlite_flags)
 
 LOCAL_MODULE_PATH := $(TARGET_OUT_OPTIONAL_EXECUTABLES)
 
@@ -109,7 +124,8 @@
 
 LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(common_src_files) shell.c
 
-LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(common_sqlite_flags) -DNO_ANDROID_FUNCS=1
+LOCAL_CFLAGS += $(host_sqlite_flags) \
+    -DNO_ANDROID_FUNCS=1
 
 # sqlite3MemsysAlarm uses LOG()
 LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES += liblog
diff --git a/dist/Android.patch b/dist/Android.patch
index 5c35b2c..4b8ef9d 100644
--- a/dist/Android.patch
+++ b/dist/Android.patch
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 diff -r -u -d orig/shell.c ./shell.c
---- orig/shell.c	2012-04-19 19:18:38.000000000 -0700
-+++ ./shell.c	2012-04-19 19:26:02.000000000 -0700
+--- orig/shell.c	2014-08-20 16:26:07.117256041 -0700
++++ ./shell.c	2014-08-20 16:45:00.468546769 -0700
 @@ -35,6 +35,11 @@
  #include "sqlite3.h"
  #include <ctype.h>
@@ -11,12 +11,13 @@
 +#endif
 +// End Android Add
  
- #if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(__OS2__)
+ #if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32)
  # include <signal.h>
-@@ -1463,6 +1468,20 @@
- #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
-     sqlite3_enable_load_extension(p->db, 1);
- #endif
+@@ -1737,6 +1742,21 @@
+                             readfileFunc, 0, 0);
+     sqlite3_create_function(db, "writefile", 2, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
+                             writefileFunc, 0, 0);
++
 +    // Begin Android Add
 +    #ifndef NO_ANDROID_FUNCS
 +        int err = register_localized_collators(db, "en_US", 0);
@@ -35,9 +36,23 @@
  }
  
 diff -r -u -d orig/sqlite3.c ./sqlite3.c
---- orig/sqlite3.c	2012-04-19 19:18:38.000000000 -0700
-+++ ./sqlite3.c	2012-04-19 19:26:02.000000000 -0700
-@@ -25387,7 +25387,12 @@
+--- orig/sqlite3.c	2014-08-20 16:26:07.145255923 -0700
++++ ./sqlite3.c	2014-08-20 16:26:36.205134826 -0700
+@@ -24109,6 +24109,13 @@
+ */
+ #if SQLITE_OS_UNIX              /* This file is used on unix only */
+ 
++/* Use posix_fallocate() if it is available
++*/
++#if !defined(HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE) \
++      && (_XOPEN_SOURCE >= 600 || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L)
++# define HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE 1
++#endif
++
+ /*
+ ** There are various methods for file locking used for concurrency
+ ** control:
+@@ -24660,7 +24667,12 @@
  #else
    { "pread64",      (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
  #endif
@@ -50,7 +65,7 @@
  
    { "write",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)write,      0  },
  #define osWrite     ((ssize_t(*)(int,const void*,size_t))aSyscall[11].pCurrent)
-@@ -25405,8 +25410,14 @@
+@@ -24678,8 +24690,14 @@
  #else
    { "pwrite64",     (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
  #endif
@@ -63,9 +78,47 @@
                      aSyscall[13].pCurrent)
 +#endif
  
- #if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
    { "fchmod",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)fchmod,     0  },
-@@ -93937,7 +93948,7 @@
+ #define osFchmod    ((int(*)(int,mode_t))aSyscall[14].pCurrent)
+@@ -27909,7 +27927,7 @@
+   SimulateIOError( rc=1 );
+   if( rc!=0 ){
+     ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
+-    return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
++    return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT, "fstat", ((unixFile*)id)->zPath);
+   }
+   *pSize = buf.st_size;
+ 
+@@ -27944,7 +27962,9 @@
+     i64 nSize;                    /* Required file size */
+     struct stat buf;              /* Used to hold return values of fstat() */
+    
+-    if( osFstat(pFile->h, &buf) ) return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
++    if( osFstat(pFile->h, &buf) ) {
++      return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT, "fstat", pFile->zPath);
++    }
+ 
+     nSize = ((nByte+pFile->szChunk-1) / pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
+     if( nSize>(i64)buf.st_size ){
+@@ -28510,7 +28530,7 @@
+     ** with the same permissions.
+     */
+     if( osFstat(pDbFd->h, &sStat) && pInode->bProcessLock==0 ){
+-      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
++      rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT, "fstat", pDbFd->zPath);
+       goto shm_open_err;
+     }
+ 
+@@ -29848,7 +29868,7 @@
+       *pUid = sStat.st_uid;
+       *pGid = sStat.st_gid;
+     }else{
+-      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
++      rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT, "stat", zDb);
+     }
+   }else if( flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE ){
+     *pMode = 0600;
+@@ -100867,7 +100887,7 @@
    }
    if( pDb->pSchema->file_format>SQLITE_MAX_FILE_FORMAT ){
      sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, "unsupported file format");
@@ -74,61 +127,46 @@
      goto initone_error_out;
    }
  
-@@ -112387,7 +112398,7 @@
- extern "C" {
- #endif  /* __cplusplus */
- 
--SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Init(sqlite3 *db);
-+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Init(sqlite3 *db, const char* registerAs); // Android Change
- 
- #if 0
- }  /* extern "C" */
-@@ -114717,9 +114728,24 @@
+@@ -124770,9 +124790,9 @@
  #endif
  
  #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3
 -  if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
 -    rc = sqlite3Fts3Init(db);
 -  }
-+  // Begin Android change
-+  #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3_BACKWARDS
-+    /* Also register as fts1 and fts2, for backwards compatability on
-+    ** systems known to have never seen a pre-fts3 database.
-+    */
 +    if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-+      rc = sqlite3Fts3Init(db, "fts1");
++      rc = sqlite3Fts3Init(db);
 +    }
-+
-+    if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-+      rc = sqlite3Fts3Init(db, "fts2");
-+    }
-+  #endif
-+
-+    if( !db->mallocFailed && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-+      rc = sqlite3Fts3Init(db, "fts3");
-+    }
-+  // End Android change
  #endif
  
  #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
-@@ -120143,7 +120169,7 @@
- ** SQLite. If fts3 is built as a dynamically loadable extension, this
- ** function is called by the sqlite3_extension_init() entry point.
- */
--SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Init(sqlite3 *db){
-+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Init(sqlite3 *db, const char* registerAs){ // Android Change
-   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-   Fts3Hash *pHash = 0;
-   const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pSimple = 0;
-@@ -120204,7 +120230,10 @@
+@@ -130660,16 +130680,28 @@
+   ** module with sqlite.
+   */
+   if( SQLITE_OK==rc 
++#ifndef ANDROID    /* fts3_tokenizer disabled for security reasons */
+    && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable(db, pHash, "fts3_tokenizer"))
++#endif
+    && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "snippet", -1))
+    && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "offsets", 1))
+    && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "matchinfo", 1))
+    && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "matchinfo", 2))
     && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3_overload_function(db, "optimize", 1))
    ){
++#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3_BACKWARDS
++    rc = sqlite3_create_module_v2(
++        db, "fts1", &fts3Module, (void *)pHash, 0
++        );
++    if(rc) return rc;
++    rc = sqlite3_create_module_v2(
++        db, "fts2", &fts3Module, (void *)pHash, 0
++        );
++    if(rc) return rc;
++#endif
      rc = sqlite3_create_module_v2(
--        db, "fts3", &fts3Module, (void *)pHash, hashDestroy
-+        // Begin Android change
-+        // Also register as fts1 and fts2
-+        db, registerAs, &fts3Module, (void *)pHash, hashDestroy
-+        // End Android change
-     );
+         db, "fts3", &fts3Module, (void *)pHash, hashDestroy
+-    );
++        );
      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
        rc = sqlite3_create_module_v2(
+           db, "fts4", &fts3Module, (void *)pHash, 0
diff --git a/dist/orig/shell.c b/dist/orig/shell.c
index d3ddfa9..a74dcdb 100644
--- a/dist/orig/shell.c
+++ b/dist/orig/shell.c
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 #include <ctype.h>
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
-#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(__OS2__)
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32)
 # include <signal.h>
 # if !defined(__RTP__) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL)
 #  include <pwd.h>
@@ -45,19 +45,17 @@
 # include <sys/types.h>
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __OS2__
-# include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HAVE_EDITLINE
-# include <editline/editline.h>
-#endif
-#if defined(HAVE_READLINE) && HAVE_READLINE==1
+#if defined(HAVE_READLINE) && HAVE_READLINE!=0
 # include <readline/readline.h>
 # include <readline/history.h>
+#else
+# undef HAVE_READLINE
 #endif
-#if !defined(HAVE_EDITLINE) && (!defined(HAVE_READLINE) || HAVE_READLINE!=1)
-# define readline(p) local_getline(p,stdin,0)
+#if defined(HAVE_EDITLINE) && !defined(HAVE_READLINE)
+# define HAVE_READLINE 1
+# include <editline/readline.h>
+#endif
+#if !defined(HAVE_READLINE)
 # define add_history(X)
 # define read_history(X)
 # define write_history(X)
@@ -66,12 +64,24 @@
 
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
 # include <io.h>
+# include <fcntl.h>
 #define isatty(h) _isatty(h)
-#define access(f,m) _access((f),(m))
+#ifndef access
+# define access(f,m) _access((f),(m))
+#endif
+#undef popen
+#define popen _popen
+#undef pclose
+#define pclose _pclose
 #else
 /* Make sure isatty() has a prototype.
 */
 extern int isatty(int);
+
+/* popen and pclose are not C89 functions and so are sometimes omitted from
+** the <stdio.h> header */
+extern FILE *popen(const char*,const char*);
+extern int pclose(FILE*);
 #endif
 
 #if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
@@ -82,20 +92,38 @@
 #define isatty(x) 1
 #endif
 
-/* True if the timer is enabled */
-static int enableTimer = 0;
-
 /* ctype macros that work with signed characters */
 #define IsSpace(X)  isspace((unsigned char)X)
 #define IsDigit(X)  isdigit((unsigned char)X)
 #define ToLower(X)  (char)tolower((unsigned char)X)
 
-#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(__OS2__) && !defined(__RTP__) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL)
+
+/* True if the timer is enabled */
+static int enableTimer = 0;
+
+/* Return the current wall-clock time */
+static sqlite3_int64 timeOfDay(void){
+  static sqlite3_vfs *clockVfs = 0;
+  sqlite3_int64 t;
+  if( clockVfs==0 ) clockVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(0);
+  if( clockVfs->iVersion>=1 && clockVfs->xCurrentTimeInt64!=0 ){
+    clockVfs->xCurrentTimeInt64(clockVfs, &t);
+  }else{
+    double r;
+    clockVfs->xCurrentTime(clockVfs, &r);
+    t = (sqlite3_int64)(r*86400000.0);
+  }
+  return t;
+}
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL) \
+ && !defined(__minux)
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <sys/resource.h>
 
 /* Saved resource information for the beginning of an operation */
-static struct rusage sBegin;
+static struct rusage sBegin;  /* CPU time at start */
+static sqlite3_int64 iBegin;  /* Wall-clock time at start */
 
 /*
 ** Begin timing an operation
@@ -103,6 +131,7 @@
 static void beginTimer(void){
   if( enableTimer ){
     getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &sBegin);
+    iBegin = timeOfDay();
   }
 }
 
@@ -118,8 +147,10 @@
 static void endTimer(void){
   if( enableTimer ){
     struct rusage sEnd;
+    sqlite3_int64 iEnd = timeOfDay();
     getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &sEnd);
-    printf("CPU Time: user %f sys %f\n",
+    printf("Run Time: real %.3f user %f sys %f\n",
+       (iEnd - iBegin)*0.001,
        timeDiff(&sBegin.ru_utime, &sEnd.ru_utime),
        timeDiff(&sBegin.ru_stime, &sEnd.ru_stime));
   }
@@ -137,6 +168,7 @@
 static HANDLE hProcess;
 static FILETIME ftKernelBegin;
 static FILETIME ftUserBegin;
+static sqlite3_int64 ftWallBegin;
 typedef BOOL (WINAPI *GETPROCTIMES)(HANDLE, LPFILETIME, LPFILETIME, LPFILETIME, LPFILETIME);
 static GETPROCTIMES getProcessTimesAddr = NULL;
 
@@ -174,6 +206,7 @@
   if( enableTimer && getProcessTimesAddr ){
     FILETIME ftCreation, ftExit;
     getProcessTimesAddr(hProcess, &ftCreation, &ftExit, &ftKernelBegin, &ftUserBegin);
+    ftWallBegin = timeOfDay();
   }
 }
 
@@ -190,8 +223,10 @@
 static void endTimer(void){
   if( enableTimer && getProcessTimesAddr){
     FILETIME ftCreation, ftExit, ftKernelEnd, ftUserEnd;
+    sqlite3_int64 ftWallEnd = timeOfDay();
     getProcessTimesAddr(hProcess, &ftCreation, &ftExit, &ftKernelEnd, &ftUserEnd);
-    printf("CPU Time: user %f sys %f\n",
+    printf("Run Time: real %.3f user %f sys %f\n",
+       (ftWallEnd - ftWallBegin)*0.001,
        timeDiff(&ftUserBegin, &ftUserEnd),
        timeDiff(&ftKernelBegin, &ftKernelEnd));
   }
@@ -331,23 +366,13 @@
 ** to the text.  NULL is returned at end of file, or if malloc()
 ** fails.
 **
-** The interface is like "readline" but no command-line editing
-** is done.
+** If zLine is not NULL then it is a malloced buffer returned from
+** a previous call to this routine that may be reused.
 */
-static char *local_getline(char *zPrompt, FILE *in, int csvFlag){
-  char *zLine;
-  int nLine;
-  int n;
-  int inQuote = 0;
+static char *local_getline(char *zLine, FILE *in){
+  int nLine = zLine==0 ? 0 : 100;
+  int n = 0;
 
-  if( zPrompt && *zPrompt ){
-    printf("%s",zPrompt);
-    fflush(stdout);
-  }
-  nLine = 100;
-  zLine = malloc( nLine );
-  if( zLine==0 ) return 0;
-  n = 0;
   while( 1 ){
     if( n+100>nLine ){
       nLine = nLine*2 + 100;
@@ -362,42 +387,48 @@
       zLine[n] = 0;
       break;
     }
-    while( zLine[n] ){
-      if( zLine[n]=='"' ) inQuote = !inQuote;
-      n++;
-    }
-    if( n>0 && zLine[n-1]=='\n' && (!inQuote || !csvFlag) ){
+    while( zLine[n] ) n++;
+    if( n>0 && zLine[n-1]=='\n' ){
       n--;
       if( n>0 && zLine[n-1]=='\r' ) n--;
       zLine[n] = 0;
       break;
     }
   }
-  zLine = realloc( zLine, n+1 );
   return zLine;
 }
 
 /*
 ** Retrieve a single line of input text.
 **
-** zPrior is a string of prior text retrieved.  If not the empty
-** string, then issue a continuation prompt.
+** If in==0 then read from standard input and prompt before each line.
+** If isContinuation is true, then a continuation prompt is appropriate.
+** If isContinuation is zero, then the main prompt should be used.
+**
+** If zPrior is not NULL then it is a buffer from a prior call to this
+** routine that can be reused.
+**
+** The result is stored in space obtained from malloc() and must either
+** be freed by the caller or else passed back into this routine via the
+** zPrior argument for reuse.
 */
-static char *one_input_line(const char *zPrior, FILE *in){
+static char *one_input_line(FILE *in, char *zPrior, int isContinuation){
   char *zPrompt;
   char *zResult;
   if( in!=0 ){
-    return local_getline(0, in, 0);
-  }
-  if( zPrior && zPrior[0] ){
-    zPrompt = continuePrompt;
+    zResult = local_getline(zPrior, in);
   }else{
-    zPrompt = mainPrompt;
-  }
-  zResult = readline(zPrompt);
-#if defined(HAVE_READLINE) && HAVE_READLINE==1
-  if( zResult && *zResult ) add_history(zResult);
+    zPrompt = isContinuation ? continuePrompt : mainPrompt;
+#if defined(HAVE_READLINE)
+    free(zPrior);
+    zResult = readline(zPrompt);
+    if( zResult && *zResult ) add_history(zResult);
+#else
+    printf("%s", zPrompt);
+    fflush(stdout);
+    zResult = local_getline(zPrior, stdin);
 #endif
+  }
   return zResult;
 }
 
@@ -416,15 +447,19 @@
 struct callback_data {
   sqlite3 *db;           /* The database */
   int echoOn;            /* True to echo input commands */
+  int autoEQP;           /* Run EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN prior to seach SQL stmt */
   int statsOn;           /* True to display memory stats before each finalize */
+  int outCount;          /* Revert to stdout when reaching zero */
   int cnt;               /* Number of records displayed so far */
   FILE *out;             /* Write results here */
+  FILE *traceOut;        /* Output for sqlite3_trace() */
   int nErr;              /* Number of errors seen */
   int mode;              /* An output mode setting */
   int writableSchema;    /* True if PRAGMA writable_schema=ON */
   int showHeader;        /* True to show column names in List or Column mode */
   char *zDestTable;      /* Name of destination table when MODE_Insert */
   char separator[20];    /* Separator character for MODE_List */
+  char newline[20];      /* Record separator in MODE_Csv */
   int colWidth[100];     /* Requested width of each column when in column mode*/
   int actualWidth[100];  /* Actual width of each column */
   char nullvalue[20];    /* The text to print when a NULL comes back from
@@ -434,9 +469,13 @@
                          ** .explain ON */
   char outfile[FILENAME_MAX]; /* Filename for *out */
   const char *zDbFilename;    /* name of the database file */
+  char *zFreeOnClose;         /* Filename to free when closing */
   const char *zVfs;           /* Name of VFS to use */
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;   /* Current statement if any. */
   FILE *pLog;            /* Write log output here */
+  int *aiIndent;         /* Array of indents used in MODE_Explain */
+  int nIndent;           /* Size of array aiIndent[] */
+  int iIndent;           /* Index of current op in aiIndent[] */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -496,7 +535,7 @@
   int i;
   char *zBlob = (char *)pBlob;
   fprintf(out,"X'");
-  for(i=0; i<nBlob; i++){ fprintf(out,"%02x",zBlob[i]); }
+  for(i=0; i<nBlob; i++){ fprintf(out,"%02x",zBlob[i]&0xff); }
   fprintf(out,"'");
 }
 
@@ -540,6 +579,9 @@
     if( c=='\\' ){
       fputc(c, out);
       fputc(c, out);
+    }else if( c=='"' ){
+      fputc('\\', out);
+      fputc('"', out);
     }else if( c=='\t' ){
       fputc('\\', out);
       fputc('t', out);
@@ -549,7 +591,7 @@
     }else if( c=='\r' ){
       fputc('\\', out);
       fputc('r', out);
-    }else if( !isprint(c) ){
+    }else if( !isprint(c&0xff) ){
       fprintf(out, "\\%03o", c&0xff);
     }else{
       fputc(c, out);
@@ -564,6 +606,7 @@
 */
 static void output_html_string(FILE *out, const char *z){
   int i;
+  if( z==0 ) z = "";
   while( *z ){
     for(i=0;   z[i] 
             && z[i]!='<' 
@@ -618,7 +661,8 @@
 /*
 ** Output a single term of CSV.  Actually, p->separator is used for
 ** the separator, which may or may not be a comma.  p->nullvalue is
-** the null value.  Strings are quoted if necessary.
+** the null value.  Strings are quoted if necessary.  The separator
+** is only issued if bSep is true.
 */
 static void output_csv(struct callback_data *p, const char *z, int bSep){
   FILE *out = p->out;
@@ -657,7 +701,8 @@
 */
 static void interrupt_handler(int NotUsed){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
-  seenInterrupt = 1;
+  seenInterrupt++;
+  if( seenInterrupt>2 ) exit(1);
   if( db ) sqlite3_interrupt(db);
 }
 #endif
@@ -695,7 +740,7 @@
           }else{
             w = 0;
           }
-          if( w<=0 ){
+          if( w==0 ){
             w = strlen30(azCol[i] ? azCol[i] : "");
             if( w<10 ) w = 10;
             n = strlen30(azArg && azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullvalue);
@@ -705,7 +750,11 @@
             p->actualWidth[i] = w;
           }
           if( p->showHeader ){
-            fprintf(p->out,"%-*.*s%s",w,w,azCol[i], i==nArg-1 ? "\n": "  ");
+            if( w<0 ){
+              fprintf(p->out,"%*.*s%s",-w,-w,azCol[i], i==nArg-1 ? "\n": "  ");
+            }else{
+              fprintf(p->out,"%-*.*s%s",w,w,azCol[i], i==nArg-1 ? "\n": "  ");
+            }
           }
         }
         if( p->showHeader ){
@@ -713,6 +762,7 @@
             int w;
             if( i<ArraySize(p->actualWidth) ){
                w = p->actualWidth[i];
+               if( w<0 ) w = -w;
             }else{
                w = 10;
             }
@@ -730,12 +780,22 @@
         }else{
            w = 10;
         }
-        if( p->mode==MODE_Explain && azArg[i] && 
-           strlen30(azArg[i])>w ){
+        if( p->mode==MODE_Explain && azArg[i] && strlen30(azArg[i])>w ){
           w = strlen30(azArg[i]);
         }
-        fprintf(p->out,"%-*.*s%s",w,w,
-            azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullvalue, i==nArg-1 ? "\n": "  ");
+        if( i==1 && p->aiIndent && p->pStmt ){
+          if( p->iIndent<p->nIndent ){
+            fprintf(p->out, "%*.s", p->aiIndent[p->iIndent], "");
+          }
+          p->iIndent++;
+        }
+        if( w<0 ){
+          fprintf(p->out,"%*.*s%s",-w,-w,
+              azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullvalue, i==nArg-1 ? "\n": "  ");
+        }else{
+          fprintf(p->out,"%-*.*s%s",w,w,
+              azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullvalue, i==nArg-1 ? "\n": "  ");
+        }
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -785,30 +845,39 @@
       if( p->cnt++==0 && p->showHeader ){
         for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
           output_c_string(p->out,azCol[i] ? azCol[i] : "");
-          fprintf(p->out, "%s", p->separator);
+          if(i<nArg-1) fprintf(p->out, "%s", p->separator);
         }
         fprintf(p->out,"\n");
       }
       if( azArg==0 ) break;
       for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
         output_c_string(p->out, azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullvalue);
-        fprintf(p->out, "%s", p->separator);
+        if(i<nArg-1) fprintf(p->out, "%s", p->separator);
       }
       fprintf(p->out,"\n");
       break;
     }
     case MODE_Csv: {
+#if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32)
+      fflush(p->out);
+      _setmode(_fileno(p->out), _O_BINARY);
+#endif
       if( p->cnt++==0 && p->showHeader ){
         for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
           output_csv(p, azCol[i] ? azCol[i] : "", i<nArg-1);
         }
-        fprintf(p->out,"\n");
+        fprintf(p->out,"%s",p->newline);
       }
-      if( azArg==0 ) break;
-      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
-        output_csv(p, azArg[i], i<nArg-1);
+      if( azArg>0 ){
+        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
+          output_csv(p, azArg[i], i<nArg-1);
+        }
+        fprintf(p->out,"%s",p->newline);
       }
-      fprintf(p->out,"\n");
+#if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32)
+      fflush(p->out);
+      _setmode(_fileno(p->out), _O_TEXT);
+#endif
       break;
     }
     case MODE_Insert: {
@@ -822,7 +891,8 @@
         }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_TEXT ){
           if( zSep[0] ) fprintf(p->out,"%s",zSep);
           output_quoted_string(p->out, azArg[i]);
-        }else if( aiType && (aiType[i]==SQLITE_INTEGER || aiType[i]==SQLITE_FLOAT) ){
+        }else if( aiType && (aiType[i]==SQLITE_INTEGER
+                             || aiType[i]==SQLITE_FLOAT) ){
           fprintf(p->out,"%s%s",zSep, azArg[i]);
         }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_BLOB && p->pStmt ){
           const void *pBlob = sqlite3_column_blob(p->pStmt, i);
@@ -956,10 +1026,10 @@
   int nResult;
   int i;
   const char *z;
-  rc = sqlite3_prepare(p->db, zSelect, -1, &pSelect, 0);
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSelect, -1, &pSelect, 0);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || !pSelect ){
     fprintf(p->out, "/**** ERROR: (%d) %s *****/\n", rc, sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
-    p->nErr++;
+    if( (rc&0xff)!=SQLITE_CORRUPT ) p->nErr++;
     return rc;
   }
   rc = sqlite3_step(pSelect);
@@ -986,7 +1056,7 @@
   rc = sqlite3_finalize(pSelect);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     fprintf(p->out, "/**** ERROR: (%d) %s *****/\n", rc, sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
-    p->nErr++;
+    if( (rc&0xff)!=SQLITE_CORRUPT ) p->nErr++;
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -1077,6 +1147,9 @@
     sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS, &iCur, &iHiwtr, 1);
     fprintf(pArg->out, "Page cache misses:                   %d\n", iCur); 
     iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
+    sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE, &iCur, &iHiwtr, 1);
+    fprintf(pArg->out, "Page cache writes:                   %d\n", iCur); 
+    iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
     sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED, &iCur, &iHiwtr, bReset);
     fprintf(pArg->out, "Schema Heap Usage:                   %d bytes\n", iCur); 
     iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
@@ -1091,12 +1164,113 @@
     fprintf(pArg->out, "Sort Operations:                     %d\n", iCur);
     iCur = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX, bReset);
     fprintf(pArg->out, "Autoindex Inserts:                   %d\n", iCur);
+    iCur = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP, bReset);
+    fprintf(pArg->out, "Virtual Machine Steps:               %d\n", iCur);
   }
 
   return 0;
 }
 
 /*
+** Parameter azArray points to a zero-terminated array of strings. zStr
+** points to a single nul-terminated string. Return non-zero if zStr
+** is equal, according to strcmp(), to any of the strings in the array.
+** Otherwise, return zero.
+*/
+static int str_in_array(const char *zStr, const char **azArray){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; azArray[i]; i++){
+    if( 0==strcmp(zStr, azArray[i]) ) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** If compiled statement pSql appears to be an EXPLAIN statement, allocate
+** and populate the callback_data.aiIndent[] array with the number of
+** spaces each opcode should be indented before it is output. 
+**
+** The indenting rules are:
+**
+**     * For each "Next", "Prev", "VNext" or "VPrev" instruction, indent
+**       all opcodes that occur between the p2 jump destination and the opcode
+**       itself by 2 spaces.
+**
+**     * For each "Goto", if the jump destination is earlier in the program
+**       and ends on one of:
+**          Yield  SeekGt  SeekLt  RowSetRead  Rewind
+**       or if the P1 parameter is one instead of zero,
+**       then indent all opcodes between the earlier instruction
+**       and "Goto" by 2 spaces.
+*/
+static void explain_data_prepare(struct callback_data *p, sqlite3_stmt *pSql){
+  const char *zSql;               /* The text of the SQL statement */
+  const char *z;                  /* Used to check if this is an EXPLAIN */
+  int *abYield = 0;               /* True if op is an OP_Yield */
+  int nAlloc = 0;                 /* Allocated size of p->aiIndent[], abYield */
+  int iOp;                        /* Index of operation in p->aiIndent[] */
+
+  const char *azNext[] = { "Next", "Prev", "VPrev", "VNext", "SorterNext",
+                           "NextIfOpen", "PrevIfOpen", 0 };
+  const char *azYield[] = { "Yield", "SeekLT", "SeekGT", "RowSetRead", "Rewind", 0 };
+  const char *azGoto[] = { "Goto", 0 };
+
+  /* Try to figure out if this is really an EXPLAIN statement. If this
+  ** cannot be verified, return early.  */
+  zSql = sqlite3_sql(pSql);
+  if( zSql==0 ) return;
+  for(z=zSql; *z==' ' || *z=='\t' || *z=='\n' || *z=='\f' || *z=='\r'; z++);
+  if( sqlite3_strnicmp(z, "explain", 7) ) return;
+
+  for(iOp=0; SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pSql); iOp++){
+    int i;
+    int iAddr = sqlite3_column_int(pSql, 0);
+    const char *zOp = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 1);
+
+    /* Set p2 to the P2 field of the current opcode. Then, assuming that
+    ** p2 is an instruction address, set variable p2op to the index of that
+    ** instruction in the aiIndent[] array. p2 and p2op may be different if
+    ** the current instruction is part of a sub-program generated by an
+    ** SQL trigger or foreign key.  */
+    int p2 = sqlite3_column_int(pSql, 3);
+    int p2op = (p2 + (iOp-iAddr));
+
+    /* Grow the p->aiIndent array as required */
+    if( iOp>=nAlloc ){
+      nAlloc += 100;
+      p->aiIndent = (int*)sqlite3_realloc(p->aiIndent, nAlloc*sizeof(int));
+      abYield = (int*)sqlite3_realloc(abYield, nAlloc*sizeof(int));
+    }
+    abYield[iOp] = str_in_array(zOp, azYield);
+    p->aiIndent[iOp] = 0;
+    p->nIndent = iOp+1;
+
+    if( str_in_array(zOp, azNext) ){
+      for(i=p2op; i<iOp; i++) p->aiIndent[i] += 2;
+    }
+    if( str_in_array(zOp, azGoto) && p2op<p->nIndent
+     && (abYield[p2op] || sqlite3_column_int(pSql, 2))
+    ){
+      for(i=p2op+1; i<iOp; i++) p->aiIndent[i] += 2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  p->iIndent = 0;
+  sqlite3_free(abYield);
+  sqlite3_reset(pSql);
+}
+
+/*
+** Free the array allocated by explain_data_prepare().
+*/
+static void explain_data_delete(struct callback_data *p){
+  sqlite3_free(p->aiIndent);
+  p->aiIndent = 0;
+  p->nIndent = 0;
+  p->iIndent = 0;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Execute a statement or set of statements.  Print 
 ** any result rows/columns depending on the current mode 
 ** set via the supplied callback.
@@ -1148,6 +1322,23 @@
         fprintf(pArg->out, "%s\n", zStmtSql ? zStmtSql : zSql);
       }
 
+      /* Show the EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN if .eqp is on */
+      if( pArg && pArg->autoEQP ){
+        sqlite3_stmt *pExplain;
+        char *zEQP = sqlite3_mprintf("EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN %s", sqlite3_sql(pStmt));
+        rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zEQP, -1, &pExplain, 0);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          while( sqlite3_step(pExplain)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+            fprintf(pArg->out,"--EQP-- %d,", sqlite3_column_int(pExplain, 0));
+            fprintf(pArg->out,"%d,", sqlite3_column_int(pExplain, 1));
+            fprintf(pArg->out,"%d,", sqlite3_column_int(pExplain, 2));
+            fprintf(pArg->out,"%s\n", sqlite3_column_text(pExplain, 3));
+          }
+        }
+        sqlite3_finalize(pExplain);
+        sqlite3_free(zEQP);
+      }
+
       /* Output TESTCTRL_EXPLAIN text of requested */
       if( pArg && pArg->mode==MODE_Explain ){
         const char *zExplain = 0;
@@ -1157,6 +1348,12 @@
         }
       }
 
+      /* If the shell is currently in ".explain" mode, gather the extra
+      ** data required to add indents to the output.*/
+      if( pArg && pArg->mode==MODE_Explain ){
+        explain_data_prepare(pArg, pStmt);
+      }
+
       /* perform the first step.  this will tell us if we
       ** have a result set or not and how wide it is.
       */
@@ -1174,7 +1371,7 @@
             char **azCols = (char **)pData;      /* Names of result columns */
             char **azVals = &azCols[nCol];       /* Results */
             int *aiTypes = (int *)&azVals[nCol]; /* Result types */
-            int i;
+            int i, x;
             assert(sizeof(int) <= sizeof(char *)); 
             /* save off ptrs to column names */
             for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
@@ -1183,8 +1380,12 @@
             do{
               /* extract the data and data types */
               for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-                azVals[i] = (char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, i);
-                aiTypes[i] = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, i);
+                aiTypes[i] = x = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, i);
+                if( x==SQLITE_BLOB && pArg && pArg->mode==MODE_Insert ){
+                  azVals[i] = "";
+                }else{
+                  azVals[i] = (char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, i);
+                }
                 if( !azVals[i] && (aiTypes[i]!=SQLITE_NULL) ){
                   rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
                   break; /* from for */
@@ -1210,6 +1411,8 @@
         }
       }
 
+      explain_data_delete(pArg);
+
       /* print usage stats if stats on */
       if( pArg && pArg->statsOn ){
         display_stats(db, pArg, 0);
@@ -1260,7 +1463,7 @@
   
   if( strcmp(zTable, "sqlite_sequence")==0 ){
     zPrepStmt = "DELETE FROM sqlite_sequence;\n";
-  }else if( strcmp(zTable, "sqlite_stat1")==0 ){
+  }else if( sqlite3_strglob("sqlite_stat?", zTable)==0 ){
     fprintf(p->out, "ANALYZE sqlite_master;\n");
   }else if( strncmp(zTable, "sqlite_", 7)==0 ){
     return 0;
@@ -1287,27 +1490,24 @@
     char *zTableInfo = 0;
     char *zTmp = 0;
     int nRow = 0;
-    int kk;
    
     zTableInfo = appendText(zTableInfo, "PRAGMA table_info(", 0);
     zTableInfo = appendText(zTableInfo, zTable, '"');
     zTableInfo = appendText(zTableInfo, ");", 0);
 
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare(p->db, zTableInfo, -1, &pTableInfo, 0);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zTableInfo, -1, &pTableInfo, 0);
     free(zTableInfo);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || !pTableInfo ){
       return 1;
     }
 
     zSelect = appendText(zSelect, "SELECT 'INSERT INTO ' || ", 0);
-    if( !isalpha(zTable[0]) ){
-      kk = 0;
-    }else{
-      for(kk=1; isalnum(zTable[kk]); kk++){}
-    }
-    zTmp = appendText(zTmp, zTable, zTable[kk] ? '"' : 0);
+    /* Always quote the table name, even if it appears to be pure ascii,
+    ** in case it is a keyword. Ex:  INSERT INTO "table" ... */
+    zTmp = appendText(zTmp, zTable, '"');
     if( zTmp ){
       zSelect = appendText(zSelect, zTmp, '\'');
+      free(zTmp);
     }
     zSelect = appendText(zSelect, " || ' VALUES(' || ", 0);
     rc = sqlite3_step(pTableInfo);
@@ -1336,7 +1536,7 @@
       zSelect = appendText(zSelect, " ORDER BY rowid DESC", 0);
       run_table_dump_query(p, zSelect, 0);
     }
-    if( zSelect ) free(zSelect);
+    free(zSelect);
   }
   return 0;
 }
@@ -1366,7 +1566,7 @@
     }
     zQ2 = malloc( len+100 );
     if( zQ2==0 ) return rc;
-    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zQ2), zQ2, "%s ORDER BY rowid DESC", zQuery);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(len+100, zQ2, "%s ORDER BY rowid DESC", zQuery);
     rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, zQ2, dump_callback, p, &zErr);
     if( rc ){
       fprintf(p->out, "/****** ERROR: %s ******/\n", zErr);
@@ -1384,16 +1584,19 @@
 */
 static char zHelp[] =
   ".backup ?DB? FILE      Backup DB (default \"main\") to FILE\n"
-  ".bail ON|OFF           Stop after hitting an error.  Default OFF\n"
+  ".bail on|off           Stop after hitting an error.  Default OFF\n"
+  ".clone NEWDB           Clone data into NEWDB from the existing database\n"
   ".databases             List names and files of attached databases\n"
   ".dump ?TABLE? ...      Dump the database in an SQL text format\n"
   "                         If TABLE specified, only dump tables matching\n"
   "                         LIKE pattern TABLE.\n"
-  ".echo ON|OFF           Turn command echo on or off\n"
+  ".echo on|off           Turn command echo on or off\n"
+  ".eqp on|off            Enable or disable automatic EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN\n"
   ".exit                  Exit this program\n"
-  ".explain ?ON|OFF?      Turn output mode suitable for EXPLAIN on or off.\n"
+  ".explain ?on|off?      Turn output mode suitable for EXPLAIN on or off.\n"
   "                         With no args, it turns EXPLAIN on.\n"
-  ".header(s) ON|OFF      Turn display of headers on or off\n"
+  ".fullschema            Show schema and the content of sqlite_stat tables\n"
+  ".headers on|off        Turn display of headers on or off\n"
   ".help                  Show this message\n"
   ".import FILE TABLE     Import data from FILE into TABLE\n"
   ".indices ?TABLE?       Show names of all indices\n"
@@ -1415,40 +1618,106 @@
   "                         list     Values delimited by .separator string\n"
   "                         tabs     Tab-separated values\n"
   "                         tcl      TCL list elements\n"
-  ".nullvalue STRING      Print STRING in place of NULL values\n"
-  ".output FILENAME       Send output to FILENAME\n"
-  ".output stdout         Send output to the screen\n"
+  ".nullvalue STRING      Use STRING in place of NULL values\n"
+  ".once FILENAME         Output for the next SQL command only to FILENAME\n"
+  ".open ?FILENAME?       Close existing database and reopen FILENAME\n"
+  ".output ?FILENAME?     Send output to FILENAME or stdout\n"
+  ".print STRING...       Print literal STRING\n"
   ".prompt MAIN CONTINUE  Replace the standard prompts\n"
   ".quit                  Exit this program\n"
   ".read FILENAME         Execute SQL in FILENAME\n"
   ".restore ?DB? FILE     Restore content of DB (default \"main\") from FILE\n"
+  ".save FILE             Write in-memory database into FILE\n"
   ".schema ?TABLE?        Show the CREATE statements\n"
   "                         If TABLE specified, only show tables matching\n"
   "                         LIKE pattern TABLE.\n"
-  ".separator STRING      Change separator used by output mode and .import\n"
+  ".separator STRING ?NL? Change separator used by output mode and .import\n"
+  "                         NL is the end-of-line mark for CSV\n"
+  ".shell CMD ARGS...     Run CMD ARGS... in a system shell\n"
   ".show                  Show the current values for various settings\n"
-  ".stats ON|OFF          Turn stats on or off\n"
+  ".stats on|off          Turn stats on or off\n"
+  ".system CMD ARGS...    Run CMD ARGS... in a system shell\n"
   ".tables ?TABLE?        List names of tables\n"
   "                         If TABLE specified, only list tables matching\n"
   "                         LIKE pattern TABLE.\n"
   ".timeout MS            Try opening locked tables for MS milliseconds\n"
+  ".timer on|off          Turn SQL timer on or off\n"
+  ".trace FILE|off        Output each SQL statement as it is run\n"
   ".vfsname ?AUX?         Print the name of the VFS stack\n"
   ".width NUM1 NUM2 ...   Set column widths for \"column\" mode\n"
-;
-
-static char zTimerHelp[] =
-  ".timer ON|OFF          Turn the CPU timer measurement on or off\n"
+  "                         Negative values right-justify\n"
 ;
 
 /* Forward reference */
 static int process_input(struct callback_data *p, FILE *in);
+/*
+** Implementation of the "readfile(X)" SQL function.  The entire content
+** of the file named X is read and returned as a BLOB.  NULL is returned
+** if the file does not exist or is unreadable.
+*/
+static void readfileFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const char *zName;
+  FILE *in;
+  long nIn;
+  void *pBuf;
+
+  zName = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  if( zName==0 ) return;
+  in = fopen(zName, "rb");
+  if( in==0 ) return;
+  fseek(in, 0, SEEK_END);
+  nIn = ftell(in);
+  rewind(in);
+  pBuf = sqlite3_malloc( nIn );
+  if( pBuf && 1==fread(pBuf, nIn, 1, in) ){
+    sqlite3_result_blob(context, pBuf, nIn, sqlite3_free);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_free(pBuf);
+  }
+  fclose(in);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the "writefile(X,Y)" SQL function.  The argument Y
+** is written into file X.  The number of bytes written is returned.  Or
+** NULL is returned if something goes wrong, such as being unable to open
+** file X for writing.
+*/
+static void writefileFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  FILE *out;
+  const char *z;
+  sqlite3_int64 rc;
+  const char *zFile;
+
+  zFile = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  if( zFile==0 ) return;
+  out = fopen(zFile, "wb");
+  if( out==0 ) return;
+  z = (const char*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[1]);
+  if( z==0 ){
+    rc = 0;
+  }else{
+    rc = fwrite(z, 1, sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[1]), out);
+  }
+  fclose(out);
+  sqlite3_result_int64(context, rc);
+}
 
 /*
 ** Make sure the database is open.  If it is not, then open it.  If
 ** the database fails to open, print an error message and exit.
 */
-static void open_db(struct callback_data *p){
+static void open_db(struct callback_data *p, int keepAlive){
   if( p->db==0 ){
+    sqlite3_initialize();
     sqlite3_open(p->zDbFilename, &p->db);
     db = p->db;
     if( db && sqlite3_errcode(db)==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -1458,11 +1727,16 @@
     if( db==0 || SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3_errcode(db) ){
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: unable to open database \"%s\": %s\n", 
           p->zDbFilename, sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+      if( keepAlive ) return;
       exit(1);
     }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
     sqlite3_enable_load_extension(p->db, 1);
 #endif
+    sqlite3_create_function(db, "readfile", 1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
+                            readfileFunc, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3_create_function(db, "writefile", 2, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
+                            writefileFunc, 0, 0);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1472,12 +1746,14 @@
 **    \t    -> tab
 **    \n    -> newline
 **    \r    -> carriage return
+**    \"    -> "
 **    \NNN  -> ascii character NNN in octal
 **    \\    -> backslash
 */
 static void resolve_backslashes(char *z){
   int i, j;
   char c;
+  while( *z && *z!='\\' ) z++;
   for(i=j=0; (c = z[i])!=0; i++, j++){
     if( c=='\\' ){
       c = z[++i];
@@ -1487,6 +1763,8 @@
         c = '\t';
       }else if( c=='r' ){
         c = '\r';
+      }else if( c=='\\' ){
+        c = '\\';
       }else if( c>='0' && c<='7' ){
         c -= '0';
         if( z[i+1]>='0' && z[i+1]<='7' ){
@@ -1501,24 +1779,461 @@
     }
     z[j] = c;
   }
-  z[j] = 0;
+  if( j<i ) z[j] = 0;
 }
 
 /*
-** Interpret zArg as a boolean value.  Return either 0 or 1.
+** Return the value of a hexadecimal digit.  Return -1 if the input
+** is not a hex digit.
+*/
+static int hexDigitValue(char c){
+  if( c>='0' && c<='9' ) return c - '0';
+  if( c>='a' && c<='f' ) return c - 'a' + 10;
+  if( c>='A' && c<='F' ) return c - 'A' + 10;
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Interpret zArg as an integer value, possibly with suffixes.
+*/
+static sqlite3_int64 integerValue(const char *zArg){
+  sqlite3_int64 v = 0;
+  static const struct { char *zSuffix; int iMult; } aMult[] = {
+    { "KiB", 1024 },
+    { "MiB", 1024*1024 },
+    { "GiB", 1024*1024*1024 },
+    { "KB",  1000 },
+    { "MB",  1000000 },
+    { "GB",  1000000000 },
+    { "K",   1000 },
+    { "M",   1000000 },
+    { "G",   1000000000 },
+  };
+  int i;
+  int isNeg = 0;
+  if( zArg[0]=='-' ){
+    isNeg = 1;
+    zArg++;
+  }else if( zArg[0]=='+' ){
+    zArg++;
+  }
+  if( zArg[0]=='0' && zArg[1]=='x' ){
+    int x;
+    zArg += 2;
+    while( (x = hexDigitValue(zArg[0]))>=0 ){
+      v = (v<<4) + x;
+      zArg++;
+    }
+  }else{
+    while( IsDigit(zArg[0]) ){
+      v = v*10 + zArg[0] - '0';
+      zArg++;
+    }
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aMult); i++){
+    if( sqlite3_stricmp(aMult[i].zSuffix, zArg)==0 ){
+      v *= aMult[i].iMult;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return isNeg? -v : v;
+}
+
+/*
+** Interpret zArg as either an integer or a boolean value.  Return 1 or 0
+** for TRUE and FALSE.  Return the integer value if appropriate.
 */
 static int booleanValue(char *zArg){
-  int val = atoi(zArg);
-  int j;
-  for(j=0; zArg[j]; j++){
-    zArg[j] = ToLower(zArg[j]);
+  int i;
+  if( zArg[0]=='0' && zArg[1]=='x' ){
+    for(i=2; hexDigitValue(zArg[i])>=0; i++){}
+  }else{
+    for(i=0; zArg[i]>='0' && zArg[i]<='9'; i++){}
   }
-  if( strcmp(zArg,"on")==0 ){
-    val = 1;
-  }else if( strcmp(zArg,"yes")==0 ){
-    val = 1;
+  if( i>0 && zArg[i]==0 ) return (int)(integerValue(zArg) & 0xffffffff);
+  if( sqlite3_stricmp(zArg, "on")==0 || sqlite3_stricmp(zArg,"yes")==0 ){
+    return 1;
   }
-  return val;
+  if( sqlite3_stricmp(zArg, "off")==0 || sqlite3_stricmp(zArg,"no")==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Not a boolean value: \"%s\". Assuming \"no\".\n",
+          zArg);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close an output file, assuming it is not stderr or stdout
+*/
+static void output_file_close(FILE *f){
+  if( f && f!=stdout && f!=stderr ) fclose(f);
+}
+
+/*
+** Try to open an output file.   The names "stdout" and "stderr" are
+** recognized and do the right thing.  NULL is returned if the output 
+** filename is "off".
+*/
+static FILE *output_file_open(const char *zFile){
+  FILE *f;
+  if( strcmp(zFile,"stdout")==0 ){
+    f = stdout;
+  }else if( strcmp(zFile, "stderr")==0 ){
+    f = stderr;
+  }else if( strcmp(zFile, "off")==0 ){
+    f = 0;
+  }else{
+    f = fopen(zFile, "wb");
+    if( f==0 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zFile);
+    }
+  }
+  return f;
+}
+
+/*
+** A routine for handling output from sqlite3_trace().
+*/
+static void sql_trace_callback(void *pArg, const char *z){
+  FILE *f = (FILE*)pArg;
+  if( f ) fprintf(f, "%s\n", z);
+}
+
+/*
+** A no-op routine that runs with the ".breakpoint" doc-command.  This is
+** a useful spot to set a debugger breakpoint.
+*/
+static void test_breakpoint(void){
+  static int nCall = 0;
+  nCall++;
+}
+
+/*
+** An object used to read a CSV file
+*/
+typedef struct CSVReader CSVReader;
+struct CSVReader {
+  const char *zFile;  /* Name of the input file */
+  FILE *in;           /* Read the CSV text from this input stream */
+  char *z;            /* Accumulated text for a field */
+  int n;              /* Number of bytes in z */
+  int nAlloc;         /* Space allocated for z[] */
+  int nLine;          /* Current line number */
+  int cTerm;          /* Character that terminated the most recent field */
+  int cSeparator;     /* The separator character.  (Usually ",") */
+};
+
+/* Append a single byte to z[] */
+static void csv_append_char(CSVReader *p, int c){
+  if( p->n+1>=p->nAlloc ){
+    p->nAlloc += p->nAlloc + 100;
+    p->z = sqlite3_realloc(p->z, p->nAlloc);
+    if( p->z==0 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
+      exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+  p->z[p->n++] = (char)c;
+}
+
+/* Read a single field of CSV text.  Compatible with rfc4180 and extended
+** with the option of having a separator other than ",".
+**
+**   +  Input comes from p->in.
+**   +  Store results in p->z of length p->n.  Space to hold p->z comes
+**      from sqlite3_malloc().
+**   +  Use p->cSep as the separator.  The default is ",".
+**   +  Keep track of the line number in p->nLine.
+**   +  Store the character that terminates the field in p->cTerm.  Store
+**      EOF on end-of-file.
+**   +  Report syntax errors on stderr
+*/
+static char *csv_read_one_field(CSVReader *p){
+  int c, pc, ppc;
+  int cSep = p->cSeparator;
+  p->n = 0;
+  c = fgetc(p->in);
+  if( c==EOF || seenInterrupt ){
+    p->cTerm = EOF;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( c=='"' ){
+    int startLine = p->nLine;
+    int cQuote = c;
+    pc = ppc = 0;
+    while( 1 ){
+      c = fgetc(p->in);
+      if( c=='\n' ) p->nLine++;
+      if( c==cQuote ){
+        if( pc==cQuote ){
+          pc = 0;
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+      if( (c==cSep && pc==cQuote)
+       || (c=='\n' && pc==cQuote)
+       || (c=='\n' && pc=='\r' && ppc==cQuote)
+       || (c==EOF && pc==cQuote)
+      ){
+        do{ p->n--; }while( p->z[p->n]!=cQuote );
+        p->cTerm = c;
+        break;
+      }
+      if( pc==cQuote && c!='\r' ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: unescaped %c character\n",
+                p->zFile, p->nLine, cQuote);
+      }
+      if( c==EOF ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: unterminated %c-quoted field\n",
+                p->zFile, startLine, cQuote);
+        p->cTerm = EOF;
+        break;
+      }
+      csv_append_char(p, c);
+      ppc = pc;
+      pc = c;
+    }
+  }else{
+    while( c!=EOF && c!=cSep && c!='\n' ){
+      csv_append_char(p, c);
+      c = fgetc(p->in);
+    }
+    if( c=='\n' ){
+      p->nLine++;
+      if( p->n>0 && p->z[p->n-1]=='\r' ) p->n--;
+    }
+    p->cTerm = c;
+  }
+  if( p->z ) p->z[p->n] = 0;
+  return p->z;
+}
+
+/*
+** Try to transfer data for table zTable.  If an error is seen while
+** moving forward, try to go backwards.  The backwards movement won't
+** work for WITHOUT ROWID tables.
+*/
+static void tryToCloneData(
+  struct callback_data *p,
+  sqlite3 *newDb,
+  const char *zTable
+){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pQuery = 0; 
+  sqlite3_stmt *pInsert = 0;
+  char *zQuery = 0;
+  char *zInsert = 0;
+  int rc;
+  int i, j, n;
+  int nTable = (int)strlen(zTable);
+  int k = 0;
+  int cnt = 0;
+  const int spinRate = 10000;
+
+  zQuery = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT * FROM \"%w\"", zTable);
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zQuery, -1, &pQuery, 0);
+  if( rc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error %d: %s on [%s]\n",
+            sqlite3_extended_errcode(p->db), sqlite3_errmsg(p->db),
+            zQuery);
+    goto end_data_xfer;
+  }
+  n = sqlite3_column_count(pQuery);
+  zInsert = sqlite3_malloc(200 + nTable + n*3);
+  if( zInsert==0 ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
+    goto end_data_xfer;
+  }
+  sqlite3_snprintf(200+nTable,zInsert,
+                   "INSERT OR IGNORE INTO \"%s\" VALUES(?", zTable);
+  i = (int)strlen(zInsert);
+  for(j=1; j<n; j++){
+    memcpy(zInsert+i, ",?", 2);
+    i += 2;
+  }
+  memcpy(zInsert+i, ");", 3);
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(newDb, zInsert, -1, &pInsert, 0);
+  if( rc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error %d: %s on [%s]\n",
+            sqlite3_extended_errcode(newDb), sqlite3_errmsg(newDb),
+            zQuery);
+    goto end_data_xfer;
+  }
+  for(k=0; k<2; k++){
+    while( (rc = sqlite3_step(pQuery))==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      for(i=0; i<n; i++){
+        switch( sqlite3_column_type(pQuery, i) ){
+          case SQLITE_NULL: {
+            sqlite3_bind_null(pInsert, i+1);
+            break;
+          }
+          case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
+            sqlite3_bind_int64(pInsert, i+1, sqlite3_column_int64(pQuery,i));
+            break;
+          }
+          case SQLITE_FLOAT: {
+            sqlite3_bind_double(pInsert, i+1, sqlite3_column_double(pQuery,i));
+            break;
+          }
+          case SQLITE_TEXT: {
+            sqlite3_bind_text(pInsert, i+1,
+                             (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pQuery,i),
+                             -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+            break;
+          }
+          case SQLITE_BLOB: {
+            sqlite3_bind_blob(pInsert, i+1, sqlite3_column_blob(pQuery,i),
+                                            sqlite3_column_bytes(pQuery,i),
+                                            SQLITE_STATIC);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      } /* End for */
+      rc = sqlite3_step(pInsert);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_ROW && rc!=SQLITE_DONE ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error %d: %s\n", sqlite3_extended_errcode(newDb),
+                        sqlite3_errmsg(newDb));
+      }
+      sqlite3_reset(pInsert);
+      cnt++;
+      if( (cnt%spinRate)==0 ){
+        printf("%c\b", "|/-\\"[(cnt/spinRate)%4]);
+        fflush(stdout);
+      }
+    } /* End while */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) break;
+    sqlite3_finalize(pQuery);
+    sqlite3_free(zQuery);
+    zQuery = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT * FROM \"%w\" ORDER BY rowid DESC;",
+                             zTable);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zQuery, -1, &pQuery, 0);
+    if( rc ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Warning: cannot step \"%s\" backwards", zTable);
+      break;
+    }
+  } /* End for(k=0...) */
+
+end_data_xfer:
+  sqlite3_finalize(pQuery);
+  sqlite3_finalize(pInsert);
+  sqlite3_free(zQuery);
+  sqlite3_free(zInsert);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Try to transfer all rows of the schema that match zWhere.  For
+** each row, invoke xForEach() on the object defined by that row.
+** If an error is encountered while moving forward through the
+** sqlite_master table, try again moving backwards.
+*/
+static void tryToCloneSchema(
+  struct callback_data *p,
+  sqlite3 *newDb,
+  const char *zWhere,
+  void (*xForEach)(struct callback_data*,sqlite3*,const char*)
+){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pQuery = 0;
+  char *zQuery = 0;
+  int rc;
+  const unsigned char *zName;
+  const unsigned char *zSql;
+  char *zErrMsg = 0;
+
+  zQuery = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT name, sql FROM sqlite_master"
+                           " WHERE %s", zWhere);
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zQuery, -1, &pQuery, 0);
+  if( rc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error: (%d) %s on [%s]\n",
+                    sqlite3_extended_errcode(p->db), sqlite3_errmsg(p->db),
+                    zQuery);
+    goto end_schema_xfer;
+  }
+  while( (rc = sqlite3_step(pQuery))==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    zName = sqlite3_column_text(pQuery, 0);
+    zSql = sqlite3_column_text(pQuery, 1);
+    printf("%s... ", zName); fflush(stdout);
+    sqlite3_exec(newDb, (const char*)zSql, 0, 0, &zErrMsg);
+    if( zErrMsg ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\nSQL: [%s]\n", zErrMsg, zSql);
+      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
+      zErrMsg = 0;
+    }
+    if( xForEach ){
+      xForEach(p, newDb, (const char*)zName);
+    }
+    printf("done\n");
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_DONE ){
+    sqlite3_finalize(pQuery);
+    sqlite3_free(zQuery);
+    zQuery = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT name, sql FROM sqlite_master"
+                             " WHERE %s ORDER BY rowid DESC", zWhere);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zQuery, -1, &pQuery, 0);
+    if( rc ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Error: (%d) %s on [%s]\n",
+                      sqlite3_extended_errcode(p->db), sqlite3_errmsg(p->db),
+                      zQuery);
+      goto end_schema_xfer;
+    }
+    while( (rc = sqlite3_step(pQuery))==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      zName = sqlite3_column_text(pQuery, 0);
+      zSql = sqlite3_column_text(pQuery, 1);
+      printf("%s... ", zName); fflush(stdout);
+      sqlite3_exec(newDb, (const char*)zSql, 0, 0, &zErrMsg);
+      if( zErrMsg ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\nSQL: [%s]\n", zErrMsg, zSql);
+        sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
+        zErrMsg = 0;
+      }
+      if( xForEach ){
+        xForEach(p, newDb, (const char*)zName);
+      }
+      printf("done\n");
+    }
+  }
+end_schema_xfer:
+  sqlite3_finalize(pQuery);
+  sqlite3_free(zQuery);
+}
+
+/*
+** Open a new database file named "zNewDb".  Try to recover as much information
+** as possible out of the main database (which might be corrupt) and write it
+** into zNewDb.
+*/
+static void tryToClone(struct callback_data *p, const char *zNewDb){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3 *newDb = 0;
+  if( access(zNewDb,0)==0 ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "File \"%s\" already exists.\n", zNewDb);
+    return;
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3_open(zNewDb, &newDb);
+  if( rc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "Cannot create output database: %s\n",
+            sqlite3_errmsg(newDb));
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "PRAGMA writable_schema=ON;", 0, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3_exec(newDb, "BEGIN EXCLUSIVE;", 0, 0, 0);
+    tryToCloneSchema(p, newDb, "type='table'", tryToCloneData);
+    tryToCloneSchema(p, newDb, "type!='table'", 0);
+    sqlite3_exec(newDb, "COMMIT;", 0, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF;", 0, 0, 0);
+  }
+  sqlite3_close(newDb);
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the output file back to stdout
+*/
+static void output_reset(struct callback_data *p){
+  if( p->outfile[0]=='|' ){
+    pclose(p->out);
+  }else{
+    output_file_close(p->out);
+  }
+  p->outfile[0] = 0;
+  p->out = stdout;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1542,7 +2257,10 @@
     if( zLine[i]=='\'' || zLine[i]=='"' ){
       int delim = zLine[i++];
       azArg[nArg++] = &zLine[i];
-      while( zLine[i] && zLine[i]!=delim ){ i++; }
+      while( zLine[i] && zLine[i]!=delim ){ 
+        if( zLine[i]=='\\' && delim=='"' && zLine[i+1]!=0 ) i++;
+        i++; 
+      }
       if( zLine[i]==delim ){
         zLine[i++] = 0;
       }
@@ -1560,25 +2278,45 @@
   if( nArg==0 ) return 0; /* no tokens, no error */
   n = strlen30(azArg[0]);
   c = azArg[0][0];
-  if( c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "backup", n)==0 && nArg>1 && nArg<4){
-    const char *zDestFile;
-    const char *zDb;
+  if( (c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "backup", n)==0)
+   || (c=='s' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "save", n)==0)
+  ){
+    const char *zDestFile = 0;
+    const char *zDb = 0;
     sqlite3 *pDest;
     sqlite3_backup *pBackup;
-    if( nArg==2 ){
-      zDestFile = azArg[1];
-      zDb = "main";
-    }else{
-      zDestFile = azArg[2];
-      zDb = azArg[1];
+    int j;
+    for(j=1; j<nArg; j++){
+      const char *z = azArg[j];
+      if( z[0]=='-' ){
+        while( z[0]=='-' ) z++;
+        /* No options to process at this time */
+        {
+          fprintf(stderr, "unknown option: %s\n", azArg[j]);
+          return 1;
+        }
+      }else if( zDestFile==0 ){
+        zDestFile = azArg[j];
+      }else if( zDb==0 ){
+        zDb = zDestFile;
+        zDestFile = azArg[j];
+      }else{
+        fprintf(stderr, "too many arguments to .backup\n");
+        return 1;
+      }
     }
+    if( zDestFile==0 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "missing FILENAME argument on .backup\n");
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( zDb==0 ) zDb = "main";
     rc = sqlite3_open(zDestFile, &pDest);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zDestFile);
       sqlite3_close(pDest);
       return 1;
     }
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
     pBackup = sqlite3_backup_init(pDest, "main", p->db, zDb);
     if( pBackup==0 ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(pDest));
@@ -1596,14 +2334,35 @@
     sqlite3_close(pDest);
   }else
 
-  if( c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "bail", n)==0 && nArg>1 && nArg<3 ){
-    bail_on_error = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+  if( c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "bail", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      bail_on_error = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .bail on|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='d' && n>1 && strncmp(azArg[0], "databases", n)==0 && nArg==1 ){
+  /* The undocumented ".breakpoint" command causes a call to the no-op
+  ** routine named test_breakpoint().
+  */
+  if( c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "breakpoint", n)==0 ){
+    test_breakpoint();
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='c' && strncmp(azArg[0], "clone", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      tryToClone(p, azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .clone FILENAME\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='d' && n>1 && strncmp(azArg[0], "databases", n)==0 ){
     struct callback_data data;
     char *zErrMsg = 0;
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
     memcpy(&data, p, sizeof(data));
     data.showHeader = 1;
     data.mode = MODE_Column;
@@ -1619,11 +2378,16 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='d' && strncmp(azArg[0], "dump", n)==0 && nArg<3 ){
-    open_db(p);
+  if( c=='d' && strncmp(azArg[0], "dump", n)==0 ){
+    open_db(p, 0);
     /* When playing back a "dump", the content might appear in an order
     ** which causes immediate foreign key constraints to be violated.
     ** So disable foreign-key constraint enforcement to prevent problems. */
+    if( nArg!=1 && nArg!=2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .dump ?LIKE-PATTERN?\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
     fprintf(p->out, "PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF;\n");
     fprintf(p->out, "BEGIN TRANSACTION;\n");
     p->writableSchema = 0;
@@ -1668,15 +2432,30 @@
     fprintf(p->out, p->nErr ? "ROLLBACK; -- due to errors\n" : "COMMIT;\n");
   }else
 
-  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "echo", n)==0 && nArg>1 && nArg<3 ){
-    p->echoOn = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "echo", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      p->echoOn = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .echo on|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "exit", n)==0  && nArg==1 ){
+  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "eqp", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      p->autoEQP = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .eqp on|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }   
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "exit", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg>1 && (rc = (int)integerValue(azArg[1]))!=0 ) exit(rc);
     rc = 2;
   }else
 
-  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "explain", n)==0 && nArg<3 ){
+  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "explain", n)==0 ){
     int val = nArg>=2 ? booleanValue(azArg[1]) : 1;
     if(val == 1) {
       if(!p->explainPrev.valid) {
@@ -1694,7 +2473,7 @@
       */
       p->mode = MODE_Explain;
       p->showHeader = 1;
-      memset(p->colWidth,0,ArraySize(p->colWidth));
+      memset(p->colWidth,0,sizeof(p->colWidth));
       p->colWidth[0] = 4;                  /* addr */
       p->colWidth[1] = 13;                 /* opcode */
       p->colWidth[2] = 4;                  /* P1 */
@@ -1711,62 +2490,171 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='h' && (strncmp(azArg[0], "header", n)==0 ||
-                 strncmp(azArg[0], "headers", n)==0) && nArg>1 && nArg<3 ){
-    p->showHeader = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
-  }else
-
-  if( c=='h' && strncmp(azArg[0], "help", n)==0 ){
-    fprintf(stderr,"%s",zHelp);
-    if( HAS_TIMER ){
-      fprintf(stderr,"%s",zTimerHelp);
+  if( c=='f' && strncmp(azArg[0], "fullschema", n)==0 ){
+    struct callback_data data;
+    char *zErrMsg = 0;
+    int doStats = 0;
+    if( nArg!=1 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .fullschema\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
+    open_db(p, 0);
+    memcpy(&data, p, sizeof(data));
+    data.showHeader = 0;
+    data.mode = MODE_Semi;
+    rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db,
+       "SELECT sql FROM"
+       "  (SELECT sql sql, type type, tbl_name tbl_name, name name, rowid x"
+       "     FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL"
+       "   SELECT sql, type, tbl_name, name, rowid FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+       "WHERE type!='meta' AND sql NOTNULL AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'"
+       "ORDER BY rowid",
+       callback, &data, &zErrMsg
+    );
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db,
+               "SELECT rowid FROM sqlite_master"
+               " WHERE name GLOB 'sqlite_stat[134]'",
+               -1, &pStmt, 0);
+      doStats = sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW;
+      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+    }
+    if( doStats==0 ){
+      fprintf(p->out, "/* No STAT tables available */\n");
+    }else{
+      fprintf(p->out, "ANALYZE sqlite_master;\n");
+      sqlite3_exec(p->db, "SELECT 'ANALYZE sqlite_master'",
+                   callback, &data, &zErrMsg);
+      data.mode = MODE_Insert;
+      data.zDestTable = "sqlite_stat1";
+      shell_exec(p->db, "SELECT * FROM sqlite_stat1",
+                 shell_callback, &data,&zErrMsg);
+      data.zDestTable = "sqlite_stat3";
+      shell_exec(p->db, "SELECT * FROM sqlite_stat3",
+                 shell_callback, &data,&zErrMsg);
+      data.zDestTable = "sqlite_stat4";
+      shell_exec(p->db, "SELECT * FROM sqlite_stat4",
+                 shell_callback, &data, &zErrMsg);
+      fprintf(p->out, "ANALYZE sqlite_master;\n");
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='i' && strncmp(azArg[0], "import", n)==0 && nArg==3 ){
-    char *zTable = azArg[2];    /* Insert data into this table */
-    char *zFile = azArg[1];     /* The file from which to extract data */
+  if( c=='h' && strncmp(azArg[0], "headers", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      p->showHeader = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .headers on|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='h' && strncmp(azArg[0], "help", n)==0 ){
+    fprintf(p->out, "%s", zHelp);
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='i' && strncmp(azArg[0], "import", n)==0 ){
+    char *zTable;               /* Insert data into this table */
+    char *zFile;                /* Name of file to extra content from */
     sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = NULL; /* A statement */
     int nCol;                   /* Number of columns in the table */
     int nByte;                  /* Number of bytes in an SQL string */
     int i, j;                   /* Loop counters */
+    int needCommit;             /* True to COMMIT or ROLLBACK at end */
     int nSep;                   /* Number of bytes in p->separator[] */
     char *zSql;                 /* An SQL statement */
-    char *zLine;                /* A single line of input from the file */
-    char **azCol;               /* zLine[] broken up into columns */
-    char *zCommit;              /* How to commit changes */   
-    FILE *in;                   /* The input file */
-    int lineno = 0;             /* Line number of input file */
+    CSVReader sCsv;             /* Reader context */
+    int (*xCloser)(FILE*);      /* Procedure to close th3 connection */
 
-    open_db(p);
+    if( nArg!=3 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .import FILE TABLE\n");
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
+    zFile = azArg[1];
+    zTable = azArg[2];
+    seenInterrupt = 0;
+    memset(&sCsv, 0, sizeof(sCsv));
+    open_db(p, 0);
     nSep = strlen30(p->separator);
     if( nSep==0 ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: non-null separator required for import\n");
       return 1;
     }
+    if( nSep>1 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Error: multi-character separators not allowed"
+                      " for import\n");
+      return 1;
+    }
+    sCsv.zFile = zFile;
+    sCsv.nLine = 1;
+    if( sCsv.zFile[0]=='|' ){
+      sCsv.in = popen(sCsv.zFile+1, "r");
+      sCsv.zFile = "<pipe>";
+      xCloser = pclose;
+    }else{
+      sCsv.in = fopen(sCsv.zFile, "rb");
+      xCloser = fclose;
+    }
+    if( sCsv.in==0 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zFile);
+      return 1;
+    }
+    sCsv.cSeparator = p->separator[0];
     zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT * FROM %s", zTable);
     if( zSql==0 ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of memory\n");
+      xCloser(sCsv.in);
       return 1;
     }
     nByte = strlen30(zSql);
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    csv_append_char(&sCsv, 0);    /* To ensure sCsv.z is allocated */
+    if( rc && sqlite3_strglob("no such table: *", sqlite3_errmsg(db))==0 ){
+      char *zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf("CREATE TABLE %s", zTable);
+      char cSep = '(';
+      while( csv_read_one_field(&sCsv) ){
+        zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf("%z%c\n  \"%s\" TEXT", zCreate, cSep, sCsv.z);
+        cSep = ',';
+        if( sCsv.cTerm!=sCsv.cSeparator ) break;
+      }
+      if( cSep=='(' ){
+        sqlite3_free(zCreate);
+        sqlite3_free(sCsv.z);
+        xCloser(sCsv.in);
+        fprintf(stderr,"%s: empty file\n", sCsv.zFile);
+        return 1;
+      }
+      zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf("%z\n)", zCreate);
+      rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, zCreate, 0, 0, 0);
+      sqlite3_free(zCreate);
+      if( rc ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "CREATE TABLE %s(...) failed: %s\n", zTable,
+                sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+        sqlite3_free(sCsv.z);
+        xCloser(sCsv.in);
+        return 1;
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    }
     sqlite3_free(zSql);
     if( rc ){
       if (pStmt) sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+      xCloser(sCsv.in);
       return 1;
     }
     nCol = sqlite3_column_count(pStmt);
     sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
     pStmt = 0;
     if( nCol==0 ) return 0; /* no columns, no error */
-    zSql = malloc( nByte + 20 + nCol*2 );
+    zSql = sqlite3_malloc( nByte*2 + 20 + nCol*2 );
     if( zSql==0 ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of memory\n");
+      xCloser(sCsv.in);
       return 1;
     }
-    sqlite3_snprintf(nByte+20, zSql, "INSERT INTO %s VALUES(?", zTable);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nByte+20, zSql, "INSERT INTO \"%w\" VALUES(?", zTable);
     j = strlen30(zSql);
     for(i=1; i<nCol; i++){
       zSql[j++] = ',';
@@ -1774,86 +2662,59 @@
     }
     zSql[j++] = ')';
     zSql[j] = 0;
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
-    free(zSql);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
     if( rc ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
       if (pStmt) sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+      xCloser(sCsv.in);
       return 1;
     }
-    in = fopen(zFile, "rb");
-    if( in==0 ){
-      fprintf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zFile);
-      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
-      return 1;
-    }
-    azCol = malloc( sizeof(azCol[0])*(nCol+1) );
-    if( azCol==0 ){
-      fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of memory\n");
-      fclose(in);
-      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
-      return 1;
-    }
-    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "BEGIN", 0, 0, 0);
-    zCommit = "COMMIT";
-    while( (zLine = local_getline(0, in, 1))!=0 ){
-      char *z, c;
-      int inQuote = 0;
-      lineno++;
-      azCol[0] = zLine;
-      for(i=0, z=zLine; (c = *z)!=0; z++){
-        if( c=='"' ) inQuote = !inQuote;
-        if( c=='\n' ) lineno++;
-        if( !inQuote && c==p->separator[0] && strncmp(z,p->separator,nSep)==0 ){
-          *z = 0;
-          i++;
-          if( i<nCol ){
-            azCol[i] = &z[nSep];
-            z += nSep-1;
-          }
-        }
-      } /* end for */
-      *z = 0;
-      if( i+1!=nCol ){
-        fprintf(stderr,
-                "Error: %s line %d: expected %d columns of data but found %d\n",
-                zFile, lineno, nCol, i+1);
-        zCommit = "ROLLBACK";
-        free(zLine);
-        rc = 1;
-        break; /* from while */
-      }
+    needCommit = sqlite3_get_autocommit(db);
+    if( needCommit ) sqlite3_exec(db, "BEGIN", 0, 0, 0);
+    do{
+      int startLine = sCsv.nLine;
       for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-        if( azCol[i][0]=='"' ){
-          int k;
-          for(z=azCol[i], j=1, k=0; z[j]; j++){
-            if( z[j]=='"' ){ j++; if( z[j]==0 ) break; }
-            z[k++] = z[j];
-          }
-          z[k] = 0;
+        char *z = csv_read_one_field(&sCsv);
+        if( z==0 && i==0 ) break;
+        sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, i+1, z, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+        if( i<nCol-1 && sCsv.cTerm!=sCsv.cSeparator ){
+          fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: expected %d columns but found %d - "
+                          "filling the rest with NULL\n",
+                          sCsv.zFile, startLine, nCol, i+1);
+          i++;
+          while( i<=nCol ){ sqlite3_bind_null(pStmt, i); i++; }
         }
-        sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, i+1, azCol[i], -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
       }
-      sqlite3_step(pStmt);
-      rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
-      free(zLine);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
-        zCommit = "ROLLBACK";
-        rc = 1;
-        break; /* from while */
+      if( sCsv.cTerm==sCsv.cSeparator ){
+        do{
+          csv_read_one_field(&sCsv);
+          i++;
+        }while( sCsv.cTerm==sCsv.cSeparator );
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: expected %d columns but found %d - "
+                        "extras ignored\n",
+                        sCsv.zFile, startLine, nCol, i);
       }
-    } /* end while */
-    free(azCol);
-    fclose(in);
+      if( i>=nCol ){
+        sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+        rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: INSERT failed: %s\n", sCsv.zFile, startLine,
+                  sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+        }
+      }
+    }while( sCsv.cTerm!=EOF );
+
+    xCloser(sCsv.in);
+    sqlite3_free(sCsv.z);
     sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
-    sqlite3_exec(p->db, zCommit, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( needCommit ) sqlite3_exec(db, "COMMIT", 0, 0, 0);
   }else
 
-  if( c=='i' && strncmp(azArg[0], "indices", n)==0 && nArg<3 ){
+  if( c=='i' && strncmp(azArg[0], "indices", n)==0 ){
     struct callback_data data;
     char *zErrMsg = 0;
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
     memcpy(&data, p, sizeof(data));
     data.showHeader = 0;
     data.mode = MODE_List;
@@ -1867,7 +2728,7 @@
         "ORDER BY 1",
         callback, &data, &zErrMsg
       );
-    }else{
+    }else if( nArg==2 ){
       zShellStatic = azArg[1];
       rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db,
         "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master "
@@ -1879,6 +2740,10 @@
         callback, &data, &zErrMsg
       );
       zShellStatic = 0;
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .indices ?LIKE-PATTERN?\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
     }
     if( zErrMsg ){
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
@@ -1914,12 +2779,17 @@
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
-  if( c=='l' && strncmp(azArg[0], "load", n)==0 && nArg>=2 ){
+  if( c=='l' && strncmp(azArg[0], "load", n)==0 ){
     const char *zFile, *zProc;
     char *zErrMsg = 0;
+    if( nArg<2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .load FILE ?ENTRYPOINT?\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
     zFile = azArg[1];
     zProc = nArg>=3 ? azArg[2] : 0;
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
     rc = sqlite3_load_extension(p->db, zFile, zProc, &zErrMsg);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
@@ -1929,51 +2799,42 @@
   }else
 #endif
 
-  if( c=='l' && strncmp(azArg[0], "log", n)==0 && nArg>=2 ){
-    const char *zFile = azArg[1];
-    if( p->pLog && p->pLog!=stdout && p->pLog!=stderr ){
-      fclose(p->pLog);
-      p->pLog = 0;
-    }
-    if( strcmp(zFile,"stdout")==0 ){
-      p->pLog = stdout;
-    }else if( strcmp(zFile, "stderr")==0 ){
-      p->pLog = stderr;
-    }else if( strcmp(zFile, "off")==0 ){
-      p->pLog = 0;
+  if( c=='l' && strncmp(azArg[0], "log", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg!=2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .log FILENAME\n");
+      rc = 1;
     }else{
-      p->pLog = fopen(zFile, "w");
-      if( p->pLog==0 ){
-        fprintf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zFile);
-      }
+      const char *zFile = azArg[1];
+      output_file_close(p->pLog);
+      p->pLog = output_file_open(zFile);
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='m' && strncmp(azArg[0], "mode", n)==0 && nArg==2 ){
-    int n2 = strlen30(azArg[1]);
-    if( (n2==4 && strncmp(azArg[1],"line",n2)==0)
-        ||
-        (n2==5 && strncmp(azArg[1],"lines",n2)==0) ){
+  if( c=='m' && strncmp(azArg[0], "mode", n)==0 ){
+    const char *zMode = nArg>=2 ? azArg[1] : "";
+    int n2 = (int)strlen(zMode);
+    int c2 = zMode[0];
+    if( c2=='l' && n2>2 && strncmp(azArg[1],"lines",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_Line;
-    }else if( (n2==6 && strncmp(azArg[1],"column",n2)==0)
-              ||
-              (n2==7 && strncmp(azArg[1],"columns",n2)==0) ){
+    }else if( c2=='c' && strncmp(azArg[1],"columns",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_Column;
-    }else if( n2==4 && strncmp(azArg[1],"list",n2)==0 ){
+    }else if( c2=='l' && n2>2 && strncmp(azArg[1],"list",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_List;
-    }else if( n2==4 && strncmp(azArg[1],"html",n2)==0 ){
+    }else if( c2=='h' && strncmp(azArg[1],"html",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_Html;
-    }else if( n2==3 && strncmp(azArg[1],"tcl",n2)==0 ){
+    }else if( c2=='t' && strncmp(azArg[1],"tcl",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_Tcl;
-    }else if( n2==3 && strncmp(azArg[1],"csv",n2)==0 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->separator), p->separator, " ");
+    }else if( c2=='c' && strncmp(azArg[1],"csv",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_Csv;
       sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->separator), p->separator, ",");
-    }else if( n2==4 && strncmp(azArg[1],"tabs",n2)==0 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->newline), p->newline, "\r\n");
+    }else if( c2=='t' && strncmp(azArg[1],"tabs",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_List;
       sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->separator), p->separator, "\t");
-    }else if( n2==6 && strncmp(azArg[1],"insert",n2)==0 ){
+    }else if( c2=='i' && strncmp(azArg[1],"insert",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_Insert;
-      set_table_name(p, "table");
+      set_table_name(p, nArg>=3 ? azArg[2] : "table");
     }else {
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: mode should be one of: "
          "column csv html insert line list tabs tcl\n");
@@ -1981,43 +2842,89 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='m' && strncmp(azArg[0], "mode", n)==0 && nArg==3 ){
-    int n2 = strlen30(azArg[1]);
-    if( n2==6 && strncmp(azArg[1],"insert",n2)==0 ){
-      p->mode = MODE_Insert;
-      set_table_name(p, azArg[2]);
-    }else {
-      fprintf(stderr, "Error: invalid arguments: "
-        " \"%s\". Enter \".help\" for help\n", azArg[2]);
+  if( c=='n' && strncmp(azArg[0], "nullvalue", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->nullvalue), p->nullvalue,
+                       "%.*s", (int)ArraySize(p->nullvalue)-1, azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .nullvalue STRING\n");
       rc = 1;
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='n' && strncmp(azArg[0], "nullvalue", n)==0 && nArg==2 ) {
-    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->nullvalue), p->nullvalue,
-                     "%.*s", (int)ArraySize(p->nullvalue)-1, azArg[1]);
+  if( c=='o' && strncmp(azArg[0], "open", n)==0 && n>=2 ){
+    sqlite3 *savedDb = p->db;
+    const char *zSavedFilename = p->zDbFilename;
+    char *zNewFilename = 0;
+    p->db = 0;
+    if( nArg>=2 ){
+      p->zDbFilename = zNewFilename = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", azArg[1]);
+    }
+    open_db(p, 1);
+    if( p->db!=0 ){
+      sqlite3_close(savedDb);
+      sqlite3_free(p->zFreeOnClose);
+      p->zFreeOnClose = zNewFilename;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_free(zNewFilename);
+      p->db = savedDb;
+      p->zDbFilename = zSavedFilename;
+    }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='o' && strncmp(azArg[0], "output", n)==0 && nArg==2 ){
-    if( p->out!=stdout ){
-      fclose(p->out);
+  if( c=='o'
+   && (strncmp(azArg[0], "output", n)==0 || strncmp(azArg[0], "once", n)==0)
+  ){
+    const char *zFile = nArg>=2 ? azArg[1] : "stdout";
+    if( nArg>2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .%s FILE\n", azArg[0]);
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
     }
-    if( strcmp(azArg[1],"stdout")==0 ){
-      p->out = stdout;
-      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->outfile), p->outfile, "stdout");
+    if( n>1 && strncmp(azArg[0], "once", n)==0 ){
+      if( nArg<2 ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .once FILE\n");
+        rc = 1;
+        goto meta_command_exit;
+      }
+      p->outCount = 2;
     }else{
-      p->out = fopen(azArg[1], "wb");
+      p->outCount = 0;
+    }
+    output_reset(p);
+    if( zFile[0]=='|' ){
+      p->out = popen(zFile + 1, "w");
       if( p->out==0 ){
-        fprintf(stderr,"Error: cannot write to \"%s\"\n", azArg[1]);
+        fprintf(stderr,"Error: cannot open pipe \"%s\"\n", zFile + 1);
+        p->out = stdout;
+        rc = 1;
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->outfile), p->outfile, "%s", zFile);
+      }
+    }else{
+      p->out = output_file_open(zFile);
+      if( p->out==0 ){
+        if( strcmp(zFile,"off")!=0 ){
+          fprintf(stderr,"Error: cannot write to \"%s\"\n", zFile);
+        }
         p->out = stdout;
         rc = 1;
       } else {
-         sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->outfile), p->outfile, "%s", azArg[1]);
+        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->outfile), p->outfile, "%s", zFile);
       }
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='p' && strncmp(azArg[0], "prompt", n)==0 && (nArg==2 || nArg==3)){
+  if( c=='p' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "print", n)==0 ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
+      if( i>1 ) fprintf(p->out, " ");
+      fprintf(p->out, "%s", azArg[i]);
+    }
+    fprintf(p->out, "\n");
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='p' && strncmp(azArg[0], "prompt", n)==0 ){
     if( nArg >= 2) {
       strncpy(mainPrompt,azArg[1],(int)ArraySize(mainPrompt)-1);
     }
@@ -2026,12 +2933,18 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='q' && strncmp(azArg[0], "quit", n)==0 && nArg==1 ){
+  if( c=='q' && strncmp(azArg[0], "quit", n)==0 ){
     rc = 2;
   }else
 
-  if( c=='r' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "read", n)==0 && nArg==2 ){
-    FILE *alt = fopen(azArg[1], "rb");
+  if( c=='r' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "read", n)==0 ){
+    FILE *alt;
+    if( nArg!=2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .read FILE\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
+    alt = fopen(azArg[1], "rb");
     if( alt==0 ){
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", azArg[1]);
       rc = 1;
@@ -2041,7 +2954,7 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='r' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "restore", n)==0 && nArg>1 && nArg<4){
+  if( c=='r' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "restore", n)==0 ){
     const char *zSrcFile;
     const char *zDb;
     sqlite3 *pSrc;
@@ -2051,9 +2964,13 @@
     if( nArg==2 ){
       zSrcFile = azArg[1];
       zDb = "main";
-    }else{
+    }else if( nArg==3 ){
       zSrcFile = azArg[2];
       zDb = azArg[1];
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .restore ?DB? FILE\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
     }
     rc = sqlite3_open(zSrcFile, &pSrc);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -2061,7 +2978,7 @@
       sqlite3_close(pSrc);
       return 1;
     }
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
     pBackup = sqlite3_backup_init(p->db, zDb, pSrc, "main");
     if( pBackup==0 ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
@@ -2088,14 +3005,14 @@
     sqlite3_close(pSrc);
   }else
 
-  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "schema", n)==0 && nArg<3 ){
+  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "schema", n)==0 ){
     struct callback_data data;
     char *zErrMsg = 0;
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
     memcpy(&data, p, sizeof(data));
     data.showHeader = 0;
     data.mode = MODE_Semi;
-    if( nArg>1 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
       int i;
       for(i=0; azArg[1][i]; i++) azArg[1][i] = ToLower(azArg[1][i]);
       if( strcmp(azArg[1],"sqlite_master")==0 ){
@@ -2130,25 +3047,29 @@
         zShellStatic = azArg[1];
         rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db,
           "SELECT sql FROM "
-          "  (SELECT sql sql, type type, tbl_name tbl_name, name name"
+          "  (SELECT sql sql, type type, tbl_name tbl_name, name name, rowid x"
           "     FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL"
-          "   SELECT sql, type, tbl_name, name FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+          "   SELECT sql, type, tbl_name, name, rowid FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
           "WHERE lower(tbl_name) LIKE shellstatic()"
           "  AND type!='meta' AND sql NOTNULL "
-          "ORDER BY substr(type,2,1), name",
+          "ORDER BY rowid",
           callback, &data, &zErrMsg);
         zShellStatic = 0;
       }
-    }else{
+    }else if( nArg==1 ){
       rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db,
          "SELECT sql FROM "
-         "  (SELECT sql sql, type type, tbl_name tbl_name, name name"
+         "  (SELECT sql sql, type type, tbl_name tbl_name, name name, rowid x"
          "     FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL"
-         "   SELECT sql, type, tbl_name, name FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+         "   SELECT sql, type, tbl_name, name, rowid FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
          "WHERE type!='meta' AND sql NOTNULL AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'"
-         "ORDER BY substr(type,2,1), name",
+         "ORDER BY rowid",
          callback, &data, &zErrMsg
       );
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .schema ?LIKE-PATTERN?\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
     }
     if( zErrMsg ){
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
@@ -2162,14 +3083,71 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "separator", n)==0 && nArg==2 ){
-    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->separator), p->separator,
-                     "%.*s", (int)sizeof(p->separator)-1, azArg[1]);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* Undocumented commands for internal testing.  Subject to change
+  ** without notice. */
+  if( c=='s' && n>=10 && strncmp(azArg[0], "selftest-", 9)==0 ){
+    if( strncmp(azArg[0]+9, "boolean", n-9)==0 ){
+      int i, v;
+      for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
+        v = booleanValue(azArg[i]);
+        fprintf(p->out, "%s: %d 0x%x\n", azArg[i], v, v);
+      }
+    }
+    if( strncmp(azArg[0]+9, "integer", n-9)==0 ){
+      int i; sqlite3_int64 v;
+      for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
+        char zBuf[200];
+        v = integerValue(azArg[i]);
+        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf),zBuf,"%s: %lld 0x%llx\n", azArg[i],v,v);
+        fprintf(p->out, "%s", zBuf);
+      }
+    }
+  }else
+#endif
+
+  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "separator", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg<2 || nArg>3 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .separator SEPARATOR ?NEWLINE?\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
+    if( nArg>=2 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->separator), p->separator, azArg[1]);
+    }
+    if( nArg>=3 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->newline), p->newline, azArg[2]);
+    }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "show", n)==0 && nArg==1 ){
+  if( c=='s'
+   && (strncmp(azArg[0], "shell", n)==0 || strncmp(azArg[0],"system",n)==0)
+  ){
+    char *zCmd;
+    int i, x;
+    if( nArg<2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .system COMMAND\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
+    zCmd = sqlite3_mprintf(strchr(azArg[1],' ')==0?"%s":"\"%s\"", azArg[1]);
+    for(i=2; i<nArg; i++){
+      zCmd = sqlite3_mprintf(strchr(azArg[i],' ')==0?"%z %s":"%z \"%s\"",
+                             zCmd, azArg[i]);
+    }
+    x = system(zCmd);
+    sqlite3_free(zCmd);
+    if( x ) fprintf(stderr, "System command returns %d\n", x);
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "show", n)==0 ){
     int i;
+    if( nArg!=1 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .show\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: %s\n","echo", p->echoOn ? "on" : "off");
+    fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: %s\n","eqp", p->autoEQP ? "on" : "off");
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: %s\n","explain", p->explainPrev.valid ? "on" :"off");
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: %s\n","headers", p->showHeader ? "on" : "off");
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: %s\n","mode", modeDescr[p->mode]);
@@ -2180,6 +3158,8 @@
             strlen30(p->outfile) ? p->outfile : "stdout");
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: ", "separator");
       output_c_string(p->out, p->separator);
+      fprintf(p->out," ");
+      output_c_string(p->out, p->newline);
       fprintf(p->out, "\n");
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: %s\n","stats", p->statsOn ? "on" : "off");
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: ","width");
@@ -2189,51 +3169,81 @@
     fprintf(p->out,"\n");
   }else
 
-  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "stats", n)==0 && nArg>1 && nArg<3 ){
-    p->statsOn = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "stats", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      p->statsOn = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .stats on|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='t' && n>1 && strncmp(azArg[0], "tables", n)==0 && nArg<3 ){
+  if( c=='t' && n>1 && strncmp(azArg[0], "tables", n)==0 ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
     char **azResult;
-    int nRow;
-    char *zErrMsg;
-    open_db(p);
-    if( nArg==1 ){
-      rc = sqlite3_get_table(p->db,
-        "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master "
-        "WHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%' "
-        "UNION ALL "
-        "SELECT name FROM sqlite_temp_master "
-        "WHERE type IN ('table','view') "
-        "ORDER BY 1",
-        &azResult, &nRow, 0, &zErrMsg
-      );
-    }else{
-      zShellStatic = azArg[1];
-      rc = sqlite3_get_table(p->db,
-        "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master "
-        "WHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name LIKE shellstatic() "
-        "UNION ALL "
-        "SELECT name FROM sqlite_temp_master "
-        "WHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name LIKE shellstatic() "
-        "ORDER BY 1",
-        &azResult, &nRow, 0, &zErrMsg
-      );
-      zShellStatic = 0;
+    int nRow, nAlloc;
+    char *zSql = 0;
+    int ii;
+    open_db(p, 0);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, "PRAGMA database_list", -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
+        "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master"
+        " WHERE type IN ('table','view')"
+        "   AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%%'"
+        "   AND name LIKE ?1");
+    while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      const char *zDbName = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 1);
+      if( zDbName==0 || strcmp(zDbName,"main")==0 ) continue;
+      if( strcmp(zDbName,"temp")==0 ){
+        zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
+                 "%z UNION ALL "
+                 "SELECT 'temp.' || name FROM sqlite_temp_master"
+                 " WHERE type IN ('table','view')"
+                 "   AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%%'"
+                 "   AND name LIKE ?1", zSql);
+      }else{
+        zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
+                 "%z UNION ALL "
+                 "SELECT '%q.' || name FROM \"%w\".sqlite_master"
+                 " WHERE type IN ('table','view')"
+                 "   AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%%'"
+                 "   AND name LIKE ?1", zSql, zDbName, zDbName);
+      }
     }
-    if( zErrMsg ){
-      fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
-      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
-      rc = 1;
-    }else if( rc != SQLITE_OK ){
-      fprintf(stderr,"Error: querying sqlite_master and sqlite_temp_master\n");
-      rc = 1;
+    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("%z ORDER BY 1", zSql);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    nRow = nAlloc = 0;
+    azResult = 0;
+    if( nArg>1 ){
+      sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, 1, azArg[1], -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
     }else{
+      sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, 1, "%", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    }
+    while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      if( nRow>=nAlloc ){
+        char **azNew;
+        int n = nAlloc*2 + 10;
+        azNew = sqlite3_realloc(azResult, sizeof(azResult[0])*n);
+        if( azNew==0 ){
+          fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of memory\n");
+          break;
+        }
+        nAlloc = n;
+        azResult = azNew;
+      }
+      azResult[nRow] = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0));
+      if( azResult[nRow] ) nRow++;
+    }
+    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);        
+    if( nRow>0 ){
       int len, maxlen = 0;
       int i, j;
       int nPrintCol, nPrintRow;
-      for(i=1; i<=nRow; i++){
-        if( azResult[i]==0 ) continue;
+      for(i=0; i<nRow; i++){
         len = strlen30(azResult[i]);
         if( len>maxlen ) maxlen = len;
       }
@@ -2241,14 +3251,15 @@
       if( nPrintCol<1 ) nPrintCol = 1;
       nPrintRow = (nRow + nPrintCol - 1)/nPrintCol;
       for(i=0; i<nPrintRow; i++){
-        for(j=i+1; j<=nRow; j+=nPrintRow){
-          char *zSp = j<=nPrintRow ? "" : "  ";
-          printf("%s%-*s", zSp, maxlen, azResult[j] ? azResult[j] : "");
+        for(j=i; j<nRow; j+=nPrintRow){
+          char *zSp = j<nPrintRow ? "" : "  ";
+          fprintf(p->out, "%s%-*s", zSp, maxlen, azResult[j] ? azResult[j] : "");
         }
-        printf("\n");
+        fprintf(p->out, "\n");
       }
     }
-    sqlite3_free_table(azResult);
+    for(ii=0; ii<nRow; ii++) sqlite3_free(azResult[ii]);
+    sqlite3_free(azResult);
   }else
 
   if( c=='t' && n>=8 && strncmp(azArg[0], "testctrl", n)==0 && nArg>=2 ){
@@ -2269,11 +3280,12 @@
       { "optimizations",         SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS          },
       { "iskeyword",             SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISKEYWORD              },
       { "scratchmalloc",         SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC          },
+      { "byteorder",             SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER              },
     };
     int testctrl = -1;
     int rc = 0;
     int i, n;
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
 
     /* convert testctrl text option to value. allow any unique prefix
     ** of the option name, or a numerical value. */
@@ -2289,7 +3301,7 @@
         }
       }
     }
-    if( testctrl<0 ) testctrl = atoi(azArg[1]);
+    if( testctrl<0 ) testctrl = (int)integerValue(azArg[1]);
     if( (testctrl<SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FIRST) || (testctrl>SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST) ){
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: invalid testctrl option: %s\n", azArg[1]);
     }else{
@@ -2301,7 +3313,7 @@
           if( nArg==3 ){
             int opt = (int)strtol(azArg[2], 0, 0);        
             rc = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, p->db, opt);
-            printf("%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
+            fprintf(p->out, "%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
           } else {
             fprintf(stderr,"Error: testctrl %s takes a single int option\n",
                     azArg[1]);
@@ -2309,12 +3321,13 @@
           break;
 
         /* sqlite3_test_control(int) */
-        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SAVE:           
-        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESTORE:        
+        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SAVE:
+        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESTORE:
         case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESET:
+        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER:
           if( nArg==2 ){
             rc = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl);
-            printf("%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
+            fprintf(p->out, "%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
           } else {
             fprintf(stderr,"Error: testctrl %s takes no options\n", azArg[1]);
           }
@@ -2323,9 +3336,9 @@
         /* sqlite3_test_control(int, uint) */
         case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PENDING_BYTE:        
           if( nArg==3 ){
-            unsigned int opt = (unsigned int)atoi(azArg[2]);        
+            unsigned int opt = (unsigned int)integerValue(azArg[2]);
             rc = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, opt);
-            printf("%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
+            fprintf(p->out, "%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
           } else {
             fprintf(stderr,"Error: testctrl %s takes a single unsigned"
                            " int option\n", azArg[1]);
@@ -2336,9 +3349,9 @@
         case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT:              
         case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS:              
           if( nArg==3 ){
-            int opt = atoi(azArg[2]);        
+            int opt = booleanValue(azArg[2]);        
             rc = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, opt);
-            printf("%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
+            fprintf(p->out, "%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
           } else {
             fprintf(stderr,"Error: testctrl %s takes a single int option\n",
                             azArg[1]);
@@ -2351,7 +3364,7 @@
           if( nArg==3 ){
             const char *opt = azArg[2];        
             rc = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, opt);
-            printf("%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
+            fprintf(p->out, "%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
           } else {
             fprintf(stderr,"Error: testctrl %s takes a single char * option\n",
                             azArg[1]);
@@ -2371,19 +3384,44 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='t' && n>4 && strncmp(azArg[0], "timeout", n)==0 && nArg==2 ){
-    open_db(p);
-    sqlite3_busy_timeout(p->db, atoi(azArg[1]));
+  if( c=='t' && n>4 && strncmp(azArg[0], "timeout", n)==0 ){
+    open_db(p, 0);
+    sqlite3_busy_timeout(p->db, nArg>=2 ? (int)integerValue(azArg[1]) : 0);
   }else
     
-  if( HAS_TIMER && c=='t' && n>=5 && strncmp(azArg[0], "timer", n)==0
-   && nArg==2
-  ){
-    enableTimer = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+  if( c=='t' && n>=5 && strncmp(azArg[0], "timer", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      enableTimer = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+      if( enableTimer && !HAS_TIMER ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error: timer not available on this system.\n");
+        enableTimer = 0;
+      }
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .timer on|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
   }else
   
+  if( c=='t' && strncmp(azArg[0], "trace", n)==0 ){
+    open_db(p, 0);
+    output_file_close(p->traceOut);
+    if( nArg!=2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .trace FILE|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
+    p->traceOut = output_file_open(azArg[1]);
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT)
+    if( p->traceOut==0 ){
+      sqlite3_trace(p->db, 0, 0);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_trace(p->db, sql_trace_callback, p->traceOut);
+    }
+#endif
+  }else
+
   if( c=='v' && strncmp(azArg[0], "version", n)==0 ){
-    printf("SQLite %s %s\n" /*extra-version-info*/,
+    fprintf(p->out, "SQLite %s %s\n" /*extra-version-info*/,
         sqlite3_libversion(), sqlite3_sourceid());
   }else
 
@@ -2393,17 +3431,24 @@
     if( p->db ){
       sqlite3_file_control(p->db, zDbName, SQLITE_FCNTL_VFSNAME, &zVfsName);
       if( zVfsName ){
-        printf("%s\n", zVfsName);
+        fprintf(p->out, "%s\n", zVfsName);
         sqlite3_free(zVfsName);
       }
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='w' && strncmp(azArg[0], "width", n)==0 && nArg>1 ){
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_WHERETRACE)
+  if( c=='w' && strncmp(azArg[0], "wheretrace", n)==0 ){
+    extern int sqlite3WhereTrace;
+    sqlite3WhereTrace = nArg>=2 ? booleanValue(azArg[1]) : 0xff;
+  }else
+#endif
+
+  if( c=='w' && strncmp(azArg[0], "width", n)==0 ){
     int j;
     assert( nArg<=ArraySize(azArg) );
     for(j=1; j<nArg && j<ArraySize(p->colWidth); j++){
-      p->colWidth[j-1] = atoi(azArg[j]);
+      p->colWidth[j-1] = (int)integerValue(azArg[j]);
     }
   }else
 
@@ -2413,6 +3458,11 @@
     rc = 1;
   }
 
+meta_command_exit:
+  if( p->outCount ){
+    p->outCount--;
+    if( p->outCount==0 ) output_reset(p);
+  }
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -2420,7 +3470,7 @@
 ** Return TRUE if a semicolon occurs anywhere in the first N characters
 ** of string z[].
 */
-static int _contains_semicolon(const char *z, int N){
+static int line_contains_semicolon(const char *z, int N){
   int i;
   for(i=0; i<N; i++){  if( z[i]==';' ) return 1; }
   return 0;
@@ -2455,7 +3505,7 @@
 ** than a semi-colon.  The SQL Server style "go" command is understood
 ** as is the Oracle "/".
 */
-static int _is_command_terminator(const char *zLine){
+static int line_is_command_terminator(const char *zLine){
   while( IsSpace(zLine[0]) ){ zLine++; };
   if( zLine[0]=='/' && _all_whitespace(&zLine[1]) ){
     return 1;  /* Oracle */
@@ -2471,7 +3521,7 @@
 ** Return true if zSql is a complete SQL statement.  Return false if it
 ** ends in the middle of a string literal or C-style comment.
 */
-static int _is_complete(char *zSql, int nSql){
+static int line_is_complete(char *zSql, int nSql){
   int rc;
   if( zSql==0 ) return 1;
   zSql[nSql] = ';';
@@ -2491,29 +3541,35 @@
 ** Return the number of errors.
 */
 static int process_input(struct callback_data *p, FILE *in){
-  char *zLine = 0;
-  char *zSql = 0;
-  int nSql = 0;
-  int nSqlPrior = 0;
-  char *zErrMsg;
-  int rc;
-  int errCnt = 0;
-  int lineno = 0;
-  int startline = 0;
+  char *zLine = 0;          /* A single input line */
+  char *zSql = 0;           /* Accumulated SQL text */
+  int nLine;                /* Length of current line */
+  int nSql = 0;             /* Bytes of zSql[] used */
+  int nAlloc = 0;           /* Allocated zSql[] space */
+  int nSqlPrior = 0;        /* Bytes of zSql[] used by prior line */
+  char *zErrMsg;            /* Error message returned */
+  int rc;                   /* Error code */
+  int errCnt = 0;           /* Number of errors seen */
+  int lineno = 0;           /* Current line number */
+  int startline = 0;        /* Line number for start of current input */
 
   while( errCnt==0 || !bail_on_error || (in==0 && stdin_is_interactive) ){
     fflush(p->out);
-    free(zLine);
-    zLine = one_input_line(zSql, in);
+    zLine = one_input_line(in, zLine, nSql>0);
     if( zLine==0 ){
-      break;  /* We have reached EOF */
+      /* End of input */
+      if( stdin_is_interactive ) printf("\n");
+      break;
     }
     if( seenInterrupt ){
       if( in!=0 ) break;
       seenInterrupt = 0;
     }
     lineno++;
-    if( (zSql==0 || zSql[0]==0) && _all_whitespace(zLine) ) continue;
+    if( nSql==0 && _all_whitespace(zLine) ){
+      if( p->echoOn ) printf("%s\n", zLine);
+      continue;
+    }
     if( zLine && zLine[0]=='.' && nSql==0 ){
       if( p->echoOn ) printf("%s\n", zLine);
       rc = do_meta_command(zLine, p);
@@ -2524,38 +3580,35 @@
       }
       continue;
     }
-    if( _is_command_terminator(zLine) && _is_complete(zSql, nSql) ){
+    if( line_is_command_terminator(zLine) && line_is_complete(zSql, nSql) ){
       memcpy(zLine,";",2);
     }
-    nSqlPrior = nSql;
-    if( zSql==0 ){
-      int i;
-      for(i=0; zLine[i] && IsSpace(zLine[i]); i++){}
-      if( zLine[i]!=0 ){
-        nSql = strlen30(zLine);
-        zSql = malloc( nSql+3 );
-        if( zSql==0 ){
-          fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of memory\n");
-          exit(1);
-        }
-        memcpy(zSql, zLine, nSql+1);
-        startline = lineno;
-      }
-    }else{
-      int len = strlen30(zLine);
-      zSql = realloc( zSql, nSql + len + 4 );
+    nLine = strlen30(zLine);
+    if( nSql+nLine+2>=nAlloc ){
+      nAlloc = nSql+nLine+100;
+      zSql = realloc(zSql, nAlloc);
       if( zSql==0 ){
-        fprintf(stderr,"Error: out of memory\n");
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of memory\n");
         exit(1);
       }
-      zSql[nSql++] = '\n';
-      memcpy(&zSql[nSql], zLine, len+1);
-      nSql += len;
     }
-    if( zSql && _contains_semicolon(&zSql[nSqlPrior], nSql-nSqlPrior)
+    nSqlPrior = nSql;
+    if( nSql==0 ){
+      int i;
+      for(i=0; zLine[i] && IsSpace(zLine[i]); i++){}
+      assert( nAlloc>0 && zSql!=0 );
+      memcpy(zSql, zLine+i, nLine+1-i);
+      startline = lineno;
+      nSql = nLine-i;
+    }else{
+      zSql[nSql++] = '\n';
+      memcpy(zSql+nSql, zLine, nLine+1);
+      nSql += nLine;
+    }
+    if( nSql && line_contains_semicolon(&zSql[nSqlPrior], nSql-nSqlPrior)
                 && sqlite3_complete(zSql) ){
       p->cnt = 0;
-      open_db(p);
+      open_db(p, 0);
       BEGIN_TIMER;
       rc = shell_exec(p->db, zSql, shell_callback, p, &zErrMsg);
       END_TIMER;
@@ -2576,45 +3629,51 @@
         }
         errCnt++;
       }
-      free(zSql);
-      zSql = 0;
+      nSql = 0;
+      if( p->outCount ){
+        output_reset(p);
+        p->outCount = 0;
+      }
+    }else if( nSql && _all_whitespace(zSql) ){
+      if( p->echoOn ) printf("%s\n", zSql);
       nSql = 0;
     }
   }
-  if( zSql ){
+  if( nSql ){
     if( !_all_whitespace(zSql) ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: incomplete SQL: %s\n", zSql);
     }
     free(zSql);
   }
   free(zLine);
-  return errCnt;
+  return errCnt>0;
 }
 
 /*
 ** Return a pathname which is the user's home directory.  A
-** 0 return indicates an error of some kind.  Space to hold the
-** resulting string is obtained from malloc().  The calling
-** function should free the result.
+** 0 return indicates an error of some kind.
 */
 static char *find_home_dir(void){
-  char *home_dir = NULL;
+  static char *home_dir = NULL;
+  if( home_dir ) return home_dir;
 
-#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(__OS2__) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE) && !defined(__RTP__) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL)
-  struct passwd *pwent;
-  uid_t uid = getuid();
-  if( (pwent=getpwuid(uid)) != NULL) {
-    home_dir = pwent->pw_dir;
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE) && !defined(__RTP__) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL)
+  {
+    struct passwd *pwent;
+    uid_t uid = getuid();
+    if( (pwent=getpwuid(uid)) != NULL) {
+      home_dir = pwent->pw_dir;
+    }
   }
 #endif
 
 #if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
   /* Windows CE (arm-wince-mingw32ce-gcc) does not provide getenv()
    */
-  home_dir = strdup("/");
+  home_dir = "/";
 #else
 
-#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32) || defined(__OS2__)
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
   if (!home_dir) {
     home_dir = getenv("USERPROFILE");
   }
@@ -2624,7 +3683,7 @@
     home_dir = getenv("HOME");
   }
 
-#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32) || defined(__OS2__)
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
   if (!home_dir) {
     char *zDrive, *zPath;
     int n;
@@ -2667,7 +3726,6 @@
   const char *sqliterc = sqliterc_override;
   char *zBuf = 0;
   FILE *in = NULL;
-  int nBuf;
   int rc = 0;
 
   if (sqliterc == NULL) {
@@ -2678,15 +3736,9 @@
 #endif
       return 1;
     }
-    nBuf = strlen30(home_dir) + 16;
-    zBuf = malloc( nBuf );
-    if( zBuf==0 ){
-      fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error: out of memory\n",Argv0);
-      return 1;
-    }
-    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf,"%s/.sqliterc",home_dir);
-    free(home_dir);
-    sqliterc = (const char*)zBuf;
+    sqlite3_initialize();
+    zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%s/.sqliterc",home_dir);
+    sqliterc = zBuf;
   }
   in = fopen(sqliterc,"rb");
   if( in ){
@@ -2696,7 +3748,7 @@
     rc = process_input(p,in);
     fclose(in);
   }
-  free(zBuf);
+  sqlite3_free(zBuf);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -2707,21 +3759,26 @@
   "   -bail                stop after hitting an error\n"
   "   -batch               force batch I/O\n"
   "   -column              set output mode to 'column'\n"
-  "   -cmd command         run \"command\" before reading stdin\n"
+  "   -cmd COMMAND         run \"COMMAND\" before reading stdin\n"
   "   -csv                 set output mode to 'csv'\n"
   "   -echo                print commands before execution\n"
-  "   -init filename       read/process named file\n"
+  "   -init FILENAME       read/process named file\n"
   "   -[no]header          turn headers on or off\n"
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5)
+  "   -heap SIZE           Size of heap for memsys3 or memsys5\n"
+#endif
   "   -help                show this message\n"
   "   -html                set output mode to HTML\n"
   "   -interactive         force interactive I/O\n"
   "   -line                set output mode to 'line'\n"
   "   -list                set output mode to 'list'\n"
+  "   -mmap N              default mmap size set to N\n"
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MULTIPLEX
   "   -multiplex           enable the multiplexor VFS\n"
 #endif
-  "   -nullvalue 'text'    set text string for NULL values\n"
-  "   -separator 'x'       set output field separator (|)\n"
+  "   -newline SEP         set newline character(s) for CSV\n"
+  "   -nullvalue TEXT      set text string for NULL values. Default ''\n"
+  "   -separator SEP       set output field separator. Default: '|'\n"
   "   -stats               print memory stats before each finalize\n"
   "   -version             show SQLite version\n"
   "   -vfs NAME            use NAME as the default VFS\n"
@@ -2749,6 +3806,7 @@
   memset(data, 0, sizeof(*data));
   data->mode = MODE_List;
   memcpy(data->separator,"|", 2);
+  memcpy(data->newline,"\r\n", 3);
   data->showHeader = 0;
   sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_URI, 1);
   sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG, shellLog, data);
@@ -2757,6 +3815,39 @@
   sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD);
 }
 
+/*
+** Output text to the console in a font that attracts extra attention.
+*/
+#ifdef _WIN32
+static void printBold(const char *zText){
+  HANDLE out = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
+  CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO defaultScreenInfo;
+  GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(out, &defaultScreenInfo);
+  SetConsoleTextAttribute(out,
+         FOREGROUND_RED|FOREGROUND_INTENSITY
+  );
+  printf("%s", zText);
+  SetConsoleTextAttribute(out, defaultScreenInfo.wAttributes);
+}
+#else
+static void printBold(const char *zText){
+  printf("\033[1m%s\033[0m", zText);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Get the argument to an --option.  Throw an error and die if no argument
+** is available.
+*/
+static char *cmdline_option_value(int argc, char **argv, int i){
+  if( i==argc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: Error: missing argument to %s\n",
+            argv[0], argv[argc-1]);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  return argv[i];
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char **argv){
   char *zErrMsg = 0;
   struct callback_data data;
@@ -2764,12 +3855,15 @@
   char *zFirstCmd = 0;
   int i;
   int rc = 0;
+  int warnInmemoryDb = 0;
 
+#if USE_SYSTEM_SQLITE+0!=1
   if( strcmp(sqlite3_sourceid(),SQLITE_SOURCE_ID)!=0 ){
     fprintf(stderr, "SQLite header and source version mismatch\n%s\n%s\n",
             sqlite3_sourceid(), SQLITE_SOURCE_ID);
     exit(1);
   }
+#endif
   Argv0 = argv[0];
   main_init(&data);
   stdin_is_interactive = isatty(0);
@@ -2786,38 +3880,44 @@
   ** the size of the alternative malloc heap,
   ** and the first command to execute.
   */
-  for(i=1; i<argc-1; i++){
+  for(i=1; i<argc; i++){
     char *z;
-    if( argv[i][0]!='-' ) break;
     z = argv[i];
+    if( z[0]!='-' ){
+      if( data.zDbFilename==0 ){
+        data.zDbFilename = z;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if( zFirstCmd==0 ){
+        zFirstCmd = z;
+        continue;
+      }
+      fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error: too many options: \"%s\"\n", Argv0, argv[i]);
+      fprintf(stderr,"Use -help for a list of options.\n");
+      return 1;
+    }
     if( z[1]=='-' ) z++;
     if( strcmp(z,"-separator")==0
      || strcmp(z,"-nullvalue")==0
+     || strcmp(z,"-newline")==0
      || strcmp(z,"-cmd")==0
     ){
-      i++;
+      (void)cmdline_option_value(argc, argv, ++i);
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-init")==0 ){
-      i++;
-      zInitFile = argv[i];
-    /* Need to check for batch mode here to so we can avoid printing
-    ** informational messages (like from process_sqliterc) before 
-    ** we do the actual processing of arguments later in a second pass.
-    */
+      zInitFile = cmdline_option_value(argc, argv, ++i);
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-batch")==0 ){
+      /* Need to check for batch mode here to so we can avoid printing
+      ** informational messages (like from process_sqliterc) before 
+      ** we do the actual processing of arguments later in a second pass.
+      */
       stdin_is_interactive = 0;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-heap")==0 ){
 #if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5)
-      int j, c;
       const char *zSize;
       sqlite3_int64 szHeap;
 
-      zSize = argv[++i];
-      szHeap = atoi(zSize);
-      for(j=0; (c = zSize[j])!=0; j++){
-        if( c=='M' ){ szHeap *= 1000000; break; }
-        if( c=='K' ){ szHeap *= 1000; break; }
-        if( c=='G' ){ szHeap *= 1000000000; break; }
-      }
+      zSize = cmdline_option_value(argc, argv, ++i);
+      szHeap = integerValue(zSize);
       if( szHeap>0x7fff0000 ) szHeap = 0x7fff0000;
       sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP, malloc((int)szHeap), (int)szHeap, 64);
 #endif
@@ -2837,8 +3937,11 @@
       extern int sqlite3_multiple_initialize(const char*,int);
       sqlite3_multiplex_initialize(0, 1);
 #endif
+    }else if( strcmp(z,"-mmap")==0 ){
+      sqlite3_int64 sz = integerValue(cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
+      sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE, sz, sz);
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-vfs")==0 ){
-      sqlite3_vfs *pVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(argv[++i]);
+      sqlite3_vfs *pVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
       if( pVfs ){
         sqlite3_vfs_register(pVfs, 1);
       }else{
@@ -2847,35 +3950,21 @@
       }
     }
   }
-  if( i<argc ){
-#if defined(SQLITE_OS_OS2) && SQLITE_OS_OS2
-    data.zDbFilename = (const char *)convertCpPathToUtf8( argv[i++] );
-#else
-    data.zDbFilename = argv[i++];
-#endif
-  }else{
+  if( data.zDbFilename==0 ){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
     data.zDbFilename = ":memory:";
+    warnInmemoryDb = argc==1;
 #else
-    data.zDbFilename = 0;
-#endif
-  }
-  if( i<argc ){
-    zFirstCmd = argv[i++];
-  }
-  if( i<argc ){
-    fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error: too many options: \"%s\"\n", Argv0, argv[i]);
-    fprintf(stderr,"Use -help for a list of options.\n");
-    return 1;
-  }
-  data.out = stdout;
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
-  if( data.zDbFilename==0 ){
     fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error: no database filename specified\n", Argv0);
     return 1;
-  }
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_SHELL_DBNAME_PROC
+    { extern void SQLITE_SHELL_DBNAME_PROC(const char**);
+      SQLITE_SHELL_DBNAME_PROC(&data.zDbFilename);
+      warnInmemoryDb = 0; }
+#endif
+  }
+  data.out = stdout;
 
   /* Go ahead and open the database file if it already exists.  If the
   ** file does not exist, delay opening it.  This prevents empty database
@@ -2883,7 +3972,7 @@
   ** to the sqlite command-line tool.
   */
   if( access(data.zDbFilename, 0)==0 ){
-    open_db(&data);
+    open_db(&data, 0);
   }
 
   /* Process the initialization file if there is one.  If no -init option
@@ -2900,8 +3989,9 @@
   ** file is processed so that the command-line arguments will override
   ** settings in the initialization file.
   */
-  for(i=1; i<argc && argv[i][0]=='-'; i++){
+  for(i=1; i<argc; i++){
     char *z = argv[i];
+    if( z[0]!='-' ) continue;
     if( z[1]=='-' ){ z++; }
     if( strcmp(z,"-init")==0 ){
       i++;
@@ -2917,31 +4007,22 @@
       data.mode = MODE_Csv;
       memcpy(data.separator,",",2);
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-separator")==0 ){
-      i++;
-      if(i>=argc){
-        fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error: missing argument for option: %s\n",
-                        Argv0, z);
-        fprintf(stderr,"Use -help for a list of options.\n");
-        return 1;
-      }
       sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.separator), data.separator,
-                       "%.*s",(int)sizeof(data.separator)-1,argv[i]);
+                       "%s",cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
+    }else if( strcmp(z,"-newline")==0 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.newline), data.newline,
+                       "%s",cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-nullvalue")==0 ){
-      i++;
-      if(i>=argc){
-        fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error: missing argument for option: %s\n",
-                        Argv0, z);
-        fprintf(stderr,"Use -help for a list of options.\n");
-        return 1;
-      }
       sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.nullvalue), data.nullvalue,
-                       "%.*s",(int)sizeof(data.nullvalue)-1,argv[i]);
+                       "%s",cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-header")==0 ){
       data.showHeader = 1;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-noheader")==0 ){
       data.showHeader = 0;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-echo")==0 ){
       data.echoOn = 1;
+    }else if( strcmp(z,"-eqp")==0 ){
+      data.autoEQP = 1;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-stats")==0 ){
       data.statsOn = 1;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-bail")==0 ){
@@ -2955,6 +4036,8 @@
       stdin_is_interactive = 0;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-heap")==0 ){
       i++;
+    }else if( strcmp(z,"-mmap")==0 ){
+      i++;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-vfs")==0 ){
       i++;
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_VFSTRACE
@@ -2969,13 +4052,12 @@
       usage(1);
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-cmd")==0 ){
       if( i==argc-1 ) break;
-      i++;
-      z = argv[i];
+      z = cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i);
       if( z[0]=='.' ){
         rc = do_meta_command(z, &data);
-        if( rc && bail_on_error ) return rc;
+        if( rc && bail_on_error ) return rc==2 ? 0 : rc;
       }else{
-        open_db(&data);
+        open_db(&data, 0);
         rc = shell_exec(data.db, z, shell_callback, &data, &zErrMsg);
         if( zErrMsg!=0 ){
           fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
@@ -2997,8 +4079,9 @@
     */
     if( zFirstCmd[0]=='.' ){
       rc = do_meta_command(zFirstCmd, &data);
+      if( rc==2 ) rc = 0;
     }else{
-      open_db(&data);
+      open_db(&data, 0);
       rc = shell_exec(data.db, zFirstCmd, shell_callback, &data, &zErrMsg);
       if( zErrMsg!=0 ){
         fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
@@ -3017,10 +4100,15 @@
       int nHistory;
       printf(
         "SQLite version %s %.19s\n" /*extra-version-info*/
-        "Enter \".help\" for instructions\n"
-        "Enter SQL statements terminated with a \";\"\n",
+        "Enter \".help\" for usage hints.\n",
         sqlite3_libversion(), sqlite3_sourceid()
       );
+      if( warnInmemoryDb ){
+        printf("Connected to a ");
+        printBold("transient in-memory database");
+        printf(".\nUse \".open FILENAME\" to reopen on a "
+               "persistent database.\n");
+      }
       zHome = find_home_dir();
       if( zHome ){
         nHistory = strlen30(zHome) + 20;
@@ -3028,7 +4116,7 @@
           sqlite3_snprintf(nHistory, zHistory,"%s/.sqlite_history", zHome);
         }
       }
-#if defined(HAVE_READLINE) && HAVE_READLINE==1
+#if defined(HAVE_READLINE)
       if( zHistory ) read_history(zHistory);
 #endif
       rc = process_input(&data, 0);
@@ -3037,7 +4125,6 @@
         write_history(zHistory);
         free(zHistory);
       }
-      free(zHome);
     }else{
       rc = process_input(&data, stdin);
     }
@@ -3046,5 +4133,6 @@
   if( data.db ){
     sqlite3_close(data.db);
   }
+  sqlite3_free(data.zFreeOnClose); 
   return rc;
 }
diff --git a/dist/orig/sqlite3.c b/dist/orig/sqlite3.c
index 6090bba..c1278e6 100644
--- a/dist/orig/sqlite3.c
+++ b/dist/orig/sqlite3.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /******************************************************************************
 ** This file is an amalgamation of many separate C source files from SQLite
-** version 3.7.11.  By combining all the individual C code files into this 
+** version 3.8.6.  By combining all the individual C code files into this 
 ** single large file, the entire code can be compiled as a single translation
 ** unit.  This allows many compilers to do optimizations that would not be
 ** possible if the files were compiled separately.  Performance improvements
@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@
 ** in Red Hat 6.0, so the code won't work.  Hence, for maximum binary
 ** portability you should omit LFS.
 **
+** The previous paragraph was written in 2005.  (This paragraph is written
+** on 2008-11-28.) These days, all Linux kernels support large files, so
+** you should probably leave LFS enabled.  But some embedded platforms might
+** lack LFS in which case the SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS macro might still be useful.
+**
 ** Similar is true for Mac OS X.  LFS is only supported on Mac OS X 9 and later.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS
@@ -71,481 +76,41 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
-** Include the configuration header output by 'configure' if we're using the
-** autoconf-based build
+** For MinGW, check to see if we can include the header file containing its
+** version information, among other things.  Normally, this internal MinGW
+** header file would [only] be included automatically by other MinGW header
+** files; however, the contained version information is now required by this
+** header file to work around binary compatibility issues (see below) and
+** this is the only known way to reliably obtain it.  This entire #if block
+** would be completely unnecessary if there was any other way of detecting
+** MinGW via their preprocessor (e.g. if they customized their GCC to define
+** some MinGW-specific macros).  When compiling for MinGW, either the
+** _HAVE_MINGW_H or _HAVE__MINGW_H (note the extra underscore) macro must be
+** defined; otherwise, detection of conditions specific to MinGW will be
+** disabled.
 */
-#ifdef _HAVE_SQLITE_CONFIG_H
-#include "config.h"
-#endif
-
-/************** Include sqliteLimit.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ***********/
-/************** Begin file sqliteLimit.h *************************************/
-/*
-** 2007 May 7
-**
-** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
-** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
-**
-**    May you do good and not evil.
-**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
-**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
-**
-*************************************************************************
-** 
-** This file defines various limits of what SQLite can process.
-*/
-
-/*
-** The maximum length of a TEXT or BLOB in bytes.   This also
-** limits the size of a row in a table or index.
-**
-** The hard limit is the ability of a 32-bit signed integer
-** to count the size: 2^31-1 or 2147483647.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH
-# define SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH 1000000000
+#if defined(_HAVE_MINGW_H)
+# include "mingw.h"
+#elif defined(_HAVE__MINGW_H)
+# include "_mingw.h"
 #endif
 
 /*
-** This is the maximum number of
-**
-**    * Columns in a table
-**    * Columns in an index
-**    * Columns in a view
-**    * Terms in the SET clause of an UPDATE statement
-**    * Terms in the result set of a SELECT statement
-**    * Terms in the GROUP BY or ORDER BY clauses of a SELECT statement.
-**    * Terms in the VALUES clause of an INSERT statement
-**
-** The hard upper limit here is 32676.  Most database people will
-** tell you that in a well-normalized database, you usually should
-** not have more than a dozen or so columns in any table.  And if
-** that is the case, there is no point in having more than a few
-** dozen values in any of the other situations described above.
+** For MinGW version 4.x (and higher), check to see if the _USE_32BIT_TIME_T
+** define is required to maintain binary compatibility with the MSVC runtime
+** library in use (e.g. for Windows XP).
 */
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN
-# define SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN 2000
+#if !defined(_USE_32BIT_TIME_T) && !defined(_USE_64BIT_TIME_T) && \
+    defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64) && \
+    defined(__MINGW_MAJOR_VERSION) && __MINGW_MAJOR_VERSION >= 4 && \
+    defined(__MSVCRT__)
+# define _USE_32BIT_TIME_T
 #endif
 
-/*
-** The maximum length of a single SQL statement in bytes.
-**
-** It used to be the case that setting this value to zero would
-** turn the limit off.  That is no longer true.  It is not possible
-** to turn this limit off.
+/* The public SQLite interface.  The _FILE_OFFSET_BITS macro must appear
+** first in QNX.  Also, the _USE_32BIT_TIME_T macro must appear first for
+** MinGW.
 */
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH
-# define SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH 1000000000
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The maximum depth of an expression tree. This is limited to 
-** some extent by SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH. But sometime you might 
-** want to place more severe limits on the complexity of an 
-** expression.
-**
-** A value of 0 used to mean that the limit was not enforced.
-** But that is no longer true.  The limit is now strictly enforced
-** at all times.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH
-# define SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH 1000
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The maximum number of terms in a compound SELECT statement.
-** The code generator for compound SELECT statements does one
-** level of recursion for each term.  A stack overflow can result
-** if the number of terms is too large.  In practice, most SQL
-** never has more than 3 or 4 terms.  Use a value of 0 to disable
-** any limit on the number of terms in a compount SELECT.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT
-# define SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT 500
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The maximum number of opcodes in a VDBE program.
-** Not currently enforced.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP
-# define SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP 25000
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The maximum number of arguments to an SQL function.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG
-# define SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG 127
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The maximum number of in-memory pages to use for the main database
-** table and for temporary tables.  The SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE
-# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE  2000
-#endif
-#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_TEMP_CACHE_SIZE
-# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_TEMP_CACHE_SIZE  500
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The default number of frames to accumulate in the log file before
-** checkpointing the database in WAL mode.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT
-# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT  1000
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The maximum number of attached databases.  This must be between 0
-** and 62.  The upper bound on 62 is because a 64-bit integer bitmap
-** is used internally to track attached databases.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED
-# define SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED 10
-#endif
-
-
-/*
-** The maximum value of a ?nnn wildcard that the parser will accept.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER
-# define SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER 999
-#endif
-
-/* Maximum page size.  The upper bound on this value is 65536.  This a limit
-** imposed by the use of 16-bit offsets within each page.
-**
-** Earlier versions of SQLite allowed the user to change this value at
-** compile time. This is no longer permitted, on the grounds that it creates
-** a library that is technically incompatible with an SQLite library 
-** compiled with a different limit. If a process operating on a database 
-** with a page-size of 65536 bytes crashes, then an instance of SQLite 
-** compiled with the default page-size limit will not be able to rollback 
-** the aborted transaction. This could lead to database corruption.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
-# undef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
-#endif
-#define SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE 65536
-
-
-/*
-** The default size of a database page.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
-# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE 1024
-#endif
-#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
-# undef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
-# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Ordinarily, if no value is explicitly provided, SQLite creates databases
-** with page size SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE. However, based on certain
-** device characteristics (sector-size and atomic write() support),
-** SQLite may choose a larger value. This constant is the maximum value
-** SQLite will choose on its own.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
-# define SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE 8192
-#endif
-#if SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
-# undef SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
-# define SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
-#endif
-
-
-/*
-** Maximum number of pages in one database file.
-**
-** This is really just the default value for the max_page_count pragma.
-** This value can be lowered (or raised) at run-time using that the
-** max_page_count macro.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT
-# define SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT 1073741823
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Maximum length (in bytes) of the pattern in a LIKE or GLOB
-** operator.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH
-# define SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH 50000
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Maximum depth of recursion for triggers.
-**
-** A value of 1 means that a trigger program will not be able to itself
-** fire any triggers. A value of 0 means that no trigger programs at all 
-** may be executed.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH
-# define SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH 1000
-#endif
-
-/************** End of sqliteLimit.h *****************************************/
-/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
-
-/* Disable nuisance warnings on Borland compilers */
-#if defined(__BORLANDC__)
-#pragma warn -rch /* unreachable code */
-#pragma warn -ccc /* Condition is always true or false */
-#pragma warn -aus /* Assigned value is never used */
-#pragma warn -csu /* Comparing signed and unsigned */
-#pragma warn -spa /* Suspicious pointer arithmetic */
-#endif
-
-/* Needed for various definitions... */
-#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
-# define _GNU_SOURCE
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Include standard header files as necessary
-*/
-#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
-#include <stdint.h>
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The following macros are used to cast pointers to integers and
-** integers to pointers.  The way you do this varies from one compiler
-** to the next, so we have developed the following set of #if statements
-** to generate appropriate macros for a wide range of compilers.
-**
-** The correct "ANSI" way to do this is to use the intptr_t type. 
-** Unfortunately, that typedef is not available on all compilers, or
-** if it is available, it requires an #include of specific headers
-** that vary from one machine to the next.
-**
-** Ticket #3860:  The llvm-gcc-4.2 compiler from Apple chokes on
-** the ((void*)&((char*)0)[X]) construct.  But MSVC chokes on ((void*)(X)).
-** So we have to define the macros in different ways depending on the
-** compiler.
-*/
-#if defined(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)  /* This case should work for GCC */
-# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)(X))
-# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)(X))
-#elif !defined(__GNUC__)       /* Works for compilers other than LLVM */
-# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)&((char*)0)[X])
-# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(((char*)X)-(char*)0))
-#elif defined(HAVE_STDINT_H)   /* Use this case if we have ANSI headers */
-# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(intptr_t)(X))
-# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(intptr_t)(X))
-#else                          /* Generates a warning - but it always works */
-# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(X))
-# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(X))
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The SQLITE_THREADSAFE macro must be defined as 0, 1, or 2.
-** 0 means mutexes are permanently disable and the library is never
-** threadsafe.  1 means the library is serialized which is the highest
-** level of threadsafety.  2 means the libary is multithreaded - multiple
-** threads can use SQLite as long as no two threads try to use the same
-** database connection at the same time.
-**
-** Older versions of SQLite used an optional THREADSAFE macro.
-** We support that for legacy.
-*/
-#if !defined(SQLITE_THREADSAFE)
-#if defined(THREADSAFE)
-# define SQLITE_THREADSAFE THREADSAFE
-#else
-# define SQLITE_THREADSAFE 1 /* IMP: R-07272-22309 */
-#endif
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Powersafe overwrite is on by default.  But can be turned off using
-** the -DSQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE=0 command-line option.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE
-# define SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE 1
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS macro must be defined as either 0 or 1.
-** It determines whether or not the features related to 
-** SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS are available by default or not. This value can
-** be overridden at runtime using the sqlite3_config() API.
-*/
-#if !defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS)
-# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS 1
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Exactly one of the following macros must be defined in order to
-** specify which memory allocation subsystem to use.
-**
-**     SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC          // Use normal system malloc()
-**     SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC           // Use Win32 native heap API
-**     SQLITE_MEMDEBUG               // Debugging version of system malloc()
-**
-** On Windows, if the SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE macro is defined and the
-** assert() macro is enabled, each call into the Win32 native heap subsystem
-** will cause HeapValidate to be called.  If heap validation should fail, an
-** assertion will be triggered.
-**
-** (Historical note:  There used to be several other options, but we've
-** pared it down to just these three.)
-**
-** If none of the above are defined, then set SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC as
-** the default.
-*/
-#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)>1
-# error "At most one of the following compile-time configuration options\
- is allows: SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC, SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC, SQLITE_MEMDEBUG"
-#endif
-#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)==0
-# define SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC 1
-#endif
-
-/*
-** If SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT is not zero, then try to keep the
-** sizes of memory allocations below this value where possible.
-*/
-#if !defined(SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT)
-# define SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT 1024
-#endif
-
-/*
-** We need to define _XOPEN_SOURCE as follows in order to enable
-** recursive mutexes on most Unix systems.  But Mac OS X is different.
-** The _XOPEN_SOURCE define causes problems for Mac OS X we are told,
-** so it is omitted there.  See ticket #2673.
-**
-** Later we learn that _XOPEN_SOURCE is poorly or incorrectly
-** implemented on some systems.  So we avoid defining it at all
-** if it is already defined or if it is unneeded because we are
-** not doing a threadsafe build.  Ticket #2681.
-**
-** See also ticket #2741.
-*/
-#if !defined(_XOPEN_SOURCE) && !defined(__DARWIN__) && !defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE
-#  define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500  /* Needed to enable pthread recursive mutexes */
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The TCL headers are only needed when compiling the TCL bindings.
-*/
-#if defined(SQLITE_TCL) || defined(TCLSH)
-# include <tcl.h>
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Many people are failing to set -DNDEBUG=1 when compiling SQLite.
-** Setting NDEBUG makes the code smaller and run faster.  So the following
-** lines are added to automatically set NDEBUG unless the -DSQLITE_DEBUG=1
-** option is set.  Thus NDEBUG becomes an opt-in rather than an opt-out
-** feature.
-*/
-#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) 
-# define NDEBUG 1
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The testcase() macro is used to aid in coverage testing.  When 
-** doing coverage testing, the condition inside the argument to
-** testcase() must be evaluated both true and false in order to
-** get full branch coverage.  The testcase() macro is inserted
-** to help ensure adequate test coverage in places where simple
-** condition/decision coverage is inadequate.  For example, testcase()
-** can be used to make sure boundary values are tested.  For
-** bitmask tests, testcase() can be used to make sure each bit
-** is significant and used at least once.  On switch statements
-** where multiple cases go to the same block of code, testcase()
-** can insure that all cases are evaluated.
-**
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3Coverage(int);
-# define testcase(X)  if( X ){ sqlite3Coverage(__LINE__); }
-#else
-# define testcase(X)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The TESTONLY macro is used to enclose variable declarations or
-** other bits of code that are needed to support the arguments
-** within testcase() and assert() macros.
-*/
-#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
-# define TESTONLY(X)  X
-#else
-# define TESTONLY(X)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Sometimes we need a small amount of code such as a variable initialization
-** to setup for a later assert() statement.  We do not want this code to
-** appear when assert() is disabled.  The following macro is therefore
-** used to contain that setup code.  The "VVA" acronym stands for
-** "Verification, Validation, and Accreditation".  In other words, the
-** code within VVA_ONLY() will only run during verification processes.
-*/
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-# define VVA_ONLY(X)  X
-#else
-# define VVA_ONLY(X)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The ALWAYS and NEVER macros surround boolean expressions which 
-** are intended to always be true or false, respectively.  Such
-** expressions could be omitted from the code completely.  But they
-** are included in a few cases in order to enhance the resilience
-** of SQLite to unexpected behavior - to make the code "self-healing"
-** or "ductile" rather than being "brittle" and crashing at the first
-** hint of unplanned behavior.
-**
-** In other words, ALWAYS and NEVER are added for defensive code.
-**
-** When doing coverage testing ALWAYS and NEVER are hard-coded to
-** be true and false so that the unreachable code then specify will
-** not be counted as untested code.
-*/
-#if defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
-# define ALWAYS(X)      (1)
-# define NEVER(X)       (0)
-#elif !defined(NDEBUG)
-# define ALWAYS(X)      ((X)?1:(assert(0),0))
-# define NEVER(X)       ((X)?(assert(0),1):0)
-#else
-# define ALWAYS(X)      (X)
-# define NEVER(X)       (X)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Return true (non-zero) if the input is a integer that is too large
-** to fit in 32-bits.  This macro is used inside of various testcase()
-** macros to verify that we have tested SQLite for large-file support.
-*/
-#define IS_BIG_INT(X)  (((X)&~(i64)0xffffffff)!=0)
-
-/*
-** The macro unlikely() is a hint that surrounds a boolean
-** expression that is usually false.  Macro likely() surrounds
-** a boolean expression that is usually true.  GCC is able to
-** use these hints to generate better code, sometimes.
-*/
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && 0
-# define likely(X)    __builtin_expect((X),1)
-# define unlikely(X)  __builtin_expect((X),0)
-#else
-# define likely(X)    !!(X)
-# define unlikely(X)  !!(X)
-#endif
-
 /************** Include sqlite3.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ***************/
 /************** Begin file sqlite3.h *****************************************/
 /*
@@ -657,9 +222,9 @@
 ** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
 ** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
 */
-#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.7.11"
-#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3007011
-#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2012-03-20 11:35:50 00bb9c9ce4f465e6ac321ced2a9d0062dc364669"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.8.6"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3008006
+#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2014-08-15 11:46:33 9491ba7d738528f168657adb43a198238abde19e"
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
@@ -769,7 +334,8 @@
 ** the opaque structure named "sqlite3".  It is useful to think of an sqlite3
 ** pointer as an object.  The [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()], and
 ** [sqlite3_open_v2()] interfaces are its constructors, and [sqlite3_close()]
-** is its destructor.  There are many other interfaces (such as
+** and [sqlite3_close_v2()] are its destructors.  There are many other
+** interfaces (such as
 ** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()], [sqlite3_create_function()], and
 ** [sqlite3_busy_timeout()] to name but three) that are methods on an
 ** sqlite3 object.
@@ -816,28 +382,46 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Closing A Database Connection
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_close() routine is the destructor for the [sqlite3] object.
-** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() return SQLITE_OK if the [sqlite3] object is
-** successfully destroyed and all associated resources are deallocated.
+** ^The sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() routines are destructors
+** for the [sqlite3] object.
+** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() return [SQLITE_OK] if
+** the [sqlite3] object is successfully destroyed and all associated
+** resources are deallocated.
 **
-** Applications must [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all [prepared statements]
-** and [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles] associated with
-** the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.  ^If
-** sqlite3_close() is called on a [database connection] that still has
-** outstanding [prepared statements] or [BLOB handles], then it returns
-** SQLITE_BUSY.
+** ^If the database connection is associated with unfinalized prepared
+** statements or unfinished sqlite3_backup objects then sqlite3_close()
+** will leave the database connection open and return [SQLITE_BUSY].
+** ^If sqlite3_close_v2() is called with unfinalized prepared statements
+** and/or unfinished sqlite3_backups, then the database connection becomes
+** an unusable "zombie" which will automatically be deallocated when the
+** last prepared statement is finalized or the last sqlite3_backup is
+** finished.  The sqlite3_close_v2() interface is intended for use with
+** host languages that are garbage collected, and where the order in which
+** destructors are called is arbitrary.
 **
-** ^If [sqlite3_close()] is invoked while a transaction is open,
+** Applications should [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all [prepared statements],
+** [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles], and 
+** [sqlite3_backup_finish | finish] all [sqlite3_backup] objects associated
+** with the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.  ^If
+** sqlite3_close_v2() is called on a [database connection] that still has
+** outstanding [prepared statements], [BLOB handles], and/or
+** [sqlite3_backup] objects then it returns [SQLITE_OK] and the deallocation
+** of resources is deferred until all [prepared statements], [BLOB handles],
+** and [sqlite3_backup] objects are also destroyed.
+**
+** ^If an [sqlite3] object is destroyed while a transaction is open,
 ** the transaction is automatically rolled back.
 **
-** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] must be either a NULL
+** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] and [sqlite3_close_v2(C)]
+** must be either a NULL
 ** pointer or an [sqlite3] object pointer obtained
 ** from [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()], or
 ** [sqlite3_open_v2()], and not previously closed.
-** ^Calling sqlite3_close() with a NULL pointer argument is a 
-** harmless no-op.
+** ^Calling sqlite3_close() or sqlite3_close_v2() with a NULL pointer
+** argument is a harmless no-op.
 */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close_v2(sqlite3*);
 
 /*
 ** The type for a callback function.
@@ -901,7 +485,7 @@
 ** <ul>
 ** <li> The application must insure that the 1st parameter to sqlite3_exec()
 **      is a valid and open [database connection].
-** <li> The application must not close [database connection] specified by
+** <li> The application must not close the [database connection] specified by
 **      the 1st parameter to sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
 ** <li> The application must not modify the SQL statement text passed into
 **      the 2nd parameter of sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
@@ -917,16 +501,14 @@
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Result Codes
-** KEYWORDS: SQLITE_OK {error code} {error codes}
-** KEYWORDS: {result code} {result codes}
+** KEYWORDS: {result code definitions}
 **
 ** Many SQLite functions return an integer result code from the set shown
 ** here in order to indicate success or failure.
 **
 ** New error codes may be added in future versions of SQLite.
 **
-** See also: [SQLITE_IOERR_READ | extended result codes],
-** [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | result codes].
+** See also: [extended result code definitions]
 */
 #define SQLITE_OK           0   /* Successful result */
 /* beginning-of-error-codes */
@@ -956,32 +538,27 @@
 #define SQLITE_FORMAT      24   /* Auxiliary database format error */
 #define SQLITE_RANGE       25   /* 2nd parameter to sqlite3_bind out of range */
 #define SQLITE_NOTADB      26   /* File opened that is not a database file */
+#define SQLITE_NOTICE      27   /* Notifications from sqlite3_log() */
+#define SQLITE_WARNING     28   /* Warnings from sqlite3_log() */
 #define SQLITE_ROW         100  /* sqlite3_step() has another row ready */
 #define SQLITE_DONE        101  /* sqlite3_step() has finished executing */
 /* end-of-error-codes */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Extended Result Codes
-** KEYWORDS: {extended error code} {extended error codes}
-** KEYWORDS: {extended result code} {extended result codes}
+** KEYWORDS: {extended result code definitions}
 **
-** In its default configuration, SQLite API routines return one of 26 integer
-** [SQLITE_OK | result codes].  However, experience has shown that many of
+** In its default configuration, SQLite API routines return one of 30 integer
+** [result codes].  However, experience has shown that many of
 ** these result codes are too coarse-grained.  They do not provide as
 ** much information about problems as programmers might like.  In an effort to
 ** address this, newer versions of SQLite (version 3.3.8 and later) include
 ** support for additional result codes that provide more detailed information
-** about errors. The extended result codes are enabled or disabled
+** about errors. These [extended result codes] are enabled or disabled
 ** on a per database connection basis using the
-** [sqlite3_extended_result_codes()] API.
-**
-** Some of the available extended result codes are listed here.
-** One may expect the number of extended result codes will be expand
-** over time.  Software that uses extended result codes should expect
-** to see new result codes in future releases of SQLite.
-**
-** The SQLITE_OK result code will never be extended.  It will always
-** be exactly zero.
+** [sqlite3_extended_result_codes()] API.  Or, the extended code for
+** the most recent error can be obtained using
+** [sqlite3_extended_errcode()].
 */
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_READ              (SQLITE_IOERR | (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ        (SQLITE_IOERR | (2<<8))
@@ -1005,13 +582,36 @@
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMLOCK           (SQLITE_IOERR | (20<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP            (SQLITE_IOERR | (21<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK              (SQLITE_IOERR | (22<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT      (SQLITE_IOERR | (23<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP              (SQLITE_IOERR | (24<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH       (SQLITE_IOERR | (25<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH          (SQLITE_IOERR | (26<<8))
 #define SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE      (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (2<<8))
 #define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR      (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR          (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (4<<8))
 #define SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB            (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY       (SQLITE_READONLY | (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED        (SQLITE_READONLY | (4<<8))
 #define SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK          (SQLITE_ABORT | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_CHECK        (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_COMMITHOOK   (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY   (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION     (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (4<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_NOTNULL      (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (5<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY   (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (6<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_TRIGGER      (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (7<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE       (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (8<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_VTAB         (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (9<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_ROWID        (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT |(10<<8))
+#define SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_WAL      (SQLITE_NOTICE | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_ROLLBACK (SQLITE_NOTICE | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_WARNING_AUTOINDEX       (SQLITE_WARNING | (1<<8))
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Flags For File Open Operations
@@ -1027,6 +627,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE        0x00000010  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_AUTOPROXY        0x00000020  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_URI              0x00000040  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY           0x00000080  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB          0x00000100  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB          0x00000200  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB     0x00000400  /* VFS only */
@@ -1046,7 +647,7 @@
 ** CAPI3REF: Device Characteristics
 **
 ** The xDeviceCharacteristics method of the [sqlite3_io_methods]
-** object returns an integer which is a vector of the these
+** object returns an integer which is a vector of these
 ** bit values expressing I/O characteristics of the mass storage
 ** device that holds the file that the [sqlite3_io_methods]
 ** refers to.
@@ -1064,7 +665,11 @@
 ** after reboot following a crash or power loss, the only bytes in a
 ** file that were written at the application level might have changed
 ** and that adjacent bytes, even bytes within the same sector are
-** guaranteed to be unchanged.
+** guaranteed to be unchanged.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN
+** flag indicate that a file cannot be deleted when open.  The
+** SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE flag indicates that the file is on
+** read-only media and cannot be changed even by processes with
+** elevated privileges.
 */
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC                 0x00000001
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512              0x00000002
@@ -1079,6 +684,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL             0x00000400
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN  0x00000800
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE    0x00001000
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE              0x00002000
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: File Locking Levels
@@ -1185,7 +791,7 @@
 ** locking strategy (for example to use dot-file locks), to inquire
 ** about the status of a lock, or to break stale locks.  The SQLite
 ** core reserves all opcodes less than 100 for its own use.
-** A [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE | list of opcodes] less than 100 is available.
+** A [file control opcodes | list of opcodes] less than 100 is available.
 ** Applications that define a custom xFileControl method should use opcodes
 ** greater than 100 to avoid conflicts.  VFS implementations should
 ** return [SQLITE_NOTFOUND] for file control opcodes that they do not
@@ -1250,11 +856,15 @@
   void (*xShmBarrier)(sqlite3_file*);
   int (*xShmUnmap)(sqlite3_file*, int deleteFlag);
   /* Methods above are valid for version 2 */
+  int (*xFetch)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 iOfst, int iAmt, void **pp);
+  int (*xUnfetch)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 iOfst, void *p);
+  /* Methods above are valid for version 3 */
   /* Additional methods may be added in future releases */
 };
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Standard File Control Opcodes
+** KEYWORDS: {file control opcodes} {file control opcode}
 **
 ** These integer constants are opcodes for the xFileControl method
 ** of the [sqlite3_io_methods] object and for the [sqlite3_file_control()]
@@ -1292,15 +902,29 @@
 ** additional information.
 **
 ** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED]]
-** ^(The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED] opcode is generated internally by
-** SQLite and sent to all VFSes in place of a call to the xSync method
-** when the database connection has [PRAGMA synchronous] set to OFF.)^
-** Some specialized VFSes need this signal in order to operate correctly
-** when [PRAGMA synchronous | PRAGMA synchronous=OFF] is set, but most 
-** VFSes do not need this signal and should silently ignore this opcode.
-** Applications should not call [sqlite3_file_control()] with this
-** opcode as doing so may disrupt the operation of the specialized VFSes
-** that do require it.  
+** No longer in use.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC] opcode is generated internally by SQLite and
+** sent to the VFS immediately before the xSync method is invoked on a
+** database file descriptor. Or, if the xSync method is not invoked 
+** because the user has configured SQLite with 
+** [PRAGMA synchronous | PRAGMA synchronous=OFF] it is invoked in place 
+** of the xSync method. In most cases, the pointer argument passed with
+** this file-control is NULL. However, if the database file is being synced
+** as part of a multi-database commit, the argument points to a nul-terminated
+** string containing the transactions master-journal file name. VFSes that 
+** do not need this signal should silently ignore this opcode. Applications 
+** should not call [sqlite3_file_control()] with this opcode as doing so may 
+** disrupt the operation of the specialized VFSes that do require it.  
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO] opcode is generated internally by SQLite
+** and sent to the VFS after a transaction has been committed immediately
+** but before the database is unlocked. VFSes that do not need this signal
+** should silently ignore this opcode. Applications should not call
+** [sqlite3_file_control()] with this opcode as doing so may disrupt the 
+** operation of the specialized VFSes that do require it.  
 **
 ** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY]]
 ** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY] opcode is used to configure automatic
@@ -1321,7 +945,7 @@
 **
 ** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL]]
 ** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL] opcode is used to set or query the
-** persistent [WAL | Write AHead Log] setting.  By default, the auxiliary
+** persistent [WAL | Write Ahead Log] setting.  By default, the auxiliary
 ** write ahead log and shared memory files used for transaction control
 ** are automatically deleted when the latest connection to the database
 ** closes.  Setting persistent WAL mode causes those files to persist after
@@ -1384,6 +1008,58 @@
 ** compilation of the PRAGMA fails with an error.  ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA]
 ** file control occurs at the beginning of pragma statement analysis and so
 ** it is able to override built-in [PRAGMA] statements.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER]]
+** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER]
+** file-control may be invoked by SQLite on the database file handle
+** shortly after it is opened in order to provide a custom VFS with access
+** to the connections busy-handler callback. The argument is of type (void **)
+** - an array of two (void *) values. The first (void *) actually points
+** to a function of type (int (*)(void *)). In order to invoke the connections
+** busy-handler, this function should be invoked with the second (void *) in
+** the array as the only argument. If it returns non-zero, then the operation
+** should be retried. If it returns zero, the custom VFS should abandon the
+** current operation.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME]]
+** ^Application can invoke the [SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME] file-control
+** to have SQLite generate a
+** temporary filename using the same algorithm that is followed to generate
+** temporary filenames for TEMP tables and other internal uses.  The
+** argument should be a char** which will be filled with the filename
+** written into memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc()].  The caller should
+** invoke [sqlite3_free()] on the result to avoid a memory leak.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE] file control is used to query or set the
+** maximum number of bytes that will be used for memory-mapped I/O.
+** The argument is a pointer to a value of type sqlite3_int64 that
+** is an advisory maximum number of bytes in the file to memory map.  The
+** pointer is overwritten with the old value.  The limit is not changed if
+** the value originally pointed to is negative, and so the current limit 
+** can be queried by passing in a pointer to a negative number.  This
+** file-control is used internally to implement [PRAGMA mmap_size].
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE] file control provides advisory information
+** to the VFS about what the higher layers of the SQLite stack are doing.
+** This file control is used by some VFS activity tracing [shims].
+** The argument is a zero-terminated string.  Higher layers in the
+** SQLite stack may generate instances of this file control if
+** the [SQLITE_USE_FCNTL_TRACE] compile-time option is enabled.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED] file control interprets its argument as a
+** pointer to an integer and it writes a boolean into that integer depending
+** on whether or not the file has been renamed, moved, or deleted since it
+** was first opened.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE] opcode is used for debugging.  This
+** opcode causes the xFileControl method to swap the file handle with the one
+** pointed to by the pArg argument.  This capability is used during testing
+** and only needs to be supported when SQLITE_TEST is defined.
+**
 ** </ul>
 */
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE               1
@@ -1400,6 +1076,14 @@
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_VFSNAME                12
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE    13
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA                 14
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER            15
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME           16
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE              18
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE                  19
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED              20
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC                   21
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO        22
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE       23
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Mutex Handle
@@ -1844,7 +1528,7 @@
 ** or [sqlite3_realloc()] first calls xRoundup.  If xRoundup returns 0, 
 ** that causes the corresponding memory allocation to fail.
 **
-** The xInit method initializes the memory allocator.  (For example,
+** The xInit method initializes the memory allocator.  For example,
 ** it might allocate any require mutexes or initialize internal data
 ** structures.  The xShutdown method is invoked (indirectly) by
 ** [sqlite3_shutdown()] and should deallocate any resources acquired
@@ -2066,7 +1750,9 @@
 ** page cache implementation into that object.)^ </dd>
 **
 ** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG</dt>
-** <dd> ^The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option takes two arguments: a pointer to a
+** <dd> The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option is used to configure the SQLite
+** global [error log].
+** (^The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option takes two arguments: a pointer to a
 ** function with a call signature of void(*)(void*,int,const char*), 
 ** and a pointer to void. ^If the function pointer is not NULL, it is
 ** invoked by [sqlite3_log()] to process each logging event.  ^If the
@@ -2084,22 +1770,73 @@
 ** function must be threadsafe. </dd>
 **
 ** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_URI]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_URI
-** <dd> This option takes a single argument of type int. If non-zero, then
+** <dd>^(This option takes a single argument of type int. If non-zero, then
 ** URI handling is globally enabled. If the parameter is zero, then URI handling
-** is globally disabled. If URI handling is globally enabled, all filenames
+** is globally disabled.)^ ^If URI handling is globally enabled, all filenames
 ** passed to [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open_v2()], [sqlite3_open16()] or
 ** specified as part of [ATTACH] commands are interpreted as URIs, regardless
 ** of whether or not the [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flag is set when the database
-** connection is opened. If it is globally disabled, filenames are
+** connection is opened. ^If it is globally disabled, filenames are
 ** only interpreted as URIs if the SQLITE_OPEN_URI flag is set when the
-** database connection is opened. By default, URI handling is globally
+** database connection is opened. ^(By default, URI handling is globally
 ** disabled. The default value may be changed by compiling with the
-** [SQLITE_USE_URI] symbol defined.
+** [SQLITE_USE_URI] symbol defined.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN
+** <dd>^This option takes a single integer argument which is interpreted as
+** a boolean in order to enable or disable the use of covering indices for
+** full table scans in the query optimizer.  ^The default setting is determined
+** by the [SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN] compile-time option, or is "on"
+** if that compile-time option is omitted.
+** The ability to disable the use of covering indices for full table scans
+** is because some incorrectly coded legacy applications might malfunction
+** when the optimization is enabled.  Providing the ability to
+** disable the optimization allows the older, buggy application code to work
+** without change even with newer versions of SQLite.
 **
 ** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE]] [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE]]
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE and SQLITE_CONFNIG_GETPCACHE
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE and SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE
 ** <dd> These options are obsolete and should not be used by new code.
 ** They are retained for backwards compatibility but are now no-ops.
+** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG]]
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG
+** <dd>This option is only available if sqlite is compiled with the
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG] pre-processor macro defined. The first argument should
+** be a pointer to a function of type void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,const char*, int).
+** The second should be of type (void*). The callback is invoked by the library
+** in three separate circumstances, identified by the value passed as the
+** fourth parameter. If the fourth parameter is 0, then the database connection
+** passed as the second argument has just been opened. The third argument
+** points to a buffer containing the name of the main database file. If the
+** fourth parameter is 1, then the SQL statement that the third parameter
+** points to has just been executed. Or, if the fourth parameter is 2, then
+** the connection being passed as the second parameter is being closed. The
+** third parameter is passed NULL In this case.  An example of using this
+** configuration option can be seen in the "test_sqllog.c" source file in
+** the canonical SQLite source tree.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE]]
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE
+** <dd>^SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE takes two 64-bit integer (sqlite3_int64) values
+** that are the default mmap size limit (the default setting for
+** [PRAGMA mmap_size]) and the maximum allowed mmap size limit.
+** ^The default setting can be overridden by each database connection using
+** either the [PRAGMA mmap_size] command, or by using the
+** [SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE] file control.  ^(The maximum allowed mmap size
+** cannot be changed at run-time.  Nor may the maximum allowed mmap size
+** exceed the compile-time maximum mmap size set by the
+** [SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE] compile-time option.)^
+** ^If either argument to this option is negative, then that argument is
+** changed to its compile-time default.
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE]]
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE
+** <dd>^This option is only available if SQLite is compiled for Windows
+** with the [SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC] pre-processor macro defined.
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE takes a 32-bit unsigned integer value
+** that specifies the maximum size of the created heap.
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD  1  /* nil */
@@ -2121,6 +1858,10 @@
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_URI          17  /* int */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE2      18  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods2* */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE2   19  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods2* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN 20  /* int */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG       21  /* xSqllog, void* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE    22  /* sqlite3_int64, sqlite3_int64 */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE      23  /* int nByte */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Configuration Options
@@ -2197,19 +1938,21 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Last Insert Rowid
 **
-** ^Each entry in an SQLite table has a unique 64-bit signed
+** ^Each entry in most SQLite tables (except for [WITHOUT ROWID] tables)
+** has a unique 64-bit signed
 ** integer key called the [ROWID | "rowid"]. ^The rowid is always available
 ** as an undeclared column named ROWID, OID, or _ROWID_ as long as those
 ** names are not also used by explicitly declared columns. ^If
 ** the table has a column of type [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY] then that column
 ** is another alias for the rowid.
 **
-** ^This routine returns the [rowid] of the most recent
-** successful [INSERT] into the database from the [database connection]
-** in the first argument.  ^As of SQLite version 3.7.7, this routines
-** records the last insert rowid of both ordinary tables and [virtual tables].
-** ^If no successful [INSERT]s
-** have ever occurred on that database connection, zero is returned.
+** ^The sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(D) interface returns the [rowid] of the 
+** most recent successful [INSERT] into a rowid table or [virtual table]
+** on database connection D.
+** ^Inserts into [WITHOUT ROWID] tables are not recorded.
+** ^If no successful [INSERT]s into rowid tables
+** have ever occurred on the database connection D, 
+** then sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(D) returns zero.
 **
 ** ^(If an [INSERT] occurs within a trigger or within a [virtual table]
 ** method, then this routine will return the [rowid] of the inserted
@@ -2401,27 +2144,33 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Register A Callback To Handle SQLITE_BUSY Errors
 **
-** ^This routine sets a callback function that might be invoked whenever
-** an attempt is made to open a database table that another thread
-** or process has locked.
+** ^The sqlite3_busy_handler(D,X,P) routine sets a callback function X
+** that might be invoked with argument P whenever
+** an attempt is made to access a database table associated with
+** [database connection] D when another thread
+** or process has the table locked.
+** The sqlite3_busy_handler() interface is used to implement
+** [sqlite3_busy_timeout()] and [PRAGMA busy_timeout].
 **
-** ^If the busy callback is NULL, then [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED]
+** ^If the busy callback is NULL, then [SQLITE_BUSY]
 ** is returned immediately upon encountering the lock.  ^If the busy callback
 ** is not NULL, then the callback might be invoked with two arguments.
 **
 ** ^The first argument to the busy handler is a copy of the void* pointer which
 ** is the third argument to sqlite3_busy_handler().  ^The second argument to
 ** the busy handler callback is the number of times that the busy handler has
-** been invoked for this locking event.  ^If the
+** been invoked for the same locking event.  ^If the
 ** busy callback returns 0, then no additional attempts are made to
-** access the database and [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED] is returned.
+** access the database and [SQLITE_BUSY] is returned
+** to the application.
 ** ^If the callback returns non-zero, then another attempt
-** is made to open the database for reading and the cycle repeats.
+** is made to access the database and the cycle repeats.
 **
 ** The presence of a busy handler does not guarantee that it will be invoked
 ** when there is lock contention. ^If SQLite determines that invoking the busy
 ** handler could result in a deadlock, it will go ahead and return [SQLITE_BUSY]
-** or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED] instead of invoking the busy handler.
+** to the application instead of invoking the 
+** busy handler.
 ** Consider a scenario where one process is holding a read lock that
 ** it is trying to promote to a reserved lock and
 ** a second process is holding a reserved lock that it is trying
@@ -2435,28 +2184,15 @@
 **
 ** ^The default busy callback is NULL.
 **
-** ^The [SQLITE_BUSY] error is converted to [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED]
-** when SQLite is in the middle of a large transaction where all the
-** changes will not fit into the in-memory cache.  SQLite will
-** already hold a RESERVED lock on the database file, but it needs
-** to promote this lock to EXCLUSIVE so that it can spill cache
-** pages into the database file without harm to concurrent
-** readers.  ^If it is unable to promote the lock, then the in-memory
-** cache will be left in an inconsistent state and so the error
-** code is promoted from the relatively benign [SQLITE_BUSY] to
-** the more severe [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED].  ^This error code promotion
-** forces an automatic rollback of the changes.  See the
-** <a href="/cvstrac/wiki?p=CorruptionFollowingBusyError">
-** CorruptionFollowingBusyError</a> wiki page for a discussion of why
-** this is important.
-**
 ** ^(There can only be a single busy handler defined for each
 ** [database connection].  Setting a new busy handler clears any
 ** previously set handler.)^  ^Note that calling [sqlite3_busy_timeout()]
-** will also set or clear the busy handler.
+** or evaluating [PRAGMA busy_timeout=N] will change the
+** busy handler and thus clear any previously set busy handler.
 **
 ** The busy callback should not take any actions which modify the
-** database connection that invoked the busy handler.  Any such actions
+** database connection that invoked the busy handler.  In other words,
+** the busy handler is not reentrant.  Any such actions
 ** result in undefined behavior.
 ** 
 ** A busy handler must not close the database connection
@@ -2472,7 +2208,7 @@
 ** will sleep multiple times until at least "ms" milliseconds of sleeping
 ** have accumulated.  ^After at least "ms" milliseconds of sleeping,
 ** the handler returns 0 which causes [sqlite3_step()] to return
-** [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED].
+** [SQLITE_BUSY].
 **
 ** ^Calling this routine with an argument less than or equal to zero
 ** turns off all busy handlers.
@@ -2481,6 +2217,8 @@
 ** [database connection] any any given moment.  If another busy handler
 ** was defined  (using [sqlite3_busy_handler()]) prior to calling
 ** this routine, that other busy handler is cleared.)^
+**
+** See also:  [PRAGMA busy_timeout]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3*, int ms);
 
@@ -2718,12 +2456,12 @@
 ** implementation of these routines to be omitted.  That capability
 ** is no longer provided.  Only built-in memory allocators can be used.
 **
-** The Windows OS interface layer calls
+** Prior to SQLite version 3.7.10, the Windows OS interface layer called
 ** the system malloc() and free() directly when converting
 ** filenames between the UTF-8 encoding used by SQLite
 ** and whatever filename encoding is used by the particular Windows
-** installation.  Memory allocation errors are detected, but
-** they are reported back as [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] or
+** installation.  Memory allocation errors were detected, but
+** they were reported back as [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] or
 ** [SQLITE_IOERR] rather than [SQLITE_NOMEM].
 **
 ** The pointer arguments to [sqlite3_free()] and [sqlite3_realloc()]
@@ -2775,11 +2513,13 @@
 ** applications to access the same PRNG for other purposes.
 **
 ** ^A call to this routine stores N bytes of randomness into buffer P.
+** ^If N is less than one, then P can be a NULL pointer.
 **
-** ^The first time this routine is invoked (either internally or by
-** the application) the PRNG is seeded using randomness obtained
-** from the xRandomness method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.
-** ^On all subsequent invocations, the pseudo-randomness is generated
+** ^If this routine has not been previously called or if the previous
+** call had N less than one, then the PRNG is seeded using randomness
+** obtained from the xRandomness method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.
+** ^If the previous call to this routine had an N of 1 or more then
+** the pseudo-randomness is generated
 ** internally and without recourse to the [sqlite3_vfs] xRandomness
 ** method.
 */
@@ -2880,8 +2620,8 @@
 ** [sqlite3_set_authorizer | authorizer documentation] for additional
 ** information.
 **
-** Note that SQLITE_IGNORE is also used as a [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | return code]
-** from the [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] interface.
+** Note that SQLITE_IGNORE is also used as a [conflict resolution mode]
+** returned from the [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] interface.
 */
 #define SQLITE_DENY   1   /* Abort the SQL statement with an error */
 #define SQLITE_IGNORE 2   /* Don't allow access, but don't generate an error */
@@ -2939,6 +2679,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_FUNCTION             31   /* NULL            Function Name   */
 #define SQLITE_SAVEPOINT            32   /* Operation       Savepoint Name  */
 #define SQLITE_COPY                  0   /* No longer used */
+#define SQLITE_RECURSIVE            33   /* NULL            NULL            */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Tracing And Profiling Functions
@@ -2954,6 +2695,9 @@
 ** as each triggered subprogram is entered.  The callbacks for triggers
 ** contain a UTF-8 SQL comment that identifies the trigger.)^
 **
+** The [SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT] compile-time option can be used to limit
+** the length of [bound parameter] expansion in the output of sqlite3_trace().
+**
 ** ^The callback function registered by sqlite3_profile() is invoked
 ** as each SQL statement finishes.  ^The profile callback contains
 ** the original statement text and an estimate of wall-clock time
@@ -2979,9 +2723,10 @@
 ** interface is to keep a GUI updated during a large query.
 **
 ** ^The parameter P is passed through as the only parameter to the 
-** callback function X.  ^The parameter N is the number of 
+** callback function X.  ^The parameter N is the approximate number of 
 ** [virtual machine instructions] that are evaluated between successive
-** invocations of the callback X.
+** invocations of the callback X.  ^If N is less than one then the progress
+** handler is disabled.
 **
 ** ^Only a single progress handler may be defined at one time per
 ** [database connection]; setting a new progress handler cancels the
@@ -3124,18 +2869,20 @@
 **     present, then the VFS specified by the option takes precedence over
 **     the value passed as the fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2().
 **
-**   <li> <b>mode</b>: ^(The mode parameter may be set to either "ro", "rw" or
-**     "rwc". Attempting to set it to any other value is an error)^. 
+**   <li> <b>mode</b>: ^(The mode parameter may be set to either "ro", "rw",
+**     "rwc", or "memory". Attempting to set it to any other value is
+**     an error)^. 
 **     ^If "ro" is specified, then the database is opened for read-only 
 **     access, just as if the [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY] flag had been set in the 
-**     third argument to sqlite3_prepare_v2(). ^If the mode option is set to 
+**     third argument to sqlite3_open_v2(). ^If the mode option is set to 
 **     "rw", then the database is opened for read-write (but not create) 
 **     access, as if SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE (but not SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE) had 
 **     been set. ^Value "rwc" is equivalent to setting both 
-**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE. ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is 
-**     used, it is an error to specify a value for the mode parameter that is 
-**     less restrictive than that specified by the flags passed as the third 
-**     parameter.
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE.  ^If the mode option is
+**     set to "memory" then a pure [in-memory database] that never reads
+**     or writes from disk is used. ^It is an error to specify a value for
+**     the mode parameter that is less restrictive than that specified by
+**     the flags passed in the third parameter to sqlite3_open_v2().
 **
 **   <li> <b>cache</b>: ^The cache parameter may be set to either "shared" or
 **     "private". ^Setting it to "shared" is equivalent to setting the
@@ -3143,8 +2890,32 @@
 **     sqlite3_open_v2(). ^Setting the cache parameter to "private" is 
 **     equivalent to setting the SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE bit.
 **     ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is used and the "cache" parameter is present in
-**     a URI filename, its value overrides any behaviour requested by setting
+**     a URI filename, its value overrides any behavior requested by setting
 **     SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE or SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE flag.
+**
+**  <li> <b>psow</b>: ^The psow parameter may be "true" (or "on" or "yes" or
+**     "1") or "false" (or "off" or "no" or "0") to indicate that the
+**     [powersafe overwrite] property does or does not apply to the
+**     storage media on which the database file resides.  ^The psow query
+**     parameter only works for the built-in unix and Windows VFSes.
+**
+**  <li> <b>nolock</b>: ^The nolock parameter is a boolean query parameter
+**     which if set disables file locking in rollback journal modes.  This
+**     is useful for accessing a database on a filesystem that does not
+**     support locking.  Caution:  Database corruption might result if two
+**     or more processes write to the same database and any one of those
+**     processes uses nolock=1.
+**
+**  <li> <b>immutable</b>: ^The immutable parameter is a boolean query
+**     parameter that indicates that the database file is stored on
+**     read-only media.  ^When immutable is set, SQLite assumes that the
+**     database file cannot be changed, even by a process with higher
+**     privilege, and so the database is opened read-only and all locking
+**     and change detection is disabled.  Caution: Setting the immutable
+**     property on a database file that does in fact change can result
+**     in incorrect query results and/or [SQLITE_CORRUPT] errors.
+**     See also: [SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE].
+**       
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** ^Specifying an unknown parameter in the query component of a URI is not an
@@ -3174,8 +2945,9 @@
 **          Open file "data.db" in the current directory for read-only access.
 **          Regardless of whether or not shared-cache mode is enabled by
 **          default, use a private cache.
-** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db?vfs=unix-nolock <td>
-**          Open file "/home/fred/data.db". Use the special VFS "unix-nolock".
+** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db?vfs=unix-dotfile <td>
+**          Open file "/home/fred/data.db". Use the special VFS "unix-dotfile"
+**          that uses dot-files in place of posix advisory locking.
 ** <tr><td> file:data.db?mode=readonly <td> 
 **          An error. "readonly" is not a valid option for the "mode" parameter.
 ** </table>
@@ -3194,6 +2966,12 @@
 ** codepage is currently defined.  Filenames containing international
 ** characters must be converted to UTF-8 prior to passing them into
 ** sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2().
+**
+** <b>Note to Windows Runtime users:</b>  The temporary directory must be set
+** prior to calling sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2().  Otherwise, various
+** features that require the use of temporary files may fail.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_temp_directory]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open(
   const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
@@ -3273,6 +3051,11 @@
 ** However, the error string might be overwritten or deallocated by
 ** subsequent calls to other SQLite interface functions.)^
 **
+** ^The sqlite3_errstr() interface returns the English-language text
+** that describes the [result code], as UTF-8.
+** ^(Memory to hold the error message string is managed internally
+** and must not be freed by the application)^.
+**
 ** When the serialized [threading mode] is in use, it might be the
 ** case that a second error occurs on a separate thread in between
 ** the time of the first error and the call to these interfaces.
@@ -3291,6 +3074,7 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_errcode(sqlite3 *db);
 SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errmsg(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_errmsg16(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errstr(int);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: SQL Statement Object
@@ -3478,7 +3262,8 @@
 ** <li>
 ** ^If the database schema changes, instead of returning [SQLITE_SCHEMA] as it
 ** always used to do, [sqlite3_step()] will automatically recompile the SQL
-** statement and try to run it again.
+** statement and try to run it again. As many as [SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY]
+** retries will occur before sqlite3_step() gives up and returns an error.
 ** </li>
 **
 ** <li>
@@ -3500,7 +3285,6 @@
 ** choice of query plan if the parameter is the left-hand side of a [LIKE]
 ** or [GLOB] operator or if the parameter is compared to an indexed column
 ** and the [SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3] compile-time option is enabled.
-** the 
 ** </li>
 ** </ol>
 */
@@ -3682,12 +3466,18 @@
 ** parameter [SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] (default value: 999).
 **
 ** ^The third argument is the value to bind to the parameter.
+** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
+** or sqlite3_bind_blob() is a NULL pointer then the fourth parameter
+** is ignored and the end result is the same as sqlite3_bind_null().
 **
 ** ^(In those routines that have a fourth argument, its value is the
 ** number of bytes in the parameter.  To be clear: the value is the
 ** number of <u>bytes</u> in the value, not the number of characters.)^
-** ^If the fourth parameter is negative, the length of the string is
+** ^If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
+** is negative, then the length of the string is
 ** the number of bytes up to the first zero terminator.
+** If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_blob() is negative, then
+** the behavior is undefined.
 ** If a non-negative fourth parameter is provided to sqlite3_bind_text()
 ** or sqlite3_bind_text16() then that parameter must be the byte offset
 ** where the NUL terminator would occur assuming the string were NUL
@@ -4156,19 +3946,19 @@
 **
 ** <tr><td>  NULL    <td> INTEGER   <td> Result is 0
 ** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Result is 0.0
-** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   TEXT    <td> Result is NULL pointer
-** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   BLOB    <td> Result is NULL pointer
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   TEXT    <td> Result is a NULL pointer
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   BLOB    <td> Result is a NULL pointer
 ** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>  FLOAT    <td> Convert from integer to float
 ** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>   TEXT    <td> ASCII rendering of the integer
 ** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>   BLOB    <td> Same as INTEGER->TEXT
-** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td> INTEGER   <td> Convert from float to integer
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td> INTEGER   <td> [CAST] to INTEGER
 ** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   TEXT    <td> ASCII rendering of the float
-** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   BLOB    <td> Same as FLOAT->TEXT
-** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td> INTEGER   <td> Use atoi()
-** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Use atof()
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   BLOB    <td> [CAST] to BLOB
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td> INTEGER   <td> [CAST] to INTEGER
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>  FLOAT    <td> [CAST] to REAL
 ** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>   BLOB    <td> No change
-** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td> INTEGER   <td> Convert to TEXT then use atoi()
-** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Convert to TEXT then use atof()
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td> INTEGER   <td> [CAST] to INTEGER
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>  FLOAT    <td> [CAST] to REAL
 ** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>   TEXT    <td> Add a zero terminator if needed
 ** </table>
 ** </blockquote>)^
@@ -4224,7 +4014,7 @@
 ** described above, or until [sqlite3_step()] or [sqlite3_reset()] or
 ** [sqlite3_finalize()] is called.  ^The memory space used to hold strings
 ** and BLOBs is freed automatically.  Do <b>not</b> pass the pointers returned
-** [sqlite3_column_blob()], [sqlite3_column_text()], etc. into
+** from [sqlite3_column_blob()], [sqlite3_column_text()], etc. into
 ** [sqlite3_free()].
 **
 ** ^(If a memory allocation error occurs during the evaluation of any
@@ -4333,15 +4123,24 @@
 **
 ** ^The fourth parameter, eTextRep, specifies what
 ** [SQLITE_UTF8 | text encoding] this SQL function prefers for
-** its parameters.  Every SQL function implementation must be able to work
-** with UTF-8, UTF-16le, or UTF-16be.  But some implementations may be
-** more efficient with one encoding than another.  ^An application may
-** invoke sqlite3_create_function() or sqlite3_create_function16() multiple
-** times with the same function but with different values of eTextRep.
+** its parameters.  The application should set this parameter to
+** [SQLITE_UTF16LE] if the function implementation invokes 
+** [sqlite3_value_text16le()] on an input, or [SQLITE_UTF16BE] if the
+** implementation invokes [sqlite3_value_text16be()] on an input, or
+** [SQLITE_UTF16] if [sqlite3_value_text16()] is used, or [SQLITE_UTF8]
+** otherwise.  ^The same SQL function may be registered multiple times using
+** different preferred text encodings, with different implementations for
+** each encoding.
 ** ^When multiple implementations of the same function are available, SQLite
 ** will pick the one that involves the least amount of data conversion.
-** If there is only a single implementation which does not care what text
-** encoding is used, then the fourth argument should be [SQLITE_ANY].
+**
+** ^The fourth parameter may optionally be ORed with [SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC]
+** to signal that the function will always return the same result given
+** the same inputs within a single SQL statement.  Most SQL functions are
+** deterministic.  The built-in [random()] SQL function is an example of a
+** function that is not deterministic.  The SQLite query planner is able to
+** perform additional optimizations on deterministic functions, so use
+** of the [SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC] flag is recommended where possible.
 **
 ** ^(The fifth parameter is an arbitrary pointer.  The implementation of the
 ** function can gain access to this pointer using [sqlite3_user_data()].)^
@@ -4427,10 +4226,20 @@
 #define SQLITE_UTF16LE        2
 #define SQLITE_UTF16BE        3
 #define SQLITE_UTF16          4    /* Use native byte order */
-#define SQLITE_ANY            5    /* sqlite3_create_function only */
+#define SQLITE_ANY            5    /* Deprecated */
 #define SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED  8    /* sqlite3_create_collation only */
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: Function Flags
+**
+** These constants may be ORed together with the 
+** [SQLITE_UTF8 | preferred text encoding] as the fourth argument
+** to [sqlite3_create_function()], [sqlite3_create_function16()], or
+** [sqlite3_create_function_v2()].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC    0x800
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Deprecated Functions
 ** DEPRECATED
 **
@@ -4446,7 +4255,8 @@
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_transfer_bindings(sqlite3_stmt*, sqlite3_stmt*);
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_global_recover(void);
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED void sqlite3_thread_cleanup(void);
-SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void(*)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int),void*,sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void(*)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int),
+                      void*,sqlite3_int64);
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -4526,14 +4336,17 @@
 ** In those cases, sqlite3_aggregate_context() might be called for the
 ** first time from within xFinal().)^
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer if N is
-** less than or equal to zero or if a memory allocate error occurs.
+** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer 
+** when first called if N is less than or equal to zero or if a memory
+** allocate error occurs.
 **
 ** ^(The amount of space allocated by sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) is
 ** determined by the N parameter on first successful call.  Changing the
 ** value of N in subsequent call to sqlite3_aggregate_context() within
 ** the same aggregate function instance will not resize the memory
-** allocation.)^
+** allocation.)^  Within the xFinal callback, it is customary to set
+** N=0 in calls to sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) so that no 
+** pointless memory allocations occur.
 **
 ** ^SQLite automatically frees the memory allocated by 
 ** sqlite3_aggregate_context() when the aggregate query concludes.
@@ -4576,41 +4389,49 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Function Auxiliary Data
 **
-** The following two functions may be used by scalar SQL functions to
+** These functions may be used by (non-aggregate) SQL functions to
 ** associate metadata with argument values. If the same value is passed to
 ** multiple invocations of the same SQL function during query execution, under
-** some circumstances the associated metadata may be preserved. This may
-** be used, for example, to add a regular-expression matching scalar
-** function. The compiled version of the regular expression is stored as
-** metadata associated with the SQL value passed as the regular expression
-** pattern.  The compiled regular expression can be reused on multiple
-** invocations of the same function so that the original pattern string
-** does not need to be recompiled on each invocation.
+** some circumstances the associated metadata may be preserved.  An example
+** of where this might be useful is in a regular-expression matching
+** function. The compiled version of the regular expression can be stored as
+** metadata associated with the pattern string.  
+** Then as long as the pattern string remains the same,
+** the compiled regular expression can be reused on multiple
+** invocations of the same function.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_get_auxdata() interface returns a pointer to the metadata
 ** associated by the sqlite3_set_auxdata() function with the Nth argument
-** value to the application-defined function. ^If no metadata has been ever
-** been set for the Nth argument of the function, or if the corresponding
-** function parameter has changed since the meta-data was set,
-** then sqlite3_get_auxdata() returns a NULL pointer.
+** value to the application-defined function. ^If there is no metadata
+** associated with the function argument, this sqlite3_get_auxdata() interface
+** returns a NULL pointer.
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_set_auxdata() interface saves the metadata
-** pointed to by its 3rd parameter as the metadata for the N-th
-** argument of the application-defined function.  Subsequent
-** calls to sqlite3_get_auxdata() might return this data, if it has
-** not been destroyed.
-** ^If it is not NULL, SQLite will invoke the destructor
-** function given by the 4th parameter to sqlite3_set_auxdata() on
-** the metadata when the corresponding function parameter changes
-** or when the SQL statement completes, whichever comes first.
+** ^The sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) interface saves P as metadata for the N-th
+** argument of the application-defined function.  ^Subsequent
+** calls to sqlite3_get_auxdata(C,N) return P from the most recent
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) call if the metadata is still valid or
+** NULL if the metadata has been discarded.
+** ^After each call to sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) where X is not NULL,
+** SQLite will invoke the destructor function X with parameter P exactly
+** once, when the metadata is discarded.
+** SQLite is free to discard the metadata at any time, including: <ul>
+** <li> when the corresponding function parameter changes, or
+** <li> when [sqlite3_reset()] or [sqlite3_finalize()] is called for the
+**      SQL statement, or
+** <li> when sqlite3_set_auxdata() is invoked again on the same parameter, or
+** <li> during the original sqlite3_set_auxdata() call when a memory 
+**      allocation error occurs. </ul>)^
 **
-** SQLite is free to call the destructor and drop metadata on any
-** parameter of any function at any time.  ^The only guarantee is that
-** the destructor will be called before the metadata is dropped.
+** Note the last bullet in particular.  The destructor X in 
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) might be called immediately, before the
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata() interface even returns.  Hence sqlite3_set_auxdata()
+** should be called near the end of the function implementation and the
+** function implementation should not make any use of P after
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata() has been called.
 **
 ** ^(In practice, metadata is preserved between function calls for
-** expressions that are constant at compile time. This includes literal
-** values and [parameters].)^
+** function parameters that are compile-time constants, including literal
+** values and [parameters] and expressions composed from the same.)^
 **
 ** These routines must be called from the same thread in which
 ** the SQL function is running.
@@ -4631,7 +4452,7 @@
 ** the content before returning.
 **
 ** The typedef is necessary to work around problems in certain
-** C++ compilers.  See ticket #2191.
+** C++ compilers.
 */
 typedef void (*sqlite3_destructor_type)(void*);
 #define SQLITE_STATIC      ((sqlite3_destructor_type)0)
@@ -4684,11 +4505,11 @@
 ** the error code is SQLITE_ERROR.  ^A subsequent call to sqlite3_result_error()
 ** or sqlite3_result_error16() resets the error code to SQLITE_ERROR.
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_result_toobig() interface causes SQLite to throw an error
-** indicating that a string or BLOB is too long to represent.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error_toobig() interface causes SQLite to throw an
+** error indicating that a string or BLOB is too long to represent.
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_result_nomem() interface causes SQLite to throw an error
-** indicating that a memory allocation failed.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error_nomem() interface causes SQLite to throw an
+** error indicating that a memory allocation failed.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_result_int() interface sets the return value
 ** of the application-defined function to be the 32-bit signed integer
@@ -4915,6 +4736,11 @@
   sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
   const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
 );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_key_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const char *zDbName,           /* Name of the database */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
+);
 
 /*
 ** Change the key on an open database.  If the current database is not
@@ -4928,6 +4754,11 @@
   sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
   const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
 );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rekey_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const char *zDbName,           /* Name of the database */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
+);
 
 /*
 ** Specify the activation key for a SEE database.  Unless 
@@ -4977,6 +4808,13 @@
 ** is a NULL pointer, then SQLite performs a search for an appropriate
 ** temporary file directory.
 **
+** Applications are strongly discouraged from using this global variable.
+** It is required to set a temporary folder on Windows Runtime (WinRT).
+** But for all other platforms, it is highly recommended that applications
+** neither read nor write this variable.  This global variable is a relic
+** that exists for backwards compatibility of legacy applications and should
+** be avoided in new projects.
+**
 ** It is not safe to read or modify this variable in more than one
 ** thread at a time.  It is not safe to read or modify this variable
 ** if a [database connection] is being used at the same time in a separate
@@ -4995,10 +4833,67 @@
 ** Hence, if this variable is modified directly, either it should be
 ** made NULL or made to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc]
 ** or else the use of the [temp_store_directory pragma] should be avoided.
+** Except when requested by the [temp_store_directory pragma], SQLite
+** does not free the memory that sqlite3_temp_directory points to.  If
+** the application wants that memory to be freed, it must do
+** so itself, taking care to only do so after all [database connection]
+** objects have been destroyed.
+**
+** <b>Note to Windows Runtime users:</b>  The temporary directory must be set
+** prior to calling [sqlite3_open] or [sqlite3_open_v2].  Otherwise, various
+** features that require the use of temporary files may fail.  Here is an
+** example of how to do this using C++ with the Windows Runtime:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+** LPCWSTR zPath = Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current->
+** &nbsp;     TemporaryFolder->Path->Data();
+** char zPathBuf&#91;MAX_PATH + 1&#93;;
+** memset(zPathBuf, 0, sizeof(zPathBuf));
+** WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, zPath, -1, zPathBuf, sizeof(zPathBuf),
+** &nbsp;     NULL, NULL);
+** sqlite3_temp_directory = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zPathBuf);
+** </pre></blockquote>
 */
 SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_temp_directory;
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: Name Of The Folder Holding Database Files
+**
+** ^(If this global variable is made to point to a string which is
+** the name of a folder (a.k.a. directory), then all database files
+** specified with a relative pathname and created or accessed by
+** SQLite when using a built-in windows [sqlite3_vfs | VFS] will be assumed
+** to be relative to that directory.)^ ^If this variable is a NULL
+** pointer, then SQLite assumes that all database files specified
+** with a relative pathname are relative to the current directory
+** for the process.  Only the windows VFS makes use of this global
+** variable; it is ignored by the unix VFS.
+**
+** Changing the value of this variable while a database connection is
+** open can result in a corrupt database.
+**
+** It is not safe to read or modify this variable in more than one
+** thread at a time.  It is not safe to read or modify this variable
+** if a [database connection] is being used at the same time in a separate
+** thread.
+** It is intended that this variable be set once
+** as part of process initialization and before any SQLite interface
+** routines have been called and that this variable remain unchanged
+** thereafter.
+**
+** ^The [data_store_directory pragma] may modify this variable and cause
+** it to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc].  ^Furthermore,
+** the [data_store_directory pragma] always assumes that any string
+** that this variable points to is held in memory obtained from 
+** [sqlite3_malloc] and the pragma may attempt to free that memory
+** using [sqlite3_free].
+** Hence, if this variable is modified directly, either it should be
+** made NULL or made to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc]
+** or else the use of the [data_store_directory pragma] should be avoided.
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_data_directory;
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Test For Auto-Commit Mode
 ** KEYWORDS: {autocommit mode}
 **
@@ -5127,12 +5022,13 @@
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_update_hook() interface registers a callback function
 ** with the [database connection] identified by the first argument
-** to be invoked whenever a row is updated, inserted or deleted.
+** to be invoked whenever a row is updated, inserted or deleted in
+** a rowid table.
 ** ^Any callback set by a previous call to this function
 ** for the same database connection is overridden.
 **
 ** ^The second argument is a pointer to the function to invoke when a
-** row is updated, inserted or deleted.
+** row is updated, inserted or deleted in a rowid table.
 ** ^The first argument to the callback is a copy of the third argument
 ** to sqlite3_update_hook().
 ** ^The second callback argument is one of [SQLITE_INSERT], [SQLITE_DELETE],
@@ -5145,6 +5041,7 @@
 **
 ** ^(The update hook is not invoked when internal system tables are
 ** modified (i.e. sqlite_master and sqlite_sequence).)^
+** ^The update hook is not invoked when [WITHOUT ROWID] tables are modified.
 **
 ** ^In the current implementation, the update hook
 ** is not invoked when duplication rows are deleted because of an
@@ -5176,7 +5073,6 @@
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Shared Pager Cache
-** KEYWORDS: {shared cache}
 **
 ** ^(This routine enables or disables the sharing of the database cache
 ** and schema data structures between [database connection | connections]
@@ -5199,6 +5095,9 @@
 ** future releases of SQLite.  Applications that care about shared
 ** cache setting should set it explicitly.
 **
+** This interface is threadsafe on processors where writing a
+** 32-bit integer is atomic.
+**
 ** See Also:  [SQLite Shared-Cache Mode]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_shared_cache(int);
@@ -5224,8 +5123,8 @@
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_db_release_memory(D) interface attempts to free as much heap
 ** memory as possible from database connection D. Unlike the
-** [sqlite3_release_memory()] interface, this interface is effect even
-** when then [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT] compile-time option is
+** [sqlite3_release_memory()] interface, this interface is in effect even
+** when the [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT] compile-time option is
 ** omitted.
 **
 ** See also: [sqlite3_release_memory()]
@@ -5376,11 +5275,20 @@
 ** ^This interface loads an SQLite extension library from the named file.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_load_extension() interface attempts to load an
-** SQLite extension library contained in the file zFile.
+** [SQLite extension] library contained in the file zFile.  If
+** the file cannot be loaded directly, attempts are made to load
+** with various operating-system specific extensions added.
+** So for example, if "samplelib" cannot be loaded, then names like
+** "samplelib.so" or "samplelib.dylib" or "samplelib.dll" might
+** be tried also.
 **
 ** ^The entry point is zProc.
-** ^zProc may be 0, in which case the name of the entry point
-** defaults to "sqlite3_extension_init".
+** ^(zProc may be 0, in which case SQLite will try to come up with an
+** entry point name on its own.  It first tries "sqlite3_extension_init".
+** If that does not work, it constructs a name "sqlite3_X_init" where the
+** X is consists of the lower-case equivalent of all ASCII alphabetic
+** characters in the filename from the last "/" to the first following
+** "." and omitting any initial "lib".)^
 ** ^The sqlite3_load_extension() interface returns
 ** [SQLITE_OK] on success and [SQLITE_ERROR] if something goes wrong.
 ** ^If an error occurs and pzErrMsg is not 0, then the
@@ -5406,11 +5314,11 @@
 ** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Extension Loading
 **
 ** ^So as not to open security holes in older applications that are
-** unprepared to deal with extension loading, and as a means of disabling
-** extension loading while evaluating user-entered SQL, the following API
+** unprepared to deal with [extension loading], and as a means of disabling
+** [extension loading] while evaluating user-entered SQL, the following API
 ** is provided to turn the [sqlite3_load_extension()] mechanism on and off.
 **
-** ^Extension loading is off by default. See ticket #1863.
+** ^Extension loading is off by default.
 ** ^Call the sqlite3_enable_load_extension() routine with onoff==1
 ** to turn extension loading on and call it with onoff==0 to turn
 ** it back off again.
@@ -5422,7 +5330,7 @@
 **
 ** ^This interface causes the xEntryPoint() function to be invoked for
 ** each new [database connection] that is created.  The idea here is that
-** xEntryPoint() is the entry point for a statically linked SQLite extension
+** xEntryPoint() is the entry point for a statically linked [SQLite extension]
 ** that is to be automatically loaded into all new database connections.
 **
 ** ^(Even though the function prototype shows that xEntryPoint() takes
@@ -5450,11 +5358,24 @@
 ** on the list of automatic extensions is a harmless no-op. ^No entry point
 ** will be called more than once for each database connection that is opened.
 **
-** See also: [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()].
+** See also: [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()]
+** and [sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension()]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint)(void));
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: Cancel Automatic Extension Loading
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(X)] interface unregisters the
+** initialization routine X that was registered using a prior call to
+** [sqlite3_auto_extension(X)].  ^The [sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(X)]
+** routine returns 1 if initialization routine X was successfully 
+** unregistered and it returns 0 if X was not on the list of initialization
+** routines.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint)(void));
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Reset Automatic Extension Loading
 **
 ** ^This interface disables all automatic extensions previously
@@ -5578,10 +5499,22 @@
 ** the correct order to satisfy the ORDER BY clause so that no separate
 ** sorting step is required.
 **
-** ^The estimatedCost value is an estimate of the cost of doing the
-** particular lookup.  A full scan of a table with N entries should have
-** a cost of N.  A binary search of a table of N entries should have a
-** cost of approximately log(N).
+** ^The estimatedCost value is an estimate of the cost of a particular
+** strategy. A cost of N indicates that the cost of the strategy is similar
+** to a linear scan of an SQLite table with N rows. A cost of log(N) 
+** indicates that the expense of the operation is similar to that of a
+** binary search on a unique indexed field of an SQLite table with N rows.
+**
+** ^The estimatedRows value is an estimate of the number of rows that
+** will be returned by the strategy.
+**
+** IMPORTANT: The estimatedRows field was added to the sqlite3_index_info
+** structure for SQLite version 3.8.2. If a virtual table extension is
+** used with an SQLite version earlier than 3.8.2, the results of attempting 
+** to read or write the estimatedRows field are undefined (but are likely 
+** to included crashing the application). The estimatedRows field should
+** therefore only be used if [sqlite3_libversion_number()] returns a
+** value greater than or equal to 3008002.
 */
 struct sqlite3_index_info {
   /* Inputs */
@@ -5606,7 +5539,9 @@
   char *idxStr;              /* String, possibly obtained from sqlite3_malloc */
   int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
   int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
-  double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
+  double estimatedCost;           /* Estimated cost of using this index */
+  /* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.8.2 and later */
+  sqlite3_int64 estimatedRows;    /* Estimated number of rows returned */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -5810,6 +5745,9 @@
 ** interface.  Use the [UPDATE] SQL command to change the size of a
 ** blob.
 **
+** ^The [sqlite3_blob_open()] interface will fail for a [WITHOUT ROWID]
+** table.  Incremental BLOB I/O is not possible on [WITHOUT ROWID] tables.
+**
 ** ^The [sqlite3_bind_zeroblob()] and [sqlite3_result_zeroblob()] interfaces
 ** and the built-in [zeroblob] SQL function can be used, if desired,
 ** to create an empty, zero-filled blob in which to read or write using
@@ -6004,7 +5942,6 @@
 ** implementations are available in the SQLite core:
 **
 ** <ul>
-** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2
 ** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS
 ** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_W32
 ** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP
@@ -6012,9 +5949,9 @@
 **
 ** ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP implementation is a set of routines
 ** that does no real locking and is appropriate for use in
-** a single-threaded application.  ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2,
-** SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS, and SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 implementations
-** are appropriate for use on OS/2, Unix, and Windows.
+** a single-threaded application.  ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS and
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 implementations are appropriate for use on Unix
+** and Windows.
 **
 ** ^(If SQLite is compiled with the SQLITE_MUTEX_APPDEF preprocessor
 ** macro defined (with "-DSQLITE_MUTEX_APPDEF=1"), then no mutex
@@ -6035,10 +5972,12 @@
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP1
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP2
 ** </ul>)^
 **
 ** ^The first two constants (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST and SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE)
@@ -6242,6 +6181,9 @@
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU       6  /* lru page list */
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2      7  /* NOT USED */
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM      7  /* sqlite3PageMalloc() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP1      8  /* For use by application */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP2      9  /* For use by application */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP3     10  /* For use by application */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Retrieve the mutex for a database connection
@@ -6334,7 +6276,11 @@
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC           17
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT         18
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_EXPLAIN_STMT            19
-#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    19
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_NEVER_CORRUPT           20
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_VDBE_COVERAGE           21
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER               22
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISINIT                  23
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    23
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: SQLite Runtime Status
@@ -6556,6 +6502,23 @@
 ** occurred.)^ ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS 
 ** is always 0.
 ** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of dirty cache entries that have
+** been written to disk. Specifically, the number of pages written to the
+** wal file in wal mode databases, or the number of pages written to the
+** database file in rollback mode databases. Any pages written as part of
+** transaction rollback or database recovery operations are not included.
+** If an IO or other error occurs while writing a page to disk, the effect
+** on subsequent SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE requests is undefined.)^ ^The
+** highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE is always 0.
+** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns zero for the current value if and only if
+** all foreign key constraints (deferred or immediate) have been
+** resolved.)^  ^The highwater mark is always 0.
+** </dd>
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED       0
@@ -6567,7 +6530,9 @@
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL  6
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT            7
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS           8
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                  8   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE          9
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS        10
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                 10   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
 
 
 /*
@@ -6621,11 +6586,21 @@
 ** A non-zero value in this counter may indicate an opportunity to
 ** improvement performance by adding permanent indices that do not
 ** need to be reinitialized each time the statement is run.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP</dt>
+** <dd>^This is the number of virtual machine operations executed
+** by the prepared statement if that number is less than or equal
+** to 2147483647.  The number of virtual machine operations can be 
+** used as a proxy for the total work done by the prepared statement.
+** If the number of virtual machine operations exceeds 2147483647
+** then the value returned by this statement status code is undefined.
+** </dd>
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP     1
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT              2
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX         3
+#define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP           4
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Custom Page Cache Object
@@ -6762,7 +6737,7 @@
 ** parameter to help it determined what action to take:
 **
 ** <table border=1 width=85% align=center>
-** <tr><th> createFlag <th> Behaviour when page is not already in cache
+** <tr><th> createFlag <th> Behavior when page is not already in cache
 ** <tr><td> 0 <td> Do not allocate a new page.  Return NULL.
 ** <tr><td> 1 <td> Allocate a new page if it easy and convenient to do so.
 **                 Otherwise return NULL.
@@ -7192,9 +7167,24 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strnicmp(const char *, const char *, int);
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: String Globbing
+*
+** ^The [sqlite3_strglob(P,X)] interface returns zero if string X matches
+** the glob pattern P, and it returns non-zero if string X does not match
+** the glob pattern P.  ^The definition of glob pattern matching used in
+** [sqlite3_strglob(P,X)] is the same as for the "X GLOB P" operator in the
+** SQL dialect used by SQLite.  ^The sqlite3_strglob(P,X) function is case
+** sensitive.
+**
+** Note that this routine returns zero on a match and non-zero if the strings
+** do not match, the same as [sqlite3_stricmp()] and [sqlite3_strnicmp()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strglob(const char *zGlob, const char *zStr);
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Error Logging Interface
 **
-** ^The [sqlite3_log()] interface writes a message into the error log
+** ^The [sqlite3_log()] interface writes a message into the [error log]
 ** established by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG] option to [sqlite3_config()].
 ** ^If logging is enabled, the zFormat string and subsequent arguments are
 ** used with [sqlite3_snprintf()] to generate the final output string.
@@ -7274,6 +7264,9 @@
 ** ^The [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] can be used to invoke this interface
 ** from SQL.
 **
+** ^Checkpoints initiated by this mechanism are
+** [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2|PASSIVE].
+**
 ** ^Every new [database connection] defaults to having the auto-checkpoint
 ** enabled with a threshold of 1000 or [SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT]
 ** pages.  The use of this interface
@@ -7290,6 +7283,10 @@
 ** empty string, then a checkpoint is run on all databases of
 ** connection D.  ^If the database connection D is not in
 ** [WAL | write-ahead log mode] then this interface is a harmless no-op.
+** ^The [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(D,X)] interface initiates a
+** [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2|PASSIVE] checkpoint.
+** Use the [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()] interface to get a FULL
+** or RESET checkpoint.
 **
 ** ^The [wal_checkpoint pragma] can be used to invoke this interface
 ** from SQL.  ^The [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint()] interface and the
@@ -7312,10 +7309,12 @@
 **   Checkpoint as many frames as possible without waiting for any database 
 **   readers or writers to finish. Sync the db file if all frames in the log
 **   are checkpointed. This mode is the same as calling 
-**   sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(). The busy-handler callback is never invoked.
+**   sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(). The [sqlite3_busy_handler|busy-handler callback]
+**   is never invoked.
 **
 ** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL<dd>
-**   This mode blocks (calls the busy-handler callback) until there is no
+**   This mode blocks (it invokes the
+**   [sqlite3_busy_handler|busy-handler callback]) until there is no
 **   database writer and all readers are reading from the most recent database
 **   snapshot. It then checkpoints all frames in the log file and syncs the
 **   database file. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
@@ -7323,7 +7322,8 @@
 **
 ** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART<dd>
 **   This mode works the same way as SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL, except after 
-**   checkpointing the log file it blocks (calls the busy-handler callback)
+**   checkpointing the log file it blocks (calls the 
+**   [sqlite3_busy_handler|busy-handler callback])
 **   until all readers are reading from the database file only. This ensures 
 **   that the next client to write to the database file restarts the log file 
 **   from the beginning. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
@@ -7461,6 +7461,7 @@
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Conflict resolution modes
+** KEYWORDS: {conflict resolution mode}
 **
 ** These constants are returned by [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] to
 ** inform a [virtual table] implementation what the [ON CONFLICT] mode
@@ -7489,7 +7490,7 @@
 #if 0
 }  /* End of the 'extern "C"' block */
 #endif
-#endif
+#endif /* _SQLITE3_H_ */
 
 /*
 ** 2010 August 30
@@ -7513,6 +7514,16 @@
 #endif
 
 typedef struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry sqlite3_rtree_geometry;
+typedef struct sqlite3_rtree_query_info sqlite3_rtree_query_info;
+
+/* The double-precision datatype used by RTree depends on the
+** SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY compile-time option.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+  typedef sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_rtree_dbl;
+#else
+  typedef double sqlite3_rtree_dbl;
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** Register a geometry callback named zGeom that can be used as part of an
@@ -7523,7 +7534,7 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback(
   sqlite3 *db,
   const char *zGeom,
-  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int nCoord, double *aCoord, int *pRes),
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry*, int, sqlite3_rtree_dbl*,int*),
   void *pContext
 );
 
@@ -7535,11 +7546,60 @@
 struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry {
   void *pContext;                 /* Copy of pContext passed to s_r_g_c() */
   int nParam;                     /* Size of array aParam[] */
-  double *aParam;                 /* Parameters passed to SQL geom function */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *aParam;      /* Parameters passed to SQL geom function */
   void *pUser;                    /* Callback implementation user data */
   void (*xDelUser)(void *);       /* Called by SQLite to clean up pUser */
 };
 
+/*
+** Register a 2nd-generation geometry callback named zScore that can be 
+** used as part of an R-Tree geometry query as follows:
+**
+**   SELECT ... FROM <rtree> WHERE <rtree col> MATCH $zQueryFunc(... params ...)
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_query_callback(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zQueryFunc,
+  int (*xQueryFunc)(sqlite3_rtree_query_info*),
+  void *pContext,
+  void (*xDestructor)(void*)
+);
+
+
+/*
+** A pointer to a structure of the following type is passed as the 
+** argument to scored geometry callback registered using
+** sqlite3_rtree_query_callback().
+**
+** Note that the first 5 fields of this structure are identical to
+** sqlite3_rtree_geometry.  This structure is a subclass of
+** sqlite3_rtree_geometry.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_rtree_query_info {
+  void *pContext;                   /* pContext from when function registered */
+  int nParam;                       /* Number of function parameters */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *aParam;        /* value of function parameters */
+  void *pUser;                      /* callback can use this, if desired */
+  void (*xDelUser)(void*);          /* function to free pUser */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *aCoord;        /* Coordinates of node or entry to check */
+  unsigned int *anQueue;            /* Number of pending entries in the queue */
+  int nCoord;                       /* Number of coordinates */
+  int iLevel;                       /* Level of current node or entry */
+  int mxLevel;                      /* The largest iLevel value in the tree */
+  sqlite3_int64 iRowid;             /* Rowid for current entry */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl rParentScore;   /* Score of parent node */
+  int eParentWithin;                /* Visibility of parent node */
+  int eWithin;                      /* OUT: Visiblity */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl rScore;         /* OUT: Write the score here */
+};
+
+/*
+** Allowed values for sqlite3_rtree_query.eWithin and .eParentWithin.
+*/
+#define NOT_WITHIN       0   /* Object completely outside of query region */
+#define PARTLY_WITHIN    1   /* Object partially overlaps query region */
+#define FULLY_WITHIN     2   /* Object fully contained within query region */
+
 
 #if 0
 }  /* end of the 'extern "C"' block */
@@ -7550,6 +7610,489 @@
 
 /************** End of sqlite3.h *********************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+
+/*
+** Include the configuration header output by 'configure' if we're using the
+** autoconf-based build
+*/
+#ifdef _HAVE_SQLITE_CONFIG_H
+#include "config.h"
+#endif
+
+/************** Include sqliteLimit.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ***********/
+/************** Begin file sqliteLimit.h *************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 May 7
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** 
+** This file defines various limits of what SQLite can process.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The maximum length of a TEXT or BLOB in bytes.   This also
+** limits the size of a row in a table or index.
+**
+** The hard limit is the ability of a 32-bit signed integer
+** to count the size: 2^31-1 or 2147483647.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH 1000000000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This is the maximum number of
+**
+**    * Columns in a table
+**    * Columns in an index
+**    * Columns in a view
+**    * Terms in the SET clause of an UPDATE statement
+**    * Terms in the result set of a SELECT statement
+**    * Terms in the GROUP BY or ORDER BY clauses of a SELECT statement.
+**    * Terms in the VALUES clause of an INSERT statement
+**
+** The hard upper limit here is 32676.  Most database people will
+** tell you that in a well-normalized database, you usually should
+** not have more than a dozen or so columns in any table.  And if
+** that is the case, there is no point in having more than a few
+** dozen values in any of the other situations described above.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN
+# define SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN 2000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum length of a single SQL statement in bytes.
+**
+** It used to be the case that setting this value to zero would
+** turn the limit off.  That is no longer true.  It is not possible
+** to turn this limit off.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH 1000000000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum depth of an expression tree. This is limited to 
+** some extent by SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH. But sometime you might 
+** want to place more severe limits on the complexity of an 
+** expression.
+**
+** A value of 0 used to mean that the limit was not enforced.
+** But that is no longer true.  The limit is now strictly enforced
+** at all times.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH 1000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of terms in a compound SELECT statement.
+** The code generator for compound SELECT statements does one
+** level of recursion for each term.  A stack overflow can result
+** if the number of terms is too large.  In practice, most SQL
+** never has more than 3 or 4 terms.  Use a value of 0 to disable
+** any limit on the number of terms in a compount SELECT.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT
+# define SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT 500
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of opcodes in a VDBE program.
+** Not currently enforced.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP
+# define SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP 25000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of arguments to an SQL function.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG
+# define SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG 127
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of in-memory pages to use for the main database
+** table and for temporary tables.  The SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE  2000
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_TEMP_CACHE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_TEMP_CACHE_SIZE  500
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The default number of frames to accumulate in the log file before
+** checkpointing the database in WAL mode.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT  1000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of attached databases.  This must be between 0
+** and 62.  The upper bound on 62 is because a 64-bit integer bitmap
+** is used internally to track attached databases.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED
+# define SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED 10
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** The maximum value of a ?nnn wildcard that the parser will accept.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER
+# define SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER 999
+#endif
+
+/* Maximum page size.  The upper bound on this value is 65536.  This a limit
+** imposed by the use of 16-bit offsets within each page.
+**
+** Earlier versions of SQLite allowed the user to change this value at
+** compile time. This is no longer permitted, on the grounds that it creates
+** a library that is technically incompatible with an SQLite library 
+** compiled with a different limit. If a process operating on a database 
+** with a page-size of 65536 bytes crashes, then an instance of SQLite 
+** compiled with the default page-size limit will not be able to rollback 
+** the aborted transaction. This could lead to database corruption.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+# undef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+#endif
+#define SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE 65536
+
+
+/*
+** The default size of a database page.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE 1024
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+# undef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Ordinarily, if no value is explicitly provided, SQLite creates databases
+** with page size SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE. However, based on certain
+** device characteristics (sector-size and atomic write() support),
+** SQLite may choose a larger value. This constant is the maximum value
+** SQLite will choose on its own.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE 8192
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+# undef SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Maximum number of pages in one database file.
+**
+** This is really just the default value for the max_page_count pragma.
+** This value can be lowered (or raised) at run-time using that the
+** max_page_count macro.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT
+# define SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT 1073741823
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum length (in bytes) of the pattern in a LIKE or GLOB
+** operator.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH 50000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum depth of recursion for triggers.
+**
+** A value of 1 means that a trigger program will not be able to itself
+** fire any triggers. A value of 0 means that no trigger programs at all 
+** may be executed.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH 1000
+#endif
+
+/************** End of sqliteLimit.h *****************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+
+/* Disable nuisance warnings on Borland compilers */
+#if defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#pragma warn -rch /* unreachable code */
+#pragma warn -ccc /* Condition is always true or false */
+#pragma warn -aus /* Assigned value is never used */
+#pragma warn -csu /* Comparing signed and unsigned */
+#pragma warn -spa /* Suspicious pointer arithmetic */
+#endif
+
+/* Needed for various definitions... */
+#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
+# define _GNU_SOURCE
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__OpenBSD__) && !defined(_BSD_SOURCE)
+# define _BSD_SOURCE
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Include standard header files as necessary
+*/
+#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following macros are used to cast pointers to integers and
+** integers to pointers.  The way you do this varies from one compiler
+** to the next, so we have developed the following set of #if statements
+** to generate appropriate macros for a wide range of compilers.
+**
+** The correct "ANSI" way to do this is to use the intptr_t type. 
+** Unfortunately, that typedef is not available on all compilers, or
+** if it is available, it requires an #include of specific headers
+** that vary from one machine to the next.
+**
+** Ticket #3860:  The llvm-gcc-4.2 compiler from Apple chokes on
+** the ((void*)&((char*)0)[X]) construct.  But MSVC chokes on ((void*)(X)).
+** So we have to define the macros in different ways depending on the
+** compiler.
+*/
+#if defined(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)  /* This case should work for GCC */
+# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)(X))
+# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)(X))
+#elif !defined(__GNUC__)       /* Works for compilers other than LLVM */
+# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)&((char*)0)[X])
+# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(((char*)X)-(char*)0))
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDINT_H)   /* Use this case if we have ANSI headers */
+# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(intptr_t)(X))
+# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(intptr_t)(X))
+#else                          /* Generates a warning - but it always works */
+# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(X))
+# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(X))
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The SQLITE_THREADSAFE macro must be defined as 0, 1, or 2.
+** 0 means mutexes are permanently disable and the library is never
+** threadsafe.  1 means the library is serialized which is the highest
+** level of threadsafety.  2 means the library is multithreaded - multiple
+** threads can use SQLite as long as no two threads try to use the same
+** database connection at the same time.
+**
+** Older versions of SQLite used an optional THREADSAFE macro.
+** We support that for legacy.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_THREADSAFE)
+# if defined(THREADSAFE)
+#   define SQLITE_THREADSAFE THREADSAFE
+# else
+#   define SQLITE_THREADSAFE 1 /* IMP: R-07272-22309 */
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Powersafe overwrite is on by default.  But can be turned off using
+** the -DSQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE=0 command-line option.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE
+# define SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS macro must be defined as either 0 or 1.
+** It determines whether or not the features related to 
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS are available by default or not. This value can
+** be overridden at runtime using the sqlite3_config() API.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS)
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Exactly one of the following macros must be defined in order to
+** specify which memory allocation subsystem to use.
+**
+**     SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC          // Use normal system malloc()
+**     SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC           // Use Win32 native heap API
+**     SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC            // Use a stub allocator that always fails
+**     SQLITE_MEMDEBUG               // Debugging version of system malloc()
+**
+** On Windows, if the SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE macro is defined and the
+** assert() macro is enabled, each call into the Win32 native heap subsystem
+** will cause HeapValidate to be called.  If heap validation should fail, an
+** assertion will be triggered.
+**
+** If none of the above are defined, then set SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC as
+** the default.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC) \
+  + defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC) \
+  + defined(SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC) \
+  + defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)>1
+# error "Two or more of the following compile-time configuration options\
+ are defined but at most one is allowed:\
+ SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC, SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC, SQLITE_MEMDEBUG,\
+ SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC"
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC) \
+  + defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC) \
+  + defined(SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC) \
+  + defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)==0
+# define SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT is not zero, then try to keep the
+** sizes of memory allocations below this value where possible.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT)
+# define SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT 1024
+#endif
+
+/*
+** We need to define _XOPEN_SOURCE as follows in order to enable
+** recursive mutexes on most Unix systems and fchmod() on OpenBSD.
+** But _XOPEN_SOURCE define causes problems for Mac OS X, so omit
+** it.
+*/
+#if !defined(_XOPEN_SOURCE) && !defined(__DARWIN__) && !defined(__APPLE__)
+#  define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600
+#endif
+
+/*
+** NDEBUG and SQLITE_DEBUG are opposites.  It should always be true that
+** defined(NDEBUG)==!defined(SQLITE_DEBUG).  If this is not currently true,
+** make it true by defining or undefining NDEBUG.
+**
+** Setting NDEBUG makes the code smaller and faster by disabling the
+** assert() statements in the code.  So we want the default action
+** to be for NDEBUG to be set and NDEBUG to be undefined only if SQLITE_DEBUG
+** is set.  Thus NDEBUG becomes an opt-in rather than an opt-out
+** feature.
+*/
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) 
+# define NDEBUG 1
+#endif
+#if defined(NDEBUG) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+# undef NDEBUG
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Enable SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS if SQLITE_DEBUG is turned on.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+# define SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The testcase() macro is used to aid in coverage testing.  When 
+** doing coverage testing, the condition inside the argument to
+** testcase() must be evaluated both true and false in order to
+** get full branch coverage.  The testcase() macro is inserted
+** to help ensure adequate test coverage in places where simple
+** condition/decision coverage is inadequate.  For example, testcase()
+** can be used to make sure boundary values are tested.  For
+** bitmask tests, testcase() can be used to make sure each bit
+** is significant and used at least once.  On switch statements
+** where multiple cases go to the same block of code, testcase()
+** can insure that all cases are evaluated.
+**
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3Coverage(int);
+# define testcase(X)  if( X ){ sqlite3Coverage(__LINE__); }
+#else
+# define testcase(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The TESTONLY macro is used to enclose variable declarations or
+** other bits of code that are needed to support the arguments
+** within testcase() and assert() macros.
+*/
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
+# define TESTONLY(X)  X
+#else
+# define TESTONLY(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Sometimes we need a small amount of code such as a variable initialization
+** to setup for a later assert() statement.  We do not want this code to
+** appear when assert() is disabled.  The following macro is therefore
+** used to contain that setup code.  The "VVA" acronym stands for
+** "Verification, Validation, and Accreditation".  In other words, the
+** code within VVA_ONLY() will only run during verification processes.
+*/
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+# define VVA_ONLY(X)  X
+#else
+# define VVA_ONLY(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The ALWAYS and NEVER macros surround boolean expressions which 
+** are intended to always be true or false, respectively.  Such
+** expressions could be omitted from the code completely.  But they
+** are included in a few cases in order to enhance the resilience
+** of SQLite to unexpected behavior - to make the code "self-healing"
+** or "ductile" rather than being "brittle" and crashing at the first
+** hint of unplanned behavior.
+**
+** In other words, ALWAYS and NEVER are added for defensive code.
+**
+** When doing coverage testing ALWAYS and NEVER are hard-coded to
+** be true and false so that the unreachable code they specify will
+** not be counted as untested code.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
+# define ALWAYS(X)      (1)
+# define NEVER(X)       (0)
+#elif !defined(NDEBUG)
+# define ALWAYS(X)      ((X)?1:(assert(0),0))
+# define NEVER(X)       ((X)?(assert(0),1):0)
+#else
+# define ALWAYS(X)      (X)
+# define NEVER(X)       (X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return true (non-zero) if the input is a integer that is too large
+** to fit in 32-bits.  This macro is used inside of various testcase()
+** macros to verify that we have tested SQLite for large-file support.
+*/
+#define IS_BIG_INT(X)  (((X)&~(i64)0xffffffff)!=0)
+
+/*
+** The macro unlikely() is a hint that surrounds a boolean
+** expression that is usually false.  Macro likely() surrounds
+** a boolean expression that is usually true.  These hints could,
+** in theory, be used by the compiler to generate better code, but
+** currently they are just comments for human readers.
+*/
+#define likely(X)    (X)
+#define unlikely(X)  (X)
+
 /************** Include hash.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ******************/
 /************** Begin file hash.h ********************************************/
 /*
@@ -7563,7 +8106,7 @@
 **    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
 **
 *************************************************************************
-** This is the header file for the generic hash-table implemenation
+** This is the header file for the generic hash-table implementation
 ** used in SQLite.
 */
 #ifndef _SQLITE_HASH_H_
@@ -7653,163 +8196,165 @@
 /************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
 /************** Include parse.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h *****************/
 /************** Begin file parse.h *******************************************/
-#define TK_SEMI                            1
-#define TK_EXPLAIN                         2
-#define TK_QUERY                           3
-#define TK_PLAN                            4
-#define TK_BEGIN                           5
-#define TK_TRANSACTION                     6
-#define TK_DEFERRED                        7
-#define TK_IMMEDIATE                       8
-#define TK_EXCLUSIVE                       9
-#define TK_COMMIT                         10
-#define TK_END                            11
-#define TK_ROLLBACK                       12
-#define TK_SAVEPOINT                      13
-#define TK_RELEASE                        14
-#define TK_TO                             15
-#define TK_TABLE                          16
-#define TK_CREATE                         17
-#define TK_IF                             18
-#define TK_NOT                            19
-#define TK_EXISTS                         20
-#define TK_TEMP                           21
-#define TK_LP                             22
-#define TK_RP                             23
-#define TK_AS                             24
-#define TK_COMMA                          25
-#define TK_ID                             26
-#define TK_INDEXED                        27
-#define TK_ABORT                          28
-#define TK_ACTION                         29
-#define TK_AFTER                          30
-#define TK_ANALYZE                        31
-#define TK_ASC                            32
-#define TK_ATTACH                         33
-#define TK_BEFORE                         34
-#define TK_BY                             35
-#define TK_CASCADE                        36
-#define TK_CAST                           37
-#define TK_COLUMNKW                       38
-#define TK_CONFLICT                       39
-#define TK_DATABASE                       40
-#define TK_DESC                           41
-#define TK_DETACH                         42
-#define TK_EACH                           43
-#define TK_FAIL                           44
-#define TK_FOR                            45
-#define TK_IGNORE                         46
-#define TK_INITIALLY                      47
-#define TK_INSTEAD                        48
-#define TK_LIKE_KW                        49
-#define TK_MATCH                          50
-#define TK_NO                             51
-#define TK_KEY                            52
-#define TK_OF                             53
-#define TK_OFFSET                         54
-#define TK_PRAGMA                         55
-#define TK_RAISE                          56
-#define TK_REPLACE                        57
-#define TK_RESTRICT                       58
-#define TK_ROW                            59
-#define TK_TRIGGER                        60
-#define TK_VACUUM                         61
-#define TK_VIEW                           62
-#define TK_VIRTUAL                        63
-#define TK_REINDEX                        64
-#define TK_RENAME                         65
-#define TK_CTIME_KW                       66
-#define TK_ANY                            67
-#define TK_OR                             68
-#define TK_AND                            69
-#define TK_IS                             70
-#define TK_BETWEEN                        71
-#define TK_IN                             72
-#define TK_ISNULL                         73
-#define TK_NOTNULL                        74
-#define TK_NE                             75
-#define TK_EQ                             76
-#define TK_GT                             77
-#define TK_LE                             78
-#define TK_LT                             79
-#define TK_GE                             80
-#define TK_ESCAPE                         81
-#define TK_BITAND                         82
-#define TK_BITOR                          83
-#define TK_LSHIFT                         84
-#define TK_RSHIFT                         85
-#define TK_PLUS                           86
-#define TK_MINUS                          87
-#define TK_STAR                           88
-#define TK_SLASH                          89
-#define TK_REM                            90
-#define TK_CONCAT                         91
-#define TK_COLLATE                        92
-#define TK_BITNOT                         93
-#define TK_STRING                         94
-#define TK_JOIN_KW                        95
-#define TK_CONSTRAINT                     96
-#define TK_DEFAULT                        97
-#define TK_NULL                           98
-#define TK_PRIMARY                        99
-#define TK_UNIQUE                         100
-#define TK_CHECK                          101
-#define TK_REFERENCES                     102
-#define TK_AUTOINCR                       103
-#define TK_ON                             104
-#define TK_INSERT                         105
-#define TK_DELETE                         106
-#define TK_UPDATE                         107
-#define TK_SET                            108
-#define TK_DEFERRABLE                     109
-#define TK_FOREIGN                        110
-#define TK_DROP                           111
-#define TK_UNION                          112
-#define TK_ALL                            113
-#define TK_EXCEPT                         114
-#define TK_INTERSECT                      115
-#define TK_SELECT                         116
-#define TK_DISTINCT                       117
-#define TK_DOT                            118
-#define TK_FROM                           119
-#define TK_JOIN                           120
-#define TK_USING                          121
-#define TK_ORDER                          122
-#define TK_GROUP                          123
-#define TK_HAVING                         124
-#define TK_LIMIT                          125
-#define TK_WHERE                          126
-#define TK_INTO                           127
-#define TK_VALUES                         128
-#define TK_INTEGER                        129
-#define TK_FLOAT                          130
-#define TK_BLOB                           131
-#define TK_REGISTER                       132
-#define TK_VARIABLE                       133
-#define TK_CASE                           134
-#define TK_WHEN                           135
-#define TK_THEN                           136
-#define TK_ELSE                           137
-#define TK_INDEX                          138
-#define TK_ALTER                          139
-#define TK_ADD                            140
-#define TK_TO_TEXT                        141
-#define TK_TO_BLOB                        142
-#define TK_TO_NUMERIC                     143
-#define TK_TO_INT                         144
-#define TK_TO_REAL                        145
-#define TK_ISNOT                          146
-#define TK_END_OF_FILE                    147
-#define TK_ILLEGAL                        148
-#define TK_SPACE                          149
-#define TK_UNCLOSED_STRING                150
-#define TK_FUNCTION                       151
-#define TK_COLUMN                         152
-#define TK_AGG_FUNCTION                   153
-#define TK_AGG_COLUMN                     154
-#define TK_CONST_FUNC                     155
-#define TK_UMINUS                         156
-#define TK_UPLUS                          157
+#define TK_SEMI                             1
+#define TK_EXPLAIN                          2
+#define TK_QUERY                            3
+#define TK_PLAN                             4
+#define TK_BEGIN                            5
+#define TK_TRANSACTION                      6
+#define TK_DEFERRED                         7
+#define TK_IMMEDIATE                        8
+#define TK_EXCLUSIVE                        9
+#define TK_COMMIT                          10
+#define TK_END                             11
+#define TK_ROLLBACK                        12
+#define TK_SAVEPOINT                       13
+#define TK_RELEASE                         14
+#define TK_TO                              15
+#define TK_TABLE                           16
+#define TK_CREATE                          17
+#define TK_IF                              18
+#define TK_NOT                             19
+#define TK_EXISTS                          20
+#define TK_TEMP                            21
+#define TK_LP                              22
+#define TK_RP                              23
+#define TK_AS                              24
+#define TK_WITHOUT                         25
+#define TK_COMMA                           26
+#define TK_ID                              27
+#define TK_INDEXED                         28
+#define TK_ABORT                           29
+#define TK_ACTION                          30
+#define TK_AFTER                           31
+#define TK_ANALYZE                         32
+#define TK_ASC                             33
+#define TK_ATTACH                          34
+#define TK_BEFORE                          35
+#define TK_BY                              36
+#define TK_CASCADE                         37
+#define TK_CAST                            38
+#define TK_COLUMNKW                        39
+#define TK_CONFLICT                        40
+#define TK_DATABASE                        41
+#define TK_DESC                            42
+#define TK_DETACH                          43
+#define TK_EACH                            44
+#define TK_FAIL                            45
+#define TK_FOR                             46
+#define TK_IGNORE                          47
+#define TK_INITIALLY                       48
+#define TK_INSTEAD                         49
+#define TK_LIKE_KW                         50
+#define TK_MATCH                           51
+#define TK_NO                              52
+#define TK_KEY                             53
+#define TK_OF                              54
+#define TK_OFFSET                          55
+#define TK_PRAGMA                          56
+#define TK_RAISE                           57
+#define TK_RECURSIVE                       58
+#define TK_REPLACE                         59
+#define TK_RESTRICT                        60
+#define TK_ROW                             61
+#define TK_TRIGGER                         62
+#define TK_VACUUM                          63
+#define TK_VIEW                            64
+#define TK_VIRTUAL                         65
+#define TK_WITH                            66
+#define TK_REINDEX                         67
+#define TK_RENAME                          68
+#define TK_CTIME_KW                        69
+#define TK_ANY                             70
+#define TK_OR                              71
+#define TK_AND                             72
+#define TK_IS                              73
+#define TK_BETWEEN                         74
+#define TK_IN                              75
+#define TK_ISNULL                          76
+#define TK_NOTNULL                         77
+#define TK_NE                              78
+#define TK_EQ                              79
+#define TK_GT                              80
+#define TK_LE                              81
+#define TK_LT                              82
+#define TK_GE                              83
+#define TK_ESCAPE                          84
+#define TK_BITAND                          85
+#define TK_BITOR                           86
+#define TK_LSHIFT                          87
+#define TK_RSHIFT                          88
+#define TK_PLUS                            89
+#define TK_MINUS                           90
+#define TK_STAR                            91
+#define TK_SLASH                           92
+#define TK_REM                             93
+#define TK_CONCAT                          94
+#define TK_COLLATE                         95
+#define TK_BITNOT                          96
+#define TK_STRING                          97
+#define TK_JOIN_KW                         98
+#define TK_CONSTRAINT                      99
+#define TK_DEFAULT                        100
+#define TK_NULL                           101
+#define TK_PRIMARY                        102
+#define TK_UNIQUE                         103
+#define TK_CHECK                          104
+#define TK_REFERENCES                     105
+#define TK_AUTOINCR                       106
+#define TK_ON                             107
+#define TK_INSERT                         108
+#define TK_DELETE                         109
+#define TK_UPDATE                         110
+#define TK_SET                            111
+#define TK_DEFERRABLE                     112
+#define TK_FOREIGN                        113
+#define TK_DROP                           114
+#define TK_UNION                          115
+#define TK_ALL                            116
+#define TK_EXCEPT                         117
+#define TK_INTERSECT                      118
+#define TK_SELECT                         119
+#define TK_VALUES                         120
+#define TK_DISTINCT                       121
+#define TK_DOT                            122
+#define TK_FROM                           123
+#define TK_JOIN                           124
+#define TK_USING                          125
+#define TK_ORDER                          126
+#define TK_GROUP                          127
+#define TK_HAVING                         128
+#define TK_LIMIT                          129
+#define TK_WHERE                          130
+#define TK_INTO                           131
+#define TK_INTEGER                        132
+#define TK_FLOAT                          133
+#define TK_BLOB                           134
+#define TK_VARIABLE                       135
+#define TK_CASE                           136
+#define TK_WHEN                           137
+#define TK_THEN                           138
+#define TK_ELSE                           139
+#define TK_INDEX                          140
+#define TK_ALTER                          141
+#define TK_ADD                            142
+#define TK_TO_TEXT                        143
+#define TK_TO_BLOB                        144
+#define TK_TO_NUMERIC                     145
+#define TK_TO_INT                         146
+#define TK_TO_REAL                        147
+#define TK_ISNOT                          148
+#define TK_END_OF_FILE                    149
+#define TK_ILLEGAL                        150
+#define TK_SPACE                          151
+#define TK_UNCLOSED_STRING                152
+#define TK_FUNCTION                       153
+#define TK_COLUMN                         154
+#define TK_AGG_FUNCTION                   155
+#define TK_AGG_COLUMN                     156
+#define TK_UMINUS                         157
+#define TK_UPLUS                          158
+#define TK_REGISTER                       159
 
 /************** End of parse.h ***********************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
@@ -7875,6 +8420,7 @@
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_TEMP_STORE
 # define SQLITE_TEMP_STORE 1
+# define SQLITE_TEMP_STORE_xc 1  /* Exclude from ctime.c */
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -7886,6 +8432,12 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
+** Macros to compute minimum and maximum of two numbers.
+*/
+#define MIN(A,B) ((A)<(B)?(A):(B))
+#define MAX(A,B) ((A)>(B)?(A):(B))
+
+/*
 ** Check to see if this machine uses EBCDIC.  (Yes, believe it or
 ** not, there are still machines out there that use EBCDIC.)
 */
@@ -7969,23 +8521,65 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
+** Estimated quantities used for query planning are stored as 16-bit
+** logarithms.  For quantity X, the value stored is 10*log2(X).  This
+** gives a possible range of values of approximately 1.0e986 to 1e-986.
+** But the allowed values are "grainy".  Not every value is representable.
+** For example, quantities 16 and 17 are both represented by a LogEst
+** of 40.  However, since LogEst quantaties are suppose to be estimates,
+** not exact values, this imprecision is not a problem.
+**
+** "LogEst" is short for "Logarithmic Estimate".
+**
+** Examples:
+**      1 -> 0              20 -> 43          10000 -> 132
+**      2 -> 10             25 -> 46          25000 -> 146
+**      3 -> 16            100 -> 66        1000000 -> 199
+**      4 -> 20           1000 -> 99        1048576 -> 200
+**     10 -> 33           1024 -> 100    4294967296 -> 320
+**
+** The LogEst can be negative to indicate fractional values. 
+** Examples:
+**
+**    0.5 -> -10           0.1 -> -33        0.0625 -> -40
+*/
+typedef INT16_TYPE LogEst;
+
+/*
 ** Macros to determine whether the machine is big or little endian,
-** evaluated at runtime.
+** and whether or not that determination is run-time or compile-time.
+**
+** For best performance, an attempt is made to guess at the byte-order
+** using C-preprocessor macros.  If that is unsuccessful, or if
+** -DSQLITE_RUNTIME_BYTEORDER=1 is set, then byte-order is determined
+** at run-time.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const int sqlite3one = 1;
 #else
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const int sqlite3one;
 #endif
-#if defined(i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86)\
-                             || defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__)
+#if (defined(i386)     || defined(__i386__)   || defined(_M_IX86) ||    \
+     defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)  ||    \
+     defined(_M_AMD64) || defined(_M_ARM)     || defined(__x86)   ||    \
+     defined(__arm__)) && !defined(SQLITE_RUNTIME_BYTEORDER)
+# define SQLITE_BYTEORDER    1234
 # define SQLITE_BIGENDIAN    0
 # define SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN 1
 # define SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE  SQLITE_UTF16LE
-#else
+#endif
+#if (defined(sparc)    || defined(__ppc__))  \
+    && !defined(SQLITE_RUNTIME_BYTEORDER)
+# define SQLITE_BYTEORDER    4321
+# define SQLITE_BIGENDIAN    1
+# define SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN 0
+# define SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE  SQLITE_UTF16BE
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_BYTEORDER)
+# define SQLITE_BYTEORDER    0     /* 0 means "unknown at compile-time" */
 # define SQLITE_BIGENDIAN    (*(char *)(&sqlite3one)==0)
 # define SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN (*(char *)(&sqlite3one)==1)
-# define SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE (SQLITE_BIGENDIAN?SQLITE_UTF16BE:SQLITE_UTF16LE)
+# define SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE  (SQLITE_BIGENDIAN?SQLITE_UTF16BE:SQLITE_UTF16LE)
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -8022,6 +8616,63 @@
 # define EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(X)   ((((char*)(X) - (char*)0)&7)==0)
 #endif
 
+/*
+** Disable MMAP on platforms where it is known to not work
+*/
+#if defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__QNXNTO__)
+# undef SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Default maximum size of memory used by memory-mapped I/O in the VFS
+*/
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+# include <TargetConditionals.h>
+# if TARGET_OS_IPHONE
+#   undef SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE
+#   define SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE 0
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE
+# if defined(__linux__) \
+  || defined(_WIN32) \
+  || (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)) \
+  || defined(__sun)
+#   define SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE 0x7fff0000  /* 2147418112 */
+# else
+#   define SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE 0
+# endif
+# define SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE_xc 1 /* exclude from ctime.c */
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The default MMAP_SIZE is zero on all platforms.  Or, even if a larger
+** default MMAP_SIZE is specified at compile-time, make sure that it does
+** not exceed the maximum mmap size.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE 0
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE_xc 1  /* Exclude from ctime.c */
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE
+# undef SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Only one of SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 or SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 can be defined.
+** Priority is given to SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4.  If either are defined, also
+** define SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+# undef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+# define SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 1
+#elif SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+# define SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 1
+#elif SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+# undef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** An instance of the following structure is used to store the busy-handler
@@ -8064,6 +8715,11 @@
 #define ArraySize(X)    ((int)(sizeof(X)/sizeof(X[0])))
 
 /*
+** Determine if the argument is a power of two
+*/
+#define IsPowerOfTwo(X) (((X)&((X)-1))==0)
+
+/*
 ** The following value as a destructor means to use sqlite3DbFree().
 ** The sqlite3DbFree() routine requires two parameters instead of the 
 ** one parameter that destructors normally want.  So we have to introduce 
@@ -8146,9 +8802,11 @@
 typedef struct Module Module;
 typedef struct NameContext NameContext;
 typedef struct Parse Parse;
+typedef struct PrintfArguments PrintfArguments;
 typedef struct RowSet RowSet;
 typedef struct Savepoint Savepoint;
 typedef struct Select Select;
+typedef struct SelectDest SelectDest;
 typedef struct SrcList SrcList;
 typedef struct StrAccum StrAccum;
 typedef struct Table Table;
@@ -8161,9 +8819,8 @@
 typedef struct VTable VTable;
 typedef struct VtabCtx VtabCtx;
 typedef struct Walker Walker;
-typedef struct WherePlan WherePlan;
 typedef struct WhereInfo WhereInfo;
-typedef struct WhereLevel WhereLevel;
+typedef struct With With;
 
 /*
 ** Defer sourcing vdbe.h and btree.h until after the "u8" and 
@@ -8237,7 +8894,10 @@
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClose(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(Btree*,int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(Btree*,int,int,int);
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3BtreeSetMmapLimit(Btree*,sqlite3_int64);
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPagerFlags(Btree*,unsigned);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSyncDisabled(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(Btree *p, int nPagesize, int nReserve, int eFix);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(Btree*);
@@ -8245,6 +8905,9 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3BtreeLastPage(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(Btree*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(Btree*);
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(Btree *p);
+#endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(Btree *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(Btree *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(Btree*,int);
@@ -8283,11 +8946,14 @@
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDropTable(Btree*, int, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClearTable(Btree*, int, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClearTableOfCursor(BtCursor*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeTripAllCursors(Btree*, int);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(Btree *pBtree, int idx, u32 *pValue);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(Btree*, int idx, u32 value);
 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeNewDb(Btree *p);
+
 /*
 ** The second parameter to sqlite3BtreeGetMeta or sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta
 ** should be one of the following values. The integer values are assigned 
@@ -8308,6 +8974,13 @@
 #define BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING       5
 #define BTREE_USER_VERSION        6
 #define BTREE_INCR_VACUUM         7
+#define BTREE_APPLICATION_ID      8
+
+/*
+** Values that may be OR'd together to form the second argument of an
+** sqlite3BtreeCursorHints() call.
+*/
+#define BTREE_BULKLOAD 0x00000001
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursor(
   Btree*,                              /* BTree containing table to open */
@@ -8339,21 +9012,20 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreePrevious(BtCursor*, int *pRes);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeKeySize(BtCursor*, i64 *pSize);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeKey(BtCursor*, u32 offset, u32 amt, void*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(BtCursor*, int *pAmt);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(BtCursor*, int *pAmt);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(BtCursor*, u32 *pAmt);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(BtCursor*, u32 *pAmt);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDataSize(BtCursor*, u32 *pSize);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeData(BtCursor*, u32 offset, u32 amt, void*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(BtCursor*, sqlite3_int64);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_int64 sqlite3BtreeGetCachedRowid(BtCursor*);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3BtreeIntegrityCheck(Btree*, int *aRoot, int nRoot, int, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE struct Pager *sqlite3BtreePager(Btree*);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreePutData(BtCursor*, u32 offset, u32 amt, void*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCacheOverflow(BtCursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeIncrblobCursor(BtCursor *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(BtCursor *);
-
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(Btree *pBt, int iVersion);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCursorHints(BtCursor *, unsigned int mask);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIsReadonly(Btree *pBt);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(BtCursor*);
@@ -8449,7 +9121,6 @@
 ** The names of the following types declared in vdbeInt.h are required
 ** for the VdbeOp definition.
 */
-typedef struct VdbeFunc VdbeFunc;
 typedef struct Mem Mem;
 typedef struct SubProgram SubProgram;
 
@@ -8473,7 +9144,6 @@
     i64 *pI64;             /* Used when p4type is P4_INT64 */
     double *pReal;         /* Used when p4type is P4_REAL */
     FuncDef *pFunc;        /* Used when p4type is P4_FUNCDEF */
-    VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc;   /* Used when p4type is P4_VDBEFUNC */
     CollSeq *pColl;        /* Used when p4type is P4_COLLSEQ */
     Mem *pMem;             /* Used when p4type is P4_MEM */
     VTable *pVtab;         /* Used when p4type is P4_VTAB */
@@ -8482,13 +9152,16 @@
     SubProgram *pProgram;  /* Used when p4type is P4_SUBPROGRAM */
     int (*xAdvance)(BtCursor *, int *);
   } p4;
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
   char *zComment;          /* Comment to improve readability */
 #endif
 #ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
-  int cnt;                 /* Number of times this instruction was executed */
+  u32 cnt;                 /* Number of times this instruction was executed */
   u64 cycles;              /* Total time spent executing this instruction */
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+  int iSrcLine;            /* Source-code line that generated this opcode */
+#endif
 };
 typedef struct VdbeOp VdbeOp;
 
@@ -8527,7 +9200,6 @@
 #define P4_COLLSEQ  (-4)  /* P4 is a pointer to a CollSeq structure */
 #define P4_FUNCDEF  (-5)  /* P4 is a pointer to a FuncDef structure */
 #define P4_KEYINFO  (-6)  /* P4 is a pointer to a KeyInfo structure */
-#define P4_VDBEFUNC (-7)  /* P4 is a pointer to a VdbeFunc structure */
 #define P4_MEM      (-8)  /* P4 is a pointer to a Mem*    structure */
 #define P4_TRANSIENT  0   /* P4 is a pointer to a transient string */
 #define P4_VTAB     (-10) /* P4 is a pointer to an sqlite3_vtab structure */
@@ -8539,15 +9211,11 @@
 #define P4_SUBPROGRAM  (-18) /* P4 is a pointer to a SubProgram structure */
 #define P4_ADVANCE  (-19) /* P4 is a pointer to BtreeNext() or BtreePrev() */
 
-/* When adding a P4 argument using P4_KEYINFO, a copy of the KeyInfo structure
-** is made.  That copy is freed when the Vdbe is finalized.  But if the
-** argument is P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF, the passed in pointer is used.  It still
-** gets freed when the Vdbe is finalized so it still should be obtained
-** from a single sqliteMalloc().  But no copy is made and the calling
-** function should *not* try to free the KeyInfo.
-*/
-#define P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF (-16)
-#define P4_KEYINFO_STATIC  (-17)
+/* Error message codes for OP_Halt */
+#define P5_ConstraintNotNull 1
+#define P5_ConstraintUnique  2
+#define P5_ConstraintCheck   3
+#define P5_ConstraintFK      4
 
 /*
 ** The Vdbe.aColName array contains 5n Mem structures, where n is the 
@@ -8584,156 +9252,164 @@
 /************** Begin file opcodes.h *****************************************/
 /* Automatically generated.  Do not edit */
 /* See the mkopcodeh.awk script for details */
-#define OP_Goto                                 1
-#define OP_Gosub                                2
-#define OP_Return                               3
-#define OP_Yield                                4
-#define OP_HaltIfNull                           5
-#define OP_Halt                                 6
-#define OP_Integer                              7
-#define OP_Int64                                8
-#define OP_Real                               130   /* same as TK_FLOAT    */
-#define OP_String8                             94   /* same as TK_STRING   */
-#define OP_String                               9
-#define OP_Null                                10
-#define OP_Blob                                11
-#define OP_Variable                            12
-#define OP_Move                                13
-#define OP_Copy                                14
-#define OP_SCopy                               15
-#define OP_ResultRow                           16
-#define OP_Concat                              91   /* same as TK_CONCAT   */
-#define OP_Add                                 86   /* same as TK_PLUS     */
-#define OP_Subtract                            87   /* same as TK_MINUS    */
-#define OP_Multiply                            88   /* same as TK_STAR     */
-#define OP_Divide                              89   /* same as TK_SLASH    */
-#define OP_Remainder                           90   /* same as TK_REM      */
-#define OP_CollSeq                             17
-#define OP_Function                            18
-#define OP_BitAnd                              82   /* same as TK_BITAND   */
-#define OP_BitOr                               83   /* same as TK_BITOR    */
-#define OP_ShiftLeft                           84   /* same as TK_LSHIFT   */
-#define OP_ShiftRight                          85   /* same as TK_RSHIFT   */
-#define OP_AddImm                              20
-#define OP_MustBeInt                           21
-#define OP_RealAffinity                        22
-#define OP_ToText                             141   /* same as TK_TO_TEXT  */
-#define OP_ToBlob                             142   /* same as TK_TO_BLOB  */
-#define OP_ToNumeric                          143   /* same as TK_TO_NUMERIC*/
-#define OP_ToInt                              144   /* same as TK_TO_INT   */
-#define OP_ToReal                             145   /* same as TK_TO_REAL  */
-#define OP_Eq                                  76   /* same as TK_EQ       */
-#define OP_Ne                                  75   /* same as TK_NE       */
-#define OP_Lt                                  79   /* same as TK_LT       */
-#define OP_Le                                  78   /* same as TK_LE       */
-#define OP_Gt                                  77   /* same as TK_GT       */
-#define OP_Ge                                  80   /* same as TK_GE       */
-#define OP_Permutation                         23
-#define OP_Compare                             24
-#define OP_Jump                                25
-#define OP_And                                 69   /* same as TK_AND      */
-#define OP_Or                                  68   /* same as TK_OR       */
-#define OP_Not                                 19   /* same as TK_NOT      */
-#define OP_BitNot                              93   /* same as TK_BITNOT   */
-#define OP_Once                                26
-#define OP_If                                  27
-#define OP_IfNot                               28
-#define OP_IsNull                              73   /* same as TK_ISNULL   */
-#define OP_NotNull                             74   /* same as TK_NOTNULL  */
-#define OP_Column                              29
-#define OP_Affinity                            30
-#define OP_MakeRecord                          31
-#define OP_Count                               32
-#define OP_Savepoint                           33
-#define OP_AutoCommit                          34
-#define OP_Transaction                         35
-#define OP_ReadCookie                          36
-#define OP_SetCookie                           37
-#define OP_VerifyCookie                        38
-#define OP_OpenRead                            39
-#define OP_OpenWrite                           40
-#define OP_OpenAutoindex                       41
-#define OP_OpenEphemeral                       42
-#define OP_SorterOpen                          43
-#define OP_OpenPseudo                          44
-#define OP_Close                               45
-#define OP_SeekLt                              46
-#define OP_SeekLe                              47
-#define OP_SeekGe                              48
-#define OP_SeekGt                              49
-#define OP_Seek                                50
-#define OP_NotFound                            51
-#define OP_Found                               52
-#define OP_IsUnique                            53
-#define OP_NotExists                           54
-#define OP_Sequence                            55
-#define OP_NewRowid                            56
-#define OP_Insert                              57
-#define OP_InsertInt                           58
-#define OP_Delete                              59
-#define OP_ResetCount                          60
-#define OP_SorterCompare                       61
-#define OP_SorterData                          62
-#define OP_RowKey                              63
-#define OP_RowData                             64
-#define OP_Rowid                               65
-#define OP_NullRow                             66
-#define OP_Last                                67
-#define OP_SorterSort                          70
-#define OP_Sort                                71
-#define OP_Rewind                              72
-#define OP_SorterNext                          81
-#define OP_Prev                                92
-#define OP_Next                                95
-#define OP_SorterInsert                        96
-#define OP_IdxInsert                           97
-#define OP_IdxDelete                           98
-#define OP_IdxRowid                            99
-#define OP_IdxLT                              100
-#define OP_IdxGE                              101
-#define OP_Destroy                            102
-#define OP_Clear                              103
-#define OP_CreateIndex                        104
-#define OP_CreateTable                        105
-#define OP_ParseSchema                        106
-#define OP_LoadAnalysis                       107
-#define OP_DropTable                          108
-#define OP_DropIndex                          109
-#define OP_DropTrigger                        110
-#define OP_IntegrityCk                        111
-#define OP_RowSetAdd                          112
-#define OP_RowSetRead                         113
-#define OP_RowSetTest                         114
-#define OP_Program                            115
-#define OP_Param                              116
-#define OP_FkCounter                          117
-#define OP_FkIfZero                           118
-#define OP_MemMax                             119
-#define OP_IfPos                              120
-#define OP_IfNeg                              121
-#define OP_IfZero                             122
-#define OP_AggStep                            123
-#define OP_AggFinal                           124
-#define OP_Checkpoint                         125
-#define OP_JournalMode                        126
-#define OP_Vacuum                             127
-#define OP_IncrVacuum                         128
-#define OP_Expire                             129
-#define OP_TableLock                          131
-#define OP_VBegin                             132
-#define OP_VCreate                            133
-#define OP_VDestroy                           134
-#define OP_VOpen                              135
-#define OP_VFilter                            136
-#define OP_VColumn                            137
-#define OP_VNext                              138
-#define OP_VRename                            139
-#define OP_VUpdate                            140
-#define OP_Pagecount                          146
-#define OP_MaxPgcnt                           147
-#define OP_Trace                              148
-#define OP_Noop                               149
-#define OP_Explain                            150
+#define OP_Function        1 /* synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@P5])             */
+#define OP_Savepoint       2
+#define OP_AutoCommit      3
+#define OP_Transaction     4
+#define OP_SorterNext      5
+#define OP_PrevIfOpen      6
+#define OP_NextIfOpen      7
+#define OP_Prev            8
+#define OP_Next            9
+#define OP_AggStep        10 /* synopsis: accum=r[P3] step(r[P2@P5])       */
+#define OP_Checkpoint     11
+#define OP_JournalMode    12
+#define OP_Vacuum         13
+#define OP_VFilter        14 /* synopsis: iplan=r[P3] zplan='P4'           */
+#define OP_VUpdate        15 /* synopsis: data=r[P3@P2]                    */
+#define OP_Goto           16
+#define OP_Gosub          17
+#define OP_Return         18
+#define OP_Not            19 /* same as TK_NOT, synopsis: r[P2]= !r[P1]    */
+#define OP_InitCoroutine  20
+#define OP_EndCoroutine   21
+#define OP_Yield          22
+#define OP_HaltIfNull     23 /* synopsis: if r[P3]=null halt               */
+#define OP_Halt           24
+#define OP_Integer        25 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P1                         */
+#define OP_Int64          26 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P4                         */
+#define OP_String         27 /* synopsis: r[P2]='P4' (len=P1)              */
+#define OP_Null           28 /* synopsis: r[P2..P3]=NULL                   */
+#define OP_SoftNull       29 /* synopsis: r[P1]=NULL                       */
+#define OP_Blob           30 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P4 (len=P1)                */
+#define OP_Variable       31 /* synopsis: r[P2]=parameter(P1,P4)           */
+#define OP_Move           32 /* synopsis: r[P2@P3]=r[P1@P3]                */
+#define OP_Copy           33 /* synopsis: r[P2@P3+1]=r[P1@P3+1]            */
+#define OP_SCopy          34 /* synopsis: r[P2]=r[P1]                      */
+#define OP_ResultRow      35 /* synopsis: output=r[P1@P2]                  */
+#define OP_CollSeq        36
+#define OP_AddImm         37 /* synopsis: r[P1]=r[P1]+P2                   */
+#define OP_MustBeInt      38
+#define OP_RealAffinity   39
+#define OP_Permutation    40
+#define OP_Compare        41 /* synopsis: r[P1@P3] <-> r[P2@P3]            */
+#define OP_Jump           42
+#define OP_Once           43
+#define OP_If             44
+#define OP_IfNot          45
+#define OP_Column         46 /* synopsis: r[P3]=PX                         */
+#define OP_Affinity       47 /* synopsis: affinity(r[P1@P2])               */
+#define OP_MakeRecord     48 /* synopsis: r[P3]=mkrec(r[P1@P2])            */
+#define OP_Count          49 /* synopsis: r[P2]=count()                    */
+#define OP_ReadCookie     50
+#define OP_SetCookie      51
+#define OP_ReopenIdx      52 /* synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3                   */
+#define OP_OpenRead       53 /* synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3                   */
+#define OP_OpenWrite      54 /* synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3                   */
+#define OP_OpenAutoindex  55 /* synopsis: nColumn=P2                       */
+#define OP_OpenEphemeral  56 /* synopsis: nColumn=P2                       */
+#define OP_SorterOpen     57
+#define OP_OpenPseudo     58 /* synopsis: P3 columns in r[P2]              */
+#define OP_Close          59
+#define OP_SeekLT         60 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_SeekLE         61 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_SeekGE         62 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_SeekGT         63 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_Seek           64 /* synopsis: intkey=r[P2]                     */
+#define OP_NoConflict     65 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_NotFound       66 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_Found          67 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_NotExists      68 /* synopsis: intkey=r[P3]                     */
+#define OP_Sequence       69 /* synopsis: r[P2]=cursor[P1].ctr++           */
+#define OP_NewRowid       70 /* synopsis: r[P2]=rowid                      */
+#define OP_Or             71 /* same as TK_OR, synopsis: r[P3]=(r[P1] || r[P2]) */
+#define OP_And            72 /* same as TK_AND, synopsis: r[P3]=(r[P1] && r[P2]) */
+#define OP_Insert         73 /* synopsis: intkey=r[P3] data=r[P2]          */
+#define OP_InsertInt      74 /* synopsis: intkey=P3 data=r[P2]             */
+#define OP_Delete         75
+#define OP_IsNull         76 /* same as TK_ISNULL, synopsis: if r[P1]==NULL goto P2 */
+#define OP_NotNull        77 /* same as TK_NOTNULL, synopsis: if r[P1]!=NULL goto P2 */
+#define OP_Ne             78 /* same as TK_NE, synopsis: if r[P1]!=r[P3] goto P2 */
+#define OP_Eq             79 /* same as TK_EQ, synopsis: if r[P1]==r[P3] goto P2 */
+#define OP_Gt             80 /* same as TK_GT, synopsis: if r[P1]>r[P3] goto P2 */
+#define OP_Le             81 /* same as TK_LE, synopsis: if r[P1]<=r[P3] goto P2 */
+#define OP_Lt             82 /* same as TK_LT, synopsis: if r[P1]<r[P3] goto P2 */
+#define OP_Ge             83 /* same as TK_GE, synopsis: if r[P1]>=r[P3] goto P2 */
+#define OP_ResetCount     84
+#define OP_BitAnd         85 /* same as TK_BITAND, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P1]&r[P2] */
+#define OP_BitOr          86 /* same as TK_BITOR, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P1]|r[P2] */
+#define OP_ShiftLeft      87 /* same as TK_LSHIFT, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]<<r[P1] */
+#define OP_ShiftRight     88 /* same as TK_RSHIFT, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]>>r[P1] */
+#define OP_Add            89 /* same as TK_PLUS, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P1]+r[P2] */
+#define OP_Subtract       90 /* same as TK_MINUS, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]-r[P1] */
+#define OP_Multiply       91 /* same as TK_STAR, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P1]*r[P2] */
+#define OP_Divide         92 /* same as TK_SLASH, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]/r[P1] */
+#define OP_Remainder      93 /* same as TK_REM, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]%r[P1] */
+#define OP_Concat         94 /* same as TK_CONCAT, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]+r[P1] */
+#define OP_SorterCompare  95 /* synopsis: if key(P1)!=trim(r[P3],P4) goto P2 */
+#define OP_BitNot         96 /* same as TK_BITNOT, synopsis: r[P1]= ~r[P1] */
+#define OP_String8        97 /* same as TK_STRING, synopsis: r[P2]='P4'    */
+#define OP_SorterData     98 /* synopsis: r[P2]=data                       */
+#define OP_RowKey         99 /* synopsis: r[P2]=key                        */
+#define OP_RowData       100 /* synopsis: r[P2]=data                       */
+#define OP_Rowid         101 /* synopsis: r[P2]=rowid                      */
+#define OP_NullRow       102
+#define OP_Last          103
+#define OP_SorterSort    104
+#define OP_Sort          105
+#define OP_Rewind        106
+#define OP_SorterInsert  107
+#define OP_IdxInsert     108 /* synopsis: key=r[P2]                        */
+#define OP_IdxDelete     109 /* synopsis: key=r[P2@P3]                     */
+#define OP_IdxRowid      110 /* synopsis: r[P2]=rowid                      */
+#define OP_IdxLE         111 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_IdxGT         112 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_IdxLT         113 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_IdxGE         114 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_Destroy       115
+#define OP_Clear         116
+#define OP_ResetSorter   117
+#define OP_CreateIndex   118 /* synopsis: r[P2]=root iDb=P1                */
+#define OP_CreateTable   119 /* synopsis: r[P2]=root iDb=P1                */
+#define OP_ParseSchema   120
+#define OP_LoadAnalysis  121
+#define OP_DropTable     122
+#define OP_DropIndex     123
+#define OP_DropTrigger   124
+#define OP_IntegrityCk   125
+#define OP_RowSetAdd     126 /* synopsis: rowset(P1)=r[P2]                 */
+#define OP_RowSetRead    127 /* synopsis: r[P3]=rowset(P1)                 */
+#define OP_RowSetTest    128 /* synopsis: if r[P3] in rowset(P1) goto P2   */
+#define OP_Program       129
+#define OP_Param         130
+#define OP_FkCounter     131 /* synopsis: fkctr[P1]+=P2                    */
+#define OP_FkIfZero      132 /* synopsis: if fkctr[P1]==0 goto P2          */
+#define OP_Real          133 /* same as TK_FLOAT, synopsis: r[P2]=P4       */
+#define OP_MemMax        134 /* synopsis: r[P1]=max(r[P1],r[P2])           */
+#define OP_IfPos         135 /* synopsis: if r[P1]>0 goto P2               */
+#define OP_IfNeg         136 /* synopsis: r[P1]+=P3, if r[P1]<0 goto P2    */
+#define OP_IfZero        137 /* synopsis: r[P1]+=P3, if r[P1]==0 goto P2   */
+#define OP_AggFinal      138 /* synopsis: accum=r[P1] N=P2                 */
+#define OP_IncrVacuum    139
+#define OP_Expire        140
+#define OP_TableLock     141 /* synopsis: iDb=P1 root=P2 write=P3          */
+#define OP_VBegin        142
+#define OP_ToText        143 /* same as TK_TO_TEXT                         */
+#define OP_ToBlob        144 /* same as TK_TO_BLOB                         */
+#define OP_ToNumeric     145 /* same as TK_TO_NUMERIC                      */
+#define OP_ToInt         146 /* same as TK_TO_INT                          */
+#define OP_ToReal        147 /* same as TK_TO_REAL                         */
+#define OP_VCreate       148
+#define OP_VDestroy      149
+#define OP_VOpen         150
+#define OP_VColumn       151 /* synopsis: r[P3]=vcolumn(P2)                */
+#define OP_VNext         152
+#define OP_VRename       153
+#define OP_Pagecount     154
+#define OP_MaxPgcnt      155
+#define OP_Init          156 /* synopsis: Start at P2                      */
+#define OP_Noop          157
+#define OP_Explain       158
 
 
 /* Properties such as "out2" or "jump" that are specified in
@@ -8748,25 +9424,26 @@
 #define OPFLG_OUT2            0x0020  /* out2:  P2 is an output */
 #define OPFLG_OUT3            0x0040  /* out3:  P3 is an output */
 #define OPFLG_INITIALIZER {\
-/*   0 */ 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x04, 0x04, 0x10, 0x00, 0x02,\
-/*   8 */ 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x24, 0x24,\
-/*  16 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x24, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04, 0x00,\
-/*  24 */ 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/*  32 */ 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/*  40 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0x11,\
-/*  48 */ 0x11, 0x11, 0x08, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x02,\
-/*  56 */ 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/*  64 */ 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x01, 0x01,\
-/*  72 */ 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15,\
-/*  80 */ 0x15, 0x01, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c,\
-/*  88 */ 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x01, 0x24, 0x02, 0x01,\
-/*  96 */ 0x08, 0x08, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00,\
-/* 104 */ 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/* 112 */ 0x0c, 0x45, 0x15, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x08,\
-/* 120 */ 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00,\
-/* 128 */ 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/* 136 */ 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,\
-/* 144 */ 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,}
+/*   0 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01,\
+/*   8 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00,\
+/*  16 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x04, 0x24, 0x01, 0x04, 0x05, 0x10,\
+/*  24 */ 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02,\
+/*  32 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04,\
+/*  40 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/*  48 */ 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/*  56 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11,\
+/*  64 */ 0x08, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x02, 0x02, 0x4c,\
+/*  72 */ 0x4c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x05, 0x15, 0x15,\
+/*  80 */ 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x00, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c,\
+/*  88 */ 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x00,\
+/*  96 */ 0x24, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01,\
+/* 104 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x08, 0x08, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01,\
+/* 112 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02,\
+/* 120 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x45,\
+/* 128 */ 0x15, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x08, 0x05,\
+/* 136 */ 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04,\
+/* 144 */ 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/* 152 */ 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,}
 
 /************** End of opcodes.h *********************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in vdbe.h ***********************/
@@ -8775,14 +9452,14 @@
 ** Prototypes for the VDBE interface.  See comments on the implementation
 ** for a description of what each of these routines does.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3VdbeCreate(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3VdbeCreate(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(Vdbe*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(Vdbe*,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(Vdbe*,int,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int,const char *zP4,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int,int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(Vdbe*, int nOp, VdbeOpList const *aOp);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(Vdbe*, int nOp, VdbeOpList const *aOp, int iLineno);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(Vdbe*,int,char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(Vdbe*, u32 addr, int P1);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(Vdbe*, u32 addr, int P2);
@@ -8790,20 +9467,21 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(Vdbe*, u8 P5);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(Vdbe*, int addr);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(Vdbe*, int addr);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeDeletePriorOpcode(Vdbe*, u8 op);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(Vdbe*, int addr, const char *zP4, int N);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(Parse*, Index*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(Vdbe*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeGetOp(Vdbe*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRunOnlyOnce(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDelete(Vdbe*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(sqlite3*,Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeClearObject(sqlite3*,Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(Vdbe*,Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFinalize(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(Vdbe*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(Vdbe*);
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3VdbeAssertMayAbort(Vdbe *, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeTrace(Vdbe*,FILE*);
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResetStepResult(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRewind(Vdbe*);
@@ -8815,29 +9493,82 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetSql(Vdbe*, const char *z, int n, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSwap(Vdbe*,Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeTakeOpArray(Vdbe*, int*, int*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3VdbeGetValue(Vdbe*, int, u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3VdbeGetBoundValue(Vdbe*, int, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(Vdbe*, int);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   char *sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(Vdbe*, const char*);
 #endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemCompare(const Mem*, const Mem*, const CollSeq*);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(KeyInfo*,int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE UnpackedRecord *sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(KeyInfo *, char *, int, char **);
 
+typedef int (*RecordCompare)(int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE RecordCompare sqlite3VdbeFindCompare(UnpackedRecord*);
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeLinkSubProgram(Vdbe *, SubProgram *);
 #endif
 
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+/* Use SQLITE_ENABLE_COMMENTS to enable generation of extra comments on
+** each VDBE opcode.
+**
+** Use the SQLITE_ENABLE_MODULE_COMMENTS macro to see some extra no-op
+** comments in VDBE programs that show key decision points in the code
+** generator.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeComment(Vdbe*, const char*, ...);
 # define VdbeComment(X)  sqlite3VdbeComment X
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeNoopComment(Vdbe*, const char*, ...);
 # define VdbeNoopComment(X)  sqlite3VdbeNoopComment X
+# ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MODULE_COMMENTS
+#   define VdbeModuleComment(X)  sqlite3VdbeNoopComment X
+# else
+#   define VdbeModuleComment(X)
+# endif
 #else
 # define VdbeComment(X)
 # define VdbeNoopComment(X)
+# define VdbeModuleComment(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The VdbeCoverage macros are used to set a coverage testing point
+** for VDBE branch instructions.  The coverage testing points are line
+** numbers in the sqlite3.c source file.  VDBE branch coverage testing
+** only works with an amalagmation build.  That's ok since a VDBE branch
+** coverage build designed for testing the test suite only.  No application
+** should ever ship with VDBE branch coverage measuring turned on.
+**
+**    VdbeCoverage(v)                  // Mark the previously coded instruction
+**                                     // as a branch
+**
+**    VdbeCoverageIf(v, conditional)   // Mark previous if conditional true
+**
+**    VdbeCoverageAlwaysTaken(v)       // Previous branch is always taken
+**
+**    VdbeCoverageNeverTaken(v)        // Previous branch is never taken
+**
+** Every VDBE branch operation must be tagged with one of the macros above.
+** If not, then when "make test" is run with -DSQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE and
+** -DSQLITE_DEBUG then an ALWAYS() will fail in the vdbeTakeBranch()
+** routine in vdbe.c, alerting the developer to the missed tag.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeSetLineNumber(Vdbe*,int);
+# define VdbeCoverage(v) sqlite3VdbeSetLineNumber(v,__LINE__)
+# define VdbeCoverageIf(v,x) if(x)sqlite3VdbeSetLineNumber(v,__LINE__)
+# define VdbeCoverageAlwaysTaken(v) sqlite3VdbeSetLineNumber(v,2);
+# define VdbeCoverageNeverTaken(v) sqlite3VdbeSetLineNumber(v,1);
+# define VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(x) (__LINE__+x)
+#else
+# define VdbeCoverage(v)
+# define VdbeCoverageIf(v,x)
+# define VdbeCoverageAlwaysTaken(v)
+# define VdbeCoverageNeverTaken(v)
+# define VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(x) 0
 #endif
 
 #endif
@@ -8927,6 +9658,24 @@
 #define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL         5   /* Use write-ahead logging */
 
 /*
+** Flags that make up the mask passed to sqlite3PagerAcquire().
+*/
+#define PAGER_GET_NOCONTENT     0x01  /* Do not load data from disk */
+#define PAGER_GET_READONLY      0x02  /* Read-only page is acceptable */
+
+/*
+** Flags for sqlite3PagerSetFlags()
+*/
+#define PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_OFF       0x01  /* PRAGMA synchronous=OFF */
+#define PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_NORMAL    0x02  /* PRAGMA synchronous=NORMAL */
+#define PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_FULL      0x03  /* PRAGMA synchronous=FULL */
+#define PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_MASK      0x03  /* Mask for three values above */
+#define PAGER_FULLFSYNC             0x04  /* PRAGMA fullfsync=ON */
+#define PAGER_CKPT_FULLFSYNC        0x08  /* PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfsync=ON */
+#define PAGER_CACHESPILL            0x10  /* PRAGMA cache_spill=ON */
+#define PAGER_FLAGS_MASK            0x1c  /* All above except SYNCHRONOUS */
+
+/*
 ** The remainder of this file contains the declarations of the functions
 ** that make up the Pager sub-system API. See source code comments for 
 ** a detailed description of each routine.
@@ -8950,8 +9699,9 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(Pager*, u32*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMaxPageCount(Pager*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetCachesize(Pager*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetMmapLimit(Pager *, sqlite3_int64);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerShrink(Pager*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(Pager*,int,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetFlags(Pager*,unsigned);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerLockingMode(Pager *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(Pager *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(Pager*);
@@ -8965,6 +9715,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE DbPage *sqlite3PagerLookup(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerRef(DbPage*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnref(DbPage*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(DbPage*);
 
 /* Operations on page references. */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWrite(DbPage*);
@@ -8979,18 +9730,21 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerBegin(Pager*, int exFlag, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(Pager*,const char *zMaster, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerExclusiveLock(Pager*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSync(Pager *pPager);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSync(Pager *pPager, const char *zMaster);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseTwo(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerRollback(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpenSavepoint(Pager *pPager, int n);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSavepoint(Pager *pPager, int op, int iSavepoint);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSharedLock(Pager *pPager);
 
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(Pager *pPager, int, int*, int*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalSupported(Pager *pPager);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalCallback(Pager *pPager);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpenWal(Pager *pPager, int *pisOpen);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCloseWal(Pager *pPager);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(Pager *pPager, int, int*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalSupported(Pager *pPager);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalCallback(Pager *pPager);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerOpenWal(Pager *pPager, int *pisOpen);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerCloseWal(Pager *pPager);
+#endif
+
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ZIPVFS
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalFramesize(Pager *pPager);
 #endif
@@ -8999,7 +9753,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3PagerIsreadonly(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerRefcount(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMemUsed(Pager*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerFilename(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerFilename(Pager*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const sqlite3_vfs *sqlite3PagerVfs(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_file *sqlite3PagerFile(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerJournalname(Pager*);
@@ -9008,6 +9762,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerIsMemdb(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerCacheStat(Pager *, int, int, int *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerClearCache(Pager *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SectorSize(sqlite3_file *);
 
 /* Functions used to truncate the database file. */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(Pager*,Pgno);
@@ -9092,6 +9847,8 @@
 #define PGHDR_REUSE_UNLIKELY    0x010  /* A hint that reuse is unlikely */
 #define PGHDR_DONT_WRITE        0x020  /* Do not write content to disk */
 
+#define PGHDR_MMAP              0x040  /* This is an mmap page object */
+
 /* Initialize and shutdown the page cache subsystem */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheInitialize(void);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheShutdown(void);
@@ -9225,104 +9982,71 @@
 #define _SQLITE_OS_H_
 
 /*
-** Figure out if we are dealing with Unix, Windows, or some other
-** operating system.  After the following block of preprocess macros,
-** all of SQLITE_OS_UNIX, SQLITE_OS_WIN, SQLITE_OS_OS2, and SQLITE_OS_OTHER 
-** will defined to either 1 or 0.  One of the four will be 1.  The other 
-** three will be 0.
+** Attempt to automatically detect the operating system and setup the
+** necessary pre-processor macros for it.
+*/
+/************** Include os_setup.h in the middle of os.h *********************/
+/************** Begin file os_setup.h ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2013 November 25
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains pre-processor directives related to operating system
+** detection and/or setup.
+*/
+#ifndef _OS_SETUP_H_
+#define _OS_SETUP_H_
+
+/*
+** Figure out if we are dealing with Unix, Windows, or some other operating
+** system.
+**
+** After the following block of preprocess macros, all of SQLITE_OS_UNIX,
+** SQLITE_OS_WIN, and SQLITE_OS_OTHER will defined to either 1 or 0.  One of
+** the three will be 1.  The other two will be 0.
 */
 #if defined(SQLITE_OS_OTHER)
-# if SQLITE_OS_OTHER==1
-#   undef SQLITE_OS_UNIX
-#   define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
-#   undef SQLITE_OS_WIN
-#   define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
-#   undef SQLITE_OS_OS2
-#   define SQLITE_OS_OS2 0
-# else
-#   undef SQLITE_OS_OTHER
-# endif
+#  if SQLITE_OS_OTHER==1
+#    undef SQLITE_OS_UNIX
+#    define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
+#    undef SQLITE_OS_WIN
+#    define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
+#  else
+#    undef SQLITE_OS_OTHER
+#  endif
 #endif
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OS_UNIX) && !defined(SQLITE_OS_OTHER)
-# define SQLITE_OS_OTHER 0
-# ifndef SQLITE_OS_WIN
-#   if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
-#     define SQLITE_OS_WIN 1
-#     define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
-#     define SQLITE_OS_OS2 0
-#   elif defined(__EMX__) || defined(_OS2) || defined(OS2) || defined(_OS2_) || defined(__OS2__)
-#     define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
-#     define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
-#     define SQLITE_OS_OS2 1
-#   else
-#     define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
-#     define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 1
-#     define SQLITE_OS_OS2 0
+#  define SQLITE_OS_OTHER 0
+#  ifndef SQLITE_OS_WIN
+#    if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || \
+        defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#      define SQLITE_OS_WIN 1
+#      define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
+#    else
+#      define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
+#      define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 1
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
 #  endif
-# else
-#  define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
-#  define SQLITE_OS_OS2 0
-# endif
 #else
-# ifndef SQLITE_OS_WIN
-#  define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
-# endif
+#  ifndef SQLITE_OS_WIN
+#    define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
+#  endif
 #endif
 
-/*
-** Define the maximum size of a temporary filename
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WIN
-# include <windows.h>
-# define SQLITE_TEMPNAME_SIZE (MAX_PATH+50)
-#elif SQLITE_OS_OS2
-# if (__GNUC__ > 3 || __GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3) && defined(OS2_HIGH_MEMORY)
-#  include <os2safe.h> /* has to be included before os2.h for linking to work */
-# endif
-# define INCL_DOSDATETIME
-# define INCL_DOSFILEMGR
-# define INCL_DOSERRORS
-# define INCL_DOSMISC
-# define INCL_DOSPROCESS
-# define INCL_DOSMODULEMGR
-# define INCL_DOSSEMAPHORES
-# include <os2.h>
-# include <uconv.h>
-# define SQLITE_TEMPNAME_SIZE (CCHMAXPATHCOMP)
-#else
-# define SQLITE_TEMPNAME_SIZE 200
-#endif
+#endif /* _OS_SETUP_H_ */
 
-/*
-** Determine if we are dealing with Windows NT.
-**
-** We ought to be able to determine if we are compiling for win98 or winNT
-** using the _WIN32_WINNT macro as follows:
-**
-** #if defined(_WIN32_WINNT)
-** # define SQLITE_OS_WINNT 1
-** #else
-** # define SQLITE_OS_WINNT 0
-** #endif
-**
-** However, vs2005 does not set _WIN32_WINNT by default, as it ought to,
-** so the above test does not work.  We'll just assume that everything is
-** winNT unless the programmer explicitly says otherwise by setting
-** SQLITE_OS_WINNT to 0.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WIN && !defined(SQLITE_OS_WINNT)
-# define SQLITE_OS_WINNT 1
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Determine if we are dealing with WindowsCE - which has a much
-** reduced API.
-*/
-#if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
-# define SQLITE_OS_WINCE 1
-#else
-# define SQLITE_OS_WINCE 0
-#endif
+/************** End of os_setup.h ********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in os.h *************************/
 
 /* If the SET_FULLSYNC macro is not defined above, then make it
 ** a no-op
@@ -9476,6 +10200,8 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsShmLock(sqlite3_file *id, int, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OsShmBarrier(sqlite3_file *id);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsShmUnmap(sqlite3_file *id, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFetch(sqlite3_file *id, i64, int, void **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsUnfetch(sqlite3_file *, i64, void *);
 
 
 /* 
@@ -9546,8 +10272,6 @@
 **   SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS     For multi-threaded applications on Unix.
 **
 **   SQLITE_MUTEX_W32          For multi-threaded applications on Win32.
-**
-**   SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2          For multi-threaded applications on OS/2.
 */
 #if !SQLITE_THREADSAFE
 # define SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT
@@ -9557,8 +10281,6 @@
 #    define SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS
 #  elif SQLITE_OS_WIN
 #    define SQLITE_MUTEX_W32
-#  elif SQLITE_OS_OS2
-#    define SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2
 #  else
 #    define SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP
 #  endif
@@ -9597,7 +10319,6 @@
 struct Db {
   char *zName;         /* Name of this database */
   Btree *pBt;          /* The B*Tree structure for this database file */
-  u8 inTrans;          /* 0: not writable.  1: Transaction.  2: Checkpoint */
   u8 safety_level;     /* How aggressive at syncing data to disk */
   Schema *pSchema;     /* Pointer to database schema (possibly shared) */
 };
@@ -9629,7 +10350,7 @@
   Table *pSeqTab;      /* The sqlite_sequence table used by AUTOINCREMENT */
   u8 file_format;      /* Schema format version for this file */
   u8 enc;              /* Text encoding used by this database */
-  u16 flags;           /* Flags associated with this schema */
+  u16 schemaFlags;     /* Flags associated with this schema */
   int cache_size;      /* Number of pages to use in the cache */
 };
 
@@ -9637,10 +10358,10 @@
 ** These macros can be used to test, set, or clear bits in the 
 ** Db.pSchema->flags field.
 */
-#define DbHasProperty(D,I,P)     (((D)->aDb[I].pSchema->flags&(P))==(P))
-#define DbHasAnyProperty(D,I,P)  (((D)->aDb[I].pSchema->flags&(P))!=0)
-#define DbSetProperty(D,I,P)     (D)->aDb[I].pSchema->flags|=(P)
-#define DbClearProperty(D,I,P)   (D)->aDb[I].pSchema->flags&=~(P)
+#define DbHasProperty(D,I,P)     (((D)->aDb[I].pSchema->schemaFlags&(P))==(P))
+#define DbHasAnyProperty(D,I,P)  (((D)->aDb[I].pSchema->schemaFlags&(P))!=0)
+#define DbSetProperty(D,I,P)     (D)->aDb[I].pSchema->schemaFlags|=(P)
+#define DbClearProperty(D,I,P)   (D)->aDb[I].pSchema->schemaFlags&=~(P)
 
 /*
 ** Allowed values for the DB.pSchema->flags field.
@@ -9719,9 +10440,11 @@
   int nDb;                      /* Number of backends currently in use */
   int flags;                    /* Miscellaneous flags. See below */
   i64 lastRowid;                /* ROWID of most recent insert (see above) */
+  i64 szMmap;                   /* Default mmap_size setting */
   unsigned int openFlags;       /* Flags passed to sqlite3_vfs.xOpen() */
   int errCode;                  /* Most recent error code (SQLITE_*) */
   int errMask;                  /* & result codes with this before returning */
+  u16 dbOptFlags;               /* Flags to enable/disable optimizations */
   u8 autoCommit;                /* The auto-commit flag. */
   u8 temp_store;                /* 1: file 2: memory 0: default */
   u8 mallocFailed;              /* True if we have seen a malloc failure */
@@ -9741,9 +10464,10 @@
     u8 busy;                    /* TRUE if currently initializing */
     u8 orphanTrigger;           /* Last statement is orphaned TEMP trigger */
   } init;
-  int activeVdbeCnt;            /* Number of VDBEs currently executing */
-  int writeVdbeCnt;             /* Number of active VDBEs that are writing */
-  int vdbeExecCnt;              /* Number of nested calls to VdbeExec() */
+  int nVdbeActive;              /* Number of VDBEs currently running */
+  int nVdbeRead;                /* Number of active VDBEs that read or write */
+  int nVdbeWrite;               /* Number of active VDBEs that read and write */
+  int nVdbeExec;                /* Number of nested calls to VdbeExec() */
   int nExtension;               /* Number of loaded extensions */
   void **aExtension;            /* Array of shared library handles */
   void (*xTrace)(void*,const char*);        /* Trace function */
@@ -9764,8 +10488,6 @@
   void(*xCollNeeded16)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*);
   void *pCollNeededArg;
   sqlite3_value *pErr;          /* Most recent error message */
-  char *zErrMsg;                /* Most recent error message (UTF-8 encoded) */
-  char *zErrMsg16;              /* Most recent error message (UTF-16 encoded) */
   union {
     volatile int isInterrupted; /* True if sqlite3_interrupt has been called */
     double notUsed1;            /* Spacer */
@@ -9779,7 +10501,7 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
   int (*xProgress)(void *);     /* The progress callback */
   void *pProgressArg;           /* Argument to the progress callback */
-  int nProgressOps;             /* Number of opcodes for progress callback */
+  unsigned nProgressOps;        /* Number of opcodes for progress callback */
 #endif
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
   int nVTrans;                  /* Allocated size of aVTrans */
@@ -9797,6 +10519,7 @@
   int nSavepoint;               /* Number of non-transaction savepoints */
   int nStatement;               /* Number of nested statement-transactions  */
   i64 nDeferredCons;            /* Net deferred constraints this transaction. */
+  i64 nDeferredImmCons;         /* Net deferred immediate constraints */
   int *pnBytesFreed;            /* If not NULL, increment this in DbFree() */
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
@@ -9826,48 +10549,74 @@
 /*
 ** Possible values for the sqlite3.flags.
 */
-#define SQLITE_VdbeTrace      0x00000100  /* True to trace VDBE execution */
-#define SQLITE_InternChanges  0x00000200  /* Uncommitted Hash table changes */
-#define SQLITE_FullColNames   0x00000400  /* Show full column names on SELECT */
-#define SQLITE_ShortColNames  0x00000800  /* Show short columns names */
-#define SQLITE_CountRows      0x00001000  /* Count rows changed by INSERT, */
+#define SQLITE_VdbeTrace      0x00000001  /* True to trace VDBE execution */
+#define SQLITE_InternChanges  0x00000002  /* Uncommitted Hash table changes */
+#define SQLITE_FullFSync      0x00000004  /* Use full fsync on the backend */
+#define SQLITE_CkptFullFSync  0x00000008  /* Use full fsync for checkpoint */
+#define SQLITE_CacheSpill     0x00000010  /* OK to spill pager cache */
+#define SQLITE_FullColNames   0x00000020  /* Show full column names on SELECT */
+#define SQLITE_ShortColNames  0x00000040  /* Show short columns names */
+#define SQLITE_CountRows      0x00000080  /* Count rows changed by INSERT, */
                                           /*   DELETE, or UPDATE and return */
                                           /*   the count using a callback. */
-#define SQLITE_NullCallback   0x00002000  /* Invoke the callback once if the */
+#define SQLITE_NullCallback   0x00000100  /* Invoke the callback once if the */
                                           /*   result set is empty */
-#define SQLITE_SqlTrace       0x00004000  /* Debug print SQL as it executes */
-#define SQLITE_VdbeListing    0x00008000  /* Debug listings of VDBE programs */
-#define SQLITE_WriteSchema    0x00010000  /* OK to update SQLITE_MASTER */
-                         /*   0x00020000  Unused */
-#define SQLITE_IgnoreChecks   0x00040000  /* Do not enforce check constraints */
-#define SQLITE_ReadUncommitted 0x0080000  /* For shared-cache mode */
-#define SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt  0x00100000  /* Create new databases in format 1 */
-#define SQLITE_FullFSync      0x00200000  /* Use full fsync on the backend */
-#define SQLITE_CkptFullFSync  0x00400000  /* Use full fsync for checkpoint */
-#define SQLITE_RecoveryMode   0x00800000  /* Ignore schema errors */
-#define SQLITE_ReverseOrder   0x01000000  /* Reverse unordered SELECTs */
-#define SQLITE_RecTriggers    0x02000000  /* Enable recursive triggers */
-#define SQLITE_ForeignKeys    0x04000000  /* Enforce foreign key constraints  */
-#define SQLITE_AutoIndex      0x08000000  /* Enable automatic indexes */
-#define SQLITE_PreferBuiltin  0x10000000  /* Preference to built-in funcs */
-#define SQLITE_LoadExtension  0x20000000  /* Enable load_extension */
-#define SQLITE_EnableTrigger  0x40000000  /* True to enable triggers */
+#define SQLITE_SqlTrace       0x00000200  /* Debug print SQL as it executes */
+#define SQLITE_VdbeListing    0x00000400  /* Debug listings of VDBE programs */
+#define SQLITE_WriteSchema    0x00000800  /* OK to update SQLITE_MASTER */
+#define SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace 0x00001000  /* Trace sqlite3VdbeAddOp() calls */
+#define SQLITE_IgnoreChecks   0x00002000  /* Do not enforce check constraints */
+#define SQLITE_ReadUncommitted 0x0004000  /* For shared-cache mode */
+#define SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt  0x00008000  /* Create new databases in format 1 */
+#define SQLITE_RecoveryMode   0x00010000  /* Ignore schema errors */
+#define SQLITE_ReverseOrder   0x00020000  /* Reverse unordered SELECTs */
+#define SQLITE_RecTriggers    0x00040000  /* Enable recursive triggers */
+#define SQLITE_ForeignKeys    0x00080000  /* Enforce foreign key constraints  */
+#define SQLITE_AutoIndex      0x00100000  /* Enable automatic indexes */
+#define SQLITE_PreferBuiltin  0x00200000  /* Preference to built-in funcs */
+#define SQLITE_LoadExtension  0x00400000  /* Enable load_extension */
+#define SQLITE_EnableTrigger  0x00800000  /* True to enable triggers */
+#define SQLITE_DeferFKs       0x01000000  /* Defer all FK constraints */
+#define SQLITE_QueryOnly      0x02000000  /* Disable database changes */
+#define SQLITE_VdbeEQP        0x04000000  /* Debug EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN */
+
 
 /*
-** Bits of the sqlite3.flags field that are used by the
-** sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) interface.
-** These must be the low-order bits of the flags field.
+** Bits of the sqlite3.dbOptFlags field that are used by the
+** sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) interface to
+** selectively disable various optimizations.
 */
-#define SQLITE_QueryFlattener 0x01        /* Disable query flattening */
-#define SQLITE_ColumnCache    0x02        /* Disable the column cache */
-#define SQLITE_IndexSort      0x04        /* Disable indexes for sorting */
-#define SQLITE_IndexSearch    0x08        /* Disable indexes for searching */
-#define SQLITE_IndexCover     0x10        /* Disable index covering table */
-#define SQLITE_GroupByOrder   0x20        /* Disable GROUPBY cover of ORDERBY */
-#define SQLITE_FactorOutConst 0x40        /* Disable factoring out constants */
-#define SQLITE_IdxRealAsInt   0x80        /* Store REAL as INT in indices */
-#define SQLITE_DistinctOpt    0x80        /* DISTINCT using indexes */
-#define SQLITE_OptMask        0xff        /* Mask of all disablable opts */
+#define SQLITE_QueryFlattener 0x0001   /* Query flattening */
+#define SQLITE_ColumnCache    0x0002   /* Column cache */
+#define SQLITE_GroupByOrder   0x0004   /* GROUPBY cover of ORDERBY */
+#define SQLITE_FactorOutConst 0x0008   /* Constant factoring */
+/*                not used    0x0010   // Was: SQLITE_IdxRealAsInt */
+#define SQLITE_DistinctOpt    0x0020   /* DISTINCT using indexes */
+#define SQLITE_CoverIdxScan   0x0040   /* Covering index scans */
+#define SQLITE_OrderByIdxJoin 0x0080   /* ORDER BY of joins via index */
+#define SQLITE_SubqCoroutine  0x0100   /* Evaluate subqueries as coroutines */
+#define SQLITE_Transitive     0x0200   /* Transitive constraints */
+#define SQLITE_OmitNoopJoin   0x0400   /* Omit unused tables in joins */
+#define SQLITE_Stat3          0x0800   /* Use the SQLITE_STAT3 table */
+#define SQLITE_AdjustOutEst   0x1000   /* Adjust output estimates using WHERE */
+#define SQLITE_AllOpts        0xffff   /* All optimizations */
+
+/*
+** Macros for testing whether or not optimizations are enabled or disabled.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+#define OptimizationDisabled(db, mask)  (((db)->dbOptFlags&(mask))!=0)
+#define OptimizationEnabled(db, mask)   (((db)->dbOptFlags&(mask))==0)
+#else
+#define OptimizationDisabled(db, mask)  0
+#define OptimizationEnabled(db, mask)   1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return true if it OK to factor constant expressions into the initialization
+** code. The argument is a Parse object for the code generator.
+*/
+#define ConstFactorOk(P) ((P)->okConstFactor)
 
 /*
 ** Possible values for the sqlite.magic field.
@@ -9879,6 +10628,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_MAGIC_SICK     0x4b771290  /* Error and awaiting close */
 #define SQLITE_MAGIC_BUSY     0xf03b7906  /* Database currently in use */
 #define SQLITE_MAGIC_ERROR    0xb5357930  /* An SQLITE_MISUSE error occurred */
+#define SQLITE_MAGIC_ZOMBIE   0x64cffc7f  /* Close with last statement close */
 
 /*
 ** Each SQL function is defined by an instance of the following
@@ -9888,8 +10638,7 @@
 */
 struct FuncDef {
   i16 nArg;            /* Number of arguments.  -1 means unlimited */
-  u8 iPrefEnc;         /* Preferred text encoding (SQLITE_UTF8, 16LE, 16BE) */
-  u8 flags;            /* Some combination of SQLITE_FUNC_* */
+  u16 funcFlags;       /* Some combination of SQLITE_FUNC_* */
   void *pUserData;     /* User data parameter */
   FuncDef *pNext;      /* Next function with same name */
   void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**); /* Regular function */
@@ -9921,14 +10670,21 @@
 };
 
 /*
-** Possible values for FuncDef.flags
+** Possible values for FuncDef.flags.  Note that the _LENGTH and _TYPEOF
+** values must correspond to OPFLAG_LENGTHARG and OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG.  There
+** are assert() statements in the code to verify this.
 */
-#define SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE     0x01 /* Candidate for the LIKE optimization */
-#define SQLITE_FUNC_CASE     0x02 /* Case-sensitive LIKE-type function */
-#define SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM    0x04 /* Ephemeral.  Delete with VDBE */
-#define SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL 0x08 /* sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq() might be called */
-#define SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT    0x20 /* Built-in count(*) aggregate */
-#define SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE 0x40 /* Built-in coalesce() or ifnull() function */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_ENCMASK  0x003 /* SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_UTF16BE or UTF16LE */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE     0x004 /* Candidate for the LIKE optimization */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_CASE     0x008 /* Case-sensitive LIKE-type function */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM    0x010 /* Ephemeral.  Delete with VDBE */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL 0x020 /* sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq() might be called */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_LENGTH   0x040 /* Built-in length() function */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_TYPEOF   0x080 /* Built-in typeof() function */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT    0x100 /* Built-in count(*) aggregate */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE 0x200 /* Built-in coalesce() or ifnull() */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY 0x400 /* Built-in unlikely() function */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT 0x800 /* Constant inputs give a constant output */
 
 /*
 ** The following three macros, FUNCTION(), LIKEFUNC() and AGGREGATE() are
@@ -9941,6 +10697,9 @@
 **     as the user-data (sqlite3_user_data()) for the function. If 
 **     argument bNC is true, then the SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL flag is set.
 **
+**   VFUNCTION(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc)
+**     Like FUNCTION except it omits the SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT flag.
+**
 **   AGGREGATE(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xStep, xFinal)
 **     Used to create an aggregate function definition implemented by
 **     the C functions xStep and xFinal. The first four parameters
@@ -9956,15 +10715,22 @@
 **     parameter.
 */
 #define FUNCTION(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc) \
-  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL, \
+  {nArg, SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT|SQLITE_UTF8|(bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL), \
+   SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(iArg), 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
+#define VFUNCTION(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc) \
+  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8|(bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL), \
+   SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(iArg), 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
+#define FUNCTION2(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc, extraFlags) \
+  {nArg,SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT|SQLITE_UTF8|(bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL)|extraFlags,\
    SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(iArg), 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
 #define STR_FUNCTION(zName, nArg, pArg, bNC, xFunc) \
-  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL, \
+  {nArg, SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT|SQLITE_UTF8|(bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL), \
    pArg, 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
 #define LIKEFUNC(zName, nArg, arg, flags) \
-  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, flags, (void *)arg, 0, likeFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
+  {nArg, SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT|SQLITE_UTF8|flags, \
+   (void *)arg, 0, likeFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
 #define AGGREGATE(zName, nArg, arg, nc, xStep, xFinal) \
-  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, nc*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL, \
+  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8|(nc*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL), \
    SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(arg), 0, 0, xStep,xFinal,#zName,0,0}
 
 /*
@@ -9976,6 +10742,7 @@
 struct Savepoint {
   char *zName;                        /* Savepoint name (nul-terminated) */
   i64 nDeferredCons;                  /* Number of deferred fk violations */
+  i64 nDeferredImmCons;               /* Number of deferred imm fk. */
   Savepoint *pNext;                   /* Parent savepoint (if any) */
 };
 
@@ -10010,32 +10777,23 @@
   char *zDflt;     /* Original text of the default value */
   char *zType;     /* Data type for this column */
   char *zColl;     /* Collating sequence.  If NULL, use the default */
-  u8 notNull;      /* True if there is a NOT NULL constraint */
-  u8 isPrimKey;    /* True if this column is part of the PRIMARY KEY */
+  u8 notNull;      /* An OE_ code for handling a NOT NULL constraint */
   char affinity;   /* One of the SQLITE_AFF_... values */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  u8 isHidden;     /* True if this column is 'hidden' */
-#endif
+  u8 szEst;        /* Estimated size of this column.  INT==1 */
+  u8 colFlags;     /* Boolean properties.  See COLFLAG_ defines below */
 };
 
+/* Allowed values for Column.colFlags:
+*/
+#define COLFLAG_PRIMKEY  0x0001    /* Column is part of the primary key */
+#define COLFLAG_HIDDEN   0x0002    /* A hidden column in a virtual table */
+
 /*
 ** A "Collating Sequence" is defined by an instance of the following
 ** structure. Conceptually, a collating sequence consists of a name and
 ** a comparison routine that defines the order of that sequence.
 **
-** There may two separate implementations of the collation function, one
-** that processes text in UTF-8 encoding (CollSeq.xCmp) and another that
-** processes text encoded in UTF-16 (CollSeq.xCmp16), using the machine
-** native byte order. When a collation sequence is invoked, SQLite selects
-** the version that will require the least expensive encoding
-** translations, if any.
-**
-** The CollSeq.pUser member variable is an extra parameter that passed in
-** as the first argument to the UTF-8 comparison function, xCmp.
-** CollSeq.pUser16 is the equivalent for the UTF-16 comparison function,
-** xCmp16.
-**
-** If both CollSeq.xCmp and CollSeq.xCmp16 are NULL, it means that the
+** If CollSeq.xCmp is NULL, it means that the
 ** collating sequence is undefined.  Indices built on an undefined
 ** collating sequence may not be read or written.
 */
@@ -10084,10 +10842,16 @@
 /*
 ** Additional bit values that can be ORed with an affinity without
 ** changing the affinity.
+**
+** The SQLITE_NOTNULL flag is a combination of NULLEQ and JUMPIFNULL.
+** It causes an assert() to fire if either operand to a comparison
+** operator is NULL.  It is added to certain comparison operators to
+** prove that the operands are always NOT NULL.
 */
 #define SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL   0x08  /* jumps if either operand is NULL */
 #define SQLITE_STOREP2      0x10  /* Store result in reg[P2] rather than jump */
 #define SQLITE_NULLEQ       0x80  /* NULL=NULL */
+#define SQLITE_NOTNULL      0x88  /* Assert that operands are never NULL */
 
 /*
 ** An object of this type is created for each virtual table present in
@@ -10173,28 +10937,32 @@
 */
 struct Table {
   char *zName;         /* Name of the table or view */
-  int iPKey;           /* If not negative, use aCol[iPKey] as the primary key */
-  int nCol;            /* Number of columns in this table */
   Column *aCol;        /* Information about each column */
   Index *pIndex;       /* List of SQL indexes on this table. */
-  int tnum;            /* Root BTree node for this table (see note above) */
-  tRowcnt nRowEst;     /* Estimated rows in table - from sqlite_stat1 table */
   Select *pSelect;     /* NULL for tables.  Points to definition if a view. */
-  u16 nRef;            /* Number of pointers to this Table */
-  u8 tabFlags;         /* Mask of TF_* values */
-  u8 keyConf;          /* What to do in case of uniqueness conflict on iPKey */
   FKey *pFKey;         /* Linked list of all foreign keys in this table */
   char *zColAff;       /* String defining the affinity of each column */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-  Expr *pCheck;        /* The AND of all CHECK constraints */
+  ExprList *pCheck;    /* All CHECK constraints */
 #endif
+  LogEst nRowLogEst;   /* Estimated rows in table - from sqlite_stat1 table */
+  int tnum;            /* Root BTree node for this table (see note above) */
+  i16 iPKey;           /* If not negative, use aCol[iPKey] as the primary key */
+  i16 nCol;            /* Number of columns in this table */
+  u16 nRef;            /* Number of pointers to this Table */
+  LogEst szTabRow;     /* Estimated size of each table row in bytes */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COSTMULT
+  LogEst costMult;     /* Cost multiplier for using this table */
+#endif
+  u8 tabFlags;         /* Mask of TF_* values */
+  u8 keyConf;          /* What to do in case of uniqueness conflict on iPKey */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ALTERTABLE
   int addColOffset;    /* Offset in CREATE TABLE stmt to add a new column */
 #endif
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  VTable *pVTable;     /* List of VTable objects. */
   int nModuleArg;      /* Number of arguments to the module */
   char **azModuleArg;  /* Text of all module args. [0] is module name */
+  VTable *pVTable;     /* List of VTable objects. */
 #endif
   Trigger *pTrigger;   /* List of triggers stored in pSchema */
   Schema *pSchema;     /* Schema that contains this table */
@@ -10202,13 +10970,14 @@
 };
 
 /*
-** Allowed values for Tabe.tabFlags.
+** Allowed values for Table.tabFlags.
 */
 #define TF_Readonly        0x01    /* Read-only system table */
 #define TF_Ephemeral       0x02    /* An ephemeral table */
 #define TF_HasPrimaryKey   0x04    /* Table has a primary key */
 #define TF_Autoincrement   0x08    /* Integer primary key is autoincrement */
 #define TF_Virtual         0x10    /* Is a virtual table */
+#define TF_WithoutRowid    0x20    /* No rowid used. PRIMARY KEY is the key */
 
 
 /*
@@ -10218,12 +10987,15 @@
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
 #  define IsVirtual(X)      (((X)->tabFlags & TF_Virtual)!=0)
-#  define IsHiddenColumn(X) ((X)->isHidden)
+#  define IsHiddenColumn(X) (((X)->colFlags & COLFLAG_HIDDEN)!=0)
 #else
 #  define IsVirtual(X)      0
 #  define IsHiddenColumn(X) 0
 #endif
 
+/* Does the table have a rowid */
+#define HasRowid(X)     (((X)->tabFlags & TF_WithoutRowid)==0)
+
 /*
 ** Each foreign key constraint is an instance of the following structure.
 **
@@ -10238,26 +11010,35 @@
 **     );
 **
 ** For foreign key "fk1", the from-table is "ex1" and the to-table is "ex2".
+** Equivalent names:
+**
+**     from-table == child-table
+**       to-table == parent-table
 **
 ** Each REFERENCES clause generates an instance of the following structure
 ** which is attached to the from-table.  The to-table need not exist when
 ** the from-table is created.  The existence of the to-table is not checked.
+**
+** The list of all parents for child Table X is held at X.pFKey.
+**
+** A list of all children for a table named Z (which might not even exist)
+** is held in Schema.fkeyHash with a hash key of Z.
 */
 struct FKey {
   Table *pFrom;     /* Table containing the REFERENCES clause (aka: Child) */
-  FKey *pNextFrom;  /* Next foreign key in pFrom */
+  FKey *pNextFrom;  /* Next FKey with the same in pFrom. Next parent of pFrom */
   char *zTo;        /* Name of table that the key points to (aka: Parent) */
-  FKey *pNextTo;    /* Next foreign key on table named zTo */
-  FKey *pPrevTo;    /* Previous foreign key on table named zTo */
+  FKey *pNextTo;    /* Next with the same zTo. Next child of zTo. */
+  FKey *pPrevTo;    /* Previous with the same zTo */
   int nCol;         /* Number of columns in this key */
   /* EV: R-30323-21917 */
-  u8 isDeferred;    /* True if constraint checking is deferred till COMMIT */
-  u8 aAction[2];          /* ON DELETE and ON UPDATE actions, respectively */
-  Trigger *apTrigger[2];  /* Triggers for aAction[] actions */
-  struct sColMap {  /* Mapping of columns in pFrom to columns in zTo */
-    int iFrom;         /* Index of column in pFrom */
-    char *zCol;        /* Name of column in zTo.  If 0 use PRIMARY KEY */
-  } aCol[1];        /* One entry for each of nCol column s */
+  u8 isDeferred;       /* True if constraint checking is deferred till COMMIT */
+  u8 aAction[2];        /* ON DELETE and ON UPDATE actions, respectively */
+  Trigger *apTrigger[2];/* Triggers for aAction[] actions */
+  struct sColMap {      /* Mapping of columns in pFrom to columns in zTo */
+    int iFrom;            /* Index of column in pFrom */
+    char *zCol;           /* Name of column in zTo.  If NULL use PRIMARY KEY */
+  } aCol[1];            /* One entry for each of nCol columns */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -10297,19 +11078,25 @@
 #define OE_SetDflt  8   /* Set the foreign key value to its default */
 #define OE_Cascade  9   /* Cascade the changes */
 
-#define OE_Default  99  /* Do whatever the default action is */
+#define OE_Default  10  /* Do whatever the default action is */
 
 
 /*
 ** An instance of the following structure is passed as the first
 ** argument to sqlite3VdbeKeyCompare and is used to control the 
 ** comparison of the two index keys.
+**
+** Note that aSortOrder[] and aColl[] have nField+1 slots.  There
+** are nField slots for the columns of an index then one extra slot
+** for the rowid at the end.
 */
 struct KeyInfo {
-  sqlite3 *db;        /* The database connection */
+  u32 nRef;           /* Number of references to this KeyInfo object */
   u8 enc;             /* Text encoding - one of the SQLITE_UTF* values */
-  u16 nField;         /* Number of entries in aColl[] */
-  u8 *aSortOrder;     /* Sort order for each column.  May be NULL */
+  u16 nField;         /* Number of key columns in the index */
+  u16 nXField;        /* Number of columns beyond the key columns */
+  sqlite3 *db;        /* The database connection */
+  u8 *aSortOrder;     /* Sort order for each column. */
   CollSeq *aColl[1];  /* Collating sequence for each term of the key */
 };
 
@@ -10326,21 +11113,20 @@
 **
 ** This structure holds a record that has already been disassembled
 ** into its constituent fields.
+**
+** The r1 and r2 member variables are only used by the optimized comparison
+** functions vdbeRecordCompareInt() and vdbeRecordCompareString().
 */
 struct UnpackedRecord {
   KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;  /* Collation and sort-order information */
   u16 nField;         /* Number of entries in apMem[] */
-  u8 flags;           /* Boolean settings.  UNPACKED_... below */
-  i64 rowid;          /* Used by UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH */
+  i8 default_rc;      /* Comparison result if keys are equal */
+  u8 isCorrupt;       /* Corruption detected by xRecordCompare() */
   Mem *aMem;          /* Values */
+  int r1;             /* Value to return if (lhs > rhs) */
+  int r2;             /* Value to return if (rhs < lhs) */
 };
 
-/*
-** Allowed values of UnpackedRecord.flags
-*/
-#define UNPACKED_INCRKEY       0x01  /* Make this key an epsilon larger */
-#define UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH  0x02  /* A prefix match is considered OK */
-#define UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH 0x04  /* Ignore final (rowid) field */
 
 /*
 ** Each SQL index is represented in memory by an
@@ -10369,43 +11155,59 @@
 ** element.
 */
 struct Index {
-  char *zName;     /* Name of this index */
-  int *aiColumn;   /* Which columns are used by this index.  1st is 0 */
-  tRowcnt *aiRowEst; /* Result of ANALYZE: Est. rows selected by each column */
-  Table *pTable;   /* The SQL table being indexed */
-  char *zColAff;   /* String defining the affinity of each column */
-  Index *pNext;    /* The next index associated with the same table */
-  Schema *pSchema; /* Schema containing this index */
-  u8 *aSortOrder;  /* Array of size Index.nColumn. True==DESC, False==ASC */
-  char **azColl;   /* Array of collation sequence names for index */
-  int nColumn;     /* Number of columns in the table used by this index */
-  int tnum;        /* Page containing root of this index in database file */
-  u8 onError;      /* OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, OE_Replace, or OE_None */
-  u8 autoIndex;    /* True if is automatically created (ex: by UNIQUE) */
-  u8 bUnordered;   /* Use this index for == or IN queries only */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+  char *zName;             /* Name of this index */
+  i16 *aiColumn;           /* Which columns are used by this index.  1st is 0 */
+  LogEst *aiRowLogEst;     /* From ANALYZE: Est. rows selected by each column */
+  Table *pTable;           /* The SQL table being indexed */
+  char *zColAff;           /* String defining the affinity of each column */
+  Index *pNext;            /* The next index associated with the same table */
+  Schema *pSchema;         /* Schema containing this index */
+  u8 *aSortOrder;          /* for each column: True==DESC, False==ASC */
+  char **azColl;           /* Array of collation sequence names for index */
+  Expr *pPartIdxWhere;     /* WHERE clause for partial indices */
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;       /* A KeyInfo object suitable for this index */
+  int tnum;                /* DB Page containing root of this index */
+  LogEst szIdxRow;         /* Estimated average row size in bytes */
+  u16 nKeyCol;             /* Number of columns forming the key */
+  u16 nColumn;             /* Number of columns stored in the index */
+  u8 onError;              /* OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, OE_Replace, or OE_None */
+  unsigned idxType:2;      /* 1==UNIQUE, 2==PRIMARY KEY, 0==CREATE INDEX */
+  unsigned bUnordered:1;   /* Use this index for == or IN queries only */
+  unsigned uniqNotNull:1;  /* True if UNIQUE and NOT NULL for all columns */
+  unsigned isResized:1;    /* True if resizeIndexObject() has been called */
+  unsigned isCovering:1;   /* True if this is a covering index */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
   int nSample;             /* Number of elements in aSample[] */
-  tRowcnt avgEq;           /* Average nEq value for key values not in aSample */
+  int nSampleCol;          /* Size of IndexSample.anEq[] and so on */
+  tRowcnt *aAvgEq;         /* Average nEq values for keys not in aSample */
   IndexSample *aSample;    /* Samples of the left-most key */
 #endif
 };
 
 /*
+** Allowed values for Index.idxType
+*/
+#define SQLITE_IDXTYPE_APPDEF      0   /* Created using CREATE INDEX */
+#define SQLITE_IDXTYPE_UNIQUE      1   /* Implements a UNIQUE constraint */
+#define SQLITE_IDXTYPE_PRIMARYKEY  2   /* Is the PRIMARY KEY for the table */
+
+/* Return true if index X is a PRIMARY KEY index */
+#define IsPrimaryKeyIndex(X)  ((X)->idxType==SQLITE_IDXTYPE_PRIMARYKEY)
+
+/* Return true if index X is a UNIQUE index */
+#define IsUniqueIndex(X)      ((X)->onError!=OE_None)
+
+/*
 ** Each sample stored in the sqlite_stat3 table is represented in memory 
 ** using a structure of this type.  See documentation at the top of the
 ** analyze.c source file for additional information.
 */
 struct IndexSample {
-  union {
-    char *z;        /* Value if eType is SQLITE_TEXT or SQLITE_BLOB */
-    double r;       /* Value if eType is SQLITE_FLOAT */
-    i64 i;          /* Value if eType is SQLITE_INTEGER */
-  } u;
-  u8 eType;         /* SQLITE_NULL, SQLITE_INTEGER ... etc. */
-  int nByte;        /* Size in byte of text or blob. */
-  tRowcnt nEq;      /* Est. number of rows where the key equals this sample */
-  tRowcnt nLt;      /* Est. number of rows where key is less than this sample */
-  tRowcnt nDLt;     /* Est. number of distinct keys less than this sample */
+  void *p;          /* Pointer to sampled record */
+  int n;            /* Size of record in bytes */
+  tRowcnt *anEq;    /* Est. number of rows where the key equals this sample */
+  tRowcnt *anLt;    /* Est. number of rows where key is less than this sample */
+  tRowcnt *anDLt;   /* Est. number of distinct keys less than this sample */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -10442,6 +11244,7 @@
   int sortingIdx;         /* Cursor number of the sorting index */
   int sortingIdxPTab;     /* Cursor number of pseudo-table */
   int nSortingColumn;     /* Number of columns in the sorting index */
+  int mnReg, mxReg;       /* Range of registers allocated for aCol and aFunc */
   ExprList *pGroupBy;     /* The group by clause */
   struct AggInfo_col {    /* For each column used in source tables */
     Table *pTab;             /* Source table */
@@ -10546,7 +11349,7 @@
 struct Expr {
   u8 op;                 /* Operation performed by this node */
   char affinity;         /* The affinity of the column or 0 if not a column */
-  u16 flags;             /* Various flags.  EP_* See below */
+  u32 flags;             /* Various flags.  EP_* See below */
   union {
     char *zToken;          /* Token value. Zero terminated and dequoted */
     int iValue;            /* Non-negative integer value if EP_IntValue */
@@ -10560,79 +11363,76 @@
   Expr *pLeft;           /* Left subnode */
   Expr *pRight;          /* Right subnode */
   union {
-    ExprList *pList;     /* Function arguments or in "<expr> IN (<expr-list)" */
-    Select *pSelect;     /* Used for sub-selects and "<expr> IN (<select>)" */
+    ExprList *pList;     /* op = IN, EXISTS, SELECT, CASE, FUNCTION, BETWEEN */
+    Select *pSelect;     /* EP_xIsSelect and op = IN, EXISTS, SELECT */
   } x;
-  CollSeq *pColl;        /* The collation type of the column or 0 */
 
   /* If the EP_Reduced flag is set in the Expr.flags mask, then no
   ** space is allocated for the fields below this point. An attempt to
   ** access them will result in a segfault or malfunction.
   *********************************************************************/
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0
+  int nHeight;           /* Height of the tree headed by this node */
+#endif
   int iTable;            /* TK_COLUMN: cursor number of table holding column
                          ** TK_REGISTER: register number
-                         ** TK_TRIGGER: 1 -> new, 0 -> old */
+                         ** TK_TRIGGER: 1 -> new, 0 -> old
+                         ** EP_Unlikely:  1000 times likelihood */
   ynVar iColumn;         /* TK_COLUMN: column index.  -1 for rowid.
                          ** TK_VARIABLE: variable number (always >= 1). */
   i16 iAgg;              /* Which entry in pAggInfo->aCol[] or ->aFunc[] */
   i16 iRightJoinTable;   /* If EP_FromJoin, the right table of the join */
-  u8 flags2;             /* Second set of flags.  EP2_... */
-  u8 op2;                /* If a TK_REGISTER, the original value of Expr.op */
+  u8 op2;                /* TK_REGISTER: original value of Expr.op
+                         ** TK_COLUMN: the value of p5 for OP_Column
+                         ** TK_AGG_FUNCTION: nesting depth */
   AggInfo *pAggInfo;     /* Used by TK_AGG_COLUMN and TK_AGG_FUNCTION */
   Table *pTab;           /* Table for TK_COLUMN expressions. */
-#if SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0
-  int nHeight;           /* Height of the tree headed by this node */
-#endif
 };
 
 /*
 ** The following are the meanings of bits in the Expr.flags field.
 */
-#define EP_FromJoin   0x0001  /* Originated in ON or USING clause of a join */
-#define EP_Agg        0x0002  /* Contains one or more aggregate functions */
-#define EP_Resolved   0x0004  /* IDs have been resolved to COLUMNs */
-#define EP_Error      0x0008  /* Expression contains one or more errors */
-#define EP_Distinct   0x0010  /* Aggregate function with DISTINCT keyword */
-#define EP_VarSelect  0x0020  /* pSelect is correlated, not constant */
-#define EP_DblQuoted  0x0040  /* token.z was originally in "..." */
-#define EP_InfixFunc  0x0080  /* True for an infix function: LIKE, GLOB, etc */
-#define EP_ExpCollate 0x0100  /* Collating sequence specified explicitly */
-#define EP_FixedDest  0x0200  /* Result needed in a specific register */
-#define EP_IntValue   0x0400  /* Integer value contained in u.iValue */
-#define EP_xIsSelect  0x0800  /* x.pSelect is valid (otherwise x.pList is) */
-#define EP_Hint       0x1000  /* Optimizer hint. Not required for correctness */
-#define EP_Reduced    0x2000  /* Expr struct is EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE bytes only */
-#define EP_TokenOnly  0x4000  /* Expr struct is EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE bytes only */
-#define EP_Static     0x8000  /* Held in memory not obtained from malloc() */
-
-/*
-** The following are the meanings of bits in the Expr.flags2 field.
-*/
-#define EP2_MallocedToken  0x0001  /* Need to sqlite3DbFree() Expr.zToken */
-#define EP2_Irreducible    0x0002  /* Cannot EXPRDUP_REDUCE this Expr */
-
-/*
-** The pseudo-routine sqlite3ExprSetIrreducible sets the EP2_Irreducible
-** flag on an expression structure.  This flag is used for VV&A only.  The
-** routine is implemented as a macro that only works when in debugging mode,
-** so as not to burden production code.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-# define ExprSetIrreducible(X)  (X)->flags2 |= EP2_Irreducible
-#else
-# define ExprSetIrreducible(X)
-#endif
+#define EP_FromJoin  0x000001 /* Originated in ON or USING clause of a join */
+#define EP_Agg       0x000002 /* Contains one or more aggregate functions */
+#define EP_Resolved  0x000004 /* IDs have been resolved to COLUMNs */
+#define EP_Error     0x000008 /* Expression contains one or more errors */
+#define EP_Distinct  0x000010 /* Aggregate function with DISTINCT keyword */
+#define EP_VarSelect 0x000020 /* pSelect is correlated, not constant */
+#define EP_DblQuoted 0x000040 /* token.z was originally in "..." */
+#define EP_InfixFunc 0x000080 /* True for an infix function: LIKE, GLOB, etc */
+#define EP_Collate   0x000100 /* Tree contains a TK_COLLATE operator */
+#define EP_Generic   0x000200 /* Ignore COLLATE or affinity on this tree */
+#define EP_IntValue  0x000400 /* Integer value contained in u.iValue */
+#define EP_xIsSelect 0x000800 /* x.pSelect is valid (otherwise x.pList is) */
+#define EP_Skip      0x001000 /* COLLATE, AS, or UNLIKELY */
+#define EP_Reduced   0x002000 /* Expr struct EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE bytes only */
+#define EP_TokenOnly 0x004000 /* Expr struct EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE bytes only */
+#define EP_Static    0x008000 /* Held in memory not obtained from malloc() */
+#define EP_MemToken  0x010000 /* Need to sqlite3DbFree() Expr.zToken */
+#define EP_NoReduce  0x020000 /* Cannot EXPRDUP_REDUCE this Expr */
+#define EP_Unlikely  0x040000 /* unlikely() or likelihood() function */
+#define EP_Constant  0x080000 /* Node is a constant */
 
 /*
 ** These macros can be used to test, set, or clear bits in the 
 ** Expr.flags field.
 */
-#define ExprHasProperty(E,P)     (((E)->flags&(P))==(P))
-#define ExprHasAnyProperty(E,P)  (((E)->flags&(P))!=0)
+#define ExprHasProperty(E,P)     (((E)->flags&(P))!=0)
+#define ExprHasAllProperty(E,P)  (((E)->flags&(P))==(P))
 #define ExprSetProperty(E,P)     (E)->flags|=(P)
 #define ExprClearProperty(E,P)   (E)->flags&=~(P)
 
+/* The ExprSetVVAProperty() macro is used for Verification, Validation,
+** and Accreditation only.  It works like ExprSetProperty() during VVA
+** processes but is a no-op for delivery.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+# define ExprSetVVAProperty(E,P)  (E)->flags|=(P)
+#else
+# define ExprSetVVAProperty(E,P)
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Macros to determine the number of bytes required by a normal Expr 
 ** struct, an Expr struct with the EP_Reduced flag set in Expr.flags 
@@ -10655,18 +11455,32 @@
 ** list of "ID = expr" items in an UPDATE.  A list of expressions can
 ** also be used as the argument to a function, in which case the a.zName
 ** field is not used.
+**
+** By default the Expr.zSpan field holds a human-readable description of
+** the expression that is used in the generation of error messages and
+** column labels.  In this case, Expr.zSpan is typically the text of a
+** column expression as it exists in a SELECT statement.  However, if
+** the bSpanIsTab flag is set, then zSpan is overloaded to mean the name
+** of the result column in the form: DATABASE.TABLE.COLUMN.  This later
+** form is used for name resolution with nested FROM clauses.
 */
 struct ExprList {
   int nExpr;             /* Number of expressions on the list */
-  int iECursor;          /* VDBE Cursor associated with this ExprList */
   struct ExprList_item { /* For each expression in the list */
-    Expr *pExpr;           /* The list of expressions */
-    char *zName;           /* Token associated with this expression */
-    char *zSpan;           /* Original text of the expression */
-    u8 sortOrder;          /* 1 for DESC or 0 for ASC */
-    u8 done;               /* A flag to indicate when processing is finished */
-    u16 iOrderByCol;       /* For ORDER BY, column number in result set */
-    u16 iAlias;            /* Index into Parse.aAlias[] for zName */
+    Expr *pExpr;            /* The list of expressions */
+    char *zName;            /* Token associated with this expression */
+    char *zSpan;            /* Original text of the expression */
+    u8 sortOrder;           /* 1 for DESC or 0 for ASC */
+    unsigned done :1;       /* A flag to indicate when processing is finished */
+    unsigned bSpanIsTab :1; /* zSpan holds DB.TABLE.COLUMN */
+    unsigned reusable :1;   /* Constant expression is reusable */
+    union {
+      struct {
+        u16 iOrderByCol;      /* For ORDER BY, column number in result set */
+        u16 iAlias;           /* Index into Parse.aAlias[] for zName */
+      } x;
+      int iConstExprReg;      /* Register in which Expr value is cached */
+    } u;
   } *a;                  /* Alloc a power of two greater or equal to nExpr */
 };
 
@@ -10719,6 +11533,12 @@
 #define BMS  ((int)(sizeof(Bitmask)*8))
 
 /*
+** A bit in a Bitmask
+*/
+#define MASKBIT(n)   (((Bitmask)1)<<(n))
+#define MASKBIT32(n) (((unsigned int)1)<<(n))
+
+/*
 ** The following structure describes the FROM clause of a SELECT statement.
 ** Each table or subquery in the FROM clause is a separate element of
 ** the SrcList.a[] array.
@@ -10738,9 +11558,10 @@
 ** contains more than 63 columns and the 64-th or later column is used.
 */
 struct SrcList {
-  i16 nSrc;        /* Number of tables or subqueries in the FROM clause */
-  i16 nAlloc;      /* Number of entries allocated in a[] below */
+  int nSrc;        /* Number of tables or subqueries in the FROM clause */
+  u32 nAlloc;      /* Number of entries allocated in a[] below */
   struct SrcList_item {
+    Schema *pSchema;  /* Schema to which this item is fixed */
     char *zDatabase;  /* Name of database holding this table */
     char *zName;      /* Name of the table */
     char *zAlias;     /* The "B" part of a "A AS B" phrase.  zName is the "A" */
@@ -10748,9 +11569,12 @@
     Select *pSelect;  /* A SELECT statement used in place of a table name */
     int addrFillSub;  /* Address of subroutine to manifest a subquery */
     int regReturn;    /* Register holding return address of addrFillSub */
+    int regResult;    /* Registers holding results of a co-routine */
     u8 jointype;      /* Type of join between this able and the previous */
-    u8 notIndexed;    /* True if there is a NOT INDEXED clause */
-    u8 isCorrelated;  /* True if sub-query is correlated */
+    unsigned notIndexed :1;    /* True if there is a NOT INDEXED clause */
+    unsigned isCorrelated :1;  /* True if sub-query is correlated */
+    unsigned viaCoroutine :1;  /* Implemented as a co-routine */
+    unsigned isRecursive :1;   /* True for recursive reference in WITH */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
     u8 iSelectId;     /* If pSelect!=0, the id of the sub-select in EQP */
 #endif
@@ -10776,75 +11600,6 @@
 
 
 /*
-** A WherePlan object holds information that describes a lookup
-** strategy.
-**
-** This object is intended to be opaque outside of the where.c module.
-** It is included here only so that that compiler will know how big it
-** is.  None of the fields in this object should be used outside of
-** the where.c module.
-**
-** Within the union, pIdx is only used when wsFlags&WHERE_INDEXED is true.
-** pTerm is only used when wsFlags&WHERE_MULTI_OR is true.  And pVtabIdx
-** is only used when wsFlags&WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE is true.  It is never the
-** case that more than one of these conditions is true.
-*/
-struct WherePlan {
-  u32 wsFlags;                   /* WHERE_* flags that describe the strategy */
-  u32 nEq;                       /* Number of == constraints */
-  double nRow;                   /* Estimated number of rows (for EQP) */
-  union {
-    Index *pIdx;                   /* Index when WHERE_INDEXED is true */
-    struct WhereTerm *pTerm;       /* WHERE clause term for OR-search */
-    sqlite3_index_info *pVtabIdx;  /* Virtual table index to use */
-  } u;
-};
-
-/*
-** For each nested loop in a WHERE clause implementation, the WhereInfo
-** structure contains a single instance of this structure.  This structure
-** is intended to be private the the where.c module and should not be
-** access or modified by other modules.
-**
-** The pIdxInfo field is used to help pick the best index on a
-** virtual table.  The pIdxInfo pointer contains indexing
-** information for the i-th table in the FROM clause before reordering.
-** All the pIdxInfo pointers are freed by whereInfoFree() in where.c.
-** All other information in the i-th WhereLevel object for the i-th table
-** after FROM clause ordering.
-*/
-struct WhereLevel {
-  WherePlan plan;       /* query plan for this element of the FROM clause */
-  int iLeftJoin;        /* Memory cell used to implement LEFT OUTER JOIN */
-  int iTabCur;          /* The VDBE cursor used to access the table */
-  int iIdxCur;          /* The VDBE cursor used to access pIdx */
-  int addrBrk;          /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
-  int addrNxt;          /* Jump here to start the next IN combination */
-  int addrCont;         /* Jump here to continue with the next loop cycle */
-  int addrFirst;        /* First instruction of interior of the loop */
-  u8 iFrom;             /* Which entry in the FROM clause */
-  u8 op, p5;            /* Opcode and P5 of the opcode that ends the loop */
-  int p1, p2;           /* Operands of the opcode used to ends the loop */
-  union {               /* Information that depends on plan.wsFlags */
-    struct {
-      int nIn;              /* Number of entries in aInLoop[] */
-      struct InLoop {
-        int iCur;              /* The VDBE cursor used by this IN operator */
-        int addrInTop;         /* Top of the IN loop */
-      } *aInLoop;           /* Information about each nested IN operator */
-    } in;                 /* Used when plan.wsFlags&WHERE_IN_ABLE */
-  } u;
-
-  /* The following field is really not part of the current level.  But
-  ** we need a place to cache virtual table index information for each
-  ** virtual table in the FROM clause and the WhereLevel structure is
-  ** a convenient place since there is one WhereLevel for each FROM clause
-  ** element.
-  */
-  sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo;  /* Index info for n-th source table */
-};
-
-/*
 ** Flags appropriate for the wctrlFlags parameter of sqlite3WhereBegin()
 ** and the WhereInfo.wctrlFlags member.
 */
@@ -10857,33 +11612,18 @@
 #define WHERE_FORCE_TABLE      0x0020 /* Do not use an index-only search */
 #define WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY    0x0040 /* Only code the 1st table in pTabList */
 #define WHERE_AND_ONLY         0x0080 /* Don't use indices for OR terms */
+#define WHERE_GROUPBY          0x0100 /* pOrderBy is really a GROUP BY */
+#define WHERE_DISTINCTBY       0x0200 /* pOrderby is really a DISTINCT clause */
+#define WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT    0x0400 /* All output needs to be distinct */
+#define WHERE_SORTBYGROUP      0x0800 /* Support sqlite3WhereIsSorted() */
+#define WHERE_REOPEN_IDX       0x1000 /* Try to use OP_ReopenIdx */
 
-/*
-** The WHERE clause processing routine has two halves.  The
-** first part does the start of the WHERE loop and the second
-** half does the tail of the WHERE loop.  An instance of
-** this structure is returned by the first half and passed
-** into the second half to give some continuity.
+/* Allowed return values from sqlite3WhereIsDistinct()
 */
-struct WhereInfo {
-  Parse *pParse;       /* Parsing and code generating context */
-  u16 wctrlFlags;      /* Flags originally passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() */
-  u8 okOnePass;        /* Ok to use one-pass algorithm for UPDATE or DELETE */
-  u8 untestedTerms;    /* Not all WHERE terms resolved by outer loop */
-  u8 eDistinct;
-  SrcList *pTabList;             /* List of tables in the join */
-  int iTop;                      /* The very beginning of the WHERE loop */
-  int iContinue;                 /* Jump here to continue with next record */
-  int iBreak;                    /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
-  int nLevel;                    /* Number of nested loop */
-  struct WhereClause *pWC;       /* Decomposition of the WHERE clause */
-  double savedNQueryLoop;        /* pParse->nQueryLoop outside the WHERE loop */
-  double nRowOut;                /* Estimated number of output rows */
-  WhereLevel a[1];               /* Information about each nest loop in WHERE */
-};
-
-#define WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE 1
-#define WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED 2
+#define WHERE_DISTINCT_NOOP      0  /* DISTINCT keyword not used */
+#define WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE    1  /* No duplicates */
+#define WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED   2  /* All duplicates are adjacent */
+#define WHERE_DISTINCT_UNORDERED 3  /* Duplicates are scattered */
 
 /*
 ** A NameContext defines a context in which to resolve table and column
@@ -10909,18 +11649,24 @@
 struct NameContext {
   Parse *pParse;       /* The parser */
   SrcList *pSrcList;   /* One or more tables used to resolve names */
-  ExprList *pEList;    /* Optional list of named expressions */
-  int nRef;            /* Number of names resolved by this context */
-  int nErr;            /* Number of errors encountered while resolving names */
-  u8 allowAgg;         /* Aggregate functions allowed here */
-  u8 hasAgg;           /* True if aggregates are seen */
-  u8 isCheck;          /* True if resolving names in a CHECK constraint */
-  int nDepth;          /* Depth of subquery recursion. 1 for no recursion */
+  ExprList *pEList;    /* Optional list of result-set columns */
   AggInfo *pAggInfo;   /* Information about aggregates at this level */
   NameContext *pNext;  /* Next outer name context.  NULL for outermost */
+  int nRef;            /* Number of names resolved by this context */
+  int nErr;            /* Number of errors encountered while resolving names */
+  u8 ncFlags;          /* Zero or more NC_* flags defined below */
 };
 
 /*
+** Allowed values for the NameContext, ncFlags field.
+*/
+#define NC_AllowAgg  0x01    /* Aggregate functions are allowed here */
+#define NC_HasAgg    0x02    /* One or more aggregate functions seen */
+#define NC_IsCheck   0x04    /* True if resolving names in a CHECK constraint */
+#define NC_InAggFunc 0x08    /* True if analyzing arguments to an agg func */
+#define NC_PartIdx   0x10    /* True if resolving a partial index WHERE */
+
+/*
 ** An instance of the following structure contains all information
 ** needed to generate code for a single SELECT statement.
 **
@@ -10937,17 +11683,16 @@
 ** as the OP_OpenEphm instruction is coded because not
 ** enough information about the compound query is known at that point.
 ** The KeyInfo for addrOpenTran[0] and [1] contains collating sequences
-** for the result set.  The KeyInfo for addrOpenTran[2] contains collating
+** for the result set.  The KeyInfo for addrOpenEphm[2] contains collating
 ** sequences for the ORDER BY clause.
 */
 struct Select {
   ExprList *pEList;      /* The fields of the result */
   u8 op;                 /* One of: TK_UNION TK_ALL TK_INTERSECT TK_EXCEPT */
-  char affinity;         /* MakeRecord with this affinity for SRT_Set */
   u16 selFlags;          /* Various SF_* values */
   int iLimit, iOffset;   /* Memory registers holding LIMIT & OFFSET counters */
-  int addrOpenEphm[3];   /* OP_OpenEphem opcodes related to this select */
-  double nSelectRow;     /* Estimated number of result rows */
+  int addrOpenEphm[2];   /* OP_OpenEphem opcodes related to this select */
+  u64 nSelectRow;        /* Estimated number of result rows */
   SrcList *pSrc;         /* The FROM clause */
   Expr *pWhere;          /* The WHERE clause */
   ExprList *pGroupBy;    /* The GROUP BY clause */
@@ -10955,55 +11700,124 @@
   ExprList *pOrderBy;    /* The ORDER BY clause */
   Select *pPrior;        /* Prior select in a compound select statement */
   Select *pNext;         /* Next select to the left in a compound */
-  Select *pRightmost;    /* Right-most select in a compound select statement */
   Expr *pLimit;          /* LIMIT expression. NULL means not used. */
   Expr *pOffset;         /* OFFSET expression. NULL means not used. */
+  With *pWith;           /* WITH clause attached to this select. Or NULL. */
 };
 
 /*
 ** Allowed values for Select.selFlags.  The "SF" prefix stands for
 ** "Select Flag".
 */
-#define SF_Distinct        0x01  /* Output should be DISTINCT */
-#define SF_Resolved        0x02  /* Identifiers have been resolved */
-#define SF_Aggregate       0x04  /* Contains aggregate functions */
-#define SF_UsesEphemeral   0x08  /* Uses the OpenEphemeral opcode */
-#define SF_Expanded        0x10  /* sqlite3SelectExpand() called on this */
-#define SF_HasTypeInfo     0x20  /* FROM subqueries have Table metadata */
-#define SF_UseSorter       0x40  /* Sort using a sorter */
-#define SF_Values          0x80  /* Synthesized from VALUES clause */
+#define SF_Distinct        0x0001  /* Output should be DISTINCT */
+#define SF_Resolved        0x0002  /* Identifiers have been resolved */
+#define SF_Aggregate       0x0004  /* Contains aggregate functions */
+#define SF_UsesEphemeral   0x0008  /* Uses the OpenEphemeral opcode */
+#define SF_Expanded        0x0010  /* sqlite3SelectExpand() called on this */
+#define SF_HasTypeInfo     0x0020  /* FROM subqueries have Table metadata */
+                    /*     0x0040  NOT USED */
+#define SF_Values          0x0080  /* Synthesized from VALUES clause */
+                    /*     0x0100  NOT USED */
+#define SF_NestedFrom      0x0200  /* Part of a parenthesized FROM clause */
+#define SF_MaybeConvert    0x0400  /* Need convertCompoundSelectToSubquery() */
+#define SF_Recursive       0x0800  /* The recursive part of a recursive CTE */
+#define SF_Compound        0x1000  /* Part of a compound query */
 
 
 /*
-** The results of a select can be distributed in several ways.  The
-** "SRT" prefix means "SELECT Result Type".
+** The results of a SELECT can be distributed in several ways, as defined
+** by one of the following macros.  The "SRT" prefix means "SELECT Result
+** Type".
+**
+**     SRT_Union       Store results as a key in a temporary index 
+**                     identified by pDest->iSDParm.
+**
+**     SRT_Except      Remove results from the temporary index pDest->iSDParm.
+**
+**     SRT_Exists      Store a 1 in memory cell pDest->iSDParm if the result
+**                     set is not empty.
+**
+**     SRT_Discard     Throw the results away.  This is used by SELECT
+**                     statements within triggers whose only purpose is
+**                     the side-effects of functions.
+**
+** All of the above are free to ignore their ORDER BY clause. Those that
+** follow must honor the ORDER BY clause.
+**
+**     SRT_Output      Generate a row of output (using the OP_ResultRow
+**                     opcode) for each row in the result set.
+**
+**     SRT_Mem         Only valid if the result is a single column.
+**                     Store the first column of the first result row
+**                     in register pDest->iSDParm then abandon the rest
+**                     of the query.  This destination implies "LIMIT 1".
+**
+**     SRT_Set         The result must be a single column.  Store each
+**                     row of result as the key in table pDest->iSDParm. 
+**                     Apply the affinity pDest->affSdst before storing
+**                     results.  Used to implement "IN (SELECT ...)".
+**
+**     SRT_EphemTab    Create an temporary table pDest->iSDParm and store
+**                     the result there. The cursor is left open after
+**                     returning.  This is like SRT_Table except that
+**                     this destination uses OP_OpenEphemeral to create
+**                     the table first.
+**
+**     SRT_Coroutine   Generate a co-routine that returns a new row of
+**                     results each time it is invoked.  The entry point
+**                     of the co-routine is stored in register pDest->iSDParm
+**                     and the result row is stored in pDest->nDest registers
+**                     starting with pDest->iSdst.
+**
+**     SRT_Table       Store results in temporary table pDest->iSDParm.
+**     SRT_Fifo        This is like SRT_EphemTab except that the table
+**                     is assumed to already be open.  SRT_Fifo has
+**                     the additional property of being able to ignore
+**                     the ORDER BY clause.
+**
+**     SRT_DistFifo    Store results in a temporary table pDest->iSDParm.
+**                     But also use temporary table pDest->iSDParm+1 as
+**                     a record of all prior results and ignore any duplicate
+**                     rows.  Name means:  "Distinct Fifo".
+**
+**     SRT_Queue       Store results in priority queue pDest->iSDParm (really
+**                     an index).  Append a sequence number so that all entries
+**                     are distinct.
+**
+**     SRT_DistQueue   Store results in priority queue pDest->iSDParm only if
+**                     the same record has never been stored before.  The
+**                     index at pDest->iSDParm+1 hold all prior stores.
 */
 #define SRT_Union        1  /* Store result as keys in an index */
 #define SRT_Except       2  /* Remove result from a UNION index */
 #define SRT_Exists       3  /* Store 1 if the result is not empty */
 #define SRT_Discard      4  /* Do not save the results anywhere */
+#define SRT_Fifo         5  /* Store result as data with an automatic rowid */
+#define SRT_DistFifo     6  /* Like SRT_Fifo, but unique results only */
+#define SRT_Queue        7  /* Store result in an queue */
+#define SRT_DistQueue    8  /* Like SRT_Queue, but unique results only */
 
 /* The ORDER BY clause is ignored for all of the above */
-#define IgnorableOrderby(X) ((X->eDest)<=SRT_Discard)
+#define IgnorableOrderby(X) ((X->eDest)<=SRT_DistQueue)
 
-#define SRT_Output       5  /* Output each row of result */
-#define SRT_Mem          6  /* Store result in a memory cell */
-#define SRT_Set          7  /* Store results as keys in an index */
-#define SRT_Table        8  /* Store result as data with an automatic rowid */
-#define SRT_EphemTab     9  /* Create transient tab and store like SRT_Table */
-#define SRT_Coroutine   10  /* Generate a single row of result */
+#define SRT_Output       9  /* Output each row of result */
+#define SRT_Mem         10  /* Store result in a memory cell */
+#define SRT_Set         11  /* Store results as keys in an index */
+#define SRT_EphemTab    12  /* Create transient tab and store like SRT_Table */
+#define SRT_Coroutine   13  /* Generate a single row of result */
+#define SRT_Table       14  /* Store result as data with an automatic rowid */
 
 /*
-** A structure used to customize the behavior of sqlite3Select(). See
-** comments above sqlite3Select() for details.
+** An instance of this object describes where to put of the results of
+** a SELECT statement.
 */
-typedef struct SelectDest SelectDest;
 struct SelectDest {
-  u8 eDest;         /* How to dispose of the results */
-  u8 affinity;      /* Affinity used when eDest==SRT_Set */
-  int iParm;        /* A parameter used by the eDest disposal method */
-  int iMem;         /* Base register where results are written */
-  int nMem;         /* Number of registers allocated */
+  u8 eDest;            /* How to dispose of the results.  On of SRT_* above. */
+  char affSdst;        /* Affinity used when eDest==SRT_Set */
+  int iSDParm;         /* A parameter used by the eDest disposal method */
+  int iSdst;           /* Base register where results are written */
+  int nSdst;           /* Number of registers allocated */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;  /* Key columns for SRT_Queue and SRT_DistQueue */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -11059,9 +11873,19 @@
 ** The yDbMask datatype for the bitmask of all attached databases.
 */
 #if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>30
-  typedef sqlite3_uint64 yDbMask;
+  typedef unsigned char yDbMask[(SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED+9)/8];
+# define DbMaskTest(M,I)    (((M)[(I)/8]&(1<<((I)&7)))!=0)
+# define DbMaskZero(M)      memset((M),0,sizeof(M))
+# define DbMaskSet(M,I)     (M)[(I)/8]|=(1<<((I)&7))
+# define DbMaskAllZero(M)   sqlite3DbMaskAllZero(M)
+# define DbMaskNonZero(M)   (sqlite3DbMaskAllZero(M)==0)
 #else
   typedef unsigned int yDbMask;
+# define DbMaskTest(M,I)    (((M)&(((yDbMask)1)<<(I)))!=0)
+# define DbMaskZero(M)      (M)=0
+# define DbMaskSet(M,I)     (M)|=(((yDbMask)1)<<(I))
+# define DbMaskAllZero(M)   (M)==0
+# define DbMaskNonZero(M)   (M)!=0
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -11089,11 +11913,10 @@
   u8 checkSchema;      /* Causes schema cookie check after an error */
   u8 nested;           /* Number of nested calls to the parser/code generator */
   u8 nTempReg;         /* Number of temporary registers in aTempReg[] */
-  u8 nTempInUse;       /* Number of aTempReg[] currently checked out */
-  u8 nColCache;        /* Number of entries in aColCache[] */
-  u8 iColCache;        /* Next entry in aColCache[] to replace */
   u8 isMultiWrite;     /* True if statement may modify/insert multiple rows */
   u8 mayAbort;         /* True if statement may throw an ABORT exception */
+  u8 hasCompound;      /* Need to invoke convertCompoundSelectToSubquery() */
+  u8 okConstFactor;    /* OK to factor out constants */
   int aTempReg[8];     /* Holding area for temporary registers */
   int nRangeReg;       /* Size of the temporary register block */
   int iRangeReg;       /* First register in temporary register block */
@@ -11102,20 +11925,26 @@
   int nMem;            /* Number of memory cells used so far */
   int nSet;            /* Number of sets used so far */
   int nOnce;           /* Number of OP_Once instructions so far */
+  int nOpAlloc;        /* Number of slots allocated for Vdbe.aOp[] */
+  int iFixedOp;        /* Never back out opcodes iFixedOp-1 or earlier */
   int ckBase;          /* Base register of data during check constraints */
+  int iPartIdxTab;     /* Table corresponding to a partial index */
   int iCacheLevel;     /* ColCache valid when aColCache[].iLevel<=iCacheLevel */
   int iCacheCnt;       /* Counter used to generate aColCache[].lru values */
+  int nLabel;          /* Number of labels used */
+  int *aLabel;         /* Space to hold the labels */
   struct yColCache {
     int iTable;           /* Table cursor number */
-    int iColumn;          /* Table column number */
+    i16 iColumn;          /* Table column number */
     u8 tempReg;           /* iReg is a temp register that needs to be freed */
     int iLevel;           /* Nesting level */
     int iReg;             /* Reg with value of this column. 0 means none. */
     int lru;              /* Least recently used entry has the smallest value */
   } aColCache[SQLITE_N_COLCACHE];  /* One for each column cache entry */
+  ExprList *pConstExpr;/* Constant expressions */
+  Token constraintName;/* Name of the constraint currently being parsed */
   yDbMask writeMask;   /* Start a write transaction on these databases */
   yDbMask cookieMask;  /* Bitmask of schema verified databases */
-  int cookieGoto;      /* Address of OP_Goto to cookie verifier subroutine */
   int cookieValue[SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED+2];  /* Values of cookies to verify */
   int regRowid;        /* Register holding rowid of CREATE TABLE entry */
   int regRoot;         /* Register holding root page number for new objects */
@@ -11129,18 +11958,26 @@
   /* Information used while coding trigger programs. */
   Parse *pToplevel;    /* Parse structure for main program (or NULL) */
   Table *pTriggerTab;  /* Table triggers are being coded for */
-  double nQueryLoop;   /* Estimated number of iterations of a query */
+  int addrCrTab;       /* Address of OP_CreateTable opcode on CREATE TABLE */
+  int addrSkipPK;      /* Address of instruction to skip PRIMARY KEY index */
+  u32 nQueryLoop;      /* Est number of iterations of a query (10*log2(N)) */
   u32 oldmask;         /* Mask of old.* columns referenced */
   u32 newmask;         /* Mask of new.* columns referenced */
   u8 eTriggerOp;       /* TK_UPDATE, TK_INSERT or TK_DELETE */
   u8 eOrconf;          /* Default ON CONFLICT policy for trigger steps */
   u8 disableTriggers;  /* True to disable triggers */
 
-  /* Above is constant between recursions.  Below is reset before and after
-  ** each recursion */
+  /************************************************************************
+  ** Above is constant between recursions.  Below is reset before and after
+  ** each recursion.  The boundary between these two regions is determined
+  ** using offsetof(Parse,nVar) so the nVar field must be the first field
+  ** in the recursive region.
+  ************************************************************************/
 
   int nVar;                 /* Number of '?' variables seen in the SQL so far */
   int nzVar;                /* Number of available slots in azVar[] */
+  u8 iPkSortOrder;          /* ASC or DESC for INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
+  u8 bFreeWith;             /* True if pWith should be freed with parser */
   u8 explain;               /* True if the EXPLAIN flag is found on the query */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
   u8 declareVtab;           /* True if inside sqlite3_declare_vtab() */
@@ -11154,7 +11991,6 @@
 #endif
   char **azVar;             /* Pointers to names of parameters */
   Vdbe *pReprepare;         /* VM being reprepared (sqlite3Reprepare()) */
-  int *aAlias;              /* Register used to hold aliased result */
   const char *zTail;        /* All SQL text past the last semicolon parsed */
   Table *pNewTable;         /* A table being constructed by CREATE TABLE */
   Trigger *pNewTrigger;     /* Trigger under construct by a CREATE TRIGGER */
@@ -11167,6 +12003,7 @@
 #endif
   Table *pZombieTab;        /* List of Table objects to delete after code gen */
   TriggerPrg *pTriggerPrg;  /* Linked list of coded triggers */
+  With *pWith;              /* Current WITH clause, or NULL */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -11188,7 +12025,7 @@
 };
 
 /*
-** Bitfield flags for P5 value in OP_Insert and OP_Delete
+** Bitfield flags for P5 value in various opcodes.
 */
 #define OPFLAG_NCHANGE       0x01    /* Set to update db->nChange */
 #define OPFLAG_LASTROWID     0x02    /* Set to update db->lastRowid */
@@ -11196,6 +12033,11 @@
 #define OPFLAG_APPEND        0x08    /* This is likely to be an append */
 #define OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT 0x10    /* Try to avoid a seek in BtreeInsert() */
 #define OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE    0x20    /* Clear pseudo-table cache in OP_Column */
+#define OPFLAG_LENGTHARG     0x40    /* OP_Column only used for length() */
+#define OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG     0x80    /* OP_Column only used for typeof() */
+#define OPFLAG_BULKCSR       0x01    /* OP_Open** used to open bulk cursor */
+#define OPFLAG_P2ISREG       0x02    /* P2 to OP_Open** is a register number */
+#define OPFLAG_PERMUTE       0x01    /* OP_Compare: use the permutation */
 
 /*
  * Each trigger present in the database schema is stored as an instance of
@@ -11281,7 +12123,7 @@
   Select *pSelect;     /* SELECT statment or RHS of INSERT INTO .. SELECT ... */
   Token target;        /* Target table for DELETE, UPDATE, INSERT */
   Expr *pWhere;        /* The WHERE clause for DELETE or UPDATE steps */
-  ExprList *pExprList; /* SET clause for UPDATE.  VALUES clause for INSERT */
+  ExprList *pExprList; /* SET clause for UPDATE. */
   IdList *pIdList;     /* Column names for INSERT */
   TriggerStep *pNext;  /* Next in the link-list */
   TriggerStep *pLast;  /* Last element in link-list. Valid for 1st elem only */
@@ -11295,6 +12137,8 @@
 typedef struct DbFixer DbFixer;
 struct DbFixer {
   Parse *pParse;      /* The parsing context.  Error messages written here */
+  Schema *pSchema;    /* Fix items to this schema */
+  int bVarOnly;       /* Check for variable references only */
   const char *zDb;    /* Make sure all objects are contained in this database */
   const char *zType;  /* Type of the container - used for error messages */
   const Token *pName; /* Name of the container - used for error messages */
@@ -11311,10 +12155,11 @@
   int  nChar;          /* Length of the string so far */
   int  nAlloc;         /* Amount of space allocated in zText */
   int  mxAlloc;        /* Maximum allowed string length */
-  u8   mallocFailed;   /* Becomes true if any memory allocation fails */
   u8   useMalloc;      /* 0: none,  1: sqlite3DbMalloc,  2: sqlite3_malloc */
-  u8   tooBig;         /* Becomes true if string size exceeds limits */
+  u8   accError;       /* STRACCUM_NOMEM or STRACCUM_TOOBIG */
 };
+#define STRACCUM_NOMEM   1
+#define STRACCUM_TOOBIG  2
 
 /*
 ** A pointer to this structure is used to communicate information
@@ -11337,7 +12182,9 @@
   int bCoreMutex;                   /* True to enable core mutexing */
   int bFullMutex;                   /* True to enable full mutexing */
   int bOpenUri;                     /* True to interpret filenames as URIs */
+  int bUseCis;                      /* Use covering indices for full-scans */
   int mxStrlen;                     /* Maximum string length */
+  int neverCorrupt;                 /* Database is always well-formed */
   int szLookaside;                  /* Default lookaside buffer size */
   int nLookaside;                   /* Default lookaside buffer count */
   sqlite3_mem_methods m;            /* Low-level memory allocation interface */
@@ -11346,6 +12193,8 @@
   void *pHeap;                      /* Heap storage space */
   int nHeap;                        /* Size of pHeap[] */
   int mnReq, mxReq;                 /* Min and max heap requests sizes */
+  sqlite3_int64 szMmap;             /* mmap() space per open file */
+  sqlite3_int64 mxMmap;             /* Maximum value for szMmap */
   void *pScratch;                   /* Scratch memory */
   int szScratch;                    /* Size of each scratch buffer */
   int nScratch;                     /* Number of scratch buffers */
@@ -11361,23 +12210,59 @@
   int isMutexInit;                  /* True after mutexes are initialized */
   int isMallocInit;                 /* True after malloc is initialized */
   int isPCacheInit;                 /* True after malloc is initialized */
-  sqlite3_mutex *pInitMutex;        /* Mutex used by sqlite3_initialize() */
   int nRefInitMutex;                /* Number of users of pInitMutex */
+  sqlite3_mutex *pInitMutex;        /* Mutex used by sqlite3_initialize() */
   void (*xLog)(void*,int,const char*); /* Function for logging */
   void *pLogArg;                       /* First argument to xLog() */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
+  void(*xSqllog)(void*,sqlite3*,const char*, int);
+  void *pSqllogArg;
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+  /* The following callback (if not NULL) is invoked on every VDBE branch
+  ** operation.  Set the callback using SQLITE_TESTCTRL_VDBE_COVERAGE.
+  */
+  void (*xVdbeBranch)(void*,int iSrcLine,u8 eThis,u8 eMx);  /* Callback */
+  void *pVdbeBranchArg;                                     /* 1st argument */
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+  int (*xTestCallback)(int);        /* Invoked by sqlite3FaultSim() */
+#endif
   int bLocaltimeFault;              /* True to fail localtime() calls */
 };
 
 /*
+** This macro is used inside of assert() statements to indicate that
+** the assert is only valid on a well-formed database.  Instead of:
+**
+**     assert( X );
+**
+** One writes:
+**
+**     assert( X || CORRUPT_DB );
+**
+** CORRUPT_DB is true during normal operation.  CORRUPT_DB does not indicate
+** that the database is definitely corrupt, only that it might be corrupt.
+** For most test cases, CORRUPT_DB is set to false using a special
+** sqlite3_test_control().  This enables assert() statements to prove
+** things that are always true for well-formed databases.
+*/
+#define CORRUPT_DB  (sqlite3Config.neverCorrupt==0)
+
+/*
 ** Context pointer passed down through the tree-walk.
 */
 struct Walker {
   int (*xExprCallback)(Walker*, Expr*);     /* Callback for expressions */
   int (*xSelectCallback)(Walker*,Select*);  /* Callback for SELECTs */
+  void (*xSelectCallback2)(Walker*,Select*);/* Second callback for SELECTs */
   Parse *pParse;                            /* Parser context.  */
+  int walkerDepth;                          /* Number of subqueries */
   union {                                   /* Extra data for callback */
     NameContext *pNC;                          /* Naming context */
     int i;                                     /* Integer value */
+    SrcList *pSrcList;                         /* FROM clause */
+    struct SrcCount *pSrcCount;                /* Counting column references */
   } u;
 };
 
@@ -11397,6 +12282,21 @@
 #define WRC_Abort       2   /* Abandon the tree walk */
 
 /*
+** An instance of this structure represents a set of one or more CTEs
+** (common table expressions) created by a single WITH clause.
+*/
+struct With {
+  int nCte;                       /* Number of CTEs in the WITH clause */
+  With *pOuter;                   /* Containing WITH clause, or NULL */
+  struct Cte {                    /* For each CTE in the WITH clause.... */
+    char *zName;                    /* Name of this CTE */
+    ExprList *pCols;                /* List of explicit column names, or NULL */
+    Select *pSelect;                /* The definition of this CTE */
+    const char *zErr;               /* Error message for circular references */
+  } a[1];
+};
+
+/*
 ** Assuming zIn points to the first byte of a UTF-8 character,
 ** advance zIn to point to the first byte of the next UTF-8 character.
 */
@@ -11535,10 +12435,20 @@
 # define sqlite3IsNaN(X)  0
 #endif
 
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(StrAccum*, int, const char*, va_list);
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3XPrintf(StrAccum*, const char*, ...);
-#endif
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure holds information about SQL
+** functions arguments that are the parameters to the printf() function.
+*/
+struct PrintfArguments {
+  int nArg;                /* Total number of arguments */
+  int nUsed;               /* Number of arguments used so far */
+  sqlite3_value **apArg;   /* The argument values */
+};
+
+#define SQLITE_PRINTF_INTERNAL 0x01
+#define SQLITE_PRINTF_SQLFUNC  0x02
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(StrAccum*, u32, const char*, va_list);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3XPrintf(StrAccum*, u32, const char*, ...);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3MPrintf(sqlite3*,const char*, ...);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3VMPrintf(sqlite3*,const char*, va_list);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3MAppendf(sqlite3*,char*,const char*,...);
@@ -11597,11 +12507,15 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Init(sqlite3*, char**);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InitCallback(void*, int, char**, char**);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(Parse*,Token*,Token*,Token*,int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(sqlite3*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetOneSchema(sqlite3*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CollapseDatabaseArray(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginParse(Parse*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CommitInternalChanges(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect(Parse*,Select*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OpenMasterTable(Parse *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(Table*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE i16 sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(Index*, i16);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StartTable(Parse*,Token*,Token*,int,int,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddColumn(Parse*,Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddNotNull(Parse*, int);
@@ -11610,12 +12524,18 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddColumnType(Parse*,Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddDefaultValue(Parse*,ExprSpan*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddCollateType(Parse*, Token*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(Parse*,Token*,Token*,Select*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(Parse*,Token*,Token*,u8,Select*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ParseUri(const char*,const char*,unsigned int*,
                     sqlite3_vfs**,char**,char **);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Btree *sqlite3DbNameToBtree(sqlite3*,const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeOnce(Parse *);
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+# define sqlite3FaultSim(X) SQLITE_OK
+#else
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3FaultSim(int);
+#endif
+
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Bitvec *sqlite3BitvecCreate(u32);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BitvecTest(Bitvec*, u32);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BitvecSet(Bitvec*, u32);
@@ -11627,7 +12547,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE RowSet *sqlite3RowSetInit(sqlite3*, void*, unsigned int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowSetClear(RowSet*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowSetInsert(RowSet*, i64);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetTest(RowSet*, u8 iBatch, i64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetTest(RowSet*, int iBatch, i64);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetNext(RowSet*, i64*);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CreateView(Parse*,Token*,Token*,Token*,Select*,int,int);
@@ -11638,6 +12558,9 @@
 # define sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(A,B) 0
 #endif
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>30
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3DbMaskAllZero(yDbMask);
+#endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTable(Parse*, SrcList*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeDropTable(Parse*, Table*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteTable(sqlite3*, Table*);
@@ -11648,7 +12571,7 @@
 # define sqlite3AutoincrementBegin(X)
 # define sqlite3AutoincrementEnd(X)
 #endif
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Insert(Parse*, SrcList*, ExprList*, Select*, IdList*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Insert(Parse*, SrcList*, Select*, IdList*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ArrayAllocate(sqlite3*,void*,int,int*,int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE IdList *sqlite3IdListAppend(sqlite3*, IdList*, Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IdListIndex(IdList*,const char*);
@@ -11662,57 +12585,69 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListAssignCursors(Parse*, SrcList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3IdListDelete(sqlite3*, IdList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListDelete(sqlite3*, SrcList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3AllocateIndexObject(sqlite3*,i16,int,char**);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(Parse*,Token*,Token*,SrcList*,ExprList*,int,Token*,
-                        Token*, int, int);
+                          Expr*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropIndex(Parse*, SrcList*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(Parse*, Select*, SelectDest*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectNew(Parse*,ExprList*,SrcList*,Expr*,ExprList*,
-                         Expr*,ExprList*,int,Expr*,Expr*);
+                         Expr*,ExprList*,u16,Expr*,Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectDelete(sqlite3*, Select*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3SrcListLookup(Parse*, SrcList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsReadOnly(Parse*, Table*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OpenTable(Parse*, int iCur, int iDb, Table*, int);
 #if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY)
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3LimitWhere(Parse *, SrcList *, Expr *, ExprList *, Expr *, Expr *, char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3LimitWhere(Parse*,SrcList*,Expr*,ExprList*,Expr*,Expr*,char*);
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteFrom(Parse*, SrcList*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(Parse*, SrcList*, ExprList*, Expr*, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(Parse*, SrcList*, Expr*, ExprList**,ExprList*,u16);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(Parse*,SrcList*,Expr*,ExprList*,ExprList*,u16,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WhereEnd(WhereInfo*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u64 sqlite3WhereOutputRowCount(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereIsDistinct(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereIsOrdered(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereIsSorted(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereContinueLabel(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereBreakLabel(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereOkOnePass(WhereInfo*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(Vdbe*, Table*, int, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeMove(Parse*, int, int, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(Parse*, int, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheStore(Parse*, int, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePush(Parse*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePop(Parse*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePop(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(Parse*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheClear(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(Parse*, int, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCode(Parse*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCode(Parse*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(Parse*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(Parse*, Expr*, int, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(Parse*, Expr*, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(Parse*, Expr*, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeAndCache(Parse*, Expr*, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeConstants(Parse*, Expr*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(Parse*, ExprList*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeAndCache(Parse*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(Parse*, ExprList*, int, u8);
+#define SQLITE_ECEL_DUP      0x01  /* Deep, not shallow copies */
+#define SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR   0x02  /* Factor out constant terms */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprIfTrue(Parse*, Expr*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprIfFalse(Parse*, Expr*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3FindTable(sqlite3*,const char*, const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3LocateTable(Parse*,int isView,const char*, const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3LocateTableItem(Parse*,int isView,struct SrcList_item *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3FindIndex(sqlite3*,const char*, const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteTable(sqlite3*,int,const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteIndex(sqlite3*,int,const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Vacuum(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RunVacuum(char**, sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3NameFromToken(sqlite3*, Token*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCompare(Expr*, Expr*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprListCompare(ExprList*, ExprList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCompare(Expr*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprListCompare(ExprList*, ExprList*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprImpliesExpr(Expr*, Expr*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates(NameContext*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(NameContext*,ExprList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FunctionUsesThisSrc(Expr*, SrcList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3GetVdbe(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngSaveState(void);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngRestoreState(void);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngResetState(void);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RollbackAll(sqlite3*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(Parse*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifyNamedSchema(Parse*, const char *zDb);
@@ -11721,32 +12656,35 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RollbackTransaction(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Savepoint(Parse*, int, Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CloseSavepoints(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3LeaveMutexAndCloseZombie(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstant(Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstantOrFunction(Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsInteger(Expr*, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(const Expr*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(Vdbe*, const Expr*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprNeedsNoAffinityChange(const Expr*, char);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsRowid(const char*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int, Trigger *, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(Parse*, Table*, int, int*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(Parse*, Index*, int, int, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(Parse*,Table*,int,int,
-                                     int*,int,int,int,int,int*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CompleteInsertion(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int*, int, int, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(Parse*, Table*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(Parse*,Table*,Trigger*,int,int,int,i16,u8,u8,u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(Parse*, Index*, int, int, int, int*,Index*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(Parse*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(Parse*,Table*,int*,int,int,int,int,
+                                     u8,u8,int,int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CompleteInsertion(Parse*,Table*,int,int,int,int*,int,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(Parse*, Table*, int, int, u8*, int*, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(Parse*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MultiWrite(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MayAbort(Parse*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HaltConstraint(Parse*, int, char*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HaltConstraint(Parse*, int, int, char*, i8, u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UniqueConstraint(Parse*, int, Index*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowidConstraint(Parse*, int, Table*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprDup(sqlite3*,Expr*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE ExprList *sqlite3ExprListDup(sqlite3*,ExprList*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListDup(sqlite3*,SrcList*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE IdList *sqlite3IdListDup(sqlite3*,IdList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectDup(sqlite3*,Select*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FuncDefInsert(FuncDefHash*, FuncDef*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3FindFunction(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int,u8,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3FindFunction(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int,u8,u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterBuiltinFunctions(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterDateTimeFunctions(void);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterGlobalFunctions(void);
@@ -11773,7 +12711,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3DeleteTriggerStep(sqlite3*, TriggerStep*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerSelectStep(sqlite3*,Select*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerInsertStep(sqlite3*,Token*, IdList*,
-                                        ExprList*,Select*,u8);
+                                        Select*,u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerUpdateStep(sqlite3*,Token*,ExprList*, Expr*, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerDeleteStep(sqlite3*,Token*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3DeleteTrigger(sqlite3*, Trigger*);
@@ -11809,7 +12747,7 @@
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Attach(Parse*, Expr*, Expr*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Detach(Parse*, Expr*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixInit(DbFixer*, Parse*, int, const char*, const Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FixInit(DbFixer*, Parse*, int, const char*, const Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSrcList(DbFixer*, SrcList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSelect(DbFixer*, Select*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixExpr(DbFixer*, Expr*);
@@ -11820,7 +12758,13 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi(const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf16ByteLen(const void *pData, int nChar);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf8CharLen(const char *pData, int nByte);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Utf8Read(const u8*, const u8**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Utf8Read(const u8**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE LogEst sqlite3LogEst(u64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE LogEst sqlite3LogEstAdd(LogEst,LogEst);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE LogEst sqlite3LogEstFromDouble(double);
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u64 sqlite3LogEstToInt(LogEst);
 
 /*
 ** Routines to read and write variable-length integers.  These used to
@@ -11852,29 +12796,39 @@
 **     x = putVarint32( A, B );
 **
 */
-#define getVarint32(A,B)  (u8)((*(A)<(u8)0x80) ? ((B) = (u32)*(A)),1 : sqlite3GetVarint32((A), (u32 *)&(B)))
-#define putVarint32(A,B)  (u8)(((u32)(B)<(u32)0x80) ? (*(A) = (unsigned char)(B)),1 : sqlite3PutVarint32((A), (B)))
+#define getVarint32(A,B)  \
+  (u8)((*(A)<(u8)0x80)?((B)=(u32)*(A)),1:sqlite3GetVarint32((A),(u32 *)&(B)))
+#define putVarint32(A,B)  \
+  (u8)(((u32)(B)<(u32)0x80)?(*(A)=(unsigned char)(B)),1:\
+  sqlite3PutVarint32((A),(B)))
 #define getVarint    sqlite3GetVarint
 #define putVarint    sqlite3PutVarint
 
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(Vdbe *, Index *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinityStr(Vdbe *, Table *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinity(Vdbe*, Table*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3CompareAffinity(Expr *pExpr, char aff2);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(Expr *pExpr, char idx_affinity);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3ExprAffinity(Expr *pExpr);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi64(const char*, i64*, int, u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(const char*, i64*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Error(sqlite3*, int, const char*,...);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HexToBlob(sqlite3*, const char *z, int n);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3HexToInt(int h);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TwoPartName(Parse *, Token *, Token *, Token **);
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3ErrName(int);
+#endif
+
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3ErrStr(int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ReadSchema(Parse *pParse);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3FindCollSeq(sqlite3*,u8 enc, const char*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3LocateCollSeq(Parse *pParse, const char*zName);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetColl(Expr*, CollSeq*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(Parse *pParse, Expr*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(Parse *pParse, Expr*, const Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAddCollateString(Parse*,Expr*,const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckCollSeq(Parse *, CollSeq *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckObjectName(Parse *, const char *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetChanges(sqlite3 *, int);
@@ -11887,18 +12841,16 @@
 #else
 # define sqlite3FileSuffix3(X,Y)
 #endif
-SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetBoolean(const char *z,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetBoolean(const char *z,u8);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3ValueText(sqlite3_value*, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueBytes(sqlite3_value*, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueSetStr(sqlite3_value*, int, const void *,u8, 
                         void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueSetNull(sqlite3_value*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueFree(sqlite3_value*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3ValueNew(sqlite3 *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf16to8(sqlite3 *, const void*, int, u8);
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf8to16(sqlite3 *, u8, char *, int, int *);
-#endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueFromExpr(sqlite3 *, Expr *, u8, u8, sqlite3_value **);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(sqlite3_value *, u8, u8);
 #ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
@@ -11921,14 +12873,16 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(Parse *, Expr *, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectPrep(Parse*, Select*, NameContext*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MatchSpanName(const char*, const char*, const char*, const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveExprNames(NameContext*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolveSelectNames(Parse*, Select*, NameContext*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolveSelfReference(Parse*,Table*,int,Expr*,ExprList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(Parse*, Select*, ExprList*, const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ColumnDefault(Vdbe *, Table *, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterFinishAddColumn(Parse *, Token *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(Parse *, SrcList *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3GetCollSeq(sqlite3*, u8, CollSeq *, const char*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3AffinityType(const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3GetCollSeq(Parse*, u8, CollSeq *, const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3AffinityType(const char*, u8*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Analyze(Parse*, Token*, Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InvokeBusyHandler(BusyHandler*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindDb(sqlite3*, Token*);
@@ -11942,7 +12896,13 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SchemaClear(void *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Schema *sqlite3SchemaGet(sqlite3 *, Btree *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SchemaToIndex(sqlite3 *db, Schema *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(Parse *, Index *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(sqlite3*,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(KeyInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3KeyInfoRef(KeyInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(Parse*, Index*);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(KeyInfo*);
+#endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CreateFunc(sqlite3 *, const char *, int, int, void *, 
   void (*)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
   void (*)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **), void (*)(sqlite3_context*),
@@ -11953,6 +12913,7 @@
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumInit(StrAccum*, char*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppend(StrAccum*,const char*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(StrAccum*,const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AppendSpace(StrAccum*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3StrAccumFinish(StrAccum*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumReset(StrAccum*);
@@ -11962,6 +12923,14 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BackupRestart(sqlite3_backup *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BackupUpdate(sqlite3_backup *, Pgno, const u8 *);
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AnalyzeFunctions(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(Parse*,Index*,UnpackedRecord**,Expr*,u8,int,int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Stat4ValueFromExpr(Parse*, Expr*, u8, sqlite3_value**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Stat4ProbeFree(UnpackedRecord*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Stat4Column(sqlite3*, const void*, int, int, sqlite3_value**);
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** The interface to the LEMON-generated parser
 */
@@ -12002,13 +12971,15 @@
 #  define sqlite3GetVTable(X,Y)  ((VTable*)0)
 #else
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabClear(sqlite3 *db, Table*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabSync(sqlite3 *db, char **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabDisconnect(sqlite3 *db, Table *p);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabSync(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabRollback(sqlite3 *db);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabCommit(sqlite3 *db);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabLock(VTable *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabUnlock(VTable *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabUnlockList(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabSavepoint(sqlite3 *, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(Vdbe*, sqlite3_vtab*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    VTable *sqlite3GetVTable(sqlite3*, Table*);
 #  define sqlite3VtabInSync(db) ((db)->nVTrans>0 && (db)->aVTrans==0)
 #endif
@@ -12023,15 +12994,27 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabBegin(sqlite3 *, VTable *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3VtabOverloadFunction(sqlite3 *,FuncDef*, int nArg, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3InvalidFunction(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_int64 sqlite3StmtCurrentTime(sqlite3_context*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeParameterIndex(Vdbe*, const char*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TransferBindings(sqlite3_stmt *, sqlite3_stmt *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ParserReset(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Reprepare(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(Parse*, ExprList*, const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(Parse *, Expr *, Expr *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TempInMemory(const sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3JournalModename(int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3*, int, int, int*, int*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalDefaultHook(void*,sqlite3*,const char*,int);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3*, int, int, int*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3WalDefaultHook(void*,sqlite3*,const char*,int);
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   With *sqlite3WithAdd(Parse*,With*,Token*,ExprList*,Select*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3WithDelete(sqlite3*,With*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3WithPush(Parse*, With*, u8);
+#else
+#define sqlite3WithPush(x,y,z)
+#define sqlite3WithDelete(x,y)
+#endif
 
 /* Declarations for functions in fkey.c. All of these are replaced by
 ** no-op macros if OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY is defined. In this case no foreign
@@ -12041,23 +13024,25 @@
 ** provided (enforcement of FK constraints requires the triggers sub-system).
 */
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkCheck(Parse*, Table*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkCheck(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkDropTable(Parse*, SrcList *, Table*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkActions(Parse*, Table*, ExprList*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkActions(Parse*, Table*, ExprList*, int, int*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3FkRequired(Parse*, Table*, int*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   u32 sqlite3FkOldmask(Parse*, Table*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   FKey *sqlite3FkReferences(Table *);
 #else
-  #define sqlite3FkActions(a,b,c,d)
-  #define sqlite3FkCheck(a,b,c,d)
+  #define sqlite3FkActions(a,b,c,d,e,f)
+  #define sqlite3FkCheck(a,b,c,d,e,f)
   #define sqlite3FkDropTable(a,b,c)
-  #define sqlite3FkOldmask(a,b)      0
-  #define sqlite3FkRequired(a,b,c,d) 0
+  #define sqlite3FkOldmask(a,b)         0
+  #define sqlite3FkRequired(a,b,c,d)    0
 #endif
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkDelete(sqlite3 *, Table*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3FkLocateIndex(Parse*,Table*,FKey*,Index**,int**);
 #else
   #define sqlite3FkDelete(a,b)
+  #define sqlite3FkLocateIndex(a,b,c,d,e)
 #endif
 
 
@@ -12080,17 +13065,30 @@
   #define sqlite3EndBenignMalloc()
 #endif
 
-#define IN_INDEX_ROWID           1
-#define IN_INDEX_EPH             2
-#define IN_INDEX_INDEX           3
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *, Expr *, int*);
+/*
+** Allowed return values from sqlite3FindInIndex()
+*/
+#define IN_INDEX_ROWID        1   /* Search the rowid of the table */
+#define IN_INDEX_EPH          2   /* Search an ephemeral b-tree */
+#define IN_INDEX_INDEX_ASC    3   /* Existing index ASCENDING */
+#define IN_INDEX_INDEX_DESC   4   /* Existing index DESCENDING */
+#define IN_INDEX_NOOP         5   /* No table available. Use comparisons */
+/*
+** Allowed flags for the 3rd parameter to sqlite3FindInIndex().
+*/
+#define IN_INDEX_NOOP_OK     0x0001  /* OK to return IN_INDEX_NOOP */
+#define IN_INDEX_MEMBERSHIP  0x0002  /* IN operator used for membership test */
+#define IN_INDEX_LOOP        0x0004  /* IN operator used as a loop */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *, Expr *, u32, int*);
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3JournalOpen(sqlite3_vfs *, const char *, sqlite3_file *, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3JournalSize(sqlite3_vfs *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3JournalCreate(sqlite3_file *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3JournalExists(sqlite3_file *p);
 #else
   #define sqlite3JournalSize(pVfs) ((pVfs)->szOsFile)
+  #define sqlite3JournalExists(p) 1
 #endif
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemJournalOpen(sqlite3_file *);
@@ -12319,6 +13317,10 @@
 # define  SQLITE_USE_URI 0
 #endif
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN
+# define SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN 1
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** The following singleton contains the global configuration for
 ** the SQLite library.
@@ -12328,7 +13330,9 @@
    1,                         /* bCoreMutex */
    SQLITE_THREADSAFE==1,      /* bFullMutex */
    SQLITE_USE_URI,            /* bOpenUri */
+   SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN,   /* bUseCis */
    0x7ffffffe,                /* mxStrlen */
+   0,                         /* neverCorrupt */
    128,                       /* szLookaside */
    500,                       /* nLookaside */
    {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},         /* m */
@@ -12337,6 +13341,8 @@
    (void*)0,                  /* pHeap */
    0,                         /* nHeap */
    0, 0,                      /* mnHeap, mxHeap */
+   SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE,  /* szMmap */
+   SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE,      /* mxMmap */
    (void*)0,                  /* pScratch */
    0,                         /* szScratch */
    0,                         /* nScratch */
@@ -12351,14 +13357,24 @@
    0,                         /* isMutexInit */
    0,                         /* isMallocInit */
    0,                         /* isPCacheInit */
-   0,                         /* pInitMutex */
    0,                         /* nRefInitMutex */
+   0,                         /* pInitMutex */
    0,                         /* xLog */
    0,                         /* pLogArg */
-   0,                         /* bLocaltimeFault */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
+   0,                         /* xSqllog */
+   0,                         /* pSqllogArg */
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+   0,                         /* xVdbeBranch */
+   0,                         /* pVbeBranchArg */
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+   0,                         /* xTestCallback */
+#endif
+   0                          /* bLocaltimeFault */
 };
 
-
 /*
 ** Hash table for global functions - functions common to all
 ** database connections.  After initialization, this table is
@@ -12462,6 +13478,9 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE
   "DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE),
 #endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE) && !defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE_xc)
+  "DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE),
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_DISABLE_DIRSYNC
   "DISABLE_DIRSYNC",
 #endif
@@ -12522,7 +13541,9 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE
   "ENABLE_RTREE",
 #endif
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4)
+  "ENABLE_STAT4",
+#elif defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3)
   "ENABLE_STAT3",
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
@@ -12552,6 +13573,9 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_LOCK_TRACE
   "LOCK_TRACE",
 #endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE) && !defined(SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE_xc)
+  "MAX_MMAP_SIZE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE),
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
   "MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY),
 #endif
@@ -12609,17 +13633,15 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
   "OMIT_CHECK",
 #endif
-/* // redundant
-** #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
-**   "OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS",
-** #endif
-*/
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPLETE
   "OMIT_COMPLETE",
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
   "OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT",
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+  "OMIT_CTE",
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_DATETIME_FUNCS
   "OMIT_DATETIME_FUNCS",
 #endif
@@ -12668,9 +13690,6 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
   "OMIT_MEMORYDB",
 #endif
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  "OMIT_MERGE_SORT",
-#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION
   "OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION",
 #endif
@@ -12743,6 +13762,9 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_PROXY_DEBUG
   "PROXY_DEBUG",
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+  "RTREE_INT_ONLY",
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE
   "SECURE_DELETE",
 #endif
@@ -12752,21 +13774,27 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_SOUNDEX
   "SOUNDEX",
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC
+  "SYSTEM_MALLOC",
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_TCL
   "TCL",
 #endif
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEMP_STORE
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEMP_STORE) && !defined(SQLITE_TEMP_STORE_xc)
   "TEMP_STORE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_TEMP_STORE),
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   "TEST",
 #endif
-#ifdef SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+#if defined(SQLITE_THREADSAFE)
   "THREADSAFE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_THREADSAFE),
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_USE_ALLOCA
   "USE_ALLOCA",
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC
+  "WIN32_MALLOC",
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC
   "ZERO_MALLOC"
 #endif
@@ -12787,8 +13815,11 @@
   /* Since ArraySize(azCompileOpt) is normally in single digits, a
   ** linear search is adequate.  No need for a binary search. */
   for(i=0; i<ArraySize(azCompileOpt); i++){
-    if(   (sqlite3StrNICmp(zOptName, azCompileOpt[i], n)==0)
-       && ( (azCompileOpt[i][n]==0) || (azCompileOpt[i][n]=='=') ) ) return 1;
+    if( sqlite3StrNICmp(zOptName, azCompileOpt[i], n)==0
+     && sqlite3CtypeMap[(unsigned char)azCompileOpt[i][n]]==0
+    ){
+      return 1;
+    }
   }
   return 0;
 }
@@ -12846,6 +13877,14 @@
 #define _VDBEINT_H_
 
 /*
+** The maximum number of times that a statement will try to reparse
+** itself before giving up and returning SQLITE_SCHEMA.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
+# define SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY 50
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** SQL is translated into a sequence of instructions to be
 ** executed by a virtual machine.  Each instruction is an instance
 ** of the following structure.
@@ -12855,7 +13894,7 @@
 /*
 ** Boolean values
 */
-typedef unsigned char Bool;
+typedef unsigned Bool;
 
 /* Opaque type used by code in vdbesort.c */
 typedef struct VdbeSorter VdbeSorter;
@@ -12863,12 +13902,18 @@
 /* Opaque type used by the explainer */
 typedef struct Explain Explain;
 
+/* Elements of the linked list at Vdbe.pAuxData */
+typedef struct AuxData AuxData;
+
 /*
 ** A cursor is a pointer into a single BTree within a database file.
 ** The cursor can seek to a BTree entry with a particular key, or
 ** loop over all entries of the Btree.  You can also insert new BTree
 ** entries or retrieve the key or data from the entry that the cursor
 ** is currently pointing to.
+**
+** Cursors can also point to virtual tables, sorters, or "pseudo-tables".
+** A pseudo-table is a single-row table implemented by registers.
 ** 
 ** Every cursor that the virtual machine has open is represented by an
 ** instance of the following structure.
@@ -12877,30 +13922,28 @@
   BtCursor *pCursor;    /* The cursor structure of the backend */
   Btree *pBt;           /* Separate file holding temporary table */
   KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;    /* Info about index keys needed by index cursors */
-  int iDb;              /* Index of cursor database in db->aDb[] (or -1) */
+  int seekResult;       /* Result of previous sqlite3BtreeMoveto() */
   int pseudoTableReg;   /* Register holding pseudotable content. */
-  int nField;           /* Number of fields in the header */
-  Bool zeroed;          /* True if zeroed out and ready for reuse */
-  Bool rowidIsValid;    /* True if lastRowid is valid */
-  Bool atFirst;         /* True if pointing to first entry */
-  Bool useRandomRowid;  /* Generate new record numbers semi-randomly */
-  Bool nullRow;         /* True if pointing to a row with no data */
-  Bool deferredMoveto;  /* A call to sqlite3BtreeMoveto() is needed */
-  Bool isTable;         /* True if a table requiring integer keys */
-  Bool isIndex;         /* True if an index containing keys only - no data */
-  Bool isOrdered;       /* True if the underlying table is BTREE_UNORDERED */
-  Bool isSorter;        /* True if a new-style sorter */
+  i16 nField;           /* Number of fields in the header */
+  u16 nHdrParsed;       /* Number of header fields parsed so far */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  u8 seekOp;            /* Most recent seek operation on this cursor */
+#endif
+  i8 iDb;               /* Index of cursor database in db->aDb[] (or -1) */
+  u8 nullRow;           /* True if pointing to a row with no data */
+  u8 rowidIsValid;      /* True if lastRowid is valid */
+  u8 deferredMoveto;    /* A call to sqlite3BtreeMoveto() is needed */
+  Bool isEphemeral:1;   /* True for an ephemeral table */
+  Bool useRandomRowid:1;/* Generate new record numbers semi-randomly */
+  Bool isTable:1;       /* True if a table requiring integer keys */
+  Bool isOrdered:1;     /* True if the underlying table is BTREE_UNORDERED */
+  Pgno pgnoRoot;        /* Root page of the open btree cursor */
   sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;  /* The cursor for a virtual table */
-  const sqlite3_module *pModule;     /* Module for cursor pVtabCursor */
   i64 seqCount;         /* Sequence counter */
   i64 movetoTarget;     /* Argument to the deferred sqlite3BtreeMoveto() */
-  i64 lastRowid;        /* Last rowid from a Next or NextIdx operation */
+  i64 lastRowid;        /* Rowid being deleted by OP_Delete */
   VdbeSorter *pSorter;  /* Sorter object for OP_SorterOpen cursors */
 
-  /* Result of last sqlite3BtreeMoveto() done by an OP_NotExists or 
-  ** OP_IsUnique opcode on this cursor. */
-  int seekResult;
-
   /* Cached information about the header for the data record that the
   ** cursor is currently pointing to.  Only valid if cacheStatus matches
   ** Vdbe.cacheCtr.  Vdbe.cacheCtr will never take on the value of
@@ -12911,10 +13954,14 @@
   ** be NULL.
   */
   u32 cacheStatus;      /* Cache is valid if this matches Vdbe.cacheCtr */
-  int payloadSize;      /* Total number of bytes in the record */
-  u32 *aType;           /* Type values for all entries in the record */
-  u32 *aOffset;         /* Cached offsets to the start of each columns data */
-  u8 *aRow;             /* Data for the current row, if all on one page */
+  u32 payloadSize;      /* Total number of bytes in the record */
+  u32 szRow;            /* Byte available in aRow */
+  u32 iHdrOffset;       /* Offset to next unparsed byte of the header */
+  const u8 *aRow;       /* Data for the current row, if all on one page */
+  u32 aType[1];         /* Type values for all entries in the record */
+  /* 2*nField extra array elements allocated for aType[], beyond the one
+  ** static element declared in the structure.  nField total array slots for
+  ** aType[] and nField+1 array slots for aOffset[] */
 };
 typedef struct VdbeCursor VdbeCursor;
 
@@ -12949,7 +13996,7 @@
   VdbeCursor **apCsr;     /* Array of Vdbe cursors for parent frame */
   void *token;            /* Copy of SubProgram.token */
   i64 lastRowid;          /* Last insert rowid (sqlite3.lastRowid) */
-  u16 nCursor;            /* Number of entries in apCsr */
+  int nCursor;            /* Number of entries in apCsr */
   int pc;                 /* Program Counter in parent (calling) frame */
   int nOp;                /* Size of aOp array */
   int nMem;               /* Number of entries in aMem */
@@ -12984,7 +14031,6 @@
   } u;
   int n;              /* Number of characters in string value, excluding '\0' */
   u16 flags;          /* Some combination of MEM_Null, MEM_Str, MEM_Dyn, etc. */
-  u8  type;           /* One of SQLITE_NULL, SQLITE_TEXT, SQLITE_INTEGER, etc */
   u8  enc;            /* SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_UTF16BE, SQLITE_UTF16LE */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   Mem *pScopyFrom;    /* This Mem is a shallow copy of pScopyFrom */
@@ -13011,10 +14057,13 @@
 #define MEM_Int       0x0004   /* Value is an integer */
 #define MEM_Real      0x0008   /* Value is a real number */
 #define MEM_Blob      0x0010   /* Value is a BLOB */
+#define MEM_AffMask   0x001f   /* Mask of affinity bits */
 #define MEM_RowSet    0x0020   /* Value is a RowSet object */
 #define MEM_Frame     0x0040   /* Value is a VdbeFrame object */
-#define MEM_Invalid   0x0080   /* Value is undefined */
-#define MEM_TypeMask  0x00ff   /* Mask of type bits */
+#define MEM_Undefined 0x0080   /* Value is undefined */
+#define MEM_Cleared   0x0100   /* NULL set by OP_Null, not from data */
+#define MEM_TypeMask  0x01ff   /* Mask of type bits */
+
 
 /* Whenever Mem contains a valid string or blob representation, one of
 ** the following flags must be set to determine the memory management
@@ -13022,7 +14071,7 @@
 ** string is \000 or \u0000 terminated
 */
 #define MEM_Term      0x0200   /* String rep is nul terminated */
-#define MEM_Dyn       0x0400   /* Need to call sqliteFree() on Mem.z */
+#define MEM_Dyn       0x0400   /* Need to call Mem.xDel() on Mem.z */
 #define MEM_Static    0x0800   /* Mem.z points to a static string */
 #define MEM_Ephem     0x1000   /* Mem.z points to an ephemeral string */
 #define MEM_Agg       0x2000   /* Mem.z points to an agg function context */
@@ -13043,26 +14092,22 @@
 ** is for use inside assert() statements only.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-#define memIsValid(M)  ((M)->flags & MEM_Invalid)==0
+#define memIsValid(M)  ((M)->flags & MEM_Undefined)==0
 #endif
 
-
-/* A VdbeFunc is just a FuncDef (defined in sqliteInt.h) that contains
-** additional information about auxiliary information bound to arguments
-** of the function.  This is used to implement the sqlite3_get_auxdata()
-** and sqlite3_set_auxdata() APIs.  The "auxdata" is some auxiliary data
-** that can be associated with a constant argument to a function.  This
-** allows functions such as "regexp" to compile their constant regular
-** expression argument once and reused the compiled code for multiple
-** invocations.
+/*
+** Each auxilliary data pointer stored by a user defined function 
+** implementation calling sqlite3_set_auxdata() is stored in an instance
+** of this structure. All such structures associated with a single VM
+** are stored in a linked list headed at Vdbe.pAuxData. All are destroyed
+** when the VM is halted (if not before).
 */
-struct VdbeFunc {
-  FuncDef *pFunc;               /* The definition of the function */
-  int nAux;                     /* Number of entries allocated for apAux[] */
-  struct AuxData {
-    void *pAux;                   /* Aux data for the i-th argument */
-    void (*xDelete)(void *);      /* Destructor for the aux data */
-  } apAux[1];                   /* One slot for each function argument */
+struct AuxData {
+  int iOp;                        /* Instruction number of OP_Function opcode */
+  int iArg;                       /* Index of function argument. */
+  void *pAux;                     /* Aux data pointer */
+  void (*xDelete)(void *);        /* Destructor for the aux data */
+  AuxData *pNext;                 /* Next element in list */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -13080,12 +14125,14 @@
 */
 struct sqlite3_context {
   FuncDef *pFunc;       /* Pointer to function information.  MUST BE FIRST */
-  VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc;  /* Auxilary data, if created. */
   Mem s;                /* The return value is stored here */
   Mem *pMem;            /* Memory cell used to store aggregate context */
   CollSeq *pColl;       /* Collating sequence */
+  Vdbe *pVdbe;          /* The VM that owns this context */
+  int iOp;              /* Instruction number of OP_Function */
   int isError;          /* Error code returned by the function. */
-  int skipFlag;         /* Skip skip accumulator loading if true */
+  u8 skipFlag;          /* Skip skip accumulator loading if true */
+  u8 fErrorOrAux;       /* isError!=0 or pVdbe->pAuxData modified */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -13100,6 +14147,11 @@
   char zBase[100];   /* Initial space */
 };
 
+/* A bitfield type for use inside of structures.  Always follow with :N where
+** N is the number of bits.
+*/
+typedef unsigned bft;  /* Bit Field Type */
+
 /*
 ** An instance of the virtual machine.  This structure contains the complete
 ** state of the virtual machine.
@@ -13122,13 +14174,10 @@
   Mem **apArg;            /* Arguments to currently executing user function */
   Mem *aColName;          /* Column names to return */
   Mem *pResultSet;        /* Pointer to an array of results */
+  Parse *pParse;          /* Parsing context used to create this Vdbe */
   int nMem;               /* Number of memory locations currently allocated */
   int nOp;                /* Number of instructions in the program */
-  int nOpAlloc;           /* Number of slots allocated for aOp[] */
-  int nLabel;             /* Number of labels used */
-  int *aLabel;            /* Space to hold the labels */
-  u16 nResColumn;         /* Number of columns in one row of the result set */
-  u16 nCursor;            /* Number of slots in apCsr[] */
+  int nCursor;            /* Number of slots in apCsr[] */
   u32 magic;              /* Magic number for sanity checking */
   char *zErrMsg;          /* Error message written here */
   Vdbe *pPrev,*pNext;     /* Linked list of VDBEs with the same Vdbe.db */
@@ -13140,31 +14189,33 @@
   u32 cacheCtr;           /* VdbeCursor row cache generation counter */
   int pc;                 /* The program counter */
   int rc;                 /* Value to return */
+  u16 nResColumn;         /* Number of columns in one row of the result set */
   u8 errorAction;         /* Recovery action to do in case of an error */
-  u8 explain;             /* True if EXPLAIN present on SQL command */
-  u8 changeCntOn;         /* True to update the change-counter */
-  u8 expired;             /* True if the VM needs to be recompiled */
-  u8 runOnlyOnce;         /* Automatically expire on reset */
   u8 minWriteFileFormat;  /* Minimum file format for writable database files */
-  u8 inVtabMethod;        /* See comments above */
-  u8 usesStmtJournal;     /* True if uses a statement journal */
-  u8 readOnly;            /* True for read-only statements */
-  u8 isPrepareV2;         /* True if prepared with prepare_v2() */
+  bft explain:2;          /* True if EXPLAIN present on SQL command */
+  bft inVtabMethod:2;     /* See comments above */
+  bft changeCntOn:1;      /* True to update the change-counter */
+  bft expired:1;          /* True if the VM needs to be recompiled */
+  bft runOnlyOnce:1;      /* Automatically expire on reset */
+  bft usesStmtJournal:1;  /* True if uses a statement journal */
+  bft readOnly:1;         /* True for statements that do not write */
+  bft bIsReader:1;        /* True for statements that read */
+  bft isPrepareV2:1;      /* True if prepared with prepare_v2() */
+  bft doingRerun:1;       /* True if rerunning after an auto-reprepare */
   int nChange;            /* Number of db changes made since last reset */
   yDbMask btreeMask;      /* Bitmask of db->aDb[] entries referenced */
   yDbMask lockMask;       /* Subset of btreeMask that requires a lock */
   int iStatement;         /* Statement number (or 0 if has not opened stmt) */
-  int aCounter[3];        /* Counters used by sqlite3_stmt_status() */
+  u32 aCounter[5];        /* Counters used by sqlite3_stmt_status() */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
   i64 startTime;          /* Time when query started - used for profiling */
 #endif
+  i64 iCurrentTime;       /* Value of julianday('now') for this statement */
   i64 nFkConstraint;      /* Number of imm. FK constraints this VM */
   i64 nStmtDefCons;       /* Number of def. constraints when stmt started */
+  i64 nStmtDefImmCons;    /* Number of def. imm constraints when stmt started */
   char *zSql;             /* Text of the SQL statement that generated this */
   void *pFree;            /* Free this when deleting the vdbe */
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  FILE *trace;            /* Write an execution trace here, if not NULL */
-#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_TREE_EXPLAIN
   Explain *pExplain;      /* The explainer */
   char *zExplain;         /* Explanation of data structures */
@@ -13176,6 +14227,7 @@
   SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Linked list of all sub-programs used by VM */
   int nOnceFlag;          /* Size of array aOnceFlag[] */
   u8 *aOnceFlag;          /* Flags for OP_Once */
+  AuxData *pAuxData;      /* Linked list of auxdata allocations */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -13197,14 +14249,13 @@
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u32);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialType(Mem*, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(unsigned char*, int, Mem*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(unsigned char*, Mem*, u32);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(const unsigned char*, u32, Mem*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(VdbeFunc*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(Vdbe*, int, int);
 
 int sqlite2BtreeKeyCompare(BtCursor *, const void *, int, int, int *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(VdbeCursor*,UnpackedRecord*,int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(sqlite3*, BtCursor *, i64 *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemCompare(const Mem*, const Mem*, const CollSeq*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeList(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHalt(Vdbe*);
@@ -13232,38 +14283,29 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(Mem*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemRealify(Mem*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(Mem*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(BtCursor*,int,int,int,Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(BtCursor*,u32,u32,int,Mem*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(Mem *p);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(Mem *p);
+#define VdbeMemDynamic(X)  \
+  (((X)->flags&(MEM_Agg|MEM_Dyn|MEM_RowSet|MEM_Frame))!=0)
 #define VdbeMemRelease(X)  \
-  if((X)->flags&(MEM_Agg|MEM_Dyn|MEM_RowSet|MEM_Frame)) \
-    sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(X);
+  if( VdbeMemDynamic(X) ) sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(X);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(Mem*, FuncDef*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(Mem *pMem, int n, int preserve);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(Vdbe *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(VdbeFrame*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFrameRestore(VdbeFrame *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(Mem *pMem);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeTransferError(Vdbe *p);
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(Y,Z)      SQLITE_OK
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(X,Y,Z)   SQLITE_OK
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterClose(Y,Z)
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(Y,Z)    SQLITE_OK
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(X,Y,Z)  SQLITE_OK
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(X,Y,Z)    SQLITE_OK
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(X,Y,Z) SQLITE_OK
-#else
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSorterReset(sqlite3 *, VdbeSorter *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSorterClose(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(VdbeCursor *, Mem *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, int *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, int *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, Mem *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(VdbeCursor *, Mem *, int *);
-#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(const VdbeCursor *, Mem *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(sqlite3 *, const VdbeCursor *, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(sqlite3 *, const VdbeCursor *, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(sqlite3 *, const VdbeCursor *, Mem *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(const VdbeCursor *, Mem *, int, int *);
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeEnter(Vdbe*);
@@ -13275,6 +14317,7 @@
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemAboutToChange(Vdbe*,Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(Mem*);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
@@ -13495,7 +14538,8 @@
 
       db->pnBytesFreed = &nByte;
       for(pVdbe=db->pVdbe; pVdbe; pVdbe=pVdbe->pNext){
-        sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(db, pVdbe);
+        sqlite3VdbeClearObject(db, pVdbe);
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pVdbe);
       }
       db->pnBytesFreed = 0;
 
@@ -13511,10 +14555,12 @@
     ** to zero.
     */
     case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT:
-    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS: {
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS:
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE:{
       int i;
       int nRet = 0;
       assert( SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT+1 );
+      assert( SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT+2 );
 
       for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
         if( db->aDb[i].pBt ){
@@ -13527,6 +14573,16 @@
       break;
     }
 
+    /* Set *pCurrent to non-zero if there are unresolved deferred foreign
+    ** key constraints.  Set *pCurrent to zero if all foreign key constraints
+    ** have been satisfied.  The *pHighwater is always set to zero.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS: {
+      *pHighwater = 0;
+      *pCurrent = db->nDeferredImmCons>0 || db->nDeferredCons>0;
+      break;
+    }
+
     default: {
       rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
     }
@@ -13832,8 +14888,8 @@
 ** Return the number of errors.
 */
 static int setDateTimeToCurrent(sqlite3_context *context, DateTime *p){
-  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
-  if( sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(db->pVfs, &p->iJD)==SQLITE_OK ){
+  p->iJD = sqlite3StmtCurrentTime(context);
+  if( p->iJD>0 ){
     p->validJD = 1;
     return 0;
   }else{
@@ -13964,6 +15020,10 @@
 **
 ** If the sqlite3GlobalConfig.bLocaltimeFault variable is true then this
 ** routine will always fail.
+**
+** EVIDENCE-OF: R-62172-00036 In this implementation, the standard C
+** library function localtime_r() is used to assist in the calculation of
+** local time.
 */
 static int osLocaltime(time_t *t, struct tm *pTm){
   int rc;
@@ -14020,6 +15080,11 @@
   x = *p;
   computeYMD_HMS(&x);
   if( x.Y<1971 || x.Y>=2038 ){
+    /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-55269-29598 The localtime_r() C function normally only
+    ** works for years between 1970 and 2037. For dates outside this range,
+    ** SQLite attempts to map the year into an equivalent year within this
+    ** range, do the calculation, then map the year back.
+    */
     x.Y = 2000;
     x.M = 1;
     x.D = 1;
@@ -14616,8 +15681,8 @@
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(argv);
 
-  db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
-  if( sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(db->pVfs, &iT) ) return;
+  iT = sqlite3StmtCurrentTime(context);
+  if( iT<=0 ) return;
   t = iT/1000 - 10000*(sqlite3_int64)21086676;
 #ifdef HAVE_GMTIME_R
   pTm = gmtime_r(&t, &sNow);
@@ -14775,7 +15840,21 @@
 ** routine has no return value since the return value would be meaningless.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
-  DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(id);
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  if( op!=SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO ){
+    /* Faults are not injected into COMMIT_PHASETWO because, assuming SQLite
+    ** is using a regular VFS, it is called after the corresponding 
+    ** transaction has been committed. Injecting a fault at this point 
+    ** confuses the test scripts - the COMMIT comand returns SQLITE_NOMEM
+    ** but the transaction is committed anyway.
+    **
+    ** The core must call OsFileControl() though, not OsFileControlHint(),
+    ** as if a custom VFS (e.g. zipvfs) returns an error here, it probably
+    ** means the commit really has failed and an error should be returned
+    ** to the user.  */
+    DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(id);
+  }
+#endif
   return id->pMethods->xFileControl(id, op, pArg);
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OsFileControlHint(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
@@ -14809,6 +15888,26 @@
   return id->pMethods->xShmMap(id, iPage, pgsz, bExtend, pp);
 }
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+/* The real implementation of xFetch and xUnfetch */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFetch(sqlite3_file *id, i64 iOff, int iAmt, void **pp){
+  DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(id);
+  return id->pMethods->xFetch(id, iOff, iAmt, pp);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsUnfetch(sqlite3_file *id, i64 iOff, void *p){
+  return id->pMethods->xUnfetch(id, iOff, p);
+}
+#else
+/* No-op stubs to use when memory-mapped I/O is disabled */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFetch(sqlite3_file *id, i64 iOff, int iAmt, void **pp){
+  *pp = 0;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsUnfetch(sqlite3_file *id, i64 iOff, void *p){
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** The next group of routines are convenience wrappers around the
 ** VFS methods.
@@ -15225,16 +16324,6 @@
 ** macros.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC
-
-/*
-** The MSVCRT has malloc_usable_size() but it is called _msize().
-** The use of _msize() is automatic, but can be disabled by compiling
-** with -DSQLITE_WITHOUT_MSIZE
-*/
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(SQLITE_WITHOUT_MSIZE)
-# define SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE _msize
-#endif
-
 #if defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(SQLITE_WITHOUT_ZONEMALLOC)
 
 /*
@@ -15257,21 +16346,47 @@
 ** Use standard C library malloc and free on non-Apple systems.  
 ** Also used by Apple systems if SQLITE_WITHOUT_ZONEMALLOC is defined.
 */
-#define SQLITE_MALLOC(x)    malloc(x)
-#define SQLITE_FREE(x)      free(x)
-#define SQLITE_REALLOC(x,y) realloc((x),(y))
+#define SQLITE_MALLOC(x)             malloc(x)
+#define SQLITE_FREE(x)               free(x)
+#define SQLITE_REALLOC(x,y)          realloc((x),(y))
 
-#if (defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(SQLITE_WITHOUT_MSIZE)) \
-      || (defined(HAVE_MALLOC_H) && defined(HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE))
-# include <malloc.h>    /* Needed for malloc_usable_size on linux */
+/*
+** The malloc.h header file is needed for malloc_usable_size() function
+** on some systems (e.g. Linux).
+*/
+#if defined(HAVE_MALLOC_H) && defined(HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE)
+#  define SQLITE_USE_MALLOC_H
+#  define SQLITE_USE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
+/*
+** The MSVCRT has malloc_usable_size(), but it is called _msize().  The
+** use of _msize() is automatic, but can be disabled by compiling with
+** -DSQLITE_WITHOUT_MSIZE.  Using the _msize() function also requires
+** the malloc.h header file.
+*/
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(SQLITE_WITHOUT_MSIZE)
+#  define SQLITE_USE_MALLOC_H
+#  define SQLITE_USE_MSIZE
 #endif
-#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
-# ifndef SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE
-#  define SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE(x) malloc_usable_size(x)
-# endif
-#else
-# undef SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE
-#endif
+
+/*
+** Include the malloc.h header file, if necessary.  Also set define macro
+** SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE to the appropriate function name, which is _msize()
+** for MSVC and malloc_usable_size() for most other systems (e.g. Linux).
+** The memory size function can always be overridden manually by defining
+** the macro SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE to the desired function name.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_USE_MALLOC_H)
+#  include <malloc.h>
+#  if defined(SQLITE_USE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE)
+#    if !defined(SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE)
+#      define SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE(x)   malloc_usable_size(x)
+#    endif
+#  elif defined(SQLITE_USE_MSIZE)
+#    if !defined(SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE)
+#      define SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE      _msize
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_USE_MALLOC_H) */
 
 #endif /* __APPLE__ or not __APPLE__ */
 
@@ -15407,14 +16522,14 @@
   }else{
     /* only 1 core, use our own zone to contention over global locks, 
     ** e.g. we have our own dedicated locks */
-    bool success;		
+    bool success;
     malloc_zone_t* newzone = malloc_create_zone(4096, 0);
     malloc_set_zone_name(newzone, "Sqlite_Heap");
     do{
       success = OSAtomicCompareAndSwapPtrBarrier(NULL, newzone, 
                                  (void * volatile *)&_sqliteZone_);
     }while(!_sqliteZone_);
-    if( !success ){	
+    if( !success ){
       /* somebody registered a zone first */
       malloc_destroy_zone(newzone);
     }
@@ -15636,7 +16751,7 @@
     return 0;
   }
   pHdr = sqlite3MemsysGetHeader(p);
-  return pHdr->iSize;
+  return (int)pHdr->iSize;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -15678,7 +16793,7 @@
   x = SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(pBuf);
   y = nByte | 1;
   while( nByte >= 4 ){
-    x = (x>>1) ^ (-(x&1) & 0xd0000001);
+    x = (x>>1) ^ (-(int)(x&1) & 0xd0000001);
     y = y*1103515245 + 12345;
     r = x ^ y;
     *(int*)pBuf = r;
@@ -15686,7 +16801,7 @@
     nByte -= 4;
   }
   while( nByte-- > 0 ){
-    x = (x>>1) ^ (-(x&1) & 0xd0000001);
+    x = (x>>1) ^ (-(int)(x&1) & 0xd0000001);
     y = y*1103515245 + 12345;
     r = x ^ y;
     *(pBuf++) = r & 0xff;
@@ -15781,9 +16896,9 @@
   }
   z = (char*)pBt;
   z -= pHdr->nTitle;
-  adjustStats(pHdr->iSize, -1);
+  adjustStats((int)pHdr->iSize, -1);
   randomFill(z, sizeof(void*)*pHdr->nBacktraceSlots + sizeof(*pHdr) +
-                pHdr->iSize + sizeof(int) + pHdr->nTitle);
+                (int)pHdr->iSize + sizeof(int) + pHdr->nTitle);
   free(z);
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem.mutex);  
 }
@@ -15805,9 +16920,9 @@
   pOldHdr = sqlite3MemsysGetHeader(pPrior);
   pNew = sqlite3MemMalloc(nByte);
   if( pNew ){
-    memcpy(pNew, pPrior, nByte<pOldHdr->iSize ? nByte : pOldHdr->iSize);
+    memcpy(pNew, pPrior, (int)(nByte<pOldHdr->iSize ? nByte : pOldHdr->iSize));
     if( nByte>pOldHdr->iSize ){
-      randomFill(&((char*)pNew)[pOldHdr->iSize], nByte - pOldHdr->iSize);
+      randomFill(&((char*)pNew)[pOldHdr->iSize], nByte - (int)pOldHdr->iSize);
     }
     sqlite3MemFree(pPrior);
   }
@@ -15922,7 +17037,7 @@
   for(pHdr=mem.pFirst; pHdr; pHdr=pHdr->pNext){
     void **pBt = (void**)pHdr;
     pBt -= pHdr->nBacktraceSlots;
-    mem.xBacktrace(pHdr->iSize, pHdr->nBacktrace-1, &pBt[1]);
+    mem.xBacktrace((int)pHdr->iSize, pHdr->nBacktrace-1, &pBt[1]);
   }
 }
 
@@ -16806,13 +17921,13 @@
 } mem5;
 
 /*
-** Access the static variable through a macro for SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+** Access the static variable through a macro for SQLITE_OMIT_WSD.
 */
 #define mem5 GLOBAL(struct Mem5Global, mem5)
 
 /*
 ** Assuming mem5.zPool is divided up into an array of Mem5Link
-** structures, return a pointer to the idx-th such lik.
+** structures, return a pointer to the idx-th such link.
 */
 #define MEM5LINK(idx) ((Mem5Link *)(&mem5.zPool[(idx)*mem5.szAtom]))
 
@@ -16878,7 +17993,7 @@
 static int memsys5Size(void *p){
   int iSize = 0;
   if( p ){
-    int i = ((u8 *)p-mem5.zPool)/mem5.szAtom;
+    int i = (int)(((u8 *)p-mem5.zPool)/mem5.szAtom);
     assert( i>=0 && i<mem5.nBlock );
     iSize = mem5.szAtom * (1 << (mem5.aCtrl[i]&CTRL_LOGSIZE));
   }
@@ -16886,29 +18001,10 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Find the first entry on the freelist iLogsize.  Unlink that
-** entry and return its index. 
-*/
-static int memsys5UnlinkFirst(int iLogsize){
-  int i;
-  int iFirst;
-
-  assert( iLogsize>=0 && iLogsize<=LOGMAX );
-  i = iFirst = mem5.aiFreelist[iLogsize];
-  assert( iFirst>=0 );
-  while( i>0 ){
-    if( i<iFirst ) iFirst = i;
-    i = MEM5LINK(i)->next;
-  }
-  memsys5Unlink(iFirst, iLogsize);
-  return iFirst;
-}
-
-/*
 ** Return a block of memory of at least nBytes in size.
 ** Return NULL if unable.  Return NULL if nBytes==0.
 **
-** The caller guarantees that nByte positive.
+** The caller guarantees that nByte is positive.
 **
 ** The caller has obtained a mutex prior to invoking this
 ** routine so there is never any chance that two or more
@@ -16943,13 +18039,14 @@
   ** block.  If not, then split a block of the next larger power of
   ** two in order to create a new free block of size iLogsize.
   */
-  for(iBin=iLogsize; mem5.aiFreelist[iBin]<0 && iBin<=LOGMAX; iBin++){}
+  for(iBin=iLogsize; iBin<=LOGMAX && mem5.aiFreelist[iBin]<0; iBin++){}
   if( iBin>LOGMAX ){
     testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
     sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to allocate %u bytes", nByte);
     return 0;
   }
-  i = memsys5UnlinkFirst(iBin);
+  i = mem5.aiFreelist[iBin];
+  memsys5Unlink(i, iBin);
   while( iBin>iLogsize ){
     int newSize;
 
@@ -16969,6 +18066,12 @@
   if( mem5.maxCount<mem5.currentCount ) mem5.maxCount = mem5.currentCount;
   if( mem5.maxOut<mem5.currentOut ) mem5.maxOut = mem5.currentOut;
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* Make sure the allocated memory does not assume that it is set to zero
+  ** or retains a value from a previous allocation */
+  memset(&mem5.zPool[i*mem5.szAtom], 0xAA, iFullSz);
+#endif
+
   /* Return a pointer to the allocated memory. */
   return (void*)&mem5.zPool[i*mem5.szAtom];
 }
@@ -16983,7 +18086,7 @@
   /* Set iBlock to the index of the block pointed to by pOld in 
   ** the array of mem5.szAtom byte blocks pointed to by mem5.zPool.
   */
-  iBlock = ((u8 *)pOld-mem5.zPool)/mem5.szAtom;
+  iBlock = (int)(((u8 *)pOld-mem5.zPool)/mem5.szAtom);
 
   /* Check that the pointer pOld points to a valid, non-free block. */
   assert( iBlock>=0 && iBlock<mem5.nBlock );
@@ -17026,11 +18129,18 @@
     }
     size *= 2;
   }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* Overwrite freed memory with the 0x55 bit pattern to verify that it is
+  ** not used after being freed */
+  memset(&mem5.zPool[iBlock*mem5.szAtom], 0x55, size);
+#endif
+
   memsys5Link(iBlock, iLogsize);
 }
 
 /*
-** Allocate nBytes of memory
+** Allocate nBytes of memory.
 */
 static void *memsys5Malloc(int nBytes){
   sqlite3_int64 *p = 0;
@@ -17340,7 +18450,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_mutex_alloc(int id){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
-  if( sqlite3_initialize() ) return 0;
+  if( id<=SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE && sqlite3_initialize() ) return 0;
 #endif
   return sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexAlloc(id);
 }
@@ -17521,7 +18631,7 @@
 ** that means that a mutex could not be allocated. 
 */
 static sqlite3_mutex *debugMutexAlloc(int id){
-  static sqlite3_debug_mutex aStatic[6];
+  static sqlite3_debug_mutex aStatic[SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP3 - 1];
   sqlite3_debug_mutex *pNew = 0;
   switch( id ){
     case SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST:
@@ -17620,282 +18730,6 @@
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT) */
 
 /************** End of mutex_noop.c ******************************************/
-/************** Begin file mutex_os2.c ***************************************/
-/*
-** 2007 August 28
-**
-** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
-** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
-**
-**    May you do good and not evil.
-**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
-**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
-**
-*************************************************************************
-** This file contains the C functions that implement mutexes for OS/2
-*/
-
-/*
-** The code in this file is only used if SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2 is defined.
-** See the mutex.h file for details.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2
-
-/********************** OS/2 Mutex Implementation **********************
-**
-** This implementation of mutexes is built using the OS/2 API.
-*/
-
-/*
-** The mutex object
-** Each recursive mutex is an instance of the following structure.
-*/
-struct sqlite3_mutex {
-  HMTX mutex;       /* Mutex controlling the lock */
-  int  id;          /* Mutex type */
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
- int   trace;       /* True to trace changes */
-#endif
-};
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0, 0, 0 }
-#else
-#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0, 0 }
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Initialize and deinitialize the mutex subsystem.
-*/
-static int os2MutexInit(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
-static int os2MutexEnd(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
-
-/*
-** The sqlite3_mutex_alloc() routine allocates a new
-** mutex and returns a pointer to it.  If it returns NULL
-** that means that a mutex could not be allocated. 
-** SQLite will unwind its stack and return an error.  The argument
-** to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() is one of these integer constants:
-**
-** <ul>
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2
-** </ul>
-**
-** The first two constants cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
-** a new mutex.  The new mutex is recursive when SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
-** is used but not necessarily so when SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST is used.
-** The mutex implementation does not need to make a distinction
-** between SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE and SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST if it does
-** not want to.  But SQLite will only request a recursive mutex in
-** cases where it really needs one.  If a faster non-recursive mutex
-** implementation is available on the host platform, the mutex subsystem
-** might return such a mutex in response to SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST.
-**
-** The other allowed parameters to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() each return
-** a pointer to a static preexisting mutex.  Six static mutexes are
-** used by the current version of SQLite.  Future versions of SQLite
-** may add additional static mutexes.  Static mutexes are for internal
-** use by SQLite only.  Applications that use SQLite mutexes should
-** use only the dynamic mutexes returned by SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST or
-** SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE.
-**
-** Note that if one of the dynamic mutex parameters (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
-** or SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE) is used then sqlite3_mutex_alloc()
-** returns a different mutex on every call.  But for the static
-** mutex types, the same mutex is returned on every call that has
-** the same type number.
-*/
-static sqlite3_mutex *os2MutexAlloc(int iType){
-  sqlite3_mutex *p = NULL;
-  switch( iType ){
-    case SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST:
-    case SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE: {
-      p = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*p) );
-      if( p ){
-        p->id = iType;
-        if( DosCreateMutexSem( 0, &p->mutex, 0, FALSE ) != NO_ERROR ){
-          sqlite3_free( p );
-          p = NULL;
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-    default: {
-      static volatile int isInit = 0;
-      static sqlite3_mutex staticMutexes[6] = {
-        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-      };
-      if ( !isInit ){
-        APIRET rc;
-        PTIB ptib;
-        PPIB ppib;
-        HMTX mutex;
-        char name[32];
-        DosGetInfoBlocks( &ptib, &ppib );
-        sqlite3_snprintf( sizeof(name), name, "\\SEM32\\SQLITE%04x",
-                          ppib->pib_ulpid );
-        while( !isInit ){
-          mutex = 0;
-          rc = DosCreateMutexSem( name, &mutex, 0, FALSE);
-          if( rc == NO_ERROR ){
-            unsigned int i;
-            if( !isInit ){
-              for( i = 0; i < sizeof(staticMutexes)/sizeof(staticMutexes[0]); i++ ){
-                DosCreateMutexSem( 0, &staticMutexes[i].mutex, 0, FALSE );
-              }
-              isInit = 1;
-            }
-            DosCloseMutexSem( mutex );
-          }else if( rc == ERROR_DUPLICATE_NAME ){
-            DosSleep( 1 );
-          }else{
-            return p;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      assert( iType-2 >= 0 );
-      assert( iType-2 < sizeof(staticMutexes)/sizeof(staticMutexes[0]) );
-      p = &staticMutexes[iType-2];
-      p->id = iType;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  return p;
-}
-
-
-/*
-** This routine deallocates a previously allocated mutex.
-** SQLite is careful to deallocate every mutex that it allocates.
-*/
-static void os2MutexFree(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  TID tid;
-  PID pid;
-  ULONG ulCount;
-  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
-  assert( ulCount==0 );
-  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
-#endif
-  DosCloseMutexSem( p->mutex );
-  sqlite3_free( p );
-}
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-/*
-** The sqlite3_mutex_held() and sqlite3_mutex_notheld() routine are
-** intended for use inside assert() statements.
-*/
-static int os2MutexHeld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  TID tid;
-  PID pid;
-  ULONG ulCount;
-  PTIB ptib;
-  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
-  if( ulCount==0 || ( ulCount>1 && p->id!=SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE ) )
-    return 0;
-  DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, NULL);
-  return tid==ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid;
-}
-static int os2MutexNotheld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  TID tid;
-  PID pid;
-  ULONG ulCount;
-  PTIB ptib;
-  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
-  if( ulCount==0 )
-    return 1;
-  DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, NULL);
-  return tid!=ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid;
-}
-static void os2MutexTrace(sqlite3_mutex *p, char *pAction){
-  TID   tid;
-  PID   pid;
-  ULONG ulCount;
-  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
-  printf("%s mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%ld\n", pAction, (void*)p, p->trace, ulCount);
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The sqlite3_mutex_enter() and sqlite3_mutex_try() routines attempt
-** to enter a mutex.  If another thread is already within the mutex,
-** sqlite3_mutex_enter() will block and sqlite3_mutex_try() will return
-** SQLITE_BUSY.  The sqlite3_mutex_try() interface returns SQLITE_OK
-** upon successful entry.  Mutexes created using SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE can
-** be entered multiple times by the same thread.  In such cases the,
-** mutex must be exited an equal number of times before another thread
-** can enter.  If the same thread tries to enter any other kind of mutex
-** more than once, the behavior is undefined.
-*/
-static void os2MutexEnter(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || os2MutexNotheld(p) );
-  DosRequestMutexSem(p->mutex, SEM_INDEFINITE_WAIT);
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  if( p->trace ) os2MutexTrace(p, "enter");
-#endif
-}
-static int os2MutexTry(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  int rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
-  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || os2MutexNotheld(p) );
-  if( DosRequestMutexSem(p->mutex, SEM_IMMEDIATE_RETURN) == NO_ERROR ) {
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    if( p->trace ) os2MutexTrace(p, "try");
-#endif
-  }
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** The sqlite3_mutex_leave() routine exits a mutex that was
-** previously entered by the same thread.  The behavior
-** is undefined if the mutex is not currently entered or
-** is not currently allocated.  SQLite will never do either.
-*/
-static void os2MutexLeave(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  assert( os2MutexHeld(p) );
-  DosReleaseMutexSem(p->mutex);
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  if( p->trace ) os2MutexTrace(p, "leave");
-#endif
-}
-
-SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3DefaultMutex(void){
-  static const sqlite3_mutex_methods sMutex = {
-    os2MutexInit,
-    os2MutexEnd,
-    os2MutexAlloc,
-    os2MutexFree,
-    os2MutexEnter,
-    os2MutexTry,
-    os2MutexLeave,
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    os2MutexHeld,
-    os2MutexNotheld
-#else
-    0,
-    0
-#endif
-  };
-
-  return &sMutex;
-}
-#endif /* SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2 */
-
-/************** End of mutex_os2.c *******************************************/
 /************** Begin file mutex_unix.c **************************************/
 /*
 ** 2007 August 28
@@ -17994,10 +18828,13 @@
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP1
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP3
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** The first two constants cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
@@ -18031,6 +18868,9 @@
     SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
     SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
     SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+    SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+    SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+    SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
     SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
   };
   sqlite3_mutex *p;
@@ -18261,12 +19101,303 @@
 **    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
 **
 *************************************************************************
-** This file contains the C functions that implement mutexes for win32
+** This file contains the C functions that implement mutexes for Win32.
 */
 
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN
+/*
+** Include code that is common to all os_*.c files
+*/
+/************** Include os_common.h in the middle of mutex_w32.c *************/
+/************** Begin file os_common.h ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2004 May 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains macros and a little bit of code that is common to
+** all of the platform-specific files (os_*.c) and is #included into those
+** files.
+**
+** This file should be #included by the os_*.c files only.  It is not a
+** general purpose header file.
+*/
+#ifndef _OS_COMMON_H_
+#define _OS_COMMON_H_
+
+/*
+** At least two bugs have slipped in because we changed the MEMORY_DEBUG
+** macro to SQLITE_DEBUG and some older makefiles have not yet made the
+** switch.  The following code should catch this problem at compile-time.
+*/
+#ifdef MEMORY_DEBUG
+# error "The MEMORY_DEBUG macro is obsolete.  Use SQLITE_DEBUG instead."
+#endif
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+# ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE
+#   define SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE 0
+# endif
+  int sqlite3OSTrace = SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE;
+# define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+#else
+# define OSTRACE(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Macros for performance tracing.  Normally turned off.  Only works
+** on i486 hardware.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_PERFORMANCE_TRACE
+
+/* 
+** hwtime.h contains inline assembler code for implementing 
+** high-performance timing routines.
+*/
+/************** Include hwtime.h in the middle of os_common.h ****************/
+/************** Begin file hwtime.h ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 May 27
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains inline asm code for retrieving "high-performance"
+** counters for x86 class CPUs.
+*/
+#ifndef _HWTIME_H_
+#define _HWTIME_H_
+
+/*
+** The following routine only works on pentium-class (or newer) processors.
+** It uses the RDTSC opcode to read the cycle count value out of the
+** processor and returns that value.  This can be used for high-res
+** profiling.
+*/
+#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)) && \
+      (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86))
+
+  #if defined(__GNUC__)
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+     unsigned int lo, hi;
+     __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=a" (lo), "=d" (hi));
+     return (sqlite_uint64)hi << 32 | lo;
+  }
+
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+
+  __declspec(naked) __inline sqlite_uint64 __cdecl sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+     __asm {
+        rdtsc
+        ret       ; return value at EDX:EAX
+     }
+  }
+
+  #endif
+
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__))
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+      unsigned long val;
+      __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=A" (val));
+      return val;
+  }
+ 
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__ppc__))
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+      unsigned long long retval;
+      unsigned long junk;
+      __asm__ __volatile__ ("\n\
+          1:      mftbu   %1\n\
+                  mftb    %L0\n\
+                  mftbu   %0\n\
+                  cmpw    %0,%1\n\
+                  bne     1b"
+                  : "=r" (retval), "=r" (junk));
+      return retval;
+  }
+
+#else
+
+  #error Need implementation of sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform.
+
+  /*
+  ** To compile without implementing sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform,
+  ** you can remove the above #error and use the following
+  ** stub function.  You will lose timing support for many
+  ** of the debugging and testing utilities, but it should at
+  ** least compile and run.
+  */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){ return ((sqlite_uint64)0); }
+
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(_HWTIME_H_) */
+
+/************** End of hwtime.h **********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in os_common.h ******************/
+
+static sqlite_uint64 g_start;
+static sqlite_uint64 g_elapsed;
+#define TIMER_START       g_start=sqlite3Hwtime()
+#define TIMER_END         g_elapsed=sqlite3Hwtime()-g_start
+#define TIMER_ELAPSED     g_elapsed
+#else
+#define TIMER_START
+#define TIMER_END
+#define TIMER_ELAPSED     ((sqlite_uint64)0)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If we compile with the SQLITE_TEST macro set, then the following block
+** of code will give us the ability to simulate a disk I/O error.  This
+** is used for testing the I/O recovery logic.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hit = 0;            /* Total number of I/O Errors */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hardhit = 0;        /* Number of non-benign errors */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_pending = 0;        /* Count down to first I/O error */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_persist = 0;        /* True if I/O errors persist */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_benign = 0;         /* True if errors are benign */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull_pending = 0;
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull = 0;
+#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X) sqlite3_io_error_benign=(X)
+#define SimulateIOError(CODE)  \
+  if( (sqlite3_io_error_persist && sqlite3_io_error_hit) \
+       || sqlite3_io_error_pending-- == 1 )  \
+              { local_ioerr(); CODE; }
+static void local_ioerr(){
+  IOTRACE(("IOERR\n"));
+  sqlite3_io_error_hit++;
+  if( !sqlite3_io_error_benign ) sqlite3_io_error_hardhit++;
+}
+#define SimulateDiskfullError(CODE) \
+   if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending ){ \
+     if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending == 1 ){ \
+       local_ioerr(); \
+       sqlite3_diskfull = 1; \
+       sqlite3_io_error_hit = 1; \
+       CODE; \
+     }else{ \
+       sqlite3_diskfull_pending--; \
+     } \
+   }
+#else
+#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X)
+#define SimulateIOError(A)
+#define SimulateDiskfullError(A)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** When testing, keep a count of the number of open files.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_file_count = 0;
+#define OpenCounter(X)  sqlite3_open_file_count+=(X)
+#else
+#define OpenCounter(X)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(_OS_COMMON_H_) */
+
+/************** End of os_common.h *******************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in mutex_w32.c ******************/
+
+/*
+** Include the header file for the Windows VFS.
+*/
+/************** Include os_win.h in the middle of mutex_w32.c ****************/
+/************** Begin file os_win.h ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2013 November 25
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code that is specific to Windows.
+*/
+#ifndef _OS_WIN_H_
+#define _OS_WIN_H_
+
+/*
+** Include the primary Windows SDK header file.
+*/
+#include "windows.h"
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+# include <sys/cygwin.h>
+# include <errno.h> /* amalgamator: dontcache */
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Determine if we are dealing with Windows NT.
+**
+** We ought to be able to determine if we are compiling for Windows 9x or
+** Windows NT using the _WIN32_WINNT macro as follows:
+**
+** #if defined(_WIN32_WINNT)
+** # define SQLITE_OS_WINNT 1
+** #else
+** # define SQLITE_OS_WINNT 0
+** #endif
+**
+** However, Visual Studio 2005 does not set _WIN32_WINNT by default, as
+** it ought to, so the above test does not work.  We'll just assume that
+** everything is Windows NT unless the programmer explicitly says otherwise
+** by setting SQLITE_OS_WINNT to 0.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN && !defined(SQLITE_OS_WINNT)
+# define SQLITE_OS_WINNT 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Determine if we are dealing with Windows CE - which has a much reduced
+** API.
+*/
+#if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
+# define SQLITE_OS_WINCE 1
+#else
+# define SQLITE_OS_WINCE 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Determine if we are dealing with WinRT, which provides only a subset of
+** the full Win32 API.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OS_WINRT)
+# define SQLITE_OS_WINRT 0
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _OS_WIN_H_ */
+
+/************** End of os_win.h **********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in mutex_w32.c ******************/
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** The code in this file is only used if we are compiling multithreaded
-** on a win32 system.
+** on a Win32 system.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_MUTEX_W32
 
@@ -18279,48 +19410,22 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   volatile int nRef;         /* Number of enterances */
   volatile DWORD owner;      /* Thread holding this mutex */
-  int trace;                 /* True to trace changes */
+  volatile int trace;        /* True to trace changes */
 #endif
 };
-#define SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0 }
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, 0, 0L, (DWORD)0, 0 }
-#else
-#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, 0 }
-#endif
 
 /*
-** Return true (non-zero) if we are running under WinNT, Win2K, WinXP,
-** or WinCE.  Return false (zero) for Win95, Win98, or WinME.
-**
-** Here is an interesting observation:  Win95, Win98, and WinME lack
-** the LockFileEx() API.  But we can still statically link against that
-** API as long as we don't call it win running Win95/98/ME.  A call to
-** this routine is used to determine if the host is Win95/98/ME or
-** WinNT/2K/XP so that we will know whether or not we can safely call
-** the LockFileEx() API.
-**
-** mutexIsNT() is only used for the TryEnterCriticalSection() API call,
-** which is only available if your application was compiled with 
-** _WIN32_WINNT defined to a value >= 0x0400.  Currently, the only
-** call to TryEnterCriticalSection() is #ifdef'ed out, so #ifdef 
-** this out as well.
+** These are the initializer values used when declaring a "static" mutex
+** on Win32.  It should be noted that all mutexes require initialization
+** on the Win32 platform.
 */
-#if 0
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
-# define mutexIsNT()  (1)
+#define SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0 }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, 0, \
+                                    0L, (DWORD)0, 0 }
 #else
-  static int mutexIsNT(void){
-    static int osType = 0;
-    if( osType==0 ){
-      OSVERSIONINFO sInfo;
-      sInfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(sInfo);
-      GetVersionEx(&sInfo);
-      osType = sInfo.dwPlatformId==VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT ? 2 : 1;
-    }
-    return osType==2;
-  }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OS_WINCE */
+#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, 0 }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
@@ -18331,20 +19436,24 @@
 static int winMutexHeld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
   return p->nRef!=0 && p->owner==GetCurrentThreadId();
 }
+
 static int winMutexNotheld2(sqlite3_mutex *p, DWORD tid){
   return p->nRef==0 || p->owner!=tid;
 }
+
 static int winMutexNotheld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId(); 
+  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId();
   return winMutexNotheld2(p, tid);
 }
 #endif
 
-
 /*
 ** Initialize and deinitialize the mutex subsystem.
 */
-static sqlite3_mutex winMutex_staticMutexes[6] = {
+static sqlite3_mutex winMutex_staticMutexes[] = {
+  SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+  SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+  SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
   SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
   SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
   SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
@@ -18352,33 +19461,43 @@
   SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
   SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
 };
-static int winMutex_isInit = 0;
-/* As winMutexInit() and winMutexEnd() are called as part
-** of the sqlite3_initialize and sqlite3_shutdown()
-** processing, the "interlocked" magic is probably not
-** strictly necessary.
-*/
-static long winMutex_lock = 0;
 
-static int winMutexInit(void){ 
+static int winMutex_isInit = 0;
+static int winMutex_isNt = -1; /* <0 means "need to query" */
+
+/* As the winMutexInit() and winMutexEnd() functions are called as part
+** of the sqlite3_initialize() and sqlite3_shutdown() processing, the
+** "interlocked" magic used here is probably not strictly necessary.
+*/
+static LONG volatile winMutex_lock = 0;
+
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_win32_is_nt(void); /* os_win.c */
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_win32_sleep(DWORD milliseconds); /* os_win.c */
+
+static int winMutexInit(void){
   /* The first to increment to 1 does actual initialization */
   if( InterlockedCompareExchange(&winMutex_lock, 1, 0)==0 ){
     int i;
     for(i=0; i<ArraySize(winMutex_staticMutexes); i++){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+      InitializeCriticalSectionEx(&winMutex_staticMutexes[i].mutex, 0, 0);
+#else
       InitializeCriticalSection(&winMutex_staticMutexes[i].mutex);
+#endif
     }
     winMutex_isInit = 1;
   }else{
-    /* Someone else is in the process of initing the static mutexes */
+    /* Another thread is (in the process of) initializing the static
+    ** mutexes */
     while( !winMutex_isInit ){
-      Sleep(1);
+      sqlite3_win32_sleep(1);
     }
   }
-  return SQLITE_OK; 
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
-static int winMutexEnd(void){ 
-  /* The first to decrement to 0 does actual shutdown 
+static int winMutexEnd(void){
+  /* The first to decrement to 0 does actual shutdown
   ** (which should be the last to shutdown.) */
   if( InterlockedCompareExchange(&winMutex_lock, 0, 1)==1 ){
     if( winMutex_isInit==1 ){
@@ -18389,7 +19508,7 @@
       winMutex_isInit = 0;
     }
   }
-  return SQLITE_OK; 
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -18404,10 +19523,13 @@
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP1
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP3
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** The first two constants cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
@@ -18430,7 +19552,7 @@
 **
 ** Note that if one of the dynamic mutex parameters (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
 ** or SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE) is used then sqlite3_mutex_alloc()
-** returns a different mutex on every call.  But for the static 
+** returns a different mutex on every call.  But for the static
 ** mutex types, the same mutex is returned on every call that has
 ** the same type number.
 */
@@ -18441,21 +19563,31 @@
     case SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST:
     case SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE: {
       p = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*p) );
-      if( p ){  
+      if( p ){
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
         p->id = iType;
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MUTEX_TRACE_DYNAMIC
+        p->trace = 1;
 #endif
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+        InitializeCriticalSectionEx(&p->mutex, 0, 0);
+#else
         InitializeCriticalSection(&p->mutex);
+#endif
       }
       break;
     }
     default: {
-      assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
       assert( iType-2 >= 0 );
       assert( iType-2 < ArraySize(winMutex_staticMutexes) );
+      assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
       p = &winMutex_staticMutexes[iType-2];
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
       p->id = iType;
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MUTEX_TRACE_STATIC
+      p->trace = 1;
+#endif
 #endif
       break;
     }
@@ -18471,8 +19603,11 @@
 */
 static void winMutexFree(sqlite3_mutex *p){
   assert( p );
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   assert( p->nRef==0 && p->owner==0 );
   assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
+#endif
+  assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
   DeleteCriticalSection(&p->mutex);
   sqlite3_free(p);
 }
@@ -18489,30 +19624,39 @@
 ** more than once, the behavior is undefined.
 */
 static void winMutexEnter(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId(); 
-  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || winMutexNotheld2(p, tid) );
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId();
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  assert( p );
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || winMutexNotheld2(p, tid) );
+#else
+  assert( p );
+#endif
+  assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
   EnterCriticalSection(&p->mutex);
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   assert( p->nRef>0 || p->owner==0 );
-  p->owner = tid; 
+  p->owner = tid;
   p->nRef++;
   if( p->trace ){
-    printf("enter mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+    OSTRACE(("ENTER-MUTEX tid=%lu, mutex=%p (%d), nRef=%d\n",
+             tid, p, p->trace, p->nRef));
   }
 #endif
 }
+
 static int winMutexTry(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId(); 
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId();
 #endif
   int rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  assert( p );
   assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || winMutexNotheld2(p, tid) );
   /*
   ** The sqlite3_mutex_try() routine is very rarely used, and when it
   ** is used it is merely an optimization.  So it is OK for it to always
-  ** fail.  
+  ** fail.
   **
   ** The TryEnterCriticalSection() interface is only available on WinNT.
   ** And some windows compilers complain if you try to use it without
@@ -18520,18 +19664,27 @@
   ** For that reason, we will omit this optimization for now.  See
   ** ticket #2685.
   */
-#if 0
-  if( mutexIsNT() && TryEnterCriticalSection(&p->mutex) ){
+#if defined(_WIN32_WINNT) && _WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0400
+  assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
+  assert( winMutex_isNt>=-1 && winMutex_isNt<=1 );
+  if( winMutex_isNt<0 ){
+    winMutex_isNt = sqlite3_win32_is_nt();
+  }
+  assert( winMutex_isNt==0 || winMutex_isNt==1 );
+  if( winMutex_isNt && TryEnterCriticalSection(&p->mutex) ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     p->owner = tid;
     p->nRef++;
+#endif
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }
 #else
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p->trace ){
-    printf("try mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+  if( p->trace ){
+    OSTRACE(("TRY-MUTEX tid=%lu, mutex=%p (%d), owner=%lu, nRef=%d, rc=%s\n",
+             tid, p, p->trace, p->owner, p->nRef, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
   }
 #endif
   return rc;
@@ -18544,18 +19697,23 @@
 ** is not currently allocated.  SQLite will never do either.
 */
 static void winMutexLeave(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
   DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId();
+#endif
+  assert( p );
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   assert( p->nRef>0 );
   assert( p->owner==tid );
   p->nRef--;
   if( p->nRef==0 ) p->owner = 0;
   assert( p->nRef==0 || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
 #endif
+  assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
   LeaveCriticalSection(&p->mutex);
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   if( p->trace ){
-    printf("leave mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+    OSTRACE(("LEAVE-MUTEX tid=%lu, mutex=%p (%d), nRef=%d\n",
+             tid, p, p->trace, p->nRef));
   }
 #endif
 }
@@ -18577,9 +19735,9 @@
     0
 #endif
   };
-
   return &sMutex;
 }
+
 #endif /* SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 */
 
 /************** End of mutex_w32.c *******************************************/
@@ -19018,7 +20176,7 @@
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOOKASIDE
 static int isLookaside(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
-  return p && p>=db->lookaside.pStart && p<db->lookaside.pEnd;
+  return p>=db->lookaside.pStart && p<db->lookaside.pEnd;
 }
 #else
 #define isLookaside(A,B) 0
@@ -19034,8 +20192,9 @@
   return sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xSize(p);
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DbMallocSize(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
-  assert( db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
-  if( db && isLookaside(db, p) ){
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( isLookaside(db, p) ){
     return db->lookaside.sz;
   }else{
     assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_DB) );
@@ -19069,6 +20228,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DbFree(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
   assert( db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( p==0 ) return;
   if( db ){
     if( db->pnBytesFreed ){
       *db->pnBytesFreed += sqlite3DbMallocSize(db, p);
@@ -19076,6 +20236,10 @@
     }
     if( isLookaside(db, p) ){
       LookasideSlot *pBuf = (LookasideSlot*)p;
+#if SQLITE_DEBUG
+      /* Trash all content in the buffer being freed */
+      memset(p, 0xaa, db->lookaside.sz);
+#endif
       pBuf->pNext = db->lookaside.pFree;
       db->lookaside.pFree = pBuf;
       db->lookaside.nOut--;
@@ -19489,7 +20653,8 @@
 static char et_getdigit(LONGDOUBLE_TYPE *val, int *cnt){
   int digit;
   LONGDOUBLE_TYPE d;
-  if( (*cnt)++ >= 16 ) return '0';
+  if( (*cnt)<=0 ) return '0';
+  (*cnt)--;
   digit = (int)*val;
   d = digit;
   digit += '0';
@@ -19499,20 +20664,31 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT */
 
 /*
-** Append N space characters to the given string buffer.
+** Set the StrAccum object to an error mode.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AppendSpace(StrAccum *pAccum, int N){
-  static const char zSpaces[] = "                             ";
-  while( N>=(int)sizeof(zSpaces)-1 ){
-    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zSpaces, sizeof(zSpaces)-1);
-    N -= sizeof(zSpaces)-1;
-  }
-  if( N>0 ){
-    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zSpaces, N);
-  }
+static void setStrAccumError(StrAccum *p, u8 eError){
+  p->accError = eError;
+  p->nAlloc = 0;
 }
 
 /*
+** Extra argument values from a PrintfArguments object
+*/
+static sqlite3_int64 getIntArg(PrintfArguments *p){
+  if( p->nArg<=p->nUsed ) return 0;
+  return sqlite3_value_int64(p->apArg[p->nUsed++]);
+}
+static double getDoubleArg(PrintfArguments *p){
+  if( p->nArg<=p->nUsed ) return 0.0;
+  return sqlite3_value_double(p->apArg[p->nUsed++]);
+}
+static char *getTextArg(PrintfArguments *p){
+  if( p->nArg<=p->nUsed ) return 0;
+  return (char*)sqlite3_value_text(p->apArg[p->nUsed++]);
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** On machines with a small stack size, you can redefine the
 ** SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE to be something smaller, if desired.
 */
@@ -19525,10 +20701,10 @@
 ** Render a string given by "fmt" into the StrAccum object.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
-  StrAccum *pAccum,                  /* Accumulate results here */
-  int useExtended,                   /* Allow extended %-conversions */
-  const char *fmt,                   /* Format string */
-  va_list ap                         /* arguments */
+  StrAccum *pAccum,          /* Accumulate results here */
+  u32 bFlags,                /* SQLITE_PRINTF_* flags */
+  const char *fmt,           /* Format string */
+  va_list ap                 /* arguments */
 ){
   int c;                     /* Next character in the format string */
   char *bufpt;               /* Pointer to the conversion buffer */
@@ -19546,6 +20722,8 @@
   etByte flag_longlong;      /* True if the "ll" flag is present */
   etByte done;               /* Loop termination flag */
   etByte xtype = 0;          /* Conversion paradigm */
+  u8 bArgList;               /* True for SQLITE_PRINTF_SQLFUNC */
+  u8 useIntern;              /* Ok to use internal conversions (ex: %T) */
   char prefix;               /* Prefix character.  "+" or "-" or " " or '\0'. */
   sqlite_uint64 longvalue;   /* Value for integer types */
   LONGDOUBLE_TYPE realvalue; /* Value for real types */
@@ -19560,16 +20738,23 @@
   etByte flag_dp;            /* True if decimal point should be shown */
   etByte flag_rtz;           /* True if trailing zeros should be removed */
 #endif
+  PrintfArguments *pArgList = 0; /* Arguments for SQLITE_PRINTF_SQLFUNC */
   char buf[etBUFSIZE];       /* Conversion buffer */
 
   bufpt = 0;
+  if( bFlags ){
+    if( (bArgList = (bFlags & SQLITE_PRINTF_SQLFUNC))!=0 ){
+      pArgList = va_arg(ap, PrintfArguments*);
+    }
+    useIntern = bFlags & SQLITE_PRINTF_INTERNAL;
+  }else{
+    bArgList = useIntern = 0;
+  }
   for(; (c=(*fmt))!=0; ++fmt){
     if( c!='%' ){
-      int amt;
       bufpt = (char *)fmt;
-      amt = 1;
-      while( (c=(*++fmt))!='%' && c!=0 ) amt++;
-      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, bufpt, amt);
+      while( (c=(*++fmt))!='%' && c!=0 ){};
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, bufpt, (int)(fmt - bufpt));
       if( c==0 ) break;
     }
     if( (c=(*++fmt))==0 ){
@@ -19594,7 +20779,11 @@
     /* Get the field width */
     width = 0;
     if( c=='*' ){
-      width = va_arg(ap,int);
+      if( bArgList ){
+        width = (int)getIntArg(pArgList);
+      }else{
+        width = va_arg(ap,int);
+      }
       if( width<0 ){
         flag_leftjustify = 1;
         width = -width;
@@ -19611,7 +20800,11 @@
       precision = 0;
       c = *++fmt;
       if( c=='*' ){
-        precision = va_arg(ap,int);
+        if( bArgList ){
+          precision = (int)getIntArg(pArgList);
+        }else{
+          precision = va_arg(ap,int);
+        }
         if( precision<0 ) precision = -precision;
         c = *++fmt;
       }else{
@@ -19642,7 +20835,7 @@
     for(idx=0; idx<ArraySize(fmtinfo); idx++){
       if( c==fmtinfo[idx].fmttype ){
         infop = &fmtinfo[idx];
-        if( useExtended || (infop->flags & FLAG_INTERN)==0 ){
+        if( useIntern || (infop->flags & FLAG_INTERN)==0 ){
           xtype = infop->type;
         }else{
           return;
@@ -19682,7 +20875,9 @@
       case etRADIX:
         if( infop->flags & FLAG_SIGNED ){
           i64 v;
-          if( flag_longlong ){
+          if( bArgList ){
+            v = getIntArg(pArgList);
+          }else if( flag_longlong ){
             v = va_arg(ap,i64);
           }else if( flag_long ){
             v = va_arg(ap,long int);
@@ -19703,7 +20898,9 @@
             else                       prefix = 0;
           }
         }else{
-          if( flag_longlong ){
+          if( bArgList ){
+            longvalue = (u64)getIntArg(pArgList);
+          }else if( flag_longlong ){
             longvalue = va_arg(ap,u64);
           }else if( flag_long ){
             longvalue = va_arg(ap,unsigned long int);
@@ -19723,7 +20920,7 @@
           nOut = precision + 10;
           zOut = zExtra = sqlite3Malloc( nOut );
           if( zOut==0 ){
-            pAccum->mallocFailed = 1;
+            setStrAccumError(pAccum, STRACCUM_NOMEM);
             return;
           }
         }
@@ -19738,10 +20935,8 @@
           *(--bufpt) = zOrd[x*2];
         }
         {
-          register const char *cset;      /* Use registers for speed */
-          register int base;
-          cset = &aDigits[infop->charset];
-          base = infop->base;
+          const char *cset = &aDigits[infop->charset];
+          u8 base = infop->base;
           do{                                           /* Convert to ascii */
             *(--bufpt) = cset[longvalue%base];
             longvalue = longvalue/base;
@@ -19763,7 +20958,11 @@
       case etFLOAT:
       case etEXP:
       case etGENERIC:
-        realvalue = va_arg(ap,double);
+        if( bArgList ){
+          realvalue = getDoubleArg(pArgList);
+        }else{
+          realvalue = va_arg(ap,double);
+        }
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
         length = 0;
 #else
@@ -19777,13 +20976,7 @@
           else                         prefix = 0;
         }
         if( xtype==etGENERIC && precision>0 ) precision--;
-#if 0
-        /* Rounding works like BSD when the constant 0.4999 is used.  Wierd! */
-        for(idx=precision, rounder=0.4999; idx>0; idx--, rounder*=0.1);
-#else
-        /* It makes more sense to use 0.5 */
         for(idx=precision, rounder=0.5; idx>0; idx--, rounder*=0.1){}
-#endif
         if( xtype==etFLOAT ) realvalue += rounder;
         /* Normalize realvalue to within 10.0 > realvalue >= 1.0 */
         exp = 0;
@@ -19793,9 +20986,12 @@
           break;
         }
         if( realvalue>0.0 ){
-          while( realvalue>=1e32 && exp<=350 ){ realvalue *= 1e-32; exp+=32; }
-          while( realvalue>=1e8 && exp<=350 ){ realvalue *= 1e-8; exp+=8; }
-          while( realvalue>=10.0 && exp<=350 ){ realvalue *= 0.1; exp++; }
+          LONGDOUBLE_TYPE scale = 1.0;
+          while( realvalue>=1e100*scale && exp<=350 ){ scale *= 1e100;exp+=100;}
+          while( realvalue>=1e64*scale && exp<=350 ){ scale *= 1e64; exp+=64; }
+          while( realvalue>=1e8*scale && exp<=350 ){ scale *= 1e8; exp+=8; }
+          while( realvalue>=10.0*scale && exp<=350 ){ scale *= 10.0; exp++; }
+          realvalue /= scale;
           while( realvalue<1e-8 ){ realvalue *= 1e8; exp-=8; }
           while( realvalue<1.0 ){ realvalue *= 10.0; exp--; }
           if( exp>350 ){
@@ -19828,22 +21024,22 @@
             xtype = etFLOAT;
           }
         }else{
-          flag_rtz = 0;
+          flag_rtz = flag_altform2;
         }
         if( xtype==etEXP ){
           e2 = 0;
         }else{
           e2 = exp;
         }
-        if( e2+precision+width > etBUFSIZE - 15 ){
-          bufpt = zExtra = sqlite3Malloc( e2+precision+width+15 );
+        if( MAX(e2,0)+precision+width > etBUFSIZE - 15 ){
+          bufpt = zExtra = sqlite3Malloc( MAX(e2,0)+precision+width+15 );
           if( bufpt==0 ){
-            pAccum->mallocFailed = 1;
+            setStrAccumError(pAccum, STRACCUM_NOMEM);
             return;
           }
         }
         zOut = bufpt;
-        nsd = 0;
+        nsd = 16 + flag_altform2*10;
         flag_dp = (precision>0 ?1:0) | flag_alternateform | flag_altform2;
         /* The sign in front of the number */
         if( prefix ){
@@ -19921,7 +21117,9 @@
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT) */
         break;
       case etSIZE:
-        *(va_arg(ap,int*)) = pAccum->nChar;
+        if( !bArgList ){
+          *(va_arg(ap,int*)) = pAccum->nChar;
+        }
         length = width = 0;
         break;
       case etPERCENT:
@@ -19930,7 +21128,12 @@
         length = 1;
         break;
       case etCHARX:
-        c = va_arg(ap,int);
+        if( bArgList ){
+          bufpt = getTextArg(pArgList);
+          c = bufpt ? bufpt[0] : 0;
+        }else{
+          c = va_arg(ap,int);
+        }
         buf[0] = (char)c;
         if( precision>=0 ){
           for(idx=1; idx<precision; idx++) buf[idx] = (char)c;
@@ -19942,10 +21145,14 @@
         break;
       case etSTRING:
       case etDYNSTRING:
-        bufpt = va_arg(ap,char*);
+        if( bArgList ){
+          bufpt = getTextArg(pArgList);
+        }else{
+          bufpt = va_arg(ap,char*);
+        }
         if( bufpt==0 ){
           bufpt = "";
-        }else if( xtype==etDYNSTRING ){
+        }else if( xtype==etDYNSTRING && !bArgList ){
           zExtra = bufpt;
         }
         if( precision>=0 ){
@@ -19961,7 +21168,13 @@
         int needQuote;
         char ch;
         char q = ((xtype==etSQLESCAPE3)?'"':'\'');   /* Quote character */
-        char *escarg = va_arg(ap,char*);
+        char *escarg;
+
+        if( bArgList ){
+          escarg = getTextArg(pArgList);
+        }else{
+          escarg = va_arg(ap,char*);
+        }
         isnull = escarg==0;
         if( isnull ) escarg = (xtype==etSQLESCAPE2 ? "NULL" : "(NULL)");
         k = precision;
@@ -19973,7 +21186,7 @@
         if( n>etBUFSIZE ){
           bufpt = zExtra = sqlite3Malloc( n );
           if( bufpt==0 ){
-            pAccum->mallocFailed = 1;
+            setStrAccumError(pAccum, STRACCUM_NOMEM);
             return;
           }
         }else{
@@ -19996,7 +21209,8 @@
       }
       case etTOKEN: {
         Token *pToken = va_arg(ap, Token*);
-        if( pToken ){
+        assert( bArgList==0 );
+        if( pToken && pToken->n ){
           sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, (const char*)pToken->z, pToken->n);
         }
         length = width = 0;
@@ -20006,12 +21220,13 @@
         SrcList *pSrc = va_arg(ap, SrcList*);
         int k = va_arg(ap, int);
         struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pSrc->a[k];
+        assert( bArgList==0 );
         assert( k>=0 && k<pSrc->nSrc );
         if( pItem->zDatabase ){
-          sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, pItem->zDatabase, -1);
+          sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(pAccum, pItem->zDatabase);
           sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, ".", 1);
         }
-        sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, pItem->zName, -1);
+        sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(pAccum, pItem->zName);
         length = width = 0;
         break;
       }
@@ -20025,77 +21240,99 @@
     ** "length" characters long.  The field width is "width".  Do
     ** the output.
     */
-    if( !flag_leftjustify ){
-      register int nspace;
-      nspace = width-length;
-      if( nspace>0 ){
-        sqlite3AppendSpace(pAccum, nspace);
-      }
-    }
-    if( length>0 ){
-      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, bufpt, length);
-    }
-    if( flag_leftjustify ){
-      register int nspace;
-      nspace = width-length;
-      if( nspace>0 ){
-        sqlite3AppendSpace(pAccum, nspace);
-      }
-    }
-    sqlite3_free(zExtra);
+    width -= length;
+    if( width>0 && !flag_leftjustify ) sqlite3AppendSpace(pAccum, width);
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, bufpt, length);
+    if( width>0 && flag_leftjustify ) sqlite3AppendSpace(pAccum, width);
+
+    if( zExtra ) sqlite3_free(zExtra);
   }/* End for loop over the format string */
 } /* End of function */
 
 /*
-** Append N bytes of text from z to the StrAccum object.
+** Enlarge the memory allocation on a StrAccum object so that it is
+** able to accept at least N more bytes of text.
+**
+** Return the number of bytes of text that StrAccum is able to accept
+** after the attempted enlargement.  The value returned might be zero.
+*/
+static int sqlite3StrAccumEnlarge(StrAccum *p, int N){
+  char *zNew;
+  assert( p->nChar+N >= p->nAlloc ); /* Only called if really needed */
+  if( p->accError ){
+    testcase(p->accError==STRACCUM_TOOBIG);
+    testcase(p->accError==STRACCUM_NOMEM);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( !p->useMalloc ){
+    N = p->nAlloc - p->nChar - 1;
+    setStrAccumError(p, STRACCUM_TOOBIG);
+    return N;
+  }else{
+    char *zOld = (p->zText==p->zBase ? 0 : p->zText);
+    i64 szNew = p->nChar;
+    szNew += N + 1;
+    if( szNew > p->mxAlloc ){
+      sqlite3StrAccumReset(p);
+      setStrAccumError(p, STRACCUM_TOOBIG);
+      return 0;
+    }else{
+      p->nAlloc = (int)szNew;
+    }
+    if( p->useMalloc==1 ){
+      zNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, zOld, p->nAlloc);
+    }else{
+      zNew = sqlite3_realloc(zOld, p->nAlloc);
+    }
+    if( zNew ){
+      assert( p->zText!=0 || p->nChar==0 );
+      if( zOld==0 && p->nChar>0 ) memcpy(zNew, p->zText, p->nChar);
+      p->zText = zNew;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3StrAccumReset(p);
+      setStrAccumError(p, STRACCUM_NOMEM);
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return N;
+}
+
+/*
+** Append N space characters to the given string buffer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AppendSpace(StrAccum *p, int N){
+  if( p->nChar+N >= p->nAlloc && (N = sqlite3StrAccumEnlarge(p, N))<=0 ) return;
+  while( (N--)>0 ) p->zText[p->nChar++] = ' ';
+}
+
+/*
+** The StrAccum "p" is not large enough to accept N new bytes of z[].
+** So enlarge if first, then do the append.
+**
+** This is a helper routine to sqlite3StrAccumAppend() that does special-case
+** work (enlarging the buffer) using tail recursion, so that the
+** sqlite3StrAccumAppend() routine can use fast calling semantics.
+*/
+static void enlargeAndAppend(StrAccum *p, const char *z, int N){
+  N = sqlite3StrAccumEnlarge(p, N);
+  if( N>0 ){
+    memcpy(&p->zText[p->nChar], z, N);
+    p->nChar += N;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Append N bytes of text from z to the StrAccum object.  Increase the
+** size of the memory allocation for StrAccum if necessary.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppend(StrAccum *p, const char *z, int N){
-  assert( z!=0 || N==0 );
-  if( p->tooBig | p->mallocFailed ){
-    testcase(p->tooBig);
-    testcase(p->mallocFailed);
-    return;
-  }
-  assert( p->zText!=0 || p->nChar==0 );
-  if( N<0 ){
-    N = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
-  }
-  if( N==0 || NEVER(z==0) ){
-    return;
-  }
+  assert( z!=0 );
+  assert( p->zText!=0 || p->nChar==0 || p->accError );
+  assert( N>=0 );
+  assert( p->accError==0 || p->nAlloc==0 );
   if( p->nChar+N >= p->nAlloc ){
-    char *zNew;
-    if( !p->useMalloc ){
-      p->tooBig = 1;
-      N = p->nAlloc - p->nChar - 1;
-      if( N<=0 ){
-        return;
-      }
-    }else{
-      char *zOld = (p->zText==p->zBase ? 0 : p->zText);
-      i64 szNew = p->nChar;
-      szNew += N + 1;
-      if( szNew > p->mxAlloc ){
-        sqlite3StrAccumReset(p);
-        p->tooBig = 1;
-        return;
-      }else{
-        p->nAlloc = (int)szNew;
-      }
-      if( p->useMalloc==1 ){
-        zNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, zOld, p->nAlloc);
-      }else{
-        zNew = sqlite3_realloc(zOld, p->nAlloc);
-      }
-      if( zNew ){
-        if( zOld==0 && p->nChar>0 ) memcpy(zNew, p->zText, p->nChar);
-        p->zText = zNew;
-      }else{
-        p->mallocFailed = 1;
-        sqlite3StrAccumReset(p);
-        return;
-      }
-    }
+    enlargeAndAppend(p,z,N);
+    return;
   }
   assert( p->zText );
   memcpy(&p->zText[p->nChar], z, N);
@@ -20103,6 +21340,14 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Append the complete text of zero-terminated string z[] to the p string.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(StrAccum *p, const char *z){
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(p, z, sqlite3Strlen30(z));
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** Finish off a string by making sure it is zero-terminated.
 ** Return a pointer to the resulting string.  Return a NULL
 ** pointer if any kind of error was encountered.
@@ -20119,7 +21364,7 @@
       if( p->zText ){
         memcpy(p->zText, p->zBase, p->nChar+1);
       }else{
-        p->mallocFailed = 1;
+        setStrAccumError(p, STRACCUM_NOMEM);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -20150,8 +21395,7 @@
   p->nAlloc = n;
   p->mxAlloc = mx;
   p->useMalloc = 1;
-  p->tooBig = 0;
-  p->mallocFailed = 0;
+  p->accError = 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -20166,9 +21410,9 @@
   sqlite3StrAccumInit(&acc, zBase, sizeof(zBase),
                       db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]);
   acc.db = db;
-  sqlite3VXPrintf(&acc, 1, zFormat, ap);
+  sqlite3VXPrintf(&acc, SQLITE_PRINTF_INTERNAL, zFormat, ap);
   z = sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&acc);
-  if( acc.mallocFailed ){
+  if( acc.accError==STRACCUM_NOMEM ){
     db->mallocFailed = 1;
   }
   return z;
@@ -20322,17 +21566,15 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
 /*
 ** variable-argument wrapper around sqlite3VXPrintf().
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3XPrintf(StrAccum *p, const char *zFormat, ...){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3XPrintf(StrAccum *p, u32 bFlags, const char *zFormat, ...){
   va_list ap;
   va_start(ap,zFormat);
-  sqlite3VXPrintf(p, 1, zFormat, ap);
+  sqlite3VXPrintf(p, bFlags, zFormat, ap);
   va_end(ap);
 }
-#endif
 
 /************** End of printf.c **********************************************/
 /************** Begin file random.c ******************************************/
@@ -20365,24 +21607,11 @@
 } sqlite3Prng;
 
 /*
-** Get a single 8-bit random value from the RC4 PRNG.  The Mutex
-** must be held while executing this routine.
-**
-** Why not just use a library random generator like lrand48() for this?
-** Because the OP_NewRowid opcode in the VDBE depends on having a very
-** good source of random numbers.  The lrand48() library function may
-** well be good enough.  But maybe not.  Or maybe lrand48() has some
-** subtle problems on some systems that could cause problems.  It is hard
-** to know.  To minimize the risk of problems due to bad lrand48()
-** implementations, SQLite uses this random number generator based
-** on RC4, which we know works very well.
-**
-** (Later):  Actually, OP_NewRowid does not depend on a good source of
-** randomness any more.  But we will leave this code in all the same.
+** Return N random bytes.
 */
-static u8 randomByte(void){
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_randomness(int N, void *pBuf){
   unsigned char t;
-
+  unsigned char *zBuf = pBuf;
 
   /* The "wsdPrng" macro will resolve to the pseudo-random number generator
   ** state vector.  If writable static data is unsupported on the target,
@@ -20397,6 +21626,16 @@
 # define wsdPrng sqlite3Prng
 #endif
 
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG);
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+#endif
+
+  if( N<=0 ){
+    wsdPrng.isInit = 0;
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+    return;
+  }
 
   /* Initialize the state of the random number generator once,
   ** the first time this routine is called.  The seed value does
@@ -20425,29 +21664,16 @@
     wsdPrng.isInit = 1;
   }
 
-  /* Generate and return single random byte
-  */
-  wsdPrng.i++;
-  t = wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i];
-  wsdPrng.j += t;
-  wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i] = wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.j];
-  wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.j] = t;
-  t += wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i];
-  return wsdPrng.s[t];
-}
-
-/*
-** Return N random bytes.
-*/
-SQLITE_API void sqlite3_randomness(int N, void *pBuf){
-  unsigned char *zBuf = pBuf;
-#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
-  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG);
-#endif
-  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
-  while( N-- ){
-    *(zBuf++) = randomByte();
-  }
+  assert( N>0 );
+  do{
+    wsdPrng.i++;
+    t = wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i];
+    wsdPrng.j += t;
+    wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i] = wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.j];
+    wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.j] = t;
+    t += wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i];
+    *(zBuf++) = wsdPrng.s[t];
+  }while( --N );
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
 }
 
@@ -20476,9 +21702,6 @@
     sizeof(sqlite3Prng)
   );
 }
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngResetState(void){
-  GLOBAL(struct sqlite3PrngType, sqlite3Prng).isInit = 0;
-}
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST */
 
 /************** End of random.c **********************************************/
@@ -20631,8 +21854,8 @@
 **     and rendered as themselves even though they are technically
 **     invalid characters.
 **
-**  *  This routine accepts an infinite number of different UTF8 encodings
-**     for unicode values 0x80 and greater.  It do not change over-length
+**  *  This routine accepts over-length UTF8 encodings
+**     for unicode values 0x80 and greater.  It does not change over-length
 **     encodings to 0xfffd as some systems recommend.
 */
 #define READ_UTF8(zIn, zTerm, c)                           \
@@ -20647,25 +21870,23 @@
         || (c&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ){  c = 0xFFFD; }        \
   }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Utf8Read(
-  const unsigned char *zIn,       /* First byte of UTF-8 character */
-  const unsigned char **pzNext    /* Write first byte past UTF-8 char here */
+  const unsigned char **pz    /* Pointer to string from which to read char */
 ){
   unsigned int c;
 
   /* Same as READ_UTF8() above but without the zTerm parameter.
   ** For this routine, we assume the UTF8 string is always zero-terminated.
   */
-  c = *(zIn++);
+  c = *((*pz)++);
   if( c>=0xc0 ){
     c = sqlite3Utf8Trans1[c-0xc0];
-    while( (*zIn & 0xc0)==0x80 ){
-      c = (c<<6) + (0x3f & *(zIn++));
+    while( (*(*pz) & 0xc0)==0x80 ){
+      c = (c<<6) + (0x3f & *((*pz)++));
     }
     if( c<0x80
         || (c&0xFFFFF800)==0xD800
         || (c&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ){  c = 0xFFFD; }
   }
-  *pzNext = zIn;
   return c;
 }
 
@@ -20766,7 +21987,6 @@
     if( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF16LE ){
       /* UTF-8 -> UTF-16 Little-endian */
       while( zIn<zTerm ){
-        /* c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zIn, zTerm, (const u8**)&zIn); */
         READ_UTF8(zIn, zTerm, c);
         WRITE_UTF16LE(z, c);
       }
@@ -20774,7 +21994,6 @@
       assert( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
       /* UTF-8 -> UTF-16 Big-endian */
       while( zIn<zTerm ){
-        /* c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zIn, zTerm, (const u8**)&zIn); */
         READ_UTF8(zIn, zTerm, c);
         WRITE_UTF16BE(z, c);
       }
@@ -20804,7 +22023,7 @@
   sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
   pMem->flags &= ~(MEM_Static|MEM_Dyn|MEM_Ephem);
   pMem->enc = desiredEnc;
-  pMem->flags |= (MEM_Term|MEM_Dyn);
+  pMem->flags |= (MEM_Term);
   pMem->z = (char*)zOut;
   pMem->zMalloc = pMem->z;
 
@@ -20902,7 +22121,7 @@
   u32 c;
 
   while( zIn[0] && zOut<=zIn ){
-    c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zIn, (const u8**)&zIn);
+    c = sqlite3Utf8Read((const u8**)&zIn);
     if( c!=0xfffd ){
       WRITE_UTF8(zOut, c);
     }
@@ -20932,38 +22151,11 @@
   }
   assert( (m.flags & MEM_Term)!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
   assert( (m.flags & MEM_Str)!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
-  assert( (m.flags & MEM_Dyn)!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
   assert( m.z || db->mallocFailed );
   return m.z;
 }
 
 /*
-** Convert a UTF-8 string to the UTF-16 encoding specified by parameter
-** enc. A pointer to the new string is returned, and the value of *pnOut
-** is set to the length of the returned string in bytes. The call should
-** arrange to call sqlite3DbFree() on the returned pointer when it is
-** no longer required.
-** 
-** If a malloc failure occurs, NULL is returned and the db.mallocFailed
-** flag set.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf8to16(sqlite3 *db, u8 enc, char *z, int n, int *pnOut){
-  Mem m;
-  memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
-  m.db = db;
-  sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&m, z, n, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTranslate(&m, enc) ){
-    assert( db->mallocFailed );
-    return 0;
-  }
-  assert( m.z==m.zMalloc );
-  *pnOut = m.n;
-  return m.z;
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
 ** zIn is a UTF-16 encoded unicode string at least nChar characters long.
 ** Return the number of bytes in the first nChar unicode characters
 ** in pZ.  nChar must be non-negative.
@@ -21007,7 +22199,7 @@
     assert( n>0 && n<=4 );
     z[0] = 0;
     z = zBuf;
-    c = sqlite3Utf8Read(z, (const u8**)&z);
+    c = sqlite3Utf8Read((const u8**)&z);
     t = i;
     if( i>=0xD800 && i<=0xDFFF ) t = 0xFFFD;
     if( (i&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ) t = 0xFFFD;
@@ -21076,6 +22268,24 @@
 }
 #endif
 
+/*
+** Give a callback to the test harness that can be used to simulate faults
+** in places where it is difficult or expensive to do so purely by means
+** of inputs.
+**
+** The intent of the integer argument is to let the fault simulator know
+** which of multiple sqlite3FaultSim() calls has been hit.
+**
+** Return whatever integer value the test callback returns, or return
+** SQLITE_OK if no test callback is installed.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FaultSim(int iTest){
+  int (*xCallback)(int) = sqlite3GlobalConfig.xTestCallback;
+  return xCallback ? xCallback(iTest) : SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
 /*
 ** Return true if the floating point value is Not a Number (NaN).
@@ -21160,18 +22370,17 @@
 ** to NULL.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Error(sqlite3 *db, int err_code, const char *zFormat, ...){
-  if( db && (db->pErr || (db->pErr = sqlite3ValueNew(db))!=0) ){
-    db->errCode = err_code;
-    if( zFormat ){
-      char *z;
-      va_list ap;
-      va_start(ap, zFormat);
-      z = sqlite3VMPrintf(db, zFormat, ap);
-      va_end(ap);
-      sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, z, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
-    }else{
-      sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, 0, 0, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
-    }
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  db->errCode = err_code;
+  if( zFormat && (db->pErr || (db->pErr = sqlite3ValueNew(db))!=0) ){
+    char *z;
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, zFormat);
+    z = sqlite3VMPrintf(db, zFormat, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+    sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, z, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+  }else if( db->pErr ){
+    sqlite3ValueSetNull(db->pErr);
   }
 }
 
@@ -21238,7 +22447,8 @@
     case '[':   quote = ']';  break;  /* For MS SqlServer compatibility */
     default:    return -1;
   }
-  for(i=1, j=0; ALWAYS(z[i]); i++){
+  for(i=1, j=0;; i++){
+    assert( z[i] );
     if( z[i]==quote ){
       if( z[i+1]==quote ){
         z[j++] = quote;
@@ -21306,7 +22516,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AtoF(const char *z, double *pResult, int length, u8 enc){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
-  int incr = (enc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2);
+  int incr;
   const char *zEnd = z + length;
   /* sign * significand * (10 ^ (esign * exponent)) */
   int sign = 1;    /* sign of significand */
@@ -21317,10 +22527,22 @@
   int eValid = 1;  /* True exponent is either not used or is well-formed */
   double result;
   int nDigits = 0;
+  int nonNum = 0;
 
+  assert( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
   *pResult = 0.0;   /* Default return value, in case of an error */
 
-  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE ) z++;
+  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+    incr = 1;
+  }else{
+    int i;
+    incr = 2;
+    assert( SQLITE_UTF16LE==2 && SQLITE_UTF16BE==3 );
+    for(i=3-enc; i<length && z[i]==0; i+=2){}
+    nonNum = i<length;
+    zEnd = z+i+enc-3;
+    z += (enc&1);
+  }
 
   /* skip leading spaces */
   while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z+=incr;
@@ -21416,7 +22638,7 @@
     /* if exponent, scale significand as appropriate
     ** and store in result. */
     if( e ){
-      double scale = 1.0;
+      LONGDOUBLE_TYPE scale = 1.0;
       /* attempt to handle extremely small/large numbers better */
       if( e>307 && e<342 ){
         while( e%308 ) { scale *= 1.0e+1; e -= 1; }
@@ -21453,7 +22675,7 @@
   *pResult = result;
 
   /* return true if number and no extra non-whitespace chracters after */
-  return z>=zEnd && nDigits>0 && eValid;
+  return z>=zEnd && nDigits>0 && eValid && nonNum==0;
 #else
   return !sqlite3Atoi64(z, pResult, length, enc);
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT */
@@ -21490,33 +22712,45 @@
   return c;
 }
 
-
 /*
-** Convert zNum to a 64-bit signed integer.
+** Convert zNum to a 64-bit signed integer.  zNum must be decimal. This
+** routine does *not* accept hexadecimal notation.
 **
 ** If the zNum value is representable as a 64-bit twos-complement 
 ** integer, then write that value into *pNum and return 0.
 **
-** If zNum is exactly 9223372036854665808, return 2.  This special
-** case is broken out because while 9223372036854665808 cannot be a 
-** signed 64-bit integer, its negative -9223372036854665808 can be.
+** If zNum is exactly 9223372036854775808, return 2.  This special
+** case is broken out because while 9223372036854775808 cannot be a 
+** signed 64-bit integer, its negative -9223372036854775808 can be.
 **
 ** If zNum is too big for a 64-bit integer and is not
-** 9223372036854665808 then return 1.
+** 9223372036854775808  or if zNum contains any non-numeric text,
+** then return 1.
 **
 ** length is the number of bytes in the string (bytes, not characters).
 ** The string is not necessarily zero-terminated.  The encoding is
 ** given by enc.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi64(const char *zNum, i64 *pNum, int length, u8 enc){
-  int incr = (enc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2);
+  int incr;
   u64 u = 0;
   int neg = 0; /* assume positive */
   int i;
   int c = 0;
+  int nonNum = 0;
   const char *zStart;
   const char *zEnd = zNum + length;
-  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE ) zNum++;
+  assert( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+    incr = 1;
+  }else{
+    incr = 2;
+    assert( SQLITE_UTF16LE==2 && SQLITE_UTF16BE==3 );
+    for(i=3-enc; i<length && zNum[i]==0; i+=2){}
+    nonNum = i<length;
+    zEnd = zNum+i+enc-3;
+    zNum += (enc&1);
+  }
   while( zNum<zEnd && sqlite3Isspace(*zNum) ) zNum+=incr;
   if( zNum<zEnd ){
     if( *zNum=='-' ){
@@ -21532,7 +22766,7 @@
     u = u*10 + c - '0';
   }
   if( u>LARGEST_INT64 ){
-    *pNum = SMALLEST_INT64;
+    *pNum = neg ? SMALLEST_INT64 : LARGEST_INT64;
   }else if( neg ){
     *pNum = -(i64)u;
   }else{
@@ -21541,7 +22775,7 @@
   testcase( i==18 );
   testcase( i==19 );
   testcase( i==20 );
-  if( (c!=0 && &zNum[i]<zEnd) || (i==0 && zStart==zNum) || i>19*incr ){
+  if( (c!=0 && &zNum[i]<zEnd) || (i==0 && zStart==zNum) || i>19*incr || nonNum ){
     /* zNum is empty or contains non-numeric text or is longer
     ** than 19 digits (thus guaranteeing that it is too large) */
     return 1;
@@ -21563,16 +22797,49 @@
       /* zNum is exactly 9223372036854775808.  Fits if negative.  The
       ** special case 2 overflow if positive */
       assert( u-1==LARGEST_INT64 );
-      assert( (*pNum)==SMALLEST_INT64 );
       return neg ? 0 : 2;
     }
   }
 }
 
 /*
+** Transform a UTF-8 integer literal, in either decimal or hexadecimal,
+** into a 64-bit signed integer.  This routine accepts hexadecimal literals,
+** whereas sqlite3Atoi64() does not.
+**
+** Returns:
+**
+**     0    Successful transformation.  Fits in a 64-bit signed integer.
+**     1    Integer too large for a 64-bit signed integer or is malformed
+**     2    Special case of 9223372036854775808
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(const char *z, i64 *pOut){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_HEX_INTEGER
+  if( z[0]=='0'
+   && (z[1]=='x' || z[1]=='X')
+   && sqlite3Isxdigit(z[2])
+  ){
+    u64 u = 0;
+    int i, k;
+    for(i=2; z[i]=='0'; i++){}
+    for(k=i; sqlite3Isxdigit(z[k]); k++){
+      u = u*16 + sqlite3HexToInt(z[k]);
+    }
+    memcpy(pOut, &u, 8);
+    return (z[k]==0 && k-i<=16) ? 0 : 1;
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_HEX_INTEGER */
+  {
+    return sqlite3Atoi64(z, pOut, sqlite3Strlen30(z), SQLITE_UTF8);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** If zNum represents an integer that will fit in 32-bits, then set
 ** *pValue to that integer and return true.  Otherwise return false.
 **
+** This routine accepts both decimal and hexadecimal notation for integers.
+**
 ** Any non-numeric characters that following zNum are ignored.
 ** This is different from sqlite3Atoi64() which requires the
 ** input number to be zero-terminated.
@@ -21587,7 +22854,25 @@
   }else if( zNum[0]=='+' ){
     zNum++;
   }
-  while( zNum[0]=='0' ) zNum++;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_HEX_INTEGER
+  else if( zNum[0]=='0'
+        && (zNum[1]=='x' || zNum[1]=='X')
+        && sqlite3Isxdigit(zNum[2])
+  ){
+    u32 u = 0;
+    zNum += 2;
+    while( zNum[0]=='0' ) zNum++;
+    for(i=0; sqlite3Isxdigit(zNum[i]) && i<8; i++){
+      u = u*16 + sqlite3HexToInt(zNum[i]);
+    }
+    if( (u&0x80000000)==0 && sqlite3Isxdigit(zNum[i])==0 ){
+      memcpy(pValue, &u, 4);
+      return 1;
+    }else{
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
   for(i=0; i<11 && (c = zNum[i] - '0')>=0 && c<=9; i++){
     v = v*10 + c;
   }
@@ -22023,7 +23308,8 @@
 ** Read or write a four-byte big-endian integer value.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Get4byte(const u8 *p){
-  return (p[0]<<24) | (p[1]<<16) | (p[2]<<8) | p[3];
+  testcase( p[0]&0x80 );
+  return ((unsigned)p[0]<<24) | (p[1]<<16) | (p[2]<<8) | p[3];
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Put4byte(unsigned char *p, u32 v){
   p[0] = (u8)(v>>24);
@@ -22144,13 +23430,12 @@
     testcase( iA>0 && LARGEST_INT64 - iA == iB );
     testcase( iA>0 && LARGEST_INT64 - iA == iB - 1 );
     if( iA>0 && LARGEST_INT64 - iA < iB ) return 1;
-    *pA += iB;
   }else{
     testcase( iA<0 && -(iA + LARGEST_INT64) == iB + 1 );
     testcase( iA<0 && -(iA + LARGEST_INT64) == iB + 2 );
     if( iA<0 && -(iA + LARGEST_INT64) > iB + 1 ) return 1;
-    *pA += iB;
   }
+  *pA += iB;
   return 0; 
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SubInt64(i64 *pA, i64 iB){
@@ -22174,9 +23459,18 @@
   iA0 = iA % TWOPOWER32;
   iB1 = iB/TWOPOWER32;
   iB0 = iB % TWOPOWER32;
-  if( iA1*iB1 != 0 ) return 1;
-  assert( iA1*iB0==0 || iA0*iB1==0 );
-  r = iA1*iB0 + iA0*iB1;
+  if( iA1==0 ){
+    if( iB1==0 ){
+      *pA *= iB;
+      return 0;
+    }
+    r = iA0*iB1;
+  }else if( iB1==0 ){
+    r = iA1*iB0;
+  }else{
+    /* If both iA1 and iB1 are non-zero, overflow will result */
+    return 1;
+  }
   testcase( r==(-TWOPOWER31)-1 );
   testcase( r==(-TWOPOWER31) );
   testcase( r==TWOPOWER31 );
@@ -22229,6 +23523,85 @@
 }
 #endif
 
+/* 
+** Find (an approximate) sum of two LogEst values.  This computation is
+** not a simple "+" operator because LogEst is stored as a logarithmic
+** value.
+** 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE LogEst sqlite3LogEstAdd(LogEst a, LogEst b){
+  static const unsigned char x[] = {
+     10, 10,                         /* 0,1 */
+      9, 9,                          /* 2,3 */
+      8, 8,                          /* 4,5 */
+      7, 7, 7,                       /* 6,7,8 */
+      6, 6, 6,                       /* 9,10,11 */
+      5, 5, 5,                       /* 12-14 */
+      4, 4, 4, 4,                    /* 15-18 */
+      3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,              /* 19-24 */
+      2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,           /* 25-31 */
+  };
+  if( a>=b ){
+    if( a>b+49 ) return a;
+    if( a>b+31 ) return a+1;
+    return a+x[a-b];
+  }else{
+    if( b>a+49 ) return b;
+    if( b>a+31 ) return b+1;
+    return b+x[b-a];
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert an integer into a LogEst.  In other words, compute an
+** approximation for 10*log2(x).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE LogEst sqlite3LogEst(u64 x){
+  static LogEst a[] = { 0, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
+  LogEst y = 40;
+  if( x<8 ){
+    if( x<2 ) return 0;
+    while( x<8 ){  y -= 10; x <<= 1; }
+  }else{
+    while( x>255 ){ y += 40; x >>= 4; }
+    while( x>15 ){  y += 10; x >>= 1; }
+  }
+  return a[x&7] + y - 10;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/*
+** Convert a double into a LogEst
+** In other words, compute an approximation for 10*log2(x).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE LogEst sqlite3LogEstFromDouble(double x){
+  u64 a;
+  LogEst e;
+  assert( sizeof(x)==8 && sizeof(a)==8 );
+  if( x<=1 ) return 0;
+  if( x<=2000000000 ) return sqlite3LogEst((u64)x);
+  memcpy(&a, &x, 8);
+  e = (a>>52) - 1022;
+  return e*10;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+/*
+** Convert a LogEst into an integer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u64 sqlite3LogEstToInt(LogEst x){
+  u64 n;
+  if( x<10 ) return 1;
+  n = x%10;
+  x /= 10;
+  if( n>=5 ) n -= 2;
+  else if( n>=1 ) n -= 1;
+  if( x>=3 ){
+    return x>60 ? (u64)LARGEST_INT64 : (n+8)<<(x-3);
+  }
+  return (n+8)>>(3-x);
+}
+
 /************** End of util.c ************************************************/
 /************** Begin file hash.c ********************************************/
 /*
@@ -22285,7 +23658,7 @@
 ** The hashing function.
 */
 static unsigned int strHash(const char *z, int nKey){
-  int h = 0;
+  unsigned int h = 0;
   assert( nKey>=0 );
   while( nKey > 0  ){
     h = (h<<3) ^ h ^ sqlite3UpperToLower[(unsigned char)*z++];
@@ -22345,7 +23718,11 @@
 
   /* The inability to allocates space for a larger hash table is
   ** a performance hit but it is not a fatal error.  So mark the
-  ** allocation as a benign.
+  ** allocation as a benign. Use sqlite3Malloc()/memset(0) instead of 
+  ** sqlite3MallocZero() to make the allocation, as sqlite3MallocZero()
+  ** only zeroes the requested number of bytes whereas this module will
+  ** use the actual amount of space allocated for the hash table (which
+  ** may be larger than the requested amount).
   */
   sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
   new_ht = (struct _ht *)sqlite3Malloc( new_size*sizeof(struct _ht) );
@@ -22421,7 +23798,7 @@
   }
   sqlite3_free( elem );
   pH->count--;
-  if( pH->count<=0 ){
+  if( pH->count==0 ){
     assert( pH->first==0 );
     assert( pH->count==0 );
     sqlite3HashClear(pH);
@@ -22512,2299 +23889,178 @@
 /************** Begin file opcodes.c *****************************************/
 /* Automatically generated.  Do not edit */
 /* See the mkopcodec.awk script for details. */
-#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) || !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) || defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+# define OpHelp(X) "\0" X
+#else
+# define OpHelp(X)
+#endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int i){
  static const char *const azName[] = { "?",
-     /*   1 */ "Goto",
-     /*   2 */ "Gosub",
-     /*   3 */ "Return",
-     /*   4 */ "Yield",
-     /*   5 */ "HaltIfNull",
-     /*   6 */ "Halt",
-     /*   7 */ "Integer",
-     /*   8 */ "Int64",
-     /*   9 */ "String",
-     /*  10 */ "Null",
-     /*  11 */ "Blob",
-     /*  12 */ "Variable",
-     /*  13 */ "Move",
-     /*  14 */ "Copy",
-     /*  15 */ "SCopy",
-     /*  16 */ "ResultRow",
-     /*  17 */ "CollSeq",
-     /*  18 */ "Function",
-     /*  19 */ "Not",
-     /*  20 */ "AddImm",
-     /*  21 */ "MustBeInt",
-     /*  22 */ "RealAffinity",
-     /*  23 */ "Permutation",
-     /*  24 */ "Compare",
-     /*  25 */ "Jump",
-     /*  26 */ "Once",
-     /*  27 */ "If",
-     /*  28 */ "IfNot",
-     /*  29 */ "Column",
-     /*  30 */ "Affinity",
-     /*  31 */ "MakeRecord",
-     /*  32 */ "Count",
-     /*  33 */ "Savepoint",
-     /*  34 */ "AutoCommit",
-     /*  35 */ "Transaction",
-     /*  36 */ "ReadCookie",
-     /*  37 */ "SetCookie",
-     /*  38 */ "VerifyCookie",
-     /*  39 */ "OpenRead",
-     /*  40 */ "OpenWrite",
-     /*  41 */ "OpenAutoindex",
-     /*  42 */ "OpenEphemeral",
-     /*  43 */ "SorterOpen",
-     /*  44 */ "OpenPseudo",
-     /*  45 */ "Close",
-     /*  46 */ "SeekLt",
-     /*  47 */ "SeekLe",
-     /*  48 */ "SeekGe",
-     /*  49 */ "SeekGt",
-     /*  50 */ "Seek",
-     /*  51 */ "NotFound",
-     /*  52 */ "Found",
-     /*  53 */ "IsUnique",
-     /*  54 */ "NotExists",
-     /*  55 */ "Sequence",
-     /*  56 */ "NewRowid",
-     /*  57 */ "Insert",
-     /*  58 */ "InsertInt",
-     /*  59 */ "Delete",
-     /*  60 */ "ResetCount",
-     /*  61 */ "SorterCompare",
-     /*  62 */ "SorterData",
-     /*  63 */ "RowKey",
-     /*  64 */ "RowData",
-     /*  65 */ "Rowid",
-     /*  66 */ "NullRow",
-     /*  67 */ "Last",
-     /*  68 */ "Or",
-     /*  69 */ "And",
-     /*  70 */ "SorterSort",
-     /*  71 */ "Sort",
-     /*  72 */ "Rewind",
-     /*  73 */ "IsNull",
-     /*  74 */ "NotNull",
-     /*  75 */ "Ne",
-     /*  76 */ "Eq",
-     /*  77 */ "Gt",
-     /*  78 */ "Le",
-     /*  79 */ "Lt",
-     /*  80 */ "Ge",
-     /*  81 */ "SorterNext",
-     /*  82 */ "BitAnd",
-     /*  83 */ "BitOr",
-     /*  84 */ "ShiftLeft",
-     /*  85 */ "ShiftRight",
-     /*  86 */ "Add",
-     /*  87 */ "Subtract",
-     /*  88 */ "Multiply",
-     /*  89 */ "Divide",
-     /*  90 */ "Remainder",
-     /*  91 */ "Concat",
-     /*  92 */ "Prev",
-     /*  93 */ "BitNot",
-     /*  94 */ "String8",
-     /*  95 */ "Next",
-     /*  96 */ "SorterInsert",
-     /*  97 */ "IdxInsert",
-     /*  98 */ "IdxDelete",
-     /*  99 */ "IdxRowid",
-     /* 100 */ "IdxLT",
-     /* 101 */ "IdxGE",
-     /* 102 */ "Destroy",
-     /* 103 */ "Clear",
-     /* 104 */ "CreateIndex",
-     /* 105 */ "CreateTable",
-     /* 106 */ "ParseSchema",
-     /* 107 */ "LoadAnalysis",
-     /* 108 */ "DropTable",
-     /* 109 */ "DropIndex",
-     /* 110 */ "DropTrigger",
-     /* 111 */ "IntegrityCk",
-     /* 112 */ "RowSetAdd",
-     /* 113 */ "RowSetRead",
-     /* 114 */ "RowSetTest",
-     /* 115 */ "Program",
-     /* 116 */ "Param",
-     /* 117 */ "FkCounter",
-     /* 118 */ "FkIfZero",
-     /* 119 */ "MemMax",
-     /* 120 */ "IfPos",
-     /* 121 */ "IfNeg",
-     /* 122 */ "IfZero",
-     /* 123 */ "AggStep",
-     /* 124 */ "AggFinal",
-     /* 125 */ "Checkpoint",
-     /* 126 */ "JournalMode",
-     /* 127 */ "Vacuum",
-     /* 128 */ "IncrVacuum",
-     /* 129 */ "Expire",
-     /* 130 */ "Real",
-     /* 131 */ "TableLock",
-     /* 132 */ "VBegin",
-     /* 133 */ "VCreate",
-     /* 134 */ "VDestroy",
-     /* 135 */ "VOpen",
-     /* 136 */ "VFilter",
-     /* 137 */ "VColumn",
-     /* 138 */ "VNext",
-     /* 139 */ "VRename",
-     /* 140 */ "VUpdate",
-     /* 141 */ "ToText",
-     /* 142 */ "ToBlob",
-     /* 143 */ "ToNumeric",
-     /* 144 */ "ToInt",
-     /* 145 */ "ToReal",
-     /* 146 */ "Pagecount",
-     /* 147 */ "MaxPgcnt",
-     /* 148 */ "Trace",
-     /* 149 */ "Noop",
-     /* 150 */ "Explain",
+     /*   1 */ "Function"         OpHelp("r[P3]=func(r[P2@P5])"),
+     /*   2 */ "Savepoint"        OpHelp(""),
+     /*   3 */ "AutoCommit"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*   4 */ "Transaction"      OpHelp(""),
+     /*   5 */ "SorterNext"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*   6 */ "PrevIfOpen"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*   7 */ "NextIfOpen"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*   8 */ "Prev"             OpHelp(""),
+     /*   9 */ "Next"             OpHelp(""),
+     /*  10 */ "AggStep"          OpHelp("accum=r[P3] step(r[P2@P5])"),
+     /*  11 */ "Checkpoint"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*  12 */ "JournalMode"      OpHelp(""),
+     /*  13 */ "Vacuum"           OpHelp(""),
+     /*  14 */ "VFilter"          OpHelp("iplan=r[P3] zplan='P4'"),
+     /*  15 */ "VUpdate"          OpHelp("data=r[P3@P2]"),
+     /*  16 */ "Goto"             OpHelp(""),
+     /*  17 */ "Gosub"            OpHelp(""),
+     /*  18 */ "Return"           OpHelp(""),
+     /*  19 */ "Not"              OpHelp("r[P2]= !r[P1]"),
+     /*  20 */ "InitCoroutine"    OpHelp(""),
+     /*  21 */ "EndCoroutine"     OpHelp(""),
+     /*  22 */ "Yield"            OpHelp(""),
+     /*  23 */ "HaltIfNull"       OpHelp("if r[P3]=null halt"),
+     /*  24 */ "Halt"             OpHelp(""),
+     /*  25 */ "Integer"          OpHelp("r[P2]=P1"),
+     /*  26 */ "Int64"            OpHelp("r[P2]=P4"),
+     /*  27 */ "String"           OpHelp("r[P2]='P4' (len=P1)"),
+     /*  28 */ "Null"             OpHelp("r[P2..P3]=NULL"),
+     /*  29 */ "SoftNull"         OpHelp("r[P1]=NULL"),
+     /*  30 */ "Blob"             OpHelp("r[P2]=P4 (len=P1)"),
+     /*  31 */ "Variable"         OpHelp("r[P2]=parameter(P1,P4)"),
+     /*  32 */ "Move"             OpHelp("r[P2@P3]=r[P1@P3]"),
+     /*  33 */ "Copy"             OpHelp("r[P2@P3+1]=r[P1@P3+1]"),
+     /*  34 */ "SCopy"            OpHelp("r[P2]=r[P1]"),
+     /*  35 */ "ResultRow"        OpHelp("output=r[P1@P2]"),
+     /*  36 */ "CollSeq"          OpHelp(""),
+     /*  37 */ "AddImm"           OpHelp("r[P1]=r[P1]+P2"),
+     /*  38 */ "MustBeInt"        OpHelp(""),
+     /*  39 */ "RealAffinity"     OpHelp(""),
+     /*  40 */ "Permutation"      OpHelp(""),
+     /*  41 */ "Compare"          OpHelp("r[P1@P3] <-> r[P2@P3]"),
+     /*  42 */ "Jump"             OpHelp(""),
+     /*  43 */ "Once"             OpHelp(""),
+     /*  44 */ "If"               OpHelp(""),
+     /*  45 */ "IfNot"            OpHelp(""),
+     /*  46 */ "Column"           OpHelp("r[P3]=PX"),
+     /*  47 */ "Affinity"         OpHelp("affinity(r[P1@P2])"),
+     /*  48 */ "MakeRecord"       OpHelp("r[P3]=mkrec(r[P1@P2])"),
+     /*  49 */ "Count"            OpHelp("r[P2]=count()"),
+     /*  50 */ "ReadCookie"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*  51 */ "SetCookie"        OpHelp(""),
+     /*  52 */ "ReopenIdx"        OpHelp("root=P2 iDb=P3"),
+     /*  53 */ "OpenRead"         OpHelp("root=P2 iDb=P3"),
+     /*  54 */ "OpenWrite"        OpHelp("root=P2 iDb=P3"),
+     /*  55 */ "OpenAutoindex"    OpHelp("nColumn=P2"),
+     /*  56 */ "OpenEphemeral"    OpHelp("nColumn=P2"),
+     /*  57 */ "SorterOpen"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*  58 */ "OpenPseudo"       OpHelp("P3 columns in r[P2]"),
+     /*  59 */ "Close"            OpHelp(""),
+     /*  60 */ "SeekLT"           OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  61 */ "SeekLE"           OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  62 */ "SeekGE"           OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  63 */ "SeekGT"           OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  64 */ "Seek"             OpHelp("intkey=r[P2]"),
+     /*  65 */ "NoConflict"       OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  66 */ "NotFound"         OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  67 */ "Found"            OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  68 */ "NotExists"        OpHelp("intkey=r[P3]"),
+     /*  69 */ "Sequence"         OpHelp("r[P2]=cursor[P1].ctr++"),
+     /*  70 */ "NewRowid"         OpHelp("r[P2]=rowid"),
+     /*  71 */ "Or"               OpHelp("r[P3]=(r[P1] || r[P2])"),
+     /*  72 */ "And"              OpHelp("r[P3]=(r[P1] && r[P2])"),
+     /*  73 */ "Insert"           OpHelp("intkey=r[P3] data=r[P2]"),
+     /*  74 */ "InsertInt"        OpHelp("intkey=P3 data=r[P2]"),
+     /*  75 */ "Delete"           OpHelp(""),
+     /*  76 */ "IsNull"           OpHelp("if r[P1]==NULL goto P2"),
+     /*  77 */ "NotNull"          OpHelp("if r[P1]!=NULL goto P2"),
+     /*  78 */ "Ne"               OpHelp("if r[P1]!=r[P3] goto P2"),
+     /*  79 */ "Eq"               OpHelp("if r[P1]==r[P3] goto P2"),
+     /*  80 */ "Gt"               OpHelp("if r[P1]>r[P3] goto P2"),
+     /*  81 */ "Le"               OpHelp("if r[P1]<=r[P3] goto P2"),
+     /*  82 */ "Lt"               OpHelp("if r[P1]<r[P3] goto P2"),
+     /*  83 */ "Ge"               OpHelp("if r[P1]>=r[P3] goto P2"),
+     /*  84 */ "ResetCount"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*  85 */ "BitAnd"           OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P1]&r[P2]"),
+     /*  86 */ "BitOr"            OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P1]|r[P2]"),
+     /*  87 */ "ShiftLeft"        OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P2]<<r[P1]"),
+     /*  88 */ "ShiftRight"       OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P2]>>r[P1]"),
+     /*  89 */ "Add"              OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P1]+r[P2]"),
+     /*  90 */ "Subtract"         OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P2]-r[P1]"),
+     /*  91 */ "Multiply"         OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P1]*r[P2]"),
+     /*  92 */ "Divide"           OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P2]/r[P1]"),
+     /*  93 */ "Remainder"        OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P2]%r[P1]"),
+     /*  94 */ "Concat"           OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P2]+r[P1]"),
+     /*  95 */ "SorterCompare"    OpHelp("if key(P1)!=trim(r[P3],P4) goto P2"),
+     /*  96 */ "BitNot"           OpHelp("r[P1]= ~r[P1]"),
+     /*  97 */ "String8"          OpHelp("r[P2]='P4'"),
+     /*  98 */ "SorterData"       OpHelp("r[P2]=data"),
+     /*  99 */ "RowKey"           OpHelp("r[P2]=key"),
+     /* 100 */ "RowData"          OpHelp("r[P2]=data"),
+     /* 101 */ "Rowid"            OpHelp("r[P2]=rowid"),
+     /* 102 */ "NullRow"          OpHelp(""),
+     /* 103 */ "Last"             OpHelp(""),
+     /* 104 */ "SorterSort"       OpHelp(""),
+     /* 105 */ "Sort"             OpHelp(""),
+     /* 106 */ "Rewind"           OpHelp(""),
+     /* 107 */ "SorterInsert"     OpHelp(""),
+     /* 108 */ "IdxInsert"        OpHelp("key=r[P2]"),
+     /* 109 */ "IdxDelete"        OpHelp("key=r[P2@P3]"),
+     /* 110 */ "IdxRowid"         OpHelp("r[P2]=rowid"),
+     /* 111 */ "IdxLE"            OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /* 112 */ "IdxGT"            OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /* 113 */ "IdxLT"            OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /* 114 */ "IdxGE"            OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /* 115 */ "Destroy"          OpHelp(""),
+     /* 116 */ "Clear"            OpHelp(""),
+     /* 117 */ "ResetSorter"      OpHelp(""),
+     /* 118 */ "CreateIndex"      OpHelp("r[P2]=root iDb=P1"),
+     /* 119 */ "CreateTable"      OpHelp("r[P2]=root iDb=P1"),
+     /* 120 */ "ParseSchema"      OpHelp(""),
+     /* 121 */ "LoadAnalysis"     OpHelp(""),
+     /* 122 */ "DropTable"        OpHelp(""),
+     /* 123 */ "DropIndex"        OpHelp(""),
+     /* 124 */ "DropTrigger"      OpHelp(""),
+     /* 125 */ "IntegrityCk"      OpHelp(""),
+     /* 126 */ "RowSetAdd"        OpHelp("rowset(P1)=r[P2]"),
+     /* 127 */ "RowSetRead"       OpHelp("r[P3]=rowset(P1)"),
+     /* 128 */ "RowSetTest"       OpHelp("if r[P3] in rowset(P1) goto P2"),
+     /* 129 */ "Program"          OpHelp(""),
+     /* 130 */ "Param"            OpHelp(""),
+     /* 131 */ "FkCounter"        OpHelp("fkctr[P1]+=P2"),
+     /* 132 */ "FkIfZero"         OpHelp("if fkctr[P1]==0 goto P2"),
+     /* 133 */ "Real"             OpHelp("r[P2]=P4"),
+     /* 134 */ "MemMax"           OpHelp("r[P1]=max(r[P1],r[P2])"),
+     /* 135 */ "IfPos"            OpHelp("if r[P1]>0 goto P2"),
+     /* 136 */ "IfNeg"            OpHelp("r[P1]+=P3, if r[P1]<0 goto P2"),
+     /* 137 */ "IfZero"           OpHelp("r[P1]+=P3, if r[P1]==0 goto P2"),
+     /* 138 */ "AggFinal"         OpHelp("accum=r[P1] N=P2"),
+     /* 139 */ "IncrVacuum"       OpHelp(""),
+     /* 140 */ "Expire"           OpHelp(""),
+     /* 141 */ "TableLock"        OpHelp("iDb=P1 root=P2 write=P3"),
+     /* 142 */ "VBegin"           OpHelp(""),
+     /* 143 */ "ToText"           OpHelp(""),
+     /* 144 */ "ToBlob"           OpHelp(""),
+     /* 145 */ "ToNumeric"        OpHelp(""),
+     /* 146 */ "ToInt"            OpHelp(""),
+     /* 147 */ "ToReal"           OpHelp(""),
+     /* 148 */ "VCreate"          OpHelp(""),
+     /* 149 */ "VDestroy"         OpHelp(""),
+     /* 150 */ "VOpen"            OpHelp(""),
+     /* 151 */ "VColumn"          OpHelp("r[P3]=vcolumn(P2)"),
+     /* 152 */ "VNext"            OpHelp(""),
+     /* 153 */ "VRename"          OpHelp(""),
+     /* 154 */ "Pagecount"        OpHelp(""),
+     /* 155 */ "MaxPgcnt"         OpHelp(""),
+     /* 156 */ "Init"             OpHelp("Start at P2"),
+     /* 157 */ "Noop"             OpHelp(""),
+     /* 158 */ "Explain"          OpHelp(""),
   };
   return azName[i];
 }
 #endif
 
 /************** End of opcodes.c *********************************************/
-/************** Begin file os_os2.c ******************************************/
-/*
-** 2006 Feb 14
-**
-** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
-** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
-**
-**    May you do good and not evil.
-**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
-**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
-**
-******************************************************************************
-**
-** This file contains code that is specific to OS/2.
-*/
-
-
-#if SQLITE_OS_OS2
-
-/*
-** A Note About Memory Allocation:
-**
-** This driver uses malloc()/free() directly rather than going through
-** the SQLite-wrappers sqlite3_malloc()/sqlite3_free().  Those wrappers
-** are designed for use on embedded systems where memory is scarce and
-** malloc failures happen frequently.  OS/2 does not typically run on
-** embedded systems, and when it does the developers normally have bigger
-** problems to worry about than running out of memory.  So there is not
-** a compelling need to use the wrappers.
-**
-** But there is a good reason to not use the wrappers.  If we use the
-** wrappers then we will get simulated malloc() failures within this
-** driver.  And that causes all kinds of problems for our tests.  We
-** could enhance SQLite to deal with simulated malloc failures within
-** the OS driver, but the code to deal with those failure would not
-** be exercised on Linux (which does not need to malloc() in the driver)
-** and so we would have difficulty writing coverage tests for that
-** code.  Better to leave the code out, we think.
-**
-** The point of this discussion is as follows:  When creating a new
-** OS layer for an embedded system, if you use this file as an example,
-** avoid the use of malloc()/free().  Those routines work ok on OS/2
-** desktops but not so well in embedded systems.
-*/
-
-/*
-** Macros used to determine whether or not to use threads.
-*/
-#if defined(SQLITE_THREADSAFE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE
-# define SQLITE_OS2_THREADS 1
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Include code that is common to all os_*.c files
-*/
-/************** Include os_common.h in the middle of os_os2.c ****************/
-/************** Begin file os_common.h ***************************************/
-/*
-** 2004 May 22
-**
-** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
-** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
-**
-**    May you do good and not evil.
-**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
-**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
-**
-******************************************************************************
-**
-** This file contains macros and a little bit of code that is common to
-** all of the platform-specific files (os_*.c) and is #included into those
-** files.
-**
-** This file should be #included by the os_*.c files only.  It is not a
-** general purpose header file.
-*/
-#ifndef _OS_COMMON_H_
-#define _OS_COMMON_H_
-
-/*
-** At least two bugs have slipped in because we changed the MEMORY_DEBUG
-** macro to SQLITE_DEBUG and some older makefiles have not yet made the
-** switch.  The following code should catch this problem at compile-time.
-*/
-#ifdef MEMORY_DEBUG
-# error "The MEMORY_DEBUG macro is obsolete.  Use SQLITE_DEBUG instead."
-#endif
-
-#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
-# ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE
-#   define SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE 0
-# endif
-  int sqlite3OSTrace = SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE;
-# define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
-#else
-# define OSTRACE(X)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Macros for performance tracing.  Normally turned off.  Only works
-** on i486 hardware.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_PERFORMANCE_TRACE
-
-/* 
-** hwtime.h contains inline assembler code for implementing 
-** high-performance timing routines.
-*/
-/************** Include hwtime.h in the middle of os_common.h ****************/
-/************** Begin file hwtime.h ******************************************/
-/*
-** 2008 May 27
-**
-** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
-** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
-**
-**    May you do good and not evil.
-**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
-**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
-**
-******************************************************************************
-**
-** This file contains inline asm code for retrieving "high-performance"
-** counters for x86 class CPUs.
-*/
-#ifndef _HWTIME_H_
-#define _HWTIME_H_
-
-/*
-** The following routine only works on pentium-class (or newer) processors.
-** It uses the RDTSC opcode to read the cycle count value out of the
-** processor and returns that value.  This can be used for high-res
-** profiling.
-*/
-#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)) && \
-      (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86))
-
-  #if defined(__GNUC__)
-
-  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
-     unsigned int lo, hi;
-     __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=a" (lo), "=d" (hi));
-     return (sqlite_uint64)hi << 32 | lo;
-  }
-
-  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-
-  __declspec(naked) __inline sqlite_uint64 __cdecl sqlite3Hwtime(void){
-     __asm {
-        rdtsc
-        ret       ; return value at EDX:EAX
-     }
-  }
-
-  #endif
-
-#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__))
-
-  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
-      unsigned long val;
-      __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=A" (val));
-      return val;
-  }
- 
-#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__ppc__))
-
-  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
-      unsigned long long retval;
-      unsigned long junk;
-      __asm__ __volatile__ ("\n\
-          1:      mftbu   %1\n\
-                  mftb    %L0\n\
-                  mftbu   %0\n\
-                  cmpw    %0,%1\n\
-                  bne     1b"
-                  : "=r" (retval), "=r" (junk));
-      return retval;
-  }
-
-#else
-
-  #error Need implementation of sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform.
-
-  /*
-  ** To compile without implementing sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform,
-  ** you can remove the above #error and use the following
-  ** stub function.  You will lose timing support for many
-  ** of the debugging and testing utilities, but it should at
-  ** least compile and run.
-  */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){ return ((sqlite_uint64)0); }
-
-#endif
-
-#endif /* !defined(_HWTIME_H_) */
-
-/************** End of hwtime.h **********************************************/
-/************** Continuing where we left off in os_common.h ******************/
-
-static sqlite_uint64 g_start;
-static sqlite_uint64 g_elapsed;
-#define TIMER_START       g_start=sqlite3Hwtime()
-#define TIMER_END         g_elapsed=sqlite3Hwtime()-g_start
-#define TIMER_ELAPSED     g_elapsed
-#else
-#define TIMER_START
-#define TIMER_END
-#define TIMER_ELAPSED     ((sqlite_uint64)0)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** If we compile with the SQLITE_TEST macro set, then the following block
-** of code will give us the ability to simulate a disk I/O error.  This
-** is used for testing the I/O recovery logic.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hit = 0;            /* Total number of I/O Errors */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hardhit = 0;        /* Number of non-benign errors */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_pending = 0;        /* Count down to first I/O error */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_persist = 0;        /* True if I/O errors persist */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_benign = 0;         /* True if errors are benign */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull_pending = 0;
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull = 0;
-#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X) sqlite3_io_error_benign=(X)
-#define SimulateIOError(CODE)  \
-  if( (sqlite3_io_error_persist && sqlite3_io_error_hit) \
-       || sqlite3_io_error_pending-- == 1 )  \
-              { local_ioerr(); CODE; }
-static void local_ioerr(){
-  IOTRACE(("IOERR\n"));
-  sqlite3_io_error_hit++;
-  if( !sqlite3_io_error_benign ) sqlite3_io_error_hardhit++;
-}
-#define SimulateDiskfullError(CODE) \
-   if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending ){ \
-     if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending == 1 ){ \
-       local_ioerr(); \
-       sqlite3_diskfull = 1; \
-       sqlite3_io_error_hit = 1; \
-       CODE; \
-     }else{ \
-       sqlite3_diskfull_pending--; \
-     } \
-   }
-#else
-#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X)
-#define SimulateIOError(A)
-#define SimulateDiskfullError(A)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** When testing, keep a count of the number of open files.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_file_count = 0;
-#define OpenCounter(X)  sqlite3_open_file_count+=(X)
-#else
-#define OpenCounter(X)
-#endif
-
-#endif /* !defined(_OS_COMMON_H_) */
-
-/************** End of os_common.h *******************************************/
-/************** Continuing where we left off in os_os2.c *********************/
-
-/* Forward references */
-typedef struct os2File os2File;         /* The file structure */
-typedef struct os2ShmNode os2ShmNode;   /* A shared descritive memory node */
-typedef struct os2ShmLink os2ShmLink;   /* A connection to shared-memory */
-
-/*
-** The os2File structure is subclass of sqlite3_file specific for the OS/2
-** protability layer.
-*/
-struct os2File {
-  const sqlite3_io_methods *pMethod;  /* Always the first entry */
-  HFILE h;                  /* Handle for accessing the file */
-  int flags;                /* Flags provided to os2Open() */
-  int locktype;             /* Type of lock currently held on this file */
-  int szChunk;              /* Chunk size configured by FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE */
-  char *zFullPathCp;        /* Full path name of this file */
-  os2ShmLink *pShmLink;     /* Instance of shared memory on this file */
-};
-
-#define LOCK_TIMEOUT 10L /* the default locking timeout */
-
-/*
-** Missing from some versions of the OS/2 toolkit -
-** used to allocate from high memory if possible
-*/
-#ifndef OBJ_ANY
-# define OBJ_ANY 0x00000400
-#endif
-
-/*****************************************************************************
-** The next group of routines implement the I/O methods specified
-** by the sqlite3_io_methods object.
-******************************************************************************/
-
-/*
-** Close a file.
-*/
-static int os2Close( sqlite3_file *id ){
-  APIRET rc;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-
-  assert( id!=0 );
-  OSTRACE(( "CLOSE %d (%s)\n", pFile->h, pFile->zFullPathCp ));
-
-  rc = DosClose( pFile->h );
-
-  if( pFile->flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE )
-    DosForceDelete( (PSZ)pFile->zFullPathCp );
-
-  free( pFile->zFullPathCp );
-  pFile->zFullPathCp = NULL;
-  pFile->locktype = NO_LOCK;
-  pFile->h = (HFILE)-1;
-  pFile->flags = 0;
-
-  OpenCounter( -1 );
-  return rc == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR;
-}
-
-/*
-** Read data from a file into a buffer.  Return SQLITE_OK if all
-** bytes were read successfully and SQLITE_IOERR if anything goes
-** wrong.
-*/
-static int os2Read(
-  sqlite3_file *id,               /* File to read from */
-  void *pBuf,                     /* Write content into this buffer */
-  int amt,                        /* Number of bytes to read */
-  sqlite3_int64 offset            /* Begin reading at this offset */
-){
-  ULONG fileLocation = 0L;
-  ULONG got;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  assert( id!=0 );
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_READ );
-  OSTRACE(( "READ %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
-  if( DosSetFilePtr(pFile->h, offset, FILE_BEGIN, &fileLocation) != NO_ERROR ){
-    return SQLITE_IOERR;
-  }
-  if( DosRead( pFile->h, pBuf, amt, &got ) != NO_ERROR ){
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_READ;
-  }
-  if( got == (ULONG)amt )
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  else {
-    /* Unread portions of the input buffer must be zero-filled */
-    memset(&((char*)pBuf)[got], 0, amt-got);
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ;
-  }
-}
-
-/*
-** Write data from a buffer into a file.  Return SQLITE_OK on success
-** or some other error code on failure.
-*/
-static int os2Write(
-  sqlite3_file *id,               /* File to write into */
-  const void *pBuf,               /* The bytes to be written */
-  int amt,                        /* Number of bytes to write */
-  sqlite3_int64 offset            /* Offset into the file to begin writing at */
-){
-  ULONG fileLocation = 0L;
-  APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
-  ULONG wrote;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  assert( id!=0 );
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE );
-  SimulateDiskfullError( return SQLITE_FULL );
-  OSTRACE(( "WRITE %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
-  if( DosSetFilePtr(pFile->h, offset, FILE_BEGIN, &fileLocation) != NO_ERROR ){
-    return SQLITE_IOERR;
-  }
-  assert( amt>0 );
-  while( amt > 0 &&
-         ( rc = DosWrite( pFile->h, (PVOID)pBuf, amt, &wrote ) ) == NO_ERROR &&
-         wrote > 0
-  ){
-    amt -= wrote;
-    pBuf = &((char*)pBuf)[wrote];
-  }
-
-  return ( rc != NO_ERROR || amt > (int)wrote ) ? SQLITE_FULL : SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-/*
-** Truncate an open file to a specified size
-*/
-static int os2Truncate( sqlite3_file *id, i64 nByte ){
-  APIRET rc;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  assert( id!=0 );
-  OSTRACE(( "TRUNCATE %d %lld\n", pFile->h, nByte ));
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE );
-
-  /* If the user has configured a chunk-size for this file, truncate the
-  ** file so that it consists of an integer number of chunks (i.e. the
-  ** actual file size after the operation may be larger than the requested
-  ** size).
-  */
-  if( pFile->szChunk ){
-    nByte = ((nByte + pFile->szChunk - 1)/pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
-  }
-  
-  rc = DosSetFileSize( pFile->h, nByte );
-  return rc == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE;
-}
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-/*
-** Count the number of fullsyncs and normal syncs.  This is used to test
-** that syncs and fullsyncs are occuring at the right times.
-*/
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_sync_count = 0;
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_fullsync_count = 0;
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Make sure all writes to a particular file are committed to disk.
-*/
-static int os2Sync( sqlite3_file *id, int flags ){
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  OSTRACE(( "SYNC %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-  if( flags & SQLITE_SYNC_FULL){
-    sqlite3_fullsync_count++;
-  }
-  sqlite3_sync_count++;
-#endif
-  /* If we compiled with the SQLITE_NO_SYNC flag, then syncing is a
-  ** no-op
-  */
-#ifdef SQLITE_NO_SYNC
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pFile);
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-#else
-  return DosResetBuffer( pFile->h ) == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR;
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
-** Determine the current size of a file in bytes
-*/
-static int os2FileSize( sqlite3_file *id, sqlite3_int64 *pSize ){
-  APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
-  FILESTATUS3 fsts3FileInfo;
-  memset(&fsts3FileInfo, 0, sizeof(fsts3FileInfo));
-  assert( id!=0 );
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT );
-  rc = DosQueryFileInfo( ((os2File*)id)->h, FIL_STANDARD, &fsts3FileInfo, sizeof(FILESTATUS3) );
-  if( rc == NO_ERROR ){
-    *pSize = fsts3FileInfo.cbFile;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }else{
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
-  }
-}
-
-/*
-** Acquire a reader lock.
-*/
-static int getReadLock( os2File *pFile ){
-  FILELOCK  LockArea,
-            UnlockArea;
-  APIRET res;
-  memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
-  memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
-  LockArea.lOffset = SHARED_FIRST;
-  LockArea.lRange = SHARED_SIZE;
-  UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-  UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
-  res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 1L );
-  OSTRACE(( "GETREADLOCK %d res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-  return res;
-}
-
-/*
-** Undo a readlock
-*/
-static int unlockReadLock( os2File *id ){
-  FILELOCK  LockArea,
-            UnlockArea;
-  APIRET res;
-  memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
-  memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
-  LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-  LockArea.lRange = 0L;
-  UnlockArea.lOffset = SHARED_FIRST;
-  UnlockArea.lRange = SHARED_SIZE;
-  res = DosSetFileLocks( id->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 1L );
-  OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK-READLOCK file handle=%d res=%d?\n", id->h, res ));
-  return res;
-}
-
-/*
-** Lock the file with the lock specified by parameter locktype - one
-** of the following:
-**
-**     (1) SHARED_LOCK
-**     (2) RESERVED_LOCK
-**     (3) PENDING_LOCK
-**     (4) EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
-**
-** Sometimes when requesting one lock state, additional lock states
-** are inserted in between.  The locking might fail on one of the later
-** transitions leaving the lock state different from what it started but
-** still short of its goal.  The following chart shows the allowed
-** transitions and the inserted intermediate states:
-**
-**    UNLOCKED -> SHARED
-**    SHARED -> RESERVED
-**    SHARED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
-**    RESERVED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
-**    PENDING -> EXCLUSIVE
-**
-** This routine will only increase a lock.  The os2Unlock() routine
-** erases all locks at once and returns us immediately to locking level 0.
-** It is not possible to lower the locking level one step at a time.  You
-** must go straight to locking level 0.
-*/
-static int os2Lock( sqlite3_file *id, int locktype ){
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;       /* Return code from subroutines */
-  APIRET res = NO_ERROR;    /* Result of an OS/2 lock call */
-  int newLocktype;       /* Set pFile->locktype to this value before exiting */
-  int gotPendingLock = 0;/* True if we acquired a PENDING lock this time */
-  FILELOCK  LockArea,
-            UnlockArea;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
-  memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
-  assert( pFile!=0 );
-  OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d %d was %d\n", pFile->h, locktype, pFile->locktype ));
-
-  /* If there is already a lock of this type or more restrictive on the
-  ** os2File, do nothing. Don't use the end_lock: exit path, as
-  ** sqlite3_mutex_enter() hasn't been called yet.
-  */
-  if( pFile->locktype>=locktype ){
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d %d ok (already held)\n", pFile->h, locktype ));
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-
-  /* Make sure the locking sequence is correct
-  */
-  assert( pFile->locktype!=NO_LOCK || locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
-  assert( locktype!=PENDING_LOCK );
-  assert( locktype!=RESERVED_LOCK || pFile->locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
-
-  /* Lock the PENDING_LOCK byte if we need to acquire a PENDING lock or
-  ** a SHARED lock.  If we are acquiring a SHARED lock, the acquisition of
-  ** the PENDING_LOCK byte is temporary.
-  */
-  newLocktype = pFile->locktype;
-  if( pFile->locktype==NO_LOCK
-      || (locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && pFile->locktype==RESERVED_LOCK)
-  ){
-    LockArea.lOffset = PENDING_BYTE;
-    LockArea.lRange = 1L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
-
-    /* wait longer than LOCK_TIMEOUT here not to have to try multiple times */
-    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, 100L, 0L );
-    if( res == NO_ERROR ){
-      gotPendingLock = 1;
-      OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d pending lock boolean set.  res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* Acquire a shared lock
-  */
-  if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && res == NO_ERROR ){
-    assert( pFile->locktype==NO_LOCK );
-    res = getReadLock(pFile);
-    if( res == NO_ERROR ){
-      newLocktype = SHARED_LOCK;
-    }
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d acquire shared lock. res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-  }
-
-  /* Acquire a RESERVED lock
-  */
-  if( locktype==RESERVED_LOCK && res == NO_ERROR ){
-    assert( pFile->locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
-    LockArea.lOffset = RESERVED_BYTE;
-    LockArea.lRange = 1L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    if( res == NO_ERROR ){
-      newLocktype = RESERVED_LOCK;
-    }
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d acquire reserved lock. res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-  }
-
-  /* Acquire a PENDING lock
-  */
-  if( locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && res == NO_ERROR ){
-    newLocktype = PENDING_LOCK;
-    gotPendingLock = 0;
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d acquire pending lock. pending lock boolean unset.\n",
-               pFile->h ));
-  }
-
-  /* Acquire an EXCLUSIVE lock
-  */
-  if( locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && res == NO_ERROR ){
-    assert( pFile->locktype>=SHARED_LOCK );
-    res = unlockReadLock(pFile);
-    OSTRACE(( "unreadlock = %d\n", res ));
-    LockArea.lOffset = SHARED_FIRST;
-    LockArea.lRange = SHARED_SIZE;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    if( res == NO_ERROR ){
-      newLocktype = EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
-    }else{
-      OSTRACE(( "OS/2 error-code = %d\n", res ));
-      getReadLock(pFile);
-    }
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d acquire exclusive lock.  res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-  }
-
-  /* If we are holding a PENDING lock that ought to be released, then
-  ** release it now.
-  */
-  if( gotPendingLock && locktype==SHARED_LOCK ){
-    int r;
-    LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    LockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = PENDING_BYTE;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 1L;
-    r = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d unlocking pending/is shared. r=%d\n", pFile->h, r ));
-  }
-
-  /* Update the state of the lock has held in the file descriptor then
-  ** return the appropriate result code.
-  */
-  if( res == NO_ERROR ){
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  }else{
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK FAILED %d trying for %d but got %d\n", pFile->h,
-              locktype, newLocktype ));
-    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
-  }
-  pFile->locktype = newLocktype;
-  OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d now %d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
-** file by this or any other process. If such a lock is held, return
-** non-zero, otherwise zero.
-*/
-static int os2CheckReservedLock( sqlite3_file *id, int *pOut ){
-  int r = 0;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  assert( pFile!=0 );
-  if( pFile->locktype>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
-    r = 1;
-    OSTRACE(( "TEST WR-LOCK %d %d (local)\n", pFile->h, r ));
-  }else{
-    FILELOCK  LockArea,
-              UnlockArea;
-    APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
-    memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
-    memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
-    LockArea.lOffset = RESERVED_BYTE;
-    LockArea.lRange = 1L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    rc = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    OSTRACE(( "TEST WR-LOCK %d lock reserved byte rc=%d\n", pFile->h, rc ));
-    if( rc == NO_ERROR ){
-      APIRET rcu = NO_ERROR; /* return code for unlocking */
-      LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-      LockArea.lRange = 0L;
-      UnlockArea.lOffset = RESERVED_BYTE;
-      UnlockArea.lRange = 1L;
-      rcu = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-      OSTRACE(( "TEST WR-LOCK %d unlock reserved byte r=%d\n", pFile->h, rcu ));
-    }
-    r = !(rc == NO_ERROR);
-    OSTRACE(( "TEST WR-LOCK %d %d (remote)\n", pFile->h, r ));
-  }
-  *pOut = r;
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-/*
-** Lower the locking level on file descriptor id to locktype.  locktype
-** must be either NO_LOCK or SHARED_LOCK.
-**
-** If the locking level of the file descriptor is already at or below
-** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
-**
-** It is not possible for this routine to fail if the second argument
-** is NO_LOCK.  If the second argument is SHARED_LOCK then this routine
-** might return SQLITE_IOERR;
-*/
-static int os2Unlock( sqlite3_file *id, int locktype ){
-  int type;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  APIRET rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  APIRET res = NO_ERROR;
-  FILELOCK  LockArea,
-            UnlockArea;
-  memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
-  memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
-  assert( pFile!=0 );
-  assert( locktype<=SHARED_LOCK );
-  OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d to %d was %d\n", pFile->h, locktype, pFile->locktype ));
-  type = pFile->locktype;
-  if( type>=EXCLUSIVE_LOCK ){
-    LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    LockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = SHARED_FIRST;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = SHARED_SIZE;
-    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d exclusive lock res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-    if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && getReadLock(pFile) != NO_ERROR ){
-      /* This should never happen.  We should always be able to
-      ** reacquire the read lock */
-      OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d to %d getReadLock() failed\n", pFile->h, locktype ));
-      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
-    }
-  }
-  if( type>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
-    LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    LockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = RESERVED_BYTE;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 1L;
-    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d reserved res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-  }
-  if( locktype==NO_LOCK && type>=SHARED_LOCK ){
-    res = unlockReadLock(pFile);
-    OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d is %d want %d res=%d\n",
-              pFile->h, type, locktype, res ));
-  }
-  if( type>=PENDING_LOCK ){
-    LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    LockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = PENDING_BYTE;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 1L;
-    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d pending res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-  }
-  pFile->locktype = locktype;
-  OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d now %d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** Control and query of the open file handle.
-*/
-static int os2FileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
-  switch( op ){
-    case SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE: {
-      *(int*)pArg = ((os2File*)id)->locktype;
-      OSTRACE(( "FCNTL_LOCKSTATE %d lock=%d\n",
-                ((os2File*)id)->h, ((os2File*)id)->locktype ));
-      return SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-    case SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE: {
-      ((os2File*)id)->szChunk = *(int*)pArg;
-      return SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT: {
-      sqlite3_int64 sz = *(sqlite3_int64*)pArg;
-      SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
-      os2Truncate(id, sz);
-      SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
-      return SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED: {
-      return SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-  }
-  return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
-}
-
-/*
-** Return the sector size in bytes of the underlying block device for
-** the specified file. This is almost always 512 bytes, but may be
-** larger for some devices.
-**
-** SQLite code assumes this function cannot fail. It also assumes that
-** if two files are created in the same file-system directory (i.e.
-** a database and its journal file) that the sector size will be the
-** same for both.
-*/
-static int os2SectorSize(sqlite3_file *id){
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
-  return SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
-}
-
-/*
-** Return a vector of device characteristics.
-*/
-static int os2DeviceCharacteristics(sqlite3_file *id){
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
-  return SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN;
-}
-
-
-/*
-** Character set conversion objects used by conversion routines.
-*/
-static UconvObject ucUtf8 = NULL; /* convert between UTF-8 and UCS-2 */
-static UconvObject uclCp = NULL;  /* convert between local codepage and UCS-2 */
-
-/*
-** Helper function to initialize the conversion objects from and to UTF-8.
-*/
-static void initUconvObjects( void ){
-  if( UniCreateUconvObject( UTF_8, &ucUtf8 ) != ULS_SUCCESS )
-    ucUtf8 = NULL;
-  if ( UniCreateUconvObject( (UniChar *)L"@path=yes", &uclCp ) != ULS_SUCCESS )
-    uclCp = NULL;
-}
-
-/*
-** Helper function to free the conversion objects from and to UTF-8.
-*/
-static void freeUconvObjects( void ){
-  if ( ucUtf8 )
-    UniFreeUconvObject( ucUtf8 );
-  if ( uclCp )
-    UniFreeUconvObject( uclCp );
-  ucUtf8 = NULL;
-  uclCp = NULL;
-}
-
-/*
-** Helper function to convert UTF-8 filenames to local OS/2 codepage.
-** The two-step process: first convert the incoming UTF-8 string
-** into UCS-2 and then from UCS-2 to the current codepage.
-** The returned char pointer has to be freed.
-*/
-static char *convertUtf8PathToCp( const char *in ){
-  UniChar tempPath[CCHMAXPATH];
-  char *out = (char *)calloc( CCHMAXPATH, 1 );
-
-  if( !out )
-    return NULL;
-
-  if( !ucUtf8 || !uclCp )
-    initUconvObjects();
-
-  /* determine string for the conversion of UTF-8 which is CP1208 */
-  if( UniStrToUcs( ucUtf8, tempPath, (char *)in, CCHMAXPATH ) != ULS_SUCCESS )
-    return out; /* if conversion fails, return the empty string */
-
-  /* conversion for current codepage which can be used for paths */
-  UniStrFromUcs( uclCp, out, tempPath, CCHMAXPATH );
-
-  return out;
-}
-
-/*
-** Helper function to convert filenames from local codepage to UTF-8.
-** The two-step process: first convert the incoming codepage-specific
-** string into UCS-2 and then from UCS-2 to the codepage of UTF-8.
-** The returned char pointer has to be freed.
-**
-** This function is non-static to be able to use this in shell.c and
-** similar applications that take command line arguments.
-*/
-char *convertCpPathToUtf8( const char *in ){
-  UniChar tempPath[CCHMAXPATH];
-  char *out = (char *)calloc( CCHMAXPATH, 1 );
-
-  if( !out )
-    return NULL;
-
-  if( !ucUtf8 || !uclCp )
-    initUconvObjects();
-
-  /* conversion for current codepage which can be used for paths */
-  if( UniStrToUcs( uclCp, tempPath, (char *)in, CCHMAXPATH ) != ULS_SUCCESS )
-    return out; /* if conversion fails, return the empty string */
-
-  /* determine string for the conversion of UTF-8 which is CP1208 */
-  UniStrFromUcs( ucUtf8, out, tempPath, CCHMAXPATH );
-
-  return out;
-}
-
-
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-
-/*
-** Use main database file for interprocess locking. If un-defined
-** a separate file is created for this purpose. The file will be
-** used only to set file locks. There will be no data written to it.
-*/
-#define SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE     
-
-#if 0
-static void _ERR_TRACE( const char *fmt, ... ) {
-  va_list  ap;
-  va_start(ap, fmt);
-  vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
-  fflush(stderr);
-}
-#define ERR_TRACE(rc, msg)        \
-        if( (rc) != SQLITE_OK ) _ERR_TRACE msg;
-#else
-#define ERR_TRACE(rc, msg)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Helper functions to obtain and relinquish the global mutex. The
-** global mutex is used to protect os2ShmNodeList.
-**
-** Function os2ShmMutexHeld() is used to assert() that the global mutex 
-** is held when required. This function is only used as part of assert() 
-** statements. e.g.
-**
-**   os2ShmEnterMutex()
-**     assert( os2ShmMutexHeld() );
-**   os2ShmLeaveMutex()
-*/
-static void os2ShmEnterMutex(void){
-  sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
-}
-static void os2ShmLeaveMutex(void){
-  sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
-}
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-static int os2ShmMutexHeld(void) {
-  return sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
-}
-int GetCurrentProcessId(void) {
-  PPIB pib;
-  DosGetInfoBlocks(NULL, &pib);
-  return (int)pib->pib_ulpid;
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Object used to represent a the shared memory area for a single log file.
-** When multiple threads all reference the same log-summary, each thread has
-** its own os2File object, but they all point to a single instance of this 
-** object.  In other words, each log-summary is opened only once per process.
-**
-** os2ShmMutexHeld() must be true when creating or destroying
-** this object or while reading or writing the following fields:
-**
-**      nRef
-**      pNext 
-**
-** The following fields are read-only after the object is created:
-** 
-**      szRegion
-**      hLockFile
-**      shmBaseName
-**
-** Either os2ShmNode.mutex must be held or os2ShmNode.nRef==0 and
-** os2ShmMutexHeld() is true when reading or writing any other field
-** in this structure.
-**
-*/
-struct os2ShmNode {
-  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;      /* Mutex to access this object */
-  os2ShmNode *pNext;         /* Next in list of all os2ShmNode objects */
-
-  int szRegion;              /* Size of shared-memory regions */
-
-  int nRegion;               /* Size of array apRegion */
-  void **apRegion;           /* Array of pointers to shared-memory regions */
-
-  int nRef;                  /* Number of os2ShmLink objects pointing to this */
-  os2ShmLink *pFirst;        /* First os2ShmLink object pointing to this */
-
-  HFILE hLockFile;           /* File used for inter-process memory locking */
-  char shmBaseName[1];       /* Name of the memory object !!! must last !!! */
-};
-
-
-/*
-** Structure used internally by this VFS to record the state of an
-** open shared memory connection.
-**
-** The following fields are initialized when this object is created and
-** are read-only thereafter:
-**
-**    os2Shm.pShmNode
-**    os2Shm.id
-**
-** All other fields are read/write.  The os2Shm.pShmNode->mutex must be held
-** while accessing any read/write fields.
-*/
-struct os2ShmLink {
-  os2ShmNode *pShmNode;      /* The underlying os2ShmNode object */
-  os2ShmLink *pNext;         /* Next os2Shm with the same os2ShmNode */
-  u32 sharedMask;            /* Mask of shared locks held */
-  u32 exclMask;              /* Mask of exclusive locks held */
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  u8 id;                     /* Id of this connection with its os2ShmNode */
-#endif
-};
-
-
-/*
-** A global list of all os2ShmNode objects.
-**
-** The os2ShmMutexHeld() must be true while reading or writing this list.
-*/
-static os2ShmNode *os2ShmNodeList = NULL;
-
-/*
-** Constants used for locking
-*/
-#ifdef  SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
-#define OS2_SHM_BASE   (PENDING_BYTE + 0x10000)         /* first lock byte */
-#else
-#define OS2_SHM_BASE   ((22+SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK)*4)        /* first lock byte */
-#endif
-
-#define OS2_SHM_DMS    (OS2_SHM_BASE+SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK)  /* deadman switch */
-
-/*
-** Apply advisory locks for all n bytes beginning at ofst.
-*/
-#define _SHM_UNLCK  1   /* no lock */
-#define _SHM_RDLCK  2   /* shared lock, no wait */
-#define _SHM_WRLCK  3   /* exlusive lock, no wait */
-#define _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT 4 /* exclusive lock, wait */
-static int os2ShmSystemLock(
-  os2ShmNode *pNode,    /* Apply locks to this open shared-memory segment */
-  int lockType,         /* _SHM_UNLCK, _SHM_RDLCK, _SHM_WRLCK or _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT */
-  int ofst,             /* Offset to first byte to be locked/unlocked */
-  int nByte             /* Number of bytes to lock or unlock */
-){
-  APIRET rc;
-  FILELOCK area;
-  ULONG mode, timeout;
-
-  /* Access to the os2ShmNode object is serialized by the caller */
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pNode->mutex) || pNode->nRef==0 );
-
-  mode = 1;     /* shared lock */
-  timeout = 0;  /* no wait */
-  area.lOffset = ofst;
-  area.lRange = nByte;
-
-  switch( lockType ) {
-    case _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT:
-      timeout = (ULONG)-1;      /* wait forever */
-    case _SHM_WRLCK:
-      mode = 0;                 /* exclusive lock */
-    case _SHM_RDLCK:
-      rc = DosSetFileLocks(pNode->hLockFile, 
-                           NULL, &area, timeout, mode);
-      break;
-    /* case _SHM_UNLCK: */
-    default:
-      rc = DosSetFileLocks(pNode->hLockFile, 
-                           &area, NULL, 0, 0);
-      break;
-  }
-                          
-  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK %d %s %s 0x%08lx\n", 
-           pNode->hLockFile,
-           rc==SQLITE_OK ? "ok" : "failed",
-           lockType==_SHM_UNLCK ? "Unlock" : "Lock",
-           rc));
-
-  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2ShmSystemLock: %d %s\n", rc, pNode->shmBaseName))
-
-  return ( rc == 0 ) ?  SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_BUSY;
-}
-
-/*
-** Find an os2ShmNode in global list or allocate a new one, if not found.
-**
-** This is not a VFS shared-memory method; it is a utility function called
-** by VFS shared-memory methods.
-*/
-static int os2OpenSharedMemory( os2File *fd, int szRegion ) {
-  os2ShmLink *pLink;
-  os2ShmNode *pNode;
-  int cbShmName, rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  char shmName[CCHMAXPATH + 30];
-#ifndef SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
-  ULONG action;
-#endif
-  
-  /* We need some additional space at the end to append the region number */
-  cbShmName = sprintf(shmName, "\\SHAREMEM\\%s", fd->zFullPathCp );
-  if( cbShmName >= CCHMAXPATH-8 )
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN; 
-
-  /* Replace colon in file name to form a valid shared memory name */
-  shmName[10+1] = '!';
-
-  /* Allocate link object (we free it later in case of failure) */
-  pLink = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pLink) );
-  if( !pLink )
-    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-
-  /* Access node list */
-  os2ShmEnterMutex();
-
-  /* Find node by it's shared memory base name */
-  for( pNode = os2ShmNodeList; 
-       pNode && stricmp(shmName, pNode->shmBaseName) != 0; 
-       pNode = pNode->pNext )   ;
-
-  /* Not found: allocate a new node */
-  if( !pNode ) {
-    pNode = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pNode) + cbShmName );
-    if( pNode ) {
-      memset(pNode, 0, sizeof(*pNode) );
-      pNode->szRegion = szRegion;
-      pNode->hLockFile = (HFILE)-1;      
-      strcpy(pNode->shmBaseName, shmName);
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
-      if( DosDupHandle(fd->h, &pNode->hLockFile) != 0 ) {
-#else
-      sprintf(shmName, "%s-lck", fd->zFullPathCp);
-      if( DosOpen((PSZ)shmName, &pNode->hLockFile, &action, 0, FILE_NORMAL, 
-                  OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS | OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW,
-                  OPEN_ACCESS_READWRITE | OPEN_SHARE_DENYNONE | 
-                  OPEN_FLAGS_NOINHERIT | OPEN_FLAGS_FAIL_ON_ERROR,
-                  NULL) != 0 ) {
-#endif
-        sqlite3_free(pNode);  
-        rc = SQLITE_IOERR;
-      } else {
-        pNode->mutex = sqlite3_mutex_alloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST);
-        if( !pNode->mutex ) {
-          sqlite3_free(pNode);  
-          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-        }
-      }   
-    } else {
-      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-    }
-    
-    if( rc == SQLITE_OK ) {
-      pNode->pNext = os2ShmNodeList;
-      os2ShmNodeList = pNode;
-    } else {
-      pNode = NULL;
-    }
-  } else if( pNode->szRegion != szRegion ) {
-    rc = SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE;
-    pNode = NULL;
-  }
-
-  if( pNode ) {
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pNode->mutex);
-
-    memset(pLink, 0, sizeof(*pLink));
-
-    pLink->pShmNode = pNode;
-    pLink->pNext = pNode->pFirst;
-    pNode->pFirst = pLink;
-    pNode->nRef++;
-
-    fd->pShmLink = pLink;
-
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pNode->mutex);
-    
-  } else {
-    /* Error occured. Free our link object. */
-    sqlite3_free(pLink);  
-  }
-
-  os2ShmLeaveMutex();
-
-  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2OpenSharedMemory: %d  %s\n", rc, fd->zFullPathCp))  
-  
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** Purge the os2ShmNodeList list of all entries with nRef==0.
-**
-** This is not a VFS shared-memory method; it is a utility function called
-** by VFS shared-memory methods.
-*/
-static void os2PurgeShmNodes( int deleteFlag ) {
-  os2ShmNode *pNode;
-  os2ShmNode **ppNode;
-
-  os2ShmEnterMutex();
-  
-  ppNode = &os2ShmNodeList;
-
-  while( *ppNode ) {
-    pNode = *ppNode;
-
-    if( pNode->nRef == 0 ) {
-      *ppNode = pNode->pNext;   
-     
-      if( pNode->apRegion ) {
-        /* Prevent other processes from resizing the shared memory */
-        os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
-
-        while( pNode->nRegion-- ) {
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-          int rc = 
-#endif          
-          DosFreeMem(pNode->apRegion[pNode->nRegion]);
-
-          OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid-%d unmap region=%d %s\n",
-                  (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), pNode->nRegion,
-                  rc == 0 ? "ok" : "failed"));
-        }
-
-        /* Allow other processes to resize the shared memory */
-        os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_UNLCK, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
-
-        sqlite3_free(pNode->apRegion);
-      }  
-
-      DosClose(pNode->hLockFile);
-      
-#ifndef SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
-      if( deleteFlag ) {
-         char fileName[CCHMAXPATH];
-         /* Skip "\\SHAREMEM\\" */
-         sprintf(fileName, "%s-lck", pNode->shmBaseName + 10);
-         /* restore colon */
-         fileName[1] = ':';
-         
-         DosForceDelete(fileName); 
-      }
-#endif
-
-      sqlite3_mutex_free(pNode->mutex);
-
-      sqlite3_free(pNode);
-      
-    } else {
-      ppNode = &pNode->pNext;
-    }
-  } 
-
-  os2ShmLeaveMutex();
-}
-
-/*
-** This function is called to obtain a pointer to region iRegion of the
-** shared-memory associated with the database file id. Shared-memory regions
-** are numbered starting from zero. Each shared-memory region is szRegion
-** bytes in size.
-**
-** If an error occurs, an error code is returned and *pp is set to NULL.
-**
-** Otherwise, if the bExtend parameter is 0 and the requested shared-memory
-** region has not been allocated (by any client, including one running in a
-** separate process), then *pp is set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned. If
-** bExtend is non-zero and the requested shared-memory region has not yet
-** been allocated, it is allocated by this function.
-**
-** If the shared-memory region has already been allocated or is allocated by
-** this call as described above, then it is mapped into this processes
-** address space (if it is not already), *pp is set to point to the mapped
-** memory and SQLITE_OK returned.
-*/
-static int os2ShmMap(
-  sqlite3_file *id,               /* Handle open on database file */
-  int iRegion,                    /* Region to retrieve */
-  int szRegion,                   /* Size of regions */
-  int bExtend,                    /* True to extend block if necessary */
-  void volatile **pp              /* OUT: Mapped memory */
-){
-  PVOID pvTemp;
-  void **apRegion;
-  os2ShmNode *pNode;
-  int n, rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  char shmName[CCHMAXPATH];
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  
-  *pp = NULL;
-
-  if( !pFile->pShmLink )
-    rc = os2OpenSharedMemory( pFile, szRegion );
-  
-  if( rc == SQLITE_OK ) {
-    pNode = pFile->pShmLink->pShmNode ;
-    
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pNode->mutex);
-    
-    assert( szRegion==pNode->szRegion );
-
-    /* Unmapped region ? */
-    if( iRegion >= pNode->nRegion ) {
-      /* Prevent other processes from resizing the shared memory */
-      os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
-
-      apRegion = sqlite3_realloc(
-        pNode->apRegion, (iRegion + 1) * sizeof(apRegion[0]));
-
-      if( apRegion ) {
-        pNode->apRegion = apRegion;
-
-        while( pNode->nRegion <= iRegion ) {
-          sprintf(shmName, "%s-%u", 
-                  pNode->shmBaseName, pNode->nRegion);
-
-          if( DosGetNamedSharedMem(&pvTemp, (PSZ)shmName, 
-                PAG_READ | PAG_WRITE) != NO_ERROR ) {
-            if( !bExtend )
-              break;
-
-            if( DosAllocSharedMem(&pvTemp, (PSZ)shmName, szRegion,
-                  PAG_READ | PAG_WRITE | PAG_COMMIT | OBJ_ANY) != NO_ERROR && 
-                DosAllocSharedMem(&pvTemp, (PSZ)shmName, szRegion,
-                  PAG_READ | PAG_WRITE | PAG_COMMIT) != NO_ERROR ) { 
-              rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-              break;
-            }
-          }
-
-          apRegion[pNode->nRegion++] = pvTemp;
-        }
-
-        /* zero out remaining entries */ 
-        for( n = pNode->nRegion; n <= iRegion; n++ )
-          pNode->apRegion[n] = NULL;
-
-        /* Return this region (maybe zero) */
-        *pp = pNode->apRegion[iRegion];
-      } else {
-        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-      }
-
-      /* Allow other processes to resize the shared memory */
-      os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_UNLCK, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
-      
-    } else {
-      /* Region has been mapped previously */
-      *pp = pNode->apRegion[iRegion];
-    }
-
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pNode->mutex);
-  } 
-
-  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2ShmMap: %s iRgn = %d, szRgn = %d, bExt = %d : %d\n", 
-                 pFile->zFullPathCp, iRegion, szRegion, bExtend, rc))
-          
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** Close a connection to shared-memory.  Delete the underlying
-** storage if deleteFlag is true.
-**
-** If there is no shared memory associated with the connection then this
-** routine is a harmless no-op.
-*/
-static int os2ShmUnmap(
-  sqlite3_file *id,               /* The underlying database file */
-  int deleteFlag                  /* Delete shared-memory if true */
-){
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  os2ShmLink *pLink = pFile->pShmLink;
-  
-  if( pLink ) {
-    int nRef = -1;
-    os2ShmLink **ppLink;
-    os2ShmNode *pNode = pLink->pShmNode;
-
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pNode->mutex);
-    
-    for( ppLink = &pNode->pFirst;
-         *ppLink && *ppLink != pLink;
-         ppLink = &(*ppLink)->pNext )   ;
-         
-    assert(*ppLink);
-
-    if( *ppLink ) {
-      *ppLink = pLink->pNext;
-      nRef = --pNode->nRef;
-    } else {
-      ERR_TRACE(1, ("os2ShmUnmap: link not found ! %s\n", 
-                    pNode->shmBaseName))
-    }
-    
-    pFile->pShmLink = NULL;
-    sqlite3_free(pLink);
-
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pNode->mutex);
-    
-    if( nRef == 0 )
-      os2PurgeShmNodes( deleteFlag );
-  }
-
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-/*
-** Change the lock state for a shared-memory segment.
-**
-** Note that the relationship between SHAREd and EXCLUSIVE locks is a little
-** different here than in posix.  In xShmLock(), one can go from unlocked
-** to shared and back or from unlocked to exclusive and back.  But one may
-** not go from shared to exclusive or from exclusive to shared.
-*/
-static int os2ShmLock(
-  sqlite3_file *id,          /* Database file holding the shared memory */
-  int ofst,                  /* First lock to acquire or release */
-  int n,                     /* Number of locks to acquire or release */
-  int flags                  /* What to do with the lock */
-){
-  u32 mask;                             /* Mask of locks to take or release */
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                   /* Result code */
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  os2ShmLink *p = pFile->pShmLink;      /* The shared memory being locked */
-  os2ShmLink *pX;                       /* For looping over all siblings */
-  os2ShmNode *pShmNode = p->pShmNode;   /* Our node */
-  
-  assert( ofst>=0 && ofst+n<=SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK );
-  assert( n>=1 );
-  assert( flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
-       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)
-       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
-       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE) );
-  assert( n==1 || (flags & SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)!=0 );
-
-  mask = (u32)((1U<<(ofst+n)) - (1U<<ofst));
-  assert( n>1 || mask==(1<<ofst) );
-
-
-  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
-
-  if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK ){
-    u32 allMask = 0; /* Mask of locks held by siblings */
-
-    /* See if any siblings hold this same lock */
-    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
-      if( pX==p ) continue;
-      assert( (pX->exclMask & (p->exclMask|p->sharedMask))==0 );
-      allMask |= pX->sharedMask;
-    }
-
-    /* Unlock the system-level locks */
-    if( (mask & allMask)==0 ){
-      rc = os2ShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_UNLCK, ofst+OS2_SHM_BASE, n);
-    }else{
-      rc = SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-
-    /* Undo the local locks */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      p->exclMask &= ~mask;
-      p->sharedMask &= ~mask;
-    } 
-  }else if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_SHARED ){
-    u32 allShared = 0;  /* Union of locks held by connections other than "p" */
-
-    /* Find out which shared locks are already held by sibling connections.
-    ** If any sibling already holds an exclusive lock, go ahead and return
-    ** SQLITE_BUSY.
-    */
-    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
-      if( (pX->exclMask & mask)!=0 ){
-        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
-        break;
-      }
-      allShared |= pX->sharedMask;
-    }
-
-    /* Get shared locks at the system level, if necessary */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      if( (allShared & mask)==0 ){
-        rc = os2ShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_RDLCK, ofst+OS2_SHM_BASE, n);
-      }else{
-        rc = SQLITE_OK;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /* Get the local shared locks */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      p->sharedMask |= mask;
-    }
-  }else{
-    /* Make sure no sibling connections hold locks that will block this
-    ** lock.  If any do, return SQLITE_BUSY right away.
-    */
-    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
-      if( (pX->exclMask & mask)!=0 || (pX->sharedMask & mask)!=0 ){
-        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  
-    /* Get the exclusive locks at the system level.  Then if successful
-    ** also mark the local connection as being locked.
-    */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = os2ShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_WRLCK, ofst+OS2_SHM_BASE, n);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        assert( (p->sharedMask & mask)==0 );
-        p->exclMask |= mask;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
-  
-  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK shmid-%d, pid-%d got %03x,%03x %s\n",
-           p->id, (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), p->sharedMask, p->exclMask,
-           rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
-
-  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2ShmLock: ofst = %d, n = %d, flags = 0x%x -> %d \n", 
-                 ofst, n, flags, rc))
-                  
-  return rc; 
-}
-
-/*
-** Implement a memory barrier or memory fence on shared memory.
-**
-** All loads and stores begun before the barrier must complete before
-** any load or store begun after the barrier.
-*/
-static void os2ShmBarrier(
-  sqlite3_file *id                /* Database file holding the shared memory */
-){
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
-  os2ShmEnterMutex();
-  os2ShmLeaveMutex();
-}
-
-#else
-# define os2ShmMap     0
-# define os2ShmLock    0
-# define os2ShmBarrier 0
-# define os2ShmUnmap   0
-#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
-
-
-/*
-** This vector defines all the methods that can operate on an
-** sqlite3_file for os2.
-*/
-static const sqlite3_io_methods os2IoMethod = {
-  2,                              /* iVersion */
-  os2Close,                       /* xClose */
-  os2Read,                        /* xRead */
-  os2Write,                       /* xWrite */
-  os2Truncate,                    /* xTruncate */
-  os2Sync,                        /* xSync */
-  os2FileSize,                    /* xFileSize */
-  os2Lock,                        /* xLock */
-  os2Unlock,                      /* xUnlock */
-  os2CheckReservedLock,           /* xCheckReservedLock */
-  os2FileControl,                 /* xFileControl */
-  os2SectorSize,                  /* xSectorSize */
-  os2DeviceCharacteristics,       /* xDeviceCharacteristics */
-  os2ShmMap,                      /* xShmMap */
-  os2ShmLock,                     /* xShmLock */
-  os2ShmBarrier,                  /* xShmBarrier */
-  os2ShmUnmap                     /* xShmUnmap */
-};
-
-
-/***************************************************************************
-** Here ends the I/O methods that form the sqlite3_io_methods object.
-**
-** The next block of code implements the VFS methods.
-****************************************************************************/
-
-/*
-** Create a temporary file name in zBuf.  zBuf must be big enough to
-** hold at pVfs->mxPathname characters.
-*/
-static int getTempname(int nBuf, char *zBuf ){
-  static const char zChars[] =
-    "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
-    "0123456789";
-  int i, j;
-  PSZ zTempPathCp;      
-  char zTempPath[CCHMAXPATH];
-  ULONG ulDriveNum, ulDriveMap;
-  
-  /* It's odd to simulate an io-error here, but really this is just
-  ** using the io-error infrastructure to test that SQLite handles this
-  ** function failing. 
-  */
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR );
-
-  if( sqlite3_temp_directory ) {
-    sqlite3_snprintf(CCHMAXPATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", sqlite3_temp_directory);
-  } else if( DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TEMP",   &zTempPathCp ) == NO_ERROR ||
-             DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TMP",    &zTempPathCp ) == NO_ERROR ||
-             DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TMPDIR", &zTempPathCp ) == NO_ERROR ) {
-    char *zTempPathUTF = convertCpPathToUtf8( (char *)zTempPathCp );
-    sqlite3_snprintf(CCHMAXPATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", zTempPathUTF);
-    free( zTempPathUTF );
-  } else if( DosQueryCurrentDisk( &ulDriveNum, &ulDriveMap ) == NO_ERROR ) {
-    zTempPath[0] = (char)('A' + ulDriveNum - 1);
-    zTempPath[1] = ':'; 
-    zTempPath[2] = '\0'; 
-  } else {
-    zTempPath[0] = '\0'; 
-  }
-  
-  /* Strip off a trailing slashes or backslashes, otherwise we would get *
-   * multiple (back)slashes which causes DosOpen() to fail.              *
-   * Trailing spaces are not allowed, either.                            */
-  j = sqlite3Strlen30(zTempPath);
-  while( j > 0 && ( zTempPath[j-1] == '\\' || zTempPath[j-1] == '/' || 
-                    zTempPath[j-1] == ' ' ) ){
-    j--;
-  }
-  zTempPath[j] = '\0';
-  
-  /* We use 20 bytes to randomize the name */
-  sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf-22, zBuf,
-                   "%s\\"SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX, zTempPath);
-  j = sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf);
-  sqlite3_randomness( 20, &zBuf[j] );
-  for( i = 0; i < 20; i++, j++ ){
-    zBuf[j] = zChars[ ((unsigned char)zBuf[j])%(sizeof(zChars)-1) ];
-  }
-  zBuf[j] = 0;
-
-  OSTRACE(( "TEMP FILENAME: %s\n", zBuf ));
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-
-/*
-** Turn a relative pathname into a full pathname.  Write the full
-** pathname into zFull[].  zFull[] will be at least pVfs->mxPathname
-** bytes in size.
-*/
-static int os2FullPathname(
-  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,          /* Pointer to vfs object */
-  const char *zRelative,      /* Possibly relative input path */
-  int nFull,                  /* Size of output buffer in bytes */
-  char *zFull                 /* Output buffer */
-){
-  char *zRelativeCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zRelative );
-  char zFullCp[CCHMAXPATH] = "\0";
-  char *zFullUTF;
-  APIRET rc = DosQueryPathInfo( (PSZ)zRelativeCp, FIL_QUERYFULLNAME, 
-                                zFullCp, CCHMAXPATH );
-  free( zRelativeCp );
-  zFullUTF = convertCpPathToUtf8( zFullCp );
-  sqlite3_snprintf( nFull, zFull, zFullUTF );
-  free( zFullUTF );
-  return rc == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR;
-}
-
-
-/*
-** Open a file.
-*/
-static int os2Open(
-  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,            /* Not used */
-  const char *zName,            /* Name of the file (UTF-8) */
-  sqlite3_file *id,             /* Write the SQLite file handle here */
-  int flags,                    /* Open mode flags */
-  int *pOutFlags                /* Status return flags */
-){
-  HFILE h;
-  ULONG ulOpenFlags = 0;
-  ULONG ulOpenMode = 0;
-  ULONG ulAction = 0;
-  ULONG rc;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  const char *zUtf8Name = zName;
-  char *zNameCp;
-  char  zTmpname[CCHMAXPATH];
-
-  int isExclusive  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE);
-  int isCreate     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE);
-  int isReadWrite  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE);
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  int isDelete     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE);
-  int isReadonly   = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
-  int eType        = (flags & 0xFFFFFF00);
-  int isOpenJournal = (isCreate && (
-        eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
-     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL 
-     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
-  ));
-#endif
-
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  assert( id!=0 );
-
-  /* Check the following statements are true: 
-  **
-  **   (a) Exactly one of the READWRITE and READONLY flags must be set, and 
-  **   (b) if CREATE is set, then READWRITE must also be set, and
-  **   (c) if EXCLUSIVE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
-  **   (d) if DELETEONCLOSE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
-  */
-  assert((isReadonly==0 || isReadWrite==0) && (isReadWrite || isReadonly));
-  assert(isCreate==0 || isReadWrite);
-  assert(isExclusive==0 || isCreate);
-  assert(isDelete==0 || isCreate);
-
-  /* The main DB, main journal, WAL file and master journal are never 
-  ** automatically deleted. Nor are they ever temporary files.  */
-  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
-  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL );
-  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL );
-  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_WAL );
-
-  /* Assert that the upper layer has set one of the "file-type" flags. */
-  assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB 
-       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL 
-       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL   || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
-       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
-  );
-
-  memset( pFile, 0, sizeof(*pFile) );
-  pFile->h = (HFILE)-1;
-
-  /* If the second argument to this function is NULL, generate a 
-  ** temporary file name to use 
-  */
-  if( !zUtf8Name ){
-    assert(isDelete && !isOpenJournal);
-    rc = getTempname(CCHMAXPATH, zTmpname);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      return rc;
-    }
-    zUtf8Name = zTmpname;
-  }
-
-  if( isReadWrite ){
-    ulOpenMode |= OPEN_ACCESS_READWRITE;
-  }else{
-    ulOpenMode |= OPEN_ACCESS_READONLY;
-  }
-
-  /* Open in random access mode for possibly better speed.  Allow full
-  ** sharing because file locks will provide exclusive access when needed.
-  ** The handle should not be inherited by child processes and we don't 
-  ** want popups from the critical error handler.
-  */
-  ulOpenMode |= OPEN_FLAGS_RANDOM | OPEN_SHARE_DENYNONE | 
-                OPEN_FLAGS_NOINHERIT | OPEN_FLAGS_FAIL_ON_ERROR;
-
-  /* SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE is used to make sure that a new file is 
-  ** created. SQLite doesn't use it to indicate "exclusive access" 
-  ** as it is usually understood.
-  */
-  if( isExclusive ){
-    /* Creates a new file, only if it does not already exist. */
-    /* If the file exists, it fails. */
-    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW | OPEN_ACTION_FAIL_IF_EXISTS;
-  }else if( isCreate ){
-    /* Open existing file, or create if it doesn't exist */
-    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW | OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS;
-  }else{
-    /* Opens a file, only if it exists. */
-    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_FAIL_IF_NEW | OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS;
-  }
-
-  zNameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zUtf8Name );
-  rc = DosOpen( (PSZ)zNameCp,
-                &h,
-                &ulAction,
-                0L,
-                FILE_NORMAL,
-                ulOpenFlags,
-                ulOpenMode,
-                (PEAOP2)NULL );
-  free( zNameCp );
-
-  if( rc != NO_ERROR ){
-    OSTRACE(( "OPEN Invalid handle rc=%d: zName=%s, ulAction=%#lx, ulFlags=%#lx, ulMode=%#lx\n",
-              rc, zUtf8Name, ulAction, ulOpenFlags, ulOpenMode ));
-
-    if( isReadWrite ){
-      return os2Open( pVfs, zName, id,
-                      ((flags|SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY)&~(SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE)),
-                      pOutFlags );
-    }else{
-      return SQLITE_CANTOPEN;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if( pOutFlags ){
-    *pOutFlags = isReadWrite ? SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE : SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY;
-  }
-
-  os2FullPathname( pVfs, zUtf8Name, sizeof( zTmpname ), zTmpname );
-  pFile->zFullPathCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zTmpname );
-  pFile->pMethod = &os2IoMethod;
-  pFile->flags = flags;
-  pFile->h = h;
-
-  OpenCounter(+1);
-  OSTRACE(( "OPEN %d pOutFlags=%d\n", pFile->h, pOutFlags ));
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-/*
-** Delete the named file.
-*/
-static int os2Delete(
-  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,                     /* Not used on os2 */
-  const char *zFilename,                 /* Name of file to delete */
-  int syncDir                            /* Not used on os2 */
-){
-  APIRET rc;
-  char *zFilenameCp;
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE );
-  zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zFilename );
-  rc = DosDelete( (PSZ)zFilenameCp );
-  free( zFilenameCp );
-  OSTRACE(( "DELETE \"%s\"\n", zFilename ));
-  return (rc == NO_ERROR ||
-          rc == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND ||
-          rc == ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND ) ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE;
-}
-
-/*
-** Check the existance and status of a file.
-*/
-static int os2Access(
-  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,        /* Not used on os2 */
-  const char *zFilename,    /* Name of file to check */
-  int flags,                /* Type of test to make on this file */
-  int *pOut                 /* Write results here */
-){
-  APIRET rc;
-  FILESTATUS3 fsts3ConfigInfo;
-  char *zFilenameCp;
-
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS; );
-  
-  zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zFilename );
-  rc = DosQueryPathInfo( (PSZ)zFilenameCp, FIL_STANDARD,
-                         &fsts3ConfigInfo, sizeof(FILESTATUS3) );
-  free( zFilenameCp );
-  OSTRACE(( "ACCESS fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile=%d flags=%d rc=%d\n",
-            fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile, flags, rc ));
-
-  switch( flags ){
-    case SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS:
-      /* For an SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS query, treat a zero-length file
-      ** as if it does not exist.
-      */
-      if( fsts3ConfigInfo.cbFile == 0 ) 
-        rc = ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND;
-      break;
-    case SQLITE_ACCESS_READ:
-      break;
-    case SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE:
-      if( fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile & FILE_READONLY )
-        rc = ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED;
-      break;
-    default:
-      rc = ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND;
-      assert( !"Invalid flags argument" );
-  }
-
-  *pOut = (rc == NO_ERROR);
-  OSTRACE(( "ACCESS %s flags %d: rc=%d\n", zFilename, flags, *pOut ));
-
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
-/*
-** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
-** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
-*/
-/*
-** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
-** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
-*/
-static void *os2DlOpen(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, const char *zFilename){
-  HMODULE hmod;
-  APIRET rc;
-  char *zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp(zFilename);
-  rc = DosLoadModule(NULL, 0, (PSZ)zFilenameCp, &hmod);
-  free(zFilenameCp);
-  return rc != NO_ERROR ? 0 : (void*)hmod;
-}
-/*
-** A no-op since the error code is returned on the DosLoadModule call.
-** os2Dlopen returns zero if DosLoadModule is not successful.
-*/
-static void os2DlError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBufOut){
-/* no-op */
-}
-static void (*os2DlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle, const char *zSymbol))(void){
-  PFN pfn;
-  APIRET rc;
-  rc = DosQueryProcAddr((HMODULE)pHandle, 0L, (PSZ)zSymbol, &pfn);
-  if( rc != NO_ERROR ){
-    /* if the symbol itself was not found, search again for the same
-     * symbol with an extra underscore, that might be needed depending
-     * on the calling convention */
-    char _zSymbol[256] = "_";
-    strncat(_zSymbol, zSymbol, 254);
-    rc = DosQueryProcAddr((HMODULE)pHandle, 0L, (PSZ)_zSymbol, &pfn);
-  }
-  return rc != NO_ERROR ? 0 : (void(*)(void))pfn;
-}
-static void os2DlClose(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle){
-  DosFreeModule((HMODULE)pHandle);
-}
-#else /* if SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION is defined: */
-  #define os2DlOpen 0
-  #define os2DlError 0
-  #define os2DlSym 0
-  #define os2DlClose 0
-#endif
-
-
-/*
-** Write up to nBuf bytes of randomness into zBuf.
-*/
-static int os2Randomness(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf ){
-  int n = 0;
-#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
-  n = nBuf;
-  memset(zBuf, 0, nBuf);
-#else
-  int i;                           
-  PPIB ppib;
-  PTIB ptib;
-  DATETIME dt; 
-  static unsigned c = 0;
-  /* Ordered by variation probability */
-  static ULONG svIdx[6] = { QSV_MS_COUNT, QSV_TIME_LOW,
-                            QSV_MAXPRMEM, QSV_MAXSHMEM,
-                            QSV_TOTAVAILMEM, QSV_TOTRESMEM };
-
-  /* 8 bytes; timezone and weekday don't increase the randomness much */
-  if( (int)sizeof(dt)-3 <= nBuf - n ){
-    c += 0x0100;
-    DosGetDateTime(&dt);
-    dt.year = (USHORT)((dt.year - 1900) | c);
-    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &dt, sizeof(dt)-3);
-    n += sizeof(dt)-3;
-  }
-
-  /* 4 bytes; PIDs and TIDs are 16 bit internally, so combine them */
-  if( (int)sizeof(ULONG) <= nBuf - n ){
-    DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, &ppib);
-    *(PULONG)&zBuf[n] = MAKELONG(ppib->pib_ulpid,
-                                 ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid);
-    n += sizeof(ULONG);
-  }
-
-  /* Up to 6 * 4 bytes; variables depend on the system state */
-  for( i = 0; i < 6 && (int)sizeof(ULONG) <= nBuf - n; i++ ){
-    DosQuerySysInfo(svIdx[i], svIdx[i], 
-                    (PULONG)&zBuf[n], sizeof(ULONG));
-    n += sizeof(ULONG);
-  } 
-#endif
-
-  return n;
-}
-
-/*
-** Sleep for a little while.  Return the amount of time slept.
-** The argument is the number of microseconds we want to sleep.
-** The return value is the number of microseconds of sleep actually
-** requested from the underlying operating system, a number which
-** might be greater than or equal to the argument, but not less
-** than the argument.
-*/
-static int os2Sleep( sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int microsec ){
-  DosSleep( (microsec/1000) );
-  return microsec;
-}
-
-/*
-** The following variable, if set to a non-zero value, becomes the result
-** returned from sqlite3OsCurrentTime().  This is used for testing.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_current_time = 0;
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write into *piNow
-** the current time and date as a Julian Day number times 86_400_000.  In
-** other words, write into *piNow the number of milliseconds since the Julian
-** epoch of noon in Greenwich on November 24, 4714 B.C according to the
-** proleptic Gregorian calendar.
-**
-** On success, return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
-*/
-static int os2CurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-  static const sqlite3_int64 unixEpoch = 24405875*(sqlite3_int64)8640000;
-#endif
-  int year, month, datepart, timepart;
- 
-  DATETIME dt;
-  DosGetDateTime( &dt );
-
-  year = dt.year;
-  month = dt.month;
-
-  /* Calculations from http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/~rno/Astronomy/hjd.html
-  ** http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/~rno/Astronomy/hjd-0.1.c
-  ** Calculate the Julian days
-  */
-  datepart = (int)dt.day - 32076 +
-    1461*(year + 4800 + (month - 14)/12)/4 +
-    367*(month - 2 - (month - 14)/12*12)/12 -
-    3*((year + 4900 + (month - 14)/12)/100)/4;
-
-  /* Time in milliseconds, hours to noon added */
-  timepart = 12*3600*1000 + dt.hundredths*10 + dt.seconds*1000 +
-    ((int)dt.minutes + dt.timezone)*60*1000 + dt.hours*3600*1000;
-
-  *piNow = (sqlite3_int64)datepart*86400*1000 + timepart;
-   
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-  if( sqlite3_current_time ){
-    *piNow = 1000*(sqlite3_int64)sqlite3_current_time + unixEpoch;
-  }
-#endif
-
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/*
-** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write the
-** current time and date as a Julian Day number into *prNow and
-** return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
-*/
-static int os2CurrentTime( sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, double *prNow ){
-  int rc;
-  sqlite3_int64 i;
-  rc = os2CurrentTimeInt64(pVfs, &i);
-  if( !rc ){
-    *prNow = i/86400000.0;
-  }
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** The idea is that this function works like a combination of
-** GetLastError() and FormatMessage() on windows (or errno and
-** strerror_r() on unix). After an error is returned by an OS
-** function, SQLite calls this function with zBuf pointing to
-** a buffer of nBuf bytes. The OS layer should populate the
-** buffer with a nul-terminated UTF-8 encoded error message
-** describing the last IO error to have occurred within the calling
-** thread.
-**
-** If the error message is too large for the supplied buffer,
-** it should be truncated. The return value of xGetLastError
-** is zero if the error message fits in the buffer, or non-zero
-** otherwise (if the message was truncated). If non-zero is returned,
-** then it is not necessary to include the nul-terminator character
-** in the output buffer.
-**
-** Not supplying an error message will have no adverse effect
-** on SQLite. It is fine to have an implementation that never
-** returns an error message:
-**
-**   int xGetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
-**     assert(zBuf[0]=='\0');
-**     return 0;
-**   }
-**
-** However if an error message is supplied, it will be incorporated
-** by sqlite into the error message available to the user using
-** sqlite3_errmsg(), possibly making IO errors easier to debug.
-*/
-static int os2GetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
-  assert(zBuf[0]=='\0');
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/*
-** Initialize and deinitialize the operating system interface.
-*/
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){
-  static sqlite3_vfs os2Vfs = {
-    3,                 /* iVersion */
-    sizeof(os2File),   /* szOsFile */
-    CCHMAXPATH,        /* mxPathname */
-    0,                 /* pNext */
-    "os2",             /* zName */
-    0,                 /* pAppData */
-
-    os2Open,           /* xOpen */
-    os2Delete,         /* xDelete */
-    os2Access,         /* xAccess */
-    os2FullPathname,   /* xFullPathname */
-    os2DlOpen,         /* xDlOpen */
-    os2DlError,        /* xDlError */
-    os2DlSym,          /* xDlSym */
-    os2DlClose,        /* xDlClose */
-    os2Randomness,     /* xRandomness */
-    os2Sleep,          /* xSleep */
-    os2CurrentTime,    /* xCurrentTime */
-    os2GetLastError,   /* xGetLastError */
-    os2CurrentTimeInt64, /* xCurrentTimeInt64 */
-    0,                 /* xSetSystemCall */
-    0,                 /* xGetSystemCall */
-    0                  /* xNextSystemCall */
-  };
-  sqlite3_vfs_register(&os2Vfs, 1);
-  initUconvObjects();
-/*  sqlite3OSTrace = 1; */
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){
-  freeUconvObjects();
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-#endif /* SQLITE_OS_OS2 */
-
-/************** End of os_os2.c **********************************************/
 /************** Begin file os_unix.c *****************************************/
 /*
 ** 2004 May 22
@@ -24891,32 +24147,6 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
-** These #defines should enable >2GB file support on Posix if the
-** underlying operating system supports it.  If the OS lacks
-** large file support, these should be no-ops.
-**
-** Large file support can be disabled using the -DSQLITE_DISABLE_LFS switch
-** on the compiler command line.  This is necessary if you are compiling
-** on a recent machine (ex: RedHat 7.2) but you want your code to work
-** on an older machine (ex: RedHat 6.0).  If you compile on RedHat 7.2
-** without this option, LFS is enable.  But LFS does not exist in the kernel
-** in RedHat 6.0, so the code won't work.  Hence, for maximum binary
-** portability you should omit LFS.
-**
-** The previous paragraph was written in 2005.  (This paragraph is written
-** on 2008-11-28.) These days, all Linux kernels support large files, so
-** you should probably leave LFS enabled.  But some embedded platforms might
-** lack LFS in which case the SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS macro might still be useful.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS
-# define _LARGE_FILE       1
-# ifndef _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
-#   define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
-# endif
-# define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE 1
-#endif
-
-/*
 ** standard include files.
 */
 #include <sys/types.h>
@@ -24926,12 +24156,11 @@
 /* #include <time.h> */
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-#include <sys/mman.h>
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL) || SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+# include <sys/mman.h>
 #endif
 
-
-#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE || OS_VXWORKS
 # include <sys/ioctl.h>
 # if OS_VXWORKS
 #  include <semaphore.h>
@@ -24972,8 +24201,8 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
- ** Default permissions when creating auto proxy dir
- */
+** Default permissions when creating auto proxy dir
+*/
 #ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PROXYDIR_PERMISSIONS
 # define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PROXYDIR_PERMISSIONS 0755
 #endif
@@ -25025,6 +24254,17 @@
   const char *zPath;                  /* Name of the file */
   unixShm *pShm;                      /* Shared memory segment information */
   int szChunk;                        /* Configured by FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE */
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  int nFetchOut;                      /* Number of outstanding xFetch refs */
+  sqlite3_int64 mmapSize;             /* Usable size of mapping at pMapRegion */
+  sqlite3_int64 mmapSizeActual;       /* Actual size of mapping at pMapRegion */
+  sqlite3_int64 mmapSizeMax;          /* Configured FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE value */
+  void *pMapRegion;                   /* Memory mapped region */
+#endif
+#ifdef __QNXNTO__
+  int sectorSize;                     /* Device sector size */
+  int deviceCharacteristics;          /* Precomputed device characteristics */
+#endif
 #if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
   int openFlags;                      /* The flags specified at open() */
 #endif
@@ -25034,7 +24274,7 @@
 #if OS_VXWORKS
   struct vxworksFileId *pId;          /* Unique file ID */
 #endif
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   /* The next group of variables are used to track whether or not the
   ** transaction counter in bytes 24-27 of database files are updated
   ** whenever any part of the database changes.  An assertion fault will
@@ -25045,7 +24285,9 @@
   unsigned char transCntrChng;   /* True if the transaction counter changed */
   unsigned char dbUpdate;        /* True if any part of database file changed */
   unsigned char inNormalWrite;   /* True if in a normal write operation */
+
 #endif
+
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   /* In test mode, increase the size of this structure a bit so that 
   ** it is larger than the struct CrashFile defined in test6.c.
@@ -25054,6 +24296,12 @@
 #endif
 };
 
+/* This variable holds the process id (pid) from when the xRandomness()
+** method was called.  If xOpen() is called from a different process id,
+** indicating that a fork() has occurred, the PRNG will be reset.
+*/
+static int randomnessPid = 0;
+
 /*
 ** Allowed values for the unixFile.ctrlFlags bitmask:
 */
@@ -25069,7 +24317,7 @@
 #define UNIXFILE_DELETE      0x20     /* Delete on close */
 #define UNIXFILE_URI         0x40     /* Filename might have query parameters */
 #define UNIXFILE_NOLOCK      0x80     /* Do no file locking */
-#define UNIXFILE_CHOWN      0x100     /* File ownership was changed */
+#define UNIXFILE_WARNED    0x0100     /* verifyDbFile() warnings have been issued */
 
 /*
 ** Include code that is common to all os_*.c files
@@ -25312,6 +24560,17 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
+** HAVE_MREMAP defaults to true on Linux and false everywhere else.
+*/
+#if !defined(HAVE_MREMAP)
+# if defined(__linux__) && defined(_GNU_SOURCE)
+#  define HAVE_MREMAP 1
+# else
+#  define HAVE_MREMAP 0
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** Different Unix systems declare open() in different ways.  Same use
 ** open(const char*,int,mode_t).  Others use open(const char*,int,...).
 ** The difference is important when using a pointer to the function.
@@ -25323,8 +24582,22 @@
   return open(zFile, flags, mode);
 }
 
+/*
+** On some systems, calls to fchown() will trigger a message in a security
+** log if they come from non-root processes.  So avoid calling fchown() if
+** we are not running as root.
+*/
+static int posixFchown(int fd, uid_t uid, gid_t gid){
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  return 0;
+#else
+  return geteuid() ? 0 : fchown(fd,uid,gid);
+#endif
+}
+
 /* Forward reference */
 static int openDirectory(const char*, int*);
+static int unixGetpagesize(void);
 
 /*
 ** Many system calls are accessed through pointer-to-functions so that
@@ -25333,7 +24606,7 @@
 ** to all overrideable system calls.
 */
 static struct unix_syscall {
-  const char *zName;            /* Name of the sytem call */
+  const char *zName;            /* Name of the system call */
   sqlite3_syscall_ptr pCurrent; /* Current value of the system call */
   sqlite3_syscall_ptr pDefault; /* Default value */
 } aSyscall[] = {
@@ -25375,7 +24648,7 @@
   { "read",         (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)read,       0  },
 #define osRead      ((ssize_t(*)(int,void*,size_t))aSyscall[8].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(USE_PREAD) || SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+#if defined(USE_PREAD) || (SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && !OS_VXWORKS)
   { "pread",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)pread,      0  },
 #else
   { "pread",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
@@ -25392,7 +24665,7 @@
   { "write",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)write,      0  },
 #define osWrite     ((ssize_t(*)(int,const void*,size_t))aSyscall[11].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(USE_PREAD) || SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+#if defined(USE_PREAD) || (SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && !OS_VXWORKS)
   { "pwrite",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)pwrite,     0  },
 #else
   { "pwrite",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
@@ -25408,11 +24681,7 @@
 #define osPwrite64  ((ssize_t(*)(int,const void*,size_t,off_t))\
                     aSyscall[13].pCurrent)
 
-#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
   { "fchmod",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)fchmod,     0  },
-#else
-  { "fchmod",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
-#endif
 #define osFchmod    ((int(*)(int,mode_t))aSyscall[14].pCurrent)
 
 #if defined(HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE) && HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE
@@ -25434,11 +24703,26 @@
   { "rmdir",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)rmdir,           0 },
 #define osRmdir     ((int(*)(const char*))aSyscall[19].pCurrent)
 
-  { "fchown",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)fchown,          0 },
+  { "fchown",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)posixFchown,     0 },
 #define osFchown    ((int(*)(int,uid_t,gid_t))aSyscall[20].pCurrent)
 
-  { "umask",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)umask,           0 },
-#define osUmask     ((mode_t(*)(mode_t))aSyscall[21].pCurrent)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL) || SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  { "mmap",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)mmap,     0 },
+#define osMmap ((void*(*)(void*,size_t,int,int,int,off_t))aSyscall[21].pCurrent)
+
+  { "munmap",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)munmap,          0 },
+#define osMunmap ((void*(*)(void*,size_t))aSyscall[22].pCurrent)
+
+#if HAVE_MREMAP
+  { "mremap",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)mremap,          0 },
+#else
+  { "mremap",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,               0 },
+#endif
+#define osMremap ((void*(*)(void*,size_t,size_t,int,...))aSyscall[23].pCurrent)
+  { "getpagesize",  (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)unixGetpagesize, 0 },
+#define osGetpagesize ((int(*)(void))aSyscall[24].pCurrent)
+
+#endif
 
 }; /* End of the overrideable system calls */
 
@@ -25526,8 +24810,17 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Do not accept any file descriptor less than this value, in order to avoid
+** opening database file using file descriptors that are commonly used for 
+** standard input, output, and error.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MINIMUM_FILE_DESCRIPTOR
+# define SQLITE_MINIMUM_FILE_DESCRIPTOR 3
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** Invoke open().  Do so multiple times, until it either succeeds or
-** files for some reason other than EINTR.
+** fails for some reason other than EINTR.
 **
 ** If the file creation mode "m" is 0 then set it to the default for
 ** SQLite.  The default is SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS (normally
@@ -25543,20 +24836,40 @@
 ** recover the hot journals.
 */
 static int robust_open(const char *z, int f, mode_t m){
-  int rc;
-  mode_t m2;
-  mode_t origM = 0;
-  if( m==0 ){
-    m2 = SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
-  }else{
-    m2 = m;
-    origM = osUmask(0);
+  int fd;
+  mode_t m2 = m ? m : SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
+  while(1){
+#if defined(O_CLOEXEC)
+    fd = osOpen(z,f|O_CLOEXEC,m2);
+#else
+    fd = osOpen(z,f,m2);
+#endif
+    if( fd<0 ){
+      if( errno==EINTR ) continue;
+      break;
+    }
+    if( fd>=SQLITE_MINIMUM_FILE_DESCRIPTOR ) break;
+    osClose(fd);
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, 
+                "attempt to open \"%s\" as file descriptor %d", z, fd);
+    fd = -1;
+    if( osOpen("/dev/null", f, m)<0 ) break;
   }
-  do{ rc = osOpen(z,f,m2); }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
-  if( m ){
-    osUmask(origM);
+  if( fd>=0 ){
+    if( m!=0 ){
+      struct stat statbuf;
+      if( osFstat(fd, &statbuf)==0 
+       && statbuf.st_size==0
+       && (statbuf.st_mode&0777)!=m 
+      ){
+        osFchmod(fd, m);
+      }
+    }
+#if defined(FD_CLOEXEC) && (!defined(O_CLOEXEC) || O_CLOEXEC==0)
+    osFcntl(fd, F_SETFD, osFcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0) | FD_CLOEXEC);
+#endif
   }
-  return rc;
+  return fd;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -25713,25 +25026,15 @@
   case EACCES: 
     /* EACCES is like EAGAIN during locking operations, but not any other time*/
     if( (sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK) || 
-	(sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK) || 
-	(sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK) ||
-	(sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK) ){
+        (sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK) || 
+        (sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK) ||
+        (sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK) ){
       return SQLITE_BUSY;
     }
     /* else fall through */
   case EPERM: 
     return SQLITE_PERM;
     
-  /* EDEADLK is only possible if a call to fcntl(F_SETLKW) is made. And
-  ** this module never makes such a call. And the code in SQLite itself 
-  ** asserts that SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED is never returned. For these reasons
-  ** this case is also commented out. If the system does set errno to EDEADLK,
-  ** the default SQLITE_IOERR_XXX code will be returned. */
-#if 0
-  case EDEADLK:
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED;
-#endif
-    
 #if EOPNOTSUPP!=ENOTSUP
   case EOPNOTSUPP: 
     /* something went terribly awry, unless during file system support 
@@ -25761,7 +25064,6 @@
 }
 
 
-
 /******************************************************************************
 ****************** Begin Unique File ID Utility Used By VxWorks ***************
 **
@@ -26050,7 +25352,7 @@
 ** The first argument passed to the macro should be the error code that
 ** will be returned to SQLite (e.g. SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, SQLITE_CANTOPEN). 
 ** The two subsequent arguments should be the name of the OS function that
-** failed (e.g. "unlink", "open") and the the associated file-system path,
+** failed (e.g. "unlink", "open") and the associated file-system path,
 ** if any.
 */
 #define unixLogError(a,b,c)     unixLogErrorAtLine(a,b,c,__LINE__)
@@ -26073,7 +25375,7 @@
   zErr = aErr;
 
   /* If STRERROR_R_CHAR_P (set by autoconf scripts) or __USE_GNU is defined,
-  ** assume that the system provides the the GNU version of strerror_r() that 
+  ** assume that the system provides the GNU version of strerror_r() that
   ** returns a pointer to a buffer containing the error message. That pointer 
   ** may point to aErr[], or it may point to some static storage somewhere. 
   ** Otherwise, assume that the system provides the POSIX version of 
@@ -26097,7 +25399,6 @@
   zErr = strerror(iErrno);
 #endif
 
-  assert( errcode!=SQLITE_OK );
   if( zPath==0 ) zPath = "";
   sqlite3_log(errcode,
       "os_unix.c:%d: (%d) %s(%s) - %s",
@@ -26262,6 +25563,60 @@
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Return TRUE if pFile has been renamed or unlinked since it was first opened.
+*/
+static int fileHasMoved(unixFile *pFile){
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  return pFile->pInode!=0 && pFile->pId!=pFile->pInode->fileId.pId;
+#else
+  struct stat buf;
+  return pFile->pInode!=0 &&
+      (osStat(pFile->zPath, &buf)!=0 || buf.st_ino!=pFile->pInode->fileId.ino);
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Check a unixFile that is a database.  Verify the following:
+**
+** (1) There is exactly one hard link on the file
+** (2) The file is not a symbolic link
+** (3) The file has not been renamed or unlinked
+**
+** Issue sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING,...) messages if anything is not right.
+*/
+static void verifyDbFile(unixFile *pFile){
+  struct stat buf;
+  int rc;
+  if( pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_WARNED ){
+    /* One or more of the following warnings have already been issued.  Do not
+    ** repeat them so as not to clutter the error log */
+    return;
+  }
+  rc = osFstat(pFile->h, &buf);
+  if( rc!=0 ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, "cannot fstat db file %s", pFile->zPath);
+    pFile->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_WARNED;
+    return;
+  }
+  if( buf.st_nlink==0 && (pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_DELETE)==0 ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, "file unlinked while open: %s", pFile->zPath);
+    pFile->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_WARNED;
+    return;
+  }
+  if( buf.st_nlink>1 ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, "multiple links to file: %s", pFile->zPath);
+    pFile->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_WARNED;
+    return;
+  }
+  if( fileHasMoved(pFile) ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, "file renamed while open: %s", pFile->zPath);
+    pFile->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_WARNED;
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
 
 /*
 ** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
@@ -26569,7 +25924,7 @@
   }
   
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   /* Set up the transaction-counter change checking flags when
   ** transitioning from a SHARED to a RESERVED lock.  The change
   ** from SHARED to RESERVED marks the beginning of a normal
@@ -26648,7 +26003,7 @@
   if( pFile->eFileLock>SHARED_LOCK ){
     assert( pInode->eFileLock==pFile->eFileLock );
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     /* When reducing a lock such that other processes can start
     ** reading the database file again, make sure that the
     ** transaction counter was updated if any part of the database
@@ -26762,7 +26117,7 @@
         pInode->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
       }else{
         rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
-	pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+        pFile->lastErrno = errno;
         pInode->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
         pFile->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
       }
@@ -26778,7 +26133,7 @@
       closePendingFds(pFile);
     }
   }
-	
+
 end_unlock:
   unixLeaveMutex();
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
@@ -26793,9 +26148,17 @@
 ** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
 */
 static int unixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  assert( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK || ((unixFile *)id)->nFetchOut==0 );
+#endif
   return posixUnlock(id, eFileLock, 0);
 }
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+static int unixMapfile(unixFile *pFd, i64 nByte);
+static void unixUnmapfile(unixFile *pFd);
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** This function performs the parts of the "close file" operation 
 ** common to all locking schemes. It closes the directory and file
@@ -26808,6 +26171,9 @@
 */
 static int closeUnixFile(sqlite3_file *id){
   unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  unixUnmapfile(pFile);
+#endif
   if( pFile->h>=0 ){
     robust_close(pFile, pFile->h, __LINE__);
     pFile->h = -1;
@@ -26821,6 +26187,13 @@
     pFile->pId = 0;
   }
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_UNLINK_AFTER_CLOSE
+  if( pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_DELETE ){
+    osUnlink(pFile->zPath);
+    sqlite3_free(*(char**)&pFile->zPath);
+    pFile->zPath = 0;
+  }
+#endif
   OSTRACE(("CLOSE   %-3d\n", pFile->h));
   OpenCounter(-1);
   sqlite3_free(pFile->pUnused);
@@ -26834,6 +26207,7 @@
 static int unixClose(sqlite3_file *id){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   unixFile *pFile = (unixFile *)id;
+  verifyDbFile(pFile);
   unixUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
   unixEnterMutex();
 
@@ -26902,7 +26276,7 @@
 /******************************************************************************
 ************************* Begin dot-file Locking ******************************
 **
-** The dotfile locking implementation uses the existance of separate lock
+** The dotfile locking implementation uses the existence of separate lock
 ** files (really a directory) to control access to the database.  This works
 ** on just about every filesystem imaginable.  But there are serious downsides:
 **
@@ -26917,7 +26291,7 @@
 **
 ** Dotfile locking works by creating a subdirectory in the same directory as
 ** the database and with the same name but with a ".lock" extension added.
-** The existance of a lock directory implies an EXCLUSIVE lock.  All other
+** The existence of a lock directory implies an EXCLUSIVE lock.  All other
 ** lock types (SHARED, RESERVED, PENDING) are mapped into EXCLUSIVE.
 */
 
@@ -27045,7 +26419,7 @@
 
   assert( pFile );
   OSTRACE(("UNLOCK  %d %d was %d pid=%d (dotlock)\n", pFile->h, eFileLock,
-	   pFile->eFileLock, getpid()));
+           pFile->eFileLock, getpid()));
   assert( eFileLock<=SHARED_LOCK );
   
   /* no-op if possible */
@@ -27084,13 +26458,13 @@
 ** Close a file.  Make sure the lock has been released before closing.
 */
 static int dotlockClose(sqlite3_file *id) {
-  int rc;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   if( id ){
     unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
     dotlockUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
     sqlite3_free(pFile->lockingContext);
+    rc = closeUnixFile(id);
   }
-  rc = closeUnixFile(id);
   return rc;
 }
 /****************** End of the dot-file lock implementation *******************
@@ -27294,10 +26668,12 @@
 ** Close a file.
 */
 static int flockClose(sqlite3_file *id) {
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   if( id ){
     flockUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
+    rc = closeUnixFile(id);
   }
-  return closeUnixFile(id);
+  return rc;
 }
 
 #endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && !OS_VXWORK */
@@ -27340,7 +26716,6 @@
   /* Otherwise see if some other process holds it. */
   if( !reserved ){
     sem_t *pSem = pFile->pInode->pSem;
-    struct stat statBuf;
 
     if( sem_trywait(pSem)==-1 ){
       int tErrno = errno;
@@ -27393,7 +26768,6 @@
 */
 static int semLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
   unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
-  int fd;
   sem_t *pSem = pFile->pInode->pSem;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
 
@@ -27432,7 +26806,7 @@
   assert( pFile );
   assert( pSem );
   OSTRACE(("UNLOCK  %d %d was %d pid=%d (sem)\n", pFile->h, eFileLock,
-	   pFile->eFileLock, getpid()));
+           pFile->eFileLock, getpid()));
   assert( eFileLock<=SHARED_LOCK );
   
   /* no-op if possible */
@@ -27847,7 +27221,7 @@
     SimulateIOError( h=(-1) )
     SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
     
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     /* When reducing a lock such that other processes can start
     ** reading the database file again, make sure that the
     ** transaction counter was updated if any part of the database
@@ -28008,6 +27382,9 @@
   i64 newOffset;
 #endif
   TIMER_START;
+  assert( cnt==(cnt&0x1ffff) );
+  assert( id->h>2 );
+  cnt &= 0x1ffff;
   do{
 #if defined(USE_PREAD)
     got = osPread(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset);
@@ -28022,7 +27399,7 @@
       if( newOffset == -1 ){
         ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
       }else{
-        ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = 0;			
+        ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = 0;
       }
       return -1;
     }
@@ -28061,6 +27438,8 @@
   unixFile *pFile = (unixFile *)id;
   int got;
   assert( id );
+  assert( offset>=0 );
+  assert( amt>0 );
 
   /* If this is a database file (not a journal, master-journal or temp
   ** file), the bytes in the locking range should never be read or written. */
@@ -28071,6 +27450,23 @@
   );
 #endif
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  /* Deal with as much of this read request as possible by transfering
+  ** data from the memory mapping using memcpy().  */
+  if( offset<pFile->mmapSize ){
+    if( offset+amt <= pFile->mmapSize ){
+      memcpy(pBuf, &((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], amt);
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }else{
+      int nCopy = pFile->mmapSize - offset;
+      memcpy(pBuf, &((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], nCopy);
+      pBuf = &((u8 *)pBuf)[nCopy];
+      amt -= nCopy;
+      offset += nCopy;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
   got = seekAndRead(pFile, offset, pBuf, amt);
   if( got==amt ){
     return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -28086,6 +27482,52 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Attempt to seek the file-descriptor passed as the first argument to
+** absolute offset iOff, then attempt to write nBuf bytes of data from
+** pBuf to it. If an error occurs, return -1 and set *piErrno. Otherwise, 
+** return the actual number of bytes written (which may be less than
+** nBuf).
+*/
+static int seekAndWriteFd(
+  int fd,                         /* File descriptor to write to */
+  i64 iOff,                       /* File offset to begin writing at */
+  const void *pBuf,               /* Copy data from this buffer to the file */
+  int nBuf,                       /* Size of buffer pBuf in bytes */
+  int *piErrno                    /* OUT: Error number if error occurs */
+){
+  int rc = 0;                     /* Value returned by system call */
+
+  assert( nBuf==(nBuf&0x1ffff) );
+  assert( fd>2 );
+  nBuf &= 0x1ffff;
+  TIMER_START;
+
+#if defined(USE_PREAD)
+  do{ rc = osPwrite(fd, pBuf, nBuf, iOff); }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
+#elif defined(USE_PREAD64)
+  do{ rc = osPwrite64(fd, pBuf, nBuf, iOff);}while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR);
+#else
+  do{
+    i64 iSeek = lseek(fd, iOff, SEEK_SET);
+    SimulateIOError( iSeek-- );
+
+    if( iSeek!=iOff ){
+      if( piErrno ) *piErrno = (iSeek==-1 ? errno : 0);
+      return -1;
+    }
+    rc = osWrite(fd, pBuf, nBuf);
+  }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
+#endif
+
+  TIMER_END;
+  OSTRACE(("WRITE   %-3d %5d %7lld %llu\n", fd, rc, iOff, TIMER_ELAPSED));
+
+  if( rc<0 && piErrno ) *piErrno = errno;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** Seek to the offset in id->offset then read cnt bytes into pBuf.
 ** Return the number of bytes actually read.  Update the offset.
 **
@@ -28093,37 +27535,7 @@
 ** is set before returning.
 */
 static int seekAndWrite(unixFile *id, i64 offset, const void *pBuf, int cnt){
-  int got;
-#if (!defined(USE_PREAD) && !defined(USE_PREAD64))
-  i64 newOffset;
-#endif
-  TIMER_START;
-#if defined(USE_PREAD)
-  do{ got = osPwrite(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
-#elif defined(USE_PREAD64)
-  do{ got = osPwrite64(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset);}while( got<0 && errno==EINTR);
-#else
-  do{
-    newOffset = lseek(id->h, offset, SEEK_SET);
-    SimulateIOError( newOffset-- );
-    if( newOffset!=offset ){
-      if( newOffset == -1 ){
-        ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
-      }else{
-        ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = 0;			
-      }
-      return -1;
-    }
-    got = osWrite(id->h, pBuf, cnt);
-  }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
-#endif
-  TIMER_END;
-  if( got<0 ){
-    ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
-  }
-
-  OSTRACE(("WRITE   %-3d %5d %7lld %llu\n", id->h, got, offset, TIMER_ELAPSED));
-  return got;
+  return seekAndWriteFd(id->h, offset, pBuf, cnt, &id->lastErrno);
 }
 
 
@@ -28151,7 +27563,7 @@
   );
 #endif
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   /* If we are doing a normal write to a database file (as opposed to
   ** doing a hot-journal rollback or a write to some file other than a
   ** normal database file) then record the fact that the database
@@ -28173,6 +27585,23 @@
   }
 #endif
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  /* Deal with as much of this write request as possible by transfering
+  ** data from the memory mapping using memcpy().  */
+  if( offset<pFile->mmapSize ){
+    if( offset+amt <= pFile->mmapSize ){
+      memcpy(&((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], pBuf, amt);
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }else{
+      int nCopy = pFile->mmapSize - offset;
+      memcpy(&((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], pBuf, nCopy);
+      pBuf = &((u8 *)pBuf)[nCopy];
+      amt -= nCopy;
+      offset += nCopy;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
   while( amt>0 && (wrote = seekAndWrite(pFile, offset, pBuf, amt))>0 ){
     amt -= wrote;
     offset += wrote;
@@ -28351,9 +27780,6 @@
     zDirname[ii] = '\0';
     fd = robust_open(zDirname, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY, 0);
     if( fd>=0 ){
-#ifdef FD_CLOEXEC
-      osFcntl(fd, F_SETFD, osFcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0) | FD_CLOEXEC);
-#endif
       OSTRACE(("OPENDIR %-3d %s\n", fd, zDirname));
     }
   }
@@ -28403,7 +27829,7 @@
   }
 
   /* Also fsync the directory containing the file if the DIRSYNC flag
-  ** is set.  This is a one-time occurrance.  Many systems (examples: AIX)
+  ** is set.  This is a one-time occurrence.  Many systems (examples: AIX)
   ** are unable to fsync a directory, so ignore errors on the fsync.
   */
   if( pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_DIRSYNC ){
@@ -28436,7 +27862,7 @@
   ** actual file size after the operation may be larger than the requested
   ** size).
   */
-  if( pFile->szChunk ){
+  if( pFile->szChunk>0 ){
     nByte = ((nByte + pFile->szChunk - 1)/pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
   }
 
@@ -28445,7 +27871,7 @@
     pFile->lastErrno = errno;
     return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, "ftruncate", pFile->zPath);
   }else{
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     /* If we are doing a normal write to a database file (as opposed to
     ** doing a hot-journal rollback or a write to some file other than a
     ** normal database file) and we truncate the file to zero length,
@@ -28458,6 +27884,16 @@
     }
 #endif
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+    /* If the file was just truncated to a size smaller than the currently
+    ** mapped region, reduce the effective mapping size as well. SQLite will
+    ** use read() and write() to access data beyond this point from now on.  
+    */
+    if( nByte<pFile->mmapSize ){
+      pFile->mmapSize = nByte;
+    }
+#endif
+
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 }
@@ -28546,6 +27982,21 @@
     }
   }
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  if( pFile->mmapSizeMax>0 && nByte>pFile->mmapSize ){
+    int rc;
+    if( pFile->szChunk<=0 ){
+      if( robust_ftruncate(pFile->h, nByte) ){
+        pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+        return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, "ftruncate", pFile->zPath);
+      }
+    }
+
+    rc = unixMapfile(pFile, nByte);
+    return rc;
+  }
+#endif
+
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -28565,6 +28016,9 @@
   }
 }
 
+/* Forward declaration */
+static int unixGetTempname(int nBuf, char *zBuf);
+
 /*
 ** Information and control of an open file handle.
 */
@@ -28602,7 +28056,37 @@
       *(char**)pArg = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", pFile->pVfs->zName);
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME: {
+      char *zTFile = sqlite3_malloc( pFile->pVfs->mxPathname );
+      if( zTFile ){
+        unixGetTempname(pFile->pVfs->mxPathname, zTFile);
+        *(char**)pArg = zTFile;
+      }
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED: {
+      *(int*)pArg = fileHasMoved(pFile);
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE: {
+      i64 newLimit = *(i64*)pArg;
+      int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      if( newLimit>sqlite3GlobalConfig.mxMmap ){
+        newLimit = sqlite3GlobalConfig.mxMmap;
+      }
+      *(i64*)pArg = pFile->mmapSizeMax;
+      if( newLimit>=0 && newLimit!=pFile->mmapSizeMax && pFile->nFetchOut==0 ){
+        pFile->mmapSizeMax = newLimit;
+        if( pFile->mmapSize>0 ){
+          unixUnmapfile(pFile);
+          rc = unixMapfile(pFile, -1);
+        }
+      }
+      return rc;
+    }
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     /* The pager calls this method to signal that it has done
     ** a rollback and that the database is therefore unchanged and
     ** it hence it is OK for the transaction change counter to be
@@ -28633,10 +28117,92 @@
 ** a database and its journal file) that the sector size will be the
 ** same for both.
 */
-static int unixSectorSize(sqlite3_file *pFile){
-  (void)pFile;
+#ifndef __QNXNTO__ 
+static int unixSectorSize(sqlite3_file *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
   return SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
 }
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following version of unixSectorSize() is optimized for QNX.
+*/
+#ifdef __QNXNTO__
+#include <sys/dcmd_blk.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+static int unixSectorSize(sqlite3_file *id){
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  if( pFile->sectorSize == 0 ){
+    struct statvfs fsInfo;
+       
+    /* Set defaults for non-supported filesystems */
+    pFile->sectorSize = SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
+    pFile->deviceCharacteristics = 0;
+    if( fstatvfs(pFile->h, &fsInfo) == -1 ) {
+      return pFile->sectorSize;
+    }
+
+    if( !strcmp(fsInfo.f_basetype, "tmp") ) {
+      pFile->sectorSize = fsInfo.f_bsize;
+      pFile->deviceCharacteristics =
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC4K |       /* All ram filesystem writes are atomic */
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND |    /* growing the file does not occur until
+                                      ** the write succeeds */
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL |     /* The ram filesystem has no write behind
+                                      ** so it is ordered */
+        0;
+    }else if( strstr(fsInfo.f_basetype, "etfs") ){
+      pFile->sectorSize = fsInfo.f_bsize;
+      pFile->deviceCharacteristics =
+        /* etfs cluster size writes are atomic */
+        (pFile->sectorSize / 512 * SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512) |
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND |    /* growing the file does not occur until
+                                      ** the write succeeds */
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL |     /* The ram filesystem has no write behind
+                                      ** so it is ordered */
+        0;
+    }else if( !strcmp(fsInfo.f_basetype, "qnx6") ){
+      pFile->sectorSize = fsInfo.f_bsize;
+      pFile->deviceCharacteristics =
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC |         /* All filesystem writes are atomic */
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND |    /* growing the file does not occur until
+                                      ** the write succeeds */
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL |     /* The ram filesystem has no write behind
+                                      ** so it is ordered */
+        0;
+    }else if( !strcmp(fsInfo.f_basetype, "qnx4") ){
+      pFile->sectorSize = fsInfo.f_bsize;
+      pFile->deviceCharacteristics =
+        /* full bitset of atomics from max sector size and smaller */
+        ((pFile->sectorSize / 512 * SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512) << 1) - 2 |
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL |     /* The ram filesystem has no write behind
+                                      ** so it is ordered */
+        0;
+    }else if( strstr(fsInfo.f_basetype, "dos") ){
+      pFile->sectorSize = fsInfo.f_bsize;
+      pFile->deviceCharacteristics =
+        /* full bitset of atomics from max sector size and smaller */
+        ((pFile->sectorSize / 512 * SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512) << 1) - 2 |
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL |     /* The ram filesystem has no write behind
+                                      ** so it is ordered */
+        0;
+    }else{
+      pFile->deviceCharacteristics =
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512 |      /* blocks are atomic */
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND |    /* growing the file does not occur until
+                                      ** the write succeeds */
+        0;
+    }
+  }
+  /* Last chance verification.  If the sector size isn't a multiple of 512
+  ** then it isn't valid.*/
+  if( pFile->sectorSize % 512 != 0 ){
+    pFile->deviceCharacteristics = 0;
+    pFile->sectorSize = SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
+  }
+  return pFile->sectorSize;
+}
+#endif /* __QNXNTO__ */
 
 /*
 ** Return the device characteristics for the file.
@@ -28653,15 +28219,36 @@
 */
 static int unixDeviceCharacteristics(sqlite3_file *id){
   unixFile *p = (unixFile*)id;
+  int rc = 0;
+#ifdef __QNXNTO__
+  if( p->sectorSize==0 ) unixSectorSize(id);
+  rc = p->deviceCharacteristics;
+#endif
   if( p->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_PSOW ){
-    return SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE;
-  }else{
-    return 0;
+    rc |= SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE;
   }
+  return rc;
 }
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL) || SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
 
+/*
+** Return the system page size.
+**
+** This function should not be called directly by other code in this file. 
+** Instead, it should be called via macro osGetpagesize().
+*/
+static int unixGetpagesize(void){
+#if defined(_BSD_SOURCE)
+  return getpagesize();
+#else
+  return (int)sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL) || SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0 */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
 
 /*
 ** Object used to represent an shared memory buffer.  
@@ -28778,7 +28365,7 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   { u16 mask;
   OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK "));
-  mask = (1<<(ofst+n)) - (1<<ofst);
+  mask = ofst>31 ? 0xffff : (1<<(ofst+n)) - (1<<ofst);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     if( lockType==F_UNLCK ){
       OSTRACE(("unlock %d ok", ofst));
@@ -28812,6 +28399,22 @@
   return rc;        
 }
 
+/*
+** Return the minimum number of 32KB shm regions that should be mapped at
+** a time, assuming that each mapping must be an integer multiple of the
+** current system page-size.
+**
+** Usually, this is 1. The exception seems to be systems that are configured
+** to use 64KB pages - in this case each mapping must cover at least two
+** shm regions.
+*/
+static int unixShmRegionPerMap(void){
+  int shmsz = 32*1024;            /* SHM region size */
+  int pgsz = osGetpagesize();   /* System page size */
+  assert( ((pgsz-1)&pgsz)==0 );   /* Page size must be a power of 2 */
+  if( pgsz<shmsz ) return 1;
+  return pgsz/shmsz;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Purge the unixShmNodeList list of all entries with unixShmNode.nRef==0.
@@ -28823,12 +28426,13 @@
   unixShmNode *p = pFd->pInode->pShmNode;
   assert( unixMutexHeld() );
   if( p && p->nRef==0 ){
+    int nShmPerMap = unixShmRegionPerMap();
     int i;
     assert( p->pInode==pFd->pInode );
     sqlite3_mutex_free(p->mutex);
-    for(i=0; i<p->nRegion; i++){
+    for(i=0; i<p->nRegion; i+=nShmPerMap){
       if( p->h>=0 ){
-        munmap(p->apRegion[i], p->szRegion);
+        osMunmap(p->apRegion[i], p->szRegion);
       }else{
         sqlite3_free(p->apRegion[i]);
       }
@@ -28953,14 +28557,9 @@
 
       /* If this process is running as root, make sure that the SHM file
       ** is owned by the same user that owns the original database.  Otherwise,
-      ** the original owner will not be able to connect. If this process is
-      ** not root, the following fchown() will fail, but we don't care.  The
-      ** if(){..} and the UNIXFILE_CHOWN flag are purely to silence compiler
-      ** warnings.
+      ** the original owner will not be able to connect.
       */
-      if( osFchown(pShmNode->h, sStat.st_uid, sStat.st_gid)==0 ){
-        pDbFd->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_CHOWN;
-      }
+      osFchown(pShmNode->h, sStat.st_uid, sStat.st_gid);
   
       /* Check to see if another process is holding the dead-man switch.
       ** If not, truncate the file to zero length. 
@@ -29038,6 +28637,8 @@
   unixShm *p;
   unixShmNode *pShmNode;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nShmPerMap = unixShmRegionPerMap();
+  int nReqRegion;
 
   /* If the shared-memory file has not yet been opened, open it now. */
   if( pDbFd->pShm==0 ){
@@ -29053,9 +28654,12 @@
   assert( pShmNode->h>=0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==1 );
   assert( pShmNode->h<0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==0 );
 
-  if( pShmNode->nRegion<=iRegion ){
+  /* Minimum number of regions required to be mapped. */
+  nReqRegion = ((iRegion+nShmPerMap) / nShmPerMap) * nShmPerMap;
+
+  if( pShmNode->nRegion<nReqRegion ){
     char **apNew;                      /* New apRegion[] array */
-    int nByte = (iRegion+1)*szRegion;  /* Minimum required file size */
+    int nByte = nReqRegion*szRegion;   /* Minimum required file size */
     struct stat sStat;                 /* Used by fstat() */
 
     pShmNode->szRegion = szRegion;
@@ -29073,34 +28677,52 @@
       if( sStat.st_size<nByte ){
         /* The requested memory region does not exist. If bExtend is set to
         ** false, exit early. *pp will be set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned.
-        **
-        ** Alternatively, if bExtend is true, use ftruncate() to allocate
-        ** the requested memory region.
         */
-        if( !bExtend ) goto shmpage_out;
-        if( robust_ftruncate(pShmNode->h, nByte) ){
-          rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, "ftruncate",
-                            pShmNode->zFilename);
+        if( !bExtend ){
           goto shmpage_out;
         }
+
+        /* Alternatively, if bExtend is true, extend the file. Do this by
+        ** writing a single byte to the end of each (OS) page being
+        ** allocated or extended. Technically, we need only write to the
+        ** last page in order to extend the file. But writing to all new
+        ** pages forces the OS to allocate them immediately, which reduces
+        ** the chances of SIGBUS while accessing the mapped region later on.
+        */
+        else{
+          static const int pgsz = 4096;
+          int iPg;
+
+          /* Write to the last byte of each newly allocated or extended page */
+          assert( (nByte % pgsz)==0 );
+          for(iPg=(sStat.st_size/pgsz); iPg<(nByte/pgsz); iPg++){
+            if( seekAndWriteFd(pShmNode->h, iPg*pgsz + pgsz-1, "", 1, 0)!=1 ){
+              const char *zFile = pShmNode->zFilename;
+              rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, "write", zFile);
+              goto shmpage_out;
+            }
+          }
+        }
       }
     }
 
     /* Map the requested memory region into this processes address space. */
     apNew = (char **)sqlite3_realloc(
-        pShmNode->apRegion, (iRegion+1)*sizeof(char *)
+        pShmNode->apRegion, nReqRegion*sizeof(char *)
     );
     if( !apNew ){
       rc = SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
       goto shmpage_out;
     }
     pShmNode->apRegion = apNew;
-    while(pShmNode->nRegion<=iRegion){
+    while( pShmNode->nRegion<nReqRegion ){
+      int nMap = szRegion*nShmPerMap;
+      int i;
       void *pMem;
       if( pShmNode->h>=0 ){
-        pMem = mmap(0, szRegion,
+        pMem = osMmap(0, nMap,
             pShmNode->isReadonly ? PROT_READ : PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, 
-            MAP_SHARED, pShmNode->h, pShmNode->nRegion*szRegion
+            MAP_SHARED, pShmNode->h, szRegion*(i64)pShmNode->nRegion
         );
         if( pMem==MAP_FAILED ){
           rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP, "mmap", pShmNode->zFilename);
@@ -29114,8 +28736,11 @@
         }
         memset(pMem, 0, szRegion);
       }
-      pShmNode->apRegion[pShmNode->nRegion] = pMem;
-      pShmNode->nRegion++;
+
+      for(i=0; i<nShmPerMap; i++){
+        pShmNode->apRegion[pShmNode->nRegion+i] = &((char*)pMem)[szRegion*i];
+      }
+      pShmNode->nRegion += nShmPerMap;
     }
   }
 
@@ -29315,6 +28940,227 @@
 # define unixShmUnmap   0
 #endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+/*
+** If it is currently memory mapped, unmap file pFd.
+*/
+static void unixUnmapfile(unixFile *pFd){
+  assert( pFd->nFetchOut==0 );
+  if( pFd->pMapRegion ){
+    osMunmap(pFd->pMapRegion, pFd->mmapSizeActual);
+    pFd->pMapRegion = 0;
+    pFd->mmapSize = 0;
+    pFd->mmapSizeActual = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to set the size of the memory mapping maintained by file 
+** descriptor pFd to nNew bytes. Any existing mapping is discarded.
+**
+** If successful, this function sets the following variables:
+**
+**       unixFile.pMapRegion
+**       unixFile.mmapSize
+**       unixFile.mmapSizeActual
+**
+** If unsuccessful, an error message is logged via sqlite3_log() and
+** the three variables above are zeroed. In this case SQLite should
+** continue accessing the database using the xRead() and xWrite()
+** methods.
+*/
+static void unixRemapfile(
+  unixFile *pFd,                  /* File descriptor object */
+  i64 nNew                        /* Required mapping size */
+){
+  const char *zErr = "mmap";
+  int h = pFd->h;                      /* File descriptor open on db file */
+  u8 *pOrig = (u8 *)pFd->pMapRegion;   /* Pointer to current file mapping */
+  i64 nOrig = pFd->mmapSizeActual;     /* Size of pOrig region in bytes */
+  u8 *pNew = 0;                        /* Location of new mapping */
+  int flags = PROT_READ;               /* Flags to pass to mmap() */
+
+  assert( pFd->nFetchOut==0 );
+  assert( nNew>pFd->mmapSize );
+  assert( nNew<=pFd->mmapSizeMax );
+  assert( nNew>0 );
+  assert( pFd->mmapSizeActual>=pFd->mmapSize );
+  assert( MAP_FAILED!=0 );
+
+  if( (pFd->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_RDONLY)==0 ) flags |= PROT_WRITE;
+
+  if( pOrig ){
+#if HAVE_MREMAP
+    i64 nReuse = pFd->mmapSize;
+#else
+    const int szSyspage = osGetpagesize();
+    i64 nReuse = (pFd->mmapSize & ~(szSyspage-1));
+#endif
+    u8 *pReq = &pOrig[nReuse];
+
+    /* Unmap any pages of the existing mapping that cannot be reused. */
+    if( nReuse!=nOrig ){
+      osMunmap(pReq, nOrig-nReuse);
+    }
+
+#if HAVE_MREMAP
+    pNew = osMremap(pOrig, nReuse, nNew, MREMAP_MAYMOVE);
+    zErr = "mremap";
+#else
+    pNew = osMmap(pReq, nNew-nReuse, flags, MAP_SHARED, h, nReuse);
+    if( pNew!=MAP_FAILED ){
+      if( pNew!=pReq ){
+        osMunmap(pNew, nNew - nReuse);
+        pNew = 0;
+      }else{
+        pNew = pOrig;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* The attempt to extend the existing mapping failed. Free it. */
+    if( pNew==MAP_FAILED || pNew==0 ){
+      osMunmap(pOrig, nReuse);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If pNew is still NULL, try to create an entirely new mapping. */
+  if( pNew==0 ){
+    pNew = osMmap(0, nNew, flags, MAP_SHARED, h, 0);
+  }
+
+  if( pNew==MAP_FAILED ){
+    pNew = 0;
+    nNew = 0;
+    unixLogError(SQLITE_OK, zErr, pFd->zPath);
+
+    /* If the mmap() above failed, assume that all subsequent mmap() calls
+    ** will probably fail too. Fall back to using xRead/xWrite exclusively
+    ** in this case.  */
+    pFd->mmapSizeMax = 0;
+  }
+  pFd->pMapRegion = (void *)pNew;
+  pFd->mmapSize = pFd->mmapSizeActual = nNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Memory map or remap the file opened by file-descriptor pFd (if the file
+** is already mapped, the existing mapping is replaced by the new). Or, if 
+** there already exists a mapping for this file, and there are still 
+** outstanding xFetch() references to it, this function is a no-op.
+**
+** If parameter nByte is non-negative, then it is the requested size of 
+** the mapping to create. Otherwise, if nByte is less than zero, then the 
+** requested size is the size of the file on disk. The actual size of the
+** created mapping is either the requested size or the value configured 
+** using SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_LIMIT, whichever is smaller.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error occurs (even if the mapping is not
+** recreated as a result of outstanding references) or an SQLite error
+** code otherwise.
+*/
+static int unixMapfile(unixFile *pFd, i64 nByte){
+  i64 nMap = nByte;
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( nMap>=0 || pFd->nFetchOut==0 );
+  if( pFd->nFetchOut>0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( nMap<0 ){
+    struct stat statbuf;          /* Low-level file information */
+    rc = osFstat(pFd->h, &statbuf);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
+    }
+    nMap = statbuf.st_size;
+  }
+  if( nMap>pFd->mmapSizeMax ){
+    nMap = pFd->mmapSizeMax;
+  }
+
+  if( nMap!=pFd->mmapSize ){
+    if( nMap>0 ){
+      unixRemapfile(pFd, nMap);
+    }else{
+      unixUnmapfile(pFd);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0 */
+
+/*
+** If possible, return a pointer to a mapping of file fd starting at offset
+** iOff. The mapping must be valid for at least nAmt bytes.
+**
+** If such a pointer can be obtained, store it in *pp and return SQLITE_OK.
+** Or, if one cannot but no error occurs, set *pp to 0 and return SQLITE_OK.
+** Finally, if an error does occur, return an SQLite error code. The final
+** value of *pp is undefined in this case.
+**
+** If this function does return a pointer, the caller must eventually 
+** release the reference by calling unixUnfetch().
+*/
+static int unixFetch(sqlite3_file *fd, i64 iOff, int nAmt, void **pp){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  unixFile *pFd = (unixFile *)fd;   /* The underlying database file */
+#endif
+  *pp = 0;
+
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  if( pFd->mmapSizeMax>0 ){
+    if( pFd->pMapRegion==0 ){
+      int rc = unixMapfile(pFd, -1);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    }
+    if( pFd->mmapSize >= iOff+nAmt ){
+      *pp = &((u8 *)pFd->pMapRegion)[iOff];
+      pFd->nFetchOut++;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** If the third argument is non-NULL, then this function releases a 
+** reference obtained by an earlier call to unixFetch(). The second
+** argument passed to this function must be the same as the corresponding
+** argument that was passed to the unixFetch() invocation. 
+**
+** Or, if the third argument is NULL, then this function is being called 
+** to inform the VFS layer that, according to POSIX, any existing mapping 
+** may now be invalid and should be unmapped.
+*/
+static int unixUnfetch(sqlite3_file *fd, i64 iOff, void *p){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  unixFile *pFd = (unixFile *)fd;   /* The underlying database file */
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iOff);
+
+  /* If p==0 (unmap the entire file) then there must be no outstanding 
+  ** xFetch references. Or, if p!=0 (meaning it is an xFetch reference),
+  ** then there must be at least one outstanding.  */
+  assert( (p==0)==(pFd->nFetchOut==0) );
+
+  /* If p!=0, it must match the iOff value. */
+  assert( p==0 || p==&((u8 *)pFd->pMapRegion)[iOff] );
+
+  if( p ){
+    pFd->nFetchOut--;
+  }else{
+    unixUnmapfile(pFd);
+  }
+
+  assert( pFd->nFetchOut>=0 );
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(fd);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iOff);
+#endif
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Here ends the implementation of all sqlite3_file methods.
 **
@@ -29373,7 +29219,9 @@
    unixShmMap,                 /* xShmMap */                                 \
    unixShmLock,                /* xShmLock */                                \
    unixShmBarrier,             /* xShmBarrier */                             \
-   unixShmUnmap                /* xShmUnmap */                               \
+   unixShmUnmap,               /* xShmUnmap */                               \
+   unixFetch,                  /* xFetch */                                  \
+   unixUnfetch,                /* xUnfetch */                                \
 };                                                                           \
 static const sqlite3_io_methods *FINDER##Impl(const char *z, unixFile *p){   \
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(z); UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);                                  \
@@ -29390,7 +29238,7 @@
 IOMETHODS(
   posixIoFinder,            /* Finder function name */
   posixIoMethods,           /* sqlite3_io_methods object name */
-  2,                        /* shared memory is enabled */
+  3,                        /* shared memory and mmap are enabled */
   unixClose,                /* xClose method */
   unixLock,                 /* xLock method */
   unixUnlock,               /* xUnlock method */
@@ -29641,11 +29489,14 @@
   pNew->pVfs = pVfs;
   pNew->zPath = zFilename;
   pNew->ctrlFlags = (u8)ctrlFlags;
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  pNew->mmapSizeMax = sqlite3GlobalConfig.szMmap;
+#endif
   if( sqlite3_uri_boolean(((ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_URI) ? zFilename : 0),
                            "psow", SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE) ){
     pNew->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_PSOW;
   }
-  if( memcmp(pVfs->zName,"unix-excl",10)==0 ){
+  if( strcmp(pVfs->zName,"unix-excl")==0 ){
     pNew->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_EXCL;
   }
 
@@ -29677,7 +29528,7 @@
     unixEnterMutex();
     rc = findInodeInfo(pNew, &pNew->pInode);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      /* If an error occured in findInodeInfo(), close the file descriptor
+      /* If an error occurred in findInodeInfo(), close the file descriptor
       ** immediately, before releasing the mutex. findInodeInfo() may fail
       ** in two scenarios:
       **
@@ -29776,15 +29627,15 @@
     if( h>=0 ) robust_close(pNew, h, __LINE__);
     h = -1;
     osUnlink(zFilename);
-    isDelete = 0;
+    pNew->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_DELETE;
   }
-  if( isDelete ) pNew->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_DELETE;
 #endif
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     if( h>=0 ) robust_close(pNew, h, __LINE__);
   }else{
     pNew->pMethod = pLockingStyle;
     OpenCounter(+1);
+    verifyDbFile(pNew);
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -29797,6 +29648,7 @@
   static const char *azDirs[] = {
      0,
      0,
+     0,
      "/var/tmp",
      "/usr/tmp",
      "/tmp",
@@ -29807,7 +29659,8 @@
   const char *zDir = 0;
 
   azDirs[0] = sqlite3_temp_directory;
-  if( !azDirs[1] ) azDirs[1] = getenv("TMPDIR");
+  if( !azDirs[1] ) azDirs[1] = getenv("SQLITE_TMPDIR");
+  if( !azDirs[2] ) azDirs[2] = getenv("TMPDIR");
   for(i=0; i<sizeof(azDirs)/sizeof(azDirs[0]); zDir=azDirs[i++]){
     if( zDir==0 ) continue;
     if( osStat(zDir, &buf) ) continue;
@@ -30094,6 +29947,16 @@
        || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
   );
 
+  /* Detect a pid change and reset the PRNG.  There is a race condition
+  ** here such that two or more threads all trying to open databases at
+  ** the same instant might all reset the PRNG.  But multiple resets
+  ** are harmless.
+  */
+  if( randomnessPid!=getpid() ){
+    randomnessPid = getpid();
+    sqlite3_randomness(0,0);
+  }
+
   memset(p, 0, sizeof(unixFile));
 
   if( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB ){
@@ -30166,13 +30029,10 @@
 
     /* If this process is running as root and if creating a new rollback
     ** journal or WAL file, set the ownership of the journal or WAL to be
-    ** the same as the original database.  If we are not running as root,
-    ** then the fchown() call will fail, but that's ok.  The "if(){}" and
-    ** the setting of the UNIXFILE_CHOWN flag are purely to silence compiler
-    ** warnings from gcc.
+    ** the same as the original database.
     */
     if( flags & (SQLITE_OPEN_WAL|SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL) ){
-      if( osFchown(fd, uid, gid)==0 ){ p->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_CHOWN; }
+      osFchown(fd, uid, gid);
     }
   }
   assert( fd>=0 );
@@ -30188,6 +30048,12 @@
   if( isDelete ){
 #if OS_VXWORKS
     zPath = zName;
+#elif defined(SQLITE_UNLINK_AFTER_CLOSE)
+    zPath = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zName);
+    if( zPath==0 ){
+      robust_close(p, fd, __LINE__);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
 #else
     osUnlink(zName);
 #endif
@@ -30198,10 +30064,6 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-#ifdef FD_CLOEXEC
-  osFcntl(fd, F_SETFD, osFcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0) | FD_CLOEXEC);
-#endif
-
   noLock = eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB;
 
   
@@ -30291,8 +30153,17 @@
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE);
-  if( osUnlink(zPath)==(-1) && errno!=ENOENT ){
-    return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, "unlink", zPath);
+  if( osUnlink(zPath)==(-1) ){
+    if( errno==ENOENT
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+        || errno==0x380003
+#endif
+    ){
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT;
+    }else{
+      rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, "unlink", zPath);
+    }
+    return rc;
   }
 #ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_DIRSYNC
   if( (dirSync & 1)!=0 ){
@@ -30317,7 +30188,7 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Test the existance of or access permissions of file zPath. The
+** Test the existence of or access permissions of file zPath. The
 ** test performed depends on the value of flags:
 **
 **     SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS: Return 1 if the file exists
@@ -30483,18 +30354,18 @@
   ** tests repeatable.
   */
   memset(zBuf, 0, nBuf);
+  randomnessPid = getpid();  
 #if !defined(SQLITE_TEST)
   {
-    int pid, fd, got;
+    int fd, got;
     fd = robust_open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY, 0);
     if( fd<0 ){
       time_t t;
       time(&t);
       memcpy(zBuf, &t, sizeof(t));
-      pid = getpid();
-      memcpy(&zBuf[sizeof(t)], &pid, sizeof(pid));
-      assert( sizeof(t)+sizeof(pid)<=(size_t)nBuf );
-      nBuf = sizeof(t) + sizeof(pid);
+      memcpy(&zBuf[sizeof(t)], &randomnessPid, sizeof(randomnessPid));
+      assert( sizeof(t)+sizeof(randomnessPid)<=(size_t)nBuf );
+      nBuf = sizeof(t) + sizeof(randomnessPid);
     }else{
       do{ got = osRead(fd, zBuf, nBuf); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
       robust_close(0, fd, __LINE__);
@@ -30639,7 +30510,7 @@
 ** address in the shared range is taken for a SHARED lock, the entire
 ** shared range is taken for an EXCLUSIVE lock):
 **
-**      PENDING_BYTE        0x40000000		   	
+**      PENDING_BYTE        0x40000000
 **      RESERVED_BYTE       0x40000001
 **      SHARED_RANGE        0x40000002 -> 0x40000200
 **
@@ -31880,7 +31751,7 @@
 
   /* Double-check that the aSyscall[] array has been constructed
   ** correctly.  See ticket [bb3a86e890c8e96ab] */
-  assert( ArraySize(aSyscall)==22 );
+  assert( ArraySize(aSyscall)==25 );
 
   /* Register all VFSes defined in the aVfs[] array */
   for(i=0; i<(sizeof(aVfs)/sizeof(sqlite3_vfs)); i++){
@@ -31920,10 +31791,6 @@
 */
 #if SQLITE_OS_WIN               /* This file is used for Windows only */
 
-#ifdef __CYGWIN__
-# include <sys/cygwin.h>
-#endif
-
 /*
 ** Include code that is common to all os_*.c files
 */
@@ -32138,15 +32005,200 @@
 /************** Continuing where we left off in os_win.c *********************/
 
 /*
+** Include the header file for the Windows VFS.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Compiling and using WAL mode requires several APIs that are only
+** available in Windows platforms based on the NT kernel.
+*/
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINNT && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+#  error "WAL mode requires support from the Windows NT kernel, compile\
+ with SQLITE_OMIT_WAL."
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Are most of the Win32 ANSI APIs available (i.e. with certain exceptions
+** based on the sub-platform)?
+*/
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_NO_ANSI)
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Are most of the Win32 Unicode APIs available (i.e. with certain exceptions
+** based on the sub-platform)?
+*/
+#if (SQLITE_OS_WINCE || SQLITE_OS_WINNT || SQLITE_OS_WINRT) && \
+    !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_NO_WIDE)
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Make sure at least one set of Win32 APIs is available.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI) && !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#  error "At least one of SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI and SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE\
+ must be defined."
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Define the required Windows SDK version constants if they are not
+** already available.
+*/
+#ifndef NTDDI_WIN8
+#  define NTDDI_WIN8                        0x06020000
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NTDDI_WINBLUE
+#  define NTDDI_WINBLUE                     0x06030000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Check to see if the GetVersionEx[AW] functions are deprecated on the
+** target system.  GetVersionEx was first deprecated in Win8.1.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX
+#  if defined(NTDDI_VERSION) && NTDDI_VERSION >= NTDDI_WINBLUE
+#    define SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX   0   /* GetVersionEx() is deprecated */
+#  else
+#    define SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX   1   /* GetVersionEx() is current */
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This constant should already be defined (in the "WinDef.h" SDK file).
+*/
+#ifndef MAX_PATH
+#  define MAX_PATH                      (260)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum pathname length (in chars) for Win32.  This should normally be
+** MAX_PATH.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_PATH_CHARS
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_PATH_CHARS   (MAX_PATH)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This constant should already be defined (in the "WinNT.h" SDK file).
+*/
+#ifndef UNICODE_STRING_MAX_CHARS
+#  define UNICODE_STRING_MAX_CHARS      (32767)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum pathname length (in chars) for WinNT.  This should normally be
+** UNICODE_STRING_MAX_CHARS.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WINNT_MAX_PATH_CHARS
+#  define SQLITE_WINNT_MAX_PATH_CHARS   (UNICODE_STRING_MAX_CHARS)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum pathname length (in bytes) for Win32.  The MAX_PATH macro is in
+** characters, so we allocate 4 bytes per character assuming worst-case of
+** 4-bytes-per-character for UTF8.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_PATH_BYTES
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_PATH_BYTES   (SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_PATH_CHARS*4)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum pathname length (in bytes) for WinNT.  This should normally be
+** UNICODE_STRING_MAX_CHARS * sizeof(WCHAR).
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WINNT_MAX_PATH_BYTES
+#  define SQLITE_WINNT_MAX_PATH_BYTES   \
+                            (sizeof(WCHAR) * SQLITE_WINNT_MAX_PATH_CHARS)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum error message length (in chars) for WinRT.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_ERRMSG_CHARS
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_ERRMSG_CHARS (1024)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Returns non-zero if the character should be treated as a directory
+** separator.
+*/
+#ifndef winIsDirSep
+#  define winIsDirSep(a)                (((a) == '/') || ((a) == '\\'))
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This macro is used when a local variable is set to a value that is
+** [sometimes] not used by the code (e.g. via conditional compilation).
+*/
+#ifndef UNUSED_VARIABLE_VALUE
+#  define UNUSED_VARIABLE_VALUE(x)      (void)(x)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Returns the character that should be used as the directory separator.
+*/
+#ifndef winGetDirSep
+#  define winGetDirSep()                '\\'
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Do we need to manually define the Win32 file mapping APIs for use with WAL
+** mode (e.g. these APIs are available in the Windows CE SDK; however, they
+** are not present in the header file)?
+*/
+#if SQLITE_WIN32_FILEMAPPING_API && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+/*
+** Two of the file mapping APIs are different under WinRT.  Figure out which
+** set we need.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+WINBASEAPI HANDLE WINAPI CreateFileMappingFromApp(HANDLE, \
+        LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, ULONG, ULONG64, LPCWSTR);
+
+WINBASEAPI LPVOID WINAPI MapViewOfFileFromApp(HANDLE, ULONG, ULONG64, SIZE_T);
+#else
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+WINBASEAPI HANDLE WINAPI CreateFileMappingA(HANDLE, LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, \
+        DWORD, DWORD, DWORD, LPCSTR);
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI) */
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+WINBASEAPI HANDLE WINAPI CreateFileMappingW(HANDLE, LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, \
+        DWORD, DWORD, DWORD, LPCWSTR);
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE) */
+
+WINBASEAPI LPVOID WINAPI MapViewOfFile(HANDLE, DWORD, DWORD, DWORD, SIZE_T);
+#endif /* SQLITE_OS_WINRT */
+
+/*
+** This file mapping API is common to both Win32 and WinRT.
+*/
+WINBASEAPI BOOL WINAPI UnmapViewOfFile(LPCVOID);
+#endif /* SQLITE_WIN32_FILEMAPPING_API && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL) */
+
+/*
 ** Some Microsoft compilers lack this definition.
 */
 #ifndef INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES
-# define INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES ((DWORD)-1) 
+# define INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES ((DWORD)-1)
 #endif
 
-/* Forward references */
+#ifndef FILE_FLAG_MASK
+# define FILE_FLAG_MASK          (0xFF3C0000)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FILE_ATTRIBUTE_MASK
+# define FILE_ATTRIBUTE_MASK     (0x0003FFF7)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+/* Forward references to structures used for WAL */
 typedef struct winShm winShm;           /* A connection to shared-memory */
 typedef struct winShmNode winShmNode;   /* A region of shared-memory */
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** WinCE lacks native support for file locking so we have to fake it
@@ -32174,29 +32226,82 @@
   short sharedLockByte;   /* Randomly chosen byte used as a shared lock */
   u8 ctrlFlags;           /* Flags.  See WINFILE_* below */
   DWORD lastErrno;        /* The Windows errno from the last I/O error */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
   winShm *pShm;           /* Instance of shared memory on this file */
+#endif
   const char *zPath;      /* Full pathname of this file */
   int szChunk;            /* Chunk size configured by FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE */
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   LPWSTR zDeleteOnClose;  /* Name of file to delete when closing */
-  HANDLE hMutex;          /* Mutex used to control access to shared lock */  
+  HANDLE hMutex;          /* Mutex used to control access to shared lock */
   HANDLE hShared;         /* Shared memory segment used for locking */
   winceLock local;        /* Locks obtained by this instance of winFile */
   winceLock *shared;      /* Global shared lock memory for the file  */
 #endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  int nFetchOut;                /* Number of outstanding xFetch references */
+  HANDLE hMap;                  /* Handle for accessing memory mapping */
+  void *pMapRegion;             /* Area memory mapped */
+  sqlite3_int64 mmapSize;       /* Usable size of mapped region */
+  sqlite3_int64 mmapSizeActual; /* Actual size of mapped region */
+  sqlite3_int64 mmapSizeMax;    /* Configured FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE value */
+#endif
 };
 
 /*
 ** Allowed values for winFile.ctrlFlags
 */
+#define WINFILE_RDONLY          0x02   /* Connection is read only */
 #define WINFILE_PERSIST_WAL     0x04   /* Persistent WAL mode */
 #define WINFILE_PSOW            0x10   /* SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE */
 
 /*
+ * The size of the buffer used by sqlite3_win32_write_debug().
+ */
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE   ((int)(4096-sizeof(DWORD)))
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * The value used with sqlite3_win32_set_directory() to specify that
+ * the data directory should be changed.
+ */
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_DATA_DIRECTORY_TYPE
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_DATA_DIRECTORY_TYPE (1)
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * The value used with sqlite3_win32_set_directory() to specify that
+ * the temporary directory should be changed.
+ */
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_TEMP_DIRECTORY_TYPE
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_TEMP_DIRECTORY_TYPE (2)
+#endif
+
+/*
  * If compiled with SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC on Windows, we will use the
  * various Win32 API heap functions instead of our own.
  */
 #ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC
+
+/*
+ * If this is non-zero, an isolated heap will be created by the native Win32
+ * allocator subsystem; otherwise, the default process heap will be used.  This
+ * setting has no effect when compiling for WinRT.  By default, this is enabled
+ * and an isolated heap will be created to store all allocated data.
+ *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * WARNING: It is important to note that when this setting is non-zero and the
+ *          winMemShutdown function is called (e.g. by the sqlite3_shutdown
+ *          function), all data that was allocated using the isolated heap will
+ *          be freed immediately and any attempt to access any of that freed
+ *          data will almost certainly result in an immediate access violation.
+ ******************************************************************************
+ */
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_CREATE
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_CREATE    (TRUE)
+#endif
+
 /*
  * The initial size of the Win32-specific heap.  This value may be zero.
  */
@@ -32220,6 +32325,7 @@
 #  define SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS     (0)
 #endif
 
+
 /*
 ** The winMemData structure stores information required by the Win32-specific
 ** sqlite3_mem_methods implementation.
@@ -32227,30 +32333,41 @@
 typedef struct winMemData winMemData;
 struct winMemData {
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-  u32 magic;    /* Magic number to detect structure corruption. */
+  u32 magic1;   /* Magic number to detect structure corruption. */
 #endif
   HANDLE hHeap; /* The handle to our heap. */
   BOOL bOwned;  /* Do we own the heap (i.e. destroy it on shutdown)? */
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  u32 magic2;   /* Magic number to detect structure corruption. */
+#endif
 };
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-#define WINMEM_MAGIC     0x42b2830b
+#define WINMEM_MAGIC1     0x42b2830b
+#define WINMEM_MAGIC2     0xbd4d7cf4
 #endif
 
 static struct winMemData win_mem_data = {
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-  WINMEM_MAGIC,
+  WINMEM_MAGIC1,
 #endif
   NULL, FALSE
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  ,WINMEM_MAGIC2
+#endif
 };
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-#define winMemAssertMagic() assert( win_mem_data.magic==WINMEM_MAGIC )
+#define winMemAssertMagic1() assert( win_mem_data.magic1==WINMEM_MAGIC1 )
+#define winMemAssertMagic2() assert( win_mem_data.magic2==WINMEM_MAGIC2 )
+#define winMemAssertMagic()  winMemAssertMagic1(); winMemAssertMagic2();
 #else
 #define winMemAssertMagic()
 #endif
 
-#define winMemGetHeap() win_mem_data.hHeap
+#define winMemGetDataPtr()  &win_mem_data
+#define winMemGetHeap()     win_mem_data.hHeap
+#define winMemGetOwned()    win_mem_data.bOwned
 
 static void *winMemMalloc(int nBytes);
 static void winMemFree(void *pPrior);
@@ -32276,9 +32393,21 @@
 ** can manually set this value to 1 to emulate Win98 behavior.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_type = 0;
+SQLITE_API LONG volatile sqlite3_os_type = 0;
 #else
-static int sqlite3_os_type = 0;
+static LONG volatile sqlite3_os_type = 0;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SYSCALL
+#  define SYSCALL sqlite3_syscall_ptr
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This function is not available on Windows CE or WinRT.
+ */
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE || SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+#  define osAreFileApisANSI()       1
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -32287,52 +32416,21 @@
 ** testing and sandboxing.  The following array holds the names and pointers
 ** to all overrideable system calls.
 */
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
-#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
-#endif
-
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE || SQLITE_OS_WINNT
-#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE
-#endif
-
-#ifndef SYSCALL
-#  define SYSCALL sqlite3_syscall_ptr
-#endif
-
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
-/*
-** These macros are necessary because Windows CE does not natively support the
-** Win32 APIs LockFile, UnlockFile, and LockFileEx.
- */
-
-#  define LockFile(a,b,c,d,e)       winceLockFile(&a, b, c, d, e)
-#  define UnlockFile(a,b,c,d,e)     winceUnlockFile(&a, b, c, d, e)
-#  define LockFileEx(a,b,c,d,e,f)   winceLockFileEx(&a, b, c, d, e, f)
-
-/*
-** These are the special syscall hacks for Windows CE.  The locking related
-** defines here refer to the macros defined just above.
- */
-
-#  define osAreFileApisANSI()       1
-#  define osLockFile                LockFile
-#  define osUnlockFile              UnlockFile
-#  define osLockFileEx              LockFileEx
-#endif
-
 static struct win_syscall {
-  const char *zName;            /* Name of the sytem call */
+  const char *zName;            /* Name of the system call */
   sqlite3_syscall_ptr pCurrent; /* Current value of the system call */
   sqlite3_syscall_ptr pDefault; /* Default value */
 } aSyscall[] = {
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "AreFileApisANSI",         (SYSCALL)AreFileApisANSI,         0 },
-
-#define osAreFileApisANSI ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(VOID))aSyscall[0].pCurrent)
 #else
   { "AreFileApisANSI",         (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
+#ifndef osAreFileApisANSI
+#define osAreFileApisANSI ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(VOID))aSyscall[0].pCurrent)
+#endif
+
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "CharLowerW",              (SYSCALL)CharLowerW,              0 },
 #else
@@ -32362,7 +32460,7 @@
 #define osCreateFileA ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR,DWORD,DWORD, \
         LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,DWORD,DWORD,HANDLE))aSyscall[4].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "CreateFileW",             (SYSCALL)CreateFileW,             0 },
 #else
   { "CreateFileW",             (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32371,12 +32469,18 @@
 #define osCreateFileW ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR,DWORD,DWORD, \
         LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,DWORD,DWORD,HANDLE))aSyscall[5].pCurrent)
 
-  { "CreateFileMapping",       (SYSCALL)CreateFileMapping,       0 },
+#if (!SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI) && \
+        !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL))
+  { "CreateFileMappingA",      (SYSCALL)CreateFileMappingA,      0 },
+#else
+  { "CreateFileMappingA",      (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
-#define osCreateFileMapping ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, \
-        DWORD,DWORD,DWORD,LPCTSTR))aSyscall[6].pCurrent)
+#define osCreateFileMappingA ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, \
+        DWORD,DWORD,DWORD,LPCSTR))aSyscall[6].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE || (!SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE) && \
+        !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL))
   { "CreateFileMappingW",      (SYSCALL)CreateFileMappingW,      0 },
 #else
   { "CreateFileMappingW",      (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32385,7 +32489,7 @@
 #define osCreateFileMappingW ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, \
         DWORD,DWORD,DWORD,LPCWSTR))aSyscall[7].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "CreateMutexW",            (SYSCALL)CreateMutexW,            0 },
 #else
   { "CreateMutexW",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32450,7 +32554,11 @@
 #define osFormatMessageW ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(DWORD,LPCVOID,DWORD,DWORD,LPWSTR, \
         DWORD,va_list*))aSyscall[15].pCurrent)
 
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
   { "FreeLibrary",             (SYSCALL)FreeLibrary,             0 },
+#else
+  { "FreeLibrary",             (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osFreeLibrary ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HMODULE))aSyscall[16].pCurrent)
 
@@ -32467,7 +32575,7 @@
 #define osGetDiskFreeSpaceA ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR,LPDWORD,LPDWORD,LPDWORD, \
         LPDWORD))aSyscall[18].pCurrent)
 
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "GetDiskFreeSpaceW",       (SYSCALL)GetDiskFreeSpaceW,       0 },
 #else
   { "GetDiskFreeSpaceW",       (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32484,7 +32592,7 @@
 
 #define osGetFileAttributesA ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR))aSyscall[20].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "GetFileAttributesW",      (SYSCALL)GetFileAttributesW,      0 },
 #else
   { "GetFileAttributesW",      (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32501,7 +32609,11 @@
 #define osGetFileAttributesExW ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR,GET_FILEEX_INFO_LEVELS, \
         LPVOID))aSyscall[22].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "GetFileSize",             (SYSCALL)GetFileSize,             0 },
+#else
+  { "GetFileSize",             (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osGetFileSize ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LPDWORD))aSyscall[23].pCurrent)
 
@@ -32514,7 +32626,7 @@
 #define osGetFullPathNameA ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR,DWORD,LPSTR, \
         LPSTR*))aSyscall[24].pCurrent)
 
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "GetFullPathNameW",        (SYSCALL)GetFullPathNameW,        0 },
 #else
   { "GetFullPathNameW",        (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32527,6 +32639,7 @@
 
 #define osGetLastError ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(VOID))aSyscall[26].pCurrent)
 
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   /* The GetProcAddressA() routine is only available on Windows CE. */
   { "GetProcAddressA",         (SYSCALL)GetProcAddressA,         0 },
@@ -32535,11 +32648,18 @@
   ** an ANSI string regardless of the _UNICODE setting */
   { "GetProcAddressA",         (SYSCALL)GetProcAddress,          0 },
 #endif
+#else
+  { "GetProcAddressA",         (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osGetProcAddressA ((FARPROC(WINAPI*)(HMODULE, \
         LPCSTR))aSyscall[27].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "GetSystemInfo",           (SYSCALL)GetSystemInfo,           0 },
+#else
+  { "GetSystemInfo",           (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osGetSystemInfo ((VOID(WINAPI*)(LPSYSTEM_INFO))aSyscall[28].pCurrent)
 
@@ -32564,7 +32684,7 @@
 
 #define osGetTempPathA ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(DWORD,LPSTR))aSyscall[31].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "GetTempPathW",            (SYSCALL)GetTempPathW,            0 },
 #else
   { "GetTempPathW",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32572,11 +32692,16 @@
 
 #define osGetTempPathW ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(DWORD,LPWSTR))aSyscall[32].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "GetTickCount",            (SYSCALL)GetTickCount,            0 },
+#else
+  { "GetTickCount",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osGetTickCount ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(VOID))aSyscall[33].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI) && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX) && \
+        SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX
   { "GetVersionExA",           (SYSCALL)GetVersionExA,           0 },
 #else
   { "GetVersionExA",           (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32585,146 +32710,337 @@
 #define osGetVersionExA ((BOOL(WINAPI*)( \
         LPOSVERSIONINFOA))aSyscall[34].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE) && \
+        defined(SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX) && SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX
+  { "GetVersionExW",           (SYSCALL)GetVersionExW,           0 },
+#else
+  { "GetVersionExW",           (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osGetVersionExW ((BOOL(WINAPI*)( \
+        LPOSVERSIONINFOW))aSyscall[35].pCurrent)
+
   { "HeapAlloc",               (SYSCALL)HeapAlloc,               0 },
 
 #define osHeapAlloc ((LPVOID(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD, \
-        SIZE_T))aSyscall[35].pCurrent)
-
-  { "HeapCreate",              (SYSCALL)HeapCreate,              0 },
-
-#define osHeapCreate ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(DWORD,SIZE_T, \
         SIZE_T))aSyscall[36].pCurrent)
 
-  { "HeapDestroy",             (SYSCALL)HeapDestroy,             0 },
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "HeapCreate",              (SYSCALL)HeapCreate,              0 },
+#else
+  { "HeapCreate",              (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
-#define osHeapDestroy ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE))aSyscall[37].pCurrent)
+#define osHeapCreate ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(DWORD,SIZE_T, \
+        SIZE_T))aSyscall[37].pCurrent)
+
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "HeapDestroy",             (SYSCALL)HeapDestroy,             0 },
+#else
+  { "HeapDestroy",             (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osHeapDestroy ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE))aSyscall[38].pCurrent)
 
   { "HeapFree",                (SYSCALL)HeapFree,                0 },
 
-#define osHeapFree ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,LPVOID))aSyscall[38].pCurrent)
+#define osHeapFree ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,LPVOID))aSyscall[39].pCurrent)
 
   { "HeapReAlloc",             (SYSCALL)HeapReAlloc,             0 },
 
 #define osHeapReAlloc ((LPVOID(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,LPVOID, \
-        SIZE_T))aSyscall[39].pCurrent)
+        SIZE_T))aSyscall[40].pCurrent)
 
   { "HeapSize",                (SYSCALL)HeapSize,                0 },
 
 #define osHeapSize ((SIZE_T(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD, \
-        LPCVOID))aSyscall[40].pCurrent)
-
-  { "HeapValidate",            (SYSCALL)HeapValidate,            0 },
-
-#define osHeapValidate ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD, \
         LPCVOID))aSyscall[41].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "HeapValidate",            (SYSCALL)HeapValidate,            0 },
+#else
+  { "HeapValidate",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osHeapValidate ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD, \
+        LPCVOID))aSyscall[42].pCurrent)
+
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "HeapCompact",             (SYSCALL)HeapCompact,             0 },
+#else
+  { "HeapCompact",             (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osHeapCompact ((UINT(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD))aSyscall[43].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
   { "LoadLibraryA",            (SYSCALL)LoadLibraryA,            0 },
 #else
   { "LoadLibraryA",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
-#define osLoadLibraryA ((HMODULE(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR))aSyscall[42].pCurrent)
+#define osLoadLibraryA ((HMODULE(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR))aSyscall[44].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE) && \
+        !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
   { "LoadLibraryW",            (SYSCALL)LoadLibraryW,            0 },
 #else
   { "LoadLibraryW",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
-#define osLoadLibraryW ((HMODULE(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR))aSyscall[43].pCurrent)
+#define osLoadLibraryW ((HMODULE(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR))aSyscall[45].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "LocalFree",               (SYSCALL)LocalFree,               0 },
+#else
+  { "LocalFree",               (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
-#define osLocalFree ((HLOCAL(WINAPI*)(HLOCAL))aSyscall[44].pCurrent)
+#define osLocalFree ((HLOCAL(WINAPI*)(HLOCAL))aSyscall[46].pCurrent)
 
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "LockFile",                (SYSCALL)LockFile,                0 },
-
-#define osLockFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
-        DWORD))aSyscall[45].pCurrent)
 #else
   { "LockFile",                (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
+#ifndef osLockFile
+#define osLockFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
+        DWORD))aSyscall[47].pCurrent)
+#endif
+
 #if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   { "LockFileEx",              (SYSCALL)LockFileEx,              0 },
-
-#define osLockFileEx ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
-        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[46].pCurrent)
 #else
   { "LockFileEx",              (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
+#ifndef osLockFileEx
+#define osLockFileEx ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
+        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[48].pCurrent)
+#endif
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE || (!SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL))
   { "MapViewOfFile",           (SYSCALL)MapViewOfFile,           0 },
+#else
+  { "MapViewOfFile",           (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osMapViewOfFile ((LPVOID(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
-        SIZE_T))aSyscall[47].pCurrent)
+        SIZE_T))aSyscall[49].pCurrent)
 
   { "MultiByteToWideChar",     (SYSCALL)MultiByteToWideChar,     0 },
 
 #define osMultiByteToWideChar ((int(WINAPI*)(UINT,DWORD,LPCSTR,int,LPWSTR, \
-        int))aSyscall[48].pCurrent)
+        int))aSyscall[50].pCurrent)
 
   { "QueryPerformanceCounter", (SYSCALL)QueryPerformanceCounter, 0 },
 
 #define osQueryPerformanceCounter ((BOOL(WINAPI*)( \
-        LARGE_INTEGER*))aSyscall[49].pCurrent)
+        LARGE_INTEGER*))aSyscall[51].pCurrent)
 
   { "ReadFile",                (SYSCALL)ReadFile,                0 },
 
 #define osReadFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LPVOID,DWORD,LPDWORD, \
-        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[50].pCurrent)
+        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[52].pCurrent)
 
   { "SetEndOfFile",            (SYSCALL)SetEndOfFile,            0 },
 
-#define osSetEndOfFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE))aSyscall[51].pCurrent)
+#define osSetEndOfFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE))aSyscall[53].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "SetFilePointer",          (SYSCALL)SetFilePointer,          0 },
+#else
+  { "SetFilePointer",          (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osSetFilePointer ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LONG,PLONG, \
-        DWORD))aSyscall[52].pCurrent)
+        DWORD))aSyscall[54].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "Sleep",                   (SYSCALL)Sleep,                   0 },
+#else
+  { "Sleep",                   (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
-#define osSleep ((VOID(WINAPI*)(DWORD))aSyscall[53].pCurrent)
+#define osSleep ((VOID(WINAPI*)(DWORD))aSyscall[55].pCurrent)
 
   { "SystemTimeToFileTime",    (SYSCALL)SystemTimeToFileTime,    0 },
 
 #define osSystemTimeToFileTime ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(CONST SYSTEMTIME*, \
-        LPFILETIME))aSyscall[54].pCurrent)
+        LPFILETIME))aSyscall[56].pCurrent)
 
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "UnlockFile",              (SYSCALL)UnlockFile,              0 },
-
-#define osUnlockFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
-        DWORD))aSyscall[55].pCurrent)
 #else
   { "UnlockFile",              (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
+#ifndef osUnlockFile
+#define osUnlockFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
+        DWORD))aSyscall[57].pCurrent)
+#endif
+
 #if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   { "UnlockFileEx",            (SYSCALL)UnlockFileEx,            0 },
-
-#define osUnlockFileEx ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
-        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[56].pCurrent)
 #else
   { "UnlockFileEx",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
-  { "UnmapViewOfFile",         (SYSCALL)UnmapViewOfFile,         0 },
+#define osUnlockFileEx ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
+        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[58].pCurrent)
 
-#define osUnmapViewOfFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(LPCVOID))aSyscall[57].pCurrent)
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+  { "UnmapViewOfFile",         (SYSCALL)UnmapViewOfFile,         0 },
+#else
+  { "UnmapViewOfFile",         (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osUnmapViewOfFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(LPCVOID))aSyscall[59].pCurrent)
 
   { "WideCharToMultiByte",     (SYSCALL)WideCharToMultiByte,     0 },
 
 #define osWideCharToMultiByte ((int(WINAPI*)(UINT,DWORD,LPCWSTR,int,LPSTR,int, \
-        LPCSTR,LPBOOL))aSyscall[58].pCurrent)
+        LPCSTR,LPBOOL))aSyscall[60].pCurrent)
 
   { "WriteFile",               (SYSCALL)WriteFile,               0 },
 
 #define osWriteFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LPCVOID,DWORD,LPDWORD, \
-        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[59].pCurrent)
+        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[61].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "CreateEventExW",          (SYSCALL)CreateEventExW,          0 },
+#else
+  { "CreateEventExW",          (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osCreateEventExW ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,LPCWSTR, \
+        DWORD,DWORD))aSyscall[62].pCurrent)
+
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "WaitForSingleObject",     (SYSCALL)WaitForSingleObject,     0 },
+#else
+  { "WaitForSingleObject",     (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osWaitForSingleObject ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(HANDLE, \
+        DWORD))aSyscall[63].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "WaitForSingleObjectEx",   (SYSCALL)WaitForSingleObjectEx,   0 },
+#else
+  { "WaitForSingleObjectEx",   (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osWaitForSingleObjectEx ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD, \
+        BOOL))aSyscall[64].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "SetFilePointerEx",        (SYSCALL)SetFilePointerEx,        0 },
+#else
+  { "SetFilePointerEx",        (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osSetFilePointerEx ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LARGE_INTEGER, \
+        PLARGE_INTEGER,DWORD))aSyscall[65].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "GetFileInformationByHandleEx", (SYSCALL)GetFileInformationByHandleEx, 0 },
+#else
+  { "GetFileInformationByHandleEx", (SYSCALL)0,                  0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osGetFileInformationByHandleEx ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE, \
+        FILE_INFO_BY_HANDLE_CLASS,LPVOID,DWORD))aSyscall[66].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+  { "MapViewOfFileFromApp",    (SYSCALL)MapViewOfFileFromApp,    0 },
+#else
+  { "MapViewOfFileFromApp",    (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osMapViewOfFileFromApp ((LPVOID(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,ULONG,ULONG64, \
+        SIZE_T))aSyscall[67].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "CreateFile2",             (SYSCALL)CreateFile2,             0 },
+#else
+  { "CreateFile2",             (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osCreateFile2 ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
+        LPCREATEFILE2_EXTENDED_PARAMETERS))aSyscall[68].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
+  { "LoadPackagedLibrary",     (SYSCALL)LoadPackagedLibrary,     0 },
+#else
+  { "LoadPackagedLibrary",     (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osLoadPackagedLibrary ((HMODULE(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR, \
+        DWORD))aSyscall[69].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "GetTickCount64",          (SYSCALL)GetTickCount64,          0 },
+#else
+  { "GetTickCount64",          (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osGetTickCount64 ((ULONGLONG(WINAPI*)(VOID))aSyscall[70].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "GetNativeSystemInfo",     (SYSCALL)GetNativeSystemInfo,     0 },
+#else
+  { "GetNativeSystemInfo",     (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osGetNativeSystemInfo ((VOID(WINAPI*)( \
+        LPSYSTEM_INFO))aSyscall[71].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+  { "OutputDebugStringA",      (SYSCALL)OutputDebugStringA,      0 },
+#else
+  { "OutputDebugStringA",      (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osOutputDebugStringA ((VOID(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR))aSyscall[72].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+  { "OutputDebugStringW",      (SYSCALL)OutputDebugStringW,      0 },
+#else
+  { "OutputDebugStringW",      (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osOutputDebugStringW ((VOID(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR))aSyscall[73].pCurrent)
+
+  { "GetProcessHeap",          (SYSCALL)GetProcessHeap,          0 },
+
+#define osGetProcessHeap ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(VOID))aSyscall[74].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+  { "CreateFileMappingFromApp", (SYSCALL)CreateFileMappingFromApp, 0 },
+#else
+  { "CreateFileMappingFromApp", (SYSCALL)0,                      0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osCreateFileMappingFromApp ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(HANDLE, \
+        LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,ULONG,ULONG64,LPCWSTR))aSyscall[75].pCurrent)
+
+/*
+** NOTE: On some sub-platforms, the InterlockedCompareExchange "function"
+**       is really just a macro that uses a compiler intrinsic (e.g. x64).
+**       So do not try to make this is into a redefinable interface.
+*/
+#if defined(InterlockedCompareExchange)
+  { "InterlockedCompareExchange", (SYSCALL)0,                    0 },
+
+#define osInterlockedCompareExchange InterlockedCompareExchange
+#else
+  { "InterlockedCompareExchange", (SYSCALL)InterlockedCompareExchange, 0 },
+
+#define osInterlockedCompareExchange ((LONG(WINAPI*)(LONG volatile*, \
+        LONG,LONG))aSyscall[76].pCurrent)
+#endif /* defined(InterlockedCompareExchange) */
 
 }; /* End of the overrideable system calls */
 
@@ -32811,6 +33127,152 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC
+/*
+** If a Win32 native heap has been configured, this function will attempt to
+** compact it.  Upon success, SQLITE_OK will be returned.  Upon failure, one
+** of SQLITE_NOMEM, SQLITE_ERROR, or SQLITE_NOTFOUND will be returned.  The
+** "pnLargest" argument, if non-zero, will be used to return the size of the
+** largest committed free block in the heap, in bytes.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_win32_compact_heap(LPUINT pnLargest){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  UINT nLargest = 0;
+  HANDLE hHeap;
+
+  winMemAssertMagic();
+  hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
+  assert( hHeap!=0 );
+  assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
+  assert( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
+#endif
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  if( (nLargest=osHeapCompact(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS))==0 ){
+    DWORD lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+    if( lastErrno==NO_ERROR ){
+      sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapCompact (no space), heap=%p",
+                  (void*)hHeap);
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_log(SQLITE_ERROR, "failed to HeapCompact (%lu), heap=%p",
+                  osGetLastError(), (void*)hHeap);
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+#else
+  sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOTFOUND, "failed to HeapCompact, heap=%p",
+              (void*)hHeap);
+  rc = SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
+#endif
+  if( pnLargest ) *pnLargest = nLargest;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** If a Win32 native heap has been configured, this function will attempt to
+** destroy and recreate it.  If the Win32 native heap is not isolated and/or
+** the sqlite3_memory_used() function does not return zero, SQLITE_BUSY will
+** be returned and no changes will be made to the Win32 native heap.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_win32_reset_heap(){
+  int rc;
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *pMaster; ) /* The main static mutex */
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *pMem; )    /* The memsys static mutex */
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( pMaster = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER); )
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( pMem = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM); )
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pMaster);
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pMem);
+  winMemAssertMagic();
+  if( winMemGetHeap()!=NULL && winMemGetOwned() && sqlite3_memory_used()==0 ){
+    /*
+    ** At this point, there should be no outstanding memory allocations on
+    ** the heap.  Also, since both the master and memsys locks are currently
+    ** being held by us, no other function (i.e. from another thread) should
+    ** be able to even access the heap.  Attempt to destroy and recreate our
+    ** isolated Win32 native heap now.
+    */
+    assert( winMemGetHeap()!=NULL );
+    assert( winMemGetOwned() );
+    assert( sqlite3_memory_used()==0 );
+    winMemShutdown(winMemGetDataPtr());
+    assert( winMemGetHeap()==NULL );
+    assert( !winMemGetOwned() );
+    assert( sqlite3_memory_used()==0 );
+    rc = winMemInit(winMemGetDataPtr());
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || winMemGetHeap()!=NULL );
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || winMemGetOwned() );
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || sqlite3_memory_used()==0 );
+  }else{
+    /*
+    ** The Win32 native heap cannot be modified because it may be in use.
+    */
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pMem);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pMaster);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC */
+
+/*
+** This function outputs the specified (ANSI) string to the Win32 debugger
+** (if available).
+*/
+
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_win32_write_debug(const char *zBuf, int nBuf){
+  char zDbgBuf[SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE];
+  int nMin = MIN(nBuf, (SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE - 1)); /* may be negative. */
+  if( nMin<-1 ) nMin = -1; /* all negative values become -1. */
+  assert( nMin==-1 || nMin==0 || nMin<SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE );
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+  if( nMin>0 ){
+    memset(zDbgBuf, 0, SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE);
+    memcpy(zDbgBuf, zBuf, nMin);
+    osOutputDebugStringA(zDbgBuf);
+  }else{
+    osOutputDebugStringA(zBuf);
+  }
+#elif defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+  memset(zDbgBuf, 0, SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE);
+  if ( osMultiByteToWideChar(
+          osAreFileApisANSI() ? CP_ACP : CP_OEMCP, 0, zBuf,
+          nMin, (LPWSTR)zDbgBuf, SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE/sizeof(WCHAR))<=0 ){
+    return;
+  }
+  osOutputDebugStringW((LPCWSTR)zDbgBuf);
+#else
+  if( nMin>0 ){
+    memset(zDbgBuf, 0, SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE);
+    memcpy(zDbgBuf, zBuf, nMin);
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", zDbgBuf);
+  }else{
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", zBuf);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** The following routine suspends the current thread for at least ms
+** milliseconds.  This is equivalent to the Win32 Sleep() interface.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+static HANDLE sleepObj = NULL;
+#endif
+
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_win32_sleep(DWORD milliseconds){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  if ( sleepObj==NULL ){
+    sleepObj = osCreateEventExW(NULL, NULL, CREATE_EVENT_MANUAL_RESET,
+                                SYNCHRONIZE);
+  }
+  assert( sleepObj!=NULL );
+  osWaitForSingleObjectEx(sleepObj, milliseconds, FALSE);
+#else
+  osSleep(milliseconds);
+#endif
+}
+
 /*
 ** Return true (non-zero) if we are running under WinNT, Win2K, WinXP,
 ** or WinCE.  Return false (zero) for Win95, Win98, or WinME.
@@ -32822,19 +33284,46 @@
 ** WinNT/2K/XP so that we will know whether or not we can safely call
 ** the LockFileEx() API.
 */
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
-# define isNT()  (1)
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX) || !SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX
+# define osIsNT()  (1)
+#elif SQLITE_OS_WINCE || SQLITE_OS_WINRT || !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+# define osIsNT()  (1)
+#elif !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+# define osIsNT()  (0)
 #else
-  static int isNT(void){
-    if( sqlite3_os_type==0 ){
-      OSVERSIONINFOA sInfo;
-      sInfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(sInfo);
-      osGetVersionExA(&sInfo);
-      sqlite3_os_type = sInfo.dwPlatformId==VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT ? 2 : 1;
-    }
-    return sqlite3_os_type==2;
+# define osIsNT()  ((sqlite3_os_type==2) || sqlite3_win32_is_nt())
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This function determines if the machine is running a version of Windows
+** based on the NT kernel.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_win32_is_nt(void){
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX) && SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX
+  if( osInterlockedCompareExchange(&sqlite3_os_type, 0, 0)==0 ){
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE) && \
+        defined(NTDDI_VERSION) && NTDDI_VERSION >= NTDDI_WIN8
+    OSVERSIONINFOW sInfo;
+    sInfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(sInfo);
+    osGetVersionExW(&sInfo);
+    osInterlockedCompareExchange(&sqlite3_os_type,
+        (sInfo.dwPlatformId == VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT) ? 2 : 1, 0);
+#elif defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+    OSVERSIONINFOA sInfo;
+    sInfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(sInfo);
+    osGetVersionExA(&sInfo);
+    osInterlockedCompareExchange(&sqlite3_os_type,
+        (sInfo.dwPlatformId == VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT) ? 2 : 1, 0);
+#endif
   }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OS_WINCE */
+  return osInterlockedCompareExchange(&sqlite3_os_type, 2, 2)==2;
+#elif SQLITE_TEST
+  return osInterlockedCompareExchange(&sqlite3_os_type, 2, 2)==2;
+#else
+  return 1;
+#endif
+}
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC
 /*
@@ -32848,13 +33337,13 @@
   hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
   assert( hHeap!=0 );
   assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
-#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
-  assert ( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
+  assert( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
 #endif
   assert( nBytes>=0 );
   p = osHeapAlloc(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, (SIZE_T)nBytes);
   if( !p ){
-    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapAlloc %u bytes (%d), heap=%p",
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapAlloc %u bytes (%lu), heap=%p",
                 nBytes, osGetLastError(), (void*)hHeap);
   }
   return p;
@@ -32870,12 +33359,12 @@
   hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
   assert( hHeap!=0 );
   assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
-#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
-  assert ( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) );
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
+  assert( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) );
 #endif
   if( !pPrior ) return; /* Passing NULL to HeapFree is undefined. */
   if( !osHeapFree(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) ){
-    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapFree block %p (%d), heap=%p",
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapFree block %p (%lu), heap=%p",
                 pPrior, osGetLastError(), (void*)hHeap);
   }
 }
@@ -32891,8 +33380,8 @@
   hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
   assert( hHeap!=0 );
   assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
-#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
-  assert ( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) );
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
+  assert( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) );
 #endif
   assert( nBytes>=0 );
   if( !pPrior ){
@@ -32901,7 +33390,7 @@
     p = osHeapReAlloc(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior, (SIZE_T)nBytes);
   }
   if( !p ){
-    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to %s %u bytes (%d), heap=%p",
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to %s %u bytes (%lu), heap=%p",
                 pPrior ? "HeapReAlloc" : "HeapAlloc", nBytes, osGetLastError(),
                 (void*)hHeap);
   }
@@ -32919,13 +33408,13 @@
   hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
   assert( hHeap!=0 );
   assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
-#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
-  assert ( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
+  assert( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, p) );
 #endif
   if( !p ) return 0;
   n = osHeapSize(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, p);
   if( n==(SIZE_T)-1 ){
-    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapSize block %p (%d), heap=%p",
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapSize block %p (%lu), heap=%p",
                 p, osGetLastError(), (void*)hHeap);
     return 0;
   }
@@ -32946,23 +33435,43 @@
   winMemData *pWinMemData = (winMemData *)pAppData;
 
   if( !pWinMemData ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
-  assert( pWinMemData->magic==WINMEM_MAGIC );
+  assert( pWinMemData->magic1==WINMEM_MAGIC1 );
+  assert( pWinMemData->magic2==WINMEM_MAGIC2 );
+
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_CREATE
   if( !pWinMemData->hHeap ){
+    DWORD dwInitialSize = SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_INIT_SIZE;
+    DWORD dwMaximumSize = (DWORD)sqlite3GlobalConfig.nHeap;
+    if( dwMaximumSize==0 ){
+      dwMaximumSize = SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_MAX_SIZE;
+    }else if( dwInitialSize>dwMaximumSize ){
+      dwInitialSize = dwMaximumSize;
+    }
     pWinMemData->hHeap = osHeapCreate(SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS,
-                                      SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_INIT_SIZE,
-                                      SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_MAX_SIZE);
+                                      dwInitialSize, dwMaximumSize);
     if( !pWinMemData->hHeap ){
       sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM,
-          "failed to HeapCreate (%d), flags=%u, initSize=%u, maxSize=%u",
-          osGetLastError(), SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS,
-          SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_INIT_SIZE, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_MAX_SIZE);
+          "failed to HeapCreate (%lu), flags=%u, initSize=%lu, maxSize=%lu",
+          osGetLastError(), SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, dwInitialSize,
+          dwMaximumSize);
       return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
     pWinMemData->bOwned = TRUE;
+    assert( pWinMemData->bOwned );
   }
+#else
+  pWinMemData->hHeap = osGetProcessHeap();
+  if( !pWinMemData->hHeap ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM,
+        "failed to GetProcessHeap (%lu)", osGetLastError());
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  pWinMemData->bOwned = FALSE;
+  assert( !pWinMemData->bOwned );
+#endif
   assert( pWinMemData->hHeap!=0 );
   assert( pWinMemData->hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
-#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
   assert( osHeapValidate(pWinMemData->hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
 #endif
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -32975,14 +33484,17 @@
   winMemData *pWinMemData = (winMemData *)pAppData;
 
   if( !pWinMemData ) return;
+  assert( pWinMemData->magic1==WINMEM_MAGIC1 );
+  assert( pWinMemData->magic2==WINMEM_MAGIC2 );
+
   if( pWinMemData->hHeap ){
     assert( pWinMemData->hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
-#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
     assert( osHeapValidate(pWinMemData->hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
 #endif
     if( pWinMemData->bOwned ){
       if( !osHeapDestroy(pWinMemData->hHeap) ){
-        sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapDestroy (%d), heap=%p",
+        sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapDestroy (%lu), heap=%p",
                     osGetLastError(), (void*)pWinMemData->hHeap);
       }
       pWinMemData->bOwned = FALSE;
@@ -33019,11 +33531,11 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC */
 
 /*
-** Convert a UTF-8 string to Microsoft Unicode (UTF-16?). 
+** Convert a UTF-8 string to Microsoft Unicode (UTF-16?).
 **
 ** Space to hold the returned string is obtained from malloc.
 */
-static LPWSTR utf8ToUnicode(const char *zFilename){
+static LPWSTR winUtf8ToUnicode(const char *zFilename){
   int nChar;
   LPWSTR zWideFilename;
 
@@ -33031,7 +33543,7 @@
   if( nChar==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  zWideFilename = sqlite3_malloc( nChar*sizeof(zWideFilename[0]) );
+  zWideFilename = sqlite3MallocZero( nChar*sizeof(zWideFilename[0]) );
   if( zWideFilename==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
@@ -33048,7 +33560,7 @@
 ** Convert Microsoft Unicode to UTF-8.  Space to hold the returned string is
 ** obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
 */
-static char *unicodeToUtf8(LPCWSTR zWideFilename){
+static char *winUnicodeToUtf8(LPCWSTR zWideFilename){
   int nByte;
   char *zFilename;
 
@@ -33056,7 +33568,7 @@
   if( nByte == 0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  zFilename = sqlite3_malloc( nByte );
+  zFilename = sqlite3MallocZero( nByte );
   if( zFilename==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
@@ -33072,11 +33584,11 @@
 /*
 ** Convert an ANSI string to Microsoft Unicode, based on the
 ** current codepage settings for file apis.
-** 
+**
 ** Space to hold the returned string is obtained
 ** from sqlite3_malloc.
 */
-static LPWSTR mbcsToUnicode(const char *zFilename){
+static LPWSTR winMbcsToUnicode(const char *zFilename){
   int nByte;
   LPWSTR zMbcsFilename;
   int codepage = osAreFileApisANSI() ? CP_ACP : CP_OEMCP;
@@ -33086,7 +33598,7 @@
   if( nByte==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  zMbcsFilename = sqlite3_malloc( nByte*sizeof(zMbcsFilename[0]) );
+  zMbcsFilename = sqlite3MallocZero( nByte*sizeof(zMbcsFilename[0]) );
   if( zMbcsFilename==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
@@ -33106,7 +33618,7 @@
 ** Space to hold the returned string is obtained from
 ** sqlite3_malloc().
 */
-static char *unicodeToMbcs(LPCWSTR zWideFilename){
+static char *winUnicodeToMbcs(LPCWSTR zWideFilename){
   int nByte;
   char *zFilename;
   int codepage = osAreFileApisANSI() ? CP_ACP : CP_OEMCP;
@@ -33115,7 +33627,7 @@
   if( nByte == 0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  zFilename = sqlite3_malloc( nByte );
+  zFilename = sqlite3MallocZero( nByte );
   if( zFilename==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
@@ -33136,39 +33648,75 @@
   char *zFilenameUtf8;
   LPWSTR zTmpWide;
 
-  zTmpWide = mbcsToUnicode(zFilename);
+  zTmpWide = winMbcsToUnicode(zFilename);
   if( zTmpWide==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  zFilenameUtf8 = unicodeToUtf8(zTmpWide);
+  zFilenameUtf8 = winUnicodeToUtf8(zTmpWide);
   sqlite3_free(zTmpWide);
   return zFilenameUtf8;
 }
 
 /*
-** Convert UTF-8 to multibyte character string.  Space to hold the 
+** Convert UTF-8 to multibyte character string.  Space to hold the
 ** returned string is obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
 */
 SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_mbcs(const char *zFilename){
   char *zFilenameMbcs;
   LPWSTR zTmpWide;
 
-  zTmpWide = utf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
+  zTmpWide = winUtf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
   if( zTmpWide==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  zFilenameMbcs = unicodeToMbcs(zTmpWide);
+  zFilenameMbcs = winUnicodeToMbcs(zTmpWide);
   sqlite3_free(zTmpWide);
   return zFilenameMbcs;
 }
 
+/*
+** This function sets the data directory or the temporary directory based on
+** the provided arguments.  The type argument must be 1 in order to set the
+** data directory or 2 in order to set the temporary directory.  The zValue
+** argument is the name of the directory to use.  The return value will be
+** SQLITE_OK if successful.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_win32_set_directory(DWORD type, LPCWSTR zValue){
+  char **ppDirectory = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  int rc = sqlite3_initialize();
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+#endif
+  if( type==SQLITE_WIN32_DATA_DIRECTORY_TYPE ){
+    ppDirectory = &sqlite3_data_directory;
+  }else if( type==SQLITE_WIN32_TEMP_DIRECTORY_TYPE ){
+    ppDirectory = &sqlite3_temp_directory;
+  }
+  assert( !ppDirectory || type==SQLITE_WIN32_DATA_DIRECTORY_TYPE
+          || type==SQLITE_WIN32_TEMP_DIRECTORY_TYPE
+  );
+  assert( !ppDirectory || sqlite3MemdebugHasType(*ppDirectory, MEMTYPE_HEAP) );
+  if( ppDirectory ){
+    char *zValueUtf8 = 0;
+    if( zValue && zValue[0] ){
+      zValueUtf8 = winUnicodeToUtf8(zValue);
+      if ( zValueUtf8==0 ){
+        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(*ppDirectory);
+    *ppDirectory = zValueUtf8;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_ERROR;
+}
 
 /*
-** The return value of getLastErrorMsg
+** The return value of winGetLastErrorMsg
 ** is zero if the error message fits in the buffer, or non-zero
 ** otherwise (if the message was truncated).
 */
-static int getLastErrorMsg(DWORD lastErrno, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+static int winGetLastErrorMsg(DWORD lastErrno, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
   /* FormatMessage returns 0 on failure.  Otherwise it
   ** returns the number of TCHARs written to the output
   ** buffer, excluding the terminating null char.
@@ -33176,7 +33724,18 @@
   DWORD dwLen = 0;
   char *zOut = 0;
 
-  if( isNT() ){
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+    WCHAR zTempWide[SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_ERRMSG_CHARS+1];
+    dwLen = osFormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+                             FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+                             NULL,
+                             lastErrno,
+                             0,
+                             zTempWide,
+                             SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_ERRMSG_CHARS,
+                             0);
+#else
     LPWSTR zTempWide = NULL;
     dwLen = osFormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER |
                              FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
@@ -33187,20 +33746,20 @@
                              (LPWSTR) &zTempWide,
                              0,
                              0);
+#endif
     if( dwLen > 0 ){
       /* allocate a buffer and convert to UTF8 */
       sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
-      zOut = unicodeToUtf8(zTempWide);
+      zOut = winUnicodeToUtf8(zTempWide);
       sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
       /* free the system buffer allocated by FormatMessage */
       osLocalFree(zTempWide);
+#endif
     }
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
     char *zTemp = NULL;
     dwLen = osFormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER |
                              FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
@@ -33219,10 +33778,10 @@
       /* free the system buffer allocated by FormatMessage */
       osLocalFree(zTemp);
     }
-#endif
   }
+#endif
   if( 0 == dwLen ){
-    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf, "OsError 0x%x (%u)", lastErrno, lastErrno);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf, "OsError 0x%lx (%lu)", lastErrno, lastErrno);
   }else{
     /* copy a maximum of nBuf chars to output buffer */
     sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf, "%s", zOut);
@@ -33239,13 +33798,13 @@
 **
 ** This routine is invoked after an error occurs in an OS function.
 ** It logs a message using sqlite3_log() containing the current value of
-** error code and, if possible, the human-readable equivalent from 
+** error code and, if possible, the human-readable equivalent from
 ** FormatMessage.
 **
 ** The first argument passed to the macro should be the error code that
-** will be returned to SQLite (e.g. SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, SQLITE_CANTOPEN). 
+** will be returned to SQLite (e.g. SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, SQLITE_CANTOPEN).
 ** The two subsequent arguments should be the name of the OS function that
-** failed and the the associated file-system path, if any.
+** failed and the associated file-system path, if any.
 */
 #define winLogError(a,b,c,d)   winLogErrorAtLine(a,b,c,d,__LINE__)
 static int winLogErrorAtLine(
@@ -33259,13 +33818,13 @@
   int i;                          /* Loop counter */
 
   zMsg[0] = 0;
-  getLastErrorMsg(lastErrno, sizeof(zMsg), zMsg);
+  winGetLastErrorMsg(lastErrno, sizeof(zMsg), zMsg);
   assert( errcode!=SQLITE_OK );
   if( zPath==0 ) zPath = "";
   for(i=0; zMsg[i] && zMsg[i]!='\r' && zMsg[i]!='\n'; i++){}
   zMsg[i] = 0;
   sqlite3_log(errcode,
-      "os_win.c:%d: (%d) %s(%s) - %s",
+      "os_win.c:%d: (%lu) %s(%s) - %s",
       iLine, lastErrno, zFunc, zPath, zMsg
   );
 
@@ -33274,7 +33833,7 @@
 
 /*
 ** The number of times that a ReadFile(), WriteFile(), and DeleteFile()
-** will be retried following a locking error - probably caused by 
+** will be retried following a locking error - probably caused by
 ** antivirus software.  Also the initial delay before the first retry.
 ** The delay increases linearly with each retry.
 */
@@ -33284,29 +33843,60 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY_DELAY
 # define SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY_DELAY 25
 #endif
-static int win32IoerrRetry = SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY;
-static int win32IoerrRetryDelay = SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY_DELAY;
+static int winIoerrRetry = SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY;
+static int winIoerrRetryDelay = SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY_DELAY;
+
+/*
+** The "winIoerrCanRetry1" macro is used to determine if a particular I/O
+** error code obtained via GetLastError() is eligible to be retried.  It
+** must accept the error code DWORD as its only argument and should return
+** non-zero if the error code is transient in nature and the operation
+** responsible for generating the original error might succeed upon being
+** retried.  The argument to this macro should be a variable.
+**
+** Additionally, a macro named "winIoerrCanRetry2" may be defined.  If it
+** is defined, it will be consulted only when the macro "winIoerrCanRetry1"
+** returns zero.  The "winIoerrCanRetry2" macro is completely optional and
+** may be used to include additional error codes in the set that should
+** result in the failing I/O operation being retried by the caller.  If
+** defined, the "winIoerrCanRetry2" macro must exhibit external semantics
+** identical to those of the "winIoerrCanRetry1" macro.
+*/
+#if !defined(winIoerrCanRetry1)
+#define winIoerrCanRetry1(a) (((a)==ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED)        || \
+                              ((a)==ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION)    || \
+                              ((a)==ERROR_LOCK_VIOLATION)       || \
+                              ((a)==ERROR_DEV_NOT_EXIST)        || \
+                              ((a)==ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED)      || \
+                              ((a)==ERROR_SEM_TIMEOUT)          || \
+                              ((a)==ERROR_NETWORK_UNREACHABLE))
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** If a ReadFile() or WriteFile() error occurs, invoke this routine
 ** to see if it should be retried.  Return TRUE to retry.  Return FALSE
 ** to give up with an error.
 */
-static int retryIoerr(int *pnRetry, DWORD *pError){
+static int winRetryIoerr(int *pnRetry, DWORD *pError){
   DWORD e = osGetLastError();
-  if( *pnRetry>=win32IoerrRetry ){
+  if( *pnRetry>=winIoerrRetry ){
     if( pError ){
       *pError = e;
     }
     return 0;
   }
-  if( e==ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED ||
-      e==ERROR_LOCK_VIOLATION ||
-      e==ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION ){
-    osSleep(win32IoerrRetryDelay*(1+*pnRetry));
+  if( winIoerrCanRetry1(e) ){
+    sqlite3_win32_sleep(winIoerrRetryDelay*(1+*pnRetry));
     ++*pnRetry;
     return 1;
   }
+#if defined(winIoerrCanRetry2)
+  else if( winIoerrCanRetry2(e) ){
+    sqlite3_win32_sleep(winIoerrRetryDelay*(1+*pnRetry));
+    ++*pnRetry;
+    return 1;
+  }
+#endif
   if( pError ){
     *pError = e;
   }
@@ -33316,11 +33906,11 @@
 /*
 ** Log a I/O error retry episode.
 */
-static void logIoerr(int nRetry){
+static void winLogIoerr(int nRetry){
   if( nRetry ){
-    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_IOERR, 
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_IOERR,
       "delayed %dms for lock/sharing conflict",
-      win32IoerrRetryDelay*nRetry*(nRetry+1)/2
+      winIoerrRetryDelay*nRetry*(nRetry+1)/2
     );
   }
 }
@@ -33329,9 +33919,10 @@
 /*************************************************************************
 ** This section contains code for WinCE only.
 */
+#if !defined(SQLITE_MSVC_LOCALTIME_API) || !SQLITE_MSVC_LOCALTIME_API
 /*
-** Windows CE does not have a localtime() function.  So create a
-** substitute.
+** The MSVC CRT on Windows CE may not have a localtime() function.  So
+** create a substitute.
 */
 /* #include <time.h> */
 struct tm *__cdecl localtime(const time_t *t)
@@ -33355,6 +33946,7 @@
   y.tm_sec = pTm.wSecond;
   return &y;
 }
+#endif
 
 #define HANDLE_TO_WINFILE(a) (winFile*)&((char*)a)[-(int)offsetof(winFile,h)]
 
@@ -33364,7 +33956,7 @@
 static void winceMutexAcquire(HANDLE h){
    DWORD dwErr;
    do {
-     dwErr = WaitForSingleObject(h, INFINITE);
+     dwErr = osWaitForSingleObject(h, INFINITE);
    } while (dwErr != WAIT_OBJECT_0 && dwErr != WAIT_ABANDONED);
 }
 /*
@@ -33376,15 +33968,17 @@
 ** Create the mutex and shared memory used for locking in the file
 ** descriptor pFile
 */
-static BOOL winceCreateLock(const char *zFilename, winFile *pFile){
+static int winceCreateLock(const char *zFilename, winFile *pFile){
   LPWSTR zTok;
   LPWSTR zName;
+  DWORD lastErrno;
+  BOOL bLogged = FALSE;
   BOOL bInit = TRUE;
 
-  zName = utf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
+  zName = winUtf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
   if( zName==0 ){
     /* out of memory */
-    return FALSE;
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
   }
 
   /* Initialize the local lockdata */
@@ -33401,60 +33995,68 @@
   pFile->hMutex = osCreateMutexW(NULL, FALSE, zName);
   if (!pFile->hMutex){
     pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
-    winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, pFile->lastErrno, "winceCreateLock1", zFilename);
     sqlite3_free(zName);
-    return FALSE;
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR, pFile->lastErrno,
+                       "winceCreateLock1", zFilename);
   }
 
   /* Acquire the mutex before continuing */
   winceMutexAcquire(pFile->hMutex);
-  
-  /* Since the names of named mutexes, semaphores, file mappings etc are 
+
+  /* Since the names of named mutexes, semaphores, file mappings etc are
   ** case-sensitive, take advantage of that by uppercasing the mutex name
   ** and using that as the shared filemapping name.
   */
   osCharUpperW(zName);
   pFile->hShared = osCreateFileMappingW(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL,
                                         PAGE_READWRITE, 0, sizeof(winceLock),
-                                        zName);  
+                                        zName);
 
-  /* Set a flag that indicates we're the first to create the memory so it 
+  /* Set a flag that indicates we're the first to create the memory so it
   ** must be zero-initialized */
-  if (osGetLastError() == ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS){
+  lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+  if (lastErrno == ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS){
     bInit = FALSE;
   }
 
   sqlite3_free(zName);
 
   /* If we succeeded in making the shared memory handle, map it. */
-  if (pFile->hShared){
-    pFile->shared = (winceLock*)osMapViewOfFile(pFile->hShared, 
+  if( pFile->hShared ){
+    pFile->shared = (winceLock*)osMapViewOfFile(pFile->hShared,
              FILE_MAP_READ|FILE_MAP_WRITE, 0, 0, sizeof(winceLock));
     /* If mapping failed, close the shared memory handle and erase it */
-    if (!pFile->shared){
+    if( !pFile->shared ){
       pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
-      winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, pFile->lastErrno,
-               "winceCreateLock2", zFilename);
+      winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR, pFile->lastErrno,
+                  "winceCreateLock2", zFilename);
+      bLogged = TRUE;
       osCloseHandle(pFile->hShared);
       pFile->hShared = NULL;
     }
   }
 
   /* If shared memory could not be created, then close the mutex and fail */
-  if (pFile->hShared == NULL){
+  if( pFile->hShared==NULL ){
+    if( !bLogged ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
+      winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR, pFile->lastErrno,
+                  "winceCreateLock3", zFilename);
+      bLogged = TRUE;
+    }
     winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);
     osCloseHandle(pFile->hMutex);
     pFile->hMutex = NULL;
-    return FALSE;
+    return SQLITE_IOERR;
   }
-  
+
   /* Initialize the shared memory if we're supposed to */
-  if (bInit) {
+  if( bInit ){
     memset(pFile->shared, 0, sizeof(winceLock));
   }
 
   winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);
-  return TRUE;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -33485,17 +34087,17 @@
     osCloseHandle(pFile->hShared);
 
     /* Done with the mutex */
-    winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);    
+    winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);
     osCloseHandle(pFile->hMutex);
     pFile->hMutex = NULL;
   }
 }
 
-/* 
+/*
 ** An implementation of the LockFile() API of Windows for CE
 */
 static BOOL winceLockFile(
-  HANDLE *phFile,
+  LPHANDLE phFile,
   DWORD dwFileOffsetLow,
   DWORD dwFileOffsetHigh,
   DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockLow,
@@ -33533,7 +34135,8 @@
   }
 
   /* Want a pending lock? */
-  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)PENDING_BYTE && nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == 1){
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)PENDING_BYTE
+           && nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == 1){
     /* If no pending lock has been acquired, then acquire it */
     if (pFile->shared->bPending == 0) {
       pFile->shared->bPending = TRUE;
@@ -33543,7 +34146,8 @@
   }
 
   /* Want a reserved lock? */
-  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)RESERVED_BYTE && nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == 1){
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)RESERVED_BYTE
+           && nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == 1){
     if (pFile->shared->bReserved == 0) {
       pFile->shared->bReserved = TRUE;
       pFile->local.bReserved = TRUE;
@@ -33559,7 +34163,7 @@
 ** An implementation of the UnlockFile API of Windows for CE
 */
 static BOOL winceUnlockFile(
-  HANDLE *phFile,
+  LPHANDLE phFile,
   DWORD dwFileOffsetLow,
   DWORD dwFileOffsetHigh,
   DWORD nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow,
@@ -33586,7 +34190,8 @@
 
     /* Did we just have a reader lock? */
     else if (pFile->local.nReaders){
-      assert(nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == (DWORD)SHARED_SIZE || nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1);
+      assert(nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == (DWORD)SHARED_SIZE
+             || nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1);
       pFile->local.nReaders --;
       if (pFile->local.nReaders == 0)
       {
@@ -33597,7 +34202,8 @@
   }
 
   /* Releasing a pending lock */
-  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)PENDING_BYTE && nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1){
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)PENDING_BYTE
+           && nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1){
     if (pFile->local.bPending){
       pFile->local.bPending = FALSE;
       pFile->shared->bPending = FALSE;
@@ -33605,7 +34211,8 @@
     }
   }
   /* Releasing a reserved lock */
-  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)RESERVED_BYTE && nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1){
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)RESERVED_BYTE
+           && nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1){
     if (pFile->local.bReserved) {
       pFile->local.bReserved = FALSE;
       pFile->shared->bReserved = FALSE;
@@ -33616,35 +34223,74 @@
   winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);
   return bReturn;
 }
-
-/*
-** An implementation of the LockFileEx() API of Windows for CE
-*/
-static BOOL winceLockFileEx(
-  HANDLE *phFile,
-  DWORD dwFlags,
-  DWORD dwReserved,
-  DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockLow,
-  DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh,
-  LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped
-){
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(dwReserved);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh);
-
-  /* If the caller wants a shared read lock, forward this call
-  ** to winceLockFile */
-  if (lpOverlapped->Offset == (DWORD)SHARED_FIRST &&
-      dwFlags == 1 &&
-      nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == (DWORD)SHARED_SIZE){
-    return winceLockFile(phFile, SHARED_FIRST, 0, 1, 0);
-  }
-  return FALSE;
-}
 /*
 ** End of the special code for wince
 *****************************************************************************/
 #endif /* SQLITE_OS_WINCE */
 
+/*
+** Lock a file region.
+*/
+static BOOL winLockFile(
+  LPHANDLE phFile,
+  DWORD flags,
+  DWORD offsetLow,
+  DWORD offsetHigh,
+  DWORD numBytesLow,
+  DWORD numBytesHigh
+){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  /*
+  ** NOTE: Windows CE is handled differently here due its lack of the Win32
+  **       API LockFile.
+  */
+  return winceLockFile(phFile, offsetLow, offsetHigh,
+                       numBytesLow, numBytesHigh);
+#else
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    OVERLAPPED ovlp;
+    memset(&ovlp, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+    ovlp.Offset = offsetLow;
+    ovlp.OffsetHigh = offsetHigh;
+    return osLockFileEx(*phFile, flags, 0, numBytesLow, numBytesHigh, &ovlp);
+  }else{
+    return osLockFile(*phFile, offsetLow, offsetHigh, numBytesLow,
+                      numBytesHigh);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Unlock a file region.
+ */
+static BOOL winUnlockFile(
+  LPHANDLE phFile,
+  DWORD offsetLow,
+  DWORD offsetHigh,
+  DWORD numBytesLow,
+  DWORD numBytesHigh
+){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  /*
+  ** NOTE: Windows CE is handled differently here due its lack of the Win32
+  **       API UnlockFile.
+  */
+  return winceUnlockFile(phFile, offsetLow, offsetHigh,
+                         numBytesLow, numBytesHigh);
+#else
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    OVERLAPPED ovlp;
+    memset(&ovlp, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+    ovlp.Offset = offsetLow;
+    ovlp.OffsetHigh = offsetHigh;
+    return osUnlockFileEx(*phFile, 0, numBytesLow, numBytesHigh, &ovlp);
+  }else{
+    return osUnlockFile(*phFile, offsetLow, offsetHigh, numBytesLow,
+                        numBytesHigh);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
 /*****************************************************************************
 ** The next group of routines implement the I/O methods specified
 ** by the sqlite3_io_methods object.
@@ -33658,24 +34304,27 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
-** Move the current position of the file handle passed as the first 
-** argument to offset iOffset within the file. If successful, return 0. 
+** Move the current position of the file handle passed as the first
+** argument to offset iOffset within the file. If successful, return 0.
 ** Otherwise, set pFile->lastErrno and return non-zero.
 */
-static int seekWinFile(winFile *pFile, sqlite3_int64 iOffset){
+static int winSeekFile(winFile *pFile, sqlite3_int64 iOffset){
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   LONG upperBits;                 /* Most sig. 32 bits of new offset */
   LONG lowerBits;                 /* Least sig. 32 bits of new offset */
   DWORD dwRet;                    /* Value returned by SetFilePointer() */
   DWORD lastErrno;                /* Value returned by GetLastError() */
 
+  OSTRACE(("SEEK file=%p, offset=%lld\n", pFile->h, iOffset));
+
   upperBits = (LONG)((iOffset>>32) & 0x7fffffff);
   lowerBits = (LONG)(iOffset & 0xffffffff);
 
-  /* API oddity: If successful, SetFilePointer() returns a dword 
+  /* API oddity: If successful, SetFilePointer() returns a dword
   ** containing the lower 32-bits of the new file-offset. Or, if it fails,
-  ** it returns INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER. However according to MSDN, 
-  ** INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER may also be a valid new offset. So to determine 
-  ** whether an error has actually occured, it is also necessary to call 
+  ** it returns INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER. However according to MSDN,
+  ** INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER may also be a valid new offset. So to determine
+  ** whether an error has actually occurred, it is also necessary to call
   ** GetLastError().
   */
   dwRet = osSetFilePointer(pFile->h, lowerBits, &upperBits, FILE_BEGIN);
@@ -33684,13 +34333,43 @@
       && ((lastErrno = osGetLastError())!=NO_ERROR)) ){
     pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
     winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "seekWinFile", pFile->zPath);
+                "winSeekFile", pFile->zPath);
+    OSTRACE(("SEEK file=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK\n", pFile->h));
     return 1;
   }
 
+  OSTRACE(("SEEK file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
   return 0;
+#else
+  /*
+  ** Same as above, except that this implementation works for WinRT.
+  */
+
+  LARGE_INTEGER x;                /* The new offset */
+  BOOL bRet;                      /* Value returned by SetFilePointerEx() */
+
+  x.QuadPart = iOffset;
+  bRet = osSetFilePointerEx(pFile->h, x, 0, FILE_BEGIN);
+
+  if(!bRet){
+    pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+    winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK, pFile->lastErrno,
+                "winSeekFile", pFile->zPath);
+    OSTRACE(("SEEK file=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK\n", pFile->h));
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  OSTRACE(("SEEK file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
+  return 0;
+#endif
 }
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+/* Forward references to VFS helper methods used for memory mapped files */
+static int winMapfile(winFile*, sqlite3_int64);
+static int winUnmapfile(winFile*);
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Close a file.
 **
@@ -33707,12 +34386,20 @@
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
 
   assert( id!=0 );
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
   assert( pFile->pShm==0 );
-  OSTRACE(("CLOSE %d\n", pFile->h));
+#endif
+  assert( pFile->h!=NULL && pFile->h!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
+  OSTRACE(("CLOSE file=%p\n", pFile->h));
+
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  winUnmapfile(pFile);
+#endif
+
   do{
     rc = osCloseHandle(pFile->h);
     /* SimulateIOError( rc=0; cnt=MX_CLOSE_ATTEMPT; ); */
-  }while( rc==0 && ++cnt < MX_CLOSE_ATTEMPT && (osSleep(100), 1) );
+  }while( rc==0 && ++cnt < MX_CLOSE_ATTEMPT && (sqlite3_win32_sleep(100), 1) );
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
 #define WINCE_DELETION_ATTEMPTS 3
   winceDestroyLock(pFile);
@@ -33720,16 +34407,19 @@
     int cnt = 0;
     while(
            osDeleteFileW(pFile->zDeleteOnClose)==0
-        && osGetFileAttributesW(pFile->zDeleteOnClose)!=0xffffffff 
+        && osGetFileAttributesW(pFile->zDeleteOnClose)!=0xffffffff
         && cnt++ < WINCE_DELETION_ATTEMPTS
     ){
-       osSleep(100);  /* Wait a little before trying again */
+       sqlite3_win32_sleep(100);  /* Wait a little before trying again */
     }
     sqlite3_free(pFile->zDeleteOnClose);
   }
 #endif
-  OSTRACE(("CLOSE %d %s\n", pFile->h, rc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+  if( rc ){
+    pFile->h = NULL;
+  }
   OpenCounter(-1);
+  OSTRACE(("CLOSE file=%p, rc=%s\n", pFile->h, rc ? "ok" : "failed"));
   return rc ? SQLITE_OK
             : winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE, osGetLastError(),
                           "winClose", pFile->zPath);
@@ -33746,31 +34436,67 @@
   int amt,                   /* Number of bytes to read */
   sqlite3_int64 offset       /* Begin reading at this offset */
 ){
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  OVERLAPPED overlapped;          /* The offset for ReadFile. */
+#endif
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;  /* file handle */
   DWORD nRead;                    /* Number of bytes actually read from file */
   int nRetry = 0;                 /* Number of retrys */
 
   assert( id!=0 );
+  assert( amt>0 );
+  assert( offset>=0 );
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_READ);
-  OSTRACE(("READ %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
+  OSTRACE(("READ file=%p, buffer=%p, amount=%d, offset=%lld, lock=%d\n",
+           pFile->h, pBuf, amt, offset, pFile->locktype));
 
-  if( seekWinFile(pFile, offset) ){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  /* Deal with as much of this read request as possible by transfering
+  ** data from the memory mapping using memcpy().  */
+  if( offset<pFile->mmapSize ){
+    if( offset+amt <= pFile->mmapSize ){
+      memcpy(pBuf, &((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], amt);
+      OSTRACE(("READ-MMAP file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }else{
+      int nCopy = (int)(pFile->mmapSize - offset);
+      memcpy(pBuf, &((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], nCopy);
+      pBuf = &((u8 *)pBuf)[nCopy];
+      amt -= nCopy;
+      offset += nCopy;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  if( winSeekFile(pFile, offset) ){
+    OSTRACE(("READ file=%p, rc=SQLITE_FULL\n", pFile->h));
     return SQLITE_FULL;
   }
   while( !osReadFile(pFile->h, pBuf, amt, &nRead, 0) ){
+#else
+  memset(&overlapped, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+  overlapped.Offset = (LONG)(offset & 0xffffffff);
+  overlapped.OffsetHigh = (LONG)((offset>>32) & 0x7fffffff);
+  while( !osReadFile(pFile->h, pBuf, amt, &nRead, &overlapped) &&
+         osGetLastError()!=ERROR_HANDLE_EOF ){
+#endif
     DWORD lastErrno;
-    if( retryIoerr(&nRetry, &lastErrno) ) continue;
+    if( winRetryIoerr(&nRetry, &lastErrno) ) continue;
     pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
+    OSTRACE(("READ file=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_READ\n", pFile->h));
     return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_READ, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "winRead", pFile->zPath);
+                       "winRead", pFile->zPath);
   }
-  logIoerr(nRetry);
+  winLogIoerr(nRetry);
   if( nRead<(DWORD)amt ){
     /* Unread parts of the buffer must be zero-filled */
     memset(&((char*)pBuf)[nRead], 0, amt-nRead);
+    OSTRACE(("READ file=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ\n", pFile->h));
     return SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ;
   }
 
+  OSTRACE(("READ file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -33784,7 +34510,7 @@
   int amt,                        /* Number of bytes to write */
   sqlite3_int64 offset            /* Offset into the file to begin writing at */
 ){
-  int rc;                         /* True if error has occured, else false */
+  int rc = 0;                     /* True if error has occurred, else false */
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;  /* File handle */
   int nRetry = 0;                 /* Number of retries */
 
@@ -33793,21 +34519,66 @@
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE);
   SimulateDiskfullError(return SQLITE_FULL);
 
-  OSTRACE(("WRITE %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
+  OSTRACE(("WRITE file=%p, buffer=%p, amount=%d, offset=%lld, lock=%d\n",
+           pFile->h, pBuf, amt, offset, pFile->locktype));
 
-  rc = seekWinFile(pFile, offset);
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  /* Deal with as much of this write request as possible by transfering
+  ** data from the memory mapping using memcpy().  */
+  if( offset<pFile->mmapSize ){
+    if( offset+amt <= pFile->mmapSize ){
+      memcpy(&((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], pBuf, amt);
+      OSTRACE(("WRITE-MMAP file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }else{
+      int nCopy = (int)(pFile->mmapSize - offset);
+      memcpy(&((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], pBuf, nCopy);
+      pBuf = &((u8 *)pBuf)[nCopy];
+      amt -= nCopy;
+      offset += nCopy;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  rc = winSeekFile(pFile, offset);
   if( rc==0 ){
+#else
+  {
+#endif
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+    OVERLAPPED overlapped;        /* The offset for WriteFile. */
+#endif
     u8 *aRem = (u8 *)pBuf;        /* Data yet to be written */
     int nRem = amt;               /* Number of bytes yet to be written */
     DWORD nWrite;                 /* Bytes written by each WriteFile() call */
     DWORD lastErrno = NO_ERROR;   /* Value returned by GetLastError() */
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+    memset(&overlapped, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+    overlapped.Offset = (LONG)(offset & 0xffffffff);
+    overlapped.OffsetHigh = (LONG)((offset>>32) & 0x7fffffff);
+#endif
+
     while( nRem>0 ){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
       if( !osWriteFile(pFile->h, aRem, nRem, &nWrite, 0) ){
-        if( retryIoerr(&nRetry, &lastErrno) ) continue;
+#else
+      if( !osWriteFile(pFile->h, aRem, nRem, &nWrite, &overlapped) ){
+#endif
+        if( winRetryIoerr(&nRetry, &lastErrno) ) continue;
         break;
       }
-      if( nWrite<=0 ) break;
+      assert( nWrite==0 || nWrite<=(DWORD)nRem );
+      if( nWrite==0 || nWrite>(DWORD)nRem ){
+        lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+        break;
+      }
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+      offset += nWrite;
+      overlapped.Offset = (LONG)(offset & 0xffffffff);
+      overlapped.OffsetHigh = (LONG)((offset>>32) & 0x7fffffff);
+#endif
       aRem += nWrite;
       nRem -= nWrite;
     }
@@ -33820,13 +34591,17 @@
   if( rc ){
     if(   ( pFile->lastErrno==ERROR_HANDLE_DISK_FULL )
        || ( pFile->lastErrno==ERROR_DISK_FULL )){
-      return SQLITE_FULL;
+      OSTRACE(("WRITE file=%p, rc=SQLITE_FULL\n", pFile->h));
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_FULL, pFile->lastErrno,
+                         "winWrite1", pFile->zPath);
     }
+    OSTRACE(("WRITE file=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE\n", pFile->h));
     return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "winWrite", pFile->zPath);
+                       "winWrite2", pFile->zPath);
   }else{
-    logIoerr(nRetry);
+    winLogIoerr(nRetry);
   }
+  OSTRACE(("WRITE file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -33836,11 +34611,12 @@
 static int winTruncate(sqlite3_file *id, sqlite3_int64 nByte){
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;  /* File handle object */
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code for this function */
+  DWORD lastErrno;
 
   assert( pFile );
-
-  OSTRACE(("TRUNCATE %d %lld\n", pFile->h, nByte));
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE);
+  OSTRACE(("TRUNCATE file=%p, size=%lld, lock=%d\n",
+           pFile->h, nByte, pFile->locktype));
 
   /* If the user has configured a chunk-size for this file, truncate the
   ** file so that it consists of an integer number of chunks (i.e. the
@@ -33852,16 +34628,27 @@
   }
 
   /* SetEndOfFile() returns non-zero when successful, or zero when it fails. */
-  if( seekWinFile(pFile, nByte) ){
+  if( winSeekFile(pFile, nByte) ){
     rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "winTruncate1", pFile->zPath);
-  }else if( 0==osSetEndOfFile(pFile->h) ){
-    pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+                     "winTruncate1", pFile->zPath);
+  }else if( 0==osSetEndOfFile(pFile->h) &&
+            ((lastErrno = osGetLastError())!=ERROR_USER_MAPPED_FILE) ){
+    pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
     rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "winTruncate2", pFile->zPath);
+                     "winTruncate2", pFile->zPath);
   }
 
-  OSTRACE(("TRUNCATE %d %lld %s\n", pFile->h, nByte, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  /* If the file was truncated to a size smaller than the currently
+  ** mapped region, reduce the effective mapping size as well. SQLite will
+  ** use read() and write() to access data beyond this point from now on.
+  */
+  if( pFile->pMapRegion && nByte<pFile->mmapSize ){
+    pFile->mmapSize = nByte;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  OSTRACE(("TRUNCATE file=%p, rc=%s\n", pFile->h, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -33901,13 +34688,14 @@
       || (flags&0x0F)==SQLITE_SYNC_FULL
   );
 
-  OSTRACE(("SYNC %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
-
   /* Unix cannot, but some systems may return SQLITE_FULL from here. This
   ** line is to test that doing so does not cause any problems.
   */
   SimulateDiskfullError( return SQLITE_FULL );
 
+  OSTRACE(("SYNC file=%p, flags=%x, lock=%d\n",
+           pFile->h, flags, pFile->locktype));
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_TEST
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(flags);
 #else
@@ -33921,16 +34709,19 @@
   ** no-op
   */
 #ifdef SQLITE_NO_SYNC
+  OSTRACE(("SYNC-NOP file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
   return SQLITE_OK;
 #else
   rc = osFlushFileBuffers(pFile->h);
   SimulateIOError( rc=FALSE );
   if( rc ){
+    OSTRACE(("SYNC file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
     pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+    OSTRACE(("SYNC file=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC\n", pFile->h));
     return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "winSync", pFile->zPath);
+                       "winSync", pFile->zPath);
   }
 #endif
 }
@@ -33939,23 +34730,45 @@
 ** Determine the current size of a file in bytes
 */
 static int winFileSize(sqlite3_file *id, sqlite3_int64 *pSize){
-  DWORD upperBits;
-  DWORD lowerBits;
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
-  DWORD lastErrno;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
 
   assert( id!=0 );
+  assert( pSize!=0 );
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT);
-  lowerBits = osGetFileSize(pFile->h, &upperBits);
-  if(   (lowerBits == INVALID_FILE_SIZE)
-     && ((lastErrno = osGetLastError())!=NO_ERROR) )
+  OSTRACE(("SIZE file=%p, pSize=%p\n", pFile->h, pSize));
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   {
-    pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
-    return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "winFileSize", pFile->zPath);
+    FILE_STANDARD_INFO info;
+    if( osGetFileInformationByHandleEx(pFile->h, FileStandardInfo,
+                                     &info, sizeof(info)) ){
+      *pSize = info.EndOfFile.QuadPart;
+    }else{
+      pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+      rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT, pFile->lastErrno,
+                       "winFileSize", pFile->zPath);
+    }
   }
-  *pSize = (((sqlite3_int64)upperBits)<<32) + lowerBits;
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+#else
+  {
+    DWORD upperBits;
+    DWORD lowerBits;
+    DWORD lastErrno;
+
+    lowerBits = osGetFileSize(pFile->h, &upperBits);
+    *pSize = (((sqlite3_int64)upperBits)<<32) + lowerBits;
+    if(   (lowerBits == INVALID_FILE_SIZE)
+       && ((lastErrno = osGetLastError())!=NO_ERROR) ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
+      rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT, pFile->lastErrno,
+                       "winFileSize", pFile->zPath);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  OSTRACE(("SIZE file=%p, pSize=%p, *pSize=%lld, rc=%s\n",
+           pFile->h, pSize, *pSize, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -33965,57 +34778,88 @@
 # define LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY 1
 #endif
 
+#ifndef LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
+# define LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK 2
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Historically, SQLite has used both the LockFile and LockFileEx functions.
+** When the LockFile function was used, it was always expected to fail
+** immediately if the lock could not be obtained.  Also, it always expected to
+** obtain an exclusive lock.  These flags are used with the LockFileEx function
+** and reflect those expectations; therefore, they should not be changed.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_LOCKFILE_FLAGS
+# define SQLITE_LOCKFILE_FLAGS   (LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY | \
+                                  LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Currently, SQLite never calls the LockFileEx function without wanting the
+** call to fail immediately if the lock cannot be obtained.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_LOCKFILEEX_FLAGS
+# define SQLITE_LOCKFILEEX_FLAGS (LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY)
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Acquire a reader lock.
 ** Different API routines are called depending on whether or not this
 ** is Win9x or WinNT.
 */
-static int getReadLock(winFile *pFile){
+static int winGetReadLock(winFile *pFile){
   int res;
-  if( isNT() ){
-    OVERLAPPED ovlp;
-    ovlp.Offset = SHARED_FIRST;
-    ovlp.OffsetHigh = 0;
-    ovlp.hEvent = 0;
-    res = osLockFileEx(pFile->h, LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY,
-                       0, SHARED_SIZE, 0, &ovlp);
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
+  OSTRACE(("READ-LOCK file=%p, lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+    /*
+    ** NOTE: Windows CE is handled differently here due its lack of the Win32
+    **       API LockFileEx.
+    */
+    res = winceLockFile(&pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, 1, 0);
+#else
+    res = winLockFile(&pFile->h, SQLITE_LOCKFILEEX_FLAGS, SHARED_FIRST, 0,
+                      SHARED_SIZE, 0);
+#endif
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
     int lk;
     sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(lk), &lk);
     pFile->sharedLockByte = (short)((lk & 0x7fffffff)%(SHARED_SIZE - 1));
-    res = osLockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST+pFile->sharedLockByte, 0, 1, 0);
-#endif
+    res = winLockFile(&pFile->h, SQLITE_LOCKFILE_FLAGS,
+                      SHARED_FIRST+pFile->sharedLockByte, 0, 1, 0);
   }
+#endif
   if( res == 0 ){
     pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
     /* No need to log a failure to lock */
   }
+  OSTRACE(("READ-LOCK file=%p, result=%d\n", pFile->h, res));
   return res;
 }
 
 /*
 ** Undo a readlock
 */
-static int unlockReadLock(winFile *pFile){
+static int winUnlockReadLock(winFile *pFile){
   int res;
   DWORD lastErrno;
-  if( isNT() ){
-    res = osUnlockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
-    res = osUnlockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST + pFile->sharedLockByte, 0, 1, 0);
-#endif
+  OSTRACE(("READ-UNLOCK file=%p, lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    res = winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
   }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
+    res = winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST+pFile->sharedLockByte, 0, 1, 0);
+  }
+#endif
   if( res==0 && ((lastErrno = osGetLastError())!=ERROR_NOT_LOCKED) ){
     pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
     winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "unlockReadLock", pFile->zPath);
+                "winUnlockReadLock", pFile->zPath);
   }
+  OSTRACE(("READ-UNLOCK file=%p, result=%d\n", pFile->h, res));
   return res;
 }
 
@@ -34054,14 +34898,15 @@
   DWORD lastErrno = NO_ERROR;
 
   assert( id!=0 );
-  OSTRACE(("LOCK %d %d was %d(%d)\n",
-           pFile->h, locktype, pFile->locktype, pFile->sharedLockByte));
+  OSTRACE(("LOCK file=%p, oldLock=%d(%d), newLock=%d\n",
+           pFile->h, pFile->locktype, pFile->sharedLockByte, locktype));
 
   /* If there is already a lock of this type or more restrictive on the
   ** OsFile, do nothing. Don't use the end_lock: exit path, as
   ** sqlite3OsEnterMutex() hasn't been called yet.
   */
   if( pFile->locktype>=locktype ){
+    OSTRACE(("LOCK-HELD file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
@@ -34081,15 +34926,25 @@
          && (pFile->locktype==RESERVED_LOCK))
   ){
     int cnt = 3;
-    while( cnt-->0 && (res = osLockFile(pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0))==0 ){
+    while( cnt-->0 && (res = winLockFile(&pFile->h, SQLITE_LOCKFILE_FLAGS,
+                                         PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0))==0 ){
       /* Try 3 times to get the pending lock.  This is needed to work
       ** around problems caused by indexing and/or anti-virus software on
       ** Windows systems.
       ** If you are using this code as a model for alternative VFSes, do not
       ** copy this retry logic.  It is a hack intended for Windows only.
       */
-      OSTRACE(("could not get a PENDING lock. cnt=%d\n", cnt));
-      if( cnt ) osSleep(1);
+      lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+      OSTRACE(("LOCK-PENDING-FAIL file=%p, count=%d, result=%d\n",
+               pFile->h, cnt, res));
+      if( lastErrno==ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE ){
+        pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
+        rc = SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK;
+        OSTRACE(("LOCK-FAIL file=%p, count=%d, rc=%s\n",
+                 pFile->h, cnt, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+        return rc;
+      }
+      if( cnt ) sqlite3_win32_sleep(1);
     }
     gotPendingLock = res;
     if( !res ){
@@ -34101,7 +34956,7 @@
   */
   if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && res ){
     assert( pFile->locktype==NO_LOCK );
-    res = getReadLock(pFile);
+    res = winGetReadLock(pFile);
     if( res ){
       newLocktype = SHARED_LOCK;
     }else{
@@ -34113,7 +34968,7 @@
   */
   if( locktype==RESERVED_LOCK && res ){
     assert( pFile->locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
-    res = osLockFile(pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    res = winLockFile(&pFile->h, SQLITE_LOCKFILE_FLAGS, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
     if( res ){
       newLocktype = RESERVED_LOCK;
     }else{
@@ -34132,15 +34987,14 @@
   */
   if( locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && res ){
     assert( pFile->locktype>=SHARED_LOCK );
-    res = unlockReadLock(pFile);
-    OSTRACE(("unreadlock = %d\n", res));
-    res = osLockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
+    res = winUnlockReadLock(pFile);
+    res = winLockFile(&pFile->h, SQLITE_LOCKFILE_FLAGS, SHARED_FIRST, 0,
+                      SHARED_SIZE, 0);
     if( res ){
       newLocktype = EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
     }else{
       lastErrno = osGetLastError();
-      OSTRACE(("error-code = %d\n", lastErrno));
-      getReadLock(pFile);
+      winGetReadLock(pFile);
     }
   }
 
@@ -34148,7 +35002,7 @@
   ** release it now.
   */
   if( gotPendingLock && locktype==SHARED_LOCK ){
-    osUnlockFile(pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
   }
 
   /* Update the state of the lock has held in the file descriptor then
@@ -34157,12 +35011,14 @@
   if( res ){
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
-    OSTRACE(("LOCK FAILED %d trying for %d but got %d\n", pFile->h,
-           locktype, newLocktype));
     pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
     rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    OSTRACE(("LOCK-FAIL file=%p, wanted=%d, got=%d\n",
+             pFile->h, locktype, newLocktype));
   }
   pFile->locktype = (u8)newLocktype;
+  OSTRACE(("LOCK file=%p, lock=%d, rc=%s\n",
+           pFile->h, pFile->locktype, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -34172,24 +35028,27 @@
 ** non-zero, otherwise zero.
 */
 static int winCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut){
-  int rc;
+  int res;
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
 
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK; );
+  OSTRACE(("TEST-WR-LOCK file=%p, pResOut=%p\n", pFile->h, pResOut));
 
   assert( id!=0 );
   if( pFile->locktype>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
-    rc = 1;
-    OSTRACE(("TEST WR-LOCK %d %d (local)\n", pFile->h, rc));
+    res = 1;
+    OSTRACE(("TEST-WR-LOCK file=%p, result=%d (local)\n", pFile->h, res));
   }else{
-    rc = osLockFile(pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
-    if( rc ){
-      osUnlockFile(pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    res = winLockFile(&pFile->h, SQLITE_LOCKFILEEX_FLAGS,RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    if( res ){
+      winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
     }
-    rc = !rc;
-    OSTRACE(("TEST WR-LOCK %d %d (remote)\n", pFile->h, rc));
+    res = !res;
+    OSTRACE(("TEST-WR-LOCK file=%p, result=%d (remote)\n", pFile->h, res));
   }
-  *pResOut = rc;
+  *pResOut = res;
+  OSTRACE(("TEST-WR-LOCK file=%p, pResOut=%p, *pResOut=%d, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+           pFile->h, pResOut, *pResOut));
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -34210,28 +35069,30 @@
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   assert( pFile!=0 );
   assert( locktype<=SHARED_LOCK );
-  OSTRACE(("UNLOCK %d to %d was %d(%d)\n", pFile->h, locktype,
-          pFile->locktype, pFile->sharedLockByte));
+  OSTRACE(("UNLOCK file=%p, oldLock=%d(%d), newLock=%d\n",
+           pFile->h, pFile->locktype, pFile->sharedLockByte, locktype));
   type = pFile->locktype;
   if( type>=EXCLUSIVE_LOCK ){
-    osUnlockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
-    if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && !getReadLock(pFile) ){
+    winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
+    if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && !winGetReadLock(pFile) ){
       /* This should never happen.  We should always be able to
       ** reacquire the read lock */
       rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK, osGetLastError(),
-               "winUnlock", pFile->zPath);
+                       "winUnlock", pFile->zPath);
     }
   }
   if( type>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
-    osUnlockFile(pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
   }
   if( locktype==NO_LOCK && type>=SHARED_LOCK ){
-    unlockReadLock(pFile);
+    winUnlockReadLock(pFile);
   }
   if( type>=PENDING_LOCK ){
-    osUnlockFile(pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
   }
   pFile->locktype = (u8)locktype;
+  OSTRACE(("UNLOCK file=%p, lock=%d, rc=%s\n",
+           pFile->h, pFile->locktype, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -34251,22 +35112,31 @@
   }
 }
 
+/* Forward references to VFS helper methods used for temporary files */
+static int winGetTempname(sqlite3_vfs *, char **);
+static int winIsDir(const void *);
+static BOOL winIsDriveLetterAndColon(const char *);
+
 /*
 ** Control and query of the open file handle.
 */
 static int winFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
+  OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, op=%d, pArg=%p\n", pFile->h, op, pArg));
   switch( op ){
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE: {
       *(int*)pArg = pFile->locktype;
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO: {
       *(int*)pArg = (int)pFile->lastErrno;
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE: {
       pFile->szChunk = *(int *)pArg;
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT: {
@@ -34281,37 +35151,83 @@
             SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
           }
         }
+        OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=%s\n", pFile->h, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
         return rc;
       }
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL: {
       winModeBit(pFile, WINFILE_PERSIST_WAL, (int*)pArg);
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE: {
       winModeBit(pFile, WINFILE_PSOW, (int*)pArg);
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_VFSNAME: {
-      *(char**)pArg = sqlite3_mprintf("win32");
+      *(char**)pArg = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", pFile->pVfs->zName);
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY: {
       int *a = (int*)pArg;
       if( a[0]>0 ){
-        win32IoerrRetry = a[0];
+        winIoerrRetry = a[0];
       }else{
-        a[0] = win32IoerrRetry;
+        a[0] = winIoerrRetry;
       }
       if( a[1]>0 ){
-        win32IoerrRetryDelay = a[1];
+        winIoerrRetryDelay = a[1];
       }else{
-        a[1] = win32IoerrRetryDelay;
+        a[1] = winIoerrRetryDelay;
       }
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE: {
+      LPHANDLE phFile = (LPHANDLE)pArg;
+      HANDLE hOldFile = pFile->h;
+      pFile->h = *phFile;
+      *phFile = hOldFile;
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL oldFile=%p, newFile=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+               hOldFile, pFile->h));
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+#endif
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME: {
+      char *zTFile = 0;
+      int rc = winGetTempname(pFile->pVfs, &zTFile);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        *(char**)pArg = zTFile;
+      }
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=%s\n", pFile->h, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+      return rc;
+    }
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE: {
+      i64 newLimit = *(i64*)pArg;
+      int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      if( newLimit>sqlite3GlobalConfig.mxMmap ){
+        newLimit = sqlite3GlobalConfig.mxMmap;
+      }
+      *(i64*)pArg = pFile->mmapSizeMax;
+      if( newLimit>=0 && newLimit!=pFile->mmapSizeMax && pFile->nFetchOut==0 ){
+        pFile->mmapSizeMax = newLimit;
+        if( pFile->mmapSize>0 ){
+          winUnmapfile(pFile);
+          rc = winMapfile(pFile, -1);
+        }
+      }
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=%s\n", pFile->h, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+      return rc;
+    }
+#endif
   }
+  OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_NOTFOUND\n", pFile->h));
   return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
 }
 
@@ -34339,23 +35255,23 @@
          ((p->ctrlFlags & WINFILE_PSOW)?SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE:0);
 }
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-
-/* 
+/*
 ** Windows will only let you create file view mappings
 ** on allocation size granularity boundaries.
 ** During sqlite3_os_init() we do a GetSystemInfo()
 ** to get the granularity size.
 */
-SYSTEM_INFO winSysInfo;
+static SYSTEM_INFO winSysInfo;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
 
 /*
 ** Helper functions to obtain and relinquish the global mutex. The
-** global mutex is used to protect the winLockInfo objects used by 
+** global mutex is used to protect the winLockInfo objects used by
 ** this file, all of which may be shared by multiple threads.
 **
-** Function winShmMutexHeld() is used to assert() that the global mutex 
-** is held when required. This function is only used as part of assert() 
+** Function winShmMutexHeld() is used to assert() that the global mutex
+** is held when required. This function is only used as part of assert()
 ** statements. e.g.
 **
 **   winShmEnterMutex()
@@ -34368,7 +35284,7 @@
 static void winShmLeaveMutex(void){
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
 }
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#ifndef NDEBUG
 static int winShmMutexHeld(void) {
   return sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
 }
@@ -34385,10 +35301,10 @@
 ** this object or while reading or writing the following fields:
 **
 **      nRef
-**      pNext 
+**      pNext
 **
 ** The following fields are read-only after the object is created:
-** 
+**
 **      fid
 **      zFilename
 **
@@ -34467,27 +35383,24 @@
   int ofst,             /* Offset to first byte to be locked/unlocked */
   int nByte             /* Number of bytes to lock or unlock */
 ){
-  OVERLAPPED ovlp;
-  DWORD dwFlags;
   int rc = 0;           /* Result code form Lock/UnlockFileEx() */
 
   /* Access to the winShmNode object is serialized by the caller */
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pFile->mutex) || pFile->nRef==0 );
 
-  /* Initialize the locking parameters */
-  dwFlags = LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY;
-  if( lockType == _SHM_WRLCK ) dwFlags |= LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
-
-  memset(&ovlp, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
-  ovlp.Offset = ofst;
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK file=%p, lock=%d, offset=%d, size=%d\n",
+           pFile->hFile.h, lockType, ofst, nByte));
 
   /* Release/Acquire the system-level lock */
   if( lockType==_SHM_UNLCK ){
-    rc = osUnlockFileEx(pFile->hFile.h, 0, nByte, 0, &ovlp);
+    rc = winUnlockFile(&pFile->hFile.h, ofst, 0, nByte, 0);
   }else{
-    rc = osLockFileEx(pFile->hFile.h, dwFlags, 0, nByte, 0, &ovlp);
+    /* Initialize the locking parameters */
+    DWORD dwFlags = LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY;
+    if( lockType == _SHM_WRLCK ) dwFlags |= LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
+    rc = winLockFile(&pFile->hFile.h, dwFlags, ofst, 0, nByte, 0);
   }
-  
+
   if( rc!= 0 ){
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
@@ -34495,11 +35408,9 @@
     rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
   }
 
-  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK %d %s %s 0x%08lx\n", 
-           pFile->hFile.h,
-           rc==SQLITE_OK ? "ok" : "failed",
-           lockType==_SHM_UNLCK ? "UnlockFileEx" : "LockFileEx",
-           pFile->lastErrno));
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK file=%p, func=%s, errno=%lu, rc=%s\n",
+           pFile->hFile.h, (lockType == _SHM_UNLCK) ? "winUnlockFile" :
+           "winLockFile", pFile->lastErrno, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
 
   return rc;
 }
@@ -34517,24 +35428,25 @@
 static void winShmPurge(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int deleteFlag){
   winShmNode **pp;
   winShmNode *p;
-  BOOL bRc;
   assert( winShmMutexHeld() );
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid=%lu, deleteFlag=%d\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), deleteFlag));
   pp = &winShmNodeList;
   while( (p = *pp)!=0 ){
     if( p->nRef==0 ){
       int i;
-      if( p->mutex ) sqlite3_mutex_free(p->mutex);
+      if( p->mutex ){ sqlite3_mutex_free(p->mutex); }
       for(i=0; i<p->nRegion; i++){
-        bRc = osUnmapViewOfFile(p->aRegion[i].pMap);
-        OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid-%d unmap region=%d %s\n",
-                 (int)osGetCurrentProcessId(), i,
-                 bRc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+        BOOL bRc = osUnmapViewOfFile(p->aRegion[i].pMap);
+        OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE-UNMAP pid=%lu, region=%d, rc=%s\n",
+                 osGetCurrentProcessId(), i, bRc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+        UNUSED_VARIABLE_VALUE(bRc);
         bRc = osCloseHandle(p->aRegion[i].hMap);
-        OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid-%d close region=%d %s\n",
-                 (int)osGetCurrentProcessId(), i,
-                 bRc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+        OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE-CLOSE pid=%lu, region=%d, rc=%s\n",
+                 osGetCurrentProcessId(), i, bRc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+        UNUSED_VARIABLE_VALUE(bRc);
       }
-      if( p->hFile.h != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ){
+      if( p->hFile.h!=NULL && p->hFile.h!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ){
         SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
         winClose((sqlite3_file *)&p->hFile);
         SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
@@ -34574,19 +35486,17 @@
   /* Allocate space for the new sqlite3_shm object.  Also speculatively
   ** allocate space for a new winShmNode and filename.
   */
-  p = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*p) );
+  p = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*p) );
   if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
-  memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
   nName = sqlite3Strlen30(pDbFd->zPath);
-  pNew = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pShmNode) + nName + 17 );
+  pNew = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*pShmNode) + nName + 17 );
   if( pNew==0 ){
     sqlite3_free(p);
     return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
   }
-  memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(*pNew) + nName + 17);
   pNew->zFilename = (char*)&pNew[1];
   sqlite3_snprintf(nName+15, pNew->zFilename, "%s-shm", pDbFd->zPath);
-  sqlite3FileSuffix3(pDbFd->zPath, pNew->zFilename); 
+  sqlite3FileSuffix3(pDbFd->zPath, pNew->zFilename);
 
   /* Look to see if there is an existing winShmNode that can be used.
   ** If no matching winShmNode currently exists, create a new one.
@@ -34616,20 +35526,20 @@
     rc = winOpen(pDbFd->pVfs,
                  pShmNode->zFilename,             /* Name of the file (UTF-8) */
                  (sqlite3_file*)&pShmNode->hFile,  /* File handle here */
-                 SQLITE_OPEN_WAL | SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, /* Mode flags */
+                 SQLITE_OPEN_WAL | SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE,
                  0);
     if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
       goto shm_open_err;
     }
 
     /* Check to see if another process is holding the dead-man switch.
-    ** If not, truncate the file to zero length. 
+    ** If not, truncate the file to zero length.
     */
     if( winShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_WRLCK, WIN_SHM_DMS, 1)==SQLITE_OK ){
       rc = winTruncate((sqlite3_file *)&pShmNode->hFile, 0);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN, osGetLastError(),
-                 "winOpenShm", pDbFd->zPath);
+                         "winOpenShm", pDbFd->zPath);
       }
     }
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -34652,7 +35562,7 @@
   ** the cover of the winShmEnterMutex() mutex and the pointer from the
   ** new (struct winShm) object to the pShmNode has been set. All that is
   ** left to do is to link the new object into the linked list starting
-  ** at pShmNode->pFirst. This must be done while holding the pShmNode->mutex 
+  ** at pShmNode->pFirst. This must be done while holding the pShmNode->mutex
   ** mutex.
   */
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
@@ -34672,7 +35582,7 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Close a connection to shared-memory.  Delete the underlying 
+** Close a connection to shared-memory.  Delete the underlying
 ** storage if deleteFlag is true.
 */
 static int winShmUnmap(
@@ -34761,7 +35671,7 @@
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       p->exclMask &= ~mask;
       p->sharedMask &= ~mask;
-    } 
+    }
   }else if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_SHARED ){
     u16 allShared = 0;  /* Union of locks held by connections other than "p" */
 
@@ -34800,7 +35710,7 @@
         break;
       }
     }
-  
+
     /* Get the exclusive locks at the system level.  Then if successful
     ** also mark the local connection as being locked.
     */
@@ -34813,14 +35723,14 @@
     }
   }
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
-  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK shmid-%d, pid-%d got %03x,%03x %s\n",
-           p->id, (int)osGetCurrentProcessId(), p->sharedMask, p->exclMask,
-           rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK pid=%lu, id=%d, sharedMask=%03x, exclMask=%03x, rc=%s\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), p->id, p->sharedMask, p->exclMask,
+           sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
-** Implement a memory barrier or memory fence on shared memory.  
+** Implement a memory barrier or memory fence on shared memory.
 **
 ** All loads and stores begun before the barrier must complete before
 ** any load or store begun after the barrier.
@@ -34835,22 +35745,22 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** This function is called to obtain a pointer to region iRegion of the 
-** shared-memory associated with the database file fd. Shared-memory regions 
-** are numbered starting from zero. Each shared-memory region is szRegion 
+** This function is called to obtain a pointer to region iRegion of the
+** shared-memory associated with the database file fd. Shared-memory regions
+** are numbered starting from zero. Each shared-memory region is szRegion
 ** bytes in size.
 **
 ** If an error occurs, an error code is returned and *pp is set to NULL.
 **
 ** Otherwise, if the isWrite parameter is 0 and the requested shared-memory
 ** region has not been allocated (by any client, including one running in a
-** separate process), then *pp is set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned. If 
-** isWrite is non-zero and the requested shared-memory region has not yet 
+** separate process), then *pp is set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned. If
+** isWrite is non-zero and the requested shared-memory region has not yet
 ** been allocated, it is allocated by this function.
 **
 ** If the shared-memory region has already been allocated or is allocated by
-** this call as described above, then it is mapped into this processes 
-** address space (if it is not already), *pp is set to point to the mapped 
+** this call as described above, then it is mapped into this processes
+** address space (if it is not already), *pp is set to point to the mapped
 ** memory and SQLITE_OK returned.
 */
 static int winShmMap(
@@ -34889,7 +35799,7 @@
     rc = winFileSize((sqlite3_file *)&pShmNode->hFile, &sz);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, osGetLastError(),
-               "winShmMap1", pDbFd->zPath);
+                       "winShmMap1", pDbFd->zPath);
       goto shmpage_out;
     }
 
@@ -34904,7 +35814,7 @@
       rc = winTruncate((sqlite3_file *)&pShmNode->hFile, nByte);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, osGetLastError(),
-                 "winShmMap2", pDbFd->zPath);
+                         "winShmMap2", pDbFd->zPath);
         goto shmpage_out;
       }
     }
@@ -34920,29 +35830,45 @@
     pShmNode->aRegion = apNew;
 
     while( pShmNode->nRegion<=iRegion ){
-      HANDLE hMap;                /* file-mapping handle */
+      HANDLE hMap = NULL;         /* file-mapping handle */
       void *pMap = 0;             /* Mapped memory region */
-     
-      hMap = osCreateFileMapping(pShmNode->hFile.h, 
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+      hMap = osCreateFileMappingFromApp(pShmNode->hFile.h,
+          NULL, PAGE_READWRITE, nByte, NULL
+      );
+#elif defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+      hMap = osCreateFileMappingW(pShmNode->hFile.h,
           NULL, PAGE_READWRITE, 0, nByte, NULL
       );
-      OSTRACE(("SHM-MAP pid-%d create region=%d nbyte=%d %s\n",
-               (int)osGetCurrentProcessId(), pShmNode->nRegion, nByte,
+#elif defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+      hMap = osCreateFileMappingA(pShmNode->hFile.h,
+          NULL, PAGE_READWRITE, 0, nByte, NULL
+      );
+#endif
+      OSTRACE(("SHM-MAP-CREATE pid=%lu, region=%d, size=%d, rc=%s\n",
+               osGetCurrentProcessId(), pShmNode->nRegion, nByte,
                hMap ? "ok" : "failed"));
       if( hMap ){
         int iOffset = pShmNode->nRegion*szRegion;
         int iOffsetShift = iOffset % winSysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity;
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+        pMap = osMapViewOfFileFromApp(hMap, FILE_MAP_WRITE | FILE_MAP_READ,
+            iOffset - iOffsetShift, szRegion + iOffsetShift
+        );
+#else
         pMap = osMapViewOfFile(hMap, FILE_MAP_WRITE | FILE_MAP_READ,
             0, iOffset - iOffsetShift, szRegion + iOffsetShift
         );
-        OSTRACE(("SHM-MAP pid-%d map region=%d offset=%d size=%d %s\n",
-                 (int)osGetCurrentProcessId(), pShmNode->nRegion, iOffset,
+#endif
+        OSTRACE(("SHM-MAP-MAP pid=%lu, region=%d, offset=%d, size=%d, rc=%s\n",
+                 osGetCurrentProcessId(), pShmNode->nRegion, iOffset,
                  szRegion, pMap ? "ok" : "failed"));
       }
       if( !pMap ){
         pShmNode->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
         rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP, pShmNode->lastErrno,
-                 "winShmMap3", pDbFd->zPath);
+                         "winShmMap3", pDbFd->zPath);
         if( hMap ) osCloseHandle(hMap);
         goto shmpage_out;
       }
@@ -34974,6 +35900,231 @@
 #endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
 
 /*
+** Cleans up the mapped region of the specified file, if any.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+static int winUnmapfile(winFile *pFile){
+  assert( pFile!=0 );
+  OSTRACE(("UNMAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, hMap=%p, pMapRegion=%p, "
+           "mmapSize=%lld, mmapSizeActual=%lld, mmapSizeMax=%lld\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFile, pFile->hMap, pFile->pMapRegion,
+           pFile->mmapSize, pFile->mmapSizeActual, pFile->mmapSizeMax));
+  if( pFile->pMapRegion ){
+    if( !osUnmapViewOfFile(pFile->pMapRegion) ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+      OSTRACE(("UNMAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, pMapRegion=%p, "
+               "rc=SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP\n", osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFile,
+               pFile->pMapRegion));
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP, pFile->lastErrno,
+                         "winUnmapfile1", pFile->zPath);
+    }
+    pFile->pMapRegion = 0;
+    pFile->mmapSize = 0;
+    pFile->mmapSizeActual = 0;
+  }
+  if( pFile->hMap!=NULL ){
+    if( !osCloseHandle(pFile->hMap) ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+      OSTRACE(("UNMAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, hMap=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP\n",
+               osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFile, pFile->hMap));
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP, pFile->lastErrno,
+                         "winUnmapfile2", pFile->zPath);
+    }
+    pFile->hMap = NULL;
+  }
+  OSTRACE(("UNMAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFile));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Memory map or remap the file opened by file-descriptor pFd (if the file
+** is already mapped, the existing mapping is replaced by the new). Or, if
+** there already exists a mapping for this file, and there are still
+** outstanding xFetch() references to it, this function is a no-op.
+**
+** If parameter nByte is non-negative, then it is the requested size of
+** the mapping to create. Otherwise, if nByte is less than zero, then the
+** requested size is the size of the file on disk. The actual size of the
+** created mapping is either the requested size or the value configured
+** using SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE, whichever is smaller.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error occurs (even if the mapping is not
+** recreated as a result of outstanding references) or an SQLite error
+** code otherwise.
+*/
+static int winMapfile(winFile *pFd, sqlite3_int64 nByte){
+  sqlite3_int64 nMap = nByte;
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( nMap>=0 || pFd->nFetchOut==0 );
+  OSTRACE(("MAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, size=%lld\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd, nByte));
+
+  if( pFd->nFetchOut>0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( nMap<0 ){
+    rc = winFileSize((sqlite3_file*)pFd, &nMap);
+    if( rc ){
+      OSTRACE(("MAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT\n",
+               osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd));
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
+    }
+  }
+  if( nMap>pFd->mmapSizeMax ){
+    nMap = pFd->mmapSizeMax;
+  }
+  nMap &= ~(sqlite3_int64)(winSysInfo.dwPageSize - 1);
+
+  if( nMap==0 && pFd->mmapSize>0 ){
+    winUnmapfile(pFd);
+  }
+  if( nMap!=pFd->mmapSize ){
+    void *pNew = 0;
+    DWORD protect = PAGE_READONLY;
+    DWORD flags = FILE_MAP_READ;
+
+    winUnmapfile(pFd);
+    if( (pFd->ctrlFlags & WINFILE_RDONLY)==0 ){
+      protect = PAGE_READWRITE;
+      flags |= FILE_MAP_WRITE;
+    }
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+    pFd->hMap = osCreateFileMappingFromApp(pFd->h, NULL, protect, nMap, NULL);
+#elif defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+    pFd->hMap = osCreateFileMappingW(pFd->h, NULL, protect,
+                                (DWORD)((nMap>>32) & 0xffffffff),
+                                (DWORD)(nMap & 0xffffffff), NULL);
+#elif defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+    pFd->hMap = osCreateFileMappingA(pFd->h, NULL, protect,
+                                (DWORD)((nMap>>32) & 0xffffffff),
+                                (DWORD)(nMap & 0xffffffff), NULL);
+#endif
+    if( pFd->hMap==NULL ){
+      pFd->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+      rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP, pFd->lastErrno,
+                       "winMapfile1", pFd->zPath);
+      /* Log the error, but continue normal operation using xRead/xWrite */
+      OSTRACE(("MAP-FILE-CREATE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=%s\n",
+               osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    assert( (nMap % winSysInfo.dwPageSize)==0 );
+    assert( sizeof(SIZE_T)==sizeof(sqlite3_int64) || nMap<=0xffffffff );
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+    pNew = osMapViewOfFileFromApp(pFd->hMap, flags, 0, (SIZE_T)nMap);
+#else
+    pNew = osMapViewOfFile(pFd->hMap, flags, 0, 0, (SIZE_T)nMap);
+#endif
+    if( pNew==NULL ){
+      osCloseHandle(pFd->hMap);
+      pFd->hMap = NULL;
+      pFd->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+      rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP, pFd->lastErrno,
+                       "winMapfile2", pFd->zPath);
+      /* Log the error, but continue normal operation using xRead/xWrite */
+      OSTRACE(("MAP-FILE-MAP pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=%s\n",
+               osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    pFd->pMapRegion = pNew;
+    pFd->mmapSize = nMap;
+    pFd->mmapSizeActual = nMap;
+  }
+
+  OSTRACE(("MAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0 */
+
+/*
+** If possible, return a pointer to a mapping of file fd starting at offset
+** iOff. The mapping must be valid for at least nAmt bytes.
+**
+** If such a pointer can be obtained, store it in *pp and return SQLITE_OK.
+** Or, if one cannot but no error occurs, set *pp to 0 and return SQLITE_OK.
+** Finally, if an error does occur, return an SQLite error code. The final
+** value of *pp is undefined in this case.
+**
+** If this function does return a pointer, the caller must eventually
+** release the reference by calling winUnfetch().
+*/
+static int winFetch(sqlite3_file *fd, i64 iOff, int nAmt, void **pp){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  winFile *pFd = (winFile*)fd;   /* The underlying database file */
+#endif
+  *pp = 0;
+
+  OSTRACE(("FETCH pid=%lu, pFile=%p, offset=%lld, amount=%d, pp=%p\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), fd, iOff, nAmt, pp));
+
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  if( pFd->mmapSizeMax>0 ){
+    if( pFd->pMapRegion==0 ){
+      int rc = winMapfile(pFd, -1);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        OSTRACE(("FETCH pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=%s\n",
+                 osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }
+    if( pFd->mmapSize >= iOff+nAmt ){
+      *pp = &((u8 *)pFd->pMapRegion)[iOff];
+      pFd->nFetchOut++;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  OSTRACE(("FETCH pid=%lu, pFile=%p, pp=%p, *pp=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), fd, pp, *pp));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** If the third argument is non-NULL, then this function releases a
+** reference obtained by an earlier call to winFetch(). The second
+** argument passed to this function must be the same as the corresponding
+** argument that was passed to the winFetch() invocation.
+**
+** Or, if the third argument is NULL, then this function is being called
+** to inform the VFS layer that, according to POSIX, any existing mapping
+** may now be invalid and should be unmapped.
+*/
+static int winUnfetch(sqlite3_file *fd, i64 iOff, void *p){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  winFile *pFd = (winFile*)fd;   /* The underlying database file */
+
+  /* If p==0 (unmap the entire file) then there must be no outstanding
+  ** xFetch references. Or, if p!=0 (meaning it is an xFetch reference),
+  ** then there must be at least one outstanding.  */
+  assert( (p==0)==(pFd->nFetchOut==0) );
+
+  /* If p!=0, it must match the iOff value. */
+  assert( p==0 || p==&((u8 *)pFd->pMapRegion)[iOff] );
+
+  OSTRACE(("UNFETCH pid=%lu, pFile=%p, offset=%lld, p=%p\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd, iOff, p));
+
+  if( p ){
+    pFd->nFetchOut--;
+  }else{
+    /* FIXME:  If Windows truly always prevents truncating or deleting a
+    ** file while a mapping is held, then the following winUnmapfile() call
+    ** is unnecessary can can be omitted - potentially improving
+    ** performance.  */
+    winUnmapfile(pFd);
+  }
+
+  assert( pFd->nFetchOut>=0 );
+#endif
+
+  OSTRACE(("UNFETCH pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), fd));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Here ends the implementation of all sqlite3_file methods.
 **
 ********************** End sqlite3_file Methods *******************************
@@ -34984,7 +36135,7 @@
 ** sqlite3_file for win32.
 */
 static const sqlite3_io_methods winIoMethod = {
-  2,                              /* iVersion */
+  3,                              /* iVersion */
   winClose,                       /* xClose */
   winRead,                        /* xRead */
   winWrite,                       /* xWrite */
@@ -35000,7 +36151,9 @@
   winShmMap,                      /* xShmMap */
   winShmLock,                     /* xShmLock */
   winShmBarrier,                  /* xShmBarrier */
-  winShmUnmap                     /* xShmUnmap */
+  winShmUnmap,                    /* xShmUnmap */
+  winFetch,                       /* xFetch */
+  winUnfetch                      /* xUnfetch */
 };
 
 /****************************************************************************
@@ -35010,89 +36163,285 @@
 ** sqlite3_vfs object.
 */
 
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+/*
+** Convert a filename from whatever the underlying operating system
+** supports for filenames into UTF-8.  Space to hold the result is
+** obtained from malloc and must be freed by the calling function.
+*/
+static char *winConvertToUtf8Filename(const void *zFilename){
+  char *zConverted = 0;
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    zConverted = winUnicodeToUtf8(zFilename);
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
+    zConverted = sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(zFilename);
+  }
+#endif
+  /* caller will handle out of memory */
+  return zConverted;
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Convert a UTF-8 filename into whatever form the underlying
 ** operating system wants filenames in.  Space to hold the result
 ** is obtained from malloc and must be freed by the calling
 ** function.
 */
-static void *convertUtf8Filename(const char *zFilename){
+static void *winConvertFromUtf8Filename(const char *zFilename){
   void *zConverted = 0;
-  if( isNT() ){
-    zConverted = utf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
-    zConverted = sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_mbcs(zFilename);
-#endif
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    zConverted = winUtf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
   }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
+    zConverted = sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_mbcs(zFilename);
+  }
+#endif
   /* caller will handle out of memory */
   return zConverted;
 }
 
 /*
-** Create a temporary file name in zBuf.  zBuf must be big enough to
-** hold at pVfs->mxPathname characters.
+** This function returns non-zero if the specified UTF-8 string buffer
+** ends with a directory separator character or one was successfully
+** added to it.
 */
-static int getTempname(int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+static int winMakeEndInDirSep(int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+  if( zBuf ){
+    int nLen = sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf);
+    if( nLen>0 ){
+      if( winIsDirSep(zBuf[nLen-1]) ){
+        return 1;
+      }else if( nLen+1<nBuf ){
+        zBuf[nLen] = winGetDirSep();
+        zBuf[nLen+1] = '\0';
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a temporary file name and store the resulting pointer into pzBuf.
+** The pointer returned in pzBuf must be freed via sqlite3_free().
+*/
+static int winGetTempname(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, char **pzBuf){
   static char zChars[] =
     "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
     "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
     "0123456789";
   size_t i, j;
-  char zTempPath[MAX_PATH+2];
+  int nPre = sqlite3Strlen30(SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX);
+  int nMax, nBuf, nDir, nLen;
+  char *zBuf;
 
   /* It's odd to simulate an io-error here, but really this is just
   ** using the io-error infrastructure to test that SQLite handles this
-  ** function failing. 
+  ** function failing.
   */
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR );
 
+  /* Allocate a temporary buffer to store the fully qualified file
+  ** name for the temporary file.  If this fails, we cannot continue.
+  */
+  nMax = pVfs->mxPathname; nBuf = nMax + 2;
+  zBuf = sqlite3MallocZero( nBuf );
+  if( !zBuf ){
+    OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  /* Figure out the effective temporary directory.  First, check if one
+  ** has been explicitly set by the application; otherwise, use the one
+  ** configured by the operating system.
+  */
+  nDir = nMax - (nPre + 15);
+  assert( nDir>0 );
   if( sqlite3_temp_directory ){
-    sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", sqlite3_temp_directory);
-  }else if( isNT() ){
+    int nDirLen = sqlite3Strlen30(sqlite3_temp_directory);
+    if( nDirLen>0 ){
+      if( !winIsDirSep(sqlite3_temp_directory[nDirLen-1]) ){
+        nDirLen++;
+      }
+      if( nDirLen>nDir ){
+        sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+        OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_ERROR\n"));
+        return winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, 0, "winGetTempname1", 0);
+      }
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nMax, zBuf, "%s", sqlite3_temp_directory);
+    }
+  }
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+  else{
+    static const char *azDirs[] = {
+       0, /* getenv("SQLITE_TMPDIR") */
+       0, /* getenv("TMPDIR") */
+       0, /* getenv("TMP") */
+       0, /* getenv("TEMP") */
+       0, /* getenv("USERPROFILE") */
+       "/var/tmp",
+       "/usr/tmp",
+       "/tmp",
+       ".",
+       0        /* List terminator */
+    };
+    unsigned int i;
+    const char *zDir = 0;
+
+    if( !azDirs[0] ) azDirs[0] = getenv("SQLITE_TMPDIR");
+    if( !azDirs[1] ) azDirs[1] = getenv("TMPDIR");
+    if( !azDirs[2] ) azDirs[2] = getenv("TMP");
+    if( !azDirs[3] ) azDirs[3] = getenv("TEMP");
+    if( !azDirs[4] ) azDirs[4] = getenv("USERPROFILE");
+    for(i=0; i<sizeof(azDirs)/sizeof(azDirs[0]); zDir=azDirs[i++]){
+      void *zConverted;
+      if( zDir==0 ) continue;
+      /* If the path starts with a drive letter followed by the colon
+      ** character, assume it is already a native Win32 path; otherwise,
+      ** it must be converted to a native Win32 path via the Cygwin API
+      ** prior to using it.
+      */
+      if( winIsDriveLetterAndColon(zDir) ){
+        zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zDir);
+        if( !zConverted ){
+          sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+          OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
+          return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+        }
+        if( winIsDir(zConverted) ){
+          sqlite3_snprintf(nMax, zBuf, "%s", zDir);
+          sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+          break;
+        }
+        sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+      }else{
+        zConverted = sqlite3MallocZero( nMax+1 );
+        if( !zConverted ){
+          sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+          OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
+          return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+        }
+        if( cygwin_conv_path(
+                osIsNT() ? CCP_POSIX_TO_WIN_W : CCP_POSIX_TO_WIN_A, zDir,
+                zConverted, nMax+1)<0 ){
+          sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+          sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+          OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH\n"));
+          return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH, (DWORD)errno,
+                             "winGetTempname2", zDir);
+        }
+        if( winIsDir(zConverted) ){
+          /* At this point, we know the candidate directory exists and should
+          ** be used.  However, we may need to convert the string containing
+          ** its name into UTF-8 (i.e. if it is UTF-16 right now).
+          */
+          char *zUtf8 = winConvertToUtf8Filename(zConverted);
+          if( !zUtf8 ){
+            sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+            sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+            OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
+            return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+          }
+          sqlite3_snprintf(nMax, zBuf, "%s", zUtf8);
+          sqlite3_free(zUtf8);
+          sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+          break;
+        }
+        sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#elif !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+  else if( osIsNT() ){
     char *zMulti;
-    WCHAR zWidePath[MAX_PATH];
-    osGetTempPathW(MAX_PATH-30, zWidePath);
-    zMulti = unicodeToUtf8(zWidePath);
-    if( zMulti ){
-      sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", zMulti);
-      sqlite3_free(zMulti);
-    }else{
+    LPWSTR zWidePath = sqlite3MallocZero( nMax*sizeof(WCHAR) );
+    if( !zWidePath ){
+      sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+      OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
       return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
     }
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
+    if( osGetTempPathW(nMax, zWidePath)==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zWidePath);
+      sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+      OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH\n"));
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH, osGetLastError(),
+                         "winGetTempname2", 0);
+    }
+    zMulti = winUnicodeToUtf8(zWidePath);
+    if( zMulti ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nMax, zBuf, "%s", zMulti);
+      sqlite3_free(zMulti);
+      sqlite3_free(zWidePath);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_free(zWidePath);
+      sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+      OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
     char *zUtf8;
-    char zMbcsPath[MAX_PATH];
-    osGetTempPathA(MAX_PATH-30, zMbcsPath);
+    char *zMbcsPath = sqlite3MallocZero( nMax );
+    if( !zMbcsPath ){
+      sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+      OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+    }
+    if( osGetTempPathA(nMax, zMbcsPath)==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+      OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH\n"));
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH, osGetLastError(),
+                         "winGetTempname3", 0);
+    }
     zUtf8 = sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(zMbcsPath);
     if( zUtf8 ){
-      sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", zUtf8);
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nMax, zBuf, "%s", zUtf8);
       sqlite3_free(zUtf8);
     }else{
+      sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+      OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
       return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
     }
-#endif
   }
+#endif /* SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI */
+#endif /* !SQLITE_OS_WINRT */
 
-  /* Check that the output buffer is large enough for the temporary file 
-  ** name. If it is not, return SQLITE_ERROR.
+  /*
+  ** Check to make sure the temporary directory ends with an appropriate
+  ** separator.  If it does not and there is not enough space left to add
+  ** one, fail.
   */
-  if( (sqlite3Strlen30(zTempPath) + sqlite3Strlen30(SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX) + 18) >= nBuf ){
-    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  if( !winMakeEndInDirSep(nDir+1, zBuf) ){
+    sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+    OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_ERROR\n"));
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, 0, "winGetTempname4", 0);
   }
 
-  for(i=sqlite3Strlen30(zTempPath); i>0 && zTempPath[i-1]=='\\'; i--){}
-  zTempPath[i] = 0;
+  /*
+  ** Check that the output buffer is large enough for the temporary file
+  ** name in the following format:
+  **
+  **   "<temporary_directory>/etilqs_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX\0\0"
+  **
+  ** If not, return SQLITE_ERROR.  The number 17 is used here in order to
+  ** account for the space used by the 15 character random suffix and the
+  ** two trailing NUL characters.  The final directory separator character
+  ** has already added if it was not already present.
+  */
+  nLen = sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf);
+  if( (nLen + nPre + 17) > nBuf ){
+    sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+    OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_ERROR\n"));
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, 0, "winGetTempname5", 0);
+  }
 
-  sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf-18, zBuf,
-                   "%s\\"SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX, zTempPath);
+  sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf-16-nLen, zBuf+nLen, SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX);
+
   j = sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf);
   sqlite3_randomness(15, &zBuf[j]);
   for(i=0; i<15; i++, j++){
@@ -35100,23 +36449,53 @@
   }
   zBuf[j] = 0;
   zBuf[j+1] = 0;
+  *pzBuf = zBuf;
 
-  OSTRACE(("TEMP FILENAME: %s\n", zBuf));
-  return SQLITE_OK; 
+  OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME name=%s, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", zBuf));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the named file is really a directory.  Return false if
+** it is something other than a directory, or if there is any kind of memory
+** allocation failure.
+*/
+static int winIsDir(const void *zConverted){
+  DWORD attr;
+  int rc = 0;
+  DWORD lastErrno;
+
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    int cnt = 0;
+    WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA sAttrData;
+    memset(&sAttrData, 0, sizeof(sAttrData));
+    while( !(rc = osGetFileAttributesExW((LPCWSTR)zConverted,
+                             GetFileExInfoStandard,
+                             &sAttrData)) && winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
+    if( !rc ){
+      return 0; /* Invalid name? */
+    }
+    attr = sAttrData.dwFileAttributes;
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    attr = osGetFileAttributesA((char*)zConverted);
+#endif
+  }
+  return (attr!=INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES) && (attr&FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY);
 }
 
 /*
 ** Open a file.
 */
 static int winOpen(
-  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,        /* Not used */
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,        /* Used to get maximum path name length */
   const char *zName,        /* Name of the file (UTF-8) */
   sqlite3_file *id,         /* Write the SQLite file handle here */
   int flags,                /* Open mode flags */
   int *pOutFlags            /* Status return flags */
 ){
   HANDLE h;
-  DWORD lastErrno;
+  DWORD lastErrno = 0;
   DWORD dwDesiredAccess;
   DWORD dwShareMode;
   DWORD dwCreationDisposition;
@@ -35132,7 +36511,7 @@
   /* If argument zPath is a NULL pointer, this function is required to open
   ** a temporary file. Use this buffer to store the file name in.
   */
-  char zTmpname[MAX_PATH+2];     /* Buffer used to create temp filename */
+  char *zTmpname = 0; /* For temporary filename, if necessary. */
 
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;            /* Function Return Code */
 #if !defined(NDEBUG) || SQLITE_OS_WINCE
@@ -35142,22 +36521,23 @@
   int isExclusive  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE);
   int isDelete     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE);
   int isCreate     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE);
-#ifndef NDEBUG
   int isReadonly   = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
-#endif
   int isReadWrite  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   int isOpenJournal = (isCreate && (
-        eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
-     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL 
+        eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL
+     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL
      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
   ));
 #endif
 
-  /* Check the following statements are true: 
+  OSTRACE(("OPEN name=%s, pFile=%p, flags=%x, pOutFlags=%p\n",
+           zUtf8Name, id, flags, pOutFlags));
+
+  /* Check the following statements are true:
   **
-  **   (a) Exactly one of the READWRITE and READONLY flags must be set, and 
+  **   (a) Exactly one of the READWRITE and READONLY flags must be set, and
   **   (b) if CREATE is set, then READWRITE must also be set, and
   **   (c) if EXCLUSIVE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
   **   (d) if DELETEONCLOSE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
@@ -35167,7 +36547,7 @@
   assert(isExclusive==0 || isCreate);
   assert(isDelete==0 || isCreate);
 
-  /* The main DB, main journal, WAL file and master journal are never 
+  /* The main DB, main journal, WAL file and master journal are never
   ** automatically deleted. Nor are they ever temporary files.  */
   assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
   assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL );
@@ -35175,24 +36555,31 @@
   assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_WAL );
 
   /* Assert that the upper layer has set one of the "file-type" flags. */
-  assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB 
-       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL 
-       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL   || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
+  assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL   || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL
        || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
   );
 
-  assert( id!=0 );
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-
+  assert( pFile!=0 );
+  memset(pFile, 0, sizeof(winFile));
   pFile->h = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
 
-  /* If the second argument to this function is NULL, generate a 
-  ** temporary file name to use 
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  if( !zUtf8Name && !sqlite3_temp_directory ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_ERROR,
+        "sqlite3_temp_directory variable should be set for WinRT");
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* If the second argument to this function is NULL, generate a
+  ** temporary file name to use
   */
   if( !zUtf8Name ){
-    assert(isDelete && !isOpenJournal);
-    rc = getTempname(MAX_PATH+2, zTmpname);
+    assert( isDelete && !isOpenJournal );
+    rc = winGetTempname(pVfs, &zTmpname);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      OSTRACE(("OPEN name=%s, rc=%s", zUtf8Name, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
       return rc;
     }
     zUtf8Name = zTmpname;
@@ -35203,22 +36590,31 @@
   ** sqlite3_uri_parameter().
   */
   assert( (eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB) || (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_URI) ||
-        zUtf8Name[strlen(zUtf8Name)+1]==0 );
+       zUtf8Name[sqlite3Strlen30(zUtf8Name)+1]==0 );
 
   /* Convert the filename to the system encoding. */
-  zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zUtf8Name);
+  zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zUtf8Name);
   if( zConverted==0 ){
+    sqlite3_free(zTmpname);
+    OSTRACE(("OPEN name=%s, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM", zUtf8Name));
     return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
   }
 
+  if( winIsDir(zConverted) ){
+    sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+    sqlite3_free(zTmpname);
+    OSTRACE(("OPEN name=%s, rc=SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR", zUtf8Name));
+    return SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR;
+  }
+
   if( isReadWrite ){
     dwDesiredAccess = GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE;
   }else{
     dwDesiredAccess = GENERIC_READ;
   }
 
-  /* SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE is used to make sure that a new file is 
-  ** created. SQLite doesn't use it to indicate "exclusive access" 
+  /* SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE is used to make sure that a new file is
+  ** created. SQLite doesn't use it to indicate "exclusive access"
   ** as it is usually understood.
   */
   if( isExclusive ){
@@ -35253,43 +36649,64 @@
   dwFlagsAndAttributes |= FILE_FLAG_RANDOM_ACCESS;
 #endif
 
-  if( isNT() ){
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+    CREATEFILE2_EXTENDED_PARAMETERS extendedParameters;
+    extendedParameters.dwSize = sizeof(CREATEFILE2_EXTENDED_PARAMETERS);
+    extendedParameters.dwFileAttributes =
+            dwFlagsAndAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_MASK;
+    extendedParameters.dwFileFlags = dwFlagsAndAttributes & FILE_FLAG_MASK;
+    extendedParameters.dwSecurityQosFlags = SECURITY_ANONYMOUS;
+    extendedParameters.lpSecurityAttributes = NULL;
+    extendedParameters.hTemplateFile = NULL;
+    while( (h = osCreateFile2((LPCWSTR)zConverted,
+                              dwDesiredAccess,
+                              dwShareMode,
+                              dwCreationDisposition,
+                              &extendedParameters))==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE &&
+                              winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){
+               /* Noop */
+    }
+#else
     while( (h = osCreateFileW((LPCWSTR)zConverted,
                               dwDesiredAccess,
                               dwShareMode, NULL,
                               dwCreationDisposition,
                               dwFlagsAndAttributes,
                               NULL))==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE &&
-                              retryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
+                              winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){
+               /* Noop */
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
     while( (h = osCreateFileA((LPCSTR)zConverted,
                               dwDesiredAccess,
                               dwShareMode, NULL,
                               dwCreationDisposition,
                               dwFlagsAndAttributes,
                               NULL))==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE &&
-                              retryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
-#endif
+                              winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){
+               /* Noop */
+    }
   }
+#endif
+  winLogIoerr(cnt);
 
-  logIoerr(cnt);
-
-  OSTRACE(("OPEN %d %s 0x%lx %s\n", 
-           h, zName, dwDesiredAccess, 
-           h==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ? "failed" : "ok"));
+  OSTRACE(("OPEN file=%p, name=%s, access=%lx, rc=%s\n", h, zUtf8Name,
+           dwDesiredAccess, (h==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) ? "failed" : "ok"));
 
   if( h==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ){
     pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
     winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN, pFile->lastErrno, "winOpen", zUtf8Name);
     sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+    sqlite3_free(zTmpname);
     if( isReadWrite && !isExclusive ){
-      return winOpen(pVfs, zName, id, 
-             ((flags|SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY)&~(SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE)), pOutFlags);
+      return winOpen(pVfs, zName, id,
+         ((flags|SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY) &
+                     ~(SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE)),
+         pOutFlags);
     }else{
       return SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
     }
@@ -35303,24 +36720,19 @@
     }
   }
 
-  memset(pFile, 0, sizeof(*pFile));
-  pFile->pMethod = &winIoMethod;
-  pFile->h = h;
-  pFile->lastErrno = NO_ERROR;
-  pFile->pVfs = pVfs;
-  pFile->pShm = 0;
-  pFile->zPath = zName;
-  if( sqlite3_uri_boolean(zName, "psow", SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE) ){
-    pFile->ctrlFlags |= WINFILE_PSOW;
-  }
+  OSTRACE(("OPEN file=%p, name=%s, access=%lx, pOutFlags=%p, *pOutFlags=%d, "
+           "rc=%s\n", h, zUtf8Name, dwDesiredAccess, pOutFlags, pOutFlags ?
+           *pOutFlags : 0, (h==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) ? "failed" : "ok"));
 
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   if( isReadWrite && eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB
-       && !winceCreateLock(zName, pFile)
+       && (rc = winceCreateLock(zName, pFile))!=SQLITE_OK
   ){
     osCloseHandle(h);
     sqlite3_free(zConverted);
-    return SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
+    sqlite3_free(zTmpname);
+    OSTRACE(("OPEN-CE-LOCK name=%s, rc=%s\n", zName, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+    return rc;
   }
   if( isTemp ){
     pFile->zDeleteOnClose = zConverted;
@@ -35330,6 +36742,26 @@
     sqlite3_free(zConverted);
   }
 
+  sqlite3_free(zTmpname);
+  pFile->pMethod = &winIoMethod;
+  pFile->pVfs = pVfs;
+  pFile->h = h;
+  if( isReadonly ){
+    pFile->ctrlFlags |= WINFILE_RDONLY;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3_uri_boolean(zName, "psow", SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE) ){
+    pFile->ctrlFlags |= WINFILE_PSOW;
+  }
+  pFile->lastErrno = NO_ERROR;
+  pFile->zPath = zName;
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  pFile->hMap = NULL;
+  pFile->pMapRegion = 0;
+  pFile->mmapSize = 0;
+  pFile->mmapSizeActual = 0;
+  pFile->mmapSizeMax = sqlite3GlobalConfig.szMmap;
+#endif
+
   OpenCounter(+1);
   return rc;
 }
@@ -35353,46 +36785,106 @@
 ){
   int cnt = 0;
   int rc;
-  DWORD lastErrno;
+  DWORD attr;
+  DWORD lastErrno = 0;
   void *zConverted;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(syncDir);
 
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE);
-  zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zFilename);
+  OSTRACE(("DELETE name=%s, syncDir=%d\n", zFilename, syncDir));
+
+  zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zFilename);
   if( zConverted==0 ){
+    OSTRACE(("DELETE name=%s, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n", zFilename));
     return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
   }
-  if( isNT() ){
-    rc = 1;
-    while( osGetFileAttributesW(zConverted)!=INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES &&
-         (rc = osDeleteFileW(zConverted))==0 && retryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
-    rc = rc ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_ERROR;
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
-    rc = 1;
-    while( osGetFileAttributesA(zConverted)!=INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES &&
-         (rc = osDeleteFileA(zConverted))==0 && retryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
-    rc = rc ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_ERROR;
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    do {
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+      WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA sAttrData;
+      memset(&sAttrData, 0, sizeof(sAttrData));
+      if ( osGetFileAttributesExW(zConverted, GetFileExInfoStandard,
+                                  &sAttrData) ){
+        attr = sAttrData.dwFileAttributes;
+      }else{
+        lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+        if( lastErrno==ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
+         || lastErrno==ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND ){
+          rc = SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT; /* Already gone? */
+        }else{
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+#else
+      attr = osGetFileAttributesW(zConverted);
 #endif
+      if ( attr==INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES ){
+        lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+        if( lastErrno==ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
+         || lastErrno==ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND ){
+          rc = SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT; /* Already gone? */
+        }else{
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      if ( attr&FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY ){
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR; /* Files only. */
+        break;
+      }
+      if ( osDeleteFileW(zConverted) ){
+        rc = SQLITE_OK; /* Deleted OK. */
+        break;
+      }
+      if ( !winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR; /* No more retries. */
+        break;
+      }
+    } while(1);
   }
-  if( rc ){
-    rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, lastErrno,
-             "winDelete", zFilename);
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
+    do {
+      attr = osGetFileAttributesA(zConverted);
+      if ( attr==INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES ){
+        lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+        if( lastErrno==ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
+         || lastErrno==ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND ){
+          rc = SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT; /* Already gone? */
+        }else{
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      if ( attr&FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY ){
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR; /* Files only. */
+        break;
+      }
+      if ( osDeleteFileA(zConverted) ){
+        rc = SQLITE_OK; /* Deleted OK. */
+        break;
+      }
+      if ( !winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR; /* No more retries. */
+        break;
+      }
+    } while(1);
+  }
+#endif
+  if( rc && rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT ){
+    rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, lastErrno, "winDelete", zFilename);
   }else{
-    logIoerr(cnt);
+    winLogIoerr(cnt);
   }
   sqlite3_free(zConverted);
-  OSTRACE(("DELETE \"%s\" %s\n", zFilename, (rc ? "failed" : "ok" )));
+  OSTRACE(("DELETE name=%s, rc=%s\n", zFilename, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
-** Check the existance and status of a file.
+** Check the existence and status of a file.
 */
 static int winAccess(
   sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,         /* Not used on win32 */
@@ -35402,52 +36894,53 @@
 ){
   DWORD attr;
   int rc = 0;
-  DWORD lastErrno;
+  DWORD lastErrno = 0;
   void *zConverted;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
 
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS; );
-  zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zFilename);
+  OSTRACE(("ACCESS name=%s, flags=%x, pResOut=%p\n",
+           zFilename, flags, pResOut));
+
+  zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zFilename);
   if( zConverted==0 ){
+    OSTRACE(("ACCESS name=%s, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n", zFilename));
     return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
   }
-  if( isNT() ){
+  if( osIsNT() ){
     int cnt = 0;
     WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA sAttrData;
     memset(&sAttrData, 0, sizeof(sAttrData));
     while( !(rc = osGetFileAttributesExW((LPCWSTR)zConverted,
-                             GetFileExInfoStandard, 
-                             &sAttrData)) && retryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
+                             GetFileExInfoStandard,
+                             &sAttrData)) && winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
     if( rc ){
       /* For an SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS query, treat a zero-length file
       ** as if it does not exist.
       */
       if(    flags==SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS
-          && sAttrData.nFileSizeHigh==0 
+          && sAttrData.nFileSizeHigh==0
           && sAttrData.nFileSizeLow==0 ){
         attr = INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES;
       }else{
         attr = sAttrData.dwFileAttributes;
       }
     }else{
-      logIoerr(cnt);
-      if( lastErrno!=ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND ){
-        winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS, lastErrno, "winAccess", zFilename);
+      winLogIoerr(cnt);
+      if( lastErrno!=ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND && lastErrno!=ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND ){
         sqlite3_free(zConverted);
-        return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS;
+        return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS, lastErrno, "winAccess",
+                           zFilename);
       }else{
         attr = INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES;
       }
     }
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
-    attr = osGetFileAttributesA((char*)zConverted);
-#endif
   }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
+    attr = osGetFileAttributesA((char*)zConverted);
+  }
+#endif
   sqlite3_free(zConverted);
   switch( flags ){
     case SQLITE_ACCESS_READ:
@@ -35462,9 +36955,57 @@
       assert(!"Invalid flags argument");
   }
   *pResOut = rc;
+  OSTRACE(("ACCESS name=%s, pResOut=%p, *pResOut=%d, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+           zFilename, pResOut, *pResOut));
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Returns non-zero if the specified path name starts with a drive letter
+** followed by a colon character.
+*/
+static BOOL winIsDriveLetterAndColon(
+  const char *zPathname
+){
+  return ( sqlite3Isalpha(zPathname[0]) && zPathname[1]==':' );
+}
+
+/*
+** Returns non-zero if the specified path name should be used verbatim.  If
+** non-zero is returned from this function, the calling function must simply
+** use the provided path name verbatim -OR- resolve it into a full path name
+** using the GetFullPathName Win32 API function (if available).
+*/
+static BOOL winIsVerbatimPathname(
+  const char *zPathname
+){
+  /*
+  ** If the path name starts with a forward slash or a backslash, it is either
+  ** a legal UNC name, a volume relative path, or an absolute path name in the
+  ** "Unix" format on Windows.  There is no easy way to differentiate between
+  ** the final two cases; therefore, we return the safer return value of TRUE
+  ** so that callers of this function will simply use it verbatim.
+  */
+  if ( winIsDirSep(zPathname[0]) ){
+    return TRUE;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** If the path name starts with a letter and a colon it is either a volume
+  ** relative path or an absolute path.  Callers of this function must not
+  ** attempt to treat it as a relative path name (i.e. they should simply use
+  ** it verbatim).
+  */
+  if ( winIsDriveLetterAndColon(zPathname) ){
+    return TRUE;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** If we get to this point, the path name should almost certainly be a purely
+  ** relative one (i.e. not a UNC name, not absolute, and not volume relative).
+  */
+  return FALSE;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Turn a relative pathname into a full pathname.  Write the full
@@ -35477,31 +37018,92 @@
   int nFull,                    /* Size of output buffer in bytes */
   char *zFull                   /* Output buffer */
 ){
-  
+
 #if defined(__CYGWIN__)
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_ERROR );
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFull);
-  cygwin_conv_to_full_win32_path(zRelative, zFull);
+  assert( nFull>=pVfs->mxPathname );
+  if ( sqlite3_data_directory && !winIsVerbatimPathname(zRelative) ){
+    /*
+    ** NOTE: We are dealing with a relative path name and the data
+    **       directory has been set.  Therefore, use it as the basis
+    **       for converting the relative path name to an absolute
+    **       one by prepending the data directory and a slash.
+    */
+    char *zOut = sqlite3MallocZero( pVfs->mxPathname+1 );
+    if( !zOut ){
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+    }
+    if( cygwin_conv_path(
+            (osIsNT() ? CCP_POSIX_TO_WIN_W : CCP_POSIX_TO_WIN_A) |
+            CCP_RELATIVE, zRelative, zOut, pVfs->mxPathname+1)<0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zOut);
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH, (DWORD)errno,
+                         "winFullPathname1", zRelative);
+    }else{
+      char *zUtf8 = winConvertToUtf8Filename(zOut);
+      if( !zUtf8 ){
+        sqlite3_free(zOut);
+        return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+      }
+      sqlite3_snprintf(MIN(nFull, pVfs->mxPathname), zFull, "%s%c%s",
+                       sqlite3_data_directory, winGetDirSep(), zUtf8);
+      sqlite3_free(zUtf8);
+      sqlite3_free(zOut);
+    }
+  }else{
+    char *zOut = sqlite3MallocZero( pVfs->mxPathname+1 );
+    if( !zOut ){
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+    }
+    if( cygwin_conv_path(
+            (osIsNT() ? CCP_POSIX_TO_WIN_W : CCP_POSIX_TO_WIN_A),
+            zRelative, zOut, pVfs->mxPathname+1)<0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zOut);
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH, (DWORD)errno,
+                         "winFullPathname2", zRelative);
+    }else{
+      char *zUtf8 = winConvertToUtf8Filename(zOut);
+      if( !zUtf8 ){
+        sqlite3_free(zOut);
+        return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+      }
+      sqlite3_snprintf(MIN(nFull, pVfs->mxPathname), zFull, "%s", zUtf8);
+      sqlite3_free(zUtf8);
+      sqlite3_free(zOut);
+    }
+  }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 #endif
 
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+#if (SQLITE_OS_WINCE || SQLITE_OS_WINRT) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_ERROR );
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFull);
   /* WinCE has no concept of a relative pathname, or so I am told. */
-  sqlite3_snprintf(pVfs->mxPathname, zFull, "%s", zRelative);
+  /* WinRT has no way to convert a relative path to an absolute one. */
+  if ( sqlite3_data_directory && !winIsVerbatimPathname(zRelative) ){
+    /*
+    ** NOTE: We are dealing with a relative path name and the data
+    **       directory has been set.  Therefore, use it as the basis
+    **       for converting the relative path name to an absolute
+    **       one by prepending the data directory and a backslash.
+    */
+    sqlite3_snprintf(MIN(nFull, pVfs->mxPathname), zFull, "%s%c%s",
+                     sqlite3_data_directory, winGetDirSep(), zRelative);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_snprintf(MIN(nFull, pVfs->mxPathname), zFull, "%s", zRelative);
+  }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 #endif
 
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  int nByte;
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+  DWORD nByte;
   void *zConverted;
   char *zOut;
 
   /* If this path name begins with "/X:", where "X" is any alphabetic
   ** character, discard the initial "/" from the pathname.
   */
-  if( zRelative[0]=='/' && sqlite3Isalpha(zRelative[1]) && zRelative[2]==':' ){
+  if( zRelative[0]=='/' && winIsDriveLetterAndColon(zRelative+1) ){
     zRelative++;
   }
 
@@ -35511,44 +37113,75 @@
   ** current working directory has been unlinked.
   */
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_ERROR );
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFull);
-  zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zRelative);
+  if ( sqlite3_data_directory && !winIsVerbatimPathname(zRelative) ){
+    /*
+    ** NOTE: We are dealing with a relative path name and the data
+    **       directory has been set.  Therefore, use it as the basis
+    **       for converting the relative path name to an absolute
+    **       one by prepending the data directory and a backslash.
+    */
+    sqlite3_snprintf(MIN(nFull, pVfs->mxPathname), zFull, "%s%c%s",
+                     sqlite3_data_directory, winGetDirSep(), zRelative);
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zRelative);
   if( zConverted==0 ){
     return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
   }
-  if( isNT() ){
+  if( osIsNT() ){
     LPWSTR zTemp;
-    nByte = osGetFullPathNameW((LPCWSTR)zConverted, 0, 0, 0) + 3;
-    zTemp = sqlite3_malloc( nByte*sizeof(zTemp[0]) );
+    nByte = osGetFullPathNameW((LPCWSTR)zConverted, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( nByte==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH, osGetLastError(),
+                         "winFullPathname1", zRelative);
+    }
+    nByte += 3;
+    zTemp = sqlite3MallocZero( nByte*sizeof(zTemp[0]) );
     if( zTemp==0 ){
       sqlite3_free(zConverted);
       return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
     }
-    osGetFullPathNameW((LPCWSTR)zConverted, nByte, zTemp, 0);
+    nByte = osGetFullPathNameW((LPCWSTR)zConverted, nByte, zTemp, 0);
+    if( nByte==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+      sqlite3_free(zTemp);
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH, osGetLastError(),
+                         "winFullPathname2", zRelative);
+    }
     sqlite3_free(zConverted);
-    zOut = unicodeToUtf8(zTemp);
+    zOut = winUnicodeToUtf8(zTemp);
     sqlite3_free(zTemp);
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
     char *zTemp;
-    nByte = osGetFullPathNameA((char*)zConverted, 0, 0, 0) + 3;
-    zTemp = sqlite3_malloc( nByte*sizeof(zTemp[0]) );
+    nByte = osGetFullPathNameA((char*)zConverted, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( nByte==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH, osGetLastError(),
+                         "winFullPathname3", zRelative);
+    }
+    nByte += 3;
+    zTemp = sqlite3MallocZero( nByte*sizeof(zTemp[0]) );
     if( zTemp==0 ){
       sqlite3_free(zConverted);
       return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
     }
-    osGetFullPathNameA((char*)zConverted, nByte, zTemp, 0);
+    nByte = osGetFullPathNameA((char*)zConverted, nByte, zTemp, 0);
+    if( nByte==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+      sqlite3_free(zTemp);
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH, osGetLastError(),
+                         "winFullPathname4", zRelative);
+    }
     sqlite3_free(zConverted);
     zOut = sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(zTemp);
     sqlite3_free(zTemp);
-#endif
   }
+#endif
   if( zOut ){
-    sqlite3_snprintf(pVfs->mxPathname, zFull, "%s", zOut);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(MIN(nFull, pVfs->mxPathname), zFull, "%s", zOut);
     sqlite3_free(zOut);
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
@@ -35562,42 +37195,63 @@
 ** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
 ** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
 */
-/*
-** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
-** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
-*/
 static void *winDlOpen(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, const char *zFilename){
   HANDLE h;
-  void *zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zFilename);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  if( zConverted==0 ){
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+  int nFull = pVfs->mxPathname+1;
+  char *zFull = sqlite3MallocZero( nFull );
+  void *zConverted = 0;
+  if( zFull==0 ){
+    OSTRACE(("DLOPEN name=%s, handle=%p\n", zFilename, (void*)0));
     return 0;
   }
-  if( isNT() ){
+  if( winFullPathname(pVfs, zFilename, nFull, zFull)!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_free(zFull);
+    OSTRACE(("DLOPEN name=%s, handle=%p\n", zFilename, (void*)0));
+    return 0;
+  }
+  zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zFull);
+  sqlite3_free(zFull);
+#else
+  void *zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zFilename);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+#endif
+  if( zConverted==0 ){
+    OSTRACE(("DLOPEN name=%s, handle=%p\n", zFilename, (void*)0));
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+    h = osLoadPackagedLibrary((LPCWSTR)zConverted, 0);
+#else
     h = osLoadLibraryW((LPCWSTR)zConverted);
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
-    h = osLoadLibraryA((char*)zConverted);
 #endif
   }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
+    h = osLoadLibraryA((char*)zConverted);
+  }
+#endif
+  OSTRACE(("DLOPEN name=%s, handle=%p\n", zFilename, (void*)h));
   sqlite3_free(zConverted);
   return (void*)h;
 }
 static void winDlError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBufOut){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  getLastErrorMsg(osGetLastError(), nBuf, zBufOut);
+  winGetLastErrorMsg(osGetLastError(), nBuf, zBufOut);
 }
-static void (*winDlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle, const char *zSymbol))(void){
+static void (*winDlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,void *pH,const char *zSym))(void){
+  FARPROC proc;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  return (void(*)(void))osGetProcAddressA((HANDLE)pHandle, zSymbol);
+  proc = osGetProcAddressA((HANDLE)pH, zSym);
+  OSTRACE(("DLSYM handle=%p, symbol=%s, address=%p\n",
+           (void*)pH, zSym, (void*)proc));
+  return (void(*)(void))proc;
 }
 static void winDlClose(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
   osFreeLibrary((HANDLE)pHandle);
+  OSTRACE(("DLCLOSE handle=%p\n", (void*)pHandle));
 }
 #else /* if SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION is defined: */
   #define winDlOpen  0
@@ -35628,11 +37282,19 @@
     memcpy(&zBuf[n], &pid, sizeof(pid));
     n += sizeof(pid);
   }
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  if( sizeof(ULONGLONG)<=nBuf-n ){
+    ULONGLONG cnt = osGetTickCount64();
+    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &cnt, sizeof(cnt));
+    n += sizeof(cnt);
+  }
+#else
   if( sizeof(DWORD)<=nBuf-n ){
     DWORD cnt = osGetTickCount();
     memcpy(&zBuf[n], &cnt, sizeof(cnt));
     n += sizeof(cnt);
   }
+#endif
   if( sizeof(LARGE_INTEGER)<=nBuf-n ){
     LARGE_INTEGER i;
     osQueryPerformanceCounter(&i);
@@ -35648,7 +37310,7 @@
 ** Sleep for a little while.  Return the amount of time slept.
 */
 static int winSleep(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int microsec){
-  osSleep((microsec+999)/1000);
+  sqlite3_win32_sleep((microsec+999)/1000);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
   return ((microsec+999)/1000)*1000;
 }
@@ -35669,12 +37331,12 @@
 ** epoch of noon in Greenwich on November 24, 4714 B.C according to the
 ** proleptic Gregorian calendar.
 **
-** On success, return SQLITE_OK.  Return SQLITE_ERROR if the time and date 
+** On success, return SQLITE_OK.  Return SQLITE_ERROR if the time and date
 ** cannot be found.
 */
 static int winCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
-  /* FILETIME structure is a 64-bit value representing the number of 
-     100-nanosecond intervals since January 1, 1601 (= JD 2305813.5). 
+  /* FILETIME structure is a 64-bit value representing the number of
+     100-nanosecond intervals since January 1, 1601 (= JD 2305813.5).
   */
   FILETIME ft;
   static const sqlite3_int64 winFiletimeEpoch = 23058135*(sqlite3_int64)8640000;
@@ -35682,8 +37344,9 @@
   static const sqlite3_int64 unixEpoch = 24405875*(sqlite3_int64)8640000;
 #endif
   /* 2^32 - to avoid use of LL and warnings in gcc */
-  static const sqlite3_int64 max32BitValue = 
-      (sqlite3_int64)2000000000 + (sqlite3_int64)2000000000 + (sqlite3_int64)294967296;
+  static const sqlite3_int64 max32BitValue =
+      (sqlite3_int64)2000000000 + (sqlite3_int64)2000000000 +
+      (sqlite3_int64)294967296;
 
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   SYSTEMTIME time;
@@ -35697,7 +37360,7 @@
 #endif
 
   *piNow = winFiletimeEpoch +
-            ((((sqlite3_int64)ft.dwHighDateTime)*max32BitValue) + 
+            ((((sqlite3_int64)ft.dwHighDateTime)*max32BitValue) +
                (sqlite3_int64)ft.dwLowDateTime)/(sqlite3_int64)10000;
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
@@ -35756,7 +37419,7 @@
 */
 static int winGetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  return getLastErrorMsg(osGetLastError(), nBuf, zBuf);
+  return winGetLastErrorMsg(osGetLastError(), nBuf, zBuf);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -35766,7 +37429,7 @@
   static sqlite3_vfs winVfs = {
     3,                   /* iVersion */
     sizeof(winFile),     /* szOsFile */
-    MAX_PATH,            /* mxPathname */
+    SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_PATH_BYTES, /* mxPathname */
     0,                   /* pNext */
     "win32",             /* zName */
     0,                   /* pAppData */
@@ -35787,23 +37450,63 @@
     winGetSystemCall,    /* xGetSystemCall */
     winNextSystemCall,   /* xNextSystemCall */
   };
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+  static sqlite3_vfs winLongPathVfs = {
+    3,                   /* iVersion */
+    sizeof(winFile),     /* szOsFile */
+    SQLITE_WINNT_MAX_PATH_BYTES, /* mxPathname */
+    0,                   /* pNext */
+    "win32-longpath",    /* zName */
+    0,                   /* pAppData */
+    winOpen,             /* xOpen */
+    winDelete,           /* xDelete */
+    winAccess,           /* xAccess */
+    winFullPathname,     /* xFullPathname */
+    winDlOpen,           /* xDlOpen */
+    winDlError,          /* xDlError */
+    winDlSym,            /* xDlSym */
+    winDlClose,          /* xDlClose */
+    winRandomness,       /* xRandomness */
+    winSleep,            /* xSleep */
+    winCurrentTime,      /* xCurrentTime */
+    winGetLastError,     /* xGetLastError */
+    winCurrentTimeInt64, /* xCurrentTimeInt64 */
+    winSetSystemCall,    /* xSetSystemCall */
+    winGetSystemCall,    /* xGetSystemCall */
+    winNextSystemCall,   /* xNextSystemCall */
+  };
+#endif
 
   /* Double-check that the aSyscall[] array has been constructed
   ** correctly.  See ticket [bb3a86e890c8e96ab] */
-  assert( ArraySize(aSyscall)==60 );
+  assert( ArraySize(aSyscall)==77 );
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
   /* get memory map allocation granularity */
   memset(&winSysInfo, 0, sizeof(SYSTEM_INFO));
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  osGetNativeSystemInfo(&winSysInfo);
+#else
   osGetSystemInfo(&winSysInfo);
-  assert(winSysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity > 0);
 #endif
+  assert( winSysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity>0 );
+  assert( winSysInfo.dwPageSize>0 );
 
   sqlite3_vfs_register(&winVfs, 1);
-  return SQLITE_OK; 
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+  sqlite3_vfs_register(&winLongPathVfs, 0);
+#endif
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){ 
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  if( sleepObj!=NULL ){
+    osCloseHandle(sleepObj);
+    sleepObj = NULL;
+  }
+#endif
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -35884,7 +37587,7 @@
 /*
 ** A bitmap is an instance of the following structure.
 **
-** This bitmap records the existance of zero or more bits
+** This bitmap records the existence of zero or more bits
 ** with values between 1 and iSize, inclusive.
 **
 ** There are three possible representations of the bitmap.
@@ -36152,10 +37855,9 @@
   /* Allocate the Bitvec to be tested and a linear array of
   ** bits to act as the reference */
   pBitvec = sqlite3BitvecCreate( sz );
-  pV = sqlite3_malloc( (sz+7)/8 + 1 );
+  pV = sqlite3MallocZero( (sz+7)/8 + 1 );
   pTmpSpace = sqlite3_malloc(BITVEC_SZ);
   if( pBitvec==0 || pV==0 || pTmpSpace==0  ) goto bitvec_end;
-  memset(pV, 0, (sz+7)/8 + 1);
 
   /* NULL pBitvec tests */
   sqlite3BitvecSet(0, 1);
@@ -36245,7 +37947,8 @@
   int szCache;                        /* Configured cache size */
   int szPage;                         /* Size of every page in this cache */
   int szExtra;                        /* Size of extra space for each page */
-  int bPurgeable;                     /* True if pages are on backing store */
+  u8 bPurgeable;                      /* True if pages are on backing store */
+  u8 eCreate;                         /* eCreate value for for xFetch() */
   int (*xStress)(void*,PgHdr*);       /* Call to try make a page clean */
   void *pStress;                      /* Argument to xStress */
   sqlite3_pcache *pCache;             /* Pluggable cache module */
@@ -36312,6 +38015,10 @@
   }else{
     assert( pPage==p->pDirty );
     p->pDirty = pPage->pDirtyNext;
+    if( p->pDirty==0 && p->bPurgeable ){
+      assert( p->eCreate==1 );
+      p->eCreate = 2;
+    }
   }
   pPage->pDirtyNext = 0;
   pPage->pDirtyPrev = 0;
@@ -36332,6 +38039,9 @@
   if( pPage->pDirtyNext ){
     assert( pPage->pDirtyNext->pDirtyPrev==0 );
     pPage->pDirtyNext->pDirtyPrev = pPage;
+  }else if( p->bPurgeable ){
+    assert( p->eCreate==2 );
+    p->eCreate = 1;
   }
   p->pDirty = pPage;
   if( !p->pDirtyTail ){
@@ -36401,6 +38111,7 @@
   p->szPage = szPage;
   p->szExtra = szExtra;
   p->bPurgeable = bPurgeable;
+  p->eCreate = 2;
   p->xStress = xStress;
   p->pStress = pStress;
   p->szCache = 100;
@@ -36440,7 +38151,7 @@
   int createFlag,       /* If true, create page if it does not exist already */
   PgHdr **ppPage        /* Write the page here */
 ){
-  sqlite3_pcache_page *pPage = 0;
+  sqlite3_pcache_page *pPage;
   PgHdr *pPgHdr = 0;
   int eCreate;
 
@@ -36451,8 +38162,12 @@
   /* If the pluggable cache (sqlite3_pcache*) has not been allocated,
   ** allocate it now.
   */
-  if( !pCache->pCache && createFlag ){
+  if( !pCache->pCache ){
     sqlite3_pcache *p;
+    if( !createFlag ){
+      *ppPage = 0;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
     p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache2.xCreate(
         pCache->szPage, pCache->szExtra + sizeof(PgHdr), pCache->bPurgeable
     );
@@ -36463,11 +38178,16 @@
     pCache->pCache = p;
   }
 
-  eCreate = createFlag * (1 + (!pCache->bPurgeable || !pCache->pDirty));
-  if( pCache->pCache ){
-    pPage = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache2.xFetch(pCache->pCache, pgno, eCreate);
-  }
-
+  /* eCreate defines what to do if the page does not exist.
+  **    0     Do not allocate a new page.  (createFlag==0)
+  **    1     Allocate a new page if doing so is inexpensive.
+  **          (createFlag==1 AND bPurgeable AND pDirty)
+  **    2     Allocate a new page even it doing so is difficult.
+  **          (createFlag==1 AND !(bPurgeable AND pDirty)
+  */
+  eCreate = createFlag==0 ? 0 : pCache->eCreate;
+  assert( (createFlag*(1+(!pCache->bPurgeable||!pCache->pDirty)))==eCreate );
+  pPage = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache2.xFetch(pCache->pCache, pgno, eCreate);
   if( !pPage && eCreate==1 ){
     PgHdr *pPg;
 
@@ -36939,6 +38659,7 @@
 struct PgHdr1 {
   sqlite3_pcache_page page;
   unsigned int iKey;             /* Key value (page number) */
+  u8 isPinned;                   /* Page in use, not on the LRU list */
   PgHdr1 *pNext;                 /* Next in hash table chain */
   PCache1 *pCache;               /* Cache that currently owns this page */
   PgHdr1 *pLruNext;              /* Next in LRU list of unpinned pages */
@@ -37055,12 +38776,14 @@
     ** it from sqlite3Malloc instead.
     */
     p = sqlite3Malloc(nByte);
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW_STATS
     if( p ){
       int sz = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
       sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex);
       sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW, sz);
       sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex);
     }
+#endif
     sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_PCACHE);
   }
   return p;
@@ -37087,9 +38810,11 @@
     assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_PCACHE) );
     sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP);
     nFreed = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW_STATS
     sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex);
     sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW, -nFreed);
     sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex);
+#endif
     sqlite3_free(p);
   }
   return nFreed;
@@ -37235,11 +38960,10 @@
 
   pcache1LeaveMutex(p->pGroup);
   if( p->nHash ){ sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc(); }
-  apNew = (PgHdr1 **)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(PgHdr1 *)*nNew);
+  apNew = (PgHdr1 **)sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(PgHdr1 *)*nNew);
   if( p->nHash ){ sqlite3EndBenignMalloc(); }
   pcache1EnterMutex(p->pGroup);
   if( apNew ){
-    memset(apNew, 0, sizeof(PgHdr1 *)*nNew);
     for(i=0; i<p->nHash; i++){
       PgHdr1 *pPage;
       PgHdr1 *pNext = p->apHash[i];
@@ -37264,34 +38988,32 @@
 ** LRU list, then this function is a no-op.
 **
 ** The PGroup mutex must be held when this function is called.
-**
-** If pPage is NULL then this routine is a no-op.
 */
 static void pcache1PinPage(PgHdr1 *pPage){
   PCache1 *pCache;
   PGroup *pGroup;
 
-  if( pPage==0 ) return;
+  assert( pPage!=0 );
+  assert( pPage->isPinned==0 );
   pCache = pPage->pCache;
   pGroup = pCache->pGroup;
+  assert( pPage->pLruNext || pPage==pGroup->pLruTail );
+  assert( pPage->pLruPrev || pPage==pGroup->pLruHead );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pGroup->mutex) );
-  if( pPage->pLruNext || pPage==pGroup->pLruTail ){
-    if( pPage->pLruPrev ){
-      pPage->pLruPrev->pLruNext = pPage->pLruNext;
-    }
-    if( pPage->pLruNext ){
-      pPage->pLruNext->pLruPrev = pPage->pLruPrev;
-    }
-    if( pGroup->pLruHead==pPage ){
-      pGroup->pLruHead = pPage->pLruNext;
-    }
-    if( pGroup->pLruTail==pPage ){
-      pGroup->pLruTail = pPage->pLruPrev;
-    }
-    pPage->pLruNext = 0;
-    pPage->pLruPrev = 0;
-    pPage->pCache->nRecyclable--;
+  if( pPage->pLruPrev ){
+    pPage->pLruPrev->pLruNext = pPage->pLruNext;
+  }else{
+    pGroup->pLruHead = pPage->pLruNext;
   }
+  if( pPage->pLruNext ){
+    pPage->pLruNext->pLruPrev = pPage->pLruPrev;
+  }else{
+    pGroup->pLruTail = pPage->pLruPrev;
+  }
+  pPage->pLruNext = 0;
+  pPage->pLruPrev = 0;
+  pPage->isPinned = 1;
+  pCache->nRecyclable--;
 }
 
 
@@ -37323,6 +39045,7 @@
   while( pGroup->nCurrentPage>pGroup->nMaxPage && pGroup->pLruTail ){
     PgHdr1 *p = pGroup->pLruTail;
     assert( p->pCache->pGroup==pGroup );
+    assert( p->isPinned==0 );
     pcache1PinPage(p);
     pcache1RemoveFromHash(p);
     pcache1FreePage(p);
@@ -37350,7 +39073,7 @@
       if( pPage->iKey>=iLimit ){
         pCache->nPage--;
         *pp = pPage->pNext;
-        pcache1PinPage(pPage);
+        if( !pPage->isPinned ) pcache1PinPage(pPage);
         pcache1FreePage(pPage);
       }else{
         pp = &pPage->pNext;
@@ -37402,7 +39125,7 @@
   int sz;               /* Bytes of memory required to allocate the new cache */
 
   /*
-  ** The seperateCache variable is true if each PCache has its own private
+  ** The separateCache variable is true if each PCache has its own private
   ** PGroup.  In other words, separateCache is true for mode (1) where no
   ** mutexing is required.
   **
@@ -37423,9 +39146,8 @@
   assert( szExtra < 300 );
 
   sz = sizeof(PCache1) + sizeof(PGroup)*separateCache;
-  pCache = (PCache1 *)sqlite3_malloc(sz);
+  pCache = (PCache1 *)sqlite3MallocZero(sz);
   if( pCache ){
-    memset(pCache, 0, sz);
     if( separateCache ){
       pGroup = (PGroup*)&pCache[1];
       pGroup->mxPinned = 10;
@@ -37561,6 +39283,7 @@
   PGroup *pGroup;
   PgHdr1 *pPage = 0;
 
+  assert( offsetof(PgHdr1,page)==0 );
   assert( pCache->bPurgeable || createFlag!=1 );
   assert( pCache->bPurgeable || pCache->nMin==0 );
   assert( pCache->bPurgeable==0 || pCache->nMin==10 );
@@ -37574,8 +39297,11 @@
   }
 
   /* Step 2: Abort if no existing page is found and createFlag is 0 */
-  if( pPage || createFlag==0 ){
-    pcache1PinPage(pPage);
+  if( pPage ){
+    if( !pPage->isPinned ) pcache1PinPage(pPage);
+    goto fetch_out;
+  }
+  if( createFlag==0 ){
     goto fetch_out;
   }
 
@@ -37606,6 +39332,7 @@
   if( pCache->nPage>=pCache->nHash && pcache1ResizeHash(pCache) ){
     goto fetch_out;
   }
+  assert( pCache->nHash>0 && pCache->apHash );
 
   /* Step 4. Try to recycle a page. */
   if( pCache->bPurgeable && pGroup->pLruTail && (
@@ -37615,6 +39342,7 @@
   )){
     PCache1 *pOther;
     pPage = pGroup->pLruTail;
+    assert( pPage->isPinned==0 );
     pcache1RemoveFromHash(pPage);
     pcache1PinPage(pPage);
     pOther = pPage->pCache;
@@ -37651,6 +39379,7 @@
     pPage->pCache = pCache;
     pPage->pLruPrev = 0;
     pPage->pLruNext = 0;
+    pPage->isPinned = 1;
     *(void **)pPage->page.pExtra = 0;
     pCache->apHash[h] = pPage;
   }
@@ -37660,7 +39389,7 @@
     pCache->iMaxKey = iKey;
   }
   pcache1LeaveMutex(pGroup);
-  return &pPage->page;
+  return (sqlite3_pcache_page*)pPage;
 }
 
 
@@ -37686,6 +39415,7 @@
   */
   assert( pPage->pLruPrev==0 && pPage->pLruNext==0 );
   assert( pGroup->pLruHead!=pPage && pGroup->pLruTail!=pPage );
+  assert( pPage->isPinned==1 );
 
   if( reuseUnlikely || pGroup->nCurrentPage>pGroup->nMaxPage ){
     pcache1RemoveFromHash(pPage);
@@ -37701,6 +39431,7 @@
       pGroup->pLruHead = pPage;
     }
     pCache->nRecyclable++;
+    pPage->isPinned = 0;
   }
 
   pcache1LeaveMutex(pCache->pGroup);
@@ -37827,6 +39558,7 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_PCACHE_SEPARATE_HEADER
       nFree += sqlite3MemSize(p);
 #endif
+      assert( p->isPinned==0 );
       pcache1PinPage(p);
       pcache1RemoveFromHash(p);
       pcache1FreePage(p);
@@ -37851,6 +39583,7 @@
   PgHdr1 *p;
   int nRecyclable = 0;
   for(p=pcache1.grp.pLruHead; p; p=p->pLruNext){
+    assert( p->isPinned==0 );
     nRecyclable++;
   }
   *pnCurrent = pcache1.grp.nCurrentPage;
@@ -37939,6 +39672,11 @@
 
 /*
 ** Each entry in a RowSet is an instance of the following object.
+**
+** This same object is reused to store a linked list of trees of RowSetEntry
+** objects.  In that alternative use, pRight points to the next entry
+** in the list, pLeft points to the tree, and v is unused.  The
+** RowSet.pForest value points to the head of this forest list.
 */
 struct RowSetEntry {            
   i64 v;                        /* ROWID value for this entry */
@@ -37968,13 +39706,19 @@
   struct RowSetEntry *pEntry;    /* List of entries using pRight */
   struct RowSetEntry *pLast;     /* Last entry on the pEntry list */
   struct RowSetEntry *pFresh;    /* Source of new entry objects */
-  struct RowSetEntry *pTree;     /* Binary tree of entries */
+  struct RowSetEntry *pForest;   /* List of binary trees of entries */
   u16 nFresh;                    /* Number of objects on pFresh */
-  u8 isSorted;                   /* True if pEntry is sorted */
-  u8 iBatch;                     /* Current insert batch */
+  u16 rsFlags;                   /* Various flags */
+  int iBatch;                    /* Current insert batch */
 };
 
 /*
+** Allowed values for RowSet.rsFlags
+*/
+#define ROWSET_SORTED  0x01   /* True if RowSet.pEntry is sorted */
+#define ROWSET_NEXT    0x02   /* True if sqlite3RowSetNext() has been called */
+
+/*
 ** Turn bulk memory into a RowSet object.  N bytes of memory
 ** are available at pSpace.  The db pointer is used as a memory context
 ** for any subsequent allocations that need to occur.
@@ -37994,10 +39738,10 @@
   p->db = db;
   p->pEntry = 0;
   p->pLast = 0;
-  p->pTree = 0;
+  p->pForest = 0;
   p->pFresh = (struct RowSetEntry*)(ROUND8(sizeof(*p)) + (char*)p);
   p->nFresh = (u16)((N - ROUND8(sizeof(*p)))/sizeof(struct RowSetEntry));
-  p->isSorted = 1;
+  p->rsFlags = ROWSET_SORTED;
   p->iBatch = 0;
   return p;
 }
@@ -38017,8 +39761,33 @@
   p->nFresh = 0;
   p->pEntry = 0;
   p->pLast = 0;
-  p->pTree = 0;
-  p->isSorted = 1;
+  p->pForest = 0;
+  p->rsFlags = ROWSET_SORTED;
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate a new RowSetEntry object that is associated with the
+** given RowSet.  Return a pointer to the new and completely uninitialized
+** objected.
+**
+** In an OOM situation, the RowSet.db->mallocFailed flag is set and this
+** routine returns NULL.
+*/
+static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetEntryAlloc(RowSet *p){
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  if( p->nFresh==0 ){
+    struct RowSetChunk *pNew;
+    pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(p->db, sizeof(*pNew));
+    if( pNew==0 ){
+      return 0;
+    }
+    pNew->pNextChunk = p->pChunk;
+    p->pChunk = pNew;
+    p->pFresh = pNew->aEntry;
+    p->nFresh = ROWSET_ENTRY_PER_CHUNK;
+  }
+  p->nFresh--;
+  return p->pFresh++;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -38030,30 +39799,21 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowSetInsert(RowSet *p, i64 rowid){
   struct RowSetEntry *pEntry;  /* The new entry */
   struct RowSetEntry *pLast;   /* The last prior entry */
-  assert( p!=0 );
-  if( p->nFresh==0 ){
-    struct RowSetChunk *pNew;
-    pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(p->db, sizeof(*pNew));
-    if( pNew==0 ){
-      return;
-    }
-    pNew->pNextChunk = p->pChunk;
-    p->pChunk = pNew;
-    p->pFresh = pNew->aEntry;
-    p->nFresh = ROWSET_ENTRY_PER_CHUNK;
-  }
-  pEntry = p->pFresh++;
-  p->nFresh--;
+
+  /* This routine is never called after sqlite3RowSetNext() */
+  assert( p!=0 && (p->rsFlags & ROWSET_NEXT)==0 );
+
+  pEntry = rowSetEntryAlloc(p);
+  if( pEntry==0 ) return;
   pEntry->v = rowid;
   pEntry->pRight = 0;
   pLast = p->pLast;
   if( pLast ){
-    if( p->isSorted && rowid<=pLast->v ){
-      p->isSorted = 0;
+    if( (p->rsFlags & ROWSET_SORTED)!=0 && rowid<=pLast->v ){
+      p->rsFlags &= ~ROWSET_SORTED;
     }
     pLast->pRight = pEntry;
   }else{
-    assert( p->pEntry==0 ); /* Fires if INSERT after SMALLEST */
     p->pEntry = pEntry;
   }
   p->pLast = pEntry;
@@ -38065,7 +39825,7 @@
 ** The input lists are connected via pRight pointers and are 
 ** assumed to each already be in sorted order.
 */
-static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetMerge(
+static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetEntryMerge(
   struct RowSetEntry *pA,    /* First sorted list to be merged */
   struct RowSetEntry *pB     /* Second sorted list to be merged */
 ){
@@ -38099,32 +39859,29 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Sort all elements on the pEntry list of the RowSet into ascending order.
+** Sort all elements on the list of RowSetEntry objects into order of
+** increasing v.
 */ 
-static void rowSetSort(RowSet *p){
+static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetEntrySort(struct RowSetEntry *pIn){
   unsigned int i;
-  struct RowSetEntry *pEntry;
-  struct RowSetEntry *aBucket[40];
+  struct RowSetEntry *pNext, *aBucket[40];
 
-  assert( p->isSorted==0 );
   memset(aBucket, 0, sizeof(aBucket));
-  while( p->pEntry ){
-    pEntry = p->pEntry;
-    p->pEntry = pEntry->pRight;
-    pEntry->pRight = 0;
+  while( pIn ){
+    pNext = pIn->pRight;
+    pIn->pRight = 0;
     for(i=0; aBucket[i]; i++){
-      pEntry = rowSetMerge(aBucket[i], pEntry);
+      pIn = rowSetEntryMerge(aBucket[i], pIn);
       aBucket[i] = 0;
     }
-    aBucket[i] = pEntry;
+    aBucket[i] = pIn;
+    pIn = pNext;
   }
-  pEntry = 0;
+  pIn = 0;
   for(i=0; i<sizeof(aBucket)/sizeof(aBucket[0]); i++){
-    pEntry = rowSetMerge(pEntry, aBucket[i]);
+    pIn = rowSetEntryMerge(pIn, aBucket[i]);
   }
-  p->pEntry = pEntry;
-  p->pLast = 0;
-  p->isSorted = 1;
+  return pIn;
 }
 
 
@@ -38218,20 +39975,37 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Convert the list in p->pEntry into a sorted list if it is not
-** sorted already.  If there is a binary tree on p->pTree, then
-** convert it into a list too and merge it into the p->pEntry list.
+** Take all the entries on p->pEntry and on the trees in p->pForest and
+** sort them all together into one big ordered list on p->pEntry.
+**
+** This routine should only be called once in the life of a RowSet.
 */
 static void rowSetToList(RowSet *p){
-  if( !p->isSorted ){
-    rowSetSort(p);
+
+  /* This routine is called only once */
+  assert( p!=0 && (p->rsFlags & ROWSET_NEXT)==0 );
+
+  if( (p->rsFlags & ROWSET_SORTED)==0 ){
+    p->pEntry = rowSetEntrySort(p->pEntry);
   }
-  if( p->pTree ){
-    struct RowSetEntry *pHead, *pTail;
-    rowSetTreeToList(p->pTree, &pHead, &pTail);
-    p->pTree = 0;
-    p->pEntry = rowSetMerge(p->pEntry, pHead);
+
+  /* While this module could theoretically support it, sqlite3RowSetNext()
+  ** is never called after sqlite3RowSetText() for the same RowSet.  So
+  ** there is never a forest to deal with.  Should this change, simply
+  ** remove the assert() and the #if 0. */
+  assert( p->pForest==0 );
+#if 0
+  while( p->pForest ){
+    struct RowSetEntry *pTree = p->pForest->pLeft;
+    if( pTree ){
+      struct RowSetEntry *pHead, *pTail;
+      rowSetTreeToList(pTree, &pHead, &pTail);
+      p->pEntry = rowSetEntryMerge(p->pEntry, pHead);
+    }
+    p->pForest = p->pForest->pRight;
   }
+#endif
+  p->rsFlags |= ROWSET_NEXT;  /* Verify this routine is never called again */
 }
 
 /*
@@ -38243,7 +40017,12 @@
 ** routine may not be called again.  
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetNext(RowSet *p, i64 *pRowid){
-  rowSetToList(p);
+  assert( p!=0 );
+
+  /* Merge the forest into a single sorted list on first call */
+  if( (p->rsFlags & ROWSET_NEXT)==0 ) rowSetToList(p);
+
+  /* Return the next entry on the list */
   if( p->pEntry ){
     *pRowid = p->pEntry->v;
     p->pEntry = p->pEntry->pRight;
@@ -38257,28 +40036,68 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Check to see if element iRowid was inserted into the the rowset as
+** Check to see if element iRowid was inserted into the rowset as
 ** part of any insert batch prior to iBatch.  Return 1 or 0.
+**
+** If this is the first test of a new batch and if there exist entires
+** on pRowSet->pEntry, then sort those entires into the forest at
+** pRowSet->pForest so that they can be tested.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetTest(RowSet *pRowSet, u8 iBatch, sqlite3_int64 iRowid){
-  struct RowSetEntry *p;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetTest(RowSet *pRowSet, int iBatch, sqlite3_int64 iRowid){
+  struct RowSetEntry *p, *pTree;
+
+  /* This routine is never called after sqlite3RowSetNext() */
+  assert( pRowSet!=0 && (pRowSet->rsFlags & ROWSET_NEXT)==0 );
+
+  /* Sort entries into the forest on the first test of a new batch 
+  */
   if( iBatch!=pRowSet->iBatch ){
-    if( pRowSet->pEntry ){
-      rowSetToList(pRowSet);
-      pRowSet->pTree = rowSetListToTree(pRowSet->pEntry);
+    p = pRowSet->pEntry;
+    if( p ){
+      struct RowSetEntry **ppPrevTree = &pRowSet->pForest;
+      if( (pRowSet->rsFlags & ROWSET_SORTED)==0 ){
+        p = rowSetEntrySort(p);
+      }
+      for(pTree = pRowSet->pForest; pTree; pTree=pTree->pRight){
+        ppPrevTree = &pTree->pRight;
+        if( pTree->pLeft==0 ){
+          pTree->pLeft = rowSetListToTree(p);
+          break;
+        }else{
+          struct RowSetEntry *pAux, *pTail;
+          rowSetTreeToList(pTree->pLeft, &pAux, &pTail);
+          pTree->pLeft = 0;
+          p = rowSetEntryMerge(pAux, p);
+        }
+      }
+      if( pTree==0 ){
+        *ppPrevTree = pTree = rowSetEntryAlloc(pRowSet);
+        if( pTree ){
+          pTree->v = 0;
+          pTree->pRight = 0;
+          pTree->pLeft = rowSetListToTree(p);
+        }
+      }
       pRowSet->pEntry = 0;
       pRowSet->pLast = 0;
+      pRowSet->rsFlags |= ROWSET_SORTED;
     }
     pRowSet->iBatch = iBatch;
   }
-  p = pRowSet->pTree;
-  while( p ){
-    if( p->v<iRowid ){
-      p = p->pRight;
-    }else if( p->v>iRowid ){
-      p = p->pLeft;
-    }else{
-      return 1;
+
+  /* Test to see if the iRowid value appears anywhere in the forest.
+  ** Return 1 if it does and 0 if not.
+  */
+  for(pTree = pRowSet->pForest; pTree; pTree=pTree->pRight){
+    p = pTree->pLeft;
+    while( p ){
+      if( p->v<iRowid ){
+        p = p->pRight;
+      }else if( p->v>iRowid ){
+        p = p->pLeft;
+      }else{
+        return 1;
+      }
     }
   }
   return 0;
@@ -38341,7 +40160,6 @@
 # define sqlite3WalClose(w,x,y,z)                0
 # define sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(y,z)     0
 # define sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(z)
-# define sqlite3WalRead(v,w,x,y,z)               0
 # define sqlite3WalDbsize(y)                     0
 # define sqlite3WalBeginWriteTransaction(y)      0
 # define sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(x)        0
@@ -38354,6 +40172,7 @@
 # define sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(y,z)            0
 # define sqlite3WalHeapMemory(z)                 0
 # define sqlite3WalFramesize(z)                  0
+# define sqlite3WalFindFrame(x,y,z)              0
 #else
 
 #define WAL_SAVEPOINT_NDATA 4
@@ -38381,7 +40200,8 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(Wal *pWal);
 
 /* Read a page from the write-ahead log, if it is present. */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalRead(Wal *pWal, Pgno pgno, int *pInWal, int nOut, u8 *pOut);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalFindFrame(Wal *, Pgno, u32 *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalReadFrame(Wal *, u32, int, u8 *);
 
 /* If the WAL is not empty, return the size of the database. */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Pgno sqlite3WalDbsize(Wal *pWal);
@@ -38501,7 +40321,7 @@
 ** 
 ** Definition: Two databases (or the same database at two points it time)
 ** are said to be "logically equivalent" if they give the same answer to
-** all queries.  Note in particular the the content of freelist leaf
+** all queries.  Note in particular the content of freelist leaf
 ** pages can be changed arbitarily without effecting the logical equivalence
 ** of the database.
 ** 
@@ -38699,7 +40519,7 @@
 **    * A write transaction is active.
 **    * An EXCLUSIVE or greater lock is held on the database file.
 **    * All writing and syncing of journal and database data has finished.
-**      If no error occured, all that remains is to finalize the journal to
+**      If no error occurred, all that remains is to finalize the journal to
 **      commit the transaction. If an error did occur, the caller will need
 **      to rollback the transaction. 
 **
@@ -38880,6 +40700,13 @@
 };
 
 /*
+** Bits of the Pager.doNotSpill flag.  See further description below.
+*/
+#define SPILLFLAG_OFF         0x01      /* Never spill cache.  Set via pragma */
+#define SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK    0x02      /* Current rolling back, so do not spill */
+#define SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC      0x04      /* Spill is ok, but do not sync */
+
+/*
 ** A open page cache is an instance of struct Pager. A description of
 ** some of the more important member variables follows:
 **
@@ -38945,19 +40772,21 @@
 **   journal file from being successfully finalized, the setMaster flag
 **   is cleared anyway (and the pager will move to ERROR state).
 **
-** doNotSpill, doNotSyncSpill
+** doNotSpill
 **
-**   These two boolean variables control the behaviour of cache-spills
-**   (calls made by the pcache module to the pagerStress() routine to
-**   write cached data to the file-system in order to free up memory).
+**   This variables control the behavior of cache-spills  (calls made by
+**   the pcache module to the pagerStress() routine to write cached data
+**   to the file-system in order to free up memory).
 **
-**   When doNotSpill is non-zero, writing to the database from pagerStress()
-**   is disabled altogether. This is done in a very obscure case that
+**   When bits SPILLFLAG_OFF or SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK of doNotSpill are set,
+**   writing to the database from pagerStress() is disabled altogether.
+**   The SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK case is done in a very obscure case that
 **   comes up during savepoint rollback that requires the pcache module
 **   to allocate a new page to prevent the journal file from being written
-**   while it is being traversed by code in pager_playback().
+**   while it is being traversed by code in pager_playback().  The SPILLFLAG_OFF
+**   case is a user preference.
 ** 
-**   If doNotSyncSpill is non-zero, writing to the database from pagerStress()
+**   If the SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC bit is set, writing to the database from pagerStress()
 **   is permitted, but syncing the journal file is not. This flag is set
 **   by sqlite3PagerWrite() when the file-system sector-size is larger than
 **   the database page-size in order to prevent a journal sync from happening 
@@ -39043,7 +40872,8 @@
   u8 ckptSyncFlags;           /* SYNC_NORMAL or SYNC_FULL for checkpoint */
   u8 walSyncFlags;            /* SYNC_NORMAL or SYNC_FULL for wal writes */
   u8 syncFlags;               /* SYNC_NORMAL or SYNC_FULL otherwise */
-  u8 tempFile;                /* zFilename is a temporary file */
+  u8 tempFile;                /* zFilename is a temporary or immutable file */
+  u8 noLock;                  /* Do not lock (except in WAL mode) */
   u8 readOnly;                /* True for a read-only database */
   u8 memDb;                   /* True to inhibit all file I/O */
 
@@ -39061,7 +40891,6 @@
   u8 changeCountDone;         /* Set after incrementing the change-counter */
   u8 setMaster;               /* True if a m-j name has been written to jrnl */
   u8 doNotSpill;              /* Do not spill the cache when non-zero */
-  u8 doNotSyncSpill;          /* Do not do a spill that requires jrnl sync */
   u8 subjInMemory;            /* True to use in-memory sub-journals */
   Pgno dbSize;                /* Number of pages in the database */
   Pgno dbOrigSize;            /* dbSize before the current transaction */
@@ -39081,6 +40910,11 @@
   PagerSavepoint *aSavepoint; /* Array of active savepoints */
   int nSavepoint;             /* Number of elements in aSavepoint[] */
   char dbFileVers[16];        /* Changes whenever database file changes */
+
+  u8 bUseFetch;               /* True to use xFetch() */
+  int nMmapOut;               /* Number of mmap pages currently outstanding */
+  sqlite3_int64 szMmap;       /* Desired maximum mmap size */
+  PgHdr *pMmapFreelist;       /* List of free mmap page headers (pDirty) */
   /*
   ** End of the routinely-changing class members
   ***************************************************************************/
@@ -39096,9 +40930,9 @@
   char *zJournal;             /* Name of the journal file */
   int (*xBusyHandler)(void*); /* Function to call when busy */
   void *pBusyHandlerArg;      /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
-  int nHit, nMiss;            /* Total cache hits and misses */
+  int aStat[3];               /* Total cache hits, misses and writes */
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-  int nRead, nWrite;          /* Database pages read/written */
+  int nRead;                  /* Database pages read */
 #endif
   void (*xReiniter)(DbPage*); /* Call this routine when reloading pages */
 #ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
@@ -39116,6 +40950,15 @@
 };
 
 /*
+** Indexes for use with Pager.aStat[]. The Pager.aStat[] array contains
+** the values accessed by passing SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT, CACHE_MISS 
+** or CACHE_WRITE to sqlite3_db_status().
+*/
+#define PAGER_STAT_HIT   0
+#define PAGER_STAT_MISS  1
+#define PAGER_STAT_WRITE 2
+
+/*
 ** The following global variables hold counters used for
 ** testing purposes only.  These variables do not exist in
 ** a non-testing build.  These variables are not thread-safe.
@@ -39183,6 +41026,16 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
+** The macro USEFETCH is true if we are allowed to use the xFetch and xUnfetch
+** interfaces to access the database using memory-mapped I/O.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+# define USEFETCH(x) ((x)->bUseFetch)
+#else
+# define USEFETCH(x) 0
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** The maximum legal page number is (2^31 - 1).
 */
 #define PAGER_MAX_PGNO 2147483647
@@ -39416,11 +41269,12 @@
 **     PagerSavepoint.pInSavepoint.
 */
 static int subjRequiresPage(PgHdr *pPg){
-  Pgno pgno = pPg->pgno;
   Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+  PagerSavepoint *p;
+  Pgno pgno = pPg->pgno;
   int i;
   for(i=0; i<pPager->nSavepoint; i++){
-    PagerSavepoint *p = &pPager->aSavepoint[i];
+    p = &pPager->aSavepoint[i];
     if( p->nOrig>=pgno && 0==sqlite3BitvecTest(p->pInSavepoint, pgno) ){
       return 1;
     }
@@ -39431,8 +41285,8 @@
 /*
 ** Return true if the page is already in the journal file.
 */
-static int pageInJournal(PgHdr *pPg){
-  return sqlite3BitvecTest(pPg->pPager->pInJournal, pPg->pgno);
+static int pageInJournal(Pager *pPager, PgHdr *pPg){
+  return sqlite3BitvecTest(pPager->pInJournal, pPg->pgno);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -39484,7 +41338,7 @@
   assert( eLock!=NO_LOCK || pagerUseWal(pPager)==0 );
   if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
     assert( pPager->eLock>=eLock );
-    rc = sqlite3OsUnlock(pPager->fd, eLock);
+    rc = pPager->noLock ? SQLITE_OK : sqlite3OsUnlock(pPager->fd, eLock);
     if( pPager->eLock!=UNKNOWN_LOCK ){
       pPager->eLock = (u8)eLock;
     }
@@ -39508,7 +41362,7 @@
 
   assert( eLock==SHARED_LOCK || eLock==RESERVED_LOCK || eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
   if( pPager->eLock<eLock || pPager->eLock==UNKNOWN_LOCK ){
-    rc = sqlite3OsLock(pPager->fd, eLock);
+    rc = pPager->noLock ? SQLITE_OK : sqlite3OsLock(pPager->fd, eLock);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (pPager->eLock!=UNKNOWN_LOCK||eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK) ){
       pPager->eLock = (u8)eLock;
       IOTRACE(("LOCK %p %d\n", pPager, eLock))
@@ -39639,6 +41493,7 @@
    || szJ<16
    || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = read32bits(pJrnl, szJ-16, &len))
    || len>=nMaster 
+   || len==0 
    || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = read32bits(pJrnl, szJ-12, &cksum))
    || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3OsRead(pJrnl, aMagic, 8, szJ-8))
    || memcmp(aMagic, aJournalMagic, 8)
@@ -39816,7 +41671,7 @@
     memset(zHeader, 0, sizeof(aJournalMagic)+4);
   }
 
-  /* The random check-hash initialiser */ 
+  /* The random check-hash initializer */ 
   sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(pPager->cksumInit), &pPager->cksumInit);
   put32bits(&zHeader[sizeof(aJournalMagic)+4], pPager->cksumInit);
   /* The initial database size */
@@ -40016,12 +41871,11 @@
 
   if( !zMaster 
    || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY 
-   || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF 
+   || !isOpen(pPager->jfd)
   ){
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
   pPager->setMaster = 1;
-  assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) );
   assert( pPager->journalHdr <= pPager->journalOff );
 
   /* Calculate the length in bytes and the checksum of zMaster */
@@ -40075,7 +41929,7 @@
 ** already in memory.
 */
 static PgHdr *pager_lookup(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno){
-  PgHdr *p;                         /* Return value */
+  PgHdr *p = 0;                     /* Return value */
 
   /* It is not possible for a call to PcacheFetch() with createFlag==0 to
   ** fail, since no attempt to allocate dynamic memory will be made.
@@ -40214,6 +42068,7 @@
     pPager->changeCountDone = pPager->tempFile;
     pPager->eState = PAGER_OPEN;
     pPager->errCode = SQLITE_OK;
+    if( USEFETCH(pPager) ) sqlite3OsUnfetch(pPager->fd, 0, 0);
   }
 
   pPager->journalOff = 0;
@@ -40255,6 +42110,8 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+static int pager_truncate(Pager *pPager, Pgno nPage);
+
 /*
 ** This routine ends a transaction. A transaction is usually ended by 
 ** either a COMMIT or a ROLLBACK operation. This routine may be called 
@@ -40308,7 +42165,7 @@
 ** to the first error encountered (the journal finalization one) is
 ** returned.
 */
-static int pager_end_transaction(Pager *pPager, int hasMaster){
+static int pager_end_transaction(Pager *pPager, int hasMaster, int bCommit){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;      /* Error code from journal finalization operation */
   int rc2 = SQLITE_OK;     /* Error code from db file unlock operation */
 
@@ -40358,12 +42215,13 @@
       ** file should be closed and deleted. If this connection writes to
       ** the database file, it will do so using an in-memory journal. 
       */
+      int bDelete = (!pPager->tempFile && sqlite3JournalExists(pPager->jfd));
       assert( pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE 
            || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY 
            || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL 
       );
       sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
-      if( !pPager->tempFile ){
+      if( bDelete ){
         rc = sqlite3OsDelete(pPager->pVfs, pPager->zJournal, 0);
       }
     }
@@ -40375,7 +42233,7 @@
     PgHdr *p = pager_lookup(pPager, 1);
     if( p ){
       p->pageHash = 0;
-      sqlite3PagerUnref(p);
+      sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(p);
     }
   }
 #endif
@@ -40393,7 +42251,22 @@
     */
     rc2 = sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(pPager->pWal);
     assert( rc2==SQLITE_OK );
+  }else if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bCommit && pPager->dbFileSize>pPager->dbSize ){
+    /* This branch is taken when committing a transaction in rollback-journal
+    ** mode if the database file on disk is larger than the database image.
+    ** At this point the journal has been finalized and the transaction 
+    ** successfully committed, but the EXCLUSIVE lock is still held on the
+    ** file. So it is safe to truncate the database file to its minimum
+    ** required size.  */
+    assert( pPager->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+    rc = pager_truncate(pPager, pPager->dbSize);
   }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bCommit && isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
   if( !pPager->exclusiveMode 
    && (!pagerUseWal(pPager) || sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(pPager->pWal, 0))
   ){
@@ -40432,7 +42305,7 @@
       sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
     }else if( !pPager->exclusiveMode ){
       assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_READER );
-      pager_end_transaction(pPager, 0);
+      pager_end_transaction(pPager, 0, 0);
     }
   }
   pager_unlock(pPager);
@@ -40656,7 +42529,7 @@
     i64 ofst = (pgno-1)*(i64)pPager->pageSize;
     testcase( !isSavepnt && pPg!=0 && (pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)!=0 );
     assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
-    rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, (u8*)aData, pPager->pageSize, ofst);
+    rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, (u8 *)aData, pPager->pageSize, ofst);
     if( pgno>pPager->dbFileSize ){
       pPager->dbFileSize = pgno;
     }
@@ -40683,11 +42556,11 @@
     ** requiring a journal-sync before it is written.
     */
     assert( isSavepnt );
-    assert( pPager->doNotSpill==0 );
-    pPager->doNotSpill++;
+    assert( (pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK)==0 );
+    pPager->doNotSpill |= SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK;
     rc = sqlite3PagerAcquire(pPager, pgno, &pPg, 1);
-    assert( pPager->doNotSpill==1 );
-    pPager->doNotSpill--;
+    assert( (pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK)!=0 );
+    pPager->doNotSpill &= ~SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK;
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
     pPg->flags &= ~PGHDR_NEED_READ;
     sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPg);
@@ -40927,6 +42800,21 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Return a sanitized version of the sector-size of OS file pFile. The
+** return value is guaranteed to lie between 32 and MAX_SECTOR_SIZE.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SectorSize(sqlite3_file *pFile){
+  int iRet = sqlite3OsSectorSize(pFile);
+  if( iRet<32 ){
+    iRet = 512;
+  }else if( iRet>MAX_SECTOR_SIZE ){
+    assert( MAX_SECTOR_SIZE>=512 );
+    iRet = MAX_SECTOR_SIZE;
+  }
+  return iRet;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Set the value of the Pager.sectorSize variable for the given
 ** pager based on the value returned by the xSectorSize method
 ** of the open database file. The sector size will be used used 
@@ -40961,14 +42849,7 @@
     ** call will segfault. */
     pPager->sectorSize = 512;
   }else{
-    pPager->sectorSize = sqlite3OsSectorSize(pPager->fd);
-    if( pPager->sectorSize<32 ){
-      pPager->sectorSize = 512;
-    }
-    if( pPager->sectorSize>MAX_SECTOR_SIZE ){
-      assert( MAX_SECTOR_SIZE>=512 );
-      pPager->sectorSize = MAX_SECTOR_SIZE;
-    }
+    pPager->sectorSize = sqlite3SectorSize(pPager->fd);
   }
 }
 
@@ -41039,6 +42920,7 @@
   int res = 1;             /* Value returned by sqlite3OsAccess() */
   char *zMaster = 0;       /* Name of master journal file if any */
   int needPagerReset;      /* True to reset page prior to first page rollback */
+  int nPlayback = 0;       /* Total number of pages restored from journal */
 
   /* Figure out how many records are in the journal.  Abort early if
   ** the journal is empty.
@@ -41139,7 +43021,9 @@
         needPagerReset = 0;
       }
       rc = pager_playback_one_page(pPager,&pPager->journalOff,0,1,0);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        nPlayback++;
+      }else{
         if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
           pPager->journalOff = szJ;
           break;
@@ -41196,10 +43080,10 @@
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK
    && (pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD || pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN)
   ){
-    rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pPager);
+    rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pPager, 0);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, zMaster[0]!='\0');
+    rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, zMaster[0]!='\0', 0);
     testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && zMaster[0] && res ){
@@ -41209,6 +43093,10 @@
     rc = pager_delmaster(pPager, zMaster);
     testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
   }
+  if( isHot && nPlayback ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_ROLLBACK, "recovered %d pages from %s",
+                nPlayback, pPager->zJournal);
+  }
 
   /* The Pager.sectorSize variable may have been updated while rolling
   ** back a journal created by a process with a different sector size
@@ -41230,27 +43118,22 @@
 ** If an IO error occurs, then the IO error is returned to the caller.
 ** Otherwise, SQLITE_OK is returned.
 */
-static int readDbPage(PgHdr *pPg){
+static int readDbPage(PgHdr *pPg, u32 iFrame){
   Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager; /* Pager object associated with page pPg */
   Pgno pgno = pPg->pgno;       /* Page number to read */
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;          /* Return code */
-  int isInWal = 0;             /* True if page is in log file */
   int pgsz = pPager->pageSize; /* Number of bytes to read */
 
   assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_READER && !MEMDB );
   assert( isOpen(pPager->fd) );
 
-  if( NEVER(!isOpen(pPager->fd)) ){
-    assert( pPager->tempFile );
-    memset(pPg->pData, 0, pPager->pageSize);
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-
-  if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  if( iFrame ){
     /* Try to pull the page from the write-ahead log. */
-    rc = sqlite3WalRead(pPager->pWal, pgno, &isInWal, pgsz, pPg->pData);
-  }
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !isInWal ){
+    rc = sqlite3WalReadFrame(pPager->pWal, iFrame, pgsz, pPg->pData);
+  }else
+#endif
+  {
     i64 iOffset = (pgno-1)*(i64)pPager->pageSize;
     rc = sqlite3OsRead(pPager->fd, pPg->pData, pgsz, iOffset);
     if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ ){
@@ -41329,16 +43212,21 @@
   Pager *pPager = (Pager *)pCtx;
   PgHdr *pPg;
 
+  assert( pagerUseWal(pPager) );
   pPg = sqlite3PagerLookup(pPager, iPg);
   if( pPg ){
     if( sqlite3PcachePageRefcount(pPg)==1 ){
       sqlite3PcacheDrop(pPg);
     }else{
-      rc = readDbPage(pPg);
+      u32 iFrame = 0;
+      rc = sqlite3WalFindFrame(pPager->pWal, pPg->pgno, &iFrame);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = readDbPage(pPg, iFrame);
+      }
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         pPager->xReiniter(pPg);
       }
-      sqlite3PagerUnref(pPg);
+      sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPg);
     }
   }
 
@@ -41397,6 +43285,7 @@
   int isCommit                    /* True if this is a commit */
 ){
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int nList;                      /* Number of pages in pList */
 #if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES)
   PgHdr *p;                       /* For looping over pages */
 #endif
@@ -41410,6 +43299,7 @@
   }
 #endif
 
+  assert( pList->pDirty==0 || isCommit );
   if( isCommit ){
     /* If a WAL transaction is being committed, there is no point in writing
     ** any pages with page numbers greater than nTruncate into the WAL file.
@@ -41417,11 +43307,18 @@
     ** list here. */
     PgHdr *p;
     PgHdr **ppNext = &pList;
-    for(p=pList; (*ppNext = p); p=p->pDirty){
-      if( p->pgno<=nTruncate ) ppNext = &p->pDirty;
+    nList = 0;
+    for(p=pList; (*ppNext = p)!=0; p=p->pDirty){
+      if( p->pgno<=nTruncate ){
+        ppNext = &p->pDirty;
+        nList++;
+      }
     }
     assert( pList );
+  }else{
+    nList = 1;
   }
+  pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_WRITE] += nList;
 
   if( pList->pgno==1 ) pager_write_changecounter(pList);
   rc = sqlite3WalFrames(pPager->pWal, 
@@ -41469,6 +43366,7 @@
   rc = sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(pPager->pWal, &changed);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || changed ){
     pager_reset(pPager);
+    if( USEFETCH(pPager) ) sqlite3OsUnfetch(pPager->fd, 0, 0);
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -41559,6 +43457,7 @@
     if( rc ) return rc;
     if( nPage==0 ){
       rc = sqlite3OsDelete(pPager->pVfs, pPager->zWal, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
       isWal = 0;
     }else{
       rc = sqlite3OsAccess(
@@ -41730,6 +43629,29 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Invoke SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE based on the current value of szMmap.
+*/
+static void pagerFixMaplimit(Pager *pPager){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  sqlite3_file *fd = pPager->fd;
+  if( isOpen(fd) && fd->pMethods->iVersion>=3 ){
+    sqlite3_int64 sz;
+    sz = pPager->szMmap;
+    pPager->bUseFetch = (sz>0);
+    sqlite3OsFileControlHint(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE, &sz);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the maximum size of any memory mapping made of the database file.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetMmapLimit(Pager *pPager, sqlite3_int64 szMmap){
+  pPager->szMmap = szMmap;
+  pagerFixMaplimit(pPager);
+}
+
+/*
 ** Free as much memory as possible from the pager.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerShrink(Pager *pPager){
@@ -41737,9 +43659,12 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Adjust the robustness of the database to damage due to OS crashes
-** or power failures by changing the number of syncs()s when writing
-** the rollback journal.  There are three levels:
+** Adjust settings of the pager to those specified in the pgFlags parameter.
+**
+** The "level" in pgFlags & PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_MASK sets the robustness
+** of the database to damage due to OS crashes or power failures by
+** changing the number of syncs()s when writing the journals.
+** There are three levels:
 **
 **    OFF       sqlite3OsSync() is never called.  This is the default
 **              for temporary and transient files.
@@ -41780,22 +43705,21 @@
 ** and FULL=3.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetFlags(
   Pager *pPager,        /* The pager to set safety level for */
-  int level,            /* PRAGMA synchronous.  1=OFF, 2=NORMAL, 3=FULL */  
-  int bFullFsync,       /* PRAGMA fullfsync */
-  int bCkptFullFsync    /* PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfsync */
+  unsigned pgFlags      /* Various flags */
 ){
+  unsigned level = pgFlags & PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_MASK;
   assert( level>=1 && level<=3 );
   pPager->noSync =  (level==1 || pPager->tempFile) ?1:0;
   pPager->fullSync = (level==3 && !pPager->tempFile) ?1:0;
   if( pPager->noSync ){
     pPager->syncFlags = 0;
     pPager->ckptSyncFlags = 0;
-  }else if( bFullFsync ){
+  }else if( pgFlags & PAGER_FULLFSYNC ){
     pPager->syncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
     pPager->ckptSyncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
-  }else if( bCkptFullFsync ){
+  }else if( pgFlags & PAGER_CKPT_FULLFSYNC ){
     pPager->syncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
     pPager->ckptSyncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
   }else{
@@ -41806,6 +43730,11 @@
   if( pPager->fullSync ){
     pPager->walSyncFlags |= WAL_SYNC_TRANSACTIONS;
   }
+  if( pgFlags & PAGER_CACHESPILL ){
+    pPager->doNotSpill &= ~SPILLFLAG_OFF;
+  }else{
+    pPager->doNotSpill |= SPILLFLAG_OFF;
+  }
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -41876,9 +43805,16 @@
   Pager *pPager,                       /* Pager object */
   int (*xBusyHandler)(void *),         /* Pointer to busy-handler function */
   void *pBusyHandlerArg                /* Argument to pass to xBusyHandler */
-){  
+){
   pPager->xBusyHandler = xBusyHandler;
   pPager->pBusyHandlerArg = pBusyHandlerArg;
+
+  if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+    void **ap = (void **)&pPager->xBusyHandler;
+    assert( ((int(*)(void *))(ap[0]))==xBusyHandler );
+    assert( ap[1]==pBusyHandlerArg );
+    sqlite3OsFileControlHint(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER, (void *)ap);
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -41957,6 +43893,7 @@
     assert( nReserve>=0 && nReserve<1000 );
     pPager->nReserve = (i16)nReserve;
     pagerReportSize(pPager);
+    pagerFixMaplimit(pPager);
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -42110,7 +44047,7 @@
 ** dirty page were to be discarded from the cache via the pagerStress()
 ** routine, pagerStress() would not write the current page content to
 ** the database file. If a savepoint transaction were rolled back after
-** this happened, the correct behaviour would be to restore the current
+** this happened, the correct behavior would be to restore the current
 ** content of the page. However, since this content is not present in either
 ** the database file or the portion of the rollback journal and 
 ** sub-journal rolled back the content could not be restored and the
@@ -42134,12 +44071,26 @@
 ** function does not actually modify the database file on disk. It 
 ** just sets the internal state of the pager object so that the 
 ** truncation will be done when the current transaction is committed.
+**
+** This function is only called right before committing a transaction.
+** Once this function has been called, the transaction must either be
+** rolled back or committed. It is not safe to call this function and
+** then continue writing to the database.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(Pager *pPager, Pgno nPage){
   assert( pPager->dbSize>=nPage );
   assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD );
   pPager->dbSize = nPage;
-  assertTruncateConstraint(pPager);
+
+  /* At one point the code here called assertTruncateConstraint() to
+  ** ensure that all pages being truncated away by this operation are,
+  ** if one or more savepoints are open, present in the savepoint 
+  ** journal so that they can be restored if the savepoint is rolled
+  ** back. This is no longer necessary as this function is now only
+  ** called right before committing a transaction. So although the 
+  ** Pager object may still have open savepoints (Pager.nSavepoint!=0), 
+  ** they cannot be rolled back. So the assertTruncateConstraint() call
+  ** is no longer correct. */
 }
 
 
@@ -42169,6 +44120,81 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Obtain a reference to a memory mapped page object for page number pgno. 
+** The new object will use the pointer pData, obtained from xFetch().
+** If successful, set *ppPage to point to the new page reference
+** and return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, return an SQLite error code and set
+** *ppPage to zero.
+**
+** Page references obtained by calling this function should be released
+** by calling pagerReleaseMapPage().
+*/
+static int pagerAcquireMapPage(
+  Pager *pPager,                  /* Pager object */
+  Pgno pgno,                      /* Page number */
+  void *pData,                    /* xFetch()'d data for this page */
+  PgHdr **ppPage                  /* OUT: Acquired page object */
+){
+  PgHdr *p;                       /* Memory mapped page to return */
+
+  if( pPager->pMmapFreelist ){
+    *ppPage = p = pPager->pMmapFreelist;
+    pPager->pMmapFreelist = p->pDirty;
+    p->pDirty = 0;
+    memset(p->pExtra, 0, pPager->nExtra);
+  }else{
+    *ppPage = p = (PgHdr *)sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(PgHdr) + pPager->nExtra);
+    if( p==0 ){
+      sqlite3OsUnfetch(pPager->fd, (i64)(pgno-1) * pPager->pageSize, pData);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    p->pExtra = (void *)&p[1];
+    p->flags = PGHDR_MMAP;
+    p->nRef = 1;
+    p->pPager = pPager;
+  }
+
+  assert( p->pExtra==(void *)&p[1] );
+  assert( p->pPage==0 );
+  assert( p->flags==PGHDR_MMAP );
+  assert( p->pPager==pPager );
+  assert( p->nRef==1 );
+
+  p->pgno = pgno;
+  p->pData = pData;
+  pPager->nMmapOut++;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Release a reference to page pPg. pPg must have been returned by an 
+** earlier call to pagerAcquireMapPage().
+*/
+static void pagerReleaseMapPage(PgHdr *pPg){
+  Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+  pPager->nMmapOut--;
+  pPg->pDirty = pPager->pMmapFreelist;
+  pPager->pMmapFreelist = pPg;
+
+  assert( pPager->fd->pMethods->iVersion>=3 );
+  sqlite3OsUnfetch(pPager->fd, (i64)(pPg->pgno-1)*pPager->pageSize, pPg->pData);
+}
+
+/*
+** Free all PgHdr objects stored in the Pager.pMmapFreelist list.
+*/
+static void pagerFreeMapHdrs(Pager *pPager){
+  PgHdr *p;
+  PgHdr *pNext;
+  for(p=pPager->pMmapFreelist; p; p=pNext){
+    pNext = p->pDirty;
+    sqlite3_free(p);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** Shutdown the page cache.  Free all memory and close all files.
 **
 ** If a transaction was in progress when this routine is called, that
@@ -42188,6 +44214,7 @@
   assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
   disable_simulated_io_errors();
   sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+  pagerFreeMapHdrs(pPager);
   /* pPager->errCode = 0; */
   pPager->exclusiveMode = 0;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
@@ -42257,7 +44284,7 @@
 **
 ** If the Pager.noSync flag is set, then this function is a no-op.
 ** Otherwise, the actions required depend on the journal-mode and the 
-** device characteristics of the the file-system, as follows:
+** device characteristics of the file-system, as follows:
 **
 **   * If the journal file is an in-memory journal file, no action need
 **     be taken.
@@ -42449,7 +44476,10 @@
   ** file size will be.
   */
   assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || isOpen(pPager->fd) );
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pPager->dbSize>pPager->dbHintSize ){
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK 
+   && pPager->dbHintSize<pPager->dbSize
+   && (pList->pDirty || pList->pgno>pPager->dbHintSize)
+  ){
     sqlite3_int64 szFile = pPager->pageSize * (sqlite3_int64)pPager->dbSize;
     sqlite3OsFileControlHint(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT, &szFile);
     pPager->dbHintSize = pPager->dbSize;
@@ -42489,6 +44519,7 @@
       if( pgno>pPager->dbFileSize ){
         pPager->dbFileSize = pgno;
       }
+      pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_WRITE]++;
 
       /* Update any backup objects copying the contents of this pager. */
       sqlite3BackupUpdate(pPager->pBackup, pgno, (u8*)pList->pData);
@@ -42497,7 +44528,6 @@
                    PAGERID(pPager), pgno, pager_pagehash(pList)));
       IOTRACE(("PGOUT %p %d\n", pPager, pgno));
       PAGER_INCR(sqlite3_pager_writedb_count);
-      PAGER_INCR(pPager->nWrite);
     }else{
       PAGERTRACE(("NOSTORE %d page %d\n", PAGERID(pPager), pgno));
     }
@@ -42551,7 +44581,7 @@
     assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) || pagerUseWal(pPager) );
     assert( isOpen(pPager->sjfd) || pPager->nSubRec==0 );
     assert( pagerUseWal(pPager) 
-         || pageInJournal(pPg) 
+         || pageInJournal(pPager, pPg) 
          || pPg->pgno>pPager->dbOrigSize 
     );
     rc = openSubJournal(pPager);
@@ -42605,13 +44635,14 @@
   assert( pPg->pPager==pPager );
   assert( pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY );
 
-  /* The doNotSyncSpill flag is set during times when doing a sync of
+  /* The doNotSpill NOSYNC bit is set during times when doing a sync of
   ** journal (and adding a new header) is not allowed.  This occurs
   ** during calls to sqlite3PagerWrite() while trying to journal multiple
   ** pages belonging to the same sector.
   **
-  ** The doNotSpill flag inhibits all cache spilling regardless of whether
-  ** or not a sync is required.  This is set during a rollback.
+  ** The doNotSpill ROLLBACK and OFF bits inhibits all cache spilling
+  ** regardless of whether or not a sync is required.  This is set during
+  ** a rollback or by user request, respectively.
   **
   ** Spilling is also prohibited when in an error state since that could
   ** lead to database corruption.   In the current implementaton it 
@@ -42621,8 +44652,13 @@
   ** test for the error state as a safeguard against future changes.
   */
   if( NEVER(pPager->errCode) ) return SQLITE_OK;
-  if( pPager->doNotSpill ) return SQLITE_OK;
-  if( pPager->doNotSyncSpill && (pPg->flags & PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)!=0 ){
+  testcase( pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK );
+  testcase( pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_OFF );
+  testcase( pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC );
+  if( pPager->doNotSpill
+   && ((pPager->doNotSpill & (SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK|SPILLFLAG_OFF))!=0
+      || (pPg->flags & PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)!=0)
+  ){
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
@@ -42768,7 +44804,12 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
   if( flags & PAGER_MEMORY ){
     memDb = 1;
-    zFilename = 0;
+    if( zFilename && zFilename[0] ){
+      zPathname = sqlite3DbStrDup(0, zFilename);
+      if( zPathname==0  ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      nPathname = sqlite3Strlen30(zPathname);
+      zFilename = 0;
+    }
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -42779,7 +44820,7 @@
   if( zFilename && zFilename[0] ){
     const char *z;
     nPathname = pVfs->mxPathname+1;
-    zPathname = sqlite3Malloc(nPathname*2);
+    zPathname = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, nPathname*2);
     if( zPathname==0 ){
       return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
@@ -42803,7 +44844,7 @@
       rc = SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
     }
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      sqlite3_free(zPathname);
+      sqlite3DbFree(0, zPathname);
       return rc;
     }
   }
@@ -42833,7 +44874,7 @@
   );
   assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(journalFileSize)) );
   if( !pPtr ){
-    sqlite3_free(zPathname);
+    sqlite3DbFree(0, zPathname);
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
   pPager =              (Pager*)(pPtr);
@@ -42849,9 +44890,9 @@
     assert( nPathname>0 );
     pPager->zJournal =   (char*)(pPtr += nPathname + 1 + nUri);
     memcpy(pPager->zFilename, zPathname, nPathname);
-    memcpy(&pPager->zFilename[nPathname+1], zUri, nUri);
+    if( nUri ) memcpy(&pPager->zFilename[nPathname+1], zUri, nUri);
     memcpy(pPager->zJournal, zPathname, nPathname);
-    memcpy(&pPager->zJournal[nPathname], "-journal\000", 8+1);
+    memcpy(&pPager->zJournal[nPathname], "-journal\000", 8+2);
     sqlite3FileSuffix3(pPager->zFilename, pPager->zJournal);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
     pPager->zWal = &pPager->zJournal[nPathname+8+1];
@@ -42859,7 +44900,7 @@
     memcpy(&pPager->zWal[nPathname], "-wal\000", 4+1);
     sqlite3FileSuffix3(pPager->zFilename, pPager->zWal);
 #endif
-    sqlite3_free(zPathname);
+    sqlite3DbFree(0, zPathname);
   }
   pPager->pVfs = pVfs;
   pPager->vfsFlags = vfsFlags;
@@ -42880,30 +44921,38 @@
     **    + The value returned by sqlite3OsSectorSize()
     **    + The largest page size that can be written atomically.
     */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !readOnly ){
-      setSectorSize(pPager);
-      assert(SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE<=SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE);
-      if( szPageDflt<pPager->sectorSize ){
-        if( pPager->sectorSize>SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE ){
-          szPageDflt = SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE;
-        }else{
-          szPageDflt = (u32)pPager->sectorSize;
-        }
-      }
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
-      {
-        int iDc = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->fd);
-        int ii;
-        assert(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512==(512>>8));
-        assert(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC64K==(65536>>8));
-        assert(SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE<=65536);
-        for(ii=szPageDflt; ii<=SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE; ii=ii*2){
-          if( iDc&(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC|(ii>>8)) ){
-            szPageDflt = ii;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int iDc = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->fd);
+      if( !readOnly ){
+        setSectorSize(pPager);
+        assert(SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE<=SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE);
+        if( szPageDflt<pPager->sectorSize ){
+          if( pPager->sectorSize>SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE ){
+            szPageDflt = SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE;
+          }else{
+            szPageDflt = (u32)pPager->sectorSize;
           }
         }
-      }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
+        {
+          int ii;
+          assert(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512==(512>>8));
+          assert(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC64K==(65536>>8));
+          assert(SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE<=65536);
+          for(ii=szPageDflt; ii<=SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE; ii=ii*2){
+            if( iDc&(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC|(ii>>8)) ){
+              szPageDflt = ii;
+            }
+          }
+        }
 #endif
+      }
+      pPager->noLock = sqlite3_uri_boolean(zFilename, "nolock", 0);
+      if( (iDc & SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE)!=0
+       || sqlite3_uri_boolean(zFilename, "immutable", 0) ){
+          vfsFlags |= SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY;
+          goto act_like_temp_file;
+      }
     }
   }else{
     /* If a temporary file is requested, it is not opened immediately.
@@ -42913,10 +44962,14 @@
     ** This branch is also run for an in-memory database. An in-memory
     ** database is the same as a temp-file that is never written out to
     ** disk and uses an in-memory rollback journal.
+    **
+    ** This branch also runs for files marked as immutable.
     */ 
+act_like_temp_file:
     tempFile = 1;
-    pPager->eState = PAGER_READER;
-    pPager->eLock = EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
+    pPager->eState = PAGER_READER;     /* Pretend we already have a lock */
+    pPager->eLock = EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;    /* Pretend we are in EXCLUSIVE locking mode */
+    pPager->noLock = 1;                /* Do no locking */
     readOnly = (vfsFlags&SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
   }
 
@@ -42957,9 +45010,6 @@
   /* pPager->nPage = 0; */
   pPager->mxPgno = SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT;
   /* pPager->state = PAGER_UNLOCK; */
-#if 0
-  assert( pPager->state == (tempFile ? PAGER_EXCLUSIVE : PAGER_UNLOCK) );
-#endif
   /* pPager->errMask = 0; */
   pPager->tempFile = (u8)tempFile;
   assert( tempFile==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL 
@@ -42998,12 +45048,37 @@
   /* pPager->pBusyHandlerArg = 0; */
   pPager->xReiniter = xReinit;
   /* memset(pPager->aHash, 0, sizeof(pPager->aHash)); */
+  /* pPager->szMmap = SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE // will be set by btree.c */
 
   *ppPager = pPager;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 
+/* Verify that the database file has not be deleted or renamed out from
+** under the pager.  Return SQLITE_OK if the database is still were it ought
+** to be on disk.  Return non-zero (SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED or some other error
+** code from sqlite3OsAccess()) if the database has gone missing.
+*/
+static int databaseIsUnmoved(Pager *pPager){
+  int bHasMoved = 0;
+  int rc;
+
+  if( pPager->tempFile ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  if( pPager->dbSize==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( pPager->zFilename && pPager->zFilename[0] );
+  rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED, &bHasMoved);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ){
+    /* If the HAS_MOVED file-control is unimplemented, assume that the file
+    ** has not been moved.  That is the historical behavior of SQLite: prior to
+    ** version 3.8.3, it never checked */
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bHasMoved ){
+    rc = SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
 
 /*
 ** This function is called after transitioning from PAGER_UNLOCK to
@@ -43069,15 +45144,17 @@
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !locked ){
       Pgno nPage;                 /* Number of pages in database file */
 
-      /* Check the size of the database file. If it consists of 0 pages,
-      ** then delete the journal file. See the header comment above for 
-      ** the reasoning here.  Delete the obsolete journal file under
-      ** a RESERVED lock to avoid race conditions and to avoid violating
-      ** [H33020].
-      */
       rc = pagerPagecount(pPager, &nPage);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        if( nPage==0 ){
+        /* If the database is zero pages in size, that means that either (1) the
+        ** journal is a remnant from a prior database with the same name where
+        ** the database file but not the journal was deleted, or (2) the initial
+        ** transaction that populates a new database is being rolled back.
+        ** In either case, the journal file can be deleted.  However, take care
+        ** not to delete the journal file if it is already open due to
+        ** journal_mode=PERSIST.
+        */
+        if( nPage==0 && !jrnlOpen ){
           sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
           if( pagerLockDb(pPager, RESERVED_LOCK)==SQLITE_OK ){
             sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, 0);
@@ -43187,6 +45264,11 @@
       goto failed;
     }
     if( bHotJournal ){
+      if( pPager->readOnly ){
+        rc = SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK;
+        goto failed;
+      }
+
       /* Get an EXCLUSIVE lock on the database file. At this point it is
       ** important that a RESERVED lock is not obtained on the way to the
       ** EXCLUSIVE lock. If it were, another process might open the
@@ -43284,9 +45366,11 @@
       );
     }
 
-    if( !pPager->tempFile 
-     && (pPager->pBackup || sqlite3PcachePagecount(pPager->pPCache)>0) 
-    ){
+    if( !pPager->tempFile && (
+        pPager->pBackup 
+     || sqlite3PcachePagecount(pPager->pPCache)>0 
+     || USEFETCH(pPager)
+    )){
       /* The shared-lock has just been acquired on the database file
       ** and there are already pages in the cache (from a previous
       ** read or write transaction).  Check to see if the database
@@ -43312,7 +45396,7 @@
       if( nPage>0 ){
         IOTRACE(("CKVERS %p %d\n", pPager, sizeof(dbFileVers)));
         rc = sqlite3OsRead(pPager->fd, &dbFileVers, sizeof(dbFileVers), 24);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ ){
           goto failed;
         }
       }else{
@@ -43321,6 +45405,16 @@
 
       if( memcmp(pPager->dbFileVers, dbFileVers, sizeof(dbFileVers))!=0 ){
         pager_reset(pPager);
+
+        /* Unmap the database file. It is possible that external processes
+        ** may have truncated the database file and then extended it back
+        ** to its original size while this process was not holding a lock.
+        ** In this case there may exist a Pager.pMap mapping that appears
+        ** to be the right size but is not actually valid. Avoid this
+        ** possibility by unmapping the db here. */
+        if( USEFETCH(pPager) ){
+          sqlite3OsUnfetch(pPager->fd, 0, 0);
+        }
       }
     }
 
@@ -43362,7 +45456,7 @@
 ** nothing to rollback, so this routine is a no-op.
 */ 
 static void pagerUnlockIfUnused(Pager *pPager){
-  if( (sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache)==0) ){
+  if( pPager->nMmapOut==0 && (sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache)==0) ){
     pagerUnlockAndRollback(pPager);
   }
 }
@@ -43390,7 +45484,7 @@
 ** page is initialized to all zeros. 
 **
 ** If noContent is true, it means that we do not care about the contents
-** of the page. This occurs in two seperate scenarios:
+** of the page. This occurs in two scenarios:
 **
 **   a) When reading a free-list leaf page from the database, and
 **
@@ -43421,13 +45515,27 @@
   Pager *pPager,      /* The pager open on the database file */
   Pgno pgno,          /* Page number to fetch */
   DbPage **ppPage,    /* Write a pointer to the page here */
-  int noContent       /* Do not bother reading content from disk if true */
+  int flags           /* PAGER_GET_XXX flags */
 ){
-  int rc;
-  PgHdr *pPg;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  PgHdr *pPg = 0;
+  u32 iFrame = 0;                 /* Frame to read from WAL file */
+  const int noContent = (flags & PAGER_GET_NOCONTENT);
+
+  /* It is acceptable to use a read-only (mmap) page for any page except
+  ** page 1 if there is no write-transaction open or the ACQUIRE_READONLY
+  ** flag was specified by the caller. And so long as the db is not a 
+  ** temporary or in-memory database.  */
+  const int bMmapOk = (pgno!=1 && USEFETCH(pPager)
+   && (pPager->eState==PAGER_READER || (flags & PAGER_GET_READONLY))
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+   && pPager->xCodec==0
+#endif
+  );
 
   assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_READER );
   assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+  assert( noContent==0 || bMmapOk==0 );
 
   if( pgno==0 ){
     return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
@@ -43438,6 +45546,39 @@
   if( pPager->errCode!=SQLITE_OK ){
     rc = pPager->errCode;
   }else{
+
+    if( bMmapOk && pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+      rc = sqlite3WalFindFrame(pPager->pWal, pgno, &iFrame);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto pager_acquire_err;
+    }
+
+    if( bMmapOk && iFrame==0 ){
+      void *pData = 0;
+
+      rc = sqlite3OsFetch(pPager->fd, 
+          (i64)(pgno-1) * pPager->pageSize, pPager->pageSize, &pData
+      );
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pData ){
+        if( pPager->eState>PAGER_READER ){
+          (void)sqlite3PcacheFetch(pPager->pPCache, pgno, 0, &pPg);
+        }
+        if( pPg==0 ){
+          rc = pagerAcquireMapPage(pPager, pgno, pData, &pPg);
+        }else{
+          sqlite3OsUnfetch(pPager->fd, (i64)(pgno-1)*pPager->pageSize, pData);
+        }
+        if( pPg ){
+          assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+          *ppPage = pPg;
+          return SQLITE_OK;
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto pager_acquire_err;
+      }
+    }
+
     rc = sqlite3PcacheFetch(pPager->pPCache, pgno, 1, ppPage);
   }
 
@@ -43455,7 +45596,7 @@
     /* In this case the pcache already contains an initialized copy of
     ** the page. Return without further ado.  */
     assert( pgno<=PAGER_MAX_PGNO && pgno!=PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) );
-    pPager->nHit++;
+    pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_HIT]++;
     return SQLITE_OK;
 
   }else{
@@ -43496,9 +45637,13 @@
       memset(pPg->pData, 0, pPager->pageSize);
       IOTRACE(("ZERO %p %d\n", pPager, pgno));
     }else{
+      if( pagerUseWal(pPager) && bMmapOk==0 ){
+        rc = sqlite3WalFindFrame(pPager->pWal, pgno, &iFrame);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto pager_acquire_err;
+      }
       assert( pPg->pPager==pPager );
-      pPager->nMiss++;
-      rc = readDbPage(pPg);
+      pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_MISS]++;
+      rc = readDbPage(pPg, iFrame);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         goto pager_acquire_err;
       }
@@ -43548,12 +45693,19 @@
 ** are released, a rollback occurs and the lock on the database is
 ** removed.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnref(DbPage *pPg){
-  if( pPg ){
-    Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(DbPage *pPg){
+  Pager *pPager;
+  assert( pPg!=0 );
+  pPager = pPg->pPager;
+  if( pPg->flags & PGHDR_MMAP ){
+    pagerReleaseMapPage(pPg);
+  }else{
     sqlite3PcacheRelease(pPg);
-    pagerUnlockIfUnused(pPager);
   }
+  pagerUnlockIfUnused(pPager);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnref(DbPage *pPg){
+  if( pPg ) sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPg);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -43608,13 +45760,19 @@
             (SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE|SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL):
             (SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL)
           );
-  #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
-        rc = sqlite3JournalOpen(
-            pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, flags, jrnlBufferSize(pPager)
-        );
-  #else
-        rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, flags, 0);
-  #endif
+
+        /* Verify that the database still has the same name as it did when
+        ** it was originally opened. */
+        rc = databaseIsUnmoved(pPager);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
+          rc = sqlite3JournalOpen(
+              pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, flags, jrnlBufferSize(pPager)
+          );
+#else
+          rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, flags, 0);
+#endif
+        }
       }
       assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || isOpen(pPager->jfd) );
     }
@@ -43735,9 +45893,9 @@
 ** of any open savepoints as appropriate.
 */
 static int pager_write(PgHdr *pPg){
-  void *pData = pPg->pData;
   Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int inJournal;
 
   /* This routine is not called unless a write-transaction has already 
   ** been started. The journal file may or may not be open at this point.
@@ -43748,14 +45906,8 @@
        || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD
   );
   assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
-
-  /* If an error has been previously detected, report the same error
-  ** again. This should not happen, but the check provides robustness. */
-  if( NEVER(pPager->errCode) )  return pPager->errCode;
-
-  /* Higher-level routines never call this function if database is not
-  ** writable.  But check anyway, just for robustness. */
-  if( NEVER(pPager->readOnly) ) return SQLITE_PERM;
+  assert( pPager->errCode==0 );
+  assert( pPager->readOnly==0 );
 
   CHECK_PAGE(pPg);
 
@@ -43779,7 +45931,8 @@
   ** to the journal then we can return right away.
   */
   sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPg);
-  if( pageInJournal(pPg) && !subjRequiresPage(pPg) ){
+  inJournal = pageInJournal(pPager, pPg);
+  if( inJournal && (pPager->nSavepoint==0 || !subjRequiresPage(pPg)) ){
     assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
   }else{
   
@@ -43787,7 +45940,7 @@
     ** EXCLUSIVE lock on the main database file.  Write the current page to
     ** the transaction journal if it is not there already.
     */
-    if( !pageInJournal(pPg) && !pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    if( !inJournal && !pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
       assert( pagerUseWal(pPager)==0 );
       if( pPg->pgno<=pPager->dbOrigSize && isOpen(pPager->jfd) ){
         u32 cksum;
@@ -43800,7 +45953,7 @@
         assert( pPg->pgno!=PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) );
 
         assert( pPager->journalHdr<=pPager->journalOff );
-        CODEC2(pPager, pData, pPg->pgno, 7, return SQLITE_NOMEM, pData2);
+        CODEC2(pPager, pPg->pData, pPg->pgno, 7, return SQLITE_NOMEM, pData2);
         cksum = pager_cksum(pPager, (u8*)pData2);
 
         /* Even if an IO or diskfull error occurs while journalling the
@@ -43852,7 +46005,7 @@
     ** the statement journal format differs from the standard journal format
     ** in that it omits the checksums and the header.
     */
-    if( subjRequiresPage(pPg) ){
+    if( pPager->nSavepoint>0 && subjRequiresPage(pPg) ){
       rc = subjournalPage(pPg);
     }
   }
@@ -43884,26 +46037,27 @@
 
   PgHdr *pPg = pDbPage;
   Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
-  Pgno nPagePerSector = (pPager->sectorSize/pPager->pageSize);
 
+  assert( (pPg->flags & PGHDR_MMAP)==0 );
   assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED );
   assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_ERROR );
   assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
 
-  if( nPagePerSector>1 ){
+  if( pPager->sectorSize > (u32)pPager->pageSize ){
     Pgno nPageCount;          /* Total number of pages in database file */
     Pgno pg1;                 /* First page of the sector pPg is located on. */
     int nPage = 0;            /* Number of pages starting at pg1 to journal */
     int ii;                   /* Loop counter */
     int needSync = 0;         /* True if any page has PGHDR_NEED_SYNC */
+    Pgno nPagePerSector = (pPager->sectorSize/pPager->pageSize);
 
-    /* Set the doNotSyncSpill flag to 1. This is because we cannot allow
+    /* Set the doNotSpill NOSYNC bit to 1. This is because we cannot allow
     ** a journal header to be written between the pages journaled by
     ** this function.
     */
     assert( !MEMDB );
-    assert( pPager->doNotSyncSpill==0 );
-    pPager->doNotSyncSpill++;
+    assert( (pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC)==0 );
+    pPager->doNotSpill |= SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC;
 
     /* This trick assumes that both the page-size and sector-size are
     ** an integer power of 2. It sets variable pg1 to the identifier
@@ -43934,14 +46088,14 @@
             if( pPage->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC ){
               needSync = 1;
             }
-            sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
+            sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPage);
           }
         }
       }else if( (pPage = pager_lookup(pPager, pg))!=0 ){
         if( pPage->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC ){
           needSync = 1;
         }
-        sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
+        sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPage);
       }
     }
 
@@ -43957,13 +46111,13 @@
         PgHdr *pPage = pager_lookup(pPager, pg1+ii);
         if( pPage ){
           pPage->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
-          sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
+          sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPage);
         }
       }
     }
 
-    assert( pPager->doNotSyncSpill==1 );
-    pPager->doNotSyncSpill--;
+    assert( (pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC)!=0 );
+    pPager->doNotSpill &= ~SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC;
   }else{
     rc = pager_write(pDbPage);
   }
@@ -44053,7 +46207,7 @@
 # define DIRECT_MODE isDirectMode
 #endif
 
-  if( !pPager->changeCountDone && pPager->dbSize>0 ){
+  if( !pPager->changeCountDone && ALWAYS(pPager->dbSize>0) ){
     PgHdr *pPgHdr;                /* Reference to page 1 */
 
     assert( !pPager->tempFile && isOpen(pPager->fd) );
@@ -44082,8 +46236,14 @@
         CODEC2(pPager, pPgHdr->pData, 1, 6, rc=SQLITE_NOMEM, zBuf);
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
           rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, zBuf, pPager->pageSize, 0);
+          pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_WRITE]++;
         }
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          /* Update the pager's copy of the change-counter. Otherwise, the
+          ** next time a read transaction is opened the cache will be
+          ** flushed (as the change-counter values will not match).  */
+          const void *pCopy = (const void *)&((const char *)zBuf)[24];
+          memcpy(&pPager->dbFileVers, pCopy, sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers));
           pPager->changeCountDone = 1;
         }
       }else{
@@ -44104,17 +46264,17 @@
 ** If successful, or if called on a pager for which it is a no-op, this
 ** function returns SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, an IO error code is returned.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSync(Pager *pPager){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSync(Pager *pPager, const char *zMaster){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  if( !pPager->noSync ){
+
+  if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+    void *pArg = (void*)zMaster;
+    rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC, pArg);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pPager->noSync ){
     assert( !MEMDB );
     rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->fd, pPager->syncFlags);
-  }else if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
-    assert( !MEMDB );
-    rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED, 0);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ){
-      rc = SQLITE_OK;
-    }
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -44270,38 +46430,6 @@
   #endif
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
   
-      /* If this transaction has made the database smaller, then all pages
-      ** being discarded by the truncation must be written to the journal
-      ** file. This can only happen in auto-vacuum mode.
-      **
-      ** Before reading the pages with page numbers larger than the 
-      ** current value of Pager.dbSize, set dbSize back to the value
-      ** that it took at the start of the transaction. Otherwise, the
-      ** calls to sqlite3PagerGet() return zeroed pages instead of 
-      ** reading data from the database file.
-      */
-  #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-      if( pPager->dbSize<pPager->dbOrigSize 
-       && pPager->journalMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF
-      ){
-        Pgno i;                                   /* Iterator variable */
-        const Pgno iSkip = PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager); /* Pending lock page */
-        const Pgno dbSize = pPager->dbSize;       /* Database image size */ 
-        pPager->dbSize = pPager->dbOrigSize;
-        for( i=dbSize+1; i<=pPager->dbOrigSize; i++ ){
-          if( !sqlite3BitvecTest(pPager->pInJournal, i) && i!=iSkip ){
-            PgHdr *pPage;             /* Page to journal */
-            rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pPager, i, &pPage);
-            if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
-            rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage);
-            sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
-            if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
-          }
-        }
-        pPager->dbSize = dbSize;
-      } 
-  #endif
-  
       /* Write the master journal name into the journal file. If a master 
       ** journal file name has already been written to the journal file, 
       ** or if zMaster is NULL (no master journal), then this call is a no-op.
@@ -44329,11 +46457,14 @@
         goto commit_phase_one_exit;
       }
       sqlite3PcacheCleanAll(pPager->pPCache);
-  
-      /* If the file on disk is not the same size as the database image,
-      ** then use pager_truncate to grow or shrink the file here.
-      */
-      if( pPager->dbSize!=pPager->dbFileSize ){
+
+      /* If the file on disk is smaller than the database image, use 
+      ** pager_truncate to grow the file here. This can happen if the database
+      ** image was extended as part of the current transaction and then the
+      ** last page in the db image moved to the free-list. In this case the
+      ** last page is never written out to disk, leaving the database file
+      ** undersized. Fix this now if it is the case.  */
+      if( pPager->dbSize>pPager->dbFileSize ){
         Pgno nNew = pPager->dbSize - (pPager->dbSize==PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager));
         assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD );
         rc = pager_truncate(pPager, nNew);
@@ -44342,7 +46473,7 @@
   
       /* Finally, sync the database file. */
       if( !noSync ){
-        rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pPager);
+        rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pPager, zMaster);
       }
       IOTRACE(("DBSYNC %p\n", pPager))
     }
@@ -44406,7 +46537,7 @@
   }
 
   PAGERTRACE(("COMMIT %d\n", PAGERID(pPager)));
-  rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, pPager->setMaster);
+  rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, pPager->setMaster, 1);
   return pager_error(pPager, rc);
 }
 
@@ -44451,11 +46582,11 @@
   if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
     int rc2;
     rc = sqlite3PagerSavepoint(pPager, SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, -1);
-    rc2 = pager_end_transaction(pPager, pPager->setMaster);
+    rc2 = pager_end_transaction(pPager, pPager->setMaster, 0);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
   }else if( !isOpen(pPager->jfd) || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED ){
     int eState = pPager->eState;
-    rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, 0);
+    rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, 0, 0);
     if( !MEMDB && eState>PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED ){
       /* This can happen using journal_mode=off. Move the pager to the error 
       ** state to indicate that the contents of the cache may not be trusted.
@@ -44470,8 +46601,10 @@
   }
 
   assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_READER || rc!=SQLITE_OK );
-  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_FULL
-          || rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || (rc&0xFF)==SQLITE_IOERR );
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_FULL || rc==SQLITE_CORRUPT
+          || rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || (rc&0xFF)==SQLITE_IOERR 
+          || rc==SQLITE_CANTOPEN
+  );
 
   /* If an error occurs during a ROLLBACK, we can no longer trust the pager
   ** cache. So call pager_error() on the way out to make any error persistent.
@@ -44525,11 +46658,11 @@
   a[3] = pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN ? -1 : (int) pPager->dbSize;
   a[4] = pPager->eState;
   a[5] = pPager->errCode;
-  a[6] = pPager->nHit;
-  a[7] = pPager->nMiss;
+  a[6] = pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_HIT];
+  a[7] = pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_MISS];
   a[8] = 0;  /* Used to be pPager->nOvfl */
   a[9] = pPager->nRead;
-  a[10] = pPager->nWrite;
+  a[10] = pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_WRITE];
   return a;
 }
 #endif
@@ -44542,20 +46675,19 @@
 ** returning.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerCacheStat(Pager *pPager, int eStat, int reset, int *pnVal){
-  int *piStat;
 
   assert( eStat==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT
        || eStat==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS
+       || eStat==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE
   );
-  if( eStat==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT ){
-    piStat = &pPager->nHit;
-  }else{
-    piStat = &pPager->nMiss;
-  }
 
-  *pnVal += *piStat;
+  assert( SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT+1==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS );
+  assert( SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT+2==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE );
+  assert( PAGER_STAT_HIT==0 && PAGER_STAT_MISS==1 && PAGER_STAT_WRITE==2 );
+
+  *pnVal += pPager->aStat[eStat - SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT];
   if( reset ){
-    *piStat = 0;
+    pPager->aStat[eStat - SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT] = 0;
   }
 }
 
@@ -44704,9 +46836,16 @@
 
 /*
 ** Return the full pathname of the database file.
+**
+** Except, if the pager is in-memory only, then return an empty string if
+** nullIfMemDb is true.  This routine is called with nullIfMemDb==1 when
+** used to report the filename to the user, for compatibility with legacy
+** behavior.  But when the Btree needs to know the filename for matching to
+** shared cache, it uses nullIfMemDb==0 so that in-memory databases can
+** participate in shared-cache.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerFilename(Pager *pPager){
-  return pPager->zFilename;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerFilename(Pager *pPager, int nullIfMemDb){
+  return (nullIfMemDb && pPager->memDb) ? "" : pPager->zFilename;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -44761,7 +46900,27 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerGetCodec(Pager *pPager){
   return pPager->pCodec;
 }
-#endif
+
+/*
+** This function is called by the wal module when writing page content
+** into the log file.
+**
+** This function returns a pointer to a buffer containing the encrypted
+** page content. If a malloc fails, this function may return NULL.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerCodec(PgHdr *pPg){
+  void *aData = 0;
+  CODEC2(pPg->pPager, pPg->pData, pPg->pgno, 6, return 0, aData);
+  return aData;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the current pager state
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerState(Pager *pPager){
+  return pPager->eState;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_HAS_CODEC */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
 /*
@@ -44847,7 +47006,8 @@
   */
   if( (pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC) && !isCommit ){
     needSyncPgno = pPg->pgno;
-    assert( pageInJournal(pPg) || pPg->pgno>pPager->dbOrigSize );
+    assert( pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF ||
+            pageInJournal(pPager, pPg) || pPg->pgno>pPager->dbOrigSize );
     assert( pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY );
   }
 
@@ -44881,7 +47041,7 @@
   if( MEMDB ){
     assert( pPgOld );
     sqlite3PcacheMove(pPgOld, origPgno);
-    sqlite3PagerUnref(pPgOld);
+    sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPgOld);
   }
 
   if( needSyncPgno ){
@@ -44910,7 +47070,7 @@
     }
     pPgHdr->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
     sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPgHdr);
-    sqlite3PagerUnref(pPgHdr);
+    sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPgHdr);
   }
 
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -45197,11 +47357,12 @@
   ** (e.g. due to malloc() failure), return an error code.
   */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = sqlite3WalOpen(pPager->pVfs, 
+    rc = sqlite3WalOpen(pPager->pVfs,
         pPager->fd, pPager->zWal, pPager->exclusiveMode,
         pPager->journalSizeLimit, &pPager->pWal
     );
   }
+  pagerFixMaplimit(pPager);
 
   return rc;
 }
@@ -45292,11 +47453,14 @@
       rc = sqlite3WalClose(pPager->pWal, pPager->ckptSyncFlags,
                            pPager->pageSize, (u8*)pPager->pTmpSpace);
       pPager->pWal = 0;
+      pagerFixMaplimit(pPager);
     }
   }
   return rc;
 }
 
+#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
+
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ZIPVFS
 /*
 ** A read-lock must be held on the pager when this function is called. If
@@ -45311,23 +47475,6 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
-/*
-** This function is called by the wal module when writing page content
-** into the log file.
-**
-** This function returns a pointer to a buffer containing the encrypted
-** page content. If a malloc fails, this function may return NULL.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerCodec(PgHdr *pPg){
-  void *aData = 0;
-  CODEC2(pPg->pPager, pPg->pData, pPg->pgno, 6, return 0, aData);
-  return aData;
-}
-#endif /* SQLITE_HAS_CODEC */
-
-#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
-
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_DISKIO */
 
 /************** End of pager.c ***********************************************/
@@ -45476,14 +47623,15 @@
 ** byte order of the host computer.
 **
 ** The purpose of the wal-index is to answer this question quickly:  Given
-** a page number P, return the index of the last frame for page P in the WAL,
-** or return NULL if there are no frames for page P in the WAL.
+** a page number P and a maximum frame index M, return the index of the 
+** last frame in the wal before frame M for page P in the WAL, or return
+** NULL if there are no frames for page P in the WAL prior to M.
 **
 ** The wal-index consists of a header region, followed by an one or
 ** more index blocks.  
 **
 ** The wal-index header contains the total number of frames within the WAL
-** in the the mxFrame field.  
+** in the mxFrame field.
 **
 ** Each index block except for the first contains information on 
 ** HASHTABLE_NPAGE frames. The first index block contains information on
@@ -46531,6 +48679,7 @@
     pInfo->nBackfill = 0;
     pInfo->aReadMark[0] = 0;
     for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++) pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
+    if( pWal->hdr.mxFrame ) pInfo->aReadMark[1] = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
 
     /* If more than one frame was recovered from the log file, report an
     ** event via sqlite3_log(). This is to help with identifying performance
@@ -46538,8 +48687,9 @@
     ** checkpointing the log file.
     */
     if( pWal->hdr.nPage ){
-      sqlite3_log(SQLITE_OK, "Recovered %d frames from WAL file %s",
-          pWal->hdr.nPage, pWal->zWalName
+      sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_WAL,
+          "recovered %d frames from WAL file %s",
+          pWal->hdr.mxFrame, pWal->zWalName
       );
     }
   }
@@ -46636,7 +48786,7 @@
     sqlite3OsClose(pRet->pWalFd);
     sqlite3_free(pRet);
   }else{
-    int iDC = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pRet->pWalFd);
+    int iDC = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pDbFd);
     if( iDC & SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL ){ pRet->syncHeader = 0; }
     if( iDC & SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE ){
       pRet->padToSectorBoundary = 0;
@@ -47031,7 +49181,7 @@
       assert( y<=pWal->hdr.mxFrame );
       rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
+        pInfo->aReadMark[i] = (i==1 ? mxSafeFrame : READMARK_NOT_USED);
         walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
       }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
         mxSafeFrame = y;
@@ -47053,8 +49203,8 @@
       rc = sqlite3OsSync(pWal->pWalFd, sync_flags);
     }
 
-    /* If the database file may grow as a result of this checkpoint, hint
-    ** about the eventual size of the db file to the VFS layer. 
+    /* If the database may grow as a result of this checkpoint, hint
+    ** about the eventual size of the db file to the VFS layer.
     */
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       i64 nReq = ((i64)mxPage * szPage);
@@ -47064,6 +49214,7 @@
       }
     }
 
+
     /* Iterate through the contents of the WAL, copying data to the db file. */
     while( rc==SQLITE_OK && 0==walIteratorNext(pIter, &iDbpage, &iFrame) ){
       i64 iOffset;
@@ -47425,8 +49576,8 @@
   ** calls to sqlite3OsSleep() have a delay of 1 microsecond.  Really this
   ** is more of a scheduler yield than an actual delay.  But on the 10th
   ** an subsequent retries, the delays start becoming longer and longer, 
-  ** so that on the 100th (and last) RETRY we delay for 21 milliseconds.
-  ** The total delay time before giving up is less than 1 second.
+  ** so that on the 100th (and last) RETRY we delay for 323 milliseconds.
+  ** The total delay time before giving up is less than 10 seconds.
   */
   if( cnt>5 ){
     int nDelay = 1;                      /* Pause time in microseconds */
@@ -47434,7 +49585,7 @@
       VVA_ONLY( pWal->lockError = 1; )
       return SQLITE_PROTOCOL;
     }
-    if( cnt>=10 ) nDelay = (cnt-9)*238;  /* Max delay 21ms. Total delay 996ms */
+    if( cnt>=10 ) nDelay = (cnt-9)*(cnt-9)*39;
     sqlite3OsSleep(pWal->pVfs, nDelay);
   }
 
@@ -47618,19 +49769,17 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Read a page from the WAL, if it is present in the WAL and if the 
-** current read transaction is configured to use the WAL.  
+** Search the wal file for page pgno. If found, set *piRead to the frame that
+** contains the page. Otherwise, if pgno is not in the wal file, set *piRead
+** to zero.
 **
-** The *pInWal is set to 1 if the requested page is in the WAL and
-** has been loaded.  Or *pInWal is set to 0 if the page was not in 
-** the WAL and needs to be read out of the database.
+** Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an error code if an error occurs. If an
+** error does occur, the final value of *piRead is undefined.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalRead(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalFindFrame(
   Wal *pWal,                      /* WAL handle */
   Pgno pgno,                      /* Database page number to read data for */
-  int *pInWal,                    /* OUT: True if data is read from WAL */
-  int nOut,                       /* Size of buffer pOut in bytes */
-  u8 *pOut                        /* Buffer to write page data to */
+  u32 *piRead                     /* OUT: Frame number (or zero) */
 ){
   u32 iRead = 0;                  /* If !=0, WAL frame to return data from */
   u32 iLast = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;  /* Last page in WAL for this reader */
@@ -47646,7 +49795,7 @@
   ** WAL were empty.
   */
   if( iLast==0 || pWal->readLock==0 ){
-    *pInWal = 0;
+    *piRead = 0;
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
@@ -47717,26 +49866,31 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-  /* If iRead is non-zero, then it is the log frame number that contains the
-  ** required page. Read and return data from the log file.
-  */
-  if( iRead ){
-    int sz;
-    i64 iOffset;
-    sz = pWal->hdr.szPage;
-    sz = (sz&0xfe00) + ((sz&0x0001)<<16);
-    testcase( sz<=32768 );
-    testcase( sz>=65536 );
-    iOffset = walFrameOffset(iRead, sz) + WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
-    *pInWal = 1;
-    /* testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) ); // requires a 4GiB WAL */
-    return sqlite3OsRead(pWal->pWalFd, pOut, (nOut>sz ? sz : nOut), iOffset);
-  }
-
-  *pInWal = 0;
+  *piRead = iRead;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Read the contents of frame iRead from the wal file into buffer pOut
+** (which is nOut bytes in size). Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an
+** error code otherwise.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalReadFrame(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* WAL handle */
+  u32 iRead,                      /* Frame to read */
+  int nOut,                       /* Size of buffer pOut in bytes */
+  u8 *pOut                        /* Buffer to write page data to */
+){
+  int sz;
+  i64 iOffset;
+  sz = pWal->hdr.szPage;
+  sz = (sz&0xfe00) + ((sz&0x0001)<<16);
+  testcase( sz<=32768 );
+  testcase( sz>=65536 );
+  iOffset = walFrameOffset(iRead, sz) + WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
+  /* testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) ); // requires a 4GiB WAL */
+  return sqlite3OsRead(pWal->pWalFd, pOut, (nOut>sz ? sz : nOut), iOffset);
+}
 
 /* 
 ** Return the size of the database in pages (or zero, if unknown).
@@ -47789,7 +49943,7 @@
   if( memcmp(&pWal->hdr, (void *)walIndexHdr(pWal), sizeof(WalIndexHdr))!=0 ){
     walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
     pWal->writeLock = 0;
-    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT;
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -47849,7 +50003,7 @@
       assert( walFramePgno(pWal, iFrame)!=1 );
       rc = xUndo(pUndoCtx, walFramePgno(pWal, iFrame));
     }
-    walCleanupHash(pWal);
+    if( iMax!=pWal->hdr.mxFrame ) walCleanupHash(pWal);
   }
   assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
   return rc;
@@ -47944,7 +50098,8 @@
         aSalt[1] = salt1;
         walIndexWriteHdr(pWal);
         pInfo->nBackfill = 0;
-        for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++) pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
+        pInfo->aReadMark[1] = 0;
+        for(i=2; i<WAL_NREADER; i++) pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
         assert( pInfo->aReadMark[0]==0 );
         walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(1), WAL_NREADER-1);
       }else if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
@@ -48002,7 +50157,7 @@
     iAmt -= iFirstAmt;
     pContent = (void*)(iFirstAmt + (char*)pContent);
     assert( p->syncFlags & (SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL|SQLITE_SYNC_FULL) );
-    rc = sqlite3OsSync(p->pFd, p->syncFlags);
+    rc = sqlite3OsSync(p->pFd, p->syncFlags & SQLITE_SYNC_MASK);
     if( iAmt==0 || rc ) return rc;
   }
   rc = sqlite3OsWrite(p->pFd, pContent, iAmt, iOffset);
@@ -48158,7 +50313,7 @@
   */
   if( isCommit && (sync_flags & WAL_SYNC_TRANSACTIONS)!=0 ){
     if( pWal->padToSectorBoundary ){
-      int sectorSize = sqlite3OsSectorSize(pWal->pWalFd);
+      int sectorSize = sqlite3SectorSize(pWal->pWalFd);
       w.iSyncPoint = ((iOffset+sectorSize-1)/sectorSize)*sectorSize;
       while( iOffset<w.iSyncPoint ){
         rc = walWriteOneFrame(&w, pLast, nTruncate, iOffset);
@@ -48282,6 +50437,9 @@
   /* Read the wal-index header. */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     rc = walIndexReadHdr(pWal, &isChanged);
+    if( isChanged && pWal->pDbFd->pMethods->iVersion>=3 ){
+      sqlite3OsUnfetch(pWal->pDbFd, 0, 0);
+    }
   }
 
   /* Copy data from the log to the database file. */
@@ -48494,13 +50652,13 @@
 **
 **   OFFSET   SIZE    DESCRIPTION
 **      0      16     Header string: "SQLite format 3\000"
-**     16       2     Page size in bytes.  
+**     16       2     Page size in bytes.  (1 means 65536)
 **     18       1     File format write version
 **     19       1     File format read version
 **     20       1     Bytes of unused space at the end of each page
-**     21       1     Max embedded payload fraction
-**     22       1     Min embedded payload fraction
-**     23       1     Min leaf payload fraction
+**     21       1     Max embedded payload fraction (must be 64)
+**     22       1     Min embedded payload fraction (must be 32)
+**     23       1     Min leaf payload fraction (must be 32)
 **     24       4     File change counter
 **     28       4     Reserved for future use
 **     32       4     First freelist page
@@ -48514,9 +50672,10 @@
 **     56       4     1=UTF-8 2=UTF16le 3=UTF16be
 **     60       4     User version
 **     64       4     Incremental vacuum mode
-**     68       4     unused
-**     72       4     unused
-**     76       4     unused
+**     68       4     Application-ID
+**     72      20     unused
+**     92       4     The version-valid-for number
+**     96       4     SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER
 **
 ** All of the integer values are big-endian (most significant byte first).
 **
@@ -48848,6 +51007,7 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
   u8 autoVacuum;        /* True if auto-vacuum is enabled */
   u8 incrVacuum;        /* True if incr-vacuum is enabled */
+  u8 bDoTruncate;       /* True to truncate db on commit */
 #endif
   u8 inTransaction;     /* Transaction state */
   u8 max1bytePayload;   /* Maximum first byte of cell for a 1-byte payload */
@@ -48931,38 +51091,46 @@
   BtShared *pBt;            /* The BtShared this cursor points to */
   BtCursor *pNext, *pPrev;  /* Forms a linked list of all cursors */
   struct KeyInfo *pKeyInfo; /* Argument passed to comparison function */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
   Pgno *aOverflow;          /* Cache of overflow page locations */
-#endif
-  Pgno pgnoRoot;            /* The root page of this tree */
-  sqlite3_int64 cachedRowid; /* Next rowid cache.  0 means not valid */
   CellInfo info;            /* A parse of the cell we are pointing at */
-  i64 nKey;        /* Size of pKey, or last integer key */
-  void *pKey;      /* Saved key that was cursor's last known position */
+  i64 nKey;                 /* Size of pKey, or last integer key */
+  void *pKey;               /* Saved key that was cursor last known position */
+  Pgno pgnoRoot;            /* The root page of this tree */
+  int nOvflAlloc;           /* Allocated size of aOverflow[] array */
   int skipNext;    /* Prev() is noop if negative. Next() is noop if positive */
-  u8 wrFlag;                /* True if writable */
-  u8 atLast;                /* Cursor pointing to the last entry */
-  u8 validNKey;             /* True if info.nKey is valid */
+  u8 curFlags;              /* zero or more BTCF_* flags defined below */
   u8 eState;                /* One of the CURSOR_XXX constants (see below) */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
-  u8 isIncrblobHandle;      /* True if this cursor is an incr. io handle */
-#endif
+  u8 hints;                             /* As configured by CursorSetHints() */
   i16 iPage;                            /* Index of current page in apPage */
   u16 aiIdx[BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH];        /* Current index in apPage[i] */
   MemPage *apPage[BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH];  /* Pages from root to current page */
 };
 
 /*
+** Legal values for BtCursor.curFlags
+*/
+#define BTCF_WriteFlag    0x01   /* True if a write cursor */
+#define BTCF_ValidNKey    0x02   /* True if info.nKey is valid */
+#define BTCF_ValidOvfl    0x04   /* True if aOverflow is valid */
+#define BTCF_AtLast       0x08   /* Cursor is pointing ot the last entry */
+#define BTCF_Incrblob     0x10   /* True if an incremental I/O handle */
+
+/*
 ** Potential values for BtCursor.eState.
 **
-** CURSOR_VALID:
-**   Cursor points to a valid entry. getPayload() etc. may be called.
-**
 ** CURSOR_INVALID:
 **   Cursor does not point to a valid entry. This can happen (for example) 
 **   because the table is empty or because BtreeCursorFirst() has not been
 **   called.
 **
+** CURSOR_VALID:
+**   Cursor points to a valid entry. getPayload() etc. may be called.
+**
+** CURSOR_SKIPNEXT:
+**   Cursor is valid except that the Cursor.skipNext field is non-zero
+**   indicating that the next sqlite3BtreeNext() or sqlite3BtreePrevious()
+**   operation should be a no-op.
+**
 ** CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK:
 **   The table that this cursor was opened on still exists, but has been 
 **   modified since the cursor was last used. The cursor position is saved
@@ -48979,8 +51147,9 @@
 */
 #define CURSOR_INVALID           0
 #define CURSOR_VALID             1
-#define CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK       2
-#define CURSOR_FAULT             3
+#define CURSOR_SKIPNEXT          2
+#define CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK       3
+#define CURSOR_FAULT             4
 
 /* 
 ** The database page the PENDING_BYTE occupies. This page is never used.
@@ -49068,12 +51237,18 @@
 /*
 ** This structure is passed around through all the sanity checking routines
 ** in order to keep track of some global state information.
+**
+** The aRef[] array is allocated so that there is 1 bit for each page in
+** the database. As the integrity-check proceeds, for each page used in
+** the database the corresponding bit is set. This allows integrity-check to 
+** detect pages that are used twice and orphaned pages (both of which 
+** indicate corruption).
 */
 typedef struct IntegrityCk IntegrityCk;
 struct IntegrityCk {
   BtShared *pBt;    /* The tree being checked out */
   Pager *pPager;    /* The associated pager.  Also accessible by pBt->pPager */
-  int *anRef;       /* Number of times each page is referenced */
+  u8 *aPgRef;       /* 1 bit per page in the db (see above) */
   Pgno nPage;       /* Number of pages in the database */
   int mxErr;        /* Stop accumulating errors when this reaches zero */
   int nErr;         /* Number of messages written to zErrMsg so far */
@@ -49407,6 +51582,25 @@
 */
 #define get2byteNotZero(X)  (((((int)get2byte(X))-1)&0xffff)+1)
 
+/*
+** Values passed as the 5th argument to allocateBtreePage()
+*/
+#define BTALLOC_ANY   0           /* Allocate any page */
+#define BTALLOC_EXACT 1           /* Allocate exact page if possible */
+#define BTALLOC_LE    2           /* Allocate any page <= the parameter */
+
+/*
+** Macro IfNotOmitAV(x) returns (x) if SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM is not 
+** defined, or 0 if it is. For example:
+**
+**   bIncrVacuum = IfNotOmitAV(pBtShared->incrVacuum);
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+#define IfNotOmitAV(expr) (expr)
+#else
+#define IfNotOmitAV(expr) 0
+#endif
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
 /*
 ** A list of BtShared objects that are eligible for participation
@@ -49507,7 +51701,7 @@
   ** the correct locks are held.  So do not bother - just return true.
   ** This case does not come up very often anyhow.
   */
-  if( isIndex && (!pSchema || (pSchema->flags&DB_SchemaLoaded)==0) ){
+  if( isIndex && (!pSchema || (pSchema->schemaFlags&DB_SchemaLoaded)==0) ){
     return 1;
   }
 
@@ -49791,16 +51985,11 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
 /*
-** Invalidate the overflow page-list cache for cursor pCur, if any.
+** Invalidate the overflow cache of the cursor passed as the first argument.
+** on the shared btree structure pBt.
 */
-static void invalidateOverflowCache(BtCursor *pCur){
-  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  sqlite3_free(pCur->aOverflow);
-  pCur->aOverflow = 0;
-}
+#define invalidateOverflowCache(pCur) (pCur->curFlags &= ~BTCF_ValidOvfl)
 
 /*
 ** Invalidate the overflow page-list cache for all cursors opened
@@ -49814,6 +52003,7 @@
   }
 }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
 /*
 ** This function is called before modifying the contents of a table
 ** to invalidate any incrblob cursors that are open on the
@@ -49836,16 +52026,14 @@
   BtShared *pBt = pBtree->pBt;
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(pBtree) );
   for(p=pBt->pCursor; p; p=p->pNext){
-    if( p->isIncrblobHandle && (isClearTable || p->info.nKey==iRow) ){
+    if( (p->curFlags & BTCF_Incrblob)!=0 && (isClearTable || p->info.nKey==iRow) ){
       p->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
     }
   }
 }
 
 #else
-  /* Stub functions when INCRBLOB is omitted */
-  #define invalidateOverflowCache(x)
-  #define invalidateAllOverflowCache(x)
+  /* Stub function when INCRBLOB is omitted */
   #define invalidateIncrblobCursors(x,y,z)
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB */
 
@@ -49921,6 +52109,19 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Release all of the apPage[] pages for a cursor.
+*/
+static void btreeReleaseAllCursorPages(BtCursor *pCur){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<=pCur->iPage; i++){
+    releasePage(pCur->apPage[i]);
+    pCur->apPage[i] = 0;
+  }
+  pCur->iPage = -1;
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** Save the current cursor position in the variables BtCursor.nKey 
 ** and BtCursor.pKey. The cursor's state is set to CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK.
 **
@@ -49959,12 +52160,7 @@
   assert( !pCur->apPage[0]->intKey || !pCur->pKey );
 
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    int i;
-    for(i=0; i<=pCur->iPage; i++){
-      releasePage(pCur->apPage[i]);
-      pCur->apPage[i] = 0;
-    }
-    pCur->iPage = -1;
+    btreeReleaseAllCursorPages(pCur);
     pCur->eState = CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK;
   }
 
@@ -49982,11 +52178,15 @@
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
   assert( pExcept==0 || pExcept->pBt==pBt );
   for(p=pBt->pCursor; p; p=p->pNext){
-    if( p!=pExcept && (0==iRoot || p->pgnoRoot==iRoot) && 
-        p->eState==CURSOR_VALID ){
-      int rc = saveCursorPosition(p);
-      if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
-        return rc;
+    if( p!=pExcept && (0==iRoot || p->pgnoRoot==iRoot) ){
+      if( p->eState==CURSOR_VALID ){
+        int rc = saveCursorPosition(p);
+        if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+      }else{
+        testcase( p->iPage>0 );
+        btreeReleaseAllCursorPages(p);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -50017,7 +52217,7 @@
 ){
   int rc;                    /* Status code */
   UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;   /* Unpacked index key */
-  char aSpace[150];          /* Temp space for pIdxKey - to avoid a malloc */
+  char aSpace[200];          /* Temp space for pIdxKey - to avoid a malloc */
   char *pFree = 0;
 
   if( pKey ){
@@ -50027,6 +52227,10 @@
     );
     if( pIdxKey==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(pCur->pKeyInfo, (int)nKey, pKey, pIdxKey);
+    if( pIdxKey->nField==0 ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(pCur->pKeyInfo->db, pFree);
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
   }else{
     pIdxKey = 0;
   }
@@ -50057,6 +52261,9 @@
     sqlite3_free(pCur->pKey);
     pCur->pKey = 0;
     assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID || pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID );
+    if( pCur->skipNext && pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID ){
+      pCur->eState = CURSOR_SKIPNEXT;
+    }
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -50072,20 +52279,32 @@
 ** at is deleted out from under them.
 **
 ** This routine returns an error code if something goes wrong.  The
-** integer *pHasMoved is set to one if the cursor has moved and 0 if not.
+** integer *pHasMoved is set as follows:
+**
+**    0:   The cursor is unchanged
+**    1:   The cursor is still pointing at the same row, but the pointers
+**         returned by sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch() or sqlite3BtreeDataFetch()
+**         might now be invalid because of a balance() or other change to the
+**         b-tree.
+**    2:   The cursor is no longer pointing to the row.  The row might have
+**         been deleted out from under the cursor.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorHasMoved(BtCursor *pCur, int *pHasMoved){
   int rc;
 
+  if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID ){
+    *pHasMoved = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
   rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCur);
   if( rc ){
-    *pHasMoved = 1;
+    *pHasMoved = 2;
     return rc;
   }
-  if( pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID || pCur->skipNext!=0 ){
-    *pHasMoved = 1;
+  if( pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID || NEVER(pCur->skipNext!=0) ){
+    *pHasMoved = 2;
   }else{
-    *pHasMoved = 0;
+    *pHasMoved = 1;
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -50270,7 +52489,8 @@
   assert( n==4-4*pPage->leaf );
   if( pPage->intKey ){
     if( pPage->hasData ){
-      n += getVarint32(&pCell[n], nPayload);
+      assert( n==0 );
+      n = getVarint32(pCell, nPayload);
     }else{
       nPayload = 0;
     }
@@ -50548,7 +52768,7 @@
   }else if( gap+2<=top ){
     /* Search the freelist looking for a free slot big enough to satisfy 
     ** the request. The allocation is made from the first free slot in 
-    ** the list that is large enough to accomadate it.
+    ** the list that is large enough to accommodate it.
     */
     int pc, addr;
     for(addr=hdr+1; (pc = get2byte(&data[addr]))>0; addr=pc){
@@ -50825,7 +53045,7 @@
       size = get2byte(&data[pc+2]);
       if( (next>0 && next<=pc+size+3) || pc+size>usableSize ){
         /* Free blocks must be in ascending order. And the last byte of
-	** the free-block must lie on the database page.  */
+        ** the free-block must lie on the database page.  */
         return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT; 
       }
       nFree = nFree + size;
@@ -50867,13 +53087,12 @@
     memset(&data[hdr], 0, pBt->usableSize - hdr);
   }
   data[hdr] = (char)flags;
-  first = hdr + 8 + 4*((flags&PTF_LEAF)==0 ?1:0);
+  first = hdr + ((flags&PTF_LEAF)==0 ? 12 : 8);
   memset(&data[hdr+1], 0, 4);
   data[hdr+7] = 0;
   put2byte(&data[hdr+5], pBt->usableSize);
   pPage->nFree = (u16)(pBt->usableSize - first);
   decodeFlags(pPage, flags);
-  pPage->hdrOffset = hdr;
   pPage->cellOffset = first;
   pPage->aDataEnd = &data[pBt->usableSize];
   pPage->aCellIdx = &data[first];
@@ -50914,13 +53133,14 @@
   BtShared *pBt,       /* The btree */
   Pgno pgno,           /* Number of the page to fetch */
   MemPage **ppPage,    /* Return the page in this parameter */
-  int noContent        /* Do not load page content if true */
+  int flags            /* PAGER_GET_NOCONTENT or PAGER_GET_READONLY */
 ){
   int rc;
   DbPage *pDbPage;
 
+  assert( flags==0 || flags==PAGER_GET_NOCONTENT || flags==PAGER_GET_READONLY );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
-  rc = sqlite3PagerAcquire(pBt->pPager, pgno, (DbPage**)&pDbPage, noContent);
+  rc = sqlite3PagerAcquire(pBt->pPager, pgno, (DbPage**)&pDbPage, flags);
   if( rc ) return rc;
   *ppPage = btreePageFromDbPage(pDbPage, pgno, pBt);
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -50951,7 +53171,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3BtreeLastPage(Btree *p){
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
   assert( ((p->pBt->nPage)&0x8000000)==0 );
-  return (int)btreePagecount(p->pBt);
+  return btreePagecount(p->pBt);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -50963,18 +53183,20 @@
 ** may remain unchanged, or it may be set to an invalid value.
 */
 static int getAndInitPage(
-  BtShared *pBt,          /* The database file */
-  Pgno pgno,           /* Number of the page to get */
-  MemPage **ppPage     /* Write the page pointer here */
+  BtShared *pBt,                  /* The database file */
+  Pgno pgno,                      /* Number of the page to get */
+  MemPage **ppPage,               /* Write the page pointer here */
+  int bReadonly                   /* PAGER_GET_READONLY or 0 */
 ){
   int rc;
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( bReadonly==PAGER_GET_READONLY || bReadonly==0 );
 
   if( pgno>btreePagecount(pBt) ){
     rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
   }else{
-    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pgno, ppPage, 0);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pgno, ppPage, bReadonly);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (*ppPage)->isInit==0 ){
       rc = btreeInitPage(*ppPage);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         releasePage(*ppPage);
@@ -50995,10 +53217,11 @@
   if( pPage ){
     assert( pPage->aData );
     assert( pPage->pBt );
+    assert( pPage->pDbPage!=0 );
     assert( sqlite3PagerGetExtra(pPage->pDbPage) == (void*)pPage );
     assert( sqlite3PagerGetData(pPage->pDbPage)==pPage->aData );
     assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
-    sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage->pDbPage);
+    sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPage->pDbPage);
   }
 }
 
@@ -51085,7 +53308,8 @@
   const int isMemdb = 0;
 #else
   const int isMemdb = (zFilename && strcmp(zFilename, ":memory:")==0)
-                       || (isTempDb && sqlite3TempInMemory(db));
+                       || (isTempDb && sqlite3TempInMemory(db))
+                       || (vfsFlags & SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY)!=0;
 #endif
 
   assert( db!=0 );
@@ -51121,7 +53345,7 @@
   ** If this Btree is a candidate for shared cache, try to find an
   ** existing BtShared object that we can share with
   */
-  if( isMemdb==0 && isTempDb==0 ){
+  if( isTempDb==0 && (isMemdb==0 || (vfsFlags&SQLITE_OPEN_URI)!=0) ){
     if( vfsFlags & SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE ){
       int nFullPathname = pVfs->mxPathname+1;
       char *zFullPathname = sqlite3Malloc(nFullPathname);
@@ -51131,11 +53355,16 @@
         sqlite3_free(p);
         return SQLITE_NOMEM;
       }
-      rc = sqlite3OsFullPathname(pVfs, zFilename, nFullPathname, zFullPathname);
-      if( rc ){
-        sqlite3_free(zFullPathname);
-        sqlite3_free(p);
-        return rc;
+      if( isMemdb ){
+        memcpy(zFullPathname, zFilename, sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename)+1);
+      }else{
+        rc = sqlite3OsFullPathname(pVfs, zFilename,
+                                   nFullPathname, zFullPathname);
+        if( rc ){
+          sqlite3_free(zFullPathname);
+          sqlite3_free(p);
+          return rc;
+        }
       }
 #if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
       mutexOpen = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN);
@@ -51145,7 +53374,7 @@
 #endif
       for(pBt=GLOBAL(BtShared*,sqlite3SharedCacheList); pBt; pBt=pBt->pNext){
         assert( pBt->nRef>0 );
-        if( 0==strcmp(zFullPathname, sqlite3PagerFilename(pBt->pPager))
+        if( 0==strcmp(zFullPathname, sqlite3PagerFilename(pBt->pPager, 0))
                  && sqlite3PagerVfs(pBt->pPager)==pVfs ){
           int iDb;
           for(iDb=db->nDb-1; iDb>=0; iDb--){
@@ -51198,6 +53427,7 @@
     rc = sqlite3PagerOpen(pVfs, &pBt->pPager, zFilename,
                           EXTRA_SIZE, flags, vfsFlags, pageReinit);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3PagerSetMmapLimit(pBt->pPager, db->szMmap);
       rc = sqlite3PagerReadFileheader(pBt->pPager,sizeof(zDbHeader),zDbHeader);
     }
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -51371,6 +53601,18 @@
 static void allocateTempSpace(BtShared *pBt){
   if( !pBt->pTmpSpace ){
     pBt->pTmpSpace = sqlite3PageMalloc( pBt->pageSize );
+
+    /* One of the uses of pBt->pTmpSpace is to format cells before
+    ** inserting them into a leaf page (function fillInCell()). If
+    ** a cell is less than 4 bytes in size, it is rounded up to 4 bytes
+    ** by the various routines that manipulate binary cells. Which
+    ** can mean that fillInCell() only initializes the first 2 or 3
+    ** bytes of pTmpSpace, but that the first 4 bytes are copied from
+    ** it into a database page. This is not actually a problem, but it
+    ** does cause a valgrind error when the 1 or 2 bytes of unitialized 
+    ** data is passed to system call write(). So to avoid this error,
+    ** zero the first 4 bytes of temp space here.  */
+    if( pBt->pTmpSpace ) memset(pBt->pTmpSpace, 0, 4);
   }
 }
 
@@ -51464,6 +53706,21 @@
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+/*
+** Change the limit on the amount of the database file that may be
+** memory mapped.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetMmapLimit(Btree *p, sqlite3_int64 szMmap){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  sqlite3PagerSetMmapLimit(pBt->pPager, szMmap);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0 */
+
 /*
 ** Change the way data is synced to disk in order to increase or decrease
 ** how well the database resists damage due to OS crashes and power
@@ -51473,17 +53730,14 @@
 ** probability of damage to near zero but with a write performance reduction.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPagerFlags(
   Btree *p,              /* The btree to set the safety level on */
-  int level,             /* PRAGMA synchronous.  1=OFF, 2=NORMAL, 3=FULL */
-  int fullSync,          /* PRAGMA fullfsync. */
-  int ckptFullSync       /* PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfync */
+  unsigned pgFlags       /* Various PAGER_* flags */
 ){
   BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
-  assert( level>=1 && level<=3 );
   sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
-  sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(pBt->pPager, level, fullSync, ckptFullSync);
+  sqlite3PagerSetFlags(pBt->pPager, pgFlags);
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -51558,6 +53812,24 @@
   return p->pBt->pageSize;
 }
 
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+/*
+** This function is similar to sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(), except that it
+** may only be called if it is guaranteed that the b-tree mutex is already
+** held.
+**
+** This is useful in one special case in the backup API code where it is
+** known that the shared b-tree mutex is held, but the mutex on the 
+** database handle that owns *p is not. In this case if sqlite3BtreeEnter()
+** were to be called, it might collide with some other operation on the
+** database handle that owns *p, causing undefined behavior.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(Btree *p){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->pBt->mutex) );
+  return p->pBt->pageSize - p->pBt->usableSize;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_HAS_CODEC || SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM)
 /*
 ** Return the number of bytes of space at the end of every page that
@@ -51807,6 +54079,30 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/*
+** Return the number of cursors open on pBt. This is for use
+** in assert() expressions, so it is only compiled if NDEBUG is not
+** defined.
+**
+** Only write cursors are counted if wrOnly is true.  If wrOnly is
+** false then all cursors are counted.
+**
+** For the purposes of this routine, a cursor is any cursor that
+** is capable of reading or writing to the databse.  Cursors that
+** have been tripped into the CURSOR_FAULT state are not counted.
+*/
+static int countValidCursors(BtShared *pBt, int wrOnly){
+  BtCursor *pCur;
+  int r = 0;
+  for(pCur=pBt->pCursor; pCur; pCur=pCur->pNext){
+    if( (wrOnly==0 || (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_WriteFlag)!=0)
+     && pCur->eState!=CURSOR_FAULT ) r++; 
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** If there are no outstanding cursors and we are not in the middle
 ** of a transaction but there is a read lock on the database, then
@@ -51817,7 +54113,7 @@
 */
 static void unlockBtreeIfUnused(BtShared *pBt){
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
-  assert( pBt->pCursor==0 || pBt->inTransaction>TRANS_NONE );
+  assert( countValidCursors(pBt,0)==0 || pBt->inTransaction>TRANS_NONE );
   if( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_NONE && pBt->pPage1!=0 ){
     assert( pBt->pPage1->aData );
     assert( sqlite3PagerRefcount(pBt->pPager)==1 );
@@ -51872,6 +54168,20 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Initialize the first page of the database file (creating a database
+** consisting of a single page and no schema objects). Return SQLITE_OK
+** if successful, or an SQLite error code otherwise.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeNewDb(Btree *p){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  p->pBt->nPage = 0;
+  rc = newDatabase(p->pBt);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Attempt to start a new transaction. A write-transaction
 ** is started if the second argument is nonzero, otherwise a read-
 ** transaction.  If the second argument is 2 or more and exclusive
@@ -51921,6 +54231,7 @@
   if( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE || (p->inTrans==TRANS_READ && !wrflag) ){
     goto trans_begun;
   }
+  assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE || IfNotOmitAV(pBt->bDoTruncate)==0 );
 
   /* Write transactions are not possible on a read-only database */
   if( (pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)!=0 && wrflag ){
@@ -51993,7 +54304,7 @@
       pBt->nTransaction++;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
       if( p->sharable ){
-	assert( p->lock.pBtree==p && p->lock.iTable==1 );
+        assert( p->lock.pBtree==p && p->lock.iTable==1 );
         p->lock.eLock = READ_LOCK;
         p->lock.pNext = pBt->pLock;
         pBt->pLock = &p->lock;
@@ -52237,24 +54548,23 @@
 static int allocateBtreePage(BtShared *, MemPage **, Pgno *, Pgno, u8);
 
 /*
-** Perform a single step of an incremental-vacuum. If successful,
-** return SQLITE_OK. If there is no work to do (and therefore no
-** point in calling this function again), return SQLITE_DONE.
+** Perform a single step of an incremental-vacuum. If successful, return
+** SQLITE_OK. If there is no work to do (and therefore no point in 
+** calling this function again), return SQLITE_DONE. Or, if an error 
+** occurs, return some other error code.
 **
-** More specificly, this function attempts to re-organize the 
-** database so that the last page of the file currently in use
-** is no longer in use.
+** More specificly, this function attempts to re-organize the database so 
+** that the last page of the file currently in use is no longer in use.
 **
-** If the nFin parameter is non-zero, this function assumes
-** that the caller will keep calling incrVacuumStep() until
-** it returns SQLITE_DONE or an error, and that nFin is the
-** number of pages the database file will contain after this 
-** process is complete.  If nFin is zero, it is assumed that
-** incrVacuumStep() will be called a finite amount of times
-** which may or may not empty the freelist.  A full autovacuum
-** has nFin>0.  A "PRAGMA incremental_vacuum" has nFin==0.
+** Parameter nFin is the number of pages that this database would contain
+** were this function called until it returns SQLITE_DONE.
+**
+** If the bCommit parameter is non-zero, this function assumes that the 
+** caller will keep calling incrVacuumStep() until it returns SQLITE_DONE 
+** or an error. bCommit is passed true for an auto-vacuum-on-commmit 
+** operation, or false for an incremental vacuum.
 */
-static int incrVacuumStep(BtShared *pBt, Pgno nFin, Pgno iLastPg){
+static int incrVacuumStep(BtShared *pBt, Pgno nFin, Pgno iLastPg, int bCommit){
   Pgno nFreeList;           /* Number of pages still on the free-list */
   int rc;
 
@@ -52279,15 +54589,15 @@
     }
 
     if( eType==PTRMAP_FREEPAGE ){
-      if( nFin==0 ){
+      if( bCommit==0 ){
         /* Remove the page from the files free-list. This is not required
-        ** if nFin is non-zero. In that case, the free-list will be
+        ** if bCommit is non-zero. In that case, the free-list will be
         ** truncated to zero after this function returns, so it doesn't 
         ** matter if it still contains some garbage entries.
         */
         Pgno iFreePg;
         MemPage *pFreePg;
-        rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pFreePg, &iFreePg, iLastPg, 1);
+        rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pFreePg, &iFreePg, iLastPg, BTALLOC_EXACT);
         if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
           return rc;
         }
@@ -52297,34 +54607,37 @@
     } else {
       Pgno iFreePg;             /* Index of free page to move pLastPg to */
       MemPage *pLastPg;
+      u8 eMode = BTALLOC_ANY;   /* Mode parameter for allocateBtreePage() */
+      Pgno iNear = 0;           /* nearby parameter for allocateBtreePage() */
 
       rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, iLastPg, &pLastPg, 0);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         return rc;
       }
 
-      /* If nFin is zero, this loop runs exactly once and page pLastPg
+      /* If bCommit is zero, this loop runs exactly once and page pLastPg
       ** is swapped with the first free page pulled off the free list.
       **
-      ** On the other hand, if nFin is greater than zero, then keep
+      ** On the other hand, if bCommit is greater than zero, then keep
       ** looping until a free-page located within the first nFin pages
       ** of the file is found.
       */
+      if( bCommit==0 ){
+        eMode = BTALLOC_LE;
+        iNear = nFin;
+      }
       do {
         MemPage *pFreePg;
-        rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pFreePg, &iFreePg, 0, 0);
+        rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pFreePg, &iFreePg, iNear, eMode);
         if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
           releasePage(pLastPg);
           return rc;
         }
         releasePage(pFreePg);
-      }while( nFin!=0 && iFreePg>nFin );
+      }while( bCommit && iFreePg>nFin );
       assert( iFreePg<iLastPg );
       
-      rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pLastPg->pDbPage);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = relocatePage(pBt, pLastPg, eType, iPtrPage, iFreePg, nFin!=0);
-      }
+      rc = relocatePage(pBt, pLastPg, eType, iPtrPage, iFreePg, bCommit);
       releasePage(pLastPg);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         return rc;
@@ -52332,30 +54645,40 @@
     }
   }
 
-  if( nFin==0 ){
-    iLastPg--;
-    while( iLastPg==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt)||PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, iLastPg) ){
-      if( PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, iLastPg) ){
-        MemPage *pPg;
-        rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, iLastPg, &pPg, 0);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-          return rc;
-        }
-        rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPg->pDbPage);
-        releasePage(pPg);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-          return rc;
-        }
-      }
+  if( bCommit==0 ){
+    do {
       iLastPg--;
-    }
-    sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pBt->pPager, iLastPg);
+    }while( iLastPg==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) || PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, iLastPg) );
+    pBt->bDoTruncate = 1;
     pBt->nPage = iLastPg;
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
+** The database opened by the first argument is an auto-vacuum database
+** nOrig pages in size containing nFree free pages. Return the expected 
+** size of the database in pages following an auto-vacuum operation.
+*/
+static Pgno finalDbSize(BtShared *pBt, Pgno nOrig, Pgno nFree){
+  int nEntry;                     /* Number of entries on one ptrmap page */
+  Pgno nPtrmap;                   /* Number of PtrMap pages to be freed */
+  Pgno nFin;                      /* Return value */
+
+  nEntry = pBt->usableSize/5;
+  nPtrmap = (nFree-nOrig+PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, nOrig)+nEntry)/nEntry;
+  nFin = nOrig - nFree - nPtrmap;
+  if( nOrig>PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) && nFin<PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
+    nFin--;
+  }
+  while( PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, nFin) || nFin==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
+    nFin--;
+  }
+
+  return nFin;
+}
+
+/*
 ** A write-transaction must be opened before calling this function.
 ** It performs a single unit of work towards an incremental vacuum.
 **
@@ -52372,11 +54695,24 @@
   if( !pBt->autoVacuum ){
     rc = SQLITE_DONE;
   }else{
-    invalidateAllOverflowCache(pBt);
-    rc = incrVacuumStep(pBt, 0, btreePagecount(pBt));
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
-      put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[28], pBt->nPage);
+    Pgno nOrig = btreePagecount(pBt);
+    Pgno nFree = get4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[36]);
+    Pgno nFin = finalDbSize(pBt, nOrig, nFree);
+
+    if( nOrig<nFin ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }else if( nFree>0 ){
+      rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, 0, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        invalidateAllOverflowCache(pBt);
+        rc = incrVacuumStep(pBt, nFin, nOrig, 0);
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
+        put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[28], pBt->nPage);
+      }
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_DONE;
     }
   }
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
@@ -52385,7 +54721,7 @@
 
 /*
 ** This routine is called prior to sqlite3PagerCommit when a transaction
-** is commited for an auto-vacuum database.
+** is committed for an auto-vacuum database.
 **
 ** If SQLITE_OK is returned, then *pnTrunc is set to the number of pages
 ** the database file should be truncated to during the commit process. 
@@ -52403,9 +54739,7 @@
   if( !pBt->incrVacuum ){
     Pgno nFin;         /* Number of pages in database after autovacuuming */
     Pgno nFree;        /* Number of pages on the freelist initially */
-    Pgno nPtrmap;      /* Number of PtrMap pages to be freed */
     Pgno iFree;        /* The next page to be freed */
-    int nEntry;        /* Number of entries on one ptrmap page */
     Pgno nOrig;        /* Database size before freeing */
 
     nOrig = btreePagecount(pBt);
@@ -52418,26 +54752,20 @@
     }
 
     nFree = get4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[36]);
-    nEntry = pBt->usableSize/5;
-    nPtrmap = (nFree-nOrig+PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, nOrig)+nEntry)/nEntry;
-    nFin = nOrig - nFree - nPtrmap;
-    if( nOrig>PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) && nFin<PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
-      nFin--;
-    }
-    while( PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, nFin) || nFin==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
-      nFin--;
-    }
+    nFin = finalDbSize(pBt, nOrig, nFree);
     if( nFin>nOrig ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
-
+    if( nFin<nOrig ){
+      rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, 0, 0);
+    }
     for(iFree=nOrig; iFree>nFin && rc==SQLITE_OK; iFree--){
-      rc = incrVacuumStep(pBt, nFin, iFree);
+      rc = incrVacuumStep(pBt, nFin, iFree, 1);
     }
     if( (rc==SQLITE_DONE || rc==SQLITE_OK) && nFree>0 ){
       rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
       put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[32], 0);
       put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[36], 0);
       put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[28], nFin);
-      sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pBt->pPager, nFin);
+      pBt->bDoTruncate = 1;
       pBt->nPage = nFin;
     }
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -52445,7 +54773,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  assert( nRef==sqlite3PagerRefcount(pPager) );
+  assert( nRef>=sqlite3PagerRefcount(pPager) );
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -52492,6 +54820,9 @@
         return rc;
       }
     }
+    if( pBt->bDoTruncate ){
+      sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pBt->pPager, pBt->nPage);
+    }
 #endif
     rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pBt->pPager, zMaster, 0);
     sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
@@ -52505,10 +54836,13 @@
 */
 static void btreeEndTransaction(Btree *p){
   BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
 
-  btreeClearHasContent(pBt);
-  if( p->inTrans>TRANS_NONE && p->db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  pBt->bDoTruncate = 0;
+#endif
+  if( p->inTrans>TRANS_NONE && db->nVdbeRead>1 ){
     /* If there are other active statements that belong to this database
     ** handle, downgrade to a read-only transaction. The other statements
     ** may still be reading from the database.  */
@@ -52582,6 +54916,7 @@
       return rc;
     }
     pBt->inTransaction = TRANS_READ;
+    btreeClearHasContent(pBt);
   }
 
   btreeEndTransaction(p);
@@ -52603,27 +54938,6 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-/*
-** Return the number of write-cursors open on this handle. This is for use
-** in assert() expressions, so it is only compiled if NDEBUG is not
-** defined.
-**
-** For the purposes of this routine, a write-cursor is any cursor that
-** is capable of writing to the databse.  That means the cursor was
-** originally opened for writing and the cursor has not be disabled
-** by having its state changed to CURSOR_FAULT.
-*/
-static int countWriteCursors(BtShared *pBt){
-  BtCursor *pCur;
-  int r = 0;
-  for(pCur=pBt->pCursor; pCur; pCur=pCur->pNext){
-    if( pCur->wrFlag && pCur->eState!=CURSOR_FAULT ) r++; 
-  }
-  return r;
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
 ** This routine sets the state to CURSOR_FAULT and the error
 ** code to errCode for every cursor on BtShared that pBtree
@@ -52703,8 +55017,9 @@
       pBt->nPage = nPage;
       releasePage(pPage1);
     }
-    assert( countWriteCursors(pBt)==0 );
+    assert( countValidCursors(pBt, 1)==0 );
     pBt->inTransaction = TRANS_READ;
+    btreeClearHasContent(pBt);
   }
 
   btreeEndTransaction(p);
@@ -52857,14 +55172,14 @@
   pCur->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
   pCur->pBtree = p;
   pCur->pBt = pBt;
-  pCur->wrFlag = (u8)wrFlag;
+  assert( wrFlag==0 || wrFlag==BTCF_WriteFlag );
+  pCur->curFlags = wrFlag;
   pCur->pNext = pBt->pCursor;
   if( pCur->pNext ){
     pCur->pNext->pPrev = pCur;
   }
   pBt->pCursor = pCur;
   pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
-  pCur->cachedRowid = 0;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursor(
@@ -52906,36 +55221,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Set the cached rowid value of every cursor in the same database file
-** as pCur and having the same root page number as pCur.  The value is
-** set to iRowid.
-**
-** Only positive rowid values are considered valid for this cache.
-** The cache is initialized to zero, indicating an invalid cache.
-** A btree will work fine with zero or negative rowids.  We just cannot
-** cache zero or negative rowids, which means tables that use zero or
-** negative rowids might run a little slower.  But in practice, zero
-** or negative rowids are very uncommon so this should not be a problem.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(BtCursor *pCur, sqlite3_int64 iRowid){
-  BtCursor *p;
-  for(p=pCur->pBt->pCursor; p; p=p->pNext){
-    if( p->pgnoRoot==pCur->pgnoRoot ) p->cachedRowid = iRowid;
-  }
-  assert( pCur->cachedRowid==iRowid );
-}
-
-/*
-** Return the cached rowid for the given cursor.  A negative or zero
-** return value indicates that the rowid cache is invalid and should be
-** ignored.  If the rowid cache has never before been set, then a
-** zero is returned.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_int64 sqlite3BtreeGetCachedRowid(BtCursor *pCur){
-  return pCur->cachedRowid;
-}
-
-/*
 ** Close a cursor.  The read lock on the database file is released
 ** when the last cursor is closed.
 */
@@ -52958,7 +55243,7 @@
       releasePage(pCur->apPage[i]);
     }
     unlockBtreeIfUnused(pBt);
-    invalidateOverflowCache(pCur);
+    sqlite3DbFree(pBtree->db, pCur->aOverflow);
     /* sqlite3_free(pCur); */
     sqlite3BtreeLeave(pBtree);
   }
@@ -52986,7 +55271,7 @@
     int iPage = pCur->iPage;
     memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
     btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[iPage], pCur->aiIdx[iPage], &info);
-    assert( memcmp(&info, &pCur->info, sizeof(info))==0 );
+    assert( CORRUPT_DB || memcmp(&info, &pCur->info, sizeof(info))==0 );
   }
 #else
   #define assertCellInfo(x)
@@ -52997,7 +55282,7 @@
     if( pCur->info.nSize==0 ){
       int iPage = pCur->iPage;
       btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[iPage],pCur->aiIdx[iPage],&pCur->info);
-      pCur->validNKey = 1;
+      pCur->curFlags |= BTCF_ValidNKey;
     }else{
       assertCellInfo(pCur);
     }
@@ -53007,8 +55292,8 @@
 #define getCellInfo(pCur)                                                      \
   if( pCur->info.nSize==0 ){                                                   \
     int iPage = pCur->iPage;                                                   \
-    btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[iPage],pCur->aiIdx[iPage],&pCur->info); \
-    pCur->validNKey = 1;                                                       \
+    btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[iPage],pCur->aiIdx[iPage],&pCur->info);        \
+    pCur->curFlags |= BTCF_ValidNKey;                                          \
   }else{                                                                       \
     assertCellInfo(pCur);                                                      \
   }
@@ -53129,7 +55414,7 @@
 
   assert( next==0 || rc==SQLITE_DONE );
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, ovfl, &pPage, 0);
+    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, ovfl, &pPage, (ppPage==0) ? PAGER_GET_READONLY : 0);
     assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pPage==0 );
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       next = get4byte(pPage->aData);
@@ -53179,10 +55464,12 @@
 
 /*
 ** This function is used to read or overwrite payload information
-** for the entry that the pCur cursor is pointing to. If the eOp
-** parameter is 0, this is a read operation (data copied into
-** buffer pBuf). If it is non-zero, a write (data copied from
-** buffer pBuf).
+** for the entry that the pCur cursor is pointing to. The eOp
+** argument is interpreted as follows:
+**
+**   0: The operation is a read. Populate the overflow cache.
+**   1: The operation is a write. Populate the overflow cache.
+**   2: The operation is a read. Do not populate the overflow cache.
 **
 ** A total of "amt" bytes are read or written beginning at "offset".
 ** Data is read to or from the buffer pBuf.
@@ -53190,11 +55477,11 @@
 ** The content being read or written might appear on the main page
 ** or be scattered out on multiple overflow pages.
 **
-** If the BtCursor.isIncrblobHandle flag is set, and the current
-** cursor entry uses one or more overflow pages, this function
-** allocates space for and lazily popluates the overflow page-list 
-** cache array (BtCursor.aOverflow). Subsequent calls use this
-** cache to make seeking to the supplied offset more efficient.
+** If the current cursor entry uses one or more overflow pages and the
+** eOp argument is not 2, this function may allocate space for and lazily 
+** popluates the overflow page-list cache array (BtCursor.aOverflow). 
+** Subsequent calls use this cache to make seeking to the supplied offset 
+** more efficient.
 **
 ** Once an overflow page-list cache has been allocated, it may be
 ** invalidated if some other cursor writes to the same table, or if
@@ -53218,15 +55505,22 @@
   int iIdx = 0;
   MemPage *pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]; /* Btree page of current entry */
   BtShared *pBt = pCur->pBt;                  /* Btree this cursor belongs to */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DIRECT_OVERFLOW_READ
+  int bEnd;                                   /* True if reading to end of data */
+#endif
 
   assert( pPage );
   assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
   assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pPage->nCell );
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( eOp!=2 || offset==0 );      /* Always start from beginning for eOp==2 */
 
   getCellInfo(pCur);
   aPayload = pCur->info.pCell + pCur->info.nHeader;
   nKey = (pPage->intKey ? 0 : (int)pCur->info.nKey);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DIRECT_OVERFLOW_READ
+  bEnd = (offset+amt==nKey+pCur->info.nData);
+#endif
 
   if( NEVER(offset+amt > nKey+pCur->info.nData) 
    || &aPayload[pCur->info.nLocal] > &pPage->aData[pBt->usableSize]
@@ -53241,7 +55535,7 @@
     if( a+offset>pCur->info.nLocal ){
       a = pCur->info.nLocal - offset;
     }
-    rc = copyPayload(&aPayload[offset], pBuf, a, eOp, pPage->pDbPage);
+    rc = copyPayload(&aPayload[offset], pBuf, a, (eOp & 0x01), pPage->pDbPage);
     offset = 0;
     pBuf += a;
     amt -= a;
@@ -53255,21 +55549,30 @@
 
     nextPage = get4byte(&aPayload[pCur->info.nLocal]);
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
-    /* If the isIncrblobHandle flag is set and the BtCursor.aOverflow[]
-    ** has not been allocated, allocate it now. The array is sized at
-    ** one entry for each overflow page in the overflow chain. The
-    ** page number of the first overflow page is stored in aOverflow[0],
-    ** etc. A value of 0 in the aOverflow[] array means "not yet known"
-    ** (the cache is lazily populated).
+    /* If the BtCursor.aOverflow[] has not been allocated, allocate it now.
+    ** Except, do not allocate aOverflow[] for eOp==2.
+    **
+    ** The aOverflow[] array is sized at one entry for each overflow page
+    ** in the overflow chain. The page number of the first overflow page is
+    ** stored in aOverflow[0], etc. A value of 0 in the aOverflow[] array
+    ** means "not yet known" (the cache is lazily populated).
     */
-    if( pCur->isIncrblobHandle && !pCur->aOverflow ){
+    if( eOp!=2 && (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_ValidOvfl)==0 ){
       int nOvfl = (pCur->info.nPayload-pCur->info.nLocal+ovflSize-1)/ovflSize;
-      pCur->aOverflow = (Pgno *)sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(Pgno)*nOvfl);
-      /* nOvfl is always positive.  If it were zero, fetchPayload would have
-      ** been used instead of this routine. */
-      if( ALWAYS(nOvfl) && !pCur->aOverflow ){
-        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      if( nOvfl>pCur->nOvflAlloc ){
+        Pgno *aNew = (Pgno*)sqlite3DbRealloc(
+            pCur->pBtree->db, pCur->aOverflow, nOvfl*2*sizeof(Pgno)
+        );
+        if( aNew==0 ){
+          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        }else{
+          pCur->nOvflAlloc = nOvfl*2;
+          pCur->aOverflow = aNew;
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        memset(pCur->aOverflow, 0, nOvfl*sizeof(Pgno));
+        pCur->curFlags |= BTCF_ValidOvfl;
       }
     }
 
@@ -53277,22 +55580,19 @@
     ** entry for the first required overflow page is valid, skip
     ** directly to it.
     */
-    if( pCur->aOverflow && pCur->aOverflow[offset/ovflSize] ){
+    if( (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_ValidOvfl)!=0 && pCur->aOverflow[offset/ovflSize] ){
       iIdx = (offset/ovflSize);
       nextPage = pCur->aOverflow[iIdx];
       offset = (offset%ovflSize);
     }
-#endif
 
     for( ; rc==SQLITE_OK && amt>0 && nextPage; iIdx++){
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
       /* If required, populate the overflow page-list cache. */
-      if( pCur->aOverflow ){
+      if( (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_ValidOvfl)!=0 ){
         assert(!pCur->aOverflow[iIdx] || pCur->aOverflow[iIdx]==nextPage);
         pCur->aOverflow[iIdx] = nextPage;
       }
-#endif
 
       if( offset>=ovflSize ){
         /* The only reason to read this page is to obtain the page
@@ -53300,13 +55600,17 @@
         ** data is not required. So first try to lookup the overflow
         ** page-list cache, if any, then fall back to the getOverflowPage()
         ** function.
+        **
+        ** Note that the aOverflow[] array must be allocated because eOp!=2
+        ** here.  If eOp==2, then offset==0 and this branch is never taken.
         */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
-        if( pCur->aOverflow && pCur->aOverflow[iIdx+1] ){
+        assert( eOp!=2 );
+        assert( pCur->curFlags & BTCF_ValidOvfl );
+        if( pCur->aOverflow[iIdx+1] ){
           nextPage = pCur->aOverflow[iIdx+1];
-        } else 
-#endif
+        }else{
           rc = getOverflowPage(pBt, nextPage, 0, &nextPage);
+        }
         offset -= ovflSize;
       }else{
         /* Need to read this page properly. It contains some of the
@@ -53328,13 +55632,15 @@
         **   3) the database is file-backed, and
         **   4) there is no open write-transaction, and
         **   5) the database is not a WAL database,
+        **   6) all data from the page is being read.
         **
         ** then data can be read directly from the database file into the
         ** output buffer, bypassing the page-cache altogether. This speeds
         ** up loading large records that span many overflow pages.
         */
-        if( eOp==0                                             /* (1) */
+        if( (eOp&0x01)==0                                      /* (1) */
          && offset==0                                          /* (2) */
+         && (bEnd || a==ovflSize)                              /* (6) */
          && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_READ                     /* (4) */
          && (fd = sqlite3PagerFile(pBt->pPager))->pMethods     /* (3) */
          && pBt->pPage1->aData[19]==0x01                       /* (5) */
@@ -53350,11 +55656,13 @@
 
         {
           DbPage *pDbPage;
-          rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pBt->pPager, nextPage, &pDbPage);
+          rc = sqlite3PagerAcquire(pBt->pPager, nextPage, &pDbPage,
+              ((eOp&0x01)==0 ? PAGER_GET_READONLY : 0)
+          );
           if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
             aPayload = sqlite3PagerGetData(pDbPage);
             nextPage = get4byte(aPayload);
-            rc = copyPayload(&aPayload[offset+4], pBuf, a, eOp, pDbPage);
+            rc = copyPayload(&aPayload[offset+4], pBuf, a, (eOp&0x01), pDbPage);
             sqlite3PagerUnref(pDbPage);
             offset = 0;
           }
@@ -53423,10 +55731,10 @@
 /*
 ** Return a pointer to payload information from the entry that the 
 ** pCur cursor is pointing to.  The pointer is to the beginning of
-** the key if skipKey==0 and it points to the beginning of data if
-** skipKey==1.  The number of bytes of available key/data is written
-** into *pAmt.  If *pAmt==0, then the value returned will not be
-** a valid pointer.
+** the key if index btrees (pPage->intKey==0) and is the data for
+** table btrees (pPage->intKey==1). The number of bytes of available
+** key/data is written into *pAmt.  If *pAmt==0, then the value
+** returned will not be a valid pointer.
 **
 ** This routine is an optimization.  It is common for the entire key
 ** and data to fit on the local page and for there to be no overflow
@@ -53439,41 +55747,18 @@
 ** page of the database.  The data might change or move the next time
 ** any btree routine is called.
 */
-static const unsigned char *fetchPayload(
+static const void *fetchPayload(
   BtCursor *pCur,      /* Cursor pointing to entry to read from */
-  int *pAmt,           /* Write the number of available bytes here */
-  int skipKey          /* read beginning at data if this is true */
+  u32 *pAmt            /* Write the number of available bytes here */
 ){
-  unsigned char *aPayload;
-  MemPage *pPage;
-  u32 nKey;
-  u32 nLocal;
-
   assert( pCur!=0 && pCur->iPage>=0 && pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]);
   assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
-  assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pPage->nCell );
-  if( NEVER(pCur->info.nSize==0) ){
-    btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage], pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage],
-                   &pCur->info);
-  }
-  aPayload = pCur->info.pCell;
-  aPayload += pCur->info.nHeader;
-  if( pPage->intKey ){
-    nKey = 0;
-  }else{
-    nKey = (int)pCur->info.nKey;
-  }
-  if( skipKey ){
-    aPayload += nKey;
-    nLocal = pCur->info.nLocal - nKey;
-  }else{
-    nLocal = pCur->info.nLocal;
-    assert( nLocal<=nKey );
-  }
-  *pAmt = nLocal;
-  return aPayload;
+  assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell );
+  assert( pCur->info.nSize>0 );
+  *pAmt = pCur->info.nLocal;
+  return (void*)(pCur->info.pCell + pCur->info.nHeader);
 }
 
 
@@ -53491,23 +55776,11 @@
 ** These routines is used to get quick access to key and data
 ** in the common case where no overflow pages are used.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(BtCursor *pCur, int *pAmt){
-  const void *p = 0;
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
-  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  if( ALWAYS(pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID) ){
-    p = (const void*)fetchPayload(pCur, pAmt, 0);
-  }
-  return p;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(BtCursor *pCur, u32 *pAmt){
+  return fetchPayload(pCur, pAmt);
 }
-SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(BtCursor *pCur, int *pAmt){
-  const void *p = 0;
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
-  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  if( ALWAYS(pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID) ){
-    p = (const void*)fetchPayload(pCur, pAmt, 1);
-  }
-  return p;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(BtCursor *pCur, u32 *pAmt){
+  return fetchPayload(pCur, pAmt);
 }
 
 
@@ -53529,17 +55802,19 @@
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
   assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
   assert( pCur->iPage<BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH );
+  assert( pCur->iPage>=0 );
   if( pCur->iPage>=(BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH-1) ){
     return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
   }
-  rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, newPgno, &pNewPage);
+  rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, newPgno, &pNewPage,
+               (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_WriteFlag)==0 ? PAGER_GET_READONLY : 0);
   if( rc ) return rc;
   pCur->apPage[i+1] = pNewPage;
   pCur->aiIdx[i+1] = 0;
   pCur->iPage++;
 
   pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+  pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_ValidNKey|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
   if( pNewPage->nCell<1 || pNewPage->intKey!=pCur->apPage[i]->intKey ){
     return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
   }
@@ -53597,7 +55872,7 @@
   releasePage(pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]);
   pCur->iPage--;
   pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+  pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_ValidNKey|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -53624,8 +55899,6 @@
 static int moveToRoot(BtCursor *pCur){
   MemPage *pRoot;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  Btree *p = pCur->pBtree;
-  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
 
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
   assert( CURSOR_INVALID < CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK );
@@ -53640,55 +55913,51 @@
   }
 
   if( pCur->iPage>=0 ){
-    int i;
-    for(i=1; i<=pCur->iPage; i++){
-      releasePage(pCur->apPage[i]);
-    }
-    pCur->iPage = 0;
+    while( pCur->iPage ) releasePage(pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage--]);
   }else if( pCur->pgnoRoot==0 ){
     pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
-    rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pCur->pgnoRoot, &pCur->apPage[0]);
+    rc = getAndInitPage(pCur->pBtree->pBt, pCur->pgnoRoot, &pCur->apPage[0],
+                 (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_WriteFlag)==0 ? PAGER_GET_READONLY : 0);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
       return rc;
     }
     pCur->iPage = 0;
-
-    /* If pCur->pKeyInfo is not NULL, then the caller that opened this cursor
-    ** expected to open it on an index b-tree. Otherwise, if pKeyInfo is
-    ** NULL, the caller expects a table b-tree. If this is not the case,
-    ** return an SQLITE_CORRUPT error.  */
-    assert( pCur->apPage[0]->intKey==1 || pCur->apPage[0]->intKey==0 );
-    if( (pCur->pKeyInfo==0)!=pCur->apPage[0]->intKey ){
-      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
-    }
   }
-
-  /* Assert that the root page is of the correct type. This must be the
-  ** case as the call to this function that loaded the root-page (either
-  ** this call or a previous invocation) would have detected corruption 
-  ** if the assumption were not true, and it is not possible for the flags 
-  ** byte to have been modified while this cursor is holding a reference
-  ** to the page.  */
   pRoot = pCur->apPage[0];
   assert( pRoot->pgno==pCur->pgnoRoot );
-  assert( pRoot->isInit && (pCur->pKeyInfo==0)==pRoot->intKey );
+
+  /* If pCur->pKeyInfo is not NULL, then the caller that opened this cursor
+  ** expected to open it on an index b-tree. Otherwise, if pKeyInfo is
+  ** NULL, the caller expects a table b-tree. If this is not the case,
+  ** return an SQLITE_CORRUPT error. 
+  **
+  ** Earlier versions of SQLite assumed that this test could not fail
+  ** if the root page was already loaded when this function was called (i.e.
+  ** if pCur->iPage>=0). But this is not so if the database is corrupted 
+  ** in such a way that page pRoot is linked into a second b-tree table 
+  ** (or the freelist).  */
+  assert( pRoot->intKey==1 || pRoot->intKey==0 );
+  if( pRoot->isInit==0 || (pCur->pKeyInfo==0)!=pRoot->intKey ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
 
   pCur->aiIdx[0] = 0;
   pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-  pCur->atLast = 0;
-  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+  pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_AtLast|BTCF_ValidNKey|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
 
-  if( pRoot->nCell==0 && !pRoot->leaf ){
+  if( pRoot->nCell>0 ){
+    pCur->eState = CURSOR_VALID;
+  }else if( !pRoot->leaf ){
     Pgno subpage;
     if( pRoot->pgno!=1 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
     subpage = get4byte(&pRoot->aData[pRoot->hdrOffset+8]);
     pCur->eState = CURSOR_VALID;
     rc = moveToChild(pCur, subpage);
   }else{
-    pCur->eState = ((pRoot->nCell>0)?CURSOR_VALID:CURSOR_INVALID);
+    pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -53740,7 +56009,7 @@
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = pPage->nCell-1;
     pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-    pCur->validNKey = 0;
+    pCur->curFlags &= ~BTCF_ValidNKey;
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -53779,7 +56048,7 @@
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
 
   /* If the cursor already points to the last entry, this is a no-op. */
-  if( CURSOR_VALID==pCur->eState && pCur->atLast ){
+  if( CURSOR_VALID==pCur->eState && (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_AtLast)!=0 ){
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     /* This block serves to assert() that the cursor really does point 
     ** to the last entry in the b-tree. */
@@ -53802,7 +56071,12 @@
       assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
       *pRes = 0;
       rc = moveToRightmost(pCur);
-      pCur->atLast = rc==SQLITE_OK ?1:0;
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        pCur->curFlags |= BTCF_AtLast;
+      }else{
+        pCur->curFlags &= ~BTCF_AtLast;
+      }
+   
     }
   }
   return rc;
@@ -53844,6 +56118,7 @@
   int *pRes                /* Write search results here */
 ){
   int rc;
+  RecordCompare xRecordCompare;
 
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
@@ -53852,19 +56127,30 @@
 
   /* If the cursor is already positioned at the point we are trying
   ** to move to, then just return without doing any work */
-  if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID && pCur->validNKey 
+  if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID && (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_ValidNKey)!=0
    && pCur->apPage[0]->intKey 
   ){
     if( pCur->info.nKey==intKey ){
       *pRes = 0;
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
-    if( pCur->atLast && pCur->info.nKey<intKey ){
+    if( (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_AtLast)!=0 && pCur->info.nKey<intKey ){
       *pRes = -1;
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
   }
 
+  if( pIdxKey ){
+    xRecordCompare = sqlite3VdbeFindCompare(pIdxKey);
+    pIdxKey->isCorrupt = 0;
+    assert( pIdxKey->default_rc==1 
+         || pIdxKey->default_rc==0 
+         || pIdxKey->default_rc==-1
+    );
+  }else{
+    xRecordCompare = 0; /* All keys are integers */
+  }
+
   rc = moveToRoot(pCur);
   if( rc ){
     return rc;
@@ -53879,10 +56165,10 @@
   }
   assert( pCur->apPage[0]->intKey || pIdxKey );
   for(;;){
-    int lwr, upr, idx;
+    int lwr, upr, idx, c;
     Pgno chldPg;
     MemPage *pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
-    int c;
+    u8 *pCell;                          /* Pointer to current cell in pPage */
 
     /* pPage->nCell must be greater than zero. If this is the root-page
     ** the cursor would have been INVALID above and this for(;;) loop
@@ -53894,35 +56180,47 @@
     assert( pPage->intKey==(pIdxKey==0) );
     lwr = 0;
     upr = pPage->nCell-1;
-    if( biasRight ){
-      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)(idx = upr);
-    }else{
-      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)(idx = (upr+lwr)/2);
-    }
-    for(;;){
-      u8 *pCell;                          /* Pointer to current cell in pPage */
-
-      assert( idx==pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] );
-      pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-      pCell = findCell(pPage, idx) + pPage->childPtrSize;
-      if( pPage->intKey ){
+    assert( biasRight==0 || biasRight==1 );
+    idx = upr>>(1-biasRight); /* idx = biasRight ? upr : (lwr+upr)/2; */
+    pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)idx;
+    if( xRecordCompare==0 ){
+      for(;;){
         i64 nCellKey;
+        pCell = findCell(pPage, idx) + pPage->childPtrSize;
         if( pPage->hasData ){
-          u32 dummy;
-          pCell += getVarint32(pCell, dummy);
+          while( 0x80 <= *(pCell++) ){
+            if( pCell>=pPage->aDataEnd ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+          }
         }
         getVarint(pCell, (u64*)&nCellKey);
-        if( nCellKey==intKey ){
-          c = 0;
-        }else if( nCellKey<intKey ){
-          c = -1;
+        if( nCellKey<intKey ){
+          lwr = idx+1;
+          if( lwr>upr ){ c = -1; break; }
+        }else if( nCellKey>intKey ){
+          upr = idx-1;
+          if( lwr>upr ){ c = +1; break; }
         }else{
-          assert( nCellKey>intKey );
-          c = +1;
+          assert( nCellKey==intKey );
+          pCur->curFlags |= BTCF_ValidNKey;
+          pCur->info.nKey = nCellKey;
+          pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)idx;
+          if( !pPage->leaf ){
+            lwr = idx;
+            goto moveto_next_layer;
+          }else{
+            *pRes = 0;
+            rc = SQLITE_OK;
+            goto moveto_finish;
+          }
         }
-        pCur->validNKey = 1;
-        pCur->info.nKey = nCellKey;
-      }else{
+        assert( lwr+upr>=0 );
+        idx = (lwr+upr)>>1;  /* idx = (lwr+upr)/2; */
+      }
+    }else{
+      for(;;){
+        int nCell;
+        pCell = findCell(pPage, idx) + pPage->childPtrSize;
+
         /* The maximum supported page-size is 65536 bytes. This means that
         ** the maximum number of record bytes stored on an index B-Tree
         ** page is less than 16384 bytes and may be stored as a 2-byte
@@ -53931,23 +56229,20 @@
         ** stored entirely within the b-tree page by inspecting the first 
         ** 2 bytes of the cell.
         */
-        int nCell = pCell[0];
-        if( nCell<=pPage->max1bytePayload
-         /* && (pCell+nCell)<pPage->aDataEnd */
-        ){
+        nCell = pCell[0];
+        if( nCell<=pPage->max1bytePayload ){
           /* This branch runs if the record-size field of the cell is a
           ** single byte varint and the record fits entirely on the main
           ** b-tree page.  */
           testcase( pCell+nCell+1==pPage->aDataEnd );
-          c = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nCell, (void*)&pCell[1], pIdxKey);
+          c = xRecordCompare(nCell, (void*)&pCell[1], pIdxKey, 0);
         }else if( !(pCell[1] & 0x80) 
           && (nCell = ((nCell&0x7f)<<7) + pCell[1])<=pPage->maxLocal
-          /* && (pCell+nCell+2)<=pPage->aDataEnd */
         ){
           /* The record-size field is a 2 byte varint and the record 
           ** fits entirely on the main b-tree page.  */
           testcase( pCell+nCell+2==pPage->aDataEnd );
-          c = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nCell, (void*)&pCell[2], pIdxKey);
+          c = xRecordCompare(nCell, (void*)&pCell[2], pIdxKey, 0);
         }else{
           /* The record flows over onto one or more overflow pages. In
           ** this case the whole cell needs to be parsed, a buffer allocated
@@ -53962,57 +56257,55 @@
             rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
             goto moveto_finish;
           }
-          rc = accessPayload(pCur, 0, nCell, (unsigned char*)pCellKey, 0);
+          pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)idx;
+          rc = accessPayload(pCur, 0, nCell, (unsigned char*)pCellKey, 2);
           if( rc ){
             sqlite3_free(pCellKey);
             goto moveto_finish;
           }
-          c = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nCell, pCellKey, pIdxKey);
+          c = xRecordCompare(nCell, pCellKey, pIdxKey, 0);
           sqlite3_free(pCellKey);
         }
-      }
-      if( c==0 ){
-        if( pPage->intKey && !pPage->leaf ){
-          lwr = idx;
-          break;
+        assert( pIdxKey->isCorrupt==0 || c==0 );
+        if( c<0 ){
+          lwr = idx+1;
+        }else if( c>0 ){
+          upr = idx-1;
         }else{
+          assert( c==0 );
           *pRes = 0;
           rc = SQLITE_OK;
+          pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)idx;
+          if( pIdxKey->isCorrupt ) rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT;
           goto moveto_finish;
         }
+        if( lwr>upr ) break;
+        assert( lwr+upr>=0 );
+        idx = (lwr+upr)>>1;  /* idx = (lwr+upr)/2 */
       }
-      if( c<0 ){
-        lwr = idx+1;
-      }else{
-        upr = idx-1;
-      }
-      if( lwr>upr ){
-        break;
-      }
-      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)(idx = (lwr+upr)/2);
     }
     assert( lwr==upr+1 || (pPage->intKey && !pPage->leaf) );
     assert( pPage->isInit );
     if( pPage->leaf ){
-      chldPg = 0;
-    }else if( lwr>=pPage->nCell ){
-      chldPg = get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]);
-    }else{
-      chldPg = get4byte(findCell(pPage, lwr));
-    }
-    if( chldPg==0 ){
       assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell );
+      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)idx;
       *pRes = c;
       rc = SQLITE_OK;
       goto moveto_finish;
     }
+moveto_next_layer:
+    if( lwr>=pPage->nCell ){
+      chldPg = get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]);
+    }else{
+      chldPg = get4byte(findCell(pPage, lwr));
+    }
     pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)lwr;
-    pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-    pCur->validNKey = 0;
     rc = moveToChild(pCur, chldPg);
-    if( rc ) goto moveto_finish;
+    if( rc ) break;
   }
 moveto_finish:
+  pCur->info.nSize = 0;
+  pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_ValidNKey|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -54037,6 +56330,15 @@
 ** successful then set *pRes=0.  If the cursor
 ** was already pointing to the last entry in the database before
 ** this routine was called, then set *pRes=1.
+**
+** The calling function will set *pRes to 0 or 1.  The initial *pRes value
+** will be 1 if the cursor being stepped corresponds to an SQL index and
+** if this routine could have been skipped if that SQL index had been
+** a unique index.  Otherwise the caller will have set *pRes to zero.
+** Zero is the common case. The btree implementation is free to use the
+** initial *pRes value as a hint to improve performance, but the current
+** SQLite btree implementation does not. (Note that the comdb2 btree
+** implementation does use this hint, however.)
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeNext(BtCursor *pCur, int *pRes){
   int rc;
@@ -54044,21 +56346,31 @@
   MemPage *pPage;
 
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCur);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-    return rc;
-  }
   assert( pRes!=0 );
-  if( CURSOR_INVALID==pCur->eState ){
-    *pRes = 1;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( *pRes==0 || *pRes==1 );
+  assert( pCur->skipNext==0 || pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID );
+  if( pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID ){
+    invalidateOverflowCache(pCur);
+    rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCur);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      *pRes = 0;
+      return rc;
+    }
+    if( CURSOR_INVALID==pCur->eState ){
+      *pRes = 1;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    if( pCur->skipNext ){
+      assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID || pCur->eState==CURSOR_SKIPNEXT );
+      pCur->eState = CURSOR_VALID;
+      if( pCur->skipNext>0 ){
+        pCur->skipNext = 0;
+        *pRes = 0;
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+      pCur->skipNext = 0;
+    }
   }
-  if( pCur->skipNext>0 ){
-    pCur->skipNext = 0;
-    *pRes = 0;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-  pCur->skipNext = 0;
 
   pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
   idx = ++pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage];
@@ -54072,11 +56384,14 @@
   testcase( idx>pPage->nCell );
 
   pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+  pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_ValidNKey|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
   if( idx>=pPage->nCell ){
     if( !pPage->leaf ){
       rc = moveToChild(pCur, get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]));
-      if( rc ) return rc;
+      if( rc ){
+        *pRes = 0;
+        return rc;
+      }
       rc = moveToLeftmost(pCur);
       *pRes = 0;
       return rc;
@@ -54112,27 +56427,48 @@
 ** successful then set *pRes=0.  If the cursor
 ** was already pointing to the first entry in the database before
 ** this routine was called, then set *pRes=1.
+**
+** The calling function will set *pRes to 0 or 1.  The initial *pRes value
+** will be 1 if the cursor being stepped corresponds to an SQL index and
+** if this routine could have been skipped if that SQL index had been
+** a unique index.  Otherwise the caller will have set *pRes to zero.
+** Zero is the common case. The btree implementation is free to use the
+** initial *pRes value as a hint to improve performance, but the current
+** SQLite btree implementation does not. (Note that the comdb2 btree
+** implementation does use this hint, however.)
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreePrevious(BtCursor *pCur, int *pRes){
   int rc;
   MemPage *pPage;
 
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCur);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-    return rc;
+  assert( pRes!=0 );
+  assert( *pRes==0 || *pRes==1 );
+  assert( pCur->skipNext==0 || pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID );
+  pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_AtLast|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
+  if( pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID ){
+    if( ALWAYS(pCur->eState>=CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK) ){
+      rc = btreeRestoreCursorPosition(pCur);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        *pRes = 0;
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }
+    if( CURSOR_INVALID==pCur->eState ){
+      *pRes = 1;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    if( pCur->skipNext ){
+      assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID || pCur->eState==CURSOR_SKIPNEXT );
+      pCur->eState = CURSOR_VALID;
+      if( pCur->skipNext<0 ){
+        pCur->skipNext = 0;
+        *pRes = 0;
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+      pCur->skipNext = 0;
+    }
   }
-  pCur->atLast = 0;
-  if( CURSOR_INVALID==pCur->eState ){
-    *pRes = 1;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-  if( pCur->skipNext<0 ){
-    pCur->skipNext = 0;
-    *pRes = 0;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-  pCur->skipNext = 0;
 
   pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
   assert( pPage->isInit );
@@ -54140,6 +56476,7 @@
     int idx = pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage];
     rc = moveToChild(pCur, get4byte(findCell(pPage, idx)));
     if( rc ){
+      *pRes = 0;
       return rc;
     }
     rc = moveToRightmost(pCur);
@@ -54153,7 +56490,7 @@
       moveToParent(pCur);
     }
     pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-    pCur->validNKey = 0;
+    pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_ValidNKey|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
 
     pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]--;
     pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
@@ -54179,21 +56516,23 @@
 ** an error.  *ppPage and *pPgno are undefined in the event of an error.
 ** Do not invoke sqlite3PagerUnref() on *ppPage if an error is returned.
 **
-** If the "nearby" parameter is not 0, then a (feeble) effort is made to 
+** If the "nearby" parameter is not 0, then an effort is made to 
 ** locate a page close to the page number "nearby".  This can be used in an
 ** attempt to keep related pages close to each other in the database file,
 ** which in turn can make database access faster.
 **
-** If the "exact" parameter is not 0, and the page-number nearby exists 
-** anywhere on the free-list, then it is guarenteed to be returned. This
-** is only used by auto-vacuum databases when allocating a new table.
+** If the eMode parameter is BTALLOC_EXACT and the nearby page exists
+** anywhere on the free-list, then it is guaranteed to be returned.  If
+** eMode is BTALLOC_LT then the page returned will be less than or equal
+** to nearby if any such page exists.  If eMode is BTALLOC_ANY then there
+** are no restrictions on which page is returned.
 */
 static int allocateBtreePage(
-  BtShared *pBt, 
-  MemPage **ppPage, 
-  Pgno *pPgno, 
-  Pgno nearby,
-  u8 exact
+  BtShared *pBt,         /* The btree */
+  MemPage **ppPage,      /* Store pointer to the allocated page here */
+  Pgno *pPgno,           /* Store the page number here */
+  Pgno nearby,           /* Search for a page near this one */
+  u8 eMode               /* BTALLOC_EXACT, BTALLOC_LT, or BTALLOC_ANY */
 ){
   MemPage *pPage1;
   int rc;
@@ -54204,6 +56543,7 @@
   Pgno mxPage;     /* Total size of the database file */
 
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( eMode==BTALLOC_ANY || (nearby>0 && IfNotOmitAV(pBt->autoVacuum)) );
   pPage1 = pBt->pPage1;
   mxPage = btreePagecount(pBt);
   n = get4byte(&pPage1->aData[36]);
@@ -54216,21 +56556,24 @@
     Pgno iTrunk;
     u8 searchList = 0; /* If the free-list must be searched for 'nearby' */
     
-    /* If the 'exact' parameter was true and a query of the pointer-map
+    /* If eMode==BTALLOC_EXACT and a query of the pointer-map
     ** shows that the page 'nearby' is somewhere on the free-list, then
     ** the entire-list will be searched for that page.
     */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-    if( exact && nearby<=mxPage ){
-      u8 eType;
-      assert( nearby>0 );
-      assert( pBt->autoVacuum );
-      rc = ptrmapGet(pBt, nearby, &eType, 0);
-      if( rc ) return rc;
-      if( eType==PTRMAP_FREEPAGE ){
-        searchList = 1;
+    if( eMode==BTALLOC_EXACT ){
+      if( nearby<=mxPage ){
+        u8 eType;
+        assert( nearby>0 );
+        assert( pBt->autoVacuum );
+        rc = ptrmapGet(pBt, nearby, &eType, 0);
+        if( rc ) return rc;
+        if( eType==PTRMAP_FREEPAGE ){
+          searchList = 1;
+        }
       }
-      *pPgno = nearby;
+    }else if( eMode==BTALLOC_LE ){
+      searchList = 1;
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -54243,7 +56586,8 @@
 
     /* The code within this loop is run only once if the 'searchList' variable
     ** is not true. Otherwise, it runs once for each trunk-page on the
-    ** free-list until the page 'nearby' is located.
+    ** free-list until the page 'nearby' is located (eMode==BTALLOC_EXACT)
+    ** or until a page less than 'nearby' is located (eMode==BTALLOC_LT)
     */
     do {
       pPrevTrunk = pTrunk;
@@ -54285,11 +56629,13 @@
         rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
         goto end_allocate_page;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-      }else if( searchList && nearby==iTrunk ){
+      }else if( searchList 
+            && (nearby==iTrunk || (iTrunk<nearby && eMode==BTALLOC_LE)) 
+      ){
         /* The list is being searched and this trunk page is the page
         ** to allocate, regardless of whether it has leaves.
         */
-        assert( *pPgno==iTrunk );
+        *pPgno = iTrunk;
         *ppPage = pTrunk;
         searchList = 0;
         rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pTrunk->pDbPage);
@@ -54352,14 +56698,24 @@
         unsigned char *aData = pTrunk->aData;
         if( nearby>0 ){
           u32 i;
-          int dist;
           closest = 0;
-          dist = sqlite3AbsInt32(get4byte(&aData[8]) - nearby);
-          for(i=1; i<k; i++){
-            int d2 = sqlite3AbsInt32(get4byte(&aData[8+i*4]) - nearby);
-            if( d2<dist ){
-              closest = i;
-              dist = d2;
+          if( eMode==BTALLOC_LE ){
+            for(i=0; i<k; i++){
+              iPage = get4byte(&aData[8+i*4]);
+              if( iPage<=nearby ){
+                closest = i;
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+          }else{
+            int dist;
+            dist = sqlite3AbsInt32(get4byte(&aData[8]) - nearby);
+            for(i=1; i<k; i++){
+              int d2 = sqlite3AbsInt32(get4byte(&aData[8+i*4]) - nearby);
+              if( d2<dist ){
+                closest = i;
+                dist = d2;
+              }
             }
           }
         }else{
@@ -54373,7 +56729,9 @@
           goto end_allocate_page;
         }
         testcase( iPage==mxPage );
-        if( !searchList || iPage==nearby ){
+        if( !searchList 
+         || (iPage==nearby || (iPage<nearby && eMode==BTALLOC_LE)) 
+        ){
           int noContent;
           *pPgno = iPage;
           TRACE(("ALLOCATE: %d was leaf %d of %d on trunk %d"
@@ -54385,7 +56743,7 @@
             memcpy(&aData[8+closest*4], &aData[4+k*4], 4);
           }
           put4byte(&aData[4], k-1);
-          noContent = !btreeGetHasContent(pBt, *pPgno);
+          noContent = !btreeGetHasContent(pBt, *pPgno) ? PAGER_GET_NOCONTENT : 0;
           rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, *pPgno, ppPage, noContent);
           if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
             rc = sqlite3PagerWrite((*ppPage)->pDbPage);
@@ -54400,8 +56758,26 @@
       pPrevTrunk = 0;
     }while( searchList );
   }else{
-    /* There are no pages on the freelist, so create a new page at the
-    ** end of the file */
+    /* There are no pages on the freelist, so append a new page to the
+    ** database image.
+    **
+    ** Normally, new pages allocated by this block can be requested from the
+    ** pager layer with the 'no-content' flag set. This prevents the pager
+    ** from trying to read the pages content from disk. However, if the
+    ** current transaction has already run one or more incremental-vacuum
+    ** steps, then the page we are about to allocate may contain content
+    ** that is required in the event of a rollback. In this case, do
+    ** not set the no-content flag. This causes the pager to load and journal
+    ** the current page content before overwriting it.
+    **
+    ** Note that the pager will not actually attempt to load or journal 
+    ** content for any page that really does lie past the end of the database
+    ** file on disk. So the effects of disabling the no-content optimization
+    ** here are confined to those pages that lie between the end of the
+    ** database image and the end of the database file.
+    */
+    int bNoContent = (0==IfNotOmitAV(pBt->bDoTruncate)) ? PAGER_GET_NOCONTENT : 0;
+
     rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
     if( rc ) return rc;
     pBt->nPage++;
@@ -54416,7 +56792,7 @@
       MemPage *pPg = 0;
       TRACE(("ALLOCATE: %d from end of file (pointer-map page)\n", pBt->nPage));
       assert( pBt->nPage!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) );
-      rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pBt->nPage, &pPg, 1);
+      rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pBt->nPage, &pPg, bNoContent);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPg->pDbPage);
         releasePage(pPg);
@@ -54430,7 +56806,7 @@
     *pPgno = pBt->nPage;
 
     assert( *pPgno!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) );
-    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, *pPgno, ppPage, 1);
+    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, *pPgno, ppPage, bNoContent);
     if( rc ) return rc;
     rc = sqlite3PagerWrite((*ppPage)->pDbPage);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -54447,6 +56823,7 @@
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     if( sqlite3PagerPageRefcount((*ppPage)->pDbPage)>1 ){
       releasePage(*ppPage);
+      *ppPage = 0;
       return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
     }
     (*ppPage)->isInit = 0;
@@ -54614,7 +56991,7 @@
     return SQLITE_OK;  /* No overflow pages. Return without doing anything */
   }
   if( pCell+info.iOverflow+3 > pPage->aData+pPage->maskPage ){
-    return SQLITE_CORRUPT;  /* Cell extends past end of page */
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;  /* Cell extends past end of page */
   }
   ovflPgno = get4byte(&pCell[info.iOverflow]);
   assert( pBt->usableSize > 4 );
@@ -54708,7 +57085,7 @@
     nHeader += 4;
   }
   if( pPage->hasData ){
-    nHeader += putVarint(&pCell[nHeader], nData+nZero);
+    nHeader += putVarint32(&pCell[nHeader], nData+nZero);
   }else{
     nData = nZero = 0;
   }
@@ -54758,7 +57135,7 @@
       ** If this is the first overflow page, then write a partial entry 
       ** to the pointer-map. If we write nothing to this pointer-map slot,
       ** then the optimistic overflow chain processing in clearCell()
-      ** may misinterpret the uninitialised values and delete the
+      ** may misinterpret the uninitialized values and delete the
       ** wrong pages from the database.
       */
       if( pBt->autoVacuum && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -54836,7 +57213,6 @@
   u32 pc;         /* Offset to cell content of cell being deleted */
   u8 *data;       /* pPage->aData */
   u8 *ptr;        /* Used to move bytes around within data[] */
-  u8 *endPtr;     /* End of loop */
   int rc;         /* The return code */
   int hdr;        /* Beginning of the header.  0 most pages.  100 page 1 */
 
@@ -54861,13 +57237,8 @@
     *pRC = rc;
     return;
   }
-  endPtr = &pPage->aCellIdx[2*pPage->nCell - 2];
-  assert( (SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(ptr)&1)==0 );  /* ptr is always 2-byte aligned */
-  while( ptr<endPtr ){
-    *(u16*)ptr = *(u16*)&ptr[2];
-    ptr += 2;
-  }
   pPage->nCell--;
+  memmove(ptr, ptr+2, 2*(pPage->nCell - idx));
   put2byte(&data[hdr+3], pPage->nCell);
   pPage->nFree += 2;
 }
@@ -54904,15 +57275,13 @@
   int ins;          /* Index in data[] where new cell pointer is inserted */
   int cellOffset;   /* Address of first cell pointer in data[] */
   u8 *data;         /* The content of the whole page */
-  u8 *ptr;          /* Used for moving information around in data[] */
-  u8 *endPtr;       /* End of the loop */
-
   int nSkip = (iChild ? 4 : 0);
 
   if( *pRC ) return;
 
   assert( i>=0 && i<=pPage->nCell+pPage->nOverflow );
-  assert( pPage->nCell<=MX_CELL(pPage->pBt) && MX_CELL(pPage->pBt)<=10921 );
+  assert( MX_CELL(pPage->pBt)<=10921 );
+  assert( pPage->nCell<=MX_CELL(pPage->pBt) || CORRUPT_DB );
   assert( pPage->nOverflow<=ArraySize(pPage->apOvfl) );
   assert( ArraySize(pPage->apOvfl)==ArraySize(pPage->aiOvfl) );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
@@ -54957,13 +57326,7 @@
     if( iChild ){
       put4byte(&data[idx], iChild);
     }
-    ptr = &data[end];
-    endPtr = &data[ins];
-    assert( (SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(ptr)&1)==0 );  /* ptr is always 2-byte aligned */
-    while( ptr>endPtr ){
-      *(u16*)ptr = *(u16*)&ptr[-2];
-      ptr -= 2;
-    }
+    memmove(&data[ins+2], &data[ins], end-ins);
     put2byte(&data[ins], idx);
     put2byte(&data[pPage->hdrOffset+3], pPage->nCell);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
@@ -55070,7 +57433,7 @@
   assert( pPage->nOverflow==1 );
 
   /* This error condition is now caught prior to reaching this function */
-  if( pPage->nCell<=0 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  if( pPage->nCell==0 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
 
   /* Allocate a new page. This page will become the right-sibling of 
   ** pPage. Make the parent page writable, so that the new divider cell
@@ -55280,11 +57643,15 @@
 ** If aOvflSpace is set to a null pointer, this function returns 
 ** SQLITE_NOMEM.
 */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700 && defined(_M_ARM)
+#pragma optimize("", off)
+#endif
 static int balance_nonroot(
   MemPage *pParent,               /* Parent page of siblings being balanced */
   int iParentIdx,                 /* Index of "the page" in pParent */
   u8 *aOvflSpace,                 /* page-size bytes of space for parent ovfl */
-  int isRoot                      /* True if pParent is a root-page */
+  int isRoot,                     /* True if pParent is a root-page */
+  int bBulk                       /* True if this call is part of a bulk load */
 ){
   BtShared *pBt;               /* The whole database */
   int nCell = 0;               /* Number of cells in apCell[] */
@@ -55348,18 +57715,19 @@
   i = pParent->nOverflow + pParent->nCell;
   if( i<2 ){
     nxDiv = 0;
-    nOld = i+1;
   }else{
-    nOld = 3;
+    assert( bBulk==0 || bBulk==1 );
     if( iParentIdx==0 ){                 
       nxDiv = 0;
     }else if( iParentIdx==i ){
-      nxDiv = i-2;
+      nxDiv = i-2+bBulk;
     }else{
+      assert( bBulk==0 );
       nxDiv = iParentIdx-1;
     }
-    i = 2;
+    i = 2-bBulk;
   }
+  nOld = i+1;
   if( (i+nxDiv-pParent->nOverflow)==pParent->nCell ){
     pRight = &pParent->aData[pParent->hdrOffset+8];
   }else{
@@ -55367,7 +57735,7 @@
   }
   pgno = get4byte(pRight);
   while( 1 ){
-    rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pgno, &apOld[i]);
+    rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pgno, &apOld[i], 0);
     if( rc ){
       memset(apOld, 0, (i+1)*sizeof(MemPage*));
       goto balance_cleanup;
@@ -55439,7 +57807,7 @@
   /*
   ** Load pointers to all cells on sibling pages and the divider cells
   ** into the local apCell[] array.  Make copies of the divider cells
-  ** into space obtained from aSpace1[] and remove the the divider Cells
+  ** into space obtained from aSpace1[] and remove the divider cells
   ** from pParent.
   **
   ** If the siblings are on leaf pages, then the child pointers of the
@@ -55568,7 +57936,9 @@
     d = r + 1 - leafData;
     assert( d<nMaxCells );
     assert( r<nMaxCells );
-    while( szRight==0 || szRight+szCell[d]+2<=szLeft-(szCell[r]+2) ){
+    while( szRight==0 
+       || (!bBulk && szRight+szCell[d]+2<=szLeft-(szCell[r]+2)) 
+    ){
       szRight += szCell[d] + 2;
       szLeft -= szCell[r] + 2;
       cntNew[i-1]--;
@@ -55615,7 +57985,7 @@
       if( rc ) goto balance_cleanup;
     }else{
       assert( i>0 );
-      rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pNew, &pgno, pgno, 0);
+      rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pNew, &pgno, (bBulk ? 1 : pgno), 0);
       if( rc ) goto balance_cleanup;
       apNew[i] = pNew;
       nNew++;
@@ -55827,6 +58197,7 @@
         ** sibling page j. If the siblings are not leaf pages of an
         ** intkey b-tree, then cell i was a divider cell. */
         assert( j+1 < ArraySize(apCopy) );
+        assert( j+1 < nOld );
         pOld = apCopy[++j];
         iNextOld = i + !leafData + pOld->nCell + pOld->nOverflow;
         if( pOld->nOverflow ){
@@ -55905,6 +58276,9 @@
 
   return rc;
 }
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700 && defined(_M_ARM)
+#pragma optimize("", on)
+#endif
 
 
 /*
@@ -56065,7 +58439,7 @@
           ** pSpace buffer passed to the latter call to balance_nonroot().
           */
           u8 *pSpace = sqlite3PageMalloc(pCur->pBt->pageSize);
-          rc = balance_nonroot(pParent, iIdx, pSpace, iPage==1);
+          rc = balance_nonroot(pParent, iIdx, pSpace, iPage==1, pCur->hints);
           if( pFree ){
             /* If pFree is not NULL, it points to the pSpace buffer used 
             ** by a previous call to balance_nonroot(). Its contents are
@@ -56142,7 +58516,7 @@
   }
 
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  assert( pCur->wrFlag && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE
+  assert( (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_WriteFlag)!=0 && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE
               && (pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)==0 );
   assert( hasSharedCacheTableLock(p, pCur->pgnoRoot, pCur->pKeyInfo!=0, 2) );
 
@@ -56153,13 +58527,6 @@
   ** blob of associated data.  */
   assert( (pKey==0)==(pCur->pKeyInfo==0) );
 
-  /* If this is an insert into a table b-tree, invalidate any incrblob 
-  ** cursors open on the row being replaced (assuming this is a replace
-  ** operation - if it is not, the following is a no-op).  */
-  if( pCur->pKeyInfo==0 ){
-    invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, nKey, 0);
-  }
-
   /* Save the positions of any other cursors open on this table.
   **
   ** In some cases, the call to btreeMoveto() below is a no-op. For
@@ -56173,6 +58540,20 @@
   */
   rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, pCur->pgnoRoot, pCur);
   if( rc ) return rc;
+
+  if( pCur->pKeyInfo==0 ){
+    /* If this is an insert into a table b-tree, invalidate any incrblob 
+    ** cursors open on the row being replaced */
+    invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, nKey, 0);
+
+    /* If the cursor is currently on the last row and we are appending a
+    ** new row onto the end, set the "loc" to avoid an unnecessary btreeMoveto()
+    ** call */
+    if( (pCur->curFlags&BTCF_ValidNKey)!=0 && nKey>0 && pCur->info.nKey==nKey-1 ){
+      loc = -1;
+    }
+  }
+
   if( !loc ){
     rc = btreeMoveto(pCur, pKey, nKey, appendBias, &loc);
     if( rc ) return rc;
@@ -56219,9 +58600,9 @@
   insertCell(pPage, idx, newCell, szNew, 0, 0, &rc);
   assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pPage->nCell>0 || pPage->nOverflow>0 );
 
-  /* If no error has occured and pPage has an overflow cell, call balance() 
+  /* If no error has occurred and pPage has an overflow cell, call balance() 
   ** to redistribute the cells within the tree. Since balance() may move
-  ** the cursor, zero the BtCursor.info.nSize and BtCursor.validNKey
+  ** the cursor, zero the BtCursor.info.nSize and BTCF_ValidNKey
   ** variables.
   **
   ** Previous versions of SQLite called moveToRoot() to move the cursor
@@ -56240,8 +58621,8 @@
   ** row without seeking the cursor. This can be a big performance boost.
   */
   pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-  pCur->validNKey = 0;
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pPage->nOverflow ){
+    pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_ValidNKey);
     rc = balance(pCur);
 
     /* Must make sure nOverflow is reset to zero even if the balance()
@@ -56273,7 +58654,7 @@
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
   assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE );
   assert( (pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)==0 );
-  assert( pCur->wrFlag );
+  assert( pCur->curFlags & BTCF_WriteFlag );
   assert( hasSharedCacheTableLock(p, pCur->pgnoRoot, pCur->pKeyInfo!=0, 2) );
   assert( !hasReadConflicts(p, pCur->pgnoRoot) );
 
@@ -56283,12 +58664,6 @@
     return SQLITE_ERROR;  /* Something has gone awry. */
   }
 
-  /* If this is a delete operation to remove a row from a table b-tree,
-  ** invalidate any incrblob cursors open on the row being deleted.  */
-  if( pCur->pKeyInfo==0 ){
-    invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, pCur->info.nKey, 0);
-  }
-
   iCellDepth = pCur->iPage;
   iCellIdx = pCur->aiIdx[iCellDepth];
   pPage = pCur->apPage[iCellDepth];
@@ -56302,7 +58677,7 @@
   ** sub-tree headed by the child page of the cell being deleted. This makes
   ** balancing the tree following the delete operation easier.  */
   if( !pPage->leaf ){
-    int notUsed;
+    int notUsed = 0;
     rc = sqlite3BtreePrevious(pCur, &notUsed);
     if( rc ) return rc;
   }
@@ -56314,6 +58689,13 @@
   */
   rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, pCur->pgnoRoot, pCur);
   if( rc ) return rc;
+
+  /* If this is a delete operation to remove a row from a table b-tree,
+  ** invalidate any incrblob cursors open on the row being deleted.  */
+  if( pCur->pKeyInfo==0 ){
+    invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, pCur->info.nKey, 0);
+  }
+
   rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage->pDbPage);
   if( rc ) return rc;
   rc = clearCell(pPage, pCell);
@@ -56432,7 +58814,7 @@
     ** be moved to the allocated page (unless the allocated page happens
     ** to reside at pgnoRoot).
     */
-    rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pPageMove, &pgnoMove, pgnoRoot, 1);
+    rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pPageMove, &pgnoMove, pgnoRoot, BTALLOC_EXACT);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       return rc;
     }
@@ -56447,7 +58829,14 @@
       u8 eType = 0;
       Pgno iPtrPage = 0;
 
+      /* Save the positions of any open cursors. This is required in
+      ** case they are holding a reference to an xFetch reference
+      ** corresponding to page pgnoRoot.  */
+      rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, 0, 0);
       releasePage(pPageMove);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
 
       /* Move the page currently at pgnoRoot to pgnoMove. */
       rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pgnoRoot, &pRoot, 0);
@@ -56541,14 +58930,16 @@
   int rc;
   unsigned char *pCell;
   int i;
+  int hdr;
 
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
   if( pgno>btreePagecount(pBt) ){
     return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
   }
 
-  rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pgno, &pPage);
+  rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pgno, &pPage, 0);
   if( rc ) return rc;
+  hdr = pPage->hdrOffset;
   for(i=0; i<pPage->nCell; i++){
     pCell = findCell(pPage, i);
     if( !pPage->leaf ){
@@ -56559,7 +58950,7 @@
     if( rc ) goto cleardatabasepage_out;
   }
   if( !pPage->leaf ){
-    rc = clearDatabasePage(pBt, get4byte(&pPage->aData[8]), 1, pnChange);
+    rc = clearDatabasePage(pBt, get4byte(&pPage->aData[hdr+8]), 1, pnChange);
     if( rc ) goto cleardatabasepage_out;
   }else if( pnChange ){
     assert( pPage->intKey );
@@ -56568,7 +58959,7 @@
   if( freePageFlag ){
     freePage(pPage, &rc);
   }else if( (rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage->pDbPage))==0 ){
-    zeroPage(pPage, pPage->aData[0] | PTF_LEAF);
+    zeroPage(pPage, pPage->aData[hdr] | PTF_LEAF);
   }
 
 cleardatabasepage_out:
@@ -56595,13 +58986,13 @@
   sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
   assert( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE );
 
-  /* Invalidate all incrblob cursors open on table iTable (assuming iTable
-  ** is the root of a table b-tree - if it is not, the following call is
-  ** a no-op).  */
-  invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, 0, 1);
-
   rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, (Pgno)iTable, 0);
+
   if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    /* Invalidate all incrblob cursors open on table iTable (assuming iTable
+    ** is the root of a table b-tree - if it is not, the following call is
+    ** a no-op).  */
+    invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, 0, 1);
     rc = clearDatabasePage(pBt, (Pgno)iTable, 0, pnChange);
   }
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
@@ -56609,6 +59000,15 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Delete all information from the single table that pCur is open on.
+**
+** This routine only work for pCur on an ephemeral table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClearTableOfCursor(BtCursor *pCur){
+  return sqlite3BtreeClearTable(pCur->pBtree, pCur->pgnoRoot, 0);
+}
+
+/*
 ** Erase all information in a table and add the root of the table to
 ** the freelist.  Except, the root of the principle table (the one on
 ** page 1) is never added to the freelist.
@@ -56905,17 +59305,36 @@
     sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&pCheck->errMsg, "\n", 1);
   }
   if( zMsg1 ){
-    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&pCheck->errMsg, zMsg1, -1);
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(&pCheck->errMsg, zMsg1);
   }
   sqlite3VXPrintf(&pCheck->errMsg, 1, zFormat, ap);
   va_end(ap);
-  if( pCheck->errMsg.mallocFailed ){
+  if( pCheck->errMsg.accError==STRACCUM_NOMEM ){
     pCheck->mallocFailed = 1;
   }
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK
+
+/*
+** Return non-zero if the bit in the IntegrityCk.aPgRef[] array that
+** corresponds to page iPg is already set.
+*/
+static int getPageReferenced(IntegrityCk *pCheck, Pgno iPg){
+  assert( iPg<=pCheck->nPage && sizeof(pCheck->aPgRef[0])==1 );
+  return (pCheck->aPgRef[iPg/8] & (1 << (iPg & 0x07)));
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the bit in the IntegrityCk.aPgRef[] array that corresponds to page iPg.
+*/
+static void setPageReferenced(IntegrityCk *pCheck, Pgno iPg){
+  assert( iPg<=pCheck->nPage && sizeof(pCheck->aPgRef[0])==1 );
+  pCheck->aPgRef[iPg/8] |= (1 << (iPg & 0x07));
+}
+
+
 /*
 ** Add 1 to the reference count for page iPage.  If this is the second
 ** reference to the page, add an error message to pCheck->zErrMsg.
@@ -56930,11 +59349,12 @@
     checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, "invalid page number %d", iPage);
     return 1;
   }
-  if( pCheck->anRef[iPage]==1 ){
+  if( getPageReferenced(pCheck, iPage) ){
     checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, "2nd reference to page %d", iPage);
     return 1;
   }
-  return  (pCheck->anRef[iPage]++)>1;
+  setPageReferenced(pCheck, iPage);
+  return 0;
 }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
@@ -57310,18 +59730,16 @@
     sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
     return 0;
   }
-  sCheck.anRef = sqlite3Malloc( (sCheck.nPage+1)*sizeof(sCheck.anRef[0]) );
-  if( !sCheck.anRef ){
+
+  sCheck.aPgRef = sqlite3MallocZero((sCheck.nPage / 8)+ 1);
+  if( !sCheck.aPgRef ){
     *pnErr = 1;
     sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
     return 0;
   }
-  for(i=0; i<=sCheck.nPage; i++){ sCheck.anRef[i] = 0; }
   i = PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt);
-  if( i<=sCheck.nPage ){
-    sCheck.anRef[i] = 1;
-  }
-  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&sCheck.errMsg, zErr, sizeof(zErr), 20000);
+  if( i<=sCheck.nPage ) setPageReferenced(&sCheck, i);
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&sCheck.errMsg, zErr, sizeof(zErr), SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH);
   sCheck.errMsg.useMalloc = 2;
 
   /* Check the integrity of the freelist
@@ -57345,18 +59763,18 @@
   */
   for(i=1; i<=sCheck.nPage && sCheck.mxErr; i++){
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-    if( sCheck.anRef[i]==0 ){
+    if( getPageReferenced(&sCheck, i)==0 ){
       checkAppendMsg(&sCheck, 0, "Page %d is never used", i);
     }
 #else
     /* If the database supports auto-vacuum, make sure no tables contain
     ** references to pointer-map pages.
     */
-    if( sCheck.anRef[i]==0 && 
+    if( getPageReferenced(&sCheck, i)==0 && 
        (PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, i)!=i || !pBt->autoVacuum) ){
       checkAppendMsg(&sCheck, 0, "Page %d is never used", i);
     }
-    if( sCheck.anRef[i]!=0 && 
+    if( getPageReferenced(&sCheck, i)!=0 && 
        (PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, i)==i && pBt->autoVacuum) ){
       checkAppendMsg(&sCheck, 0, "Pointer map page %d is referenced", i);
     }
@@ -57377,7 +59795,7 @@
   /* Clean  up and report errors.
   */
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
-  sqlite3_free(sCheck.anRef);
+  sqlite3_free(sCheck.aPgRef);
   if( sCheck.mallocFailed ){
     sqlite3StrAccumReset(&sCheck.errMsg);
     *pnErr = sCheck.nErr+1;
@@ -57390,14 +59808,15 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
 
 /*
-** Return the full pathname of the underlying database file.
+** Return the full pathname of the underlying database file.  Return
+** an empty string if the database is in-memory or a TEMP database.
 **
 ** The pager filename is invariant as long as the pager is
 ** open so it is safe to access without the BtShared mutex.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3BtreeGetFilename(Btree *p){
   assert( p->pBt->pPager!=0 );
-  return sqlite3PagerFilename(p->pBt->pPager);
+  return sqlite3PagerFilename(p->pBt->pPager, 1);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -57548,7 +59967,7 @@
   int rc;
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCsr) );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCsr->pBtree->db->mutex) );
-  assert( pCsr->isIncrblobHandle );
+  assert( pCsr->curFlags & BTCF_Incrblob );
 
   rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCsr);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -57559,6 +59978,17 @@
     return SQLITE_ABORT;
   }
 
+  /* Save the positions of all other cursors open on this table. This is
+  ** required in case any of them are holding references to an xFetch
+  ** version of the b-tree page modified by the accessPayload call below.
+  **
+  ** Note that pCsr must be open on a BTREE_INTKEY table and saveCursorPosition()
+  ** and hence saveAllCursors() cannot fail on a BTREE_INTKEY table, hence
+  ** saveAllCursors can only return SQLITE_OK.
+  */
+  VVA_ONLY(rc =) saveAllCursors(pCsr->pBt, pCsr->pgnoRoot, pCsr);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+
   /* Check some assumptions: 
   **   (a) the cursor is open for writing,
   **   (b) there is a read/write transaction open,
@@ -57566,7 +59996,7 @@
   **   (d) there are no conflicting read-locks, and
   **   (e) the cursor points at a valid row of an intKey table.
   */
-  if( !pCsr->wrFlag ){
+  if( (pCsr->curFlags & BTCF_WriteFlag)==0 ){
     return SQLITE_READONLY;
   }
   assert( (pCsr->pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)==0
@@ -57579,20 +60009,10 @@
 }
 
 /* 
-** Set a flag on this cursor to cache the locations of pages from the 
-** overflow list for the current row. This is used by cursors opened
-** for incremental blob IO only.
-**
-** This function sets a flag only. The actual page location cache
-** (stored in BtCursor.aOverflow[]) is allocated and used by function
-** accessPayload() (the worker function for sqlite3BtreeData() and
-** sqlite3BtreePutData()).
+** Mark this cursor as an incremental blob cursor.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCacheOverflow(BtCursor *pCur){
-  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
-  invalidateOverflowCache(pCur);
-  pCur->isIncrblobHandle = 1;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeIncrblobCursor(BtCursor *pCur){
+  pCur->curFlags |= BTCF_Incrblob;
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -57632,6 +60052,22 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** set the mask of hint flags for cursor pCsr. Currently the only valid
+** values are 0 and BTREE_BULKLOAD.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCursorHints(BtCursor *pCsr, unsigned int mask){
+  assert( mask==BTREE_BULKLOAD || mask==0 );
+  pCsr->hints = mask;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if the given Btree is read-only.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIsReadonly(Btree *p){
+  return (p->pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)!=0;
+}
+
 /************** End of btree.c ***********************************************/
 /************** Begin file backup.c ******************************************/
 /*
@@ -57649,12 +60085,6 @@
 ** API functions and the related features.
 */
 
-/* Macro to find the minimum of two numeric values.
-*/
-#ifndef MIN
-# define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
-#endif
-
 /*
 ** Structure allocated for each backup operation.
 */
@@ -57736,6 +60166,7 @@
         rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
       }
       sqlite3DbFree(pErrorDb, pParse->zErrMsg);
+      sqlite3ParserReset(pParse);
       sqlite3StackFree(pErrorDb, pParse);
     }
     if( rc ){
@@ -57798,7 +60229,7 @@
     ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-64852-21591 The sqlite3_backup object is created by a
     ** call to sqlite3_backup_init() and is destroyed by a call to
     ** sqlite3_backup_finish(). */
-    p = (sqlite3_backup *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(sqlite3_backup));
+    p = (sqlite3_backup *)sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(sqlite3_backup));
     if( !p ){
       sqlite3Error(pDestDb, SQLITE_NOMEM, 0);
     }
@@ -57806,7 +60237,6 @@
 
   /* If the allocation succeeded, populate the new object. */
   if( p ){
-    memset(p, 0, sizeof(sqlite3_backup));
     p->pSrc = findBtree(pDestDb, pSrcDb, zSrcDb);
     p->pDest = findBtree(pDestDb, pDestDb, zDestDb);
     p->pDestDb = pDestDb;
@@ -57847,20 +60277,28 @@
 ** page iSrcPg from the source database. Copy this data into the 
 ** destination database.
 */
-static int backupOnePage(sqlite3_backup *p, Pgno iSrcPg, const u8 *zSrcData){
+static int backupOnePage(
+  sqlite3_backup *p,              /* Backup handle */
+  Pgno iSrcPg,                    /* Source database page to backup */
+  const u8 *zSrcData,             /* Source database page data */
+  int bUpdate                     /* True for an update, false otherwise */
+){
   Pager * const pDestPager = sqlite3BtreePager(p->pDest);
   const int nSrcPgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc);
   int nDestPgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pDest);
   const int nCopy = MIN(nSrcPgsz, nDestPgsz);
   const i64 iEnd = (i64)iSrcPg*(i64)nSrcPgsz;
 #ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
-  int nSrcReserve = sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(p->pSrc);
+  /* Use BtreeGetReserveNoMutex() for the source b-tree, as although it is
+  ** guaranteed that the shared-mutex is held by this thread, handle
+  ** p->pSrc may not actually be the owner.  */
+  int nSrcReserve = sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(p->pSrc);
   int nDestReserve = sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(p->pDest);
 #endif
-
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   i64 iOff;
 
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(p->pSrc)>=0 );
   assert( p->bDestLocked );
   assert( !isFatalError(p->rc) );
   assert( iSrcPg!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pSrc->pBt) );
@@ -57917,6 +60355,9 @@
       */
       memcpy(zOut, zIn, nCopy);
       ((u8 *)sqlite3PagerGetExtra(pDestPg))[0] = 0;
+      if( iOff==0 && bUpdate==0 ){
+        sqlite3Put4byte(&zOut[28], sqlite3BtreeLastPage(p->pSrc));
+      }
     }
     sqlite3PagerUnref(pDestPg);
   }
@@ -58021,9 +60462,10 @@
       const Pgno iSrcPg = p->iNext;                 /* Source page number */
       if( iSrcPg!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pSrc->pBt) ){
         DbPage *pSrcPg;                             /* Source page object */
-        rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pSrcPager, iSrcPg, &pSrcPg);
+        rc = sqlite3PagerAcquire(pSrcPager, iSrcPg, &pSrcPg,
+                                 PAGER_GET_READONLY);
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-          rc = backupOnePage(p, iSrcPg, sqlite3PagerGetData(pSrcPg));
+          rc = backupOnePage(p, iSrcPg, sqlite3PagerGetData(pSrcPg), 0);
           sqlite3PagerUnref(pSrcPg);
         }
       }
@@ -58045,10 +60487,16 @@
     ** same schema version.
     */
     if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(p->pDest,1,p->iDestSchema+1);
+      if( nSrcPage==0 ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeNewDb(p->pDest);
+        nSrcPage = 1;
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(p->pDest,1,p->iDestSchema+1);
+      }
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         if( p->pDestDb ){
-          sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(p->pDestDb, -1);
+          sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(p->pDestDb);
         }
         if( destMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ){
           rc = sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(p->pDest, 2);
@@ -58079,7 +60527,7 @@
         }else{
           nDestTruncate = nSrcPage * (pgszSrc/pgszDest);
         }
-        sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pDestPager, nDestTruncate);
+        assert( nDestTruncate>0 );
 
         if( pgszSrc<pgszDest ){
           /* If the source page-size is smaller than the destination page-size,
@@ -58093,22 +60541,38 @@
           */
           const i64 iSize = (i64)pgszSrc * (i64)nSrcPage;
           sqlite3_file * const pFile = sqlite3PagerFile(pDestPager);
+          Pgno iPg;
+          int nDstPage;
           i64 iOff;
           i64 iEnd;
 
           assert( pFile );
-          assert( (i64)nDestTruncate*(i64)pgszDest >= iSize || (
+          assert( nDestTruncate==0 
+              || (i64)nDestTruncate*(i64)pgszDest >= iSize || (
                 nDestTruncate==(int)(PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pDest->pBt)-1)
              && iSize>=PENDING_BYTE && iSize<=PENDING_BYTE+pgszDest
           ));
 
-          /* This call ensures that all data required to recreate the original
+          /* This block ensures that all data required to recreate the original
           ** database has been stored in the journal for pDestPager and the
           ** journal synced to disk. So at this point we may safely modify
           ** the database file in any way, knowing that if a power failure
           ** occurs, the original database will be reconstructed from the 
           ** journal file.  */
-          rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pDestPager, 0, 1);
+          sqlite3PagerPagecount(pDestPager, &nDstPage);
+          for(iPg=nDestTruncate; rc==SQLITE_OK && iPg<=(Pgno)nDstPage; iPg++){
+            if( iPg!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pDest->pBt) ){
+              DbPage *pPg;
+              rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pDestPager, iPg, &pPg);
+              if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+                rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPg);
+                sqlite3PagerUnref(pPg);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pDestPager, 0, 1);
+          }
 
           /* Write the extra pages and truncate the database file as required */
           iEnd = MIN(PENDING_BYTE + pgszDest, iSize);
@@ -58132,9 +60596,10 @@
 
           /* Sync the database file to disk. */
           if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-            rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pDestPager);
+            rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pDestPager, 0);
           }
         }else{
+          sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pDestPager, nDestTruncate);
           rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pDestPager, 0, 0);
         }
     
@@ -58177,14 +60642,14 @@
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_finish(sqlite3_backup *p){
   sqlite3_backup **pp;                 /* Ptr to head of pagers backup list */
-  MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *mutex; ) /* Mutex to protect source database */
+  sqlite3 *pSrcDb;                     /* Source database connection */
   int rc;                              /* Value to return */
 
   /* Enter the mutexes */
   if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
-  sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pSrcDb->mutex);
+  pSrcDb = p->pSrcDb;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pSrcDb->mutex);
   sqlite3BtreeEnter(p->pSrc);
-  MUTEX_LOGIC( mutex = p->pSrcDb->mutex; )
   if( p->pDestDb ){
     sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pDestDb->mutex);
   }
@@ -58206,11 +60671,11 @@
 
   /* Set the error code of the destination database handle. */
   rc = (p->rc==SQLITE_DONE) ? SQLITE_OK : p->rc;
-  sqlite3Error(p->pDestDb, rc, 0);
-
-  /* Exit the mutexes and free the backup context structure. */
   if( p->pDestDb ){
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->pDestDb->mutex);
+    sqlite3Error(p->pDestDb, rc, 0);
+
+    /* Exit the mutexes and free the backup context structure. */
+    sqlite3LeaveMutexAndCloseZombie(p->pDestDb);
   }
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p->pSrc);
   if( p->pDestDb ){
@@ -58219,7 +60684,7 @@
     ** sqlite3_backup_finish(). */
     sqlite3_free(p);
   }
-  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  sqlite3LeaveMutexAndCloseZombie(pSrcDb);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -58263,7 +60728,7 @@
       int rc;
       assert( p->pDestDb );
       sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pDestDb->mutex);
-      rc = backupOnePage(p, iPage, aData);
+      rc = backupOnePage(p, iPage, aData, 1);
       sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->pDestDb->mutex);
       assert( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY && rc!=SQLITE_LOCKED );
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -58372,6 +60837,42 @@
 ** name sqlite_value
 */
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** Check invariants on a Mem object.
+**
+** This routine is intended for use inside of assert() statements, like
+** this:    assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(pMem) );
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(Mem *p){
+  /* The MEM_Dyn bit is set if and only if Mem.xDel is a non-NULL destructor
+  ** function for Mem.z 
+  */
+  assert( (p->flags & MEM_Dyn)==0 || p->xDel!=0 );
+  assert( (p->flags & MEM_Dyn)!=0 || p->xDel==0 );
+
+  /* If p holds a string or blob, the Mem.z must point to exactly
+  ** one of the following:
+  **
+  **   (1) Memory in Mem.zMalloc and managed by the Mem object
+  **   (2) Memory to be freed using Mem.xDel
+  **   (3) An ephermal string or blob
+  **   (4) A static string or blob
+  */
+  if( (p->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob)) && p->z!=0 ){
+    assert( 
+      ((p->z==p->zMalloc)? 1 : 0) +
+      ((p->flags&MEM_Dyn)!=0 ? 1 : 0) +
+      ((p->flags&MEM_Ephem)!=0 ? 1 : 0) +
+      ((p->flags&MEM_Static)!=0 ? 1 : 0) == 1
+    );
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+
 /*
 ** If pMem is an object with a valid string representation, this routine
 ** ensures the internal encoding for the string representation is
@@ -58386,7 +60887,9 @@
 ** between formats.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(Mem *pMem, int desiredEnc){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
   int rc;
+#endif
   assert( (pMem->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
   assert( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF8 || desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF16LE
            || desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
@@ -58411,53 +60914,51 @@
 
 /*
 ** Make sure pMem->z points to a writable allocation of at least 
-** n bytes.
+** min(n,32) bytes.
 **
-** If the memory cell currently contains string or blob data
-** and the third argument passed to this function is true, the 
-** current content of the cell is preserved. Otherwise, it may
-** be discarded.  
-**
-** This function sets the MEM_Dyn flag and clears any xDel callback.
-** It also clears MEM_Ephem and MEM_Static. If the preserve flag is 
-** not set, Mem.n is zeroed.
+** If the bPreserve argument is true, then copy of the content of
+** pMem->z into the new allocation.  pMem must be either a string or
+** blob if bPreserve is true.  If bPreserve is false, any prior content
+** in pMem->z is discarded.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(Mem *pMem, int n, int preserve){
-  assert( 1 >=
-    ((pMem->zMalloc && pMem->zMalloc==pMem->z) ? 1 : 0) +
-    (((pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn)&&pMem->xDel) ? 1 : 0) + 
-    ((pMem->flags&MEM_Ephem) ? 1 : 0) + 
-    ((pMem->flags&MEM_Static) ? 1 : 0)
-  );
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(Mem *pMem, int n, int bPreserve){
+  assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(pMem) );
   assert( (pMem->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
 
-  if( n<32 ) n = 32;
-  if( sqlite3DbMallocSize(pMem->db, pMem->zMalloc)<n ){
-    if( preserve && pMem->z==pMem->zMalloc ){
+  /* If the bPreserve flag is set to true, then the memory cell must already
+  ** contain a valid string or blob value.  */
+  assert( bPreserve==0 || pMem->flags&(MEM_Blob|MEM_Str) );
+  testcase( bPreserve && pMem->z==0 );
+
+  if( pMem->zMalloc==0 || sqlite3DbMallocSize(pMem->db, pMem->zMalloc)<n ){
+    if( n<32 ) n = 32;
+    if( bPreserve && pMem->z==pMem->zMalloc ){
       pMem->z = pMem->zMalloc = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(pMem->db, pMem->z, n);
-      preserve = 0;
+      bPreserve = 0;
     }else{
       sqlite3DbFree(pMem->db, pMem->zMalloc);
       pMem->zMalloc = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(pMem->db, n);
     }
+    if( pMem->zMalloc==0 ){
+      VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
+      pMem->z = 0;
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Null;  
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
   }
 
-  if( pMem->z && preserve && pMem->zMalloc && pMem->z!=pMem->zMalloc ){
+  if( pMem->z && bPreserve && pMem->z!=pMem->zMalloc ){
     memcpy(pMem->zMalloc, pMem->z, pMem->n);
   }
-  if( pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn && pMem->xDel ){
-    assert( pMem->xDel!=SQLITE_DYNAMIC );
+  if( (pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn)!=0 ){
+    assert( pMem->xDel!=0 && pMem->xDel!=SQLITE_DYNAMIC );
     pMem->xDel((void *)(pMem->z));
   }
 
   pMem->z = pMem->zMalloc;
-  if( pMem->z==0 ){
-    pMem->flags = MEM_Null;
-  }else{
-    pMem->flags &= ~(MEM_Ephem|MEM_Static);
-  }
+  pMem->flags &= ~(MEM_Dyn|MEM_Ephem|MEM_Static);
   pMem->xDel = 0;
-  return (pMem->z ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_NOMEM);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -58624,9 +61125,9 @@
     sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(p, p->u.pDef);
     assert( (p->flags & MEM_Agg)==0 );
     sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(p);
-  }else if( p->flags&MEM_Dyn && p->xDel ){
+  }else if( p->flags&MEM_Dyn ){
     assert( (p->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
-    assert( p->xDel!=SQLITE_DYNAMIC );
+    assert( p->xDel!=SQLITE_DYNAMIC && p->xDel!=0 );
     p->xDel((void *)p->z);
     p->xDel = 0;
   }else if( p->flags&MEM_RowSet ){
@@ -58639,27 +61140,23 @@
 /*
 ** Release any memory held by the Mem. This may leave the Mem in an
 ** inconsistent state, for example with (Mem.z==0) and
-** (Mem.type==SQLITE_TEXT).
+** (Mem.flags==MEM_Str).
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(Mem *p){
+  assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(p) );
   VdbeMemRelease(p);
-  sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p->zMalloc);
+  if( p->zMalloc ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p->zMalloc);
+    p->zMalloc = 0;
+  }
   p->z = 0;
-  p->zMalloc = 0;
-  p->xDel = 0;
+  assert( p->xDel==0 );  /* Zeroed by VdbeMemRelease() above */
 }
 
 /*
 ** Convert a 64-bit IEEE double into a 64-bit signed integer.
-** If the double is too large, return 0x8000000000000000.
-**
-** Most systems appear to do this simply by assigning
-** variables and without the extra range tests.  But
-** there are reports that windows throws an expection
-** if the floating point value is out of range. (See ticket #2880.)
-** Because we do not completely understand the problem, we will
-** take the conservative approach and always do range tests
-** before attempting the conversion.
+** If the double is out of range of a 64-bit signed integer then
+** return the closest available 64-bit signed integer.
 */
 static i64 doubleToInt64(double r){
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
@@ -58676,14 +61173,10 @@
   static const i64 maxInt = LARGEST_INT64;
   static const i64 minInt = SMALLEST_INT64;
 
-  if( r<(double)minInt ){
+  if( r<=(double)minInt ){
     return minInt;
-  }else if( r>(double)maxInt ){
-    /* minInt is correct here - not maxInt.  It turns out that assigning
-    ** a very large positive number to an integer results in a very large
-    ** negative integer.  This makes no sense, but it is what x86 hardware
-    ** does so for compatibility we will do the same in software. */
-    return minInt;
+  }else if( r>=(double)maxInt ){
+    return maxInt;
   }else{
     return (i64)r;
   }
@@ -58765,17 +61258,11 @@
   **
   ** The second and third terms in the following conditional enforces
   ** the second condition under the assumption that addition overflow causes
-  ** values to wrap around.  On x86 hardware, the third term is always
-  ** true and could be omitted.  But we leave it in because other
-  ** architectures might behave differently.
+  ** values to wrap around.
   */
   if( pMem->r==(double)pMem->u.i
    && pMem->u.i>SMALLEST_INT64
-#if defined(__i486__) || defined(__x86_64__)
-   && ALWAYS(pMem->u.i<LARGEST_INT64)
-#else
    && pMem->u.i<LARGEST_INT64
-#endif
   ){
     pMem->flags |= MEM_Int;
   }
@@ -58845,7 +61332,9 @@
     sqlite3RowSetClear(pMem->u.pRowSet);
   }
   MemSetTypeFlag(pMem, MEM_Null);
-  pMem->type = SQLITE_NULL;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueSetNull(sqlite3_value *p){
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull((Mem*)p); 
 }
 
 /*
@@ -58855,7 +61344,6 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemSetZeroBlob(Mem *pMem, int n){
   sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
   pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Zero;
-  pMem->type = SQLITE_BLOB;
   pMem->n = 0;
   if( n<0 ) n = 0;
   pMem->u.nZero = n;
@@ -58878,7 +61366,6 @@
   sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
   pMem->u.i = val;
   pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
-  pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
 }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
@@ -58893,7 +61380,6 @@
     sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
     pMem->r = val;
     pMem->flags = MEM_Real;
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_FLOAT;
   }
 }
 #endif
@@ -58949,7 +61435,7 @@
   Mem *pX;
   for(i=1, pX=&pVdbe->aMem[1]; i<=pVdbe->nMem; i++, pX++){
     if( pX->pScopyFrom==pMem ){
-      pX->flags |= MEM_Invalid;
+      pX->flags |= MEM_Undefined;
       pX->pScopyFrom = 0;
     }
   }
@@ -58960,7 +61446,7 @@
 /*
 ** Size of struct Mem not including the Mem.zMalloc member.
 */
-#define MEMCELLSIZE (size_t)(&(((Mem *)0)->zMalloc))
+#define MEMCELLSIZE offsetof(Mem,zMalloc)
 
 /*
 ** Make an shallow copy of pFrom into pTo.  Prior contents of
@@ -58991,6 +61477,7 @@
   VdbeMemRelease(pTo);
   memcpy(pTo, pFrom, MEMCELLSIZE);
   pTo->flags &= ~MEM_Dyn;
+  pTo->xDel = 0;
 
   if( pTo->flags&(MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) ){
     if( 0==(pFrom->flags&MEM_Static) ){
@@ -59101,7 +61588,6 @@
   pMem->n = nByte;
   pMem->flags = flags;
   pMem->enc = (enc==0 ? SQLITE_UTF8 : enc);
-  pMem->type = (enc==0 ? SQLITE_BLOB : SQLITE_TEXT);
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
   if( pMem->enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 && sqlite3VdbeMemHandleBom(pMem) ){
@@ -59117,124 +61603,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Compare the values contained by the two memory cells, returning
-** negative, zero or positive if pMem1 is less than, equal to, or greater
-** than pMem2. Sorting order is NULL's first, followed by numbers (integers
-** and reals) sorted numerically, followed by text ordered by the collating
-** sequence pColl and finally blob's ordered by memcmp().
-**
-** Two NULL values are considered equal by this function.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemCompare(const Mem *pMem1, const Mem *pMem2, const CollSeq *pColl){
-  int rc;
-  int f1, f2;
-  int combined_flags;
-
-  f1 = pMem1->flags;
-  f2 = pMem2->flags;
-  combined_flags = f1|f2;
-  assert( (combined_flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
- 
-  /* If one value is NULL, it is less than the other. If both values
-  ** are NULL, return 0.
-  */
-  if( combined_flags&MEM_Null ){
-    return (f2&MEM_Null) - (f1&MEM_Null);
-  }
-
-  /* If one value is a number and the other is not, the number is less.
-  ** If both are numbers, compare as reals if one is a real, or as integers
-  ** if both values are integers.
-  */
-  if( combined_flags&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ){
-    if( !(f1&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real)) ){
-      return 1;
-    }
-    if( !(f2&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real)) ){
-      return -1;
-    }
-    if( (f1 & f2 & MEM_Int)==0 ){
-      double r1, r2;
-      if( (f1&MEM_Real)==0 ){
-        r1 = (double)pMem1->u.i;
-      }else{
-        r1 = pMem1->r;
-      }
-      if( (f2&MEM_Real)==0 ){
-        r2 = (double)pMem2->u.i;
-      }else{
-        r2 = pMem2->r;
-      }
-      if( r1<r2 ) return -1;
-      if( r1>r2 ) return 1;
-      return 0;
-    }else{
-      assert( f1&MEM_Int );
-      assert( f2&MEM_Int );
-      if( pMem1->u.i < pMem2->u.i ) return -1;
-      if( pMem1->u.i > pMem2->u.i ) return 1;
-      return 0;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* If one value is a string and the other is a blob, the string is less.
-  ** If both are strings, compare using the collating functions.
-  */
-  if( combined_flags&MEM_Str ){
-    if( (f1 & MEM_Str)==0 ){
-      return 1;
-    }
-    if( (f2 & MEM_Str)==0 ){
-      return -1;
-    }
-
-    assert( pMem1->enc==pMem2->enc );
-    assert( pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || 
-            pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
-
-    /* The collation sequence must be defined at this point, even if
-    ** the user deletes the collation sequence after the vdbe program is
-    ** compiled (this was not always the case).
-    */
-    assert( !pColl || pColl->xCmp );
-
-    if( pColl ){
-      if( pMem1->enc==pColl->enc ){
-        /* The strings are already in the correct encoding.  Call the
-        ** comparison function directly */
-        return pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser,pMem1->n,pMem1->z,pMem2->n,pMem2->z);
-      }else{
-        const void *v1, *v2;
-        int n1, n2;
-        Mem c1;
-        Mem c2;
-        memset(&c1, 0, sizeof(c1));
-        memset(&c2, 0, sizeof(c2));
-        sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(&c1, pMem1, MEM_Ephem);
-        sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(&c2, pMem2, MEM_Ephem);
-        v1 = sqlite3ValueText((sqlite3_value*)&c1, pColl->enc);
-        n1 = v1==0 ? 0 : c1.n;
-        v2 = sqlite3ValueText((sqlite3_value*)&c2, pColl->enc);
-        n2 = v2==0 ? 0 : c2.n;
-        rc = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, n1, v1, n2, v2);
-        sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&c1);
-        sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&c2);
-        return rc;
-      }
-    }
-    /* If a NULL pointer was passed as the collate function, fall through
-    ** to the blob case and use memcmp().  */
-  }
- 
-  /* Both values must be blobs.  Compare using memcmp().  */
-  rc = memcmp(pMem1->z, pMem2->z, (pMem1->n>pMem2->n)?pMem2->n:pMem1->n);
-  if( rc==0 ){
-    rc = pMem1->n - pMem2->n;
-  }
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
 ** Move data out of a btree key or data field and into a Mem structure.
 ** The data or key is taken from the entry that pCur is currently pointing
 ** to.  offset and amt determine what portion of the data or key to retrieve.
@@ -59249,13 +61617,13 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(
   BtCursor *pCur,   /* Cursor pointing at record to retrieve. */
-  int offset,       /* Offset from the start of data to return bytes from. */
-  int amt,          /* Number of bytes to return. */
+  u32 offset,       /* Offset from the start of data to return bytes from. */
+  u32 amt,          /* Number of bytes to return. */
   int key,          /* If true, retrieve from the btree key, not data. */
   Mem *pMem         /* OUT: Return data in this Mem structure. */
 ){
   char *zData;        /* Data from the btree layer */
-  int available = 0;  /* Number of bytes available on the local btree page */
+  u32 available = 0;  /* Number of bytes available on the local btree page */
   int rc = SQLITE_OK; /* Return code */
 
   assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
@@ -59270,26 +61638,26 @@
   }
   assert( zData!=0 );
 
-  if( offset+amt<=available && (pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn)==0 ){
+  if( offset+amt<=available ){
     sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
     pMem->z = &zData[offset];
     pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Ephem;
+    pMem->n = (int)amt;
   }else if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, amt+2, 0)) ){
-    pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Dyn|MEM_Term;
-    pMem->enc = 0;
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_BLOB;
     if( key ){
       rc = sqlite3BtreeKey(pCur, offset, amt, pMem->z);
     }else{
       rc = sqlite3BtreeData(pCur, offset, amt, pMem->z);
     }
-    pMem->z[amt] = 0;
-    pMem->z[amt+1] = 0;
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pMem->z[amt] = 0;
+      pMem->z[amt+1] = 0;
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Term;
+      pMem->n = (int)amt;
+    }else{
       sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
     }
   }
-  pMem->n = amt;
 
   return rc;
 }
@@ -59347,13 +61715,187 @@
   Mem *p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*p));
   if( p ){
     p->flags = MEM_Null;
-    p->type = SQLITE_NULL;
     p->db = db;
   }
   return p;
 }
 
 /*
+** Context object passed by sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue() through to 
+** valueNew(). See comments above valueNew() for details.
+*/
+struct ValueNewStat4Ctx {
+  Parse *pParse;
+  Index *pIdx;
+  UnpackedRecord **ppRec;
+  int iVal;
+};
+
+/*
+** Allocate and return a pointer to a new sqlite3_value object. If
+** the second argument to this function is NULL, the object is allocated
+** by calling sqlite3ValueNew().
+**
+** Otherwise, if the second argument is non-zero, then this function is 
+** being called indirectly by sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(). If it has not
+** already been allocated, allocate the UnpackedRecord structure that 
+** that function will return to its caller here. Then return a pointer 
+** an sqlite3_value within the UnpackedRecord.a[] array.
+*/
+static sqlite3_value *valueNew(sqlite3 *db, struct ValueNewStat4Ctx *p){
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  if( p ){
+    UnpackedRecord *pRec = p->ppRec[0];
+
+    if( pRec==0 ){
+      Index *pIdx = p->pIdx;      /* Index being probed */
+      int nByte;                  /* Bytes of space to allocate */
+      int i;                      /* Counter variable */
+      int nCol = pIdx->nColumn;   /* Number of index columns including rowid */
+  
+      nByte = sizeof(Mem) * nCol + ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord));
+      pRec = (UnpackedRecord*)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
+      if( pRec ){
+        pRec->pKeyInfo = sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(p->pParse, pIdx);
+        if( pRec->pKeyInfo ){
+          assert( pRec->pKeyInfo->nField+pRec->pKeyInfo->nXField==nCol );
+          assert( pRec->pKeyInfo->enc==ENC(db) );
+          pRec->aMem = (Mem *)((u8*)pRec + ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)));
+          for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+            pRec->aMem[i].flags = MEM_Null;
+            pRec->aMem[i].db = db;
+          }
+        }else{
+          sqlite3DbFree(db, pRec);
+          pRec = 0;
+        }
+      }
+      if( pRec==0 ) return 0;
+      p->ppRec[0] = pRec;
+    }
+  
+    pRec->nField = p->iVal+1;
+    return &pRec->aMem[p->iVal];
+  }
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4) */
+  return sqlite3ValueNew(db);
+}
+
+/*
+** Extract a value from the supplied expression in the manner described
+** above sqlite3ValueFromExpr(). Allocate the sqlite3_value object
+** using valueNew().
+**
+** If pCtx is NULL and an error occurs after the sqlite3_value object
+** has been allocated, it is freed before returning. Or, if pCtx is not
+** NULL, it is assumed that the caller will free any allocated object
+** in all cases.
+*/
+static int valueFromExpr(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* The database connection */
+  Expr *pExpr,                    /* The expression to evaluate */
+  u8 enc,                         /* Encoding to use */
+  u8 affinity,                    /* Affinity to use */
+  sqlite3_value **ppVal,          /* Write the new value here */
+  struct ValueNewStat4Ctx *pCtx   /* Second argument for valueNew() */
+){
+  int op;
+  char *zVal = 0;
+  sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
+  int negInt = 1;
+  const char *zNeg = "";
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( !pExpr ){
+    *ppVal = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  op = pExpr->op;
+  if( NEVER(op==TK_REGISTER) ) op = pExpr->op2;
+
+  /* Handle negative integers in a single step.  This is needed in the
+  ** case when the value is -9223372036854775808.
+  */
+  if( op==TK_UMINUS
+   && (pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_INTEGER || pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_FLOAT) ){
+    pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
+    op = pExpr->op;
+    negInt = -1;
+    zNeg = "-";
+  }
+
+  if( op==TK_STRING || op==TK_FLOAT || op==TK_INTEGER ){
+    pVal = valueNew(db, pCtx);
+    if( pVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
+    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pVal, (i64)pExpr->u.iValue*negInt);
+    }else{
+      zVal = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s%s", zNeg, pExpr->u.zToken);
+      if( zVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
+      sqlite3ValueSetStr(pVal, -1, zVal, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+    }
+    if( (op==TK_INTEGER || op==TK_FLOAT ) && affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
+      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC, SQLITE_UTF8);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, SQLITE_UTF8);
+    }
+    if( pVal->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ) pVal->flags &= ~MEM_Str;
+    if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pVal, enc);
+    }
+  }else if( op==TK_UMINUS ) {
+    /* This branch happens for multiple negative signs.  Ex: -(-5) */
+    if( SQLITE_OK==sqlite3ValueFromExpr(db,pExpr->pLeft,enc,affinity,&pVal) 
+     && pVal!=0
+    ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(pVal);
+      if( pVal->u.i==SMALLEST_INT64 ){
+        pVal->flags &= ~MEM_Int;
+        pVal->flags |= MEM_Real;
+        pVal->r = (double)SMALLEST_INT64;
+      }else{
+        pVal->u.i = -pVal->u.i;
+      }
+      pVal->r = -pVal->r;
+      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, enc);
+    }
+  }else if( op==TK_NULL ){
+    pVal = valueNew(db, pCtx);
+    if( pVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
+  else if( op==TK_BLOB ){
+    int nVal;
+    assert( pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='x' || pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='X' );
+    assert( pExpr->u.zToken[1]=='\'' );
+    pVal = valueNew(db, pCtx);
+    if( !pVal ) goto no_mem;
+    zVal = &pExpr->u.zToken[2];
+    nVal = sqlite3Strlen30(zVal)-1;
+    assert( zVal[nVal]=='\'' );
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pVal, sqlite3HexToBlob(db, zVal, nVal), nVal/2,
+                         0, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  *ppVal = pVal;
+  return rc;
+
+no_mem:
+  db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zVal);
+  assert( *ppVal==0 );
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  if( pCtx==0 ) sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+#else
+  assert( pCtx==0 ); sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+#endif
+  return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Create a new sqlite3_value object, containing the value of pExpr.
 **
 ** This only works for very simple expressions that consist of one constant
@@ -59370,107 +61912,269 @@
   u8 affinity,              /* Affinity to use */
   sqlite3_value **ppVal     /* Write the new value here */
 ){
-  int op;
-  char *zVal = 0;
+  return valueFromExpr(db, pExpr, enc, affinity, ppVal, 0);
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+/*
+** The implementation of the sqlite_record() function. This function accepts
+** a single argument of any type. The return value is a formatted database 
+** record (a blob) containing the argument value.
+**
+** This is used to convert the value stored in the 'sample' column of the
+** sqlite_stat3 table to the record format SQLite uses internally.
+*/
+static void recordFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const int file_format = 1;
+  int iSerial;                    /* Serial type */
+  int nSerial;                    /* Bytes of space for iSerial as varint */
+  int nVal;                       /* Bytes of space required for argv[0] */
+  int nRet;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  u8 *aRet;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( argc );
+  iSerial = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(argv[0], file_format);
+  nSerial = sqlite3VarintLen(iSerial);
+  nVal = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(iSerial);
+  db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+
+  nRet = 1 + nSerial + nVal;
+  aRet = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, nRet);
+  if( aRet==0 ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+  }else{
+    aRet[0] = nSerial+1;
+    sqlite3PutVarint(&aRet[1], iSerial);
+    sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(&aRet[1+nSerial], argv[0], iSerial);
+    sqlite3_result_blob(context, aRet, nRet, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, aRet);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Register built-in functions used to help read ANALYZE data.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AnalyzeFunctions(void){
+  static SQLITE_WSD FuncDef aAnalyzeTableFuncs[] = {
+    FUNCTION(sqlite_record,   1, 0, 0, recordFunc),
+  };
+  int i;
+  FuncDefHash *pHash = &GLOBAL(FuncDefHash, sqlite3GlobalFunctions);
+  FuncDef *aFunc = (FuncDef*)&GLOBAL(FuncDef, aAnalyzeTableFuncs);
+  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aAnalyzeTableFuncs); i++){
+    sqlite3FuncDefInsert(pHash, &aFunc[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to extract a value from pExpr and use it to construct *ppVal.
+**
+** If pAlloc is not NULL, then an UnpackedRecord object is created for
+** pAlloc if one does not exist and the new value is added to the
+** UnpackedRecord object.
+**
+** A value is extracted in the following cases:
+**
+**  * (pExpr==0). In this case the value is assumed to be an SQL NULL,
+**
+**  * The expression is a bound variable, and this is a reprepare, or
+**
+**  * The expression is a literal value.
+**
+** On success, *ppVal is made to point to the extracted value.  The caller
+** is responsible for ensuring that the value is eventually freed.
+*/
+static int stat4ValueFromExpr(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Expr *pExpr,                    /* The expression to extract a value from */
+  u8 affinity,                    /* Affinity to use */
+  struct ValueNewStat4Ctx *pAlloc,/* How to allocate space.  Or NULL */
+  sqlite3_value **ppVal           /* OUT: New value object (or NULL) */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
-  int negInt = 1;
-  const char *zNeg = "";
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  /* Skip over any TK_COLLATE nodes */
+  pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pExpr);
 
   if( !pExpr ){
-    *ppVal = 0;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-  op = pExpr->op;
-
-  /* op can only be TK_REGISTER if we have compiled with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3.
-  ** The ifdef here is to enable us to achieve 100% branch test coverage even
-  ** when SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 is omitted.
-  */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-  if( op==TK_REGISTER ) op = pExpr->op2;
-#else
-  if( NEVER(op==TK_REGISTER) ) op = pExpr->op2;
-#endif
-
-  /* Handle negative integers in a single step.  This is needed in the
-  ** case when the value is -9223372036854775808.
-  */
-  if( op==TK_UMINUS
-   && (pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_INTEGER || pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_FLOAT) ){
-    pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
-    op = pExpr->op;
-    negInt = -1;
-    zNeg = "-";
-  }
-
-  if( op==TK_STRING || op==TK_FLOAT || op==TK_INTEGER ){
-    pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
-    if( pVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
-    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pVal, (i64)pExpr->u.iValue*negInt);
-    }else{
-      zVal = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s%s", zNeg, pExpr->u.zToken);
-      if( zVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
-      sqlite3ValueSetStr(pVal, -1, zVal, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
-      if( op==TK_FLOAT ) pVal->type = SQLITE_FLOAT;
+    pVal = valueNew(db, pAlloc);
+    if( pVal ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull((Mem*)pVal);
     }
-    if( (op==TK_INTEGER || op==TK_FLOAT ) && affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
-      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC, SQLITE_UTF8);
-    }else{
-      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, SQLITE_UTF8);
-    }
-    if( pVal->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ) pVal->flags &= ~MEM_Str;
-    if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pVal, enc);
-    }
-  }else if( op==TK_UMINUS ) {
-    /* This branch happens for multiple negative signs.  Ex: -(-5) */
-    if( SQLITE_OK==sqlite3ValueFromExpr(db,pExpr->pLeft,enc,affinity,&pVal) ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(pVal);
-      if( pVal->u.i==SMALLEST_INT64 ){
-        pVal->flags &= MEM_Int;
-        pVal->flags |= MEM_Real;
-        pVal->r = (double)LARGEST_INT64;
-      }else{
-        pVal->u.i = -pVal->u.i;
+  }else if( pExpr->op==TK_VARIABLE
+        || NEVER(pExpr->op==TK_REGISTER && pExpr->op2==TK_VARIABLE)
+  ){
+    Vdbe *v;
+    int iBindVar = pExpr->iColumn;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(pParse->pVdbe, iBindVar);
+    if( (v = pParse->pReprepare)!=0 ){
+      pVal = valueNew(db, pAlloc);
+      if( pVal ){
+        rc = sqlite3VdbeMemCopy((Mem*)pVal, &v->aVar[iBindVar-1]);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, ENC(db));
+        }
+        pVal->db = pParse->db;
       }
-      pVal->r = -pVal->r;
-      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, enc);
     }
-  }else if( op==TK_NULL ){
-    pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
-    if( pVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  }else{
+    rc = valueFromExpr(db, pExpr, ENC(db), affinity, &pVal, pAlloc);
   }
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
-  else if( op==TK_BLOB ){
-    int nVal;
-    assert( pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='x' || pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='X' );
-    assert( pExpr->u.zToken[1]=='\'' );
-    pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
-    if( !pVal ) goto no_mem;
-    zVal = &pExpr->u.zToken[2];
-    nVal = sqlite3Strlen30(zVal)-1;
-    assert( zVal[nVal]=='\'' );
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pVal, sqlite3HexToBlob(db, zVal, nVal), nVal/2,
-                         0, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
-  }
-#endif
 
-  if( pVal ){
-    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(pVal);
-  }
+  assert( pVal==0 || pVal->db==db );
   *ppVal = pVal;
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-
-no_mem:
-  db->mallocFailed = 1;
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, zVal);
-  sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
-  *ppVal = 0;
-  return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
+** This function is used to allocate and populate UnpackedRecord 
+** structures intended to be compared against sample index keys stored 
+** in the sqlite_stat4 table.
+**
+** A single call to this function attempts to populates field iVal (leftmost 
+** is 0 etc.) of the unpacked record with a value extracted from expression
+** pExpr. Extraction of values is possible if:
+**
+**  * (pExpr==0). In this case the value is assumed to be an SQL NULL,
+**
+**  * The expression is a bound variable, and this is a reprepare, or
+**
+**  * The sqlite3ValueFromExpr() function is able to extract a value 
+**    from the expression (i.e. the expression is a literal value).
+**
+** If a value can be extracted, the affinity passed as the 5th argument
+** is applied to it before it is copied into the UnpackedRecord. Output
+** parameter *pbOk is set to true if a value is extracted, or false 
+** otherwise.
+**
+** When this function is called, *ppRec must either point to an object
+** allocated by an earlier call to this function, or must be NULL. If it
+** is NULL and a value can be successfully extracted, a new UnpackedRecord
+** is allocated (and *ppRec set to point to it) before returning.
+**
+** Unless an error is encountered, SQLITE_OK is returned. It is not an
+** error if a value cannot be extracted from pExpr. If an error does
+** occur, an SQLite error code is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Index *pIdx,                    /* Index being probed */
+  UnpackedRecord **ppRec,         /* IN/OUT: Probe record */
+  Expr *pExpr,                    /* The expression to extract a value from */
+  u8 affinity,                    /* Affinity to use */
+  int iVal,                       /* Array element to populate */
+  int *pbOk                       /* OUT: True if value was extracted */
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
+  struct ValueNewStat4Ctx alloc;
+
+  alloc.pParse = pParse;
+  alloc.pIdx = pIdx;
+  alloc.ppRec = ppRec;
+  alloc.iVal = iVal;
+
+  rc = stat4ValueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, affinity, &alloc, &pVal);
+  assert( pVal==0 || pVal->db==pParse->db );
+  *pbOk = (pVal!=0);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to extract a value from expression pExpr using the methods
+** as described for sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue() above. 
+**
+** If successful, set *ppVal to point to a new value object and return 
+** SQLITE_OK. If no value can be extracted, but no other error occurs
+** (e.g. OOM), return SQLITE_OK and set *ppVal to NULL. Or, if an error
+** does occur, return an SQLite error code. The final value of *ppVal
+** is undefined in this case.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Stat4ValueFromExpr(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Expr *pExpr,                    /* The expression to extract a value from */
+  u8 affinity,                    /* Affinity to use */
+  sqlite3_value **ppVal           /* OUT: New value object (or NULL) */
+){
+  return stat4ValueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, affinity, 0, ppVal);
+}
+
+/*
+** Extract the iCol-th column from the nRec-byte record in pRec.  Write
+** the column value into *ppVal.  If *ppVal is initially NULL then a new
+** sqlite3_value object is allocated.
+**
+** If *ppVal is initially NULL then the caller is responsible for 
+** ensuring that the value written into *ppVal is eventually freed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Stat4Column(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  const void *pRec,               /* Pointer to buffer containing record */
+  int nRec,                       /* Size of buffer pRec in bytes */
+  int iCol,                       /* Column to extract */
+  sqlite3_value **ppVal           /* OUT: Extracted value */
+){
+  u32 t;                          /* a column type code */
+  int nHdr;                       /* Size of the header in the record */
+  int iHdr;                       /* Next unread header byte */
+  int iField;                     /* Next unread data byte */
+  int szField;                    /* Size of the current data field */
+  int i;                          /* Column index */
+  u8 *a = (u8*)pRec;              /* Typecast byte array */
+  Mem *pMem = *ppVal;             /* Write result into this Mem object */
+
+  assert( iCol>0 );
+  iHdr = getVarint32(a, nHdr);
+  if( nHdr>nRec || iHdr>=nHdr ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  iField = nHdr;
+  for(i=0; i<=iCol; i++){
+    iHdr += getVarint32(&a[iHdr], t);
+    testcase( iHdr==nHdr );
+    testcase( iHdr==nHdr+1 );
+    if( iHdr>nHdr ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    szField = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(t);
+    iField += szField;
+  }
+  testcase( iField==nRec );
+  testcase( iField==nRec+1 );
+  if( iField>nRec ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  if( pMem==0 ){
+    pMem = *ppVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
+    if( pMem==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(&a[iField-szField], t, pMem);
+  pMem->enc = ENC(db);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Unless it is NULL, the argument must be an UnpackedRecord object returned
+** by an earlier call to sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(). This call deletes
+** the object.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Stat4ProbeFree(UnpackedRecord *pRec){
+  if( pRec ){
+    int i;
+    int nCol = pRec->pKeyInfo->nField+pRec->pKeyInfo->nXField;
+    Mem *aMem = pRec->aMem;
+    sqlite3 *db = aMem[0].db;
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, aMem[i].zMalloc);
+    }
+    sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pRec->pKeyInfo);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pRec);
+  }
+}
+#endif /* ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 */
+
+/*
 ** Change the string value of an sqlite3_value object
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueSetStr(
@@ -59527,22 +62231,11 @@
 ** But that file was getting too big so this subroutines were split out.
 */
 
-
-
-/*
-** When debugging the code generator in a symbolic debugger, one can
-** set the sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace to 1 and all opcodes will be printed
-** as they are added to the instruction stream.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace = 0;
-#endif
-
-
 /*
 ** Create a new virtual database engine.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3VdbeCreate(sqlite3 *db){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3VdbeCreate(Parse *pParse){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
   Vdbe *p;
   p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Vdbe) );
   if( p==0 ) return 0;
@@ -59554,6 +62247,10 @@
   p->pPrev = 0;
   db->pVdbe = p;
   p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_INIT;
+  p->pParse = pParse;
+  assert( pParse->aLabel==0 );
+  assert( pParse->nLabel==0 );
+  assert( pParse->nOpAlloc==0 );
   return p;
 }
 
@@ -59563,7 +62260,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetSql(Vdbe *p, const char *z, int n, int isPrepareV2){
   assert( isPrepareV2==1 || isPrepareV2==0 );
   if( p==0 ) return;
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+#if defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE) && !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG)
   if( !isPrepareV2 ) return;
 #endif
   assert( p->zSql==0 );
@@ -59600,35 +62297,55 @@
   pB->isPrepareV2 = pA->isPrepareV2;
 }
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
 /*
-** Turn tracing on or off
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeTrace(Vdbe *p, FILE *trace){
-  p->trace = trace;
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Resize the Vdbe.aOp array so that it is at least one op larger than 
-** it was.
+** Resize the Vdbe.aOp array so that it is at least nOp elements larger 
+** than its current size. nOp is guaranteed to be less than or equal
+** to 1024/sizeof(Op).
 **
 ** If an out-of-memory error occurs while resizing the array, return
-** SQLITE_NOMEM. In this case Vdbe.aOp and Vdbe.nOpAlloc remain 
+** SQLITE_NOMEM. In this case Vdbe.aOp and Parse.nOpAlloc remain 
 ** unchanged (this is so that any opcodes already allocated can be 
 ** correctly deallocated along with the rest of the Vdbe).
 */
-static int growOpArray(Vdbe *p){
+static int growOpArray(Vdbe *v, int nOp){
   VdbeOp *pNew;
+  Parse *p = v->pParse;
+
+  /* The SQLITE_TEST_REALLOC_STRESS compile-time option is designed to force
+  ** more frequent reallocs and hence provide more opportunities for 
+  ** simulated OOM faults.  SQLITE_TEST_REALLOC_STRESS is generally used
+  ** during testing only.  With SQLITE_TEST_REALLOC_STRESS grow the op array
+  ** by the minimum* amount required until the size reaches 512.  Normal
+  ** operation (without SQLITE_TEST_REALLOC_STRESS) is to double the current
+  ** size of the op array or add 1KB of space, whichever is smaller. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST_REALLOC_STRESS
+  int nNew = (p->nOpAlloc>=512 ? p->nOpAlloc*2 : p->nOpAlloc+nOp);
+#else
   int nNew = (p->nOpAlloc ? p->nOpAlloc*2 : (int)(1024/sizeof(Op)));
-  pNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, p->aOp, nNew*sizeof(Op));
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nOp);
+#endif
+
+  assert( nOp<=(1024/sizeof(Op)) );
+  assert( nNew>=(p->nOpAlloc+nOp) );
+  pNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, v->aOp, nNew*sizeof(Op));
   if( pNew ){
     p->nOpAlloc = sqlite3DbMallocSize(p->db, pNew)/sizeof(Op);
-    p->aOp = pNew;
+    v->aOp = pNew;
   }
   return (pNew ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_NOMEM);
 }
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/* This routine is just a convenient place to set a breakpoint that will
+** fire after each opcode is inserted and displayed using
+** "PRAGMA vdbe_addoptrace=on".
+*/
+static void test_addop_breakpoint(void){
+  static int n = 0;
+  n++;
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Add a new instruction to the list of instructions current in the
 ** VDBE.  Return the address of the new instruction.
@@ -59652,8 +62369,8 @@
   i = p->nOp;
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
   assert( op>0 && op<0xff );
-  if( p->nOpAlloc<=i ){
-    if( growOpArray(p) ){
+  if( p->pParse->nOpAlloc<=i ){
+    if( growOpArray(p, 1) ){
       return 1;
     }
   }
@@ -59666,14 +62383,31 @@
   pOp->p3 = p3;
   pOp->p4.p = 0;
   pOp->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
   pOp->zComment = 0;
-  if( sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace ) sqlite3VdbePrintOp(0, i, &p->aOp[i]);
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace ){
+    int jj, kk;
+    Parse *pParse = p->pParse;
+    for(jj=kk=0; jj<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; jj++){
+      struct yColCache *x = pParse->aColCache + jj;
+      if( x->iLevel>pParse->iCacheLevel || x->iReg==0 ) continue;
+      printf(" r[%d]={%d:%d}", x->iReg, x->iTable, x->iColumn);
+      kk++;
+    }
+    if( kk ) printf("\n");
+    sqlite3VdbePrintOp(0, i, &p->aOp[i]);
+    test_addop_breakpoint();
+  }
 #endif
 #ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
   pOp->cycles = 0;
   pOp->cnt = 0;
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+  pOp->iSrcLine = 0;
+#endif
   return i;
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(Vdbe *p, int op){
@@ -59749,9 +62483,10 @@
 **
 ** Zero is returned if a malloc() fails.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(Vdbe *p){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(Vdbe *v){
+  Parse *p = v->pParse;
   int i = p->nLabel++;
-  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  assert( v->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
   if( (i & (i-1))==0 ){
     p->aLabel = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(p->db, p->aLabel, 
                                        (i*2+1)*sizeof(p->aLabel[0]));
@@ -59767,13 +62502,15 @@
 ** be inserted.  The parameter "x" must have been obtained from
 ** a prior call to sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel().
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(Vdbe *p, int x){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(Vdbe *v, int x){
+  Parse *p = v->pParse;
   int j = -1-x;
-  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
-  assert( j>=0 && j<p->nLabel );
-  if( p->aLabel ){
-    p->aLabel[j] = p->nOp;
+  assert( v->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  assert( j<p->nLabel );
+  if( ALWAYS(j>=0) && p->aLabel ){
+    p->aLabel[j] = v->nOp;
   }
+  p->iFixedOp = v->nOp - 1;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -59887,7 +62624,7 @@
      || (opcode==OP_FkCounter && pOp->p1==0 && pOp->p2==1) 
 #endif
      || ((opcode==OP_Halt || opcode==OP_HaltIfNull) 
-      && (pOp->p1==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT && pOp->p2==OE_Abort))
+      && ((pOp->p1&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT && pOp->p2==OE_Abort))
     ){
       hasAbort = 1;
       break;
@@ -59895,7 +62632,7 @@
   }
   sqlite3DbFree(v->db, sIter.apSub);
 
-  /* Return true if hasAbort==mayAbort. Or if a malloc failure occured.
+  /* Return true if hasAbort==mayAbort. Or if a malloc failure occurred.
   ** If malloc failed, then the while() loop above may not have iterated
   ** through all opcodes and hasAbort may be set incorrectly. Return
   ** true for this case to prevent the assert() in the callers frame
@@ -59921,43 +62658,79 @@
   int i;
   int nMaxArgs = *pMaxFuncArgs;
   Op *pOp;
-  int *aLabel = p->aLabel;
+  Parse *pParse = p->pParse;
+  int *aLabel = pParse->aLabel;
   p->readOnly = 1;
+  p->bIsReader = 0;
   for(pOp=p->aOp, i=p->nOp-1; i>=0; i--, pOp++){
     u8 opcode = pOp->opcode;
 
-    pOp->opflags = sqlite3OpcodeProperty[opcode];
-    if( opcode==OP_Function || opcode==OP_AggStep ){
-      if( pOp->p5>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = pOp->p5;
-    }else if( (opcode==OP_Transaction && pOp->p2!=0) || opcode==OP_Vacuum ){
-      p->readOnly = 0;
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-    }else if( opcode==OP_VUpdate ){
-      if( pOp->p2>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = pOp->p2;
-    }else if( opcode==OP_VFilter ){
-      int n;
-      assert( p->nOp - i >= 3 );
-      assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_Integer );
-      n = pOp[-1].p1;
-      if( n>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = n;
+    /* NOTE: Be sure to update mkopcodeh.awk when adding or removing
+    ** cases from this switch! */
+    switch( opcode ){
+      case OP_Function:
+      case OP_AggStep: {
+        if( pOp->p5>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = pOp->p5;
+        break;
+      }
+      case OP_Transaction: {
+        if( pOp->p2!=0 ) p->readOnly = 0;
+        /* fall thru */
+      }
+      case OP_AutoCommit:
+      case OP_Savepoint: {
+        p->bIsReader = 1;
+        break;
+      }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+      case OP_Checkpoint:
 #endif
-    }else if( opcode==OP_Next || opcode==OP_SorterNext ){
-      pOp->p4.xAdvance = sqlite3BtreeNext;
-      pOp->p4type = P4_ADVANCE;
-    }else if( opcode==OP_Prev ){
-      pOp->p4.xAdvance = sqlite3BtreePrevious;
-      pOp->p4type = P4_ADVANCE;
+      case OP_Vacuum:
+      case OP_JournalMode: {
+        p->readOnly = 0;
+        p->bIsReader = 1;
+        break;
+      }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+      case OP_VUpdate: {
+        if( pOp->p2>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = pOp->p2;
+        break;
+      }
+      case OP_VFilter: {
+        int n;
+        assert( p->nOp - i >= 3 );
+        assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_Integer );
+        n = pOp[-1].p1;
+        if( n>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = n;
+        break;
+      }
+#endif
+      case OP_Next:
+      case OP_NextIfOpen:
+      case OP_SorterNext: {
+        pOp->p4.xAdvance = sqlite3BtreeNext;
+        pOp->p4type = P4_ADVANCE;
+        break;
+      }
+      case OP_Prev:
+      case OP_PrevIfOpen: {
+        pOp->p4.xAdvance = sqlite3BtreePrevious;
+        pOp->p4type = P4_ADVANCE;
+        break;
+      }
     }
 
+    pOp->opflags = sqlite3OpcodeProperty[opcode];
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_JUMP)!=0 && pOp->p2<0 ){
-      assert( -1-pOp->p2<p->nLabel );
+      assert( -1-pOp->p2<pParse->nLabel );
       pOp->p2 = aLabel[-1-pOp->p2];
     }
   }
-  sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p->aLabel);
-  p->aLabel = 0;
-
+  sqlite3DbFree(p->db, pParse->aLabel);
+  pParse->aLabel = 0;
+  pParse->nLabel = 0;
   *pMaxFuncArgs = nMaxArgs;
+  assert( p->bIsReader!=0 || DbMaskAllZero(p->btreeMask) );
 }
 
 /*
@@ -59984,7 +62757,7 @@
   assert( aOp && !p->db->mallocFailed );
 
   /* Check that sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree() was not called on this VM */
-  assert( p->btreeMask==0 );
+  assert( DbMaskAllZero(p->btreeMask) );
 
   resolveP2Values(p, pnMaxArg);
   *pnOp = p->nOp;
@@ -59996,10 +62769,10 @@
 ** Add a whole list of operations to the operation stack.  Return the
 ** address of the first operation added.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(Vdbe *p, int nOp, VdbeOpList const *aOp){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(Vdbe *p, int nOp, VdbeOpList const *aOp, int iLineno){
   int addr;
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
-  if( p->nOp + nOp > p->nOpAlloc && growOpArray(p) ){
+  if( p->nOp + nOp > p->pParse->nOpAlloc && growOpArray(p, nOp) ){
     return 0;
   }
   addr = p->nOp;
@@ -60011,7 +62784,8 @@
       VdbeOp *pOut = &p->aOp[i+addr];
       pOut->opcode = pIn->opcode;
       pOut->p1 = pIn->p1;
-      if( p2<0 && (sqlite3OpcodeProperty[pOut->opcode] & OPFLG_JUMP)!=0 ){
+      if( p2<0 ){
+        assert( sqlite3OpcodeProperty[pOut->opcode] & OPFLG_JUMP );
         pOut->p2 = addr + ADDR(p2);
       }else{
         pOut->p2 = p2;
@@ -60020,9 +62794,16 @@
       pOut->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
       pOut->p4.p = 0;
       pOut->p5 = 0;
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
       pOut->zComment = 0;
-      if( sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace ){
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+      pOut->iSrcLine = iLineno+i;
+#else
+      (void)iLineno;
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      if( p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace ){
         sqlite3VdbePrintOp(0, i+addr, &p->aOp[i+addr]);
       }
 #endif
@@ -60083,8 +62864,8 @@
 ** the address of the next instruction to be coded.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(Vdbe *p, int addr){
-  assert( addr>=0 || p->db->mallocFailed );
-  if( addr>=0 ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(p, addr, p->nOp);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(p, addr, p->nOp);
+  p->pParse->iFixedOp = p->nOp - 1;
 }
 
 
@@ -60093,7 +62874,7 @@
 ** the FuncDef is not ephermal, then do nothing.
 */
 static void freeEphemeralFunction(sqlite3 *db, FuncDef *pDef){
-  if( ALWAYS(pDef) && (pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM)!=0 ){
+  if( ALWAYS(pDef) && (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM)!=0 ){
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pDef);
   }
 }
@@ -60110,23 +62891,18 @@
       case P4_REAL:
       case P4_INT64:
       case P4_DYNAMIC:
-      case P4_KEYINFO:
-      case P4_INTARRAY:
-      case P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF: {
+      case P4_INTARRAY: {
         sqlite3DbFree(db, p4);
         break;
       }
+      case P4_KEYINFO: {
+        if( db->pnBytesFreed==0 ) sqlite3KeyInfoUnref((KeyInfo*)p4);
+        break;
+      }
       case P4_MPRINTF: {
         if( db->pnBytesFreed==0 ) sqlite3_free(p4);
         break;
       }
-      case P4_VDBEFUNC: {
-        VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc = (VdbeFunc *)p4;
-        freeEphemeralFunction(db, pVdbeFunc->pFunc);
-        if( db->pnBytesFreed==0 ) sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(pVdbeFunc, 0);
-        sqlite3DbFree(db, pVdbeFunc);
-        break;
-      }
       case P4_FUNCDEF: {
         freeEphemeralFunction(db, (FuncDef*)p4);
         break;
@@ -60159,7 +62935,7 @@
     Op *pOp;
     for(pOp=aOp; pOp<&aOp[nOp]; pOp++){
       freeP4(db, pOp->p4type, pOp->p4.p);
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
       sqlite3DbFree(db, pOp->zComment);
 #endif     
     }
@@ -60181,12 +62957,25 @@
 ** Change the opcode at addr into OP_Noop
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(Vdbe *p, int addr){
-  if( p->aOp ){
+  if( addr<p->nOp ){
     VdbeOp *pOp = &p->aOp[addr];
     sqlite3 *db = p->db;
     freeP4(db, pOp->p4type, pOp->p4.p);
     memset(pOp, 0, sizeof(pOp[0]));
     pOp->opcode = OP_Noop;
+    if( addr==p->nOp-1 ) p->nOp--;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove the last opcode inserted
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeDeletePriorOpcode(Vdbe *p, u8 op){
+  if( (p->nOp-1)>(p->pParse->iFixedOp) && p->aOp[p->nOp-1].opcode==op ){
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(p, p->nOp-1);
+    return 1;
+  }else{
+    return 0;
   }
 }
 
@@ -60200,14 +62989,6 @@
 ** the string is made into memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
 ** A value of n==0 means copy bytes of zP4 up to and including the
 ** first null byte.  If n>0 then copy n+1 bytes of zP4.
-**
-** If n==P4_KEYINFO it means that zP4 is a pointer to a KeyInfo structure.
-** A copy is made of the KeyInfo structure into memory obtained from
-** sqlite3_malloc, to be freed when the Vdbe is finalized.
-** n==P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF indicates that zP4 points to a KeyInfo structure
-** stored in memory that the caller has obtained from sqlite3_malloc. The 
-** caller should not free the allocation, it will be freed when the Vdbe is
-** finalized.
 ** 
 ** Other values of n (P4_STATIC, P4_COLLSEQ etc.) indicate that zP4 points
 ** to a string or structure that is guaranteed to exist for the lifetime of
@@ -60222,7 +63003,7 @@
   db = p->db;
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
   if( p->aOp==0 || db->mallocFailed ){
-    if ( n!=P4_KEYINFO && n!=P4_VTAB ) {
+    if( n!=P4_VTAB ){
       freeP4(db, n, (void*)*(char**)&zP4);
     }
     return;
@@ -60233,6 +63014,9 @@
     addr = p->nOp - 1;
   }
   pOp = &p->aOp[addr];
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_NOTUSED
+       || pOp->p4type==P4_INT32
+       || pOp->p4type==P4_KEYINFO );
   freeP4(db, pOp->p4type, pOp->p4.p);
   pOp->p4.p = 0;
   if( n==P4_INT32 ){
@@ -60244,27 +63028,6 @@
     pOp->p4.p = 0;
     pOp->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
   }else if( n==P4_KEYINFO ){
-    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
-    int nField, nByte;
-
-    nField = ((KeyInfo*)zP4)->nField;
-    nByte = sizeof(*pKeyInfo) + (nField-1)*sizeof(pKeyInfo->aColl[0]) + nField;
-    pKeyInfo = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, nByte);
-    pOp->p4.pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
-    if( pKeyInfo ){
-      u8 *aSortOrder;
-      memcpy((char*)pKeyInfo, zP4, nByte - nField);
-      aSortOrder = pKeyInfo->aSortOrder;
-      if( aSortOrder ){
-        pKeyInfo->aSortOrder = (unsigned char*)&pKeyInfo->aColl[nField];
-        memcpy(pKeyInfo->aSortOrder, aSortOrder, nField);
-      }
-      pOp->p4type = P4_KEYINFO;
-    }else{
-      p->db->mallocFailed = 1;
-      pOp->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
-    }
-  }else if( n==P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF ){
     pOp->p4.p = (void*)zP4;
     pOp->p4type = P4_KEYINFO;
   }else if( n==P4_VTAB ){
@@ -60282,9 +63045,21 @@
   }
 }
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
 /*
-** Change the comment on the the most recently coded instruction.  Or
+** Set the P4 on the most recently added opcode to the KeyInfo for the
+** index given.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(Parse *pParse, Index *pIdx){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  assert( v!=0 );
+  assert( pIdx!=0 );
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(pParse, pIdx),
+                      P4_KEYINFO);
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
+/*
+** Change the comment on the most recently coded instruction.  Or
 ** insert a No-op and add the comment to that new instruction.  This
 ** makes the code easier to read during debugging.  None of this happens
 ** in a production build.
@@ -60317,6 +63092,15 @@
 }
 #endif  /* NDEBUG */
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+/*
+** Set the value if the iSrcLine field for the previously coded instruction.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetLineNumber(Vdbe *v, int iLine){
+  sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v,-1)->iSrcLine = iLine;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE */
+
 /*
 ** Return the opcode for a given address.  If the address is -1, then
 ** return the most recently inserted opcode.
@@ -60329,14 +63113,6 @@
 ** this routine is a valid pointer.  But because the dummy.opcode is 0,
 ** dummy will never be written to.  This is verified by code inspection and
 ** by running with Valgrind.
-**
-** About the #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE:  Normally, this routine is never called
-** unless p->nOp>0.  This is because in the absense of SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE,
-** an OP_Trace instruction is always inserted by sqlite3VdbeGet() as soon as
-** a new VDBE is created.  So we are free to set addr to p->nOp-1 without
-** having to double-check to make sure that the result is non-negative. But
-** if SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE is defined, the OP_Trace is omitted and we do need to
-** check the value of p->nOp-1 before continuing.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeGetOp(Vdbe *p, int addr){
   /* C89 specifies that the constant "dummy" will be initialized to all
@@ -60344,9 +63120,6 @@
   static VdbeOp dummy;  /* Ignore the MSVC warning about no initializer */
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
   if( addr<0 ){
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
-    if( p->nOp==0 ) return (VdbeOp*)&dummy;
-#endif
     addr = p->nOp - 1;
   }
   assert( (addr>=0 && addr<p->nOp) || p->db->mallocFailed );
@@ -60357,6 +63130,97 @@
   }
 }
 
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS)
+/*
+** Return an integer value for one of the parameters to the opcode pOp
+** determined by character c.
+*/
+static int translateP(char c, const Op *pOp){
+  if( c=='1' ) return pOp->p1;
+  if( c=='2' ) return pOp->p2;
+  if( c=='3' ) return pOp->p3;
+  if( c=='4' ) return pOp->p4.i;
+  return pOp->p5;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compute a string for the "comment" field of a VDBE opcode listing.
+**
+** The Synopsis: field in comments in the vdbe.c source file gets converted
+** to an extra string that is appended to the sqlite3OpcodeName().  In the
+** absence of other comments, this synopsis becomes the comment on the opcode.
+** Some translation occurs:
+**
+**       "PX"      ->  "r[X]"
+**       "PX@PY"   ->  "r[X..X+Y-1]"  or "r[x]" if y is 0 or 1
+**       "PX@PY+1" ->  "r[X..X+Y]"    or "r[x]" if y is 0
+**       "PY..PY"  ->  "r[X..Y]"      or "r[x]" if y<=x
+*/
+static int displayComment(
+  const Op *pOp,     /* The opcode to be commented */
+  const char *zP4,   /* Previously obtained value for P4 */
+  char *zTemp,       /* Write result here */
+  int nTemp          /* Space available in zTemp[] */
+){
+  const char *zOpName;
+  const char *zSynopsis;
+  int nOpName;
+  int ii, jj;
+  zOpName = sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode);
+  nOpName = sqlite3Strlen30(zOpName);
+  if( zOpName[nOpName+1] ){
+    int seenCom = 0;
+    char c;
+    zSynopsis = zOpName += nOpName + 1;
+    for(ii=jj=0; jj<nTemp-1 && (c = zSynopsis[ii])!=0; ii++){
+      if( c=='P' ){
+        c = zSynopsis[++ii];
+        if( c=='4' ){
+          sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "%s", zP4);
+        }else if( c=='X' ){
+          sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "%s", pOp->zComment);
+          seenCom = 1;
+        }else{
+          int v1 = translateP(c, pOp);
+          int v2;
+          sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "%d", v1);
+          if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1, "@P", 2)==0 ){
+            ii += 3;
+            jj += sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp+jj);
+            v2 = translateP(zSynopsis[ii], pOp);
+            if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1,"+1",2)==0 ){
+              ii += 2;
+              v2++;
+            }
+            if( v2>1 ){
+              sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "..%d", v1+v2-1);
+            }
+          }else if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1, "..P3", 4)==0 && pOp->p3==0 ){
+            ii += 4;
+          }
+        }
+        jj += sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp+jj);
+      }else{
+        zTemp[jj++] = c;
+      }
+    }
+    if( !seenCom && jj<nTemp-5 && pOp->zComment ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "; %s", pOp->zComment);
+      jj += sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp+jj);
+    }
+    if( jj<nTemp ) zTemp[jj] = 0;
+  }else if( pOp->zComment ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "%s", pOp->zComment);
+    jj = sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp);
+  }else{
+    zTemp[0] = 0;
+    jj = 0;
+  }
+  return jj;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
+
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) || !defined(NDEBUG) \
      || defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
 /*
@@ -60367,30 +63231,30 @@
   char *zP4 = zTemp;
   assert( nTemp>=20 );
   switch( pOp->p4type ){
-    case P4_KEYINFO_STATIC:
     case P4_KEYINFO: {
       int i, j;
       KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
-      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "keyinfo(%d", pKeyInfo->nField);
+      assert( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder!=0 );
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "k(%d", pKeyInfo->nField);
       i = sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp);
       for(j=0; j<pKeyInfo->nField; j++){
         CollSeq *pColl = pKeyInfo->aColl[j];
-        if( pColl ){
-          int n = sqlite3Strlen30(pColl->zName);
-          if( i+n>nTemp-6 ){
-            memcpy(&zTemp[i],",...",4);
-            break;
-          }
-          zTemp[i++] = ',';
-          if( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder && pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[j] ){
-            zTemp[i++] = '-';
-          }
-          memcpy(&zTemp[i], pColl->zName,n+1);
-          i += n;
-        }else if( i+4<nTemp-6 ){
-          memcpy(&zTemp[i],",nil",4);
-          i += 4;
+        const char *zColl = pColl ? pColl->zName : "nil";
+        int n = sqlite3Strlen30(zColl);
+        if( n==6 && memcmp(zColl,"BINARY",6)==0 ){
+          zColl = "B";
+          n = 1;
         }
+        if( i+n>nTemp-6 ){
+          memcpy(&zTemp[i],",...",4);
+          break;
+        }
+        zTemp[i++] = ',';
+        if( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[j] ){
+          zTemp[i++] = '-';
+        }
+        memcpy(&zTemp[i], zColl, n+1);
+        i += n;
       }
       zTemp[i++] = ')';
       zTemp[i] = 0;
@@ -60399,7 +63263,7 @@
     }
     case P4_COLLSEQ: {
       CollSeq *pColl = pOp->p4.pColl;
-      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "collseq(%.20s)", pColl->zName);
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "(%.20s)", pColl->zName);
       break;
     }
     case P4_FUNCDEF: {
@@ -60478,9 +63342,9 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(Vdbe *p, int i){
   assert( i>=0 && i<p->db->nDb && i<(int)sizeof(yDbMask)*8 );
   assert( i<(int)sizeof(p->btreeMask)*8 );
-  p->btreeMask |= ((yDbMask)1)<<i;
+  DbMaskSet(p->btreeMask, i);
   if( i!=1 && sqlite3BtreeSharable(p->db->aDb[i].pBt) ){
-    p->lockMask |= ((yDbMask)1)<<i;
+    DbMaskSet(p->lockMask, i);
   }
 }
 
@@ -60508,16 +63372,15 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeEnter(Vdbe *p){
   int i;
-  yDbMask mask;
   sqlite3 *db;
   Db *aDb;
   int nDb;
-  if( p->lockMask==0 ) return;  /* The common case */
+  if( DbMaskAllZero(p->lockMask) ) return;  /* The common case */
   db = p->db;
   aDb = db->aDb;
   nDb = db->nDb;
-  for(i=0, mask=1; i<nDb; i++, mask += mask){
-    if( i!=1 && (mask & p->lockMask)!=0 && ALWAYS(aDb[i].pBt!=0) ){
+  for(i=0; i<nDb; i++){
+    if( i!=1 && DbMaskTest(p->lockMask,i) && ALWAYS(aDb[i].pBt!=0) ){
       sqlite3BtreeEnter(aDb[i].pBt);
     }
   }
@@ -60530,16 +63393,15 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeLeave(Vdbe *p){
   int i;
-  yDbMask mask;
   sqlite3 *db;
   Db *aDb;
   int nDb;
-  if( p->lockMask==0 ) return;  /* The common case */
+  if( DbMaskAllZero(p->lockMask) ) return;  /* The common case */
   db = p->db;
   aDb = db->aDb;
   nDb = db->nDb;
-  for(i=0, mask=1; i<nDb; i++, mask += mask){
-    if( i!=1 && (mask & p->lockMask)!=0 && ALWAYS(aDb[i].pBt!=0) ){
+  for(i=0; i<nDb; i++){
+    if( i!=1 && DbMaskTest(p->lockMask,i) && ALWAYS(aDb[i].pBt!=0) ){
       sqlite3BtreeLeave(aDb[i].pBt);
     }
   }
@@ -60553,16 +63415,21 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbePrintOp(FILE *pOut, int pc, Op *pOp){
   char *zP4;
   char zPtr[50];
-  static const char *zFormat1 = "%4d %-13s %4d %4d %4d %-4s %.2X %s\n";
+  char zCom[100];
+  static const char *zFormat1 = "%4d %-13s %4d %4d %4d %-13s %.2X %s\n";
   if( pOut==0 ) pOut = stdout;
   zP4 = displayP4(pOp, zPtr, sizeof(zPtr));
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
+  displayComment(pOp, zP4, zCom, sizeof(zCom));
+#else
+  zCom[0] = 0;
+#endif
+  /* NB:  The sqlite3OpcodeName() function is implemented by code created
+  ** by the mkopcodeh.awk and mkopcodec.awk scripts which extract the
+  ** information from the vdbe.c source text */
   fprintf(pOut, zFormat1, pc, 
       sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode), pOp->p1, pOp->p2, pOp->p3, zP4, pOp->p5,
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-      pOp->zComment ? pOp->zComment : ""
-#else
-      ""
-#endif
+      zCom
   );
   fflush(pOut);
 }
@@ -60584,6 +63451,7 @@
     }
     for(pEnd=&p[N]; p<pEnd; p++){
       assert( (&p[1])==pEnd || p[0].db==p[1].db );
+      assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(p) );
 
       /* This block is really an inlined version of sqlite3VdbeMemRelease()
       ** that takes advantage of the fact that the memory cell value is 
@@ -60597,6 +63465,10 @@
       ** with no indexes using a single prepared INSERT statement, bind() 
       ** and reset(). Inserts are grouped into a transaction.
       */
+      testcase( p->flags & MEM_Agg );
+      testcase( p->flags & MEM_Dyn );
+      testcase( p->flags & MEM_Frame );
+      testcase( p->flags & MEM_RowSet );
       if( p->flags&(MEM_Agg|MEM_Dyn|MEM_Frame|MEM_RowSet) ){
         sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(p);
       }else if( p->zMalloc ){
@@ -60604,7 +63476,7 @@
         p->zMalloc = 0;
       }
 
-      p->flags = MEM_Invalid;
+      p->flags = MEM_Undefined;
     }
     db->mallocFailed = malloc_failed;
   }
@@ -60708,7 +63580,7 @@
     rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
     sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3ErrStr(p->rc));
   }else{
-    char *z;
+    char *zP4;
     Op *pOp;
     if( i<p->nOp ){
       /* The output line number is small enough that we are still in the
@@ -60726,15 +63598,13 @@
     }
     if( p->explain==1 ){
       pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
-      pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
       pMem->u.i = i;                                /* Program counter */
       pMem++;
   
       pMem->flags = MEM_Static|MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
-      pMem->z = (char*)sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode);  /* Opcode */
+      pMem->z = (char*)sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode); /* Opcode */
       assert( pMem->z!=0 );
       pMem->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pMem->z);
-      pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
       pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
       pMem++;
 
@@ -60749,7 +63619,7 @@
         for(j=0; j<nSub; j++){
           if( apSub[j]==pOp->p4.pProgram ) break;
         }
-        if( j==nSub && SQLITE_OK==sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pSub, nByte, 1) ){
+        if( j==nSub && SQLITE_OK==sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pSub, nByte, nSub!=0) ){
           apSub = (SubProgram **)pSub->z;
           apSub[nSub++] = pOp->p4.pProgram;
           pSub->flags |= MEM_Blob;
@@ -60760,33 +63630,29 @@
 
     pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
     pMem->u.i = pOp->p1;                          /* P1 */
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
     pMem++;
 
     pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
     pMem->u.i = pOp->p2;                          /* P2 */
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
     pMem++;
 
     pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
     pMem->u.i = pOp->p3;                          /* P3 */
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
     pMem++;
 
     if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, 32, 0) ){            /* P4 */
       assert( p->db->mallocFailed );
       return SQLITE_ERROR;
     }
-    pMem->flags = MEM_Dyn|MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
-    z = displayP4(pOp, pMem->z, 32);
-    if( z!=pMem->z ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pMem, z, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
+    pMem->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
+    zP4 = displayP4(pOp, pMem->z, 32);
+    if( zP4!=pMem->z ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pMem, zP4, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
     }else{
       assert( pMem->z!=0 );
       pMem->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pMem->z);
       pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
     }
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
     pMem++;
 
     if( p->explain==1 ){
@@ -60794,26 +63660,23 @@
         assert( p->db->mallocFailed );
         return SQLITE_ERROR;
       }
-      pMem->flags = MEM_Dyn|MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
       pMem->n = 2;
       sqlite3_snprintf(3, pMem->z, "%.2x", pOp->p5);   /* P5 */
-      pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
       pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
       pMem++;
   
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-      if( pOp->zComment ){
-        pMem->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
-        pMem->z = pOp->zComment;
-        pMem->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pMem->z);
-        pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
-        pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
-      }else
-#endif
-      {
-        pMem->flags = MEM_Null;                       /* Comment */
-        pMem->type = SQLITE_NULL;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
+      if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, 500, 0) ){
+        assert( p->db->mallocFailed );
+        return SQLITE_ERROR;
       }
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
+      pMem->n = displayComment(pOp, zP4, pMem->z, 500);
+      pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
+#else
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Null;                       /* Comment */
+#endif
     }
 
     p->nResColumn = 8 - 4*(p->explain-1);
@@ -60830,15 +63693,17 @@
 ** Print the SQL that was used to generate a VDBE program.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbePrintSql(Vdbe *p){
-  int nOp = p->nOp;
-  VdbeOp *pOp;
-  if( nOp<1 ) return;
-  pOp = &p->aOp[0];
-  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Trace && pOp->p4.z!=0 ){
-    const char *z = pOp->p4.z;
-    while( sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z++;
-    printf("SQL: [%s]\n", z);
+  const char *z = 0;
+  if( p->zSql ){
+    z = p->zSql;
+  }else if( p->nOp>=1 ){
+    const VdbeOp *pOp = &p->aOp[0];
+    if( pOp->opcode==OP_Init && pOp->p4.z!=0 ){
+      z = pOp->p4.z;
+      while( sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z++;
+    }
   }
+  if( z ) printf("SQL: [%s]\n", z);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -60852,7 +63717,7 @@
   if( sqlite3IoTrace==0 ) return;
   if( nOp<1 ) return;
   pOp = &p->aOp[0];
-  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Trace && pOp->p4.z!=0 ){
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Init && pOp->p4.z!=0 ){
     int i, j;
     char z[1000];
     sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(z), z, "%s", pOp->p4.z);
@@ -60989,6 +63854,7 @@
   assert( p->nOp>0 );
   assert( pParse!=0 );
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  assert( pParse==p->pParse );
   db = p->db;
   assert( db->mallocFailed==0 );
   nVar = pParse->nVar;
@@ -61012,8 +63878,8 @@
   /* Allocate space for memory registers, SQL variables, VDBE cursors and 
   ** an array to marshal SQL function arguments in.
   */
-  zCsr = (u8*)&p->aOp[p->nOp];       /* Memory avaliable for allocation */
-  zEnd = (u8*)&p->aOp[p->nOpAlloc];  /* First byte past end of zCsr[] */
+  zCsr = (u8*)&p->aOp[p->nOp];            /* Memory avaliable for allocation */
+  zEnd = (u8*)&p->aOp[pParse->nOpAlloc];  /* First byte past end of zCsr[] */
 
   resolveP2Values(p, &nArg);
   p->usesStmtJournal = (u8)(pParse->isMultiWrite && pParse->mayAbort);
@@ -61051,7 +63917,7 @@
     zEnd = &zCsr[nByte];
   }while( nByte && !db->mallocFailed );
 
-  p->nCursor = (u16)nCursor;
+  p->nCursor = nCursor;
   p->nOnceFlag = nOnce;
   if( p->aVar ){
     p->nVar = (ynVar)nVar;
@@ -61069,7 +63935,7 @@
     p->aMem--;                      /* aMem[] goes from 1..nMem */
     p->nMem = nMem;                 /*       not from 0..nMem-1 */
     for(n=1; n<=nMem; n++){
-      p->aMem[n].flags = MEM_Invalid;
+      p->aMem[n].flags = MEM_Undefined;
       p->aMem[n].db = db;
     }
   }
@@ -61096,7 +63962,7 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
   if( pCx->pVtabCursor ){
     sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor = pCx->pVtabCursor;
-    const sqlite3_module *pModule = pCx->pModule;
+    const sqlite3_module *pModule = pVtabCursor->pVtab->pModule;
     p->inVtabMethod = 1;
     pModule->xClose(pVtabCursor);
     p->inVtabMethod = 0;
@@ -61159,6 +64025,10 @@
     p->pDelFrame = pDel->pParent;
     sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(pDel);
   }
+
+  /* Delete any auxdata allocations made by the VM */
+  sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(p, -1, 0);
+  assert( p->pAuxData==0 );
 }
 
 /*
@@ -61177,7 +64047,7 @@
   int i;
   if( p->apCsr ) for(i=0; i<p->nCursor; i++) assert( p->apCsr[i]==0 );
   if( p->aMem ){
-    for(i=1; i<=p->nMem; i++) assert( p->aMem[i].flags==MEM_Invalid );
+    for(i=1; i<=p->nMem; i++) assert( p->aMem[i].flags==MEM_Undefined );
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -61267,7 +64137,7 @@
   ** required, as an xSync() callback may add an attached database
   ** to the transaction.
   */
-  rc = sqlite3VtabSync(db, &p->zErrMsg);
+  rc = sqlite3VtabSync(db, p);
 
   /* This loop determines (a) if the commit hook should be invoked and
   ** (b) how many database files have open write transactions, not 
@@ -61280,7 +64150,9 @@
     if( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pBt) ){
       needXcommit = 1;
       if( i!=1 ) nTrans++;
+      sqlite3BtreeEnter(pBt);
       rc = sqlite3PagerExclusiveLock(sqlite3BtreePager(pBt));
+      sqlite3BtreeLeave(pBt);
     }
   }
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -61291,7 +64163,7 @@
   if( needXcommit && db->xCommitCallback ){
     rc = db->xCommitCallback(db->pCommitArg);
     if( rc ){
-      return SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+      return SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_COMMITHOOK;
     }
   }
 
@@ -61484,7 +64356,7 @@
 }
 
 /* 
-** This routine checks that the sqlite3.activeVdbeCnt count variable
+** This routine checks that the sqlite3.nVdbeActive count variable
 ** matches the number of vdbe's in the list sqlite3.pVdbe that are
 ** currently active. An assertion fails if the two counts do not match.
 ** This is an internal self-check only - it is not an essential processing
@@ -61497,16 +64369,19 @@
   Vdbe *p;
   int cnt = 0;
   int nWrite = 0;
+  int nRead = 0;
   p = db->pVdbe;
   while( p ){
-    if( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN && p->pc>=0 ){
+    if( sqlite3_stmt_busy((sqlite3_stmt*)p) ){
       cnt++;
       if( p->readOnly==0 ) nWrite++;
+      if( p->bIsReader ) nRead++;
     }
     p = p->pNext;
   }
-  assert( cnt==db->activeVdbeCnt );
-  assert( nWrite==db->writeVdbeCnt );
+  assert( cnt==db->nVdbeActive );
+  assert( nWrite==db->nVdbeWrite );
+  assert( nRead==db->nVdbeRead );
 }
 #else
 #define checkActiveVdbeCnt(x)
@@ -61517,7 +64392,7 @@
 ** close it now. Argument eOp must be either SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK or
 ** SAVEPOINT_RELEASE. If it is SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, then the statement
 ** transaction is rolled back. If eOp is SAVEPOINT_RELEASE, then the 
-** statement transaction is commtted.
+** statement transaction is committed.
 **
 ** If an IO error occurs, an SQLITE_IOERR_XXX error code is returned. 
 ** Otherwise SQLITE_OK.
@@ -61528,7 +64403,7 @@
 
   /* If p->iStatement is greater than zero, then this Vdbe opened a 
   ** statement transaction that should be closed here. The only exception
-  ** is that an IO error may have occured, causing an emergency rollback.
+  ** is that an IO error may have occurred, causing an emergency rollback.
   ** In this case (db->nStatement==0), and there is nothing to do.
   */
   if( db->nStatement && p->iStatement ){
@@ -61571,6 +64446,7 @@
     ** the statement transaction was opened.  */
     if( eOp==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK ){
       db->nDeferredCons = p->nStmtDefCons;
+      db->nDeferredImmCons = p->nStmtDefImmCons;
     }
   }
   return rc;
@@ -61583,16 +64459,18 @@
 ** violations, return SQLITE_ERROR. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
 **
 ** If there are outstanding FK violations and this function returns 
-** SQLITE_ERROR, set the result of the VM to SQLITE_CONSTRAINT and write
-** an error message to it. Then return SQLITE_ERROR.
+** SQLITE_ERROR, set the result of the VM to SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY
+** and write an error message to it. Then return SQLITE_ERROR.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(Vdbe *p, int deferred){
   sqlite3 *db = p->db;
-  if( (deferred && db->nDeferredCons>0) || (!deferred && p->nFkConstraint>0) ){
-    p->rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+  if( (deferred && (db->nDeferredCons+db->nDeferredImmCons)>0) 
+   || (!deferred && p->nFkConstraint>0) 
+  ){
+    p->rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY;
     p->errorAction = OE_Abort;
-    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "foreign key constraint failed");
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "FOREIGN KEY constraint failed");
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -61642,8 +64520,9 @@
   }
   checkActiveVdbeCnt(db);
 
-  /* No commit or rollback needed if the program never started */
-  if( p->pc>=0 ){
+  /* No commit or rollback needed if the program never started or if the
+  ** SQL statement does not read or write a database file.  */
+  if( p->pc>=0 && p->bIsReader ){
     int mrc;   /* Primary error code from p->rc */
     int eStatementOp = 0;
     int isSpecialError;            /* Set to true if a 'special' error */
@@ -61653,7 +64532,6 @@
 
     /* Check for one of the special errors */
     mrc = p->rc & 0xff;
-    assert( p->rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED );  /* This error no longer exists */
     isSpecialError = mrc==SQLITE_NOMEM || mrc==SQLITE_IOERR
                      || mrc==SQLITE_INTERRUPT || mrc==SQLITE_FULL;
     if( isSpecialError ){
@@ -61664,7 +64542,7 @@
       **
       ** Even if the statement is read-only, it is important to perform
       ** a statement or transaction rollback operation. If the error 
-      ** occured while writing to the journal, sub-journal or database
+      ** occurred while writing to the journal, sub-journal or database
       ** file as part of an effort to free up cache space (see function
       ** pagerStress() in pager.c), the rollback is required to restore 
       ** the pager to a consistent state.
@@ -61696,7 +64574,7 @@
     */
     if( !sqlite3VtabInSync(db) 
      && db->autoCommit 
-     && db->writeVdbeCnt==(p->readOnly==0) 
+     && db->nVdbeWrite==(p->readOnly==0) 
     ){
       if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || (p->errorAction==OE_Fail && !isSpecialError) ){
         rc = sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 1);
@@ -61705,7 +64583,7 @@
             sqlite3VdbeLeave(p);
             return SQLITE_ERROR;
           }
-          rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+          rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY;
         }else{ 
           /* The auto-commit flag is true, the vdbe program was successful 
           ** or hit an 'OR FAIL' constraint and there are no deferred foreign
@@ -61721,6 +64599,8 @@
           sqlite3RollbackAll(db, SQLITE_OK);
         }else{
           db->nDeferredCons = 0;
+          db->nDeferredImmCons = 0;
+          db->flags &= ~SQLITE_DeferFKs;
           sqlite3CommitInternalChanges(db);
         }
       }else{
@@ -61748,7 +64628,7 @@
     if( eStatementOp ){
       rc = sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(p, eStatementOp);
       if( rc ){
-        if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT ){
+        if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || (p->rc&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT ){
           p->rc = rc;
           sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
           p->zErrMsg = 0;
@@ -61777,11 +64657,12 @@
 
   /* We have successfully halted and closed the VM.  Record this fact. */
   if( p->pc>=0 ){
-    db->activeVdbeCnt--;
-    if( !p->readOnly ){
-      db->writeVdbeCnt--;
-    }
-    assert( db->activeVdbeCnt>=db->writeVdbeCnt );
+    db->nVdbeActive--;
+    if( !p->readOnly ) db->nVdbeWrite--;
+    if( p->bIsReader ) db->nVdbeRead--;
+    assert( db->nVdbeActive>=db->nVdbeRead );
+    assert( db->nVdbeRead>=db->nVdbeWrite );
+    assert( db->nVdbeWrite>=0 );
   }
   p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_HALT;
   checkActiveVdbeCnt(db);
@@ -61797,7 +64678,7 @@
     sqlite3ConnectionUnlocked(db);
   }
 
-  assert( db->activeVdbeCnt>0 || db->autoCommit==0 || db->nStatement==0 );
+  assert( db->nVdbeActive>0 || db->autoCommit==0 || db->nStatement==0 );
   return (p->rc==SQLITE_BUSY ? SQLITE_BUSY : SQLITE_OK);
 }
 
@@ -61824,6 +64705,7 @@
   if( p->zErrMsg ){
     u8 mallocFailed = db->mallocFailed;
     sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+    if( db->pErr==0 ) db->pErr = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
     sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, p->zErrMsg, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
     sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
     db->mallocFailed = mallocFailed;
@@ -61834,6 +64716,27 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
+/*
+** If an SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG hook is registered and the VM has been run, 
+** invoke it.
+*/
+static void vdbeInvokeSqllog(Vdbe *v){
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog && v->rc==SQLITE_OK && v->zSql && v->pc>=0 ){
+    char *zExpanded = sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(v, v->zSql);
+    assert( v->db->init.busy==0 );
+    if( zExpanded ){
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog(
+          sqlite3GlobalConfig.pSqllogArg, v->db, zExpanded, 1
+      );
+      sqlite3DbFree(v->db, zExpanded);
+    }
+  }
+}
+#else
+# define vdbeInvokeSqllog(x)
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Clean up a VDBE after execution but do not delete the VDBE just yet.
 ** Write any error messages into *pzErrMsg.  Return the result code.
@@ -61861,6 +64764,7 @@
   ** instructions yet, leave the main database error information unchanged.
   */
   if( p->pc>=0 ){
+    vdbeInvokeSqllog(p);
     sqlite3VdbeTransferError(p);
     sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
     p->zErrMsg = 0;
@@ -61870,8 +64774,7 @@
     ** to sqlite3_step(). For consistency (since sqlite3_step() was
     ** called), set the database error in this case as well.
     */
-    sqlite3Error(db, p->rc, 0);
-    sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, p->zErrMsg, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+    sqlite3Error(db, p->rc, p->zErrMsg ? "%s" : 0, p->zErrMsg);
     sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
     p->zErrMsg = 0;
   }
@@ -61892,18 +64795,31 @@
         fprintf(out, "%02x", p->aOp[i].opcode);
       }
       fprintf(out, "\n");
+      if( p->zSql ){
+        char c, pc = 0;
+        fprintf(out, "-- ");
+        for(i=0; (c = p->zSql[i])!=0; i++){
+          if( pc=='\n' ) fprintf(out, "-- ");
+          putc(c, out);
+          pc = c;
+        }
+        if( pc!='\n' ) fprintf(out, "\n");
+      }
       for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
-        fprintf(out, "%6d %10lld %8lld ",
+        char zHdr[100];
+        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zHdr), zHdr, "%6u %12llu %8llu ",
            p->aOp[i].cnt,
            p->aOp[i].cycles,
            p->aOp[i].cnt>0 ? p->aOp[i].cycles/p->aOp[i].cnt : 0
         );
+        fprintf(out, "%s", zHdr);
         sqlite3VdbePrintOp(out, i, &p->aOp[i]);
       }
       fclose(out);
     }
   }
 #endif
+  p->iCurrentTime = 0;
   p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_INIT;
   return p->rc & db->errMask;
 }
@@ -61923,31 +64839,49 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Call the destructor for each auxdata entry in pVdbeFunc for which
-** the corresponding bit in mask is clear.  Auxdata entries beyond 31
-** are always destroyed.  To destroy all auxdata entries, call this
-** routine with mask==0.
+** If parameter iOp is less than zero, then invoke the destructor for
+** all auxiliary data pointers currently cached by the VM passed as
+** the first argument.
+**
+** Or, if iOp is greater than or equal to zero, then the destructor is
+** only invoked for those auxiliary data pointers created by the user 
+** function invoked by the OP_Function opcode at instruction iOp of 
+** VM pVdbe, and only then if:
+**
+**    * the associated function parameter is the 32nd or later (counting
+**      from left to right), or
+**
+**    * the corresponding bit in argument mask is clear (where the first
+**      function parameter corrsponds to bit 0 etc.).
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc, int mask){
-  int i;
-  for(i=0; i<pVdbeFunc->nAux; i++){
-    struct AuxData *pAux = &pVdbeFunc->apAux[i];
-    if( (i>31 || !(mask&(((u32)1)<<i))) && pAux->pAux ){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(Vdbe *pVdbe, int iOp, int mask){
+  AuxData **pp = &pVdbe->pAuxData;
+  while( *pp ){
+    AuxData *pAux = *pp;
+    if( (iOp<0)
+     || (pAux->iOp==iOp && (pAux->iArg>31 || !(mask & MASKBIT32(pAux->iArg))))
+    ){
+      testcase( pAux->iArg==31 );
       if( pAux->xDelete ){
         pAux->xDelete(pAux->pAux);
       }
-      pAux->pAux = 0;
+      *pp = pAux->pNext;
+      sqlite3DbFree(pVdbe->db, pAux);
+    }else{
+      pp= &pAux->pNext;
     }
   }
 }
 
 /*
-** Free all memory associated with the Vdbe passed as the second argument.
+** Free all memory associated with the Vdbe passed as the second argument,
+** except for object itself, which is preserved.
+**
 ** The difference between this function and sqlite3VdbeDelete() is that
 ** VdbeDelete() also unlinks the Vdbe from the list of VMs associated with
-** the database connection.
+** the database connection and frees the object itself.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeClearObject(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
   SubProgram *pSub, *pNext;
   int i;
   assert( p->db==0 || p->db==db );
@@ -61960,7 +64894,6 @@
   }
   for(i=p->nzVar-1; i>=0; i--) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azVar[i]);
   vdbeFreeOpArray(db, p->aOp, p->nOp);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aLabel);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aColName);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zSql);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->pFree);
@@ -61968,7 +64901,6 @@
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zExplain);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->pExplain);
 #endif
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -61979,6 +64911,8 @@
 
   if( NEVER(p==0) ) return;
   db = p->db;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3VdbeClearObject(db, p);
   if( p->pPrev ){
     p->pPrev->pNext = p->pNext;
   }else{
@@ -61990,7 +64924,7 @@
   }
   p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_DEAD;
   p->db = 0;
-  sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(db, p);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -62023,13 +64957,13 @@
 #endif
     p->deferredMoveto = 0;
     p->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  }else if( ALWAYS(p->pCursor) ){
+  }else if( p->pCursor ){
     int hasMoved;
     int rc = sqlite3BtreeCursorHasMoved(p->pCursor, &hasMoved);
     if( rc ) return rc;
     if( hasMoved ){
       p->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-      p->nullRow = 1;
+      if( hasMoved==2 ) p->nullRow = 1;
     }
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -62053,7 +64987,7 @@
 ** the blob of data that it corresponds to. In a table record, all serial
 ** types are stored at the start of the record, and the blobs of data at
 ** the end. Hence these functions allow the caller to handle the
-** serial-type and data blob seperately.
+** serial-type and data blob separately.
 **
 ** The following table describes the various storage classes for data:
 **
@@ -62082,7 +65016,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialType(Mem *pMem, int file_format){
   int flags = pMem->flags;
-  int n;
+  u32 n;
 
   if( flags&MEM_Null ){
     return 0;
@@ -62092,9 +65026,6 @@
 #   define MAX_6BYTE ((((i64)0x00008000)<<32)-1)
     i64 i = pMem->u.i;
     u64 u;
-    if( file_format>=4 && (i&1)==i ){
-      return 8+(u32)i;
-    }
     if( i<0 ){
       if( i<(-MAX_6BYTE) ) return 6;
       /* Previous test prevents:  u = -(-9223372036854775808) */
@@ -62102,7 +65033,9 @@
     }else{
       u = i;
     }
-    if( u<=127 ) return 1;
+    if( u<=127 ){
+      return ((i&1)==i && file_format>=4) ? 8+(u32)u : 1;
+    }
     if( u<=32767 ) return 2;
     if( u<=8388607 ) return 3;
     if( u<=2147483647 ) return 4;
@@ -62113,11 +65046,11 @@
     return 7;
   }
   assert( pMem->db->mallocFailed || flags&(MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) );
-  n = pMem->n;
+  assert( pMem->n>=0 );
+  n = (u32)pMem->n;
   if( flags & MEM_Zero ){
     n += pMem->u.nZero;
   }
-  assert( n>=0 );
   return ((n*2) + 12 + ((flags&MEM_Str)!=0));
 }
 
@@ -62191,21 +65124,15 @@
 ** buf. It is assumed that the caller has allocated sufficient space.
 ** Return the number of bytes written.
 **
-** nBuf is the amount of space left in buf[].  nBuf must always be
-** large enough to hold the entire field.  Except, if the field is
-** a blob with a zero-filled tail, then buf[] might be just the right
-** size to hold everything except for the zero-filled tail.  If buf[]
-** is only big enough to hold the non-zero prefix, then only write that
-** prefix into buf[].  But if buf[] is large enough to hold both the
-** prefix and the tail then write the prefix and set the tail to all
-** zeros.
+** nBuf is the amount of space left in buf[].  The caller is responsible
+** for allocating enough space to buf[] to hold the entire field, exclusive
+** of the pMem->u.nZero bytes for a MEM_Zero value.
 **
 ** Return the number of bytes actually written into buf[].  The number
 ** of bytes in the zero-filled tail is included in the return value only
 ** if those bytes were zeroed in buf[].
 */ 
-SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(u8 *buf, int nBuf, Mem *pMem, int file_format){
-  u32 serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(pMem, file_format);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(u8 *buf, Mem *pMem, u32 serial_type){
   u32 len;
 
   /* Integer and Real */
@@ -62220,7 +65147,6 @@
       v = pMem->u.i;
     }
     len = i = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type);
-    assert( len<=(u32)nBuf );
     while( i-- ){
       buf[i] = (u8)(v&0xFF);
       v >>= 8;
@@ -62232,17 +65158,8 @@
   if( serial_type>=12 ){
     assert( pMem->n + ((pMem->flags & MEM_Zero)?pMem->u.nZero:0)
              == (int)sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type) );
-    assert( pMem->n<=nBuf );
     len = pMem->n;
     memcpy(buf, pMem->z, len);
-    if( pMem->flags & MEM_Zero ){
-      len += pMem->u.nZero;
-      assert( nBuf>=0 );
-      if( len > (u32)nBuf ){
-        len = (u32)nBuf;
-      }
-      memset(&buf[pMem->n], 0, len-pMem->n);
-    }
     return len;
   }
 
@@ -62250,6 +65167,14 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
+/* Input "x" is a sequence of unsigned characters that represent a
+** big-endian integer.  Return the equivalent native integer
+*/
+#define ONE_BYTE_INT(x)    ((i8)(x)[0])
+#define TWO_BYTE_INT(x)    (256*(i8)((x)[0])|(x)[1])
+#define THREE_BYTE_INT(x)  (65536*(i8)((x)[0])|((x)[1]<<8)|(x)[2])
+#define FOUR_BYTE_UINT(x)  (((u32)(x)[0]<<24)|((x)[1]<<16)|((x)[2]<<8)|(x)[3])
+
 /*
 ** Deserialize the data blob pointed to by buf as serial type serial_type
 ** and store the result in pMem.  Return the number of bytes read.
@@ -62259,6 +65184,8 @@
   u32 serial_type,              /* Serial type to deserialize */
   Mem *pMem                     /* Memory cell to write value into */
 ){
+  u64 x;
+  u32 y;
   switch( serial_type ){
     case 10:   /* Reserved for future use */
     case 11:   /* Reserved for future use */
@@ -62267,37 +65194,38 @@
       break;
     }
     case 1: { /* 1-byte signed integer */
-      pMem->u.i = (signed char)buf[0];
+      pMem->u.i = ONE_BYTE_INT(buf);
       pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      testcase( pMem->u.i<0 );
       return 1;
     }
     case 2: { /* 2-byte signed integer */
-      pMem->u.i = (((signed char)buf[0])<<8) | buf[1];
+      pMem->u.i = TWO_BYTE_INT(buf);
       pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      testcase( pMem->u.i<0 );
       return 2;
     }
     case 3: { /* 3-byte signed integer */
-      pMem->u.i = (((signed char)buf[0])<<16) | (buf[1]<<8) | buf[2];
+      pMem->u.i = THREE_BYTE_INT(buf);
       pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      testcase( pMem->u.i<0 );
       return 3;
     }
     case 4: { /* 4-byte signed integer */
-      pMem->u.i = (buf[0]<<24) | (buf[1]<<16) | (buf[2]<<8) | buf[3];
+      y = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(buf);
+      pMem->u.i = (i64)*(int*)&y;
       pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      testcase( pMem->u.i<0 );
       return 4;
     }
     case 5: { /* 6-byte signed integer */
-      u64 x = (((signed char)buf[0])<<8) | buf[1];
-      u32 y = (buf[2]<<24) | (buf[3]<<16) | (buf[4]<<8) | buf[5];
-      x = (x<<32) | y;
-      pMem->u.i = *(i64*)&x;
+      pMem->u.i = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(buf+2) + (((i64)1)<<32)*TWO_BYTE_INT(buf);
       pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      testcase( pMem->u.i<0 );
       return 6;
     }
     case 6:   /* 8-byte signed integer */
     case 7: { /* IEEE floating point */
-      u64 x;
-      u32 y;
 #if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT)
       /* Verify that integers and floating point values use the same
       ** byte order.  Or, that if SQLITE_MIXED_ENDIAN_64BIT_FLOAT is
@@ -62310,13 +65238,13 @@
       swapMixedEndianFloat(t2);
       assert( sizeof(r1)==sizeof(t2) && memcmp(&r1, &t2, sizeof(r1))==0 );
 #endif
-
-      x = (buf[0]<<24) | (buf[1]<<16) | (buf[2]<<8) | buf[3];
-      y = (buf[4]<<24) | (buf[5]<<16) | (buf[6]<<8) | buf[7];
+      x = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(buf);
+      y = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(buf+4);
       x = (x<<32) | y;
       if( serial_type==6 ){
         pMem->u.i = *(i64*)&x;
         pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+        testcase( pMem->u.i<0 );
       }else{
         assert( sizeof(x)==8 && sizeof(pMem->r)==8 );
         swapMixedEndianFloat(x);
@@ -62332,15 +65260,12 @@
       return 0;
     }
     default: {
+      static const u16 aFlag[] = { MEM_Blob|MEM_Ephem, MEM_Str|MEM_Ephem };
       u32 len = (serial_type-12)/2;
       pMem->z = (char *)buf;
       pMem->n = len;
       pMem->xDel = 0;
-      if( serial_type&0x01 ){
-        pMem->flags = MEM_Str | MEM_Ephem;
-      }else{
-        pMem->flags = MEM_Blob | MEM_Ephem;
-      }
+      pMem->flags = aFlag[serial_type&1];
       return len;
     }
   }
@@ -62387,6 +65312,7 @@
   }
 
   p->aMem = (Mem*)&((char*)p)[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord))];
+  assert( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder!=0 );
   p->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
   p->nField = pKeyInfo->nField + 1;
   return p;
@@ -62410,7 +65336,7 @@
   u32 szHdr;
   Mem *pMem = p->aMem;
 
-  p->flags = 0;
+  p->default_rc = 0;
   assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pMem) );
   idx = getVarint32(aKey, szHdr);
   d = szHdr;
@@ -62431,32 +65357,23 @@
   p->nField = u;
 }
 
+#if SQLITE_DEBUG
 /*
-** This function compares the two table rows or index records
-** specified by {nKey1, pKey1} and pPKey2.  It returns a negative, zero
-** or positive integer if key1 is less than, equal to or 
-** greater than key2.  The {nKey1, pKey1} key must be a blob
-** created by th OP_MakeRecord opcode of the VDBE.  The pPKey2
-** key must be a parsed key such as obtained from
-** sqlite3VdbeParseRecord.
-**
-** Key1 and Key2 do not have to contain the same number of fields.
-** The key with fewer fields is usually compares less than the 
-** longer key.  However if the UNPACKED_INCRKEY flags in pPKey2 is set
-** and the common prefixes are equal, then key1 is less than key2.
-** Or if the UNPACKED_MATCH_PREFIX flag is set and the prefixes are
-** equal, then the keys are considered to be equal and
-** the parts beyond the common prefix are ignored.
+** This function compares two index or table record keys in the same way
+** as the sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() routine. Unlike VdbeRecordCompare(),
+** this function deserializes and compares values using the
+** sqlite3VdbeSerialGet() and sqlite3MemCompare() functions. It is used
+** in assert() statements to ensure that the optimized code in
+** sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() returns results with these two primitives.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(
+static int vdbeRecordCompareDebug(
   int nKey1, const void *pKey1, /* Left key */
-  UnpackedRecord *pPKey2        /* Right key */
+  const UnpackedRecord *pPKey2  /* Right key */
 ){
-  int d1;            /* Offset into aKey[] of next data element */
+  u32 d1;            /* Offset into aKey[] of next data element */
   u32 idx1;          /* Offset into aKey[] of next header element */
   u32 szHdr1;        /* Number of bytes in header */
   int i = 0;
-  int nField;
   int rc = 0;
   const unsigned char *aKey1 = (const unsigned char *)pKey1;
   KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
@@ -62479,13 +65396,27 @@
   
   idx1 = getVarint32(aKey1, szHdr1);
   d1 = szHdr1;
-  nField = pKeyInfo->nField;
-  while( idx1<szHdr1 && i<pPKey2->nField ){
+  assert( pKeyInfo->nField+pKeyInfo->nXField>=pPKey2->nField || CORRUPT_DB );
+  assert( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder!=0 );
+  assert( pKeyInfo->nField>0 );
+  assert( idx1<=szHdr1 || CORRUPT_DB );
+  do{
     u32 serial_type1;
 
     /* Read the serial types for the next element in each key. */
     idx1 += getVarint32( aKey1+idx1, serial_type1 );
-    if( d1>=nKey1 && sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type1)>0 ) break;
+
+    /* Verify that there is enough key space remaining to avoid
+    ** a buffer overread.  The "d1+serial_type1+2" subexpression will
+    ** always be greater than or equal to the amount of required key space.
+    ** Use that approximation to avoid the more expensive call to
+    ** sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen() in the common case.
+    */
+    if( d1+serial_type1+2>(u32)nKey1
+     && d1+sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type1)>(u32)nKey1 
+    ){
+      break;
+    }
 
     /* Extract the values to be compared.
     */
@@ -62493,32 +65424,16 @@
 
     /* Do the comparison
     */
-    rc = sqlite3MemCompare(&mem1, &pPKey2->aMem[i],
-                           i<nField ? pKeyInfo->aColl[i] : 0);
+    rc = sqlite3MemCompare(&mem1, &pPKey2->aMem[i], pKeyInfo->aColl[i]);
     if( rc!=0 ){
       assert( mem1.zMalloc==0 );  /* See comment below */
-
-      /* Invert the result if we are using DESC sort order. */
-      if( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder && i<nField && pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[i] ){
-        rc = -rc;
+      if( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[i] ){
+        rc = -rc;  /* Invert the result for DESC sort order. */
       }
-    
-      /* If the PREFIX_SEARCH flag is set and all fields except the final
-      ** rowid field were equal, then clear the PREFIX_SEARCH flag and set 
-      ** pPKey2->rowid to the value of the rowid field in (pKey1, nKey1).
-      ** This is used by the OP_IsUnique opcode.
-      */
-      if( (pPKey2->flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH) && i==(pPKey2->nField-1) ){
-        assert( idx1==szHdr1 && rc );
-        assert( mem1.flags & MEM_Int );
-        pPKey2->flags &= ~UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH;
-        pPKey2->rowid = mem1.u.i;
-      }
-    
       return rc;
     }
     i++;
-  }
+  }while( idx1<szHdr1 && i<pPKey2->nField );
 
   /* No memory allocation is ever used on mem1.  Prove this using
   ** the following assert().  If the assert() fails, it indicates a
@@ -62527,24 +65442,594 @@
   assert( mem1.zMalloc==0 );
 
   /* rc==0 here means that one of the keys ran out of fields and
-  ** all the fields up to that point were equal. If the UNPACKED_INCRKEY
-  ** flag is set, then break the tie by treating key2 as larger.
-  ** If the UPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH flag is set, then keys with common prefixes
-  ** are considered to be equal.  Otherwise, the longer key is the 
-  ** larger.  As it happens, the pPKey2 will always be the longer
-  ** if there is a difference.
+  ** all the fields up to that point were equal. Return the the default_rc
+  ** value.  */
+  return pPKey2->default_rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Both *pMem1 and *pMem2 contain string values. Compare the two values
+** using the collation sequence pColl. As usual, return a negative , zero
+** or positive value if *pMem1 is less than, equal to or greater than 
+** *pMem2, respectively. Similar in spirit to "rc = (*pMem1) - (*pMem2);".
+*/
+static int vdbeCompareMemString(
+  const Mem *pMem1,
+  const Mem *pMem2,
+  const CollSeq *pColl
+){
+  if( pMem1->enc==pColl->enc ){
+    /* The strings are already in the correct encoding.  Call the
+     ** comparison function directly */
+    return pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser,pMem1->n,pMem1->z,pMem2->n,pMem2->z);
+  }else{
+    int rc;
+    const void *v1, *v2;
+    int n1, n2;
+    Mem c1;
+    Mem c2;
+    memset(&c1, 0, sizeof(c1));
+    memset(&c2, 0, sizeof(c2));
+    sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(&c1, pMem1, MEM_Ephem);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(&c2, pMem2, MEM_Ephem);
+    v1 = sqlite3ValueText((sqlite3_value*)&c1, pColl->enc);
+    n1 = v1==0 ? 0 : c1.n;
+    v2 = sqlite3ValueText((sqlite3_value*)&c2, pColl->enc);
+    n2 = v2==0 ? 0 : c2.n;
+    rc = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, n1, v1, n2, v2);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&c1);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&c2);
+    return rc;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Compare the values contained by the two memory cells, returning
+** negative, zero or positive if pMem1 is less than, equal to, or greater
+** than pMem2. Sorting order is NULL's first, followed by numbers (integers
+** and reals) sorted numerically, followed by text ordered by the collating
+** sequence pColl and finally blob's ordered by memcmp().
+**
+** Two NULL values are considered equal by this function.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemCompare(const Mem *pMem1, const Mem *pMem2, const CollSeq *pColl){
+  int rc;
+  int f1, f2;
+  int combined_flags;
+
+  f1 = pMem1->flags;
+  f2 = pMem2->flags;
+  combined_flags = f1|f2;
+  assert( (combined_flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+ 
+  /* If one value is NULL, it is less than the other. If both values
+  ** are NULL, return 0.
   */
-  assert( rc==0 );
-  if( pPKey2->flags & UNPACKED_INCRKEY ){
-    rc = -1;
-  }else if( pPKey2->flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH ){
-    /* Leave rc==0 */
-  }else if( idx1<szHdr1 ){
-    rc = 1;
+  if( combined_flags&MEM_Null ){
+    return (f2&MEM_Null) - (f1&MEM_Null);
+  }
+
+  /* If one value is a number and the other is not, the number is less.
+  ** If both are numbers, compare as reals if one is a real, or as integers
+  ** if both values are integers.
+  */
+  if( combined_flags&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ){
+    double r1, r2;
+    if( (f1 & f2 & MEM_Int)!=0 ){
+      if( pMem1->u.i < pMem2->u.i ) return -1;
+      if( pMem1->u.i > pMem2->u.i ) return 1;
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if( (f1&MEM_Real)!=0 ){
+      r1 = pMem1->r;
+    }else if( (f1&MEM_Int)!=0 ){
+      r1 = (double)pMem1->u.i;
+    }else{
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( (f2&MEM_Real)!=0 ){
+      r2 = pMem2->r;
+    }else if( (f2&MEM_Int)!=0 ){
+      r2 = (double)pMem2->u.i;
+    }else{
+      return -1;
+    }
+    if( r1<r2 ) return -1;
+    if( r1>r2 ) return 1;
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* If one value is a string and the other is a blob, the string is less.
+  ** If both are strings, compare using the collating functions.
+  */
+  if( combined_flags&MEM_Str ){
+    if( (f1 & MEM_Str)==0 ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( (f2 & MEM_Str)==0 ){
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    assert( pMem1->enc==pMem2->enc );
+    assert( pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || 
+            pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+
+    /* The collation sequence must be defined at this point, even if
+    ** the user deletes the collation sequence after the vdbe program is
+    ** compiled (this was not always the case).
+    */
+    assert( !pColl || pColl->xCmp );
+
+    if( pColl ){
+      return vdbeCompareMemString(pMem1, pMem2, pColl);
+    }
+    /* If a NULL pointer was passed as the collate function, fall through
+    ** to the blob case and use memcmp().  */
+  }
+ 
+  /* Both values must be blobs.  Compare using memcmp().  */
+  rc = memcmp(pMem1->z, pMem2->z, (pMem1->n>pMem2->n)?pMem2->n:pMem1->n);
+  if( rc==0 ){
+    rc = pMem1->n - pMem2->n;
   }
   return rc;
 }
- 
+
+
+/*
+** The first argument passed to this function is a serial-type that
+** corresponds to an integer - all values between 1 and 9 inclusive 
+** except 7. The second points to a buffer containing an integer value
+** serialized according to serial_type. This function deserializes
+** and returns the value.
+*/
+static i64 vdbeRecordDecodeInt(u32 serial_type, const u8 *aKey){
+  u32 y;
+  assert( CORRUPT_DB || (serial_type>=1 && serial_type<=9 && serial_type!=7) );
+  switch( serial_type ){
+    case 0:
+    case 1:
+      testcase( aKey[0]&0x80 );
+      return ONE_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+    case 2:
+      testcase( aKey[0]&0x80 );
+      return TWO_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+    case 3:
+      testcase( aKey[0]&0x80 );
+      return THREE_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+    case 4: {
+      testcase( aKey[0]&0x80 );
+      y = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey);
+      return (i64)*(int*)&y;
+    }
+    case 5: {
+      testcase( aKey[0]&0x80 );
+      return FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey+2) + (((i64)1)<<32)*TWO_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+    }
+    case 6: {
+      u64 x = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey);
+      testcase( aKey[0]&0x80 );
+      x = (x<<32) | FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey+4);
+      return (i64)*(i64*)&x;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (serial_type - 8);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function compares the two table rows or index records
+** specified by {nKey1, pKey1} and pPKey2.  It returns a negative, zero
+** or positive integer if key1 is less than, equal to or 
+** greater than key2.  The {nKey1, pKey1} key must be a blob
+** created by th OP_MakeRecord opcode of the VDBE.  The pPKey2
+** key must be a parsed key such as obtained from
+** sqlite3VdbeParseRecord.
+**
+** If argument bSkip is non-zero, it is assumed that the caller has already
+** determined that the first fields of the keys are equal.
+**
+** Key1 and Key2 do not have to contain the same number of fields. If all 
+** fields that appear in both keys are equal, then pPKey2->default_rc is 
+** returned.
+**
+** If database corruption is discovered, set pPKey2->isCorrupt to non-zero
+** and return 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(
+  int nKey1, const void *pKey1,   /* Left key */
+  UnpackedRecord *pPKey2,         /* Right key */
+  int bSkip                       /* If true, skip the first field */
+){
+  u32 d1;                         /* Offset into aKey[] of next data element */
+  int i;                          /* Index of next field to compare */
+  u32 szHdr1;                     /* Size of record header in bytes */
+  u32 idx1;                       /* Offset of first type in header */
+  int rc = 0;                     /* Return value */
+  Mem *pRhs = pPKey2->aMem;       /* Next field of pPKey2 to compare */
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = pPKey2->pKeyInfo;
+  const unsigned char *aKey1 = (const unsigned char *)pKey1;
+  Mem mem1;
+
+  /* If bSkip is true, then the caller has already determined that the first
+  ** two elements in the keys are equal. Fix the various stack variables so
+  ** that this routine begins comparing at the second field. */
+  if( bSkip ){
+    u32 s1;
+    idx1 = 1 + getVarint32(&aKey1[1], s1);
+    szHdr1 = aKey1[0];
+    d1 = szHdr1 + sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(s1);
+    i = 1;
+    pRhs++;
+  }else{
+    idx1 = getVarint32(aKey1, szHdr1);
+    d1 = szHdr1;
+    if( d1>(unsigned)nKey1 ){ 
+      pPKey2->isCorrupt = (u8)SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      return 0;  /* Corruption */
+    }
+    i = 0;
+  }
+
+  VVA_ONLY( mem1.zMalloc = 0; ) /* Only needed by assert() statements */
+  assert( pPKey2->pKeyInfo->nField+pPKey2->pKeyInfo->nXField>=pPKey2->nField 
+       || CORRUPT_DB );
+  assert( pPKey2->pKeyInfo->aSortOrder!=0 );
+  assert( pPKey2->pKeyInfo->nField>0 );
+  assert( idx1<=szHdr1 || CORRUPT_DB );
+  do{
+    u32 serial_type;
+
+    /* RHS is an integer */
+    if( pRhs->flags & MEM_Int ){
+      serial_type = aKey1[idx1];
+      testcase( serial_type==12 );
+      if( serial_type>=12 ){
+        rc = +1;
+      }else if( serial_type==0 ){
+        rc = -1;
+      }else if( serial_type==7 ){
+        double rhs = (double)pRhs->u.i;
+        sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(&aKey1[d1], serial_type, &mem1);
+        if( mem1.r<rhs ){
+          rc = -1;
+        }else if( mem1.r>rhs ){
+          rc = +1;
+        }
+      }else{
+        i64 lhs = vdbeRecordDecodeInt(serial_type, &aKey1[d1]);
+        i64 rhs = pRhs->u.i;
+        if( lhs<rhs ){
+          rc = -1;
+        }else if( lhs>rhs ){
+          rc = +1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* RHS is real */
+    else if( pRhs->flags & MEM_Real ){
+      serial_type = aKey1[idx1];
+      if( serial_type>=12 ){
+        rc = +1;
+      }else if( serial_type==0 ){
+        rc = -1;
+      }else{
+        double rhs = pRhs->r;
+        double lhs;
+        sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(&aKey1[d1], serial_type, &mem1);
+        if( serial_type==7 ){
+          lhs = mem1.r;
+        }else{
+          lhs = (double)mem1.u.i;
+        }
+        if( lhs<rhs ){
+          rc = -1;
+        }else if( lhs>rhs ){
+          rc = +1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* RHS is a string */
+    else if( pRhs->flags & MEM_Str ){
+      getVarint32(&aKey1[idx1], serial_type);
+      testcase( serial_type==12 );
+      if( serial_type<12 ){
+        rc = -1;
+      }else if( !(serial_type & 0x01) ){
+        rc = +1;
+      }else{
+        mem1.n = (serial_type - 12) / 2;
+        testcase( (d1+mem1.n)==(unsigned)nKey1 );
+        testcase( (d1+mem1.n+1)==(unsigned)nKey1 );
+        if( (d1+mem1.n) > (unsigned)nKey1 ){
+          pPKey2->isCorrupt = (u8)SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+          return 0;                /* Corruption */
+        }else if( pKeyInfo->aColl[i] ){
+          mem1.enc = pKeyInfo->enc;
+          mem1.db = pKeyInfo->db;
+          mem1.flags = MEM_Str;
+          mem1.z = (char*)&aKey1[d1];
+          rc = vdbeCompareMemString(&mem1, pRhs, pKeyInfo->aColl[i]);
+        }else{
+          int nCmp = MIN(mem1.n, pRhs->n);
+          rc = memcmp(&aKey1[d1], pRhs->z, nCmp);
+          if( rc==0 ) rc = mem1.n - pRhs->n; 
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* RHS is a blob */
+    else if( pRhs->flags & MEM_Blob ){
+      getVarint32(&aKey1[idx1], serial_type);
+      testcase( serial_type==12 );
+      if( serial_type<12 || (serial_type & 0x01) ){
+        rc = -1;
+      }else{
+        int nStr = (serial_type - 12) / 2;
+        testcase( (d1+nStr)==(unsigned)nKey1 );
+        testcase( (d1+nStr+1)==(unsigned)nKey1 );
+        if( (d1+nStr) > (unsigned)nKey1 ){
+          pPKey2->isCorrupt = (u8)SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+          return 0;                /* Corruption */
+        }else{
+          int nCmp = MIN(nStr, pRhs->n);
+          rc = memcmp(&aKey1[d1], pRhs->z, nCmp);
+          if( rc==0 ) rc = nStr - pRhs->n;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* RHS is null */
+    else{
+      serial_type = aKey1[idx1];
+      rc = (serial_type!=0);
+    }
+
+    if( rc!=0 ){
+      if( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[i] ){
+        rc = -rc;
+      }
+      assert( CORRUPT_DB
+          || (rc<0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)<0)
+          || (rc>0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)>0)
+          || pKeyInfo->db->mallocFailed
+      );
+      assert( mem1.zMalloc==0 );  /* See comment below */
+      return rc;
+    }
+
+    i++;
+    pRhs++;
+    d1 += sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type);
+    idx1 += sqlite3VarintLen(serial_type);
+  }while( idx1<(unsigned)szHdr1 && i<pPKey2->nField && d1<=(unsigned)nKey1 );
+
+  /* No memory allocation is ever used on mem1.  Prove this using
+  ** the following assert().  If the assert() fails, it indicates a
+  ** memory leak and a need to call sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&mem1).  */
+  assert( mem1.zMalloc==0 );
+
+  /* rc==0 here means that one or both of the keys ran out of fields and
+  ** all the fields up to that point were equal. Return the the default_rc
+  ** value.  */
+  assert( CORRUPT_DB 
+       || pPKey2->default_rc==vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2) 
+       || pKeyInfo->db->mallocFailed
+  );
+  return pPKey2->default_rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is an optimized version of sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() 
+** that (a) the first field of pPKey2 is an integer, and (b) the 
+** size-of-header varint at the start of (pKey1/nKey1) fits in a single
+** byte (i.e. is less than 128).
+**
+** To avoid concerns about buffer overreads, this routine is only used
+** on schemas where the maximum valid header size is 63 bytes or less.
+*/
+static int vdbeRecordCompareInt(
+  int nKey1, const void *pKey1, /* Left key */
+  UnpackedRecord *pPKey2,       /* Right key */
+  int bSkip                     /* Ignored */
+){
+  const u8 *aKey = &((const u8*)pKey1)[*(const u8*)pKey1 & 0x3F];
+  int serial_type = ((const u8*)pKey1)[1];
+  int res;
+  u32 y;
+  u64 x;
+  i64 v = pPKey2->aMem[0].u.i;
+  i64 lhs;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(bSkip);
+
+  assert( bSkip==0 );
+  assert( (*(u8*)pKey1)<=0x3F || CORRUPT_DB );
+  switch( serial_type ){
+    case 1: { /* 1-byte signed integer */
+      lhs = ONE_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+      testcase( lhs<0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case 2: { /* 2-byte signed integer */
+      lhs = TWO_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+      testcase( lhs<0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case 3: { /* 3-byte signed integer */
+      lhs = THREE_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+      testcase( lhs<0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case 4: { /* 4-byte signed integer */
+      y = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey);
+      lhs = (i64)*(int*)&y;
+      testcase( lhs<0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case 5: { /* 6-byte signed integer */
+      lhs = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey+2) + (((i64)1)<<32)*TWO_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+      testcase( lhs<0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case 6: { /* 8-byte signed integer */
+      x = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey);
+      x = (x<<32) | FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey+4);
+      lhs = *(i64*)&x;
+      testcase( lhs<0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case 8: 
+      lhs = 0;
+      break;
+    case 9:
+      lhs = 1;
+      break;
+
+    /* This case could be removed without changing the results of running
+    ** this code. Including it causes gcc to generate a faster switch 
+    ** statement (since the range of switch targets now starts at zero and
+    ** is contiguous) but does not cause any duplicate code to be generated
+    ** (as gcc is clever enough to combine the two like cases). Other 
+    ** compilers might be similar.  */ 
+    case 0: case 7:
+      return sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2, 0);
+
+    default:
+      return sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2, 0);
+  }
+
+  if( v>lhs ){
+    res = pPKey2->r1;
+  }else if( v<lhs ){
+    res = pPKey2->r2;
+  }else if( pPKey2->nField>1 ){
+    /* The first fields of the two keys are equal. Compare the trailing 
+    ** fields.  */
+    res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2, 1);
+  }else{
+    /* The first fields of the two keys are equal and there are no trailing
+    ** fields. Return pPKey2->default_rc in this case. */
+    res = pPKey2->default_rc;
+  }
+
+  assert( (res==0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)==0)
+       || (res<0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)<0)
+       || (res>0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)>0)
+       || CORRUPT_DB
+  );
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is an optimized version of sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() 
+** that (a) the first field of pPKey2 is a string, that (b) the first field
+** uses the collation sequence BINARY and (c) that the size-of-header varint 
+** at the start of (pKey1/nKey1) fits in a single byte.
+*/
+static int vdbeRecordCompareString(
+  int nKey1, const void *pKey1, /* Left key */
+  UnpackedRecord *pPKey2,       /* Right key */
+  int bSkip
+){
+  const u8 *aKey1 = (const u8*)pKey1;
+  int serial_type;
+  int res;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(bSkip);
+
+  assert( bSkip==0 );
+  getVarint32(&aKey1[1], serial_type);
+
+  if( serial_type<12 ){
+    res = pPKey2->r1;      /* (pKey1/nKey1) is a number or a null */
+  }else if( !(serial_type & 0x01) ){ 
+    res = pPKey2->r2;      /* (pKey1/nKey1) is a blob */
+  }else{
+    int nCmp;
+    int nStr;
+    int szHdr = aKey1[0];
+
+    nStr = (serial_type-12) / 2;
+    if( (szHdr + nStr) > nKey1 ){
+      pPKey2->isCorrupt = (u8)SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      return 0;    /* Corruption */
+    }
+    nCmp = MIN( pPKey2->aMem[0].n, nStr );
+    res = memcmp(&aKey1[szHdr], pPKey2->aMem[0].z, nCmp);
+
+    if( res==0 ){
+      res = nStr - pPKey2->aMem[0].n;
+      if( res==0 ){
+        if( pPKey2->nField>1 ){
+          res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2, 1);
+        }else{
+          res = pPKey2->default_rc;
+        }
+      }else if( res>0 ){
+        res = pPKey2->r2;
+      }else{
+        res = pPKey2->r1;
+      }
+    }else if( res>0 ){
+      res = pPKey2->r2;
+    }else{
+      res = pPKey2->r1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert( (res==0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)==0)
+       || (res<0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)<0)
+       || (res>0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)>0)
+       || CORRUPT_DB
+       || pPKey2->pKeyInfo->db->mallocFailed
+  );
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to an sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() compatible function
+** suitable for comparing serialized records to the unpacked record passed
+** as the only argument.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE RecordCompare sqlite3VdbeFindCompare(UnpackedRecord *p){
+  /* varintRecordCompareInt() and varintRecordCompareString() both assume
+  ** that the size-of-header varint that occurs at the start of each record
+  ** fits in a single byte (i.e. is 127 or less). varintRecordCompareInt()
+  ** also assumes that it is safe to overread a buffer by at least the 
+  ** maximum possible legal header size plus 8 bytes. Because there is
+  ** guaranteed to be at least 74 (but not 136) bytes of padding following each
+  ** buffer passed to varintRecordCompareInt() this makes it convenient to
+  ** limit the size of the header to 64 bytes in cases where the first field
+  ** is an integer.
+  **
+  ** The easiest way to enforce this limit is to consider only records with
+  ** 13 fields or less. If the first field is an integer, the maximum legal
+  ** header size is (12*5 + 1 + 1) bytes.  */
+  if( (p->pKeyInfo->nField + p->pKeyInfo->nXField)<=13 ){
+    int flags = p->aMem[0].flags;
+    if( p->pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[0] ){
+      p->r1 = 1;
+      p->r2 = -1;
+    }else{
+      p->r1 = -1;
+      p->r2 = 1;
+    }
+    if( (flags & MEM_Int) ){
+      return vdbeRecordCompareInt;
+    }
+    testcase( flags & MEM_Real );
+    testcase( flags & MEM_Null );
+    testcase( flags & MEM_Blob );
+    if( (flags & (MEM_Real|MEM_Null|MEM_Blob))==0 && p->pKeyInfo->aColl[0]==0 ){
+      assert( flags & MEM_Str );
+      return vdbeRecordCompareString;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare;
+}
 
 /*
 ** pCur points at an index entry created using the OP_MakeRecord opcode.
@@ -62576,7 +66061,7 @@
 
   /* Read in the complete content of the index entry */
   memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCur, 0, (int)nCellKey, 1, &m);
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCur, 0, (u32)nCellKey, 1, &m);
   if( rc ){
     return rc;
   }
@@ -62635,9 +66120,9 @@
 ** of the keys prior to the final rowid, not the entire key.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(
-  VdbeCursor *pC,             /* The cursor to compare against */
-  UnpackedRecord *pUnpacked,  /* Unpacked version of key to compare against */
-  int *res                    /* Write the comparison result here */
+  VdbeCursor *pC,                  /* The cursor to compare against */
+  UnpackedRecord *pUnpacked,       /* Unpacked version of key */
+  int *res                         /* Write the comparison result here */
 ){
   i64 nCellKey = 0;
   int rc;
@@ -62647,19 +66132,18 @@
   assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
   VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCur, &nCellKey);
   assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );    /* pCur is always valid so KeySize cannot fail */
-  /* nCellKey will always be between 0 and 0xffffffff because of the say
+  /* nCellKey will always be between 0 and 0xffffffff because of the way
   ** that btreeParseCellPtr() and sqlite3GetVarint32() are implemented */
   if( nCellKey<=0 || nCellKey>0x7fffffff ){
     *res = 0;
     return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
   }
   memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pC->pCursor, 0, (int)nCellKey, 1, &m);
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pC->pCursor, 0, (u32)nCellKey, 1, &m);
   if( rc ){
     return rc;
   }
-  assert( pUnpacked->flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH );
-  *res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(m.n, m.z, pUnpacked);
+  *res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(m.n, m.z, pUnpacked, 0);
   sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&m);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -62714,7 +66198,7 @@
 **
 ** The returned value must be freed by the caller using sqlite3ValueFree().
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3VdbeGetValue(Vdbe *v, int iVar, u8 aff){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3VdbeGetBoundValue(Vdbe *v, int iVar, u8 aff){
   assert( iVar>0 );
   if( v ){
     Mem *pMem = &v->aVar[iVar-1];
@@ -62723,7 +66207,6 @@
       if( pRet ){
         sqlite3VdbeMemCopy((Mem *)pRet, pMem);
         sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pRet, aff, SQLITE_UTF8);
-        sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType((Mem *)pRet);
       }
       return pRet;
     }
@@ -62745,6 +66228,21 @@
   }
 }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/*
+** Transfer error message text from an sqlite3_vtab.zErrMsg (text stored
+** in memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc) into a Vdbe.zErrMsg (text stored
+** in memory obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(Vdbe *p, sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
+  p->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pVtab->zErrMsg);
+  sqlite3_free(pVtab->zErrMsg);
+  pVtab->zErrMsg = 0;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
 /************** End of vdbeaux.c *********************************************/
 /************** Begin file vdbeapi.c *****************************************/
 /*
@@ -62818,17 +66316,11 @@
   }else{
     Vdbe *v = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
     sqlite3 *db = v->db;
-#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
-    sqlite3_mutex *mutex;
-#endif
     if( vdbeSafety(v) ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
-#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
-    mutex = v->db->mutex;
-#endif
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
     rc = sqlite3VdbeFinalize(v);
     rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+    sqlite3LeaveMutexAndCloseZombie(db);
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -62888,7 +66380,6 @@
   Mem *p = (Mem*)pVal;
   if( p->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str) ){
     sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(p);
-    p->flags &= ~MEM_Str;
     p->flags |= MEM_Blob;
     return p->n ? p->z : 0;
   }else{
@@ -62925,7 +66416,41 @@
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_type(sqlite3_value* pVal){
-  return pVal->type;
+  static const u8 aType[] = {
+     SQLITE_BLOB,     /* 0x00 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x01 */
+     SQLITE_TEXT,     /* 0x02 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x03 */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x04 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x05 */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x06 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x07 */
+     SQLITE_FLOAT,    /* 0x08 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x09 */
+     SQLITE_FLOAT,    /* 0x0a */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x0b */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x0c */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x0d */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x0e */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x0f */
+     SQLITE_BLOB,     /* 0x10 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x11 */
+     SQLITE_TEXT,     /* 0x12 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x13 */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x14 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x15 */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x16 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x17 */
+     SQLITE_FLOAT,    /* 0x18 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x19 */
+     SQLITE_FLOAT,    /* 0x1a */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x1b */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x1c */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x1d */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x1e */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x1f */
+  };
+  return aType[pVal->flags&MEM_AffMask];
 }
 
 /**************************** sqlite3_result_  *******************************
@@ -62964,12 +66489,14 @@
 SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error(sqlite3_context *pCtx, const char *z, int n){
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
   pCtx->isError = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  pCtx->fErrorOrAux = 1;
   sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, z, n, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
 }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
 SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error16(sqlite3_context *pCtx, const void *z, int n){
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
   pCtx->isError = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  pCtx->fErrorOrAux = 1;
   sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, z, n, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
 }
 #endif
@@ -63033,6 +66560,7 @@
 }
 SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_code(sqlite3_context *pCtx, int errCode){
   pCtx->isError = errCode;
+  pCtx->fErrorOrAux = 1;
   if( pCtx->s.flags & MEM_Null ){
     sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, sqlite3ErrStr(errCode), -1, 
                          SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
@@ -63043,6 +66571,7 @@
 SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_toobig(sqlite3_context *pCtx){
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
   pCtx->isError = SQLITE_TOOBIG;
+  pCtx->fErrorOrAux = 1;
   sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, "string or blob too big", -1, 
                        SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
 }
@@ -63052,6 +66581,7 @@
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
   sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(&pCtx->s);
   pCtx->isError = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pCtx->fErrorOrAux = 1;
   pCtx->s.db->mallocFailed = 1;
 }
 
@@ -63135,11 +66665,13 @@
     ** reset the interrupt flag.  This prevents a call to sqlite3_interrupt
     ** from interrupting a statement that has not yet started.
     */
-    if( db->activeVdbeCnt==0 ){
+    if( db->nVdbeActive==0 ){
       db->u1.isInterrupted = 0;
     }
 
-    assert( db->writeVdbeCnt>0 || db->autoCommit==0 || db->nDeferredCons==0 );
+    assert( db->nVdbeWrite>0 || db->autoCommit==0 
+        || (db->nDeferredCons==0 && db->nDeferredImmCons==0)
+    );
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
     if( db->xProfile && !db->init.busy ){
@@ -63147,8 +66679,9 @@
     }
 #endif
 
-    db->activeVdbeCnt++;
-    if( p->readOnly==0 ) db->writeVdbeCnt++;
+    db->nVdbeActive++;
+    if( p->readOnly==0 ) db->nVdbeWrite++;
+    if( p->bIsReader ) db->nVdbeRead++;
     p->pc = 0;
   }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
@@ -63157,9 +66690,9 @@
   }else
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN */
   {
-    db->vdbeExecCnt++;
+    db->nVdbeExec++;
     rc = sqlite3VdbeExec(p);
-    db->vdbeExecCnt--;
+    db->nVdbeExec--;
   }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
@@ -63198,7 +66731,7 @@
   assert( p->rc!=SQLITE_ROW && p->rc!=SQLITE_DONE );
   if( p->isPrepareV2 && rc!=SQLITE_ROW && rc!=SQLITE_DONE ){
     /* If this statement was prepared using sqlite3_prepare_v2(), and an
-    ** error has occured, then return the error code in p->rc to the
+    ** error has occurred, then return the error code in p->rc to the
     ** caller. Set the error code in the database handle to the same value.
     */ 
     rc = sqlite3VdbeTransferError(p);
@@ -63207,14 +66740,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** The maximum number of times that a statement will try to reparse
-** itself before giving up and returning SQLITE_SCHEMA.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
-# define SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY 5
-#endif
-
-/*
 ** This is the top-level implementation of sqlite3_step().  Call
 ** sqlite3Step() to do most of the work.  If a schema error occurs,
 ** call sqlite3Reprepare() and try again.
@@ -63231,13 +66756,15 @@
   }
   db = v->db;
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  v->doingRerun = 0;
   while( (rc = sqlite3Step(v))==SQLITE_SCHEMA
          && cnt++ < SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
          && (rc2 = rc = sqlite3Reprepare(v))==SQLITE_OK ){
     sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+    v->doingRerun = 1;
     assert( v->expired==0 );
   }
-  if( rc2!=SQLITE_OK && ALWAYS(v->isPrepareV2) && ALWAYS(db->pErr) ){
+  if( rc2!=SQLITE_OK ){
     /* This case occurs after failing to recompile an sql statement. 
     ** The error message from the SQL compiler has already been loaded 
     ** into the database handle. This block copies the error message 
@@ -63247,6 +66774,7 @@
     ** sqlite3_errmsg() and sqlite3_errcode().
     */
     const char *zErr = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(db->pErr); 
+    assert( zErr!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
     sqlite3DbFree(db, v->zErrMsg);
     if( !db->mallocFailed ){
       v->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zErr);
@@ -63261,6 +66789,7 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+
 /*
 ** Extract the user data from a sqlite3_context structure and return a
 ** pointer to it.
@@ -63286,6 +66815,19 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Return the current time for a statement
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_int64 sqlite3StmtCurrentTime(sqlite3_context *p){
+  Vdbe *v = p->pVdbe;
+  int rc;
+  if( v->iCurrentTime==0 ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(p->s.db->pVfs, &v->iCurrentTime);
+    if( rc ) v->iCurrentTime = 0;
+  }
+  return v->iCurrentTime;
+}
+
+/*
 ** The following is the implementation of an SQL function that always
 ** fails with an error message stating that the function is used in the
 ** wrong context.  The sqlite3_overload_function() API might construct
@@ -63340,14 +66882,14 @@
 ** the user-function defined by pCtx.
 */
 SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_get_auxdata(sqlite3_context *pCtx, int iArg){
-  VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc;
+  AuxData *pAuxData;
 
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
-  pVdbeFunc = pCtx->pVdbeFunc;
-  if( !pVdbeFunc || iArg>=pVdbeFunc->nAux || iArg<0 ){
-    return 0;
+  for(pAuxData=pCtx->pVdbe->pAuxData; pAuxData; pAuxData=pAuxData->pNext){
+    if( pAuxData->iOp==pCtx->iOp && pAuxData->iArg==iArg ) break;
   }
-  return pVdbeFunc->apAux[iArg].pAux;
+
+  return (pAuxData ? pAuxData->pAux : 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -63361,29 +66903,30 @@
   void *pAux, 
   void (*xDelete)(void*)
 ){
-  struct AuxData *pAuxData;
-  VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc;
-  if( iArg<0 ) goto failed;
+  AuxData *pAuxData;
+  Vdbe *pVdbe = pCtx->pVdbe;
 
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
-  pVdbeFunc = pCtx->pVdbeFunc;
-  if( !pVdbeFunc || pVdbeFunc->nAux<=iArg ){
-    int nAux = (pVdbeFunc ? pVdbeFunc->nAux : 0);
-    int nMalloc = sizeof(VdbeFunc) + sizeof(struct AuxData)*iArg;
-    pVdbeFunc = sqlite3DbRealloc(pCtx->s.db, pVdbeFunc, nMalloc);
-    if( !pVdbeFunc ){
-      goto failed;
-    }
-    pCtx->pVdbeFunc = pVdbeFunc;
-    memset(&pVdbeFunc->apAux[nAux], 0, sizeof(struct AuxData)*(iArg+1-nAux));
-    pVdbeFunc->nAux = iArg+1;
-    pVdbeFunc->pFunc = pCtx->pFunc;
-  }
+  if( iArg<0 ) goto failed;
 
-  pAuxData = &pVdbeFunc->apAux[iArg];
-  if( pAuxData->pAux && pAuxData->xDelete ){
+  for(pAuxData=pVdbe->pAuxData; pAuxData; pAuxData=pAuxData->pNext){
+    if( pAuxData->iOp==pCtx->iOp && pAuxData->iArg==iArg ) break;
+  }
+  if( pAuxData==0 ){
+    pAuxData = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pVdbe->db, sizeof(AuxData));
+    if( !pAuxData ) goto failed;
+    pAuxData->iOp = pCtx->iOp;
+    pAuxData->iArg = iArg;
+    pAuxData->pNext = pVdbe->pAuxData;
+    pVdbe->pAuxData = pAuxData;
+    if( pCtx->fErrorOrAux==0 ){
+      pCtx->isError = 0;
+      pCtx->fErrorOrAux = 1;
+    }
+  }else if( pAuxData->xDelete ){
     pAuxData->xDelete(pAuxData->pAux);
   }
+
   pAuxData->pAux = pAux;
   pAuxData->xDelete = xDelete;
   return;
@@ -63428,6 +66971,30 @@
   return pVm->nResColumn;
 }
 
+/*
+** Return a pointer to static memory containing an SQL NULL value.
+*/
+static const Mem *columnNullValue(void){
+  /* Even though the Mem structure contains an element
+  ** of type i64, on certain architectures (x86) with certain compiler
+  ** switches (-Os), gcc may align this Mem object on a 4-byte boundary
+  ** instead of an 8-byte one. This all works fine, except that when
+  ** running with SQLITE_DEBUG defined the SQLite code sometimes assert()s
+  ** that a Mem structure is located on an 8-byte boundary. To prevent
+  ** these assert()s from failing, when building with SQLITE_DEBUG defined
+  ** using gcc, we force nullMem to be 8-byte aligned using the magical
+  ** __attribute__((aligned(8))) macro.  */
+  static const Mem nullMem 
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) && defined(__GNUC__)
+    __attribute__((aligned(8))) 
+#endif
+    = {0, "", (double)0, {0}, 0, MEM_Null, 0,
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+       0, 0,  /* pScopyFrom, pFiller */
+#endif
+       0, 0 };
+  return &nullMem;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Check to see if column iCol of the given statement is valid.  If
@@ -63444,32 +67011,11 @@
     sqlite3_mutex_enter(pVm->db->mutex);
     pOut = &pVm->pResultSet[i];
   }else{
-    /* If the value passed as the second argument is out of range, return
-    ** a pointer to the following static Mem object which contains the
-    ** value SQL NULL. Even though the Mem structure contains an element
-    ** of type i64, on certain architectures (x86) with certain compiler
-    ** switches (-Os), gcc may align this Mem object on a 4-byte boundary
-    ** instead of an 8-byte one. This all works fine, except that when
-    ** running with SQLITE_DEBUG defined the SQLite code sometimes assert()s
-    ** that a Mem structure is located on an 8-byte boundary. To prevent
-    ** these assert()s from failing, when building with SQLITE_DEBUG defined
-    ** using gcc, we force nullMem to be 8-byte aligned using the magical
-    ** __attribute__((aligned(8))) macro.  */
-    static const Mem nullMem 
-#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) && defined(__GNUC__)
-      __attribute__((aligned(8))) 
-#endif
-      = {0, "", (double)0, {0}, 0, MEM_Null, SQLITE_NULL, 0,
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-         0, 0,  /* pScopyFrom, pFiller */
-#endif
-         0, 0 };
-
     if( pVm && ALWAYS(pVm->db) ){
       sqlite3_mutex_enter(pVm->db->mutex);
       sqlite3Error(pVm->db, SQLITE_RANGE, 0);
     }
-    pOut = (Mem*)&nullMem;
+    pOut = (Mem*)columnNullValue();
   }
   return pOut;
 }
@@ -63572,13 +67118,6 @@
   return iType;
 }
 
-/* The following function is experimental and subject to change or
-** removal */
-/*int sqlite3_column_numeric_type(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
-**  return sqlite3_value_numeric_type( columnMem(pStmt,i) );
-**}
-*/
-
 /*
 ** Convert the N-th element of pStmt->pColName[] into a string using
 ** xFunc() then return that string.  If N is out of range, return 0.
@@ -63873,7 +67412,7 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_value(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i, const sqlite3_value *pValue){
   int rc;
-  switch( pValue->type ){
+  switch( sqlite3_value_type((sqlite3_value*)pValue) ){
     case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
       rc = sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, i, pValue->u.i);
       break;
@@ -63949,7 +67488,7 @@
   if( zName ){
     for(i=0; i<p->nzVar; i++){
       const char *z = p->azVar[i];
-      if( z && memcmp(z,zName,nName)==0 && z[nName]==0 ){
+      if( z && strncmp(z,zName,nName)==0 && z[nName]==0 ){
         return i+1;
       }
     }
@@ -64029,7 +67568,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_busy(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
   Vdbe *v = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
-  return v!=0 && v->pc>0 && v->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN;
+  return v!=0 && v->pc>=0 && v->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -64055,9 +67594,9 @@
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_status(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int op, int resetFlag){
   Vdbe *pVdbe = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
-  int v = pVdbe->aCounter[op-1];
-  if( resetFlag ) pVdbe->aCounter[op-1] = 0;
-  return v;
+  u32 v = pVdbe->aCounter[op];
+  if( resetFlag ) pVdbe->aCounter[op] = 0;
+  return (int)v;
 }
 
 /************** End of vdbeapi.c *********************************************/
@@ -64109,12 +67648,17 @@
 
 /*
 ** This function returns a pointer to a nul-terminated string in memory
-** obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc(). If sqlite3.vdbeExecCnt is 1, then the
+** obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc(). If sqlite3.nVdbeExec is 1, then the
 ** string contains a copy of zRawSql but with host parameters expanded to 
-** their current bindings. Or, if sqlite3.vdbeExecCnt is greater than 1, 
+** their current bindings. Or, if sqlite3.nVdbeExec is greater than 1, 
 ** then the returned string holds a copy of zRawSql with "-- " prepended
 ** to each line of text.
 **
+** If the SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT macro is defined to an integer, then
+** then long strings and blobs are truncated to that many bytes.  This
+** can be used to prevent unreasonably large trace strings when dealing
+** with large (multi-megabyte) strings and blobs.
+**
 ** The calling function is responsible for making sure the memory returned
 ** is eventually freed.
 **
@@ -64144,11 +67688,12 @@
   sqlite3StrAccumInit(&out, zBase, sizeof(zBase), 
                       db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]);
   out.db = db;
-  if( db->vdbeExecCnt>1 ){
+  if( db->nVdbeExec>1 ){
     while( *zRawSql ){
       const char *zStart = zRawSql;
       while( *(zRawSql++)!='\n' && *zRawSql );
       sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "-- ", 3);
+      assert( (zRawSql - zStart) > 0 );
       sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, zStart, (int)(zRawSql-zStart));
     }
   }else{
@@ -64181,34 +67726,57 @@
       if( pVar->flags & MEM_Null ){
         sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "NULL", 4);
       }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Int ){
-        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%lld", pVar->u.i);
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "%lld", pVar->u.i);
       }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Real ){
-        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%!.15g", pVar->r);
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "%!.15g", pVar->r);
       }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Str ){
+        int nOut;  /* Number of bytes of the string text to include in output */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
         u8 enc = ENC(db);
+        Mem utf8;
         if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
-          Mem utf8;
           memset(&utf8, 0, sizeof(utf8));
           utf8.db = db;
           sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&utf8, pVar->z, pVar->n, enc, SQLITE_STATIC);
           sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&utf8, SQLITE_UTF8);
-          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "'%.*q'", utf8.n, utf8.z);
-          sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&utf8);
-        }else
-#endif
-        {
-          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "'%.*q'", pVar->n, pVar->z);
+          pVar = &utf8;
         }
+#endif
+        nOut = pVar->n;
+#ifdef SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT
+        if( nOut>SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT ){
+          nOut = SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT;
+          while( nOut<pVar->n && (pVar->z[nOut]&0xc0)==0x80 ){ nOut++; }
+        }
+#endif    
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "'%.*q'", nOut, pVar->z);
+#ifdef SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT
+        if( nOut<pVar->n ){
+          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "/*+%d bytes*/", pVar->n-nOut);
+        }
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+        if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ) sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&utf8);
+#endif
       }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Zero ){
-        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "zeroblob(%d)", pVar->u.nZero);
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "zeroblob(%d)", pVar->u.nZero);
       }else{
+        int nOut;  /* Number of bytes of the blob to include in output */
         assert( pVar->flags & MEM_Blob );
         sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "x'", 2);
-        for(i=0; i<pVar->n; i++){
-          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%02x", pVar->z[i]&0xff);
+        nOut = pVar->n;
+#ifdef SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT
+        if( nOut>SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT ) nOut = SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT;
+#endif
+        for(i=0; i<nOut; i++){
+          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "%02x", pVar->z[i]&0xff);
         }
         sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "'", 1);
+#ifdef SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT
+        if( nOut<pVar->n ){
+          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "/*+%d bytes*/", pVar->n-nOut);
+        }
+#endif
       }
     }
   }
@@ -64229,10 +67797,10 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExplainBegin(Vdbe *pVdbe){
   if( pVdbe ){
+    Explain *p;
     sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
-    Explain *p = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(Explain) );
+    p = (Explain *)sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(Explain) );
     if( p ){
-      memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
       p->pVdbe = pVdbe;
       sqlite3_free(pVdbe->pExplain);
       pVdbe->pExplain = p;
@@ -64266,7 +67834,7 @@
       sqlite3AppendSpace(&p->str, p->aIndent[n-1]);
     }   
     va_start(ap, zFormat);
-    sqlite3VXPrintf(&p->str, 1, zFormat, ap);
+    sqlite3VXPrintf(&p->str, SQLITE_PRINTF_INTERNAL, zFormat, ap);
     va_end(ap);
   }
 }
@@ -64345,33 +67913,8 @@
 **    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
 **
 *************************************************************************
-** The code in this file implements execution method of the 
-** Virtual Database Engine (VDBE).  A separate file ("vdbeaux.c")
-** handles housekeeping details such as creating and deleting
-** VDBE instances.  This file is solely interested in executing
-** the VDBE program.
-**
-** In the external interface, an "sqlite3_stmt*" is an opaque pointer
-** to a VDBE.
-**
-** The SQL parser generates a program which is then executed by
-** the VDBE to do the work of the SQL statement.  VDBE programs are 
-** similar in form to assembly language.  The program consists of
-** a linear sequence of operations.  Each operation has an opcode 
-** and 5 operands.  Operands P1, P2, and P3 are integers.  Operand P4 
-** is a null-terminated string.  Operand P5 is an unsigned character.
-** Few opcodes use all 5 operands.
-**
-** Computation results are stored on a set of registers numbered beginning
-** with 1 and going up to Vdbe.nMem.  Each register can store
-** either an integer, a null-terminated string, a floating point
-** number, or the SQL "NULL" value.  An implicit conversion from one
-** type to the other occurs as necessary.
-** 
-** Most of the code in this file is taken up by the sqlite3VdbeExec()
-** function which does the work of interpreting a VDBE program.
-** But other routines are also provided to help in building up
-** a program instruction by instruction.
+** The code in this file implements the function that runs the
+** bytecode of a prepared statement.
 **
 ** Various scripts scan this source file in order to generate HTML
 ** documentation, headers files, or other derived files.  The formatting
@@ -64383,7 +67926,11 @@
 /*
 ** Invoke this macro on memory cells just prior to changing the
 ** value of the cell.  This macro verifies that shallow copies are
-** not misused.
+** not misused.  A shallow copy of a string or blob just copies a
+** pointer to the string or blob, not the content.  If the original
+** is changed while the copy is still in use, the string or blob might
+** be changed out from under the copy.  This macro verifies that nothing
+** like that ever happens.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
 # define memAboutToChange(P,M) sqlite3VdbeMemAboutToChange(P,M)
@@ -64442,7 +67989,7 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
-** The next global variable is incremented each type the OP_Found opcode
+** The next global variable is incremented each time the OP_Found opcode
 ** is executed. This is used to test whether or not the foreign key
 ** operation implemented using OP_FkIsZero is working. This variable
 ** has no function other than to help verify the correct operation of the
@@ -64463,6 +68010,40 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
+** Invoke the VDBE coverage callback, if that callback is defined.  This
+** feature is used for test suite validation only and does not appear an
+** production builds.
+**
+** M is an integer, 2 or 3, that indices how many different ways the
+** branch can go.  It is usually 2.  "I" is the direction the branch
+** goes.  0 means falls through.  1 means branch is taken.  2 means the
+** second alternative branch is taken.
+**
+** iSrcLine is the source code line (from the __LINE__ macro) that
+** generated the VDBE instruction.  This instrumentation assumes that all
+** source code is in a single file (the amalgamation).  Special values 1
+** and 2 for the iSrcLine parameter mean that this particular branch is
+** always taken or never taken, respectively.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE)
+# define VdbeBranchTaken(I,M)
+#else
+# define VdbeBranchTaken(I,M) vdbeTakeBranch(pOp->iSrcLine,I,M)
+  static void vdbeTakeBranch(int iSrcLine, u8 I, u8 M){
+    if( iSrcLine<=2 && ALWAYS(iSrcLine>0) ){
+      M = iSrcLine;
+      /* Assert the truth of VdbeCoverageAlwaysTaken() and 
+      ** VdbeCoverageNeverTaken() */
+      assert( (M & I)==I );
+    }else{
+      if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xVdbeBranch==0 ) return;  /*NO_TEST*/
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.xVdbeBranch(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pVdbeBranchArg,
+                                      iSrcLine,I,M);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** Convert the given register into a string if it isn't one
 ** already. Return non-zero if a malloc() fails.
 */
@@ -64479,42 +68060,14 @@
 **
 ** This routine converts an ephemeral string into a dynamically allocated
 ** string that the register itself controls.  In other words, it
-** converts an MEM_Ephem string into an MEM_Dyn string.
+** converts an MEM_Ephem string into a string with P.z==P.zMalloc.
 */
 #define Deephemeralize(P) \
    if( ((P)->flags&MEM_Ephem)!=0 \
        && sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(P) ){ goto no_mem;}
 
 /* Return true if the cursor was opened using the OP_OpenSorter opcode. */
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-# define isSorter(x) 0
-#else
-# define isSorter(x) ((x)->pSorter!=0)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Argument pMem points at a register that will be passed to a
-** user-defined function or returned to the user as the result of a query.
-** This routine sets the pMem->type variable used by the sqlite3_value_*() 
-** routines.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(Mem *pMem){
-  int flags = pMem->flags;
-  if( flags & MEM_Null ){
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_NULL;
-  }
-  else if( flags & MEM_Int ){
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
-  }
-  else if( flags & MEM_Real ){
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_FLOAT;
-  }
-  else if( flags & MEM_Str ){
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
-  }else{
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_BLOB;
-  }
-}
+#define isSorter(x) ((x)->pSorter!=0)
 
 /*
 ** Allocate VdbeCursor number iCur.  Return a pointer to it.  Return NULL
@@ -64550,9 +68103,8 @@
   int nByte;
   VdbeCursor *pCx = 0;
   nByte = 
-      ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor)) + 
-      (isBtreeCursor?sqlite3BtreeCursorSize():0) + 
-      2*nField*sizeof(u32);
+      ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor)) + 2*sizeof(u32)*nField + 
+      (isBtreeCursor?sqlite3BtreeCursorSize():0);
 
   assert( iCur<p->nCursor );
   if( p->apCsr[iCur] ){
@@ -64564,12 +68116,9 @@
     memset(pCx, 0, sizeof(VdbeCursor));
     pCx->iDb = iDb;
     pCx->nField = nField;
-    if( nField ){
-      pCx->aType = (u32 *)&pMem->z[ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor))];
-    }
     if( isBtreeCursor ){
       pCx->pCursor = (BtCursor*)
-          &pMem->z[ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor))+2*nField*sizeof(u32)];
+          &pMem->z[ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor))+2*sizeof(u32)*nField];
       sqlite3BtreeCursorZero(pCx->pCursor);
     }
   }
@@ -64583,21 +68132,21 @@
 ** look like a number, leave it alone.
 */
 static void applyNumericAffinity(Mem *pRec){
-  if( (pRec->flags & (MEM_Real|MEM_Int))==0 ){
-    double rValue;
-    i64 iValue;
-    u8 enc = pRec->enc;
-    if( (pRec->flags&MEM_Str)==0 ) return;
-    if( sqlite3AtoF(pRec->z, &rValue, pRec->n, enc)==0 ) return;
-    if( 0==sqlite3Atoi64(pRec->z, &iValue, pRec->n, enc) ){
-      pRec->u.i = iValue;
-      pRec->flags |= MEM_Int;
-    }else{
-      pRec->r = rValue;
-      pRec->flags |= MEM_Real;
-    }
+  double rValue;
+  i64 iValue;
+  u8 enc = pRec->enc;
+  if( (pRec->flags&MEM_Str)==0 ) return;
+  if( sqlite3AtoF(pRec->z, &rValue, pRec->n, enc)==0 ) return;
+  if( 0==sqlite3Atoi64(pRec->z, &iValue, pRec->n, enc) ){
+    pRec->u.i = iValue;
+    pRec->flags |= MEM_Int;
+  }else{
+    pRec->r = rValue;
+    pRec->flags |= MEM_Real;
   }
 }
+#define ApplyNumericAffinity(X)  \
+   if(((X)->flags&(MEM_Real|MEM_Int))==0){applyNumericAffinity(X);}
 
 /*
 ** Processing is determine by the affinity parameter:
@@ -64634,7 +68183,7 @@
   }else if( affinity!=SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
     assert( affinity==SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER || affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL
              || affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC );
-    applyNumericAffinity(pRec);
+    ApplyNumericAffinity(pRec);
     if( pRec->flags & MEM_Real ){
       sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(pRec);
     }
@@ -64648,12 +68197,13 @@
 ** loss of information and return the revised type of the argument.
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_numeric_type(sqlite3_value *pVal){
-  Mem *pMem = (Mem*)pVal;
-  if( pMem->type==SQLITE_TEXT ){
+  int eType = sqlite3_value_type(pVal);
+  if( eType==SQLITE_TEXT ){
+    Mem *pMem = (Mem*)pVal;
     applyNumericAffinity(pMem);
-    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(pMem);
+    eType = sqlite3_value_type(pVal);
   }
-  return pMem->type;
+  return eType;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -64668,6 +68218,29 @@
   applyAffinity((Mem *)pVal, affinity, enc);
 }
 
+/*
+** Return the numeric type for pMem, either MEM_Int or MEM_Real or both or
+** none.  
+**
+** Unlike applyNumericAffinity(), this routine does not modify pMem->flags.
+** But it does set pMem->r and pMem->u.i appropriately.
+*/
+static u16 numericType(Mem *pMem){
+  if( pMem->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ){
+    return pMem->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real);
+  }
+  if( pMem->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) ){
+    if( sqlite3AtoF(pMem->z, &pMem->r, pMem->n, pMem->enc)==0 ){
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3Atoi64(pMem->z, &pMem->u.i, pMem->n, pMem->enc)==SQLITE_OK ){
+      return MEM_Int;
+    }
+    return MEM_Real;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
 /*
 ** Write a nice string representation of the contents of cell pMem
@@ -64755,35 +68328,36 @@
 /*
 ** Print the value of a register for tracing purposes:
 */
-static void memTracePrint(FILE *out, Mem *p){
-  if( p->flags & MEM_Null ){
-    fprintf(out, " NULL");
+static void memTracePrint(Mem *p){
+  if( p->flags & MEM_Undefined ){
+    printf(" undefined");
+  }else if( p->flags & MEM_Null ){
+    printf(" NULL");
   }else if( (p->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Str))==(MEM_Int|MEM_Str) ){
-    fprintf(out, " si:%lld", p->u.i);
+    printf(" si:%lld", p->u.i);
   }else if( p->flags & MEM_Int ){
-    fprintf(out, " i:%lld", p->u.i);
+    printf(" i:%lld", p->u.i);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
   }else if( p->flags & MEM_Real ){
-    fprintf(out, " r:%g", p->r);
+    printf(" r:%g", p->r);
 #endif
   }else if( p->flags & MEM_RowSet ){
-    fprintf(out, " (rowset)");
+    printf(" (rowset)");
   }else{
     char zBuf[200];
     sqlite3VdbeMemPrettyPrint(p, zBuf);
-    fprintf(out, " ");
-    fprintf(out, "%s", zBuf);
+    printf(" %s", zBuf);
   }
 }
-static void registerTrace(FILE *out, int iReg, Mem *p){
-  fprintf(out, "REG[%d] = ", iReg);
-  memTracePrint(out, p);
-  fprintf(out, "\n");
+static void registerTrace(int iReg, Mem *p){
+  printf("REG[%d] = ", iReg);
+  memTracePrint(p);
+  printf("\n");
 }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-#  define REGISTER_TRACE(R,M) if(p->trace)registerTrace(p->trace,R,M)
+#  define REGISTER_TRACE(R,M) if(db->flags&SQLITE_VdbeTrace)registerTrace(R,M)
 #else
 #  define REGISTER_TRACE(R,M)
 #endif
@@ -64888,20 +68462,6 @@
 
 #endif
 
-/*
-** The CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT macro defined here looks to see if the
-** sqlite3_interrupt() routine has been called.  If it has been, then
-** processing of the VDBE program is interrupted.
-**
-** This macro added to every instruction that does a jump in order to
-** implement a loop.  This test used to be on every single instruction,
-** but that meant we more testing than we needed.  By only testing the
-** flag on jump instructions, we get a (small) speed improvement.
-*/
-#define CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT \
-   if( db->u1.isInterrupted ) goto abort_due_to_interrupt;
-
-
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 /*
 ** This function is only called from within an assert() expression. It
@@ -64922,50 +68482,10 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-/*
-** Transfer error message text from an sqlite3_vtab.zErrMsg (text stored
-** in memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc) into a Vdbe.zErrMsg (text stored
-** in memory obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc).
-*/
-static void importVtabErrMsg(Vdbe *p, sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
-  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
-  p->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pVtab->zErrMsg);
-  sqlite3_free(pVtab->zErrMsg);
-  pVtab->zErrMsg = 0;
-}
-
 
 /*
-** Execute as much of a VDBE program as we can then return.
-**
-** sqlite3VdbeMakeReady() must be called before this routine in order to
-** close the program with a final OP_Halt and to set up the callbacks
-** and the error message pointer.
-**
-** Whenever a row or result data is available, this routine will either
-** invoke the result callback (if there is one) or return with
-** SQLITE_ROW.
-**
-** If an attempt is made to open a locked database, then this routine
-** will either invoke the busy callback (if there is one) or it will
-** return SQLITE_BUSY.
-**
-** If an error occurs, an error message is written to memory obtained
-** from sqlite3_malloc() and p->zErrMsg is made to point to that memory.
-** The error code is stored in p->rc and this routine returns SQLITE_ERROR.
-**
-** If the callback ever returns non-zero, then the program exits
-** immediately.  There will be no error message but the p->rc field is
-** set to SQLITE_ABORT and this routine will return SQLITE_ERROR.
-**
-** A memory allocation error causes p->rc to be set to SQLITE_NOMEM and this
-** routine to return SQLITE_ERROR.
-**
-** Other fatal errors return SQLITE_ERROR.
-**
-** After this routine has finished, sqlite3VdbeFinalize() should be
-** used to clean up the mess that was left behind.
+** Execute as much of a VDBE program as we can.
+** This is the core of sqlite3_step().  
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
   Vdbe *p                    /* The VDBE */
@@ -64977,445 +68497,22 @@
   sqlite3 *db = p->db;       /* The database */
   u8 resetSchemaOnFault = 0; /* Reset schema after an error if positive */
   u8 encoding = ENC(db);     /* The database encoding */
+  int iCompare = 0;          /* Result of last OP_Compare operation */
+  unsigned nVmStep = 0;      /* Number of virtual machine steps */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
-  int checkProgress;         /* True if progress callbacks are enabled */
-  int nProgressOps = 0;      /* Opcodes executed since progress callback. */
+  unsigned nProgressLimit = 0;/* Invoke xProgress() when nVmStep reaches this */
 #endif
   Mem *aMem = p->aMem;       /* Copy of p->aMem */
   Mem *pIn1 = 0;             /* 1st input operand */
   Mem *pIn2 = 0;             /* 2nd input operand */
   Mem *pIn3 = 0;             /* 3rd input operand */
   Mem *pOut = 0;             /* Output operand */
-  int iCompare = 0;          /* Result of last OP_Compare operation */
   int *aPermute = 0;         /* Permutation of columns for OP_Compare */
   i64 lastRowid = db->lastRowid;  /* Saved value of the last insert ROWID */
 #ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
   u64 start;                 /* CPU clock count at start of opcode */
-  int origPc;                /* Program counter at start of opcode */
 #endif
-  /********************************************************************
-  ** Automatically generated code
-  **
-  ** The following union is automatically generated by the
-  ** vdbe-compress.tcl script.  The purpose of this union is to
-  ** reduce the amount of stack space required by this function.
-  ** See comments in the vdbe-compress.tcl script for details.
-  */
-  union vdbeExecUnion {
-    struct OP_Yield_stack_vars {
-      int pcDest;
-    } aa;
-    struct OP_Null_stack_vars {
-      int cnt;
-    } ab;
-    struct OP_Variable_stack_vars {
-      Mem *pVar;       /* Value being transferred */
-    } ac;
-    struct OP_Move_stack_vars {
-      char *zMalloc;   /* Holding variable for allocated memory */
-      int n;           /* Number of registers left to copy */
-      int p1;          /* Register to copy from */
-      int p2;          /* Register to copy to */
-    } ad;
-    struct OP_ResultRow_stack_vars {
-      Mem *pMem;
-      int i;
-    } ae;
-    struct OP_Concat_stack_vars {
-      i64 nByte;
-    } af;
-    struct OP_Remainder_stack_vars {
-      int flags;      /* Combined MEM_* flags from both inputs */
-      i64 iA;         /* Integer value of left operand */
-      i64 iB;         /* Integer value of right operand */
-      double rA;      /* Real value of left operand */
-      double rB;      /* Real value of right operand */
-    } ag;
-    struct OP_Function_stack_vars {
-      int i;
-      Mem *pArg;
-      sqlite3_context ctx;
-      sqlite3_value **apVal;
-      int n;
-    } ah;
-    struct OP_ShiftRight_stack_vars {
-      i64 iA;
-      u64 uA;
-      i64 iB;
-      u8 op;
-    } ai;
-    struct OP_Ge_stack_vars {
-      int res;            /* Result of the comparison of pIn1 against pIn3 */
-      char affinity;      /* Affinity to use for comparison */
-      u16 flags1;         /* Copy of initial value of pIn1->flags */
-      u16 flags3;         /* Copy of initial value of pIn3->flags */
-    } aj;
-    struct OP_Compare_stack_vars {
-      int n;
-      int i;
-      int p1;
-      int p2;
-      const KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
-      int idx;
-      CollSeq *pColl;    /* Collating sequence to use on this term */
-      int bRev;          /* True for DESCENDING sort order */
-    } ak;
-    struct OP_Or_stack_vars {
-      int v1;    /* Left operand:  0==FALSE, 1==TRUE, 2==UNKNOWN or NULL */
-      int v2;    /* Right operand: 0==FALSE, 1==TRUE, 2==UNKNOWN or NULL */
-    } al;
-    struct OP_IfNot_stack_vars {
-      int c;
-    } am;
-    struct OP_Column_stack_vars {
-      u32 payloadSize;   /* Number of bytes in the record */
-      i64 payloadSize64; /* Number of bytes in the record */
-      int p1;            /* P1 value of the opcode */
-      int p2;            /* column number to retrieve */
-      VdbeCursor *pC;    /* The VDBE cursor */
-      char *zRec;        /* Pointer to complete record-data */
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;   /* The BTree cursor */
-      u32 *aType;        /* aType[i] holds the numeric type of the i-th column */
-      u32 *aOffset;      /* aOffset[i] is offset to start of data for i-th column */
-      int nField;        /* number of fields in the record */
-      int len;           /* The length of the serialized data for the column */
-      int i;             /* Loop counter */
-      char *zData;       /* Part of the record being decoded */
-      Mem *pDest;        /* Where to write the extracted value */
-      Mem sMem;          /* For storing the record being decoded */
-      u8 *zIdx;          /* Index into header */
-      u8 *zEndHdr;       /* Pointer to first byte after the header */
-      u32 offset;        /* Offset into the data */
-      u32 szField;       /* Number of bytes in the content of a field */
-      int szHdr;         /* Size of the header size field at start of record */
-      int avail;         /* Number of bytes of available data */
-      u32 t;             /* A type code from the record header */
-      Mem *pReg;         /* PseudoTable input register */
-    } an;
-    struct OP_Affinity_stack_vars {
-      const char *zAffinity;   /* The affinity to be applied */
-      char cAff;               /* A single character of affinity */
-    } ao;
-    struct OP_MakeRecord_stack_vars {
-      u8 *zNewRecord;        /* A buffer to hold the data for the new record */
-      Mem *pRec;             /* The new record */
-      u64 nData;             /* Number of bytes of data space */
-      int nHdr;              /* Number of bytes of header space */
-      i64 nByte;             /* Data space required for this record */
-      int nZero;             /* Number of zero bytes at the end of the record */
-      int nVarint;           /* Number of bytes in a varint */
-      u32 serial_type;       /* Type field */
-      Mem *pData0;           /* First field to be combined into the record */
-      Mem *pLast;            /* Last field of the record */
-      int nField;            /* Number of fields in the record */
-      char *zAffinity;       /* The affinity string for the record */
-      int file_format;       /* File format to use for encoding */
-      int i;                 /* Space used in zNewRecord[] */
-      int len;               /* Length of a field */
-    } ap;
-    struct OP_Count_stack_vars {
-      i64 nEntry;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-    } aq;
-    struct OP_Savepoint_stack_vars {
-      int p1;                         /* Value of P1 operand */
-      char *zName;                    /* Name of savepoint */
-      int nName;
-      Savepoint *pNew;
-      Savepoint *pSavepoint;
-      Savepoint *pTmp;
-      int iSavepoint;
-      int ii;
-    } ar;
-    struct OP_AutoCommit_stack_vars {
-      int desiredAutoCommit;
-      int iRollback;
-      int turnOnAC;
-    } as;
-    struct OP_Transaction_stack_vars {
-      Btree *pBt;
-    } at;
-    struct OP_ReadCookie_stack_vars {
-      int iMeta;
-      int iDb;
-      int iCookie;
-    } au;
-    struct OP_SetCookie_stack_vars {
-      Db *pDb;
-    } av;
-    struct OP_VerifyCookie_stack_vars {
-      int iMeta;
-      int iGen;
-      Btree *pBt;
-    } aw;
-    struct OP_OpenWrite_stack_vars {
-      int nField;
-      KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
-      int p2;
-      int iDb;
-      int wrFlag;
-      Btree *pX;
-      VdbeCursor *pCur;
-      Db *pDb;
-    } ax;
-    struct OP_OpenEphemeral_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pCx;
-    } ay;
-    struct OP_SorterOpen_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pCx;
-    } az;
-    struct OP_OpenPseudo_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pCx;
-    } ba;
-    struct OP_SeekGt_stack_vars {
-      int res;
-      int oc;
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      UnpackedRecord r;
-      int nField;
-      i64 iKey;      /* The rowid we are to seek to */
-    } bb;
-    struct OP_Seek_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-    } bc;
-    struct OP_Found_stack_vars {
-      int alreadyExists;
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      int res;
-      char *pFree;
-      UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;
-      UnpackedRecord r;
-      char aTempRec[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*3 + 7];
-    } bd;
-    struct OP_IsUnique_stack_vars {
-      u16 ii;
-      VdbeCursor *pCx;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      u16 nField;
-      Mem *aMx;
-      UnpackedRecord r;                  /* B-Tree index search key */
-      i64 R;                             /* Rowid stored in register P3 */
-    } be;
-    struct OP_NotExists_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      int res;
-      u64 iKey;
-    } bf;
-    struct OP_NewRowid_stack_vars {
-      i64 v;                 /* The new rowid */
-      VdbeCursor *pC;        /* Cursor of table to get the new rowid */
-      int res;               /* Result of an sqlite3BtreeLast() */
-      int cnt;               /* Counter to limit the number of searches */
-      Mem *pMem;             /* Register holding largest rowid for AUTOINCREMENT */
-      VdbeFrame *pFrame;     /* Root frame of VDBE */
-    } bg;
-    struct OP_InsertInt_stack_vars {
-      Mem *pData;       /* MEM cell holding data for the record to be inserted */
-      Mem *pKey;        /* MEM cell holding key  for the record */
-      i64 iKey;         /* The integer ROWID or key for the record to be inserted */
-      VdbeCursor *pC;   /* Cursor to table into which insert is written */
-      int nZero;        /* Number of zero-bytes to append */
-      int seekResult;   /* Result of prior seek or 0 if no USESEEKRESULT flag */
-      const char *zDb;  /* database name - used by the update hook */
-      const char *zTbl; /* Table name - used by the opdate hook */
-      int op;           /* Opcode for update hook: SQLITE_UPDATE or SQLITE_INSERT */
-    } bh;
-    struct OP_Delete_stack_vars {
-      i64 iKey;
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-    } bi;
-    struct OP_SorterCompare_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      int res;
-    } bj;
-    struct OP_SorterData_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-    } bk;
-    struct OP_RowData_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      u32 n;
-      i64 n64;
-    } bl;
-    struct OP_Rowid_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      i64 v;
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      const sqlite3_module *pModule;
-    } bm;
-    struct OP_NullRow_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-    } bn;
-    struct OP_Last_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      int res;
-    } bo;
-    struct OP_Rewind_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      int res;
-    } bp;
-    struct OP_Next_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      int res;
-    } bq;
-    struct OP_IdxInsert_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      int nKey;
-      const char *zKey;
-    } br;
-    struct OP_IdxDelete_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      int res;
-      UnpackedRecord r;
-    } bs;
-    struct OP_IdxRowid_stack_vars {
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      i64 rowid;
-    } bt;
-    struct OP_IdxGE_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      int res;
-      UnpackedRecord r;
-    } bu;
-    struct OP_Destroy_stack_vars {
-      int iMoved;
-      int iCnt;
-      Vdbe *pVdbe;
-      int iDb;
-    } bv;
-    struct OP_Clear_stack_vars {
-      int nChange;
-    } bw;
-    struct OP_CreateTable_stack_vars {
-      int pgno;
-      int flags;
-      Db *pDb;
-    } bx;
-    struct OP_ParseSchema_stack_vars {
-      int iDb;
-      const char *zMaster;
-      char *zSql;
-      InitData initData;
-    } by;
-    struct OP_IntegrityCk_stack_vars {
-      int nRoot;      /* Number of tables to check.  (Number of root pages.) */
-      int *aRoot;     /* Array of rootpage numbers for tables to be checked */
-      int j;          /* Loop counter */
-      int nErr;       /* Number of errors reported */
-      char *z;        /* Text of the error report */
-      Mem *pnErr;     /* Register keeping track of errors remaining */
-    } bz;
-    struct OP_RowSetRead_stack_vars {
-      i64 val;
-    } ca;
-    struct OP_RowSetTest_stack_vars {
-      int iSet;
-      int exists;
-    } cb;
-    struct OP_Program_stack_vars {
-      int nMem;               /* Number of memory registers for sub-program */
-      int nByte;              /* Bytes of runtime space required for sub-program */
-      Mem *pRt;               /* Register to allocate runtime space */
-      Mem *pMem;              /* Used to iterate through memory cells */
-      Mem *pEnd;              /* Last memory cell in new array */
-      VdbeFrame *pFrame;      /* New vdbe frame to execute in */
-      SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Sub-program to execute */
-      void *t;                /* Token identifying trigger */
-    } cc;
-    struct OP_Param_stack_vars {
-      VdbeFrame *pFrame;
-      Mem *pIn;
-    } cd;
-    struct OP_MemMax_stack_vars {
-      Mem *pIn1;
-      VdbeFrame *pFrame;
-    } ce;
-    struct OP_AggStep_stack_vars {
-      int n;
-      int i;
-      Mem *pMem;
-      Mem *pRec;
-      sqlite3_context ctx;
-      sqlite3_value **apVal;
-    } cf;
-    struct OP_AggFinal_stack_vars {
-      Mem *pMem;
-    } cg;
-    struct OP_Checkpoint_stack_vars {
-      int i;                          /* Loop counter */
-      int aRes[3];                    /* Results */
-      Mem *pMem;                      /* Write results here */
-    } ch;
-    struct OP_JournalMode_stack_vars {
-      Btree *pBt;                     /* Btree to change journal mode of */
-      Pager *pPager;                  /* Pager associated with pBt */
-      int eNew;                       /* New journal mode */
-      int eOld;                       /* The old journal mode */
-      const char *zFilename;          /* Name of database file for pPager */
-    } ci;
-    struct OP_IncrVacuum_stack_vars {
-      Btree *pBt;
-    } cj;
-    struct OP_VBegin_stack_vars {
-      VTable *pVTab;
-    } ck;
-    struct OP_VOpen_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pCur;
-      sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      sqlite3_module *pModule;
-    } cl;
-    struct OP_VFilter_stack_vars {
-      int nArg;
-      int iQuery;
-      const sqlite3_module *pModule;
-      Mem *pQuery;
-      Mem *pArgc;
-      sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      VdbeCursor *pCur;
-      int res;
-      int i;
-      Mem **apArg;
-    } cm;
-    struct OP_VColumn_stack_vars {
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      const sqlite3_module *pModule;
-      Mem *pDest;
-      sqlite3_context sContext;
-    } cn;
-    struct OP_VNext_stack_vars {
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      const sqlite3_module *pModule;
-      int res;
-      VdbeCursor *pCur;
-    } co;
-    struct OP_VRename_stack_vars {
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      Mem *pName;
-    } cp;
-    struct OP_VUpdate_stack_vars {
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      sqlite3_module *pModule;
-      int nArg;
-      int i;
-      sqlite_int64 rowid;
-      Mem **apArg;
-      Mem *pX;
-    } cq;
-    struct OP_Trace_stack_vars {
-      char *zTrace;
-      char *z;
-    } cr;
-  } u;
-  /* End automatically generated code
-  ********************************************************************/
+  /*** INSERT STACK UNION HERE ***/
 
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN );  /* sqlite3_step() verifies this */
   sqlite3VdbeEnter(p);
@@ -65425,24 +68522,49 @@
     goto no_mem;
   }
   assert( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_BUSY );
+  assert( p->bIsReader || p->readOnly!=0 );
   p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  p->iCurrentTime = 0;
   assert( p->explain==0 );
   p->pResultSet = 0;
   db->busyHandler.nBusy = 0;
-  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
+  if( db->u1.isInterrupted ) goto abort_due_to_interrupt;
   sqlite3VdbeIOTraceSql(p);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
-  checkProgress = db->xProgress!=0;
+  if( db->xProgress ){
+    assert( 0 < db->nProgressOps );
+    nProgressLimit = (unsigned)p->aCounter[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP];
+    if( nProgressLimit==0 ){
+      nProgressLimit = db->nProgressOps;
+    }else{
+      nProgressLimit %= (unsigned)db->nProgressOps;
+    }
+  }
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
-  if( p->pc==0  && (p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeListing)!=0 ){
+  if( p->pc==0
+   && (p->db->flags & (SQLITE_VdbeListing|SQLITE_VdbeEQP|SQLITE_VdbeTrace))!=0
+  ){
     int i;
-    printf("VDBE Program Listing:\n");
+    int once = 1;
     sqlite3VdbePrintSql(p);
-    for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
-      sqlite3VdbePrintOp(stdout, i, &aOp[i]);
+    if( p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeListing ){
+      printf("VDBE Program Listing:\n");
+      for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
+        sqlite3VdbePrintOp(stdout, i, &aOp[i]);
+      }
     }
+    if( p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeEQP ){
+      for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
+        if( aOp[i].opcode==OP_Explain ){
+          if( once ) printf("VDBE Query Plan:\n");
+          printf("%s\n", aOp[i].p4.z);
+          once = 0;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if( p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeTrace )  printf("VDBE Trace:\n");
   }
   sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
 #endif
@@ -65450,20 +68572,16 @@
     assert( pc>=0 && pc<p->nOp );
     if( db->mallocFailed ) goto no_mem;
 #ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
-    origPc = pc;
     start = sqlite3Hwtime();
 #endif
+    nVmStep++;
     pOp = &aOp[pc];
 
     /* Only allow tracing if SQLITE_DEBUG is defined.
     */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    if( p->trace ){
-      if( pc==0 ){
-        printf("VDBE Execution Trace:\n");
-        sqlite3VdbePrintSql(p);
-      }
-      sqlite3VdbePrintOp(p->trace, pc, pOp);
+    if( db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeTrace ){
+      sqlite3VdbePrintOp(stdout, pc, pOp);
     }
 #endif
       
@@ -65480,28 +68598,7 @@
     }
 #endif
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
-    /* Call the progress callback if it is configured and the required number
-    ** of VDBE ops have been executed (either since this invocation of
-    ** sqlite3VdbeExec() or since last time the progress callback was called).
-    ** If the progress callback returns non-zero, exit the virtual machine with
-    ** a return code SQLITE_ABORT.
-    */
-    if( checkProgress ){
-      if( db->nProgressOps==nProgressOps ){
-        int prc;
-        prc = db->xProgress(db->pProgressArg);
-        if( prc!=0 ){
-          rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
-          goto vdbe_error_halt;
-        }
-        nProgressOps = 0;
-      }
-      nProgressOps++;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    /* On any opcode with the "out2-prerelase" tag, free any
+    /* On any opcode with the "out2-prerelease" tag, free any
     ** external allocations out of mem[p2] and set mem[p2] to be
     ** an undefined integer.  Opcodes will either fill in the integer
     ** value or convert mem[p2] to a different type.
@@ -65509,7 +68606,7 @@
     assert( pOp->opflags==sqlite3OpcodeProperty[pOp->opcode] );
     if( pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT2_PRERELEASE ){
       assert( pOp->p2>0 );
-      assert( pOp->p2<=p->nMem );
+      assert( pOp->p2<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
       pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
       memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
       VdbeMemRelease(pOut);
@@ -65520,30 +68617,33 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_IN1)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p1>0 );
-      assert( pOp->p1<=p->nMem );
+      assert( pOp->p1<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
       assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p1]) );
+      assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(&aMem[pOp->p1]) );
       REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, &aMem[pOp->p1]);
     }
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_IN2)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p2>0 );
-      assert( pOp->p2<=p->nMem );
+      assert( pOp->p2<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
       assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p2]) );
+      assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(&aMem[pOp->p2]) );
       REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
     }
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_IN3)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p3>0 );
-      assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+      assert( pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
       assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p3]) );
+      assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(&aMem[pOp->p3]) );
       REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
     }
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT2)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p2>0 );
-      assert( pOp->p2<=p->nMem );
+      assert( pOp->p2<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
       memAboutToChange(p, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
     }
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT3)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p3>0 );
-      assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+      assert( pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
       memAboutToChange(p, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
     }
 #endif
@@ -65591,10 +68691,44 @@
 ** The next instruction executed will be 
 ** the one at index P2 from the beginning of
 ** the program.
+**
+** The P1 parameter is not actually used by this opcode.  However, it
+** is sometimes set to 1 instead of 0 as a hint to the command-line shell
+** that this Goto is the bottom of a loop and that the lines from P2 down
+** to the current line should be indented for EXPLAIN output.
 */
 case OP_Goto: {             /* jump */
-  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
   pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+
+  /* Opcodes that are used as the bottom of a loop (OP_Next, OP_Prev,
+  ** OP_VNext, OP_RowSetNext, or OP_SorterNext) all jump here upon
+  ** completion.  Check to see if sqlite3_interrupt() has been called
+  ** or if the progress callback needs to be invoked. 
+  **
+  ** This code uses unstructured "goto" statements and does not look clean.
+  ** But that is not due to sloppy coding habits. The code is written this
+  ** way for performance, to avoid having to run the interrupt and progress
+  ** checks on every opcode.  This helps sqlite3_step() to run about 1.5%
+  ** faster according to "valgrind --tool=cachegrind" */
+check_for_interrupt:
+  if( db->u1.isInterrupted ) goto abort_due_to_interrupt;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+  /* Call the progress callback if it is configured and the required number
+  ** of VDBE ops have been executed (either since this invocation of
+  ** sqlite3VdbeExec() or since last time the progress callback was called).
+  ** If the progress callback returns non-zero, exit the virtual machine with
+  ** a return code SQLITE_ABORT.
+  */
+  if( db->xProgress!=0 && nVmStep>=nProgressLimit ){
+    assert( db->nProgressOps!=0 );
+    nProgressLimit = nVmStep + db->nProgressOps - (nVmStep%db->nProgressOps);
+    if( db->xProgress(db->pProgressArg) ){
+      rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
+      goto vdbe_error_halt;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  
   break;
 }
 
@@ -65604,9 +68738,9 @@
 ** and then jump to address P2.
 */
 case OP_Gosub: {            /* jump */
-  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=p->nMem );
+  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  assert( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Dyn)==0 );
+  assert( VdbeMemDynamic(pIn1)==0 );
   memAboutToChange(p, pIn1);
   pIn1->flags = MEM_Int;
   pIn1->u.i = pc;
@@ -65617,38 +68751,93 @@
 
 /* Opcode:  Return P1 * * * *
 **
-** Jump to the next instruction after the address in register P1.
+** Jump to the next instruction after the address in register P1.  After
+** the jump, register P1 becomes undefined.
 */
 case OP_Return: {           /* in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  assert( pIn1->flags & MEM_Int );
+  assert( pIn1->flags==MEM_Int );
   pc = (int)pIn1->u.i;
+  pIn1->flags = MEM_Undefined;
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode:  Yield P1 * * * *
+/* Opcode: InitCoroutine P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
-** Swap the program counter with the value in register P1.
+** Set up register P1 so that it will Yield to the coroutine
+** located at address P3.
+**
+** If P2!=0 then the coroutine implementation immediately follows
+** this opcode.  So jump over the coroutine implementation to
+** address P2.
+**
+** See also: EndCoroutine
 */
-case OP_Yield: {            /* in1 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.aa */
-  int pcDest;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.aa */
+case OP_InitCoroutine: {     /* jump */
+  assert( pOp->p1>0 &&  pOp->p1<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  assert( pOp->p2>=0 && pOp->p2<p->nOp );
+  assert( pOp->p3>=0 && pOp->p3<p->nOp );
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( !VdbeMemDynamic(pOut) );
+  pOut->u.i = pOp->p3 - 1;
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
+  if( pOp->p2 ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode:  EndCoroutine P1 * * * *
+**
+** The instruction at the address in register P1 is a Yield.
+** Jump to the P2 parameter of that Yield.
+** After the jump, register P1 becomes undefined.
+**
+** See also: InitCoroutine
+*/
+case OP_EndCoroutine: {           /* in1 */
+  VdbeOp *pCaller;
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  assert( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Dyn)==0 );
+  assert( pIn1->flags==MEM_Int );
+  assert( pIn1->u.i>=0 && pIn1->u.i<p->nOp );
+  pCaller = &aOp[pIn1->u.i];
+  assert( pCaller->opcode==OP_Yield );
+  assert( pCaller->p2>=0 && pCaller->p2<p->nOp );
+  pc = pCaller->p2 - 1;
+  pIn1->flags = MEM_Undefined;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode:  Yield P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Swap the program counter with the value in register P1.  This
+** has the effect of yielding to a coroutine.
+**
+** If the coroutine that is launched by this instruction ends with
+** Yield or Return then continue to the next instruction.  But if
+** the coroutine launched by this instruction ends with
+** EndCoroutine, then jump to P2 rather than continuing with the
+** next instruction.
+**
+** See also: InitCoroutine
+*/
+case OP_Yield: {            /* in1, jump */
+  int pcDest;
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( VdbeMemDynamic(pIn1)==0 );
   pIn1->flags = MEM_Int;
-  u.aa.pcDest = (int)pIn1->u.i;
+  pcDest = (int)pIn1->u.i;
   pIn1->u.i = pc;
   REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, pIn1);
-  pc = u.aa.pcDest;
+  pc = pcDest;
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode:  HaltIfNull  P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode:  HaltIfNull  P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis:  if r[P3]=null halt
 **
 ** Check the value in register P3.  If it is NULL then Halt using
 ** parameter P1, P2, and P4 as if this were a Halt instruction.  If the
 ** value in register P3 is not NULL, then this routine is a no-op.
+** The P5 parameter should be 1.
 */
 case OP_HaltIfNull: {      /* in3 */
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
@@ -65656,7 +68845,7 @@
   /* Fall through into OP_Halt */
 }
 
-/* Opcode:  Halt P1 P2 * P4 *
+/* Opcode:  Halt P1 P2 * P4 P5
 **
 ** Exit immediately.  All open cursors, etc are closed
 ** automatically.
@@ -65671,11 +68860,25 @@
 **
 ** If P4 is not null then it is an error message string.
 **
+** P5 is a value between 0 and 4, inclusive, that modifies the P4 string.
+**
+**    0:  (no change)
+**    1:  NOT NULL contraint failed: P4
+**    2:  UNIQUE constraint failed: P4
+**    3:  CHECK constraint failed: P4
+**    4:  FOREIGN KEY constraint failed: P4
+**
+** If P5 is not zero and P4 is NULL, then everything after the ":" is
+** omitted.
+**
 ** There is an implied "Halt 0 0 0" instruction inserted at the very end of
 ** every program.  So a jump past the last instruction of the program
 ** is the same as executing Halt.
 */
 case OP_Halt: {
+  const char *zType;
+  const char *zLogFmt;
+
   if( pOp->p1==SQLITE_OK && p->pFrame ){
     /* Halt the sub-program. Return control to the parent frame. */
     VdbeFrame *pFrame = p->pFrame;
@@ -65696,32 +68899,48 @@
     aMem = p->aMem;
     break;
   }
-
   p->rc = pOp->p1;
   p->errorAction = (u8)pOp->p2;
   p->pc = pc;
-  if( pOp->p4.z ){
-    assert( p->rc!=SQLITE_OK );
-    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", pOp->p4.z);
-    testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
-    sqlite3_log(pOp->p1, "abort at %d in [%s]: %s", pc, p->zSql, pOp->p4.z);
-  }else if( p->rc ){
-    testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
-    sqlite3_log(pOp->p1, "constraint failed at %d in [%s]", pc, p->zSql);
+  if( p->rc ){
+    if( pOp->p5 ){
+      static const char * const azType[] = { "NOT NULL", "UNIQUE", "CHECK",
+                                             "FOREIGN KEY" };
+      assert( pOp->p5>=1 && pOp->p5<=4 );
+      testcase( pOp->p5==1 );
+      testcase( pOp->p5==2 );
+      testcase( pOp->p5==3 );
+      testcase( pOp->p5==4 );
+      zType = azType[pOp->p5-1];
+    }else{
+      zType = 0;
+    }
+    assert( zType!=0 || pOp->p4.z!=0 );
+    zLogFmt = "abort at %d in [%s]: %s";
+    if( zType && pOp->p4.z ){
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s constraint failed: %s", 
+                       zType, pOp->p4.z);
+    }else if( pOp->p4.z ){
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", pOp->p4.z);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s constraint failed", zType);
+    }
+    sqlite3_log(pOp->p1, zLogFmt, pc, p->zSql, p->zErrMsg);
   }
   rc = sqlite3VdbeHalt(p);
   assert( rc==SQLITE_BUSY || rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_ERROR );
   if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
     p->rc = rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
   }else{
-    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT );
-    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || db->nDeferredCons>0 );
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || (p->rc&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT );
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || db->nDeferredCons>0 || db->nDeferredImmCons>0 );
     rc = p->rc ? SQLITE_ERROR : SQLITE_DONE;
   }
   goto vdbe_return;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Integer P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=P1
 **
 ** The 32-bit integer value P1 is written into register P2.
 */
@@ -65731,6 +68950,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Int64 * P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=P4
 **
 ** P4 is a pointer to a 64-bit integer value.
 ** Write that value into register P2.
@@ -65743,6 +68963,7 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
 /* Opcode: Real * P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=P4
 **
 ** P4 is a pointer to a 64-bit floating point value.
 ** Write that value into register P2.
@@ -65756,9 +68977,12 @@
 #endif
 
 /* Opcode: String8 * P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]='P4'
 **
 ** P4 points to a nul terminated UTF-8 string. This opcode is transformed 
-** into an OP_String before it is executed for the first time.
+** into a String before it is executed for the first time.  During
+** this transformation, the length of string P4 is computed and stored
+** as the P1 parameter.
 */
 case OP_String8: {         /* same as TK_STRING, out2-prerelease */
   assert( pOp->p4.z!=0 );
@@ -65771,10 +68995,9 @@
     if( rc==SQLITE_TOOBIG ) goto too_big;
     if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pOut, encoding) ) goto no_mem;
     assert( pOut->zMalloc==pOut->z );
-    assert( pOut->flags & MEM_Dyn );
+    assert( VdbeMemDynamic(pOut)==0 );
     pOut->zMalloc = 0;
     pOut->flags |= MEM_Static;
-    pOut->flags &= ~MEM_Dyn;
     if( pOp->p4type==P4_DYNAMIC ){
       sqlite3DbFree(db, pOp->p4.z);
     }
@@ -65790,6 +69013,7 @@
 }
   
 /* Opcode: String P1 P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]='P4' (len=P1)
 **
 ** The string value P4 of length P1 (bytes) is stored in register P2.
 */
@@ -65803,32 +69027,51 @@
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: Null * P2 P3 * *
+/* Opcode: Null P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P2..P3]=NULL
 **
 ** Write a NULL into registers P2.  If P3 greater than P2, then also write
-** NULL into register P3 and ever register in between P2 and P3.  If P3
+** NULL into register P3 and every register in between P2 and P3.  If P3
 ** is less than P2 (typically P3 is zero) then only register P2 is
-** set to NULL
+** set to NULL.
+**
+** If the P1 value is non-zero, then also set the MEM_Cleared flag so that
+** NULL values will not compare equal even if SQLITE_NULLEQ is set on
+** OP_Ne or OP_Eq.
 */
 case OP_Null: {           /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ab */
   int cnt;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ab */
-  u.ab.cnt = pOp->p3-pOp->p2;
-  assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
-  while( u.ab.cnt>0 ){
+  u16 nullFlag;
+  cnt = pOp->p3-pOp->p2;
+  assert( pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pOut->flags = nullFlag = pOp->p1 ? (MEM_Null|MEM_Cleared) : MEM_Null;
+  while( cnt>0 ){
     pOut++;
     memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
     VdbeMemRelease(pOut);
-    pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
-    u.ab.cnt--;
+    pOut->flags = nullFlag;
+    cnt--;
   }
   break;
 }
 
+/* Opcode: SoftNull P1 * * * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P1]=NULL
+**
+** Set register P1 to have the value NULL as seen by the OP_MakeRecord
+** instruction, but do not free any string or blob memory associated with
+** the register, so that if the value was a string or blob that was
+** previously copied using OP_SCopy, the copies will continue to be valid.
+*/
+case OP_SoftNull: {
+  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  pOut->flags = (pOut->flags|MEM_Null)&~MEM_Undefined;
+  break;
+}
 
-/* Opcode: Blob P1 P2 * P4
+/* Opcode: Blob P1 P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=P4 (len=P1)
 **
 ** P4 points to a blob of data P1 bytes long.  Store this
 ** blob in register P2.
@@ -65842,90 +69085,104 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Variable P1 P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=parameter(P1,P4)
 **
 ** Transfer the values of bound parameter P1 into register P2
 **
-** If the parameter is named, then its name appears in P4 and P3==1.
+** If the parameter is named, then its name appears in P4.
 ** The P4 value is used by sqlite3_bind_parameter_name().
 */
 case OP_Variable: {            /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ac */
   Mem *pVar;       /* Value being transferred */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ac */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=p->nVar );
   assert( pOp->p4.z==0 || pOp->p4.z==p->azVar[pOp->p1-1] );
-  u.ac.pVar = &p->aVar[pOp->p1 - 1];
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.ac.pVar) ){
+  pVar = &p->aVar[pOp->p1 - 1];
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(pVar) ){
     goto too_big;
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, u.ac.pVar, MEM_Static);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, pVar, MEM_Static);
   UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Move P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P2@P3]=r[P1@P3]
 **
-** Move the values in register P1..P1+P3-1 over into
-** registers P2..P2+P3-1.  Registers P1..P1+P1-1 are
+** Move the P3 values in register P1..P1+P3-1 over into
+** registers P2..P2+P3-1.  Registers P1..P1+P3-1 are
 ** left holding a NULL.  It is an error for register ranges
-** P1..P1+P3-1 and P2..P2+P3-1 to overlap.
+** P1..P1+P3-1 and P2..P2+P3-1 to overlap.  It is an error
+** for P3 to be less than 1.
 */
 case OP_Move: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ad */
   char *zMalloc;   /* Holding variable for allocated memory */
   int n;           /* Number of registers left to copy */
   int p1;          /* Register to copy from */
   int p2;          /* Register to copy to */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ad */
 
-  u.ad.n = pOp->p3;
-  u.ad.p1 = pOp->p1;
-  u.ad.p2 = pOp->p2;
-  assert( u.ad.n>0 && u.ad.p1>0 && u.ad.p2>0 );
-  assert( u.ad.p1+u.ad.n<=u.ad.p2 || u.ad.p2+u.ad.n<=u.ad.p1 );
+  n = pOp->p3;
+  p1 = pOp->p1;
+  p2 = pOp->p2;
+  assert( n>0 && p1>0 && p2>0 );
+  assert( p1+n<=p2 || p2+n<=p1 );
 
-  pIn1 = &aMem[u.ad.p1];
-  pOut = &aMem[u.ad.p2];
-  while( u.ad.n-- ){
-    assert( pOut<=&aMem[p->nMem] );
-    assert( pIn1<=&aMem[p->nMem] );
+  pIn1 = &aMem[p1];
+  pOut = &aMem[p2];
+  do{
+    assert( pOut<=&aMem[(p->nMem-p->nCursor)] );
+    assert( pIn1<=&aMem[(p->nMem-p->nCursor)] );
     assert( memIsValid(pIn1) );
     memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
-    u.ad.zMalloc = pOut->zMalloc;
-    pOut->zMalloc = 0;
-    sqlite3VdbeMemMove(pOut, pIn1);
+    VdbeMemRelease(pOut);
+    zMalloc = pOut->zMalloc;
+    memcpy(pOut, pIn1, sizeof(Mem));
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    if( pOut->pScopyFrom>=&aMem[u.ad.p1] && pOut->pScopyFrom<&aMem[u.ad.p1+pOp->p3] ){
-      pOut->pScopyFrom += u.ad.p1 - pOp->p2;
+    if( pOut->pScopyFrom>=&aMem[p1] && pOut->pScopyFrom<&aMem[p1+pOp->p3] ){
+      pOut->pScopyFrom += p1 - pOp->p2;
     }
 #endif
-    pIn1->zMalloc = u.ad.zMalloc;
-    REGISTER_TRACE(u.ad.p2++, pOut);
+    pIn1->flags = MEM_Undefined;
+    pIn1->xDel = 0;
+    pIn1->zMalloc = zMalloc;
+    REGISTER_TRACE(p2++, pOut);
     pIn1++;
     pOut++;
-  }
+  }while( --n );
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: Copy P1 P2 * * *
+/* Opcode: Copy P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2@P3+1]=r[P1@P3+1]
 **
-** Make a copy of register P1 into register P2.
+** Make a copy of registers P1..P1+P3 into registers P2..P2+P3.
 **
 ** This instruction makes a deep copy of the value.  A duplicate
 ** is made of any string or blob constant.  See also OP_SCopy.
 */
-case OP_Copy: {             /* in1, out2 */
+case OP_Copy: {
+  int n;
+
+  n = pOp->p3;
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   assert( pOut!=pIn1 );
-  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, pIn1, MEM_Ephem);
-  Deephemeralize(pOut);
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
+  while( 1 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, pIn1, MEM_Ephem);
+    Deephemeralize(pOut);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    pOut->pScopyFrom = 0;
+#endif
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2+pOp->p3-n, pOut);
+    if( (n--)==0 ) break;
+    pOut++;
+    pIn1++;
+  }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: SCopy P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=r[P1]
 **
 ** Make a shallow copy of register P1 into register P2.
 **
@@ -65937,7 +69194,7 @@
 ** during the lifetime of the copy.  Use OP_Copy to make a complete
 ** copy.
 */
-case OP_SCopy: {            /* in1, out2 */
+case OP_SCopy: {            /* out2 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   assert( pOut!=pIn1 );
@@ -65945,26 +69202,36 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   if( pOut->pScopyFrom==0 ) pOut->pScopyFrom = pIn1;
 #endif
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: ResultRow P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis:  output=r[P1@P2]
 **
 ** The registers P1 through P1+P2-1 contain a single row of
 ** results. This opcode causes the sqlite3_step() call to terminate
 ** with an SQLITE_ROW return code and it sets up the sqlite3_stmt
-** structure to provide access to the top P1 values as the result
-** row.
+** structure to provide access to the r(P1)..r(P1+P2-1) values as
+** the result row.
 */
 case OP_ResultRow: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ae */
   Mem *pMem;
   int i;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ae */
   assert( p->nResColumn==pOp->p2 );
   assert( pOp->p1>0 );
-  assert( pOp->p1+pOp->p2<=p->nMem+1 );
+  assert( pOp->p1+pOp->p2<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+  /* Run the progress counter just before returning.
+  */
+  if( db->xProgress!=0
+   && nVmStep>=nProgressLimit
+   && db->xProgress(db->pProgressArg)!=0
+  ){
+    rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
+    goto vdbe_error_halt;
+  }
+#endif
 
   /* If this statement has violated immediate foreign key constraints, do
   ** not return the number of rows modified. And do not RELEASE the statement
@@ -65975,8 +69242,8 @@
     break;
   }
 
-  /* If the SQLITE_CountRows flag is set in sqlite3.flags mask, then
-  ** DML statements invoke this opcode to return the number of rows
+  /* If the SQLITE_CountRows flag is set in sqlite3.flags mask, then 
+  ** DML statements invoke this opcode to return the number of rows 
   ** modified to the user. This is the only way that a VM that
   ** opens a statement transaction may invoke this opcode.
   **
@@ -66003,15 +69270,14 @@
   ** and have an assigned type.  The results are de-ephemeralized as
   ** a side effect.
   */
-  u.ae.pMem = p->pResultSet = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  for(u.ae.i=0; u.ae.i<pOp->p2; u.ae.i++){
-    assert( memIsValid(&u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i]) );
-    Deephemeralize(&u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i]);
-    assert( (u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i].flags & MEM_Ephem)==0
-            || (u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i].flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
-    sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(&u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i]);
-    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(&u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i]);
-    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1+u.ae.i, &u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i]);
+  pMem = p->pResultSet = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  for(i=0; i<pOp->p2; i++){
+    assert( memIsValid(&pMem[i]) );
+    Deephemeralize(&pMem[i]);
+    assert( (pMem[i].flags & MEM_Ephem)==0
+            || (pMem[i].flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
+    sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(&pMem[i]);
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1+i, &pMem[i]);
   }
   if( db->mallocFailed ) goto no_mem;
 
@@ -66023,6 +69289,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Concat P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]+r[P1]
 **
 ** Add the text in register P1 onto the end of the text in
 ** register P2 and store the result in register P3.
@@ -66035,9 +69302,7 @@
 ** to avoid a memcpy().
 */
 case OP_Concat: {           /* same as TK_CONCAT, in1, in2, out3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.af */
   i64 nByte;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.af */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
@@ -66050,34 +69315,36 @@
   if( ExpandBlob(pIn1) || ExpandBlob(pIn2) ) goto no_mem;
   Stringify(pIn1, encoding);
   Stringify(pIn2, encoding);
-  u.af.nByte = pIn1->n + pIn2->n;
-  if( u.af.nByte>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+  nByte = pIn1->n + pIn2->n;
+  if( nByte>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
     goto too_big;
   }
-  MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Str);
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, (int)u.af.nByte+2, pOut==pIn2) ){
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, (int)nByte+2, pOut==pIn2) ){
     goto no_mem;
   }
+  MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Str);
   if( pOut!=pIn2 ){
     memcpy(pOut->z, pIn2->z, pIn2->n);
   }
   memcpy(&pOut->z[pIn2->n], pIn1->z, pIn1->n);
-  pOut->z[u.af.nByte] = 0;
-  pOut->z[u.af.nByte+1] = 0;
+  pOut->z[nByte]=0;
+  pOut->z[nByte+1] = 0;
   pOut->flags |= MEM_Term;
-  pOut->n = (int)u.af.nByte;
+  pOut->n = (int)nByte;
   pOut->enc = encoding;
   UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Add P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P1]+r[P2]
 **
 ** Add the value in register P1 to the value in register P2
 ** and store the result in register P3.
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: Multiply P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P1]*r[P2]
 **
 **
 ** Multiply the value in register P1 by the value in register P2
@@ -66085,12 +69352,14 @@
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: Subtract P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P2]-r[P1]
 **
 ** Subtract the value in register P1 from the value in register P2
 ** and store the result in register P3.
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: Divide P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P2]/r[P1]
 **
 ** Divide the value in register P1 by the value in register P2
 ** and store the result in register P3 (P3=P2/P1). If the value in 
@@ -66098,10 +69367,11 @@
 ** NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: Remainder P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P2]%r[P1]
 **
-** Compute the remainder after integer division of the value in
-** register P1 by the value in register P2 and store the result in P3. 
-** If the value in register P2 is zero the result is NULL.
+** Compute the remainder after integer register P2 is divided by 
+** register P1 and store the result in register P3. 
+** If the value in register P1 is zero the result is NULL.
 ** If either operand is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 case OP_Add:                   /* same as TK_PLUS, in1, in2, out3 */
@@ -66109,76 +69379,79 @@
 case OP_Multiply:              /* same as TK_STAR, in1, in2, out3 */
 case OP_Divide:                /* same as TK_SLASH, in1, in2, out3 */
 case OP_Remainder: {           /* same as TK_REM, in1, in2, out3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ag */
-  int flags;      /* Combined MEM_* flags from both inputs */
+  char bIntint;   /* Started out as two integer operands */
+  u16 flags;      /* Combined MEM_* flags from both inputs */
+  u16 type1;      /* Numeric type of left operand */
+  u16 type2;      /* Numeric type of right operand */
   i64 iA;         /* Integer value of left operand */
   i64 iB;         /* Integer value of right operand */
   double rA;      /* Real value of left operand */
   double rB;      /* Real value of right operand */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ag */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  applyNumericAffinity(pIn1);
+  type1 = numericType(pIn1);
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-  applyNumericAffinity(pIn2);
+  type2 = numericType(pIn2);
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.ag.flags = pIn1->flags | pIn2->flags;
-  if( (u.ag.flags & MEM_Null)!=0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
-  if( (pIn1->flags & pIn2->flags & MEM_Int)==MEM_Int ){
-    u.ag.iA = pIn1->u.i;
-    u.ag.iB = pIn2->u.i;
+  flags = pIn1->flags | pIn2->flags;
+  if( (flags & MEM_Null)!=0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+  if( (type1 & type2 & MEM_Int)!=0 ){
+    iA = pIn1->u.i;
+    iB = pIn2->u.i;
+    bIntint = 1;
     switch( pOp->opcode ){
-      case OP_Add:       if( sqlite3AddInt64(&u.ag.iB,u.ag.iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
-      case OP_Subtract:  if( sqlite3SubInt64(&u.ag.iB,u.ag.iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
-      case OP_Multiply:  if( sqlite3MulInt64(&u.ag.iB,u.ag.iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
+      case OP_Add:       if( sqlite3AddInt64(&iB,iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
+      case OP_Subtract:  if( sqlite3SubInt64(&iB,iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
+      case OP_Multiply:  if( sqlite3MulInt64(&iB,iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
       case OP_Divide: {
-        if( u.ag.iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
-        if( u.ag.iA==-1 && u.ag.iB==SMALLEST_INT64 ) goto fp_math;
-        u.ag.iB /= u.ag.iA;
+        if( iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+        if( iA==-1 && iB==SMALLEST_INT64 ) goto fp_math;
+        iB /= iA;
         break;
       }
       default: {
-        if( u.ag.iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
-        if( u.ag.iA==-1 ) u.ag.iA = 1;
-        u.ag.iB %= u.ag.iA;
+        if( iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+        if( iA==-1 ) iA = 1;
+        iB %= iA;
         break;
       }
     }
-    pOut->u.i = u.ag.iB;
+    pOut->u.i = iB;
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
   }else{
+    bIntint = 0;
 fp_math:
-    u.ag.rA = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn1);
-    u.ag.rB = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn2);
+    rA = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn1);
+    rB = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn2);
     switch( pOp->opcode ){
-      case OP_Add:         u.ag.rB += u.ag.rA;       break;
-      case OP_Subtract:    u.ag.rB -= u.ag.rA;       break;
-      case OP_Multiply:    u.ag.rB *= u.ag.rA;       break;
+      case OP_Add:         rB += rA;       break;
+      case OP_Subtract:    rB -= rA;       break;
+      case OP_Multiply:    rB *= rA;       break;
       case OP_Divide: {
         /* (double)0 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
-        if( u.ag.rA==(double)0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
-        u.ag.rB /= u.ag.rA;
+        if( rA==(double)0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+        rB /= rA;
         break;
       }
       default: {
-        u.ag.iA = (i64)u.ag.rA;
-        u.ag.iB = (i64)u.ag.rB;
-        if( u.ag.iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
-        if( u.ag.iA==-1 ) u.ag.iA = 1;
-        u.ag.rB = (double)(u.ag.iB % u.ag.iA);
+        iA = (i64)rA;
+        iB = (i64)rB;
+        if( iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+        if( iA==-1 ) iA = 1;
+        rB = (double)(iB % iA);
         break;
       }
     }
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
-    pOut->u.i = u.ag.rB;
+    pOut->u.i = rB;
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
 #else
-    if( sqlite3IsNaN(u.ag.rB) ){
+    if( sqlite3IsNaN(rB) ){
       goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
     }
-    pOut->r = u.ag.rB;
+    pOut->r = rB;
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Real);
-    if( (u.ag.flags & MEM_Real)==0 ){
+    if( ((type1|type2)&MEM_Real)==0 && !bIntint ){
       sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(pOut);
     }
 #endif
@@ -66214,6 +69487,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Function P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@P5])
 **
 ** Invoke a user function (P4 is a pointer to a Function structure that
 ** defines the function) with P5 arguments taken from register P2 and
@@ -66230,92 +69504,78 @@
 ** See also: AggStep and AggFinal
 */
 case OP_Function: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ah */
   int i;
   Mem *pArg;
   sqlite3_context ctx;
   sqlite3_value **apVal;
   int n;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ah */
 
-  u.ah.n = pOp->p5;
-  u.ah.apVal = p->apArg;
-  assert( u.ah.apVal || u.ah.n==0 );
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+  n = pOp->p5;
+  apVal = p->apArg;
+  assert( apVal || n==0 );
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
 
-  assert( u.ah.n==0 || (pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+u.ah.n<=p->nMem+1) );
-  assert( pOp->p3<pOp->p2 || pOp->p3>=pOp->p2+u.ah.n );
-  u.ah.pArg = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-  for(u.ah.i=0; u.ah.i<u.ah.n; u.ah.i++, u.ah.pArg++){
-    assert( memIsValid(u.ah.pArg) );
-    u.ah.apVal[u.ah.i] = u.ah.pArg;
-    Deephemeralize(u.ah.pArg);
-    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.ah.pArg);
-    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2+u.ah.i, u.ah.pArg);
+  assert( n==0 || (pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+n<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1) );
+  assert( pOp->p3<pOp->p2 || pOp->p3>=pOp->p2+n );
+  pArg = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  for(i=0; i<n; i++, pArg++){
+    assert( memIsValid(pArg) );
+    apVal[i] = pArg;
+    Deephemeralize(pArg);
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2+i, pArg);
   }
 
-  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_FUNCDEF || pOp->p4type==P4_VDBEFUNC );
-  if( pOp->p4type==P4_FUNCDEF ){
-    u.ah.ctx.pFunc = pOp->p4.pFunc;
-    u.ah.ctx.pVdbeFunc = 0;
-  }else{
-    u.ah.ctx.pVdbeFunc = (VdbeFunc*)pOp->p4.pVdbeFunc;
-    u.ah.ctx.pFunc = u.ah.ctx.pVdbeFunc->pFunc;
-  }
-
-  u.ah.ctx.s.flags = MEM_Null;
-  u.ah.ctx.s.db = db;
-  u.ah.ctx.s.xDel = 0;
-  u.ah.ctx.s.zMalloc = 0;
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_FUNCDEF );
+  ctx.pFunc = pOp->p4.pFunc;
+  ctx.iOp = pc;
+  ctx.pVdbe = p;
 
   /* The output cell may already have a buffer allocated. Move
-  ** the pointer to u.ah.ctx.s so in case the user-function can use
+  ** the pointer to ctx.s so in case the user-function can use
   ** the already allocated buffer instead of allocating a new one.
   */
-  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&u.ah.ctx.s, pOut);
-  MemSetTypeFlag(&u.ah.ctx.s, MEM_Null);
+  memcpy(&ctx.s, pOut, sizeof(Mem));
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
+  pOut->xDel = 0;
+  pOut->zMalloc = 0;
+  MemSetTypeFlag(&ctx.s, MEM_Null);
 
-  u.ah.ctx.isError = 0;
-  if( u.ah.ctx.pFunc->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+  ctx.fErrorOrAux = 0;
+  if( ctx.pFunc->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
     assert( pOp>aOp );
     assert( pOp[-1].p4type==P4_COLLSEQ );
     assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_CollSeq );
-    u.ah.ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
+    ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
   }
   db->lastRowid = lastRowid;
-  (*u.ah.ctx.pFunc->xFunc)(&u.ah.ctx, u.ah.n, u.ah.apVal); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
+  (*ctx.pFunc->xFunc)(&ctx, n, apVal); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
   lastRowid = db->lastRowid;
 
-  /* If any auxiliary data functions have been called by this user function,
-  ** immediately call the destructor for any non-static values.
-  */
-  if( u.ah.ctx.pVdbeFunc ){
-    sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(u.ah.ctx.pVdbeFunc, pOp->p1);
-    pOp->p4.pVdbeFunc = u.ah.ctx.pVdbeFunc;
-    pOp->p4type = P4_VDBEFUNC;
-  }
-
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     /* Even though a malloc() has failed, the implementation of the
     ** user function may have called an sqlite3_result_XXX() function
     ** to return a value. The following call releases any resources
     ** associated with such a value.
     */
-    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.ah.ctx.s);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&ctx.s);
     goto no_mem;
   }
 
   /* If the function returned an error, throw an exception */
-  if( u.ah.ctx.isError ){
-    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&u.ah.ctx.s));
-    rc = u.ah.ctx.isError;
+  if( ctx.fErrorOrAux ){
+    if( ctx.isError ){
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&ctx.s));
+      rc = ctx.isError;
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(p, pc, pOp->p1);
   }
 
   /* Copy the result of the function into register P3 */
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&u.ah.ctx.s, encoding);
-  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(pOut, &u.ah.ctx.s);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&ctx.s, encoding);
+  assert( pOut->flags==MEM_Null );
+  memcpy(pOut, &ctx.s, sizeof(Mem));
   if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(pOut) ){
     goto too_big;
   }
@@ -66334,18 +69594,21 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: BitAnd P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P1]&r[P2]
 **
 ** Take the bit-wise AND of the values in register P1 and P2 and
 ** store the result in register P3.
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: BitOr P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P1]|r[P2]
 **
 ** Take the bit-wise OR of the values in register P1 and P2 and
 ** store the result in register P3.
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: ShiftLeft P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P2]<<r[P1]
 **
 ** Shift the integer value in register P2 to the left by the
 ** number of bits specified by the integer in register P1.
@@ -66353,6 +69616,7 @@
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: ShiftRight P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P2]>>r[P1]
 **
 ** Shift the integer value in register P2 to the right by the
 ** number of bits specified by the integer in register P1.
@@ -66363,12 +69627,10 @@
 case OP_BitOr:                  /* same as TK_BITOR, in1, in2, out3 */
 case OP_ShiftLeft:              /* same as TK_LSHIFT, in1, in2, out3 */
 case OP_ShiftRight: {           /* same as TK_RSHIFT, in1, in2, out3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ai */
   i64 iA;
   u64 uA;
   i64 iB;
   u8 op;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ai */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
@@ -66377,43 +69639,44 @@
     sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pOut);
     break;
   }
-  u.ai.iA = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
-  u.ai.iB = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1);
-  u.ai.op = pOp->opcode;
-  if( u.ai.op==OP_BitAnd ){
-    u.ai.iA &= u.ai.iB;
-  }else if( u.ai.op==OP_BitOr ){
-    u.ai.iA |= u.ai.iB;
-  }else if( u.ai.iB!=0 ){
-    assert( u.ai.op==OP_ShiftRight || u.ai.op==OP_ShiftLeft );
+  iA = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
+  iB = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1);
+  op = pOp->opcode;
+  if( op==OP_BitAnd ){
+    iA &= iB;
+  }else if( op==OP_BitOr ){
+    iA |= iB;
+  }else if( iB!=0 ){
+    assert( op==OP_ShiftRight || op==OP_ShiftLeft );
 
     /* If shifting by a negative amount, shift in the other direction */
-    if( u.ai.iB<0 ){
+    if( iB<0 ){
       assert( OP_ShiftRight==OP_ShiftLeft+1 );
-      u.ai.op = 2*OP_ShiftLeft + 1 - u.ai.op;
-      u.ai.iB = u.ai.iB>(-64) ? -u.ai.iB : 64;
+      op = 2*OP_ShiftLeft + 1 - op;
+      iB = iB>(-64) ? -iB : 64;
     }
 
-    if( u.ai.iB>=64 ){
-      u.ai.iA = (u.ai.iA>=0 || u.ai.op==OP_ShiftLeft) ? 0 : -1;
+    if( iB>=64 ){
+      iA = (iA>=0 || op==OP_ShiftLeft) ? 0 : -1;
     }else{
-      memcpy(&u.ai.uA, &u.ai.iA, sizeof(u.ai.uA));
-      if( u.ai.op==OP_ShiftLeft ){
-        u.ai.uA <<= u.ai.iB;
+      memcpy(&uA, &iA, sizeof(uA));
+      if( op==OP_ShiftLeft ){
+        uA <<= iB;
       }else{
-        u.ai.uA >>= u.ai.iB;
+        uA >>= iB;
         /* Sign-extend on a right shift of a negative number */
-        if( u.ai.iA<0 ) u.ai.uA |= ((((u64)0xffffffff)<<32)|0xffffffff) << (64-u.ai.iB);
+        if( iA<0 ) uA |= ((((u64)0xffffffff)<<32)|0xffffffff) << (64-iB);
       }
-      memcpy(&u.ai.iA, &u.ai.uA, sizeof(u.ai.iA));
+      memcpy(&iA, &uA, sizeof(iA));
     }
   }
-  pOut->u.i = u.ai.iA;
+  pOut->u.i = iA;
   MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: AddImm  P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P1]=r[P1]+P2
 ** 
 ** Add the constant P2 to the value in register P1.
 ** The result is always an integer.
@@ -66437,17 +69700,20 @@
 */
 case OP_MustBeInt: {            /* jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  applyAffinity(pIn1, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC, encoding);
   if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Int)==0 ){
-    if( pOp->p2==0 ){
-      rc = SQLITE_MISMATCH;
-      goto abort_due_to_error;
-    }else{
-      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    applyAffinity(pIn1, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC, encoding);
+    VdbeBranchTaken((pIn1->flags&MEM_Int)==0, 2);
+    if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Int)==0 ){
+      if( pOp->p2==0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_MISMATCH;
+        goto abort_due_to_error;
+      }else{
+        pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+        break;
+      }
     }
-  }else{
-    MemSetTypeFlag(pIn1, MEM_Int);
   }
+  MemSetTypeFlag(pIn1, MEM_Int);
   break;
 }
 
@@ -66475,7 +69741,7 @@
 **
 ** Force the value in register P1 to be text.
 ** If the value is numeric, convert it to a string using the
-** equivalent of printf().  Blob values are unchanged and
+** equivalent of sprintf().  Blob values are unchanged and
 ** are afterwards simply interpreted as text.
 **
 ** A NULL value is not changed by this routine.  It remains NULL.
@@ -66572,6 +69838,7 @@
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CAST) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT) */
 
 /* Opcode: Lt P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]<r[P3] goto P2
 **
 ** Compare the values in register P1 and P3.  If reg(P3)<reg(P1) then
 ** jump to address P2.  
@@ -66600,8 +69867,13 @@
 **
 ** If the SQLITE_STOREP2 bit of P5 is set, then do not jump.  Instead,
 ** store a boolean result (either 0, or 1, or NULL) in register P2.
+**
+** If the SQLITE_NULLEQ bit is set in P5, then NULL values are considered
+** equal to one another, provided that they do not have their MEM_Cleared
+** bit set.
 */
 /* Opcode: Ne P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]!=r[P3] goto P2
 **
 ** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
 ** the operands in registers P1 and P3 are not equal.  See the Lt opcode for
@@ -66614,6 +69886,7 @@
 ** the SQLITE_NULLEQ flag were omitted from P5.
 */
 /* Opcode: Eq P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]==r[P3] goto P2
 **
 ** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
 ** the operands in registers P1 and P3 are equal.
@@ -66626,18 +69899,21 @@
 ** the SQLITE_NULLEQ flag were omitted from P5.
 */
 /* Opcode: Le P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]<=r[P3] goto P2
 **
 ** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
 ** the content of register P3 is less than or equal to the content of
 ** register P1.  See the Lt opcode for additional information.
 */
 /* Opcode: Gt P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]>r[P3] goto P2
 **
 ** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
 ** the content of register P3 is greater than the content of
 ** register P1.  See the Lt opcode for additional information.
 */
 /* Opcode: Ge P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]>=r[P3] goto P2
 **
 ** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
 ** the content of register P3 is greater than or equal to the content of
@@ -66649,18 +69925,16 @@
 case OP_Le:               /* same as TK_LE, jump, in1, in3 */
 case OP_Gt:               /* same as TK_GT, jump, in1, in3 */
 case OP_Ge: {             /* same as TK_GE, jump, in1, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.aj */
   int res;            /* Result of the comparison of pIn1 against pIn3 */
   char affinity;      /* Affinity to use for comparison */
   u16 flags1;         /* Copy of initial value of pIn1->flags */
   u16 flags3;         /* Copy of initial value of pIn3->flags */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.aj */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.aj.flags1 = pIn1->flags;
-  u.aj.flags3 = pIn3->flags;
-  if( (u.aj.flags1 | u.aj.flags3)&MEM_Null ){
+  flags1 = pIn1->flags;
+  flags3 = pIn3->flags;
+  if( (flags1 | flags3)&MEM_Null ){
     /* One or both operands are NULL */
     if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_NULLEQ ){
       /* If SQLITE_NULLEQ is set (which will only happen if the operator is
@@ -66668,7 +69942,16 @@
       ** or not both operands are null.
       */
       assert( pOp->opcode==OP_Eq || pOp->opcode==OP_Ne );
-      u.aj.res = (u.aj.flags1 & u.aj.flags3 & MEM_Null)==0;
+      assert( (flags1 & MEM_Cleared)==0 );
+      assert( (pOp->p5 & SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL)==0 );
+      if( (flags1&MEM_Null)!=0
+       && (flags3&MEM_Null)!=0
+       && (flags3&MEM_Cleared)==0
+      ){
+        res = 0;  /* Results are equal */
+      }else{
+        res = 1;  /* Results are not equal */
+      }
     }else{
       /* SQLITE_NULLEQ is clear and at least one operand is NULL,
       ** then the result is always NULL.
@@ -66678,47 +69961,52 @@
         pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
         MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Null);
         REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
-      }else if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL ){
-        pc = pOp->p2-1;
+      }else{
+        VdbeBranchTaken(2,3);
+        if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL ){
+          pc = pOp->p2-1;
+        }
       }
       break;
     }
   }else{
     /* Neither operand is NULL.  Do a comparison. */
-    u.aj.affinity = pOp->p5 & SQLITE_AFF_MASK;
-    if( u.aj.affinity ){
-      applyAffinity(pIn1, u.aj.affinity, encoding);
-      applyAffinity(pIn3, u.aj.affinity, encoding);
+    affinity = pOp->p5 & SQLITE_AFF_MASK;
+    if( affinity ){
+      applyAffinity(pIn1, affinity, encoding);
+      applyAffinity(pIn3, affinity, encoding);
       if( db->mallocFailed ) goto no_mem;
     }
 
     assert( pOp->p4type==P4_COLLSEQ || pOp->p4.pColl==0 );
     ExpandBlob(pIn1);
     ExpandBlob(pIn3);
-    u.aj.res = sqlite3MemCompare(pIn3, pIn1, pOp->p4.pColl);
+    res = sqlite3MemCompare(pIn3, pIn1, pOp->p4.pColl);
   }
   switch( pOp->opcode ){
-    case OP_Eq:    u.aj.res = u.aj.res==0;     break;
-    case OP_Ne:    u.aj.res = u.aj.res!=0;     break;
-    case OP_Lt:    u.aj.res = u.aj.res<0;      break;
-    case OP_Le:    u.aj.res = u.aj.res<=0;     break;
-    case OP_Gt:    u.aj.res = u.aj.res>0;      break;
-    default:       u.aj.res = u.aj.res>=0;     break;
+    case OP_Eq:    res = res==0;     break;
+    case OP_Ne:    res = res!=0;     break;
+    case OP_Lt:    res = res<0;      break;
+    case OP_Le:    res = res<=0;     break;
+    case OP_Gt:    res = res>0;      break;
+    default:       res = res>=0;     break;
   }
 
   if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_STOREP2 ){
     pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
     memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
-    pOut->u.i = u.aj.res;
+    pOut->u.i = res;
     REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
-  }else if( u.aj.res ){
-    pc = pOp->p2-1;
+  }else{
+    VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0, (pOp->p5 & SQLITE_NULLEQ)?2:3);
+    if( res ){
+      pc = pOp->p2-1;
+    }
   }
-
   /* Undo any changes made by applyAffinity() to the input registers. */
-  pIn1->flags = (pIn1->flags&~MEM_TypeMask) | (u.aj.flags1&MEM_TypeMask);
-  pIn3->flags = (pIn3->flags&~MEM_TypeMask) | (u.aj.flags3&MEM_TypeMask);
+  pIn1->flags = (pIn1->flags&~MEM_TypeMask) | (flags1&MEM_TypeMask);
+  pIn3->flags = (pIn3->flags&~MEM_TypeMask) | (flags3&MEM_TypeMask);
   break;
 }
 
@@ -66727,9 +70015,9 @@
 ** Set the permutation used by the OP_Compare operator to be the array
 ** of integers in P4.
 **
-** The permutation is only valid until the next OP_Permutation, OP_Compare,
-** OP_Halt, or OP_ResultRow.  Typically the OP_Permutation should occur
-** immediately prior to the OP_Compare.
+** The permutation is only valid until the next OP_Compare that has
+** the OPFLAG_PERMUTE bit set in P5. Typically the OP_Permutation should 
+** occur immediately prior to the OP_Compare.
 */
 case OP_Permutation: {
   assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INTARRAY );
@@ -66738,12 +70026,18 @@
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: Compare P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode: Compare P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: r[P1@P3] <-> r[P2@P3]
 **
 ** Compare two vectors of registers in reg(P1)..reg(P1+P3-1) (call this
 ** vector "A") and in reg(P2)..reg(P2+P3-1) ("B").  Save the result of
 ** the comparison for use by the next OP_Jump instruct.
 **
+** If P5 has the OPFLAG_PERMUTE bit set, then the order of comparison is
+** determined by the most recent OP_Permutation operator.  If the
+** OPFLAG_PERMUTE bit is clear, then register are compared in sequential
+** order.
+**
 ** P4 is a KeyInfo structure that defines collating sequences and sort
 ** orders for the comparison.  The permutation applies to registers
 ** only.  The KeyInfo elements are used sequentially.
@@ -66753,7 +70047,6 @@
 ** and strings are less than blobs.
 */
 case OP_Compare: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ak */
   int n;
   int i;
   int p1;
@@ -66762,37 +70055,37 @@
   int idx;
   CollSeq *pColl;    /* Collating sequence to use on this term */
   int bRev;          /* True for DESCENDING sort order */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ak */
 
-  u.ak.n = pOp->p3;
-  u.ak.pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
-  assert( u.ak.n>0 );
-  assert( u.ak.pKeyInfo!=0 );
-  u.ak.p1 = pOp->p1;
-  u.ak.p2 = pOp->p2;
+  if( (pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_PERMUTE)==0 ) aPermute = 0;
+  n = pOp->p3;
+  pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+  assert( n>0 );
+  assert( pKeyInfo!=0 );
+  p1 = pOp->p1;
+  p2 = pOp->p2;
 #if SQLITE_DEBUG
   if( aPermute ){
     int k, mx = 0;
-    for(k=0; k<u.ak.n; k++) if( aPermute[k]>mx ) mx = aPermute[k];
-    assert( u.ak.p1>0 && u.ak.p1+mx<=p->nMem+1 );
-    assert( u.ak.p2>0 && u.ak.p2+mx<=p->nMem+1 );
+    for(k=0; k<n; k++) if( aPermute[k]>mx ) mx = aPermute[k];
+    assert( p1>0 && p1+mx<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
+    assert( p2>0 && p2+mx<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
   }else{
-    assert( u.ak.p1>0 && u.ak.p1+u.ak.n<=p->nMem+1 );
-    assert( u.ak.p2>0 && u.ak.p2+u.ak.n<=p->nMem+1 );
+    assert( p1>0 && p1+n<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
+    assert( p2>0 && p2+n<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
   }
 #endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
-  for(u.ak.i=0; u.ak.i<u.ak.n; u.ak.i++){
-    u.ak.idx = aPermute ? aPermute[u.ak.i] : u.ak.i;
-    assert( memIsValid(&aMem[u.ak.p1+u.ak.idx]) );
-    assert( memIsValid(&aMem[u.ak.p2+u.ak.idx]) );
-    REGISTER_TRACE(u.ak.p1+u.ak.idx, &aMem[u.ak.p1+u.ak.idx]);
-    REGISTER_TRACE(u.ak.p2+u.ak.idx, &aMem[u.ak.p2+u.ak.idx]);
-    assert( u.ak.i<u.ak.pKeyInfo->nField );
-    u.ak.pColl = u.ak.pKeyInfo->aColl[u.ak.i];
-    u.ak.bRev = u.ak.pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[u.ak.i];
-    iCompare = sqlite3MemCompare(&aMem[u.ak.p1+u.ak.idx], &aMem[u.ak.p2+u.ak.idx], u.ak.pColl);
+  for(i=0; i<n; i++){
+    idx = aPermute ? aPermute[i] : i;
+    assert( memIsValid(&aMem[p1+idx]) );
+    assert( memIsValid(&aMem[p2+idx]) );
+    REGISTER_TRACE(p1+idx, &aMem[p1+idx]);
+    REGISTER_TRACE(p2+idx, &aMem[p2+idx]);
+    assert( i<pKeyInfo->nField );
+    pColl = pKeyInfo->aColl[i];
+    bRev = pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[i];
+    iCompare = sqlite3MemCompare(&aMem[p1+idx], &aMem[p2+idx], pColl);
     if( iCompare ){
-      if( u.ak.bRev ) iCompare = -iCompare;
+      if( bRev ) iCompare = -iCompare;
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -66808,16 +70101,17 @@
 */
 case OP_Jump: {             /* jump */
   if( iCompare<0 ){
-    pc = pOp->p1 - 1;
+    pc = pOp->p1 - 1;  VdbeBranchTaken(0,3);
   }else if( iCompare==0 ){
-    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;  VdbeBranchTaken(1,3);
   }else{
-    pc = pOp->p3 - 1;
+    pc = pOp->p3 - 1;  VdbeBranchTaken(2,3);
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: And P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P3]=(r[P1] && r[P2])
 **
 ** Take the logical AND of the values in registers P1 and P2 and
 ** write the result into register P3.
@@ -66827,6 +70121,7 @@
 ** a NULL output.
 */
 /* Opcode: Or P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P3]=(r[P1] || r[P2])
 **
 ** Take the logical OR of the values in register P1 and P2 and
 ** store the answer in register P3.
@@ -66837,41 +70132,40 @@
 */
 case OP_And:              /* same as TK_AND, in1, in2, out3 */
 case OP_Or: {             /* same as TK_OR, in1, in2, out3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.al */
   int v1;    /* Left operand:  0==FALSE, 1==TRUE, 2==UNKNOWN or NULL */
   int v2;    /* Right operand: 0==FALSE, 1==TRUE, 2==UNKNOWN or NULL */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.al */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Null ){
-    u.al.v1 = 2;
+    v1 = 2;
   }else{
-    u.al.v1 = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1)!=0;
+    v1 = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1)!=0;
   }
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   if( pIn2->flags & MEM_Null ){
-    u.al.v2 = 2;
+    v2 = 2;
   }else{
-    u.al.v2 = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2)!=0;
+    v2 = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2)!=0;
   }
   if( pOp->opcode==OP_And ){
     static const unsigned char and_logic[] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2 };
-    u.al.v1 = and_logic[u.al.v1*3+u.al.v2];
+    v1 = and_logic[v1*3+v2];
   }else{
     static const unsigned char or_logic[] = { 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2 };
-    u.al.v1 = or_logic[u.al.v1*3+u.al.v2];
+    v1 = or_logic[v1*3+v2];
   }
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  if( u.al.v1==2 ){
+  if( v1==2 ){
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Null);
   }else{
-    pOut->u.i = u.al.v1;
+    pOut->u.i = v1;
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Not P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]= !r[P1]
 **
 ** Interpret the value in register P1 as a boolean value.  Store the
 ** boolean complement in register P2.  If the value in register P1 is 
@@ -66889,6 +70183,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: BitNot P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P1]= ~r[P1]
 **
 ** Interpret the content of register P1 as an integer.  Store the
 ** ones-complement of the P1 value into register P2.  If P1 holds
@@ -66907,13 +70202,18 @@
 
 /* Opcode: Once P1 P2 * * *
 **
-** Check if OP_Once flag P1 is set. If so, jump to instruction P2. Otherwise,
-** set the flag and fall through to the next instruction.
+** Check the "once" flag number P1. If it is set, jump to instruction P2. 
+** Otherwise, set the flag and fall through to the next instruction.
+** In other words, this opcode causes all following opcodes up through P2
+** (but not including P2) to run just once and to be skipped on subsequent
+** times through the loop.
 **
-** See also: JumpOnce
+** All "once" flags are initially cleared whenever a prepared statement
+** first begins to run.
 */
 case OP_Once: {             /* jump */
   assert( pOp->p1<p->nOnceFlag );
+  VdbeBranchTaken(p->aOnceFlag[pOp->p1]!=0, 2);
   if( p->aOnceFlag[pOp->p1] ){
     pc = pOp->p2-1;
   }else{
@@ -66926,42 +70226,43 @@
 **
 ** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is true.  The value
 ** is considered true if it is numeric and non-zero.  If the value
-** in P1 is NULL then take the jump if P3 is non-zero.
+** in P1 is NULL then take the jump if and only if P3 is non-zero.
 */
 /* Opcode: IfNot P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
 ** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is False.  The value
 ** is considered false if it has a numeric value of zero.  If the value
-** in P1 is NULL then take the jump if P3 is zero.
+** in P1 is NULL then take the jump if and only if P3 is non-zero.
 */
 case OP_If:                 /* jump, in1 */
 case OP_IfNot: {            /* jump, in1 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.am */
   int c;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.am */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Null ){
-    u.am.c = pOp->p3;
+    c = pOp->p3;
   }else{
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
-    u.am.c = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1)!=0;
+    c = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1)!=0;
 #else
-    u.am.c = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn1)!=0.0;
+    c = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn1)!=0.0;
 #endif
-    if( pOp->opcode==OP_IfNot ) u.am.c = !u.am.c;
+    if( pOp->opcode==OP_IfNot ) c = !c;
   }
-  if( u.am.c ){
+  VdbeBranchTaken(c!=0, 2);
+  if( c ){
     pc = pOp->p2-1;
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IsNull P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis:  if r[P1]==NULL goto P2
 **
 ** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is NULL.
 */
 case OP_IsNull: {            /* same as TK_ISNULL, jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  VdbeBranchTaken( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)!=0, 2);
   if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)!=0 ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
@@ -66969,11 +70270,13 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: NotNull P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]!=NULL goto P2
 **
 ** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is not NULL.  
 */
 case OP_NotNull: {            /* same as TK_NOTNULL, jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  VdbeBranchTaken( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)==0, 2);
   if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)==0 ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
@@ -66981,6 +70284,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Column P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=PX
 **
 ** Interpret the data that cursor P1 points to as a structure built using
 ** the MakeRecord instruction.  (See the MakeRecord opcode for additional
@@ -66998,152 +70302,105 @@
 ** then the cache of the cursor is reset prior to extracting the column.
 ** The first OP_Column against a pseudo-table after the value of the content
 ** register has changed should have this bit set.
+**
+** If the OPFLAG_LENGTHARG and OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG bits are set on P5 when
+** the result is guaranteed to only be used as the argument of a length()
+** or typeof() function, respectively.  The loading of large blobs can be
+** skipped for length() and all content loading can be skipped for typeof().
 */
 case OP_Column: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.an */
-  u32 payloadSize;   /* Number of bytes in the record */
   i64 payloadSize64; /* Number of bytes in the record */
-  int p1;            /* P1 value of the opcode */
   int p2;            /* column number to retrieve */
   VdbeCursor *pC;    /* The VDBE cursor */
-  char *zRec;        /* Pointer to complete record-data */
   BtCursor *pCrsr;   /* The BTree cursor */
   u32 *aType;        /* aType[i] holds the numeric type of the i-th column */
   u32 *aOffset;      /* aOffset[i] is offset to start of data for i-th column */
-  int nField;        /* number of fields in the record */
   int len;           /* The length of the serialized data for the column */
   int i;             /* Loop counter */
-  char *zData;       /* Part of the record being decoded */
   Mem *pDest;        /* Where to write the extracted value */
   Mem sMem;          /* For storing the record being decoded */
-  u8 *zIdx;          /* Index into header */
-  u8 *zEndHdr;       /* Pointer to first byte after the header */
+  const u8 *zData;   /* Part of the record being decoded */
+  const u8 *zHdr;    /* Next unparsed byte of the header */
+  const u8 *zEndHdr; /* Pointer to first byte after the header */
   u32 offset;        /* Offset into the data */
   u32 szField;       /* Number of bytes in the content of a field */
-  int szHdr;         /* Size of the header size field at start of record */
-  int avail;         /* Number of bytes of available data */
+  u32 avail;         /* Number of bytes of available data */
   u32 t;             /* A type code from the record header */
   Mem *pReg;         /* PseudoTable input register */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.an */
 
-
-  u.an.p1 = pOp->p1;
-  u.an.p2 = pOp->p2;
-  u.an.pC = 0;
-  memset(&u.an.sMem, 0, sizeof(u.an.sMem));
-  assert( u.an.p1<p->nCursor );
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  u.an.pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  memAboutToChange(p, u.an.pDest);
-  u.an.zRec = 0;
-
-  /* This block sets the variable u.an.payloadSize to be the total number of
-  ** bytes in the record.
-  **
-  ** u.an.zRec is set to be the complete text of the record if it is available.
-  ** The complete record text is always available for pseudo-tables
-  ** If the record is stored in a cursor, the complete record text
-  ** might be available in the  u.an.pC->aRow cache.  Or it might not be.
-  ** If the data is unavailable,  u.an.zRec is set to NULL.
-  **
-  ** We also compute the number of columns in the record.  For cursors,
-  ** the number of columns is stored in the VdbeCursor.nField element.
-  */
-  u.an.pC = p->apCsr[u.an.p1];
-  assert( u.an.pC!=0 );
+  p2 = pOp->p2;
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pDest);
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( p2<pC->nField );
+  aType = pC->aType;
+  aOffset = aType + pC->nField;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  assert( u.an.pC->pVtabCursor==0 );
+  assert( pC->pVtabCursor==0 ); /* OP_Column never called on virtual table */
 #endif
-  u.an.pCrsr = u.an.pC->pCursor;
-  if( u.an.pCrsr!=0 ){
-    /* The record is stored in a B-Tree */
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.an.pC);
-    if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-    if( u.an.pC->nullRow ){
-      u.an.payloadSize = 0;
-    }else if( u.an.pC->cacheStatus==p->cacheCtr ){
-      u.an.payloadSize = u.an.pC->payloadSize;
-      u.an.zRec = (char*)u.an.pC->aRow;
-    }else if( u.an.pC->isIndex ){
-      assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.an.pCrsr) );
-      VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.an.pCrsr, &u.an.payloadSize64);
-      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* True because of CursorMoveto() call above */
-      /* sqlite3BtreeParseCellPtr() uses getVarint32() to extract the
-      ** payload size, so it is impossible for u.an.payloadSize64 to be
-      ** larger than 32 bits. */
-      assert( (u.an.payloadSize64 & SQLITE_MAX_U32)==(u64)u.an.payloadSize64 );
-      u.an.payloadSize = (u32)u.an.payloadSize64;
-    }else{
-      assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.an.pCrsr) );
-      VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeDataSize(u.an.pCrsr, &u.an.payloadSize);
-      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* DataSize() cannot fail */
-    }
-  }else if( ALWAYS(u.an.pC->pseudoTableReg>0) ){
-    u.an.pReg = &aMem[u.an.pC->pseudoTableReg];
-    assert( u.an.pReg->flags & MEM_Blob );
-    assert( memIsValid(u.an.pReg) );
-    u.an.payloadSize = u.an.pReg->n;
-    u.an.zRec = u.an.pReg->z;
-    u.an.pC->cacheStatus = (pOp->p5&OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE) ? CACHE_STALE : p->cacheCtr;
-    assert( u.an.payloadSize==0 || u.an.zRec!=0 );
-  }else{
-    /* Consider the row to be NULL */
-    u.an.payloadSize = 0;
-  }
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 || pC->pseudoTableReg>0 ); /* pCrsr NULL on PseudoTables */
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 || pC->nullRow );          /* pC->nullRow on PseudoTables */
 
-  /* If u.an.payloadSize is 0, then just store a NULL.  This can happen because of
-  ** nullRow or because of a corrupt database. */
-  if( u.an.payloadSize==0 ){
-    MemSetTypeFlag(u.an.pDest, MEM_Null);
-    goto op_column_out;
-  }
-  assert( db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]>=0 );
-  if( u.an.payloadSize > (u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
-    goto too_big;
-  }
-
-  u.an.nField = u.an.pC->nField;
-  assert( u.an.p2<u.an.nField );
-
-  /* Read and parse the table header.  Store the results of the parse
-  ** into the record header cache fields of the cursor.
-  */
-  u.an.aType = u.an.pC->aType;
-  if( u.an.pC->cacheStatus==p->cacheCtr ){
-    u.an.aOffset = u.an.pC->aOffset;
-  }else{
-    assert(u.an.aType);
-    u.an.avail = 0;
-    u.an.pC->aOffset = u.an.aOffset = &u.an.aType[u.an.nField];
-    u.an.pC->payloadSize = u.an.payloadSize;
-    u.an.pC->cacheStatus = p->cacheCtr;
-
-    /* Figure out how many bytes are in the header */
-    if( u.an.zRec ){
-      u.an.zData = u.an.zRec;
-    }else{
-      if( u.an.pC->isIndex ){
-        u.an.zData = (char*)sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(u.an.pCrsr, &u.an.avail);
+  /* If the cursor cache is stale, bring it up-to-date */
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(pC);
+  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+  if( pC->cacheStatus!=p->cacheCtr || (pOp->p5&OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE)!=0 ){
+    if( pC->nullRow ){
+      if( pCrsr==0 ){
+        assert( pC->pseudoTableReg>0 );
+        pReg = &aMem[pC->pseudoTableReg];
+        assert( pReg->flags & MEM_Blob );
+        assert( memIsValid(pReg) );
+        pC->payloadSize = pC->szRow = avail = pReg->n;
+        pC->aRow = (u8*)pReg->z;
       }else{
-        u.an.zData = (char*)sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(u.an.pCrsr, &u.an.avail);
+        MemSetTypeFlag(pDest, MEM_Null);
+        goto op_column_out;
       }
-      /* If KeyFetch()/DataFetch() managed to get the entire payload,
-      ** save the payload in the u.an.pC->aRow cache.  That will save us from
-      ** having to make additional calls to fetch the content portion of
-      ** the record.
-      */
-      assert( u.an.avail>=0 );
-      if( u.an.payloadSize <= (u32)u.an.avail ){
-        u.an.zRec = u.an.zData;
-        u.an.pC->aRow = (u8*)u.an.zData;
+    }else{
+      assert( pCrsr );
+      if( pC->isTable==0 ){
+        assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCrsr) );
+        VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCrsr, &payloadSize64);
+        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK ); /* True because of CursorMoveto() call above */
+        /* sqlite3BtreeParseCellPtr() uses getVarint32() to extract the
+        ** payload size, so it is impossible for payloadSize64 to be
+        ** larger than 32 bits. */
+        assert( (payloadSize64 & SQLITE_MAX_U32)==(u64)payloadSize64 );
+        pC->aRow = sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(pCrsr, &avail);
+        pC->payloadSize = (u32)payloadSize64;
       }else{
-        u.an.pC->aRow = 0;
+        assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCrsr) );
+        VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeDataSize(pCrsr, &pC->payloadSize);
+        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* DataSize() cannot fail */
+        pC->aRow = sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(pCrsr, &avail);
+      }
+      assert( avail<=65536 );  /* Maximum page size is 64KiB */
+      if( pC->payloadSize <= (u32)avail ){
+        pC->szRow = pC->payloadSize;
+      }else{
+        pC->szRow = avail;
+      }
+      if( pC->payloadSize > (u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+        goto too_big;
       }
     }
-    /* The following assert is true in all cases accept when
-    ** the database file has been corrupted externally.
-    **    assert( u.an.zRec!=0 || u.an.avail>=u.an.payloadSize || u.an.avail>=9 ); */
-    u.an.szHdr = getVarint32((u8*)u.an.zData, u.an.offset);
+    pC->cacheStatus = p->cacheCtr;
+    pC->iHdrOffset = getVarint32(pC->aRow, offset);
+    pC->nHdrParsed = 0;
+    aOffset[0] = offset;
+    if( avail<offset ){
+      /* pC->aRow does not have to hold the entire row, but it does at least
+      ** need to cover the header of the record.  If pC->aRow does not contain
+      ** the complete header, then set it to zero, forcing the header to be
+      ** dynamically allocated. */
+      pC->aRow = 0;
+      pC->szRow = 0;
+    }
 
     /* Make sure a corrupt database has not given us an oversize header.
     ** Do this now to avoid an oversize memory allocation.
@@ -67154,146 +70411,156 @@
     ** 3-byte type for each of the maximum of 32768 columns plus three
     ** extra bytes for the header length itself.  32768*3 + 3 = 98307.
     */
-    if( u.an.offset > 98307 ){
+    if( offset > 98307 || offset > pC->payloadSize ){
       rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
-      goto op_column_out;
+      goto op_column_error;
     }
+  }
 
-    /* Compute in u.an.len the number of bytes of data we need to read in order
-    ** to get u.an.nField type values.  u.an.offset is an upper bound on this.  But
-    ** u.an.nField might be significantly less than the true number of columns
-    ** in the table, and in that case, 5*u.an.nField+3 might be smaller than u.an.offset.
-    ** We want to minimize u.an.len in order to limit the size of the memory
-    ** allocation, especially if a corrupt database file has caused u.an.offset
-    ** to be oversized. Offset is limited to 98307 above.  But 98307 might
-    ** still exceed Robson memory allocation limits on some configurations.
-    ** On systems that cannot tolerate large memory allocations, u.an.nField*5+3
-    ** will likely be much smaller since u.an.nField will likely be less than
-    ** 20 or so.  This insures that Robson memory allocation limits are
-    ** not exceeded even for corrupt database files.
+  /* Make sure at least the first p2+1 entries of the header have been
+  ** parsed and valid information is in aOffset[] and aType[].
+  */
+  if( pC->nHdrParsed<=p2 ){
+    /* If there is more header available for parsing in the record, try
+    ** to extract additional fields up through the p2+1-th field 
     */
-    u.an.len = u.an.nField*5 + 3;
-    if( u.an.len > (int)u.an.offset ) u.an.len = (int)u.an.offset;
-
-    /* The KeyFetch() or DataFetch() above are fast and will get the entire
-    ** record header in most cases.  But they will fail to get the complete
-    ** record header if the record header does not fit on a single page
-    ** in the B-Tree.  When that happens, use sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree() to
-    ** acquire the complete header text.
-    */
-    if( !u.an.zRec && u.an.avail<u.an.len ){
-      u.an.sMem.flags = 0;
-      u.an.sMem.db = 0;
-      rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(u.an.pCrsr, 0, u.an.len, u.an.pC->isIndex, &u.an.sMem);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        goto op_column_out;
-      }
-      u.an.zData = u.an.sMem.z;
-    }
-    u.an.zEndHdr = (u8 *)&u.an.zData[u.an.len];
-    u.an.zIdx = (u8 *)&u.an.zData[u.an.szHdr];
-
-    /* Scan the header and use it to fill in the u.an.aType[] and u.an.aOffset[]
-    ** arrays.  u.an.aType[u.an.i] will contain the type integer for the u.an.i-th
-    ** column and u.an.aOffset[u.an.i] will contain the u.an.offset from the beginning
-    ** of the record to the start of the data for the u.an.i-th column
-    */
-    for(u.an.i=0; u.an.i<u.an.nField; u.an.i++){
-      if( u.an.zIdx<u.an.zEndHdr ){
-        u.an.aOffset[u.an.i] = u.an.offset;
-        if( u.an.zIdx[0]<0x80 ){
-          u.an.t = u.an.zIdx[0];
-          u.an.zIdx++;
-        }else{
-          u.an.zIdx += sqlite3GetVarint32(u.an.zIdx, &u.an.t);
+    if( pC->iHdrOffset<aOffset[0] ){
+      /* Make sure zData points to enough of the record to cover the header. */
+      if( pC->aRow==0 ){
+        memset(&sMem, 0, sizeof(sMem));
+        rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCrsr, 0, aOffset[0], 
+                                     !pC->isTable, &sMem);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          goto op_column_error;
         }
-        u.an.aType[u.an.i] = u.an.t;
-        u.an.szField = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u.an.t);
-        u.an.offset += u.an.szField;
-        if( u.an.offset<u.an.szField ){  /* True if u.an.offset overflows */
-          u.an.zIdx = &u.an.zEndHdr[1];  /* Forces SQLITE_CORRUPT return below */
+        zData = (u8*)sMem.z;
+      }else{
+        zData = pC->aRow;
+      }
+  
+      /* Fill in aType[i] and aOffset[i] values through the p2-th field. */
+      i = pC->nHdrParsed;
+      offset = aOffset[i];
+      zHdr = zData + pC->iHdrOffset;
+      zEndHdr = zData + aOffset[0];
+      assert( i<=p2 && zHdr<zEndHdr );
+      do{
+        if( zHdr[0]<0x80 ){
+          t = zHdr[0];
+          zHdr++;
+        }else{
+          zHdr += sqlite3GetVarint32(zHdr, &t);
+        }
+        aType[i] = t;
+        szField = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(t);
+        offset += szField;
+        if( offset<szField ){  /* True if offset overflows */
+          zHdr = &zEndHdr[1];  /* Forces SQLITE_CORRUPT return below */
           break;
         }
-      }else{
-        /* If u.an.i is less that u.an.nField, then there are less fields in this
-        ** record than SetNumColumns indicated there are columns in the
-        ** table. Set the u.an.offset for any extra columns not present in
-        ** the record to 0. This tells code below to store a NULL
-        ** instead of deserializing a value from the record.
-        */
-        u.an.aOffset[u.an.i] = 0;
+        i++;
+        aOffset[i] = offset;
+      }while( i<=p2 && zHdr<zEndHdr );
+      pC->nHdrParsed = i;
+      pC->iHdrOffset = (u32)(zHdr - zData);
+      if( pC->aRow==0 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&sMem);
+        sMem.flags = MEM_Null;
+      }
+  
+      /* If we have read more header data than was contained in the header,
+      ** or if the end of the last field appears to be past the end of the
+      ** record, or if the end of the last field appears to be before the end
+      ** of the record (when all fields present), then we must be dealing 
+      ** with a corrupt database.
+      */
+      if( (zHdr > zEndHdr)
+       || (offset > pC->payloadSize)
+       || (zHdr==zEndHdr && offset!=pC->payloadSize)
+      ){
+        rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+        goto op_column_error;
       }
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.an.sMem);
-    u.an.sMem.flags = MEM_Null;
 
-    /* If we have read more header data than was contained in the header,
-    ** or if the end of the last field appears to be past the end of the
-    ** record, or if the end of the last field appears to be before the end
-    ** of the record (when all fields present), then we must be dealing
-    ** with a corrupt database.
+    /* If after trying to extra new entries from the header, nHdrParsed is
+    ** still not up to p2, that means that the record has fewer than p2
+    ** columns.  So the result will be either the default value or a NULL.
     */
-    if( (u.an.zIdx > u.an.zEndHdr) || (u.an.offset > u.an.payloadSize)
-         || (u.an.zIdx==u.an.zEndHdr && u.an.offset!=u.an.payloadSize) ){
-      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    if( pC->nHdrParsed<=p2 ){
+      if( pOp->p4type==P4_MEM ){
+        sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pDest, pOp->p4.pMem, MEM_Static);
+      }else{
+        MemSetTypeFlag(pDest, MEM_Null);
+      }
       goto op_column_out;
     }
   }
 
-  /* Get the column information. If u.an.aOffset[u.an.p2] is non-zero, then
-  ** deserialize the value from the record. If u.an.aOffset[u.an.p2] is zero,
-  ** then there are not enough fields in the record to satisfy the
-  ** request.  In this case, set the value NULL or to P4 if P4 is
-  ** a pointer to a Mem object.
+  /* Extract the content for the p2+1-th column.  Control can only
+  ** reach this point if aOffset[p2], aOffset[p2+1], and aType[p2] are
+  ** all valid.
   */
-  if( u.an.aOffset[u.an.p2] ){
-    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
-    if( u.an.zRec ){
-      VdbeMemRelease(u.an.pDest);
-      sqlite3VdbeSerialGet((u8 *)&u.an.zRec[u.an.aOffset[u.an.p2]], u.an.aType[u.an.p2], u.an.pDest);
-    }else{
-      u.an.len = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u.an.aType[u.an.p2]);
-      sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&u.an.sMem, u.an.pDest);
-      rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(u.an.pCrsr, u.an.aOffset[u.an.p2], u.an.len, u.an.pC->isIndex, &u.an.sMem);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        goto op_column_out;
-      }
-      u.an.zData = u.an.sMem.z;
-      sqlite3VdbeSerialGet((u8*)u.an.zData, u.an.aType[u.an.p2], u.an.pDest);
-    }
-    u.an.pDest->enc = encoding;
+  assert( p2<pC->nHdrParsed );
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+  assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(pDest) );
+  if( pC->szRow>=aOffset[p2+1] ){
+    /* This is the common case where the desired content fits on the original
+    ** page - where the content is not on an overflow page */
+    VdbeMemRelease(pDest);
+    sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(pC->aRow+aOffset[p2], aType[p2], pDest);
   }else{
-    if( pOp->p4type==P4_MEM ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(u.an.pDest, pOp->p4.pMem, MEM_Static);
+    /* This branch happens only when content is on overflow pages */
+    t = aType[p2];
+    if( ((pOp->p5 & (OPFLAG_LENGTHARG|OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG))!=0
+          && ((t>=12 && (t&1)==0) || (pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG)!=0))
+     || (len = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(t))==0
+    ){
+      /* Content is irrelevant for the typeof() function and for
+      ** the length(X) function if X is a blob.  So we might as well use
+      ** bogus content rather than reading content from disk.  NULL works
+      ** for text and blob and whatever is in the payloadSize64 variable
+      ** will work for everything else.  Content is also irrelevant if
+      ** the content length is 0. */
+      zData = t<=13 ? (u8*)&payloadSize64 : 0;
+      sMem.zMalloc = 0;
     }else{
-      MemSetTypeFlag(u.an.pDest, MEM_Null);
+      memset(&sMem, 0, sizeof(sMem));
+      sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&sMem, pDest);
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCrsr, aOffset[p2], len, !pC->isTable,
+                                   &sMem);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto op_column_error;
+      }
+      zData = (u8*)sMem.z;
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(zData, t, pDest);
+    /* If we dynamically allocated space to hold the data (in the
+    ** sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree() call above) then transfer control of that
+    ** dynamically allocated space over to the pDest structure.
+    ** This prevents a memory copy. */
+    if( sMem.zMalloc ){
+      assert( sMem.z==sMem.zMalloc );
+      assert( VdbeMemDynamic(pDest)==0 );
+      assert( (pDest->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str))==0 || pDest->z==sMem.z );
+      pDest->flags &= ~(MEM_Ephem|MEM_Static);
+      pDest->flags |= MEM_Term;
+      pDest->z = sMem.z;
+      pDest->zMalloc = sMem.zMalloc;
     }
   }
-
-  /* If we dynamically allocated space to hold the data (in the
-  ** sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree() call above) then transfer control of that
-  ** dynamically allocated space over to the u.an.pDest structure.
-  ** This prevents a memory copy.
-  */
-  if( u.an.sMem.zMalloc ){
-    assert( u.an.sMem.z==u.an.sMem.zMalloc );
-    assert( !(u.an.pDest->flags & MEM_Dyn) );
-    assert( !(u.an.pDest->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str)) || u.an.pDest->z==u.an.sMem.z );
-    u.an.pDest->flags &= ~(MEM_Ephem|MEM_Static);
-    u.an.pDest->flags |= MEM_Term;
-    u.an.pDest->z = u.an.sMem.z;
-    u.an.pDest->zMalloc = u.an.sMem.zMalloc;
-  }
-
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(u.an.pDest);
+  pDest->enc = encoding;
 
 op_column_out:
-  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.an.pDest);
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.an.pDest);
+  Deephemeralize(pDest);
+op_column_error:
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pDest);
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pDest);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Affinity P1 P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: affinity(r[P1@P2])
 **
 ** Apply affinities to a range of P2 registers starting with P1.
 **
@@ -67302,26 +70569,24 @@
 ** memory cell in the range.
 */
 case OP_Affinity: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ao */
   const char *zAffinity;   /* The affinity to be applied */
   char cAff;               /* A single character of affinity */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ao */
 
-  u.ao.zAffinity = pOp->p4.z;
-  assert( u.ao.zAffinity!=0 );
-  assert( u.ao.zAffinity[pOp->p2]==0 );
+  zAffinity = pOp->p4.z;
+  assert( zAffinity!=0 );
+  assert( zAffinity[pOp->p2]==0 );
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  while( (u.ao.cAff = *(u.ao.zAffinity++))!=0 ){
-    assert( pIn1 <= &p->aMem[p->nMem] );
+  while( (cAff = *(zAffinity++))!=0 ){
+    assert( pIn1 <= &p->aMem[(p->nMem-p->nCursor)] );
     assert( memIsValid(pIn1) );
-    ExpandBlob(pIn1);
-    applyAffinity(pIn1, u.ao.cAff, encoding);
+    applyAffinity(pIn1, cAff, encoding);
     pIn1++;
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: MakeRecord P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P3]=mkrec(r[P1@P2])
 **
 ** Convert P2 registers beginning with P1 into the [record format]
 ** use as a data record in a database table or as a key
@@ -67337,7 +70602,6 @@
 ** If P4 is NULL then all index fields have the affinity NONE.
 */
 case OP_MakeRecord: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ap */
   u8 *zNewRecord;        /* A buffer to hold the data for the new record */
   Mem *pRec;             /* The new record */
   u64 nData;             /* Number of bytes of data space */
@@ -67351,102 +70615,120 @@
   int nField;            /* Number of fields in the record */
   char *zAffinity;       /* The affinity string for the record */
   int file_format;       /* File format to use for encoding */
-  int i;                 /* Space used in zNewRecord[] */
+  int i;                 /* Space used in zNewRecord[] header */
+  int j;                 /* Space used in zNewRecord[] content */
   int len;               /* Length of a field */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ap */
 
   /* Assuming the record contains N fields, the record format looks
   ** like this:
   **
   ** ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  ** | hdr-size | type 0 | type 1 | ... | type N-1 | data0 | ... | data N-1 |
+  ** | hdr-size | type 0 | type 1 | ... | type N-1 | data0 | ... | data N-1 | 
   ** ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   **
   ** Data(0) is taken from register P1.  Data(1) comes from register P1+1
   ** and so froth.
   **
-  ** Each type field is a varint representing the serial type of the
+  ** Each type field is a varint representing the serial type of the 
   ** corresponding data element (see sqlite3VdbeSerialType()). The
   ** hdr-size field is also a varint which is the offset from the beginning
   ** of the record to data0.
   */
-  u.ap.nData = 0;         /* Number of bytes of data space */
-  u.ap.nHdr = 0;          /* Number of bytes of header space */
-  u.ap.nZero = 0;         /* Number of zero bytes at the end of the record */
-  u.ap.nField = pOp->p1;
-  u.ap.zAffinity = pOp->p4.z;
-  assert( u.ap.nField>0 && pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+u.ap.nField<=p->nMem+1 );
-  u.ap.pData0 = &aMem[u.ap.nField];
-  u.ap.nField = pOp->p2;
-  u.ap.pLast = &u.ap.pData0[u.ap.nField-1];
-  u.ap.file_format = p->minWriteFileFormat;
+  nData = 0;         /* Number of bytes of data space */
+  nHdr = 0;          /* Number of bytes of header space */
+  nZero = 0;         /* Number of zero bytes at the end of the record */
+  nField = pOp->p1;
+  zAffinity = pOp->p4.z;
+  assert( nField>0 && pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+nField<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
+  pData0 = &aMem[nField];
+  nField = pOp->p2;
+  pLast = &pData0[nField-1];
+  file_format = p->minWriteFileFormat;
 
   /* Identify the output register */
   assert( pOp->p3<pOp->p1 || pOp->p3>=pOp->p1+pOp->p2 );
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
 
+  /* Apply the requested affinity to all inputs
+  */
+  assert( pData0<=pLast );
+  if( zAffinity ){
+    pRec = pData0;
+    do{
+      applyAffinity(pRec++, *(zAffinity++), encoding);
+      assert( zAffinity[0]==0 || pRec<=pLast );
+    }while( zAffinity[0] );
+  }
+
   /* Loop through the elements that will make up the record to figure
   ** out how much space is required for the new record.
   */
-  for(u.ap.pRec=u.ap.pData0; u.ap.pRec<=u.ap.pLast; u.ap.pRec++){
-    assert( memIsValid(u.ap.pRec) );
-    if( u.ap.zAffinity ){
-      applyAffinity(u.ap.pRec, u.ap.zAffinity[u.ap.pRec-u.ap.pData0], encoding);
+  pRec = pLast;
+  do{
+    assert( memIsValid(pRec) );
+    serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(pRec, file_format);
+    len = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type);
+    if( pRec->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+      if( nData ){
+        sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(pRec);
+      }else{
+        nZero += pRec->u.nZero;
+        len -= pRec->u.nZero;
+      }
     }
-    if( u.ap.pRec->flags&MEM_Zero && u.ap.pRec->n>0 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(u.ap.pRec);
-    }
-    u.ap.serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(u.ap.pRec, u.ap.file_format);
-    u.ap.len = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u.ap.serial_type);
-    u.ap.nData += u.ap.len;
-    u.ap.nHdr += sqlite3VarintLen(u.ap.serial_type);
-    if( u.ap.pRec->flags & MEM_Zero ){
-      /* Only pure zero-filled BLOBs can be input to this Opcode.
-      ** We do not allow blobs with a prefix and a zero-filled tail. */
-      u.ap.nZero += u.ap.pRec->u.nZero;
-    }else if( u.ap.len ){
-      u.ap.nZero = 0;
-    }
-  }
+    nData += len;
+    testcase( serial_type==127 );
+    testcase( serial_type==128 );
+    nHdr += serial_type<=127 ? 1 : sqlite3VarintLen(serial_type);
+  }while( (--pRec)>=pData0 );
 
   /* Add the initial header varint and total the size */
-  u.ap.nHdr += u.ap.nVarint = sqlite3VarintLen(u.ap.nHdr);
-  if( u.ap.nVarint<sqlite3VarintLen(u.ap.nHdr) ){
-    u.ap.nHdr++;
+  testcase( nHdr==126 );
+  testcase( nHdr==127 );
+  if( nHdr<=126 ){
+    /* The common case */
+    nHdr += 1;
+  }else{
+    /* Rare case of a really large header */
+    nVarint = sqlite3VarintLen(nHdr);
+    nHdr += nVarint;
+    if( nVarint<sqlite3VarintLen(nHdr) ) nHdr++;
   }
-  u.ap.nByte = u.ap.nHdr+u.ap.nData-u.ap.nZero;
-  if( u.ap.nByte>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+  nByte = nHdr+nData;
+  if( nByte>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
     goto too_big;
   }
 
-  /* Make sure the output register has a buffer large enough to store
+  /* Make sure the output register has a buffer large enough to store 
   ** the new record. The output register (pOp->p3) is not allowed to
   ** be one of the input registers (because the following call to
   ** sqlite3VdbeMemGrow() could clobber the value before it is used).
   */
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, (int)u.ap.nByte, 0) ){
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, (int)nByte, 0) ){
     goto no_mem;
   }
-  u.ap.zNewRecord = (u8 *)pOut->z;
+  zNewRecord = (u8 *)pOut->z;
 
   /* Write the record */
-  u.ap.i = putVarint32(u.ap.zNewRecord, u.ap.nHdr);
-  for(u.ap.pRec=u.ap.pData0; u.ap.pRec<=u.ap.pLast; u.ap.pRec++){
-    u.ap.serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(u.ap.pRec, u.ap.file_format);
-    u.ap.i += putVarint32(&u.ap.zNewRecord[u.ap.i], u.ap.serial_type);      /* serial type */
-  }
-  for(u.ap.pRec=u.ap.pData0; u.ap.pRec<=u.ap.pLast; u.ap.pRec++){  /* serial data */
-    u.ap.i += sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(&u.ap.zNewRecord[u.ap.i], (int)(u.ap.nByte-u.ap.i), u.ap.pRec,u.ap.file_format);
-  }
-  assert( u.ap.i==u.ap.nByte );
+  i = putVarint32(zNewRecord, nHdr);
+  j = nHdr;
+  assert( pData0<=pLast );
+  pRec = pData0;
+  do{
+    serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(pRec, file_format);
+    i += putVarint32(&zNewRecord[i], serial_type);            /* serial type */
+    j += sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(&zNewRecord[j], pRec, serial_type); /* content */
+  }while( (++pRec)<=pLast );
+  assert( i==nHdr );
+  assert( j==nByte );
 
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  pOut->n = (int)u.ap.nByte;
-  pOut->flags = MEM_Blob | MEM_Dyn;
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pOut->n = (int)nByte;
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Blob;
   pOut->xDel = 0;
-  if( u.ap.nZero ){
-    pOut->u.nZero = u.ap.nZero;
+  if( nZero ){
+    pOut->u.nZero = nZero;
     pOut->flags |= MEM_Zero;
   }
   pOut->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;  /* In case the blob is ever converted to text */
@@ -67456,24 +70738,21 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Count P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=count()
 **
 ** Store the number of entries (an integer value) in the table or index 
 ** opened by cursor P1 in register P2
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
 case OP_Count: {         /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.aq */
   i64 nEntry;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.aq */
 
-  u.aq.pCrsr = p->apCsr[pOp->p1]->pCursor;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.aq.pCrsr) ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeCount(u.aq.pCrsr, &u.aq.nEntry);
-  }else{
-    u.aq.nEntry = 0;
-  }
-  pOut->u.i = u.aq.nEntry;
+  pCrsr = p->apCsr[pOp->p1]->pCursor;
+  assert( pCrsr );
+  nEntry = 0;  /* Not needed.  Only used to silence a warning. */
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeCount(pCrsr, &nEntry);
+  pOut->u.i = nEntry;
   break;
 }
 #endif
@@ -67485,7 +70764,6 @@
 ** existing savepoint, P1==1, or to rollback an existing savepoint P1==2.
 */
 case OP_Savepoint: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ar */
   int p1;                         /* Value of P1 operand */
   char *zName;                    /* Name of savepoint */
   int nName;
@@ -67494,29 +70772,29 @@
   Savepoint *pTmp;
   int iSavepoint;
   int ii;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ar */
 
-  u.ar.p1 = pOp->p1;
-  u.ar.zName = pOp->p4.z;
+  p1 = pOp->p1;
+  zName = pOp->p4.z;
 
-  /* Assert that the u.ar.p1 parameter is valid. Also that if there is no open
-  ** transaction, then there cannot be any savepoints.
+  /* Assert that the p1 parameter is valid. Also that if there is no open
+  ** transaction, then there cannot be any savepoints. 
   */
   assert( db->pSavepoint==0 || db->autoCommit==0 );
-  assert( u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_BEGIN||u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE||u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK );
+  assert( p1==SAVEPOINT_BEGIN||p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE||p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK );
   assert( db->pSavepoint || db->isTransactionSavepoint==0 );
   assert( checkSavepointCount(db) );
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
 
-  if( u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_BEGIN ){
-    if( db->writeVdbeCnt>0 ){
-      /* A new savepoint cannot be created if there are active write
+  if( p1==SAVEPOINT_BEGIN ){
+    if( db->nVdbeWrite>0 ){
+      /* A new savepoint cannot be created if there are active write 
       ** statements (i.e. open read/write incremental blob handles).
       */
       sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "cannot open savepoint - "
         "SQL statements in progress");
       rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
     }else{
-      u.ar.nName = sqlite3Strlen30(u.ar.zName);
+      nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
       /* This call is Ok even if this savepoint is actually a transaction
@@ -67530,11 +70808,11 @@
 #endif
 
       /* Create a new savepoint structure. */
-      u.ar.pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Savepoint)+u.ar.nName+1);
-      if( u.ar.pNew ){
-        u.ar.pNew->zName = (char *)&u.ar.pNew[1];
-        memcpy(u.ar.pNew->zName, u.ar.zName, u.ar.nName+1);
-
+      pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Savepoint)+nName+1);
+      if( pNew ){
+        pNew->zName = (char *)&pNew[1];
+        memcpy(pNew->zName, zName, nName+1);
+    
         /* If there is no open transaction, then mark this as a special
         ** "transaction savepoint". */
         if( db->autoCommit ){
@@ -67543,44 +70821,45 @@
         }else{
           db->nSavepoint++;
         }
-
+    
         /* Link the new savepoint into the database handle's list. */
-        u.ar.pNew->pNext = db->pSavepoint;
-        db->pSavepoint = u.ar.pNew;
-        u.ar.pNew->nDeferredCons = db->nDeferredCons;
+        pNew->pNext = db->pSavepoint;
+        db->pSavepoint = pNew;
+        pNew->nDeferredCons = db->nDeferredCons;
+        pNew->nDeferredImmCons = db->nDeferredImmCons;
       }
     }
   }else{
-    u.ar.iSavepoint = 0;
+    iSavepoint = 0;
 
     /* Find the named savepoint. If there is no such savepoint, then an
     ** an error is returned to the user.  */
     for(
-      u.ar.pSavepoint = db->pSavepoint;
-      u.ar.pSavepoint && sqlite3StrICmp(u.ar.pSavepoint->zName, u.ar.zName);
-      u.ar.pSavepoint = u.ar.pSavepoint->pNext
+      pSavepoint = db->pSavepoint; 
+      pSavepoint && sqlite3StrICmp(pSavepoint->zName, zName);
+      pSavepoint = pSavepoint->pNext
     ){
-      u.ar.iSavepoint++;
+      iSavepoint++;
     }
-    if( !u.ar.pSavepoint ){
-      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "no such savepoint: %s", u.ar.zName);
+    if( !pSavepoint ){
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "no such savepoint: %s", zName);
       rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-    }else if( db->writeVdbeCnt>0 && u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
-      /* It is not possible to release (commit) a savepoint if there are
+    }else if( db->nVdbeWrite>0 && p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
+      /* It is not possible to release (commit) a savepoint if there are 
       ** active write statements.
       */
-      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db,
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, 
         "cannot release savepoint - SQL statements in progress"
       );
       rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
     }else{
 
       /* Determine whether or not this is a transaction savepoint. If so,
-      ** and this is a RELEASE command, then the current transaction
-      ** is committed.
+      ** and this is a RELEASE command, then the current transaction 
+      ** is committed. 
       */
-      int isTransaction = u.ar.pSavepoint->pNext==0 && db->isTransactionSavepoint;
-      if( isTransaction && u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
+      int isTransaction = pSavepoint->pNext==0 && db->isTransactionSavepoint;
+      if( isTransaction && p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
         if( (rc = sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 1))!=SQLITE_OK ){
           goto vdbe_return;
         }
@@ -67594,49 +70873,52 @@
         db->isTransactionSavepoint = 0;
         rc = p->rc;
       }else{
-        u.ar.iSavepoint = db->nSavepoint - u.ar.iSavepoint - 1;
-        for(u.ar.ii=0; u.ar.ii<db->nDb; u.ar.ii++){
-          sqlite3BtreeTripAllCursors(db->aDb[u.ar.ii].pBt, SQLITE_ABORT);
+        iSavepoint = db->nSavepoint - iSavepoint - 1;
+        if( p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK ){
+          for(ii=0; ii<db->nDb; ii++){
+            sqlite3BtreeTripAllCursors(db->aDb[ii].pBt, SQLITE_ABORT);
+          }
         }
-        for(u.ar.ii=0; u.ar.ii<db->nDb; u.ar.ii++){
-          rc = sqlite3BtreeSavepoint(db->aDb[u.ar.ii].pBt, u.ar.p1, u.ar.iSavepoint);
+        for(ii=0; ii<db->nDb; ii++){
+          rc = sqlite3BtreeSavepoint(db->aDb[ii].pBt, p1, iSavepoint);
           if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
             goto abort_due_to_error;
           }
         }
-        if( u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK && (db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges)!=0 ){
+        if( p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK && (db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges)!=0 ){
           sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
-          sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+          sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
           db->flags = (db->flags | SQLITE_InternChanges);
         }
       }
-
-      /* Regardless of whether this is a RELEASE or ROLLBACK, destroy all
+  
+      /* Regardless of whether this is a RELEASE or ROLLBACK, destroy all 
       ** savepoints nested inside of the savepoint being operated on. */
-      while( db->pSavepoint!=u.ar.pSavepoint ){
-        u.ar.pTmp = db->pSavepoint;
-        db->pSavepoint = u.ar.pTmp->pNext;
-        sqlite3DbFree(db, u.ar.pTmp);
+      while( db->pSavepoint!=pSavepoint ){
+        pTmp = db->pSavepoint;
+        db->pSavepoint = pTmp->pNext;
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pTmp);
         db->nSavepoint--;
       }
 
-      /* If it is a RELEASE, then destroy the savepoint being operated on
-      ** too. If it is a ROLLBACK TO, then set the number of deferred
+      /* If it is a RELEASE, then destroy the savepoint being operated on 
+      ** too. If it is a ROLLBACK TO, then set the number of deferred 
       ** constraint violations present in the database to the value stored
       ** when the savepoint was created.  */
-      if( u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
-        assert( u.ar.pSavepoint==db->pSavepoint );
-        db->pSavepoint = u.ar.pSavepoint->pNext;
-        sqlite3DbFree(db, u.ar.pSavepoint);
+      if( p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
+        assert( pSavepoint==db->pSavepoint );
+        db->pSavepoint = pSavepoint->pNext;
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pSavepoint);
         if( !isTransaction ){
           db->nSavepoint--;
         }
       }else{
-        db->nDeferredCons = u.ar.pSavepoint->nDeferredCons;
+        db->nDeferredCons = pSavepoint->nDeferredCons;
+        db->nDeferredImmCons = pSavepoint->nDeferredImmCons;
       }
 
       if( !isTransaction ){
-        rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, u.ar.p1, u.ar.iSavepoint);
+        rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, p1, iSavepoint);
         if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
       }
     }
@@ -67655,49 +70937,48 @@
 ** This instruction causes the VM to halt.
 */
 case OP_AutoCommit: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.as */
   int desiredAutoCommit;
   int iRollback;
   int turnOnAC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.as */
 
-  u.as.desiredAutoCommit = pOp->p1;
-  u.as.iRollback = pOp->p2;
-  u.as.turnOnAC = u.as.desiredAutoCommit && !db->autoCommit;
-  assert( u.as.desiredAutoCommit==1 || u.as.desiredAutoCommit==0 );
-  assert( u.as.desiredAutoCommit==1 || u.as.iRollback==0 );
-  assert( db->activeVdbeCnt>0 );  /* At least this one VM is active */
+  desiredAutoCommit = pOp->p1;
+  iRollback = pOp->p2;
+  turnOnAC = desiredAutoCommit && !db->autoCommit;
+  assert( desiredAutoCommit==1 || desiredAutoCommit==0 );
+  assert( desiredAutoCommit==1 || iRollback==0 );
+  assert( db->nVdbeActive>0 );  /* At least this one VM is active */
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
 
 #if 0
-  if( u.as.turnOnAC && u.as.iRollback && db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+  if( turnOnAC && iRollback && db->nVdbeActive>1 ){
     /* If this instruction implements a ROLLBACK and other VMs are
     ** still running, and a transaction is active, return an error indicating
-    ** that the other VMs must complete first.
+    ** that the other VMs must complete first. 
     */
     sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "cannot rollback transaction - "
         "SQL statements in progress");
     rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
   }else
 #endif
-  if( u.as.turnOnAC && !u.as.iRollback && db->writeVdbeCnt>0 ){
+  if( turnOnAC && !iRollback && db->nVdbeWrite>0 ){
     /* If this instruction implements a COMMIT and other VMs are writing
-    ** return an error indicating that the other VMs must complete first.
+    ** return an error indicating that the other VMs must complete first. 
     */
     sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "cannot commit transaction - "
         "SQL statements in progress");
     rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
-  }else if( u.as.desiredAutoCommit!=db->autoCommit ){
-    if( u.as.iRollback ){
-      assert( u.as.desiredAutoCommit==1 );
+  }else if( desiredAutoCommit!=db->autoCommit ){
+    if( iRollback ){
+      assert( desiredAutoCommit==1 );
       sqlite3RollbackAll(db, SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK);
       db->autoCommit = 1;
     }else if( (rc = sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 1))!=SQLITE_OK ){
       goto vdbe_return;
     }else{
-      db->autoCommit = (u8)u.as.desiredAutoCommit;
+      db->autoCommit = (u8)desiredAutoCommit;
       if( sqlite3VdbeHalt(p)==SQLITE_BUSY ){
         p->pc = pc;
-        db->autoCommit = (u8)(1-u.as.desiredAutoCommit);
+        db->autoCommit = (u8)(1-desiredAutoCommit);
         p->rc = rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
         goto vdbe_return;
       }
@@ -67712,34 +70993,28 @@
     goto vdbe_return;
   }else{
     sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db,
-        (!u.as.desiredAutoCommit)?"cannot start a transaction within a transaction":(
-        (u.as.iRollback)?"cannot rollback - no transaction is active":
+        (!desiredAutoCommit)?"cannot start a transaction within a transaction":(
+        (iRollback)?"cannot rollback - no transaction is active":
                    "cannot commit - no transaction is active"));
-
+         
     rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: Transaction P1 P2 * * *
+/* Opcode: Transaction P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
 **
-** Begin a transaction.  The transaction ends when a Commit or Rollback
-** opcode is encountered.  Depending on the ON CONFLICT setting, the
-** transaction might also be rolled back if an error is encountered.
+** Begin a transaction on database P1 if a transaction is not already
+** active.
+** If P2 is non-zero, then a write-transaction is started, or if a 
+** read-transaction is already active, it is upgraded to a write-transaction.
+** If P2 is zero, then a read-transaction is started.
 **
 ** P1 is the index of the database file on which the transaction is
 ** started.  Index 0 is the main database file and index 1 is the
 ** file used for temporary tables.  Indices of 2 or more are used for
 ** attached databases.
 **
-** If P2 is non-zero, then a write-transaction is started.  A RESERVED lock is
-** obtained on the database file when a write-transaction is started.  No
-** other process can start another write transaction while this transaction is
-** underway.  Starting a write transaction also creates a rollback journal. A
-** write transaction must be started before any changes can be made to the
-** database.  If P2 is 2 or greater then an EXCLUSIVE lock is also obtained
-** on the file.
-**
 ** If a write-transaction is started and the Vdbe.usesStmtJournal flag is
 ** true (this flag is set if the Vdbe may modify more than one row and may
 ** throw an ABORT exception), a statement transaction may also be opened.
@@ -67750,19 +71025,34 @@
 ** entire transaction. If no error is encountered, the statement transaction
 ** will automatically commit when the VDBE halts.
 **
-** If P2 is zero, then a read-lock is obtained on the database file.
+** If P5!=0 then this opcode also checks the schema cookie against P3
+** and the schema generation counter against P4.
+** The cookie changes its value whenever the database schema changes.
+** This operation is used to detect when that the cookie has changed
+** and that the current process needs to reread the schema.  If the schema
+** cookie in P3 differs from the schema cookie in the database header or
+** if the schema generation counter in P4 differs from the current
+** generation counter, then an SQLITE_SCHEMA error is raised and execution
+** halts.  The sqlite3_step() wrapper function might then reprepare the
+** statement and rerun it from the beginning.
 */
 case OP_Transaction: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.at */
   Btree *pBt;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.at */
+  int iMeta;
+  int iGen;
 
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 || pOp->p2==0 );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
-  u.at.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p1) );
+  if( pOp->p2 && (db->flags & SQLITE_QueryOnly)!=0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
+    goto abort_due_to_error;
+  }
+  pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
 
-  if( u.at.pBt ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(u.at.pBt, pOp->p2);
+  if( pBt ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(pBt, pOp->p2);
     if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
       p->pc = pc;
       p->rc = rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
@@ -67772,26 +71062,56 @@
       goto abort_due_to_error;
     }
 
-    if( pOp->p2 && p->usesStmtJournal
-     && (db->autoCommit==0 || db->activeVdbeCnt>1)
+    if( pOp->p2 && p->usesStmtJournal 
+     && (db->autoCommit==0 || db->nVdbeRead>1) 
     ){
-      assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(u.at.pBt) );
+      assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pBt) );
       if( p->iStatement==0 ){
         assert( db->nStatement>=0 && db->nSavepoint>=0 );
-        db->nStatement++;
+        db->nStatement++; 
         p->iStatement = db->nSavepoint + db->nStatement;
       }
 
       rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, SAVEPOINT_BEGIN, p->iStatement-1);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginStmt(u.at.pBt, p->iStatement);
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginStmt(pBt, p->iStatement);
       }
 
       /* Store the current value of the database handles deferred constraint
       ** counter. If the statement transaction needs to be rolled back,
       ** the value of this counter needs to be restored too.  */
       p->nStmtDefCons = db->nDeferredCons;
+      p->nStmtDefImmCons = db->nDeferredImmCons;
     }
+
+    /* Gather the schema version number for checking */
+    sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(pBt, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, (u32 *)&iMeta);
+    iGen = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pSchema->iGeneration;
+  }else{
+    iGen = iMeta = 0;
+  }
+  assert( pOp->p5==0 || pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
+  if( pOp->p5 && (iMeta!=pOp->p3 || iGen!=pOp->p4.i) ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
+    p->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, "database schema has changed");
+    /* If the schema-cookie from the database file matches the cookie 
+    ** stored with the in-memory representation of the schema, do
+    ** not reload the schema from the database file.
+    **
+    ** If virtual-tables are in use, this is not just an optimization.
+    ** Often, v-tables store their data in other SQLite tables, which
+    ** are queried from within xNext() and other v-table methods using
+    ** prepared queries. If such a query is out-of-date, we do not want to
+    ** discard the database schema, as the user code implementing the
+    ** v-table would have to be ready for the sqlite3_vtab structure itself
+    ** to be invalidated whenever sqlite3_step() is called from within 
+    ** a v-table method.
+    */
+    if( db->aDb[pOp->p1].pSchema->schema_cookie!=iMeta ){
+      sqlite3ResetOneSchema(db, pOp->p1);
+    }
+    p->expired = 1;
+    rc = SQLITE_SCHEMA;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -67809,21 +71129,20 @@
 ** executing this instruction.
 */
 case OP_ReadCookie: {               /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.au */
   int iMeta;
   int iDb;
   int iCookie;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.au */
 
-  u.au.iDb = pOp->p1;
-  u.au.iCookie = pOp->p3;
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
+  iDb = pOp->p1;
+  iCookie = pOp->p3;
   assert( pOp->p3<SQLITE_N_BTREE_META );
-  assert( u.au.iDb>=0 && u.au.iDb<db->nDb );
-  assert( db->aDb[u.au.iDb].pBt!=0 );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<u.au.iDb))!=0 );
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( db->aDb[iDb].pBt!=0 );
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, iDb) );
 
-  sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(db->aDb[u.au.iDb].pBt, u.au.iCookie, (u32 *)&u.au.iMeta);
-  pOut->u.i = u.au.iMeta;
+  sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(db->aDb[iDb].pBt, iCookie, (u32 *)&iMeta);
+  pOut->u.i = iMeta;
   break;
 }
 
@@ -67838,26 +71157,25 @@
 ** A transaction must be started before executing this opcode.
 */
 case OP_SetCookie: {       /* in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.av */
   Db *pDb;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.av */
   assert( pOp->p2<SQLITE_N_BTREE_META );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
-  u.av.pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.av.pDb->pBt!=0 );
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p1) );
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pDb->pBt!=0 );
   assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, pOp->p1, 0) );
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn3);
   /* See note about index shifting on OP_ReadCookie */
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(u.av.pDb->pBt, pOp->p2, (int)pIn3->u.i);
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(pDb->pBt, pOp->p2, (int)pIn3->u.i);
   if( pOp->p2==BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION ){
     /* When the schema cookie changes, record the new cookie internally */
-    u.av.pDb->pSchema->schema_cookie = (int)pIn3->u.i;
+    pDb->pSchema->schema_cookie = (int)pIn3->u.i;
     db->flags |= SQLITE_InternChanges;
   }else if( pOp->p2==BTREE_FILE_FORMAT ){
     /* Record changes in the file format */
-    u.av.pDb->pSchema->file_format = (u8)pIn3->u.i;
+    pDb->pSchema->file_format = (u8)pIn3->u.i;
   }
   if( pOp->p1==1 ){
     /* Invalidate all prepared statements whenever the TEMP database
@@ -67868,68 +71186,8 @@
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: VerifyCookie P1 P2 P3 * *
-**
-** Check the value of global database parameter number 0 (the
-** schema version) and make sure it is equal to P2 and that the
-** generation counter on the local schema parse equals P3.
-**
-** P1 is the database number which is 0 for the main database file
-** and 1 for the file holding temporary tables and some higher number
-** for auxiliary databases.
-**
-** The cookie changes its value whenever the database schema changes.
-** This operation is used to detect when that the cookie has changed
-** and that the current process needs to reread the schema.
-**
-** Either a transaction needs to have been started or an OP_Open needs
-** to be executed (to establish a read lock) before this opcode is
-** invoked.
-*/
-case OP_VerifyCookie: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.aw */
-  int iMeta;
-  int iGen;
-  Btree *pBt;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.aw */
-
-  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
-  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, pOp->p1, 0) );
-  u.aw.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
-  if( u.aw.pBt ){
-    sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(u.aw.pBt, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, (u32 *)&u.aw.iMeta);
-    u.aw.iGen = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pSchema->iGeneration;
-  }else{
-    u.aw.iGen = u.aw.iMeta = 0;
-  }
-  if( u.aw.iMeta!=pOp->p2 || u.aw.iGen!=pOp->p3 ){
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
-    p->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, "database schema has changed");
-    /* If the schema-cookie from the database file matches the cookie
-    ** stored with the in-memory representation of the schema, do
-    ** not reload the schema from the database file.
-    **
-    ** If virtual-tables are in use, this is not just an optimization.
-    ** Often, v-tables store their data in other SQLite tables, which
-    ** are queried from within xNext() and other v-table methods using
-    ** prepared queries. If such a query is out-of-date, we do not want to
-    ** discard the database schema, as the user code implementing the
-    ** v-table would have to be ready for the sqlite3_vtab structure itself
-    ** to be invalidated whenever sqlite3_step() is called from within
-    ** a v-table method.
-    */
-    if( db->aDb[pOp->p1].pSchema->schema_cookie!=u.aw.iMeta ){
-      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, pOp->p1);
-    }
-
-    p->expired = 1;
-    rc = SQLITE_SCHEMA;
-  }
-  break;
-}
-
 /* Opcode: OpenRead P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3
 **
 ** Open a read-only cursor for the database table whose root page is
 ** P2 in a database file.  The database file is determined by P3. 
@@ -67957,9 +71215,24 @@
 ** sequence of the index being opened. Otherwise, if P4 is an integer 
 ** value, it is set to the number of columns in the table.
 **
-** See also OpenWrite.
+** See also: OpenWrite, ReopenIdx
+*/
+/* Opcode: ReopenIdx P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3
+**
+** The ReopenIdx opcode works exactly like ReadOpen except that it first
+** checks to see if the cursor on P1 is already open with a root page
+** number of P2 and if it is this opcode becomes a no-op.  In other words,
+** if the cursor is already open, do not reopen it.
+**
+** The ReopenIdx opcode may only be used with P5==0 and with P4 being
+** a P4_KEYINFO object.  Furthermore, the P3 value must be the same as
+** every other ReopenIdx or OpenRead for the same cursor number.
+**
+** See the OpenRead opcode documentation for additional information.
 */
 /* Opcode: OpenWrite P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3
 **
 ** Open a read/write cursor named P1 on the table or index whose root
 ** page is P2.  Or if P5!=0 use the content of register P2 to find the
@@ -67978,9 +71251,21 @@
 **
 ** See also OpenRead.
 */
+case OP_ReopenIdx: {
+  VdbeCursor *pCur;
+
+  assert( pOp->p5==0 );
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_KEYINFO );
+  pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  if( pCur && pCur->pgnoRoot==(u32)pOp->p2 ){
+    assert( pCur->iDb==pOp->p3 );      /* Guaranteed by the code generator */
+    break;
+  }
+  /* If the cursor is not currently open or is open on a different
+  ** index, then fall through into OP_OpenRead to force a reopen */
+}
 case OP_OpenRead:
 case OP_OpenWrite: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ax */
   int nField;
   KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
   int p2;
@@ -67989,77 +71274,88 @@
   Btree *pX;
   VdbeCursor *pCur;
   Db *pDb;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ax */
+
+  assert( (pOp->p5&(OPFLAG_P2ISREG|OPFLAG_BULKCSR))==pOp->p5 );
+  assert( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenWrite || pOp->p5==0 );
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
+  assert( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenRead || pOp->opcode==OP_ReopenIdx
+          || p->readOnly==0 );
 
   if( p->expired ){
     rc = SQLITE_ABORT;
     break;
   }
 
-  u.ax.nField = 0;
-  u.ax.pKeyInfo = 0;
-  u.ax.p2 = pOp->p2;
-  u.ax.iDb = pOp->p3;
-  assert( u.ax.iDb>=0 && u.ax.iDb<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<u.ax.iDb))!=0 );
-  u.ax.pDb = &db->aDb[u.ax.iDb];
-  u.ax.pX = u.ax.pDb->pBt;
-  assert( u.ax.pX!=0 );
+  nField = 0;
+  pKeyInfo = 0;
+  p2 = pOp->p2;
+  iDb = pOp->p3;
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, iDb) );
+  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+  pX = pDb->pBt;
+  assert( pX!=0 );
   if( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenWrite ){
-    u.ax.wrFlag = 1;
-    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, u.ax.iDb, 0) );
-    if( u.ax.pDb->pSchema->file_format < p->minWriteFileFormat ){
-      p->minWriteFileFormat = u.ax.pDb->pSchema->file_format;
+    wrFlag = 1;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    if( pDb->pSchema->file_format < p->minWriteFileFormat ){
+      p->minWriteFileFormat = pDb->pSchema->file_format;
     }
   }else{
-    u.ax.wrFlag = 0;
+    wrFlag = 0;
   }
-  if( pOp->p5 ){
-    assert( u.ax.p2>0 );
-    assert( u.ax.p2<=p->nMem );
-    pIn2 = &aMem[u.ax.p2];
+  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_P2ISREG ){
+    assert( p2>0 );
+    assert( p2<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+    pIn2 = &aMem[p2];
     assert( memIsValid(pIn2) );
     assert( (pIn2->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );
     sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn2);
-    u.ax.p2 = (int)pIn2->u.i;
-    /* The u.ax.p2 value always comes from a prior OP_CreateTable opcode and
-    ** that opcode will always set the u.ax.p2 value to 2 or more or else fail.
+    p2 = (int)pIn2->u.i;
+    /* The p2 value always comes from a prior OP_CreateTable opcode and
+    ** that opcode will always set the p2 value to 2 or more or else fail.
     ** If there were a failure, the prepared statement would have halted
     ** before reaching this instruction. */
-    if( NEVER(u.ax.p2<2) ) {
+    if( NEVER(p2<2) ) {
       rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
       goto abort_due_to_error;
     }
   }
   if( pOp->p4type==P4_KEYINFO ){
-    u.ax.pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
-    u.ax.pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(p->db);
-    u.ax.nField = u.ax.pKeyInfo->nField+1;
+    pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+    assert( pKeyInfo->enc==ENC(db) );
+    assert( pKeyInfo->db==db );
+    nField = pKeyInfo->nField+pKeyInfo->nXField;
   }else if( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 ){
-    u.ax.nField = pOp->p4.i;
+    nField = pOp->p4.i;
   }
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 );
-  u.ax.pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, u.ax.nField, u.ax.iDb, 1);
-  if( u.ax.pCur==0 ) goto no_mem;
-  u.ax.pCur->nullRow = 1;
-  u.ax.pCur->isOrdered = 1;
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(u.ax.pX, u.ax.p2, u.ax.wrFlag, u.ax.pKeyInfo, u.ax.pCur->pCursor);
-  u.ax.pCur->pKeyInfo = u.ax.pKeyInfo;
+  assert( nField>=0 );
+  testcase( nField==0 );  /* Table with INTEGER PRIMARY KEY and nothing else */
+  pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, nField, iDb, 1);
+  if( pCur==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  pCur->nullRow = 1;
+  pCur->isOrdered = 1;
+  pCur->pgnoRoot = p2;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(pX, p2, wrFlag, pKeyInfo, pCur->pCursor);
+  pCur->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
+  assert( OPFLAG_BULKCSR==BTREE_BULKLOAD );
+  sqlite3BtreeCursorHints(pCur->pCursor, (pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_BULKCSR));
 
   /* Since it performs no memory allocation or IO, the only value that
   ** sqlite3BtreeCursor() may return is SQLITE_OK. */
   assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
 
-  /* Set the VdbeCursor.isTable and isIndex variables. Previous versions of
+  /* Set the VdbeCursor.isTable variable. Previous versions of
   ** SQLite used to check if the root-page flags were sane at this point
   ** and report database corruption if they were not, but this check has
-  ** since moved into the btree layer.  */
-  u.ax.pCur->isTable = pOp->p4type!=P4_KEYINFO;
-  u.ax.pCur->isIndex = !u.ax.pCur->isTable;
+  ** since moved into the btree layer.  */  
+  pCur->isTable = pOp->p4type!=P4_KEYINFO;
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: OpenEphemeral P1 P2 * P4 P5
+** Synopsis: nColumn=P2
 **
 ** Open a new cursor P1 to a transient table.
 ** The cursor is always opened read/write even if 
@@ -68071,18 +71367,13 @@
 ** if P4 is not 0.  If P4 is not NULL, it points to a KeyInfo structure
 ** that defines the format of keys in the index.
 **
-** This opcode was once called OpenTemp.  But that created
-** confusion because the term "temp table", might refer either
-** to a TEMP table at the SQL level, or to a table opened by
-** this opcode.  Then this opcode was call OpenVirtual.  But
-** that created confusion with the whole virtual-table idea.
-**
 ** The P5 parameter can be a mask of the BTREE_* flags defined
 ** in btree.h.  These flags control aspects of the operation of
 ** the btree.  The BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL and BTREE_SINGLE flags are
 ** added automatically.
 */
 /* Opcode: OpenAutoindex P1 P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: nColumn=P2
 **
 ** This opcode works the same as OP_OpenEphemeral.  It has a
 ** different name to distinguish its use.  Tables created using
@@ -68091,24 +71382,25 @@
 */
 case OP_OpenAutoindex: 
 case OP_OpenEphemeral: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ay */
   VdbeCursor *pCx;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ay */
-  static const int vfsFlags =
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
+
+  static const int vfsFlags = 
       SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE |
       SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE |
       SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE |
       SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE |
       SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB;
-
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 );
-  u.ay.pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, -1, 1);
-  if( u.ay.pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
-  u.ay.pCx->nullRow = 1;
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(db->pVfs, 0, db, &u.ay.pCx->pBt,
+  assert( pOp->p2>=0 );
+  pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, -1, 1);
+  if( pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  pCx->nullRow = 1;
+  pCx->isEphemeral = 1;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(db->pVfs, 0, db, &pCx->pBt, 
                         BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL | BTREE_SINGLE | pOp->p5, vfsFlags);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(u.ay.pCx->pBt, 1);
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(pCx->pBt, 1);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     /* If a transient index is required, create it by calling
@@ -68116,56 +71408,52 @@
     ** opening it. If a transient table is required, just use the
     ** automatically created table with root-page 1 (an BLOB_INTKEY table).
     */
-    if( pOp->p4.pKeyInfo ){
+    if( (pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo)!=0 ){
       int pgno;
       assert( pOp->p4type==P4_KEYINFO );
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(u.ay.pCx->pBt, &pgno, BTREE_BLOBKEY | pOp->p5);
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(pCx->pBt, &pgno, BTREE_BLOBKEY | pOp->p5); 
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         assert( pgno==MASTER_ROOT+1 );
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(u.ay.pCx->pBt, pgno, 1,
-                                (KeyInfo*)pOp->p4.z, u.ay.pCx->pCursor);
-        u.ay.pCx->pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
-        u.ay.pCx->pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(p->db);
+        assert( pKeyInfo->db==db );
+        assert( pKeyInfo->enc==ENC(db) );
+        pCx->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(pCx->pBt, pgno, 1, pKeyInfo, pCx->pCursor);
       }
-      u.ay.pCx->isTable = 0;
+      pCx->isTable = 0;
     }else{
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(u.ay.pCx->pBt, MASTER_ROOT, 1, 0, u.ay.pCx->pCursor);
-      u.ay.pCx->isTable = 1;
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(pCx->pBt, MASTER_ROOT, 1, 0, pCx->pCursor);
+      pCx->isTable = 1;
     }
   }
-  u.ay.pCx->isOrdered = (pOp->p5!=BTREE_UNORDERED);
-  u.ay.pCx->isIndex = !u.ay.pCx->isTable;
+  pCx->isOrdered = (pOp->p5!=BTREE_UNORDERED);
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: OpenSorter P1 P2 * P4 *
+/* Opcode: SorterOpen P1 P2 * P4 *
 **
 ** This opcode works like OP_OpenEphemeral except that it opens
 ** a transient index that is specifically designed to sort large
 ** tables using an external merge-sort algorithm.
 */
 case OP_SorterOpen: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.az */
   VdbeCursor *pCx;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.az */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  u.az.pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, -1, 1);
-  if( u.az.pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
-  u.az.pCx->pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
-  u.az.pCx->pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(p->db);
-  u.az.pCx->isSorter = 1;
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(db, u.az.pCx);
-#else
-  pOp->opcode = OP_OpenEphemeral;
-  pc--;
-#endif
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 );
+  assert( pOp->p2>=0 );
+  pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, -1, 1);
+  if( pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  pCx->pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+  assert( pCx->pKeyInfo->db==db );
+  assert( pCx->pKeyInfo->enc==ENC(db) );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(db, pCx);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: OpenPseudo P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: P3 columns in r[P2]
 **
 ** Open a new cursor that points to a fake table that contains a single
-** row of data.  The content of that one row in the content of memory
+** row of data.  The content of that one row is the content of memory
 ** register P2.  In other words, cursor P1 becomes an alias for the 
 ** MEM_Blob content contained in register P2.
 **
@@ -68178,17 +71466,16 @@
 ** the pseudo-table.
 */
 case OP_OpenPseudo: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ba */
   VdbeCursor *pCx;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ba */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 );
-  u.ba.pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p3, -1, 0);
-  if( u.ba.pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
-  u.ba.pCx->nullRow = 1;
-  u.ba.pCx->pseudoTableReg = pOp->p2;
-  u.ba.pCx->isTable = 1;
-  u.ba.pCx->isIndex = 0;
+  assert( pOp->p3>=0 );
+  pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p3, -1, 0);
+  if( pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  pCx->nullRow = 1;
+  pCx->pseudoTableReg = pOp->p2;
+  pCx->isTable = 1;
+  assert( pOp->p5==0 );
   break;
 }
 
@@ -68204,7 +71491,8 @@
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: SeekGe P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode: SeekGE P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
 ** use the value in register P3 as the key.  If cursor P1 refers 
@@ -68215,9 +71503,14 @@
 ** is greater than or equal to the key value. If there are no records 
 ** greater than or equal to the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
 **
-** See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, SeekLt, SeekGt, SeekLe
+** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in forward order,
+** from the beginning toward the end.  In other words, the cursor is
+** configured to use Next, not Prev.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, SeekLt, SeekGt, SeekLe
 */
-/* Opcode: SeekGt P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode: SeekGT P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
 ** use the value in register P3 as a key. If cursor P1 refers 
@@ -68228,9 +71521,14 @@
 ** is greater than the key value. If there are no records greater than 
 ** the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
 **
-** See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, SeekLt, SeekGe, SeekLe
+** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in forward order,
+** from the beginning toward the end.  In other words, the cursor is
+** configured to use Next, not Prev.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, SeekLt, SeekGe, SeekLe
 */
-/* Opcode: SeekLt P1 P2 P3 P4 * 
+/* Opcode: SeekLT P1 P2 P3 P4 * 
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
 ** use the value in register P3 as a key. If cursor P1 refers 
@@ -68241,9 +71539,14 @@
 ** is less than the key value. If there are no records less than 
 ** the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
 **
-** See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, SeekGt, SeekGe, SeekLe
+** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in reverse order,
+** from the end toward the beginning.  In other words, the cursor is
+** configured to use Prev, not Next.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, SeekGt, SeekGe, SeekLe
 */
-/* Opcode: SeekLe P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode: SeekLE P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
 ** use the value in register P3 as a key. If cursor P1 refers 
@@ -68254,163 +71557,157 @@
 ** is less than or equal to the key value. If there are no records 
 ** less than or equal to the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
 **
-** See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, SeekGt, SeekGe, SeekLt
+** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in reverse order,
+** from the end toward the beginning.  In other words, the cursor is
+** configured to use Prev, not Next.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, SeekGt, SeekGe, SeekLt
 */
-case OP_SeekLt:         /* jump, in3 */
-case OP_SeekLe:         /* jump, in3 */
-case OP_SeekGe:         /* jump, in3 */
-case OP_SeekGt: {       /* jump, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bb */
+case OP_SeekLT:         /* jump, in3 */
+case OP_SeekLE:         /* jump, in3 */
+case OP_SeekGE:         /* jump, in3 */
+case OP_SeekGT: {       /* jump, in3 */
   int res;
   int oc;
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   UnpackedRecord r;
   int nField;
   i64 iKey;      /* The rowid we are to seek to */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bb */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
   assert( pOp->p2!=0 );
-  u.bb.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bb.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bb.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  assert( OP_SeekLe == OP_SeekLt+1 );
-  assert( OP_SeekGe == OP_SeekLt+2 );
-  assert( OP_SeekGt == OP_SeekLt+3 );
-  assert( u.bb.pC->isOrdered );
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bb.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
-    u.bb.oc = pOp->opcode;
-    u.bb.pC->nullRow = 0;
-    if( u.bb.pC->isTable ){
-      /* The input value in P3 might be of any type: integer, real, string,
-      ** blob, or NULL.  But it needs to be an integer before we can do
-      ** the seek, so covert it. */
-      pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-      applyNumericAffinity(pIn3);
-      u.bb.iKey = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn3);
-      u.bb.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-
-      /* If the P3 value could not be converted into an integer without
-      ** loss of information, then special processing is required... */
-      if( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Int)==0 ){
-        if( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Real)==0 ){
-          /* If the P3 value cannot be converted into any kind of a number,
-          ** then the seek is not possible, so jump to P2 */
-          pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-          break;
-        }
-        /* If we reach this point, then the P3 value must be a floating
-        ** point number. */
-        assert( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Real)!=0 );
-
-        if( u.bb.iKey==SMALLEST_INT64 && (pIn3->r<(double)u.bb.iKey || pIn3->r>0) ){
-          /* The P3 value is too large in magnitude to be expressed as an
-          ** integer. */
-          u.bb.res = 1;
-          if( pIn3->r<0 ){
-            if( u.bb.oc>=OP_SeekGe ){  assert( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGe || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGt );
-              rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(u.bb.pC->pCursor, &u.bb.res);
-              if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-            }
-          }else{
-            if( u.bb.oc<=OP_SeekLe ){  assert( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLe );
-              rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.bb.pC->pCursor, &u.bb.res);
-              if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-            }
-          }
-          if( u.bb.res ){
-            pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-          }
-          break;
-        }else if( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGe ){
-          /* Use the ceiling() function to convert real->int */
-          if( pIn3->r > (double)u.bb.iKey ) u.bb.iKey++;
-        }else{
-          /* Use the floor() function to convert real->int */
-          assert( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLe || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGt );
-          if( pIn3->r < (double)u.bb.iKey ) u.bb.iKey--;
-        }
-      }
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bb.pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)u.bb.iKey, 0, &u.bb.res);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        goto abort_due_to_error;
-      }
-      if( u.bb.res==0 ){
-        u.bb.pC->rowidIsValid = 1;
-        u.bb.pC->lastRowid = u.bb.iKey;
-      }
-    }else{
-      u.bb.nField = pOp->p4.i;
-      assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-      assert( u.bb.nField>0 );
-      u.bb.r.pKeyInfo = u.bb.pC->pKeyInfo;
-      u.bb.r.nField = (u16)u.bb.nField;
-
-      /* The next line of code computes as follows, only faster:
-      **   if( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGt || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLe ){
-      **     u.bb.r.flags = UNPACKED_INCRKEY;
-      **   }else{
-      **     u.bb.r.flags = 0;
-      **   }
-      */
-      u.bb.r.flags = (u16)(UNPACKED_INCRKEY * (1 & (u.bb.oc - OP_SeekLt)));
-      assert( u.bb.oc!=OP_SeekGt || u.bb.r.flags==UNPACKED_INCRKEY );
-      assert( u.bb.oc!=OP_SeekLe || u.bb.r.flags==UNPACKED_INCRKEY );
-      assert( u.bb.oc!=OP_SeekGe || u.bb.r.flags==0 );
-      assert( u.bb.oc!=OP_SeekLt || u.bb.r.flags==0 );
-
-      u.bb.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  assert( OP_SeekLE == OP_SeekLT+1 );
+  assert( OP_SeekGE == OP_SeekLT+2 );
+  assert( OP_SeekGT == OP_SeekLT+3 );
+  assert( pC->isOrdered );
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  oc = pOp->opcode;
+  pC->nullRow = 0;
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-      { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bb.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bb.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+  pC->seekOp = pOp->opcode;
 #endif
-      ExpandBlob(u.bb.r.aMem);
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bb.pC->pCursor, &u.bb.r, 0, 0, &u.bb.res);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        goto abort_due_to_error;
+  if( pC->isTable ){
+    /* The input value in P3 might be of any type: integer, real, string,
+    ** blob, or NULL.  But it needs to be an integer before we can do
+    ** the seek, so covert it. */
+    pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+    ApplyNumericAffinity(pIn3);
+    iKey = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn3);
+    pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+
+    /* If the P3 value could not be converted into an integer without
+    ** loss of information, then special processing is required... */
+    if( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Int)==0 ){
+      if( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Real)==0 ){
+        /* If the P3 value cannot be converted into any kind of a number,
+        ** then the seek is not possible, so jump to P2 */
+        pc = pOp->p2 - 1;  VdbeBranchTaken(1,2);
+        break;
       }
-      u.bb.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+
+      /* If the approximation iKey is larger than the actual real search
+      ** term, substitute >= for > and < for <=. e.g. if the search term
+      ** is 4.9 and the integer approximation 5:
+      **
+      **        (x >  4.9)    ->     (x >= 5)
+      **        (x <= 4.9)    ->     (x <  5)
+      */
+      if( pIn3->r<(double)iKey ){
+        assert( OP_SeekGE==(OP_SeekGT-1) );
+        assert( OP_SeekLT==(OP_SeekLE-1) );
+        assert( (OP_SeekLE & 0x0001)==(OP_SeekGT & 0x0001) );
+        if( (oc & 0x0001)==(OP_SeekGT & 0x0001) ) oc--;
+      }
+
+      /* If the approximation iKey is smaller than the actual real search
+      ** term, substitute <= for < and > for >=.  */
+      else if( pIn3->r>(double)iKey ){
+        assert( OP_SeekLE==(OP_SeekLT+1) );
+        assert( OP_SeekGT==(OP_SeekGE+1) );
+        assert( (OP_SeekLT & 0x0001)==(OP_SeekGE & 0x0001) );
+        if( (oc & 0x0001)==(OP_SeekLT & 0x0001) ) oc++;
+      }
+    } 
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)iKey, 0, &res);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto abort_due_to_error;
     }
-    u.bb.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    u.bb.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-    sqlite3_search_count++;
-#endif
-    if( u.bb.oc>=OP_SeekGe ){  assert( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGe || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGt );
-      if( u.bb.res<0 || (u.bb.res==0 && u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGt) ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeNext(u.bb.pC->pCursor, &u.bb.res);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-        u.bb.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-      }else{
-        u.bb.res = 0;
-      }
-    }else{
-      assert( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLe );
-      if( u.bb.res>0 || (u.bb.res==0 && u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLt) ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreePrevious(u.bb.pC->pCursor, &u.bb.res);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-        u.bb.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-      }else{
-        /* u.bb.res might be negative because the table is empty.  Check to
-        ** see if this is the case.
-        */
-        u.bb.res = sqlite3BtreeEof(u.bb.pC->pCursor);
-      }
-    }
-    assert( pOp->p2>0 );
-    if( u.bb.res ){
-      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    if( res==0 ){
+      pC->rowidIsValid = 1;
+      pC->lastRowid = iKey;
     }
   }else{
-    /* This happens when attempting to open the sqlite3_master table
-    ** for read access returns SQLITE_EMPTY. In this case always
-    ** take the jump (since there are no records in the table).
+    nField = pOp->p4.i;
+    assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
+    assert( nField>0 );
+    r.pKeyInfo = pC->pKeyInfo;
+    r.nField = (u16)nField;
+
+    /* The next line of code computes as follows, only faster:
+    **   if( oc==OP_SeekGT || oc==OP_SeekLE ){
+    **     r.default_rc = -1;
+    **   }else{
+    **     r.default_rc = +1;
+    **   }
     */
+    r.default_rc = ((1 & (oc - OP_SeekLT)) ? -1 : +1);
+    assert( oc!=OP_SeekGT || r.default_rc==-1 );
+    assert( oc!=OP_SeekLE || r.default_rc==-1 );
+    assert( oc!=OP_SeekGE || r.default_rc==+1 );
+    assert( oc!=OP_SeekLT || r.default_rc==+1 );
+
+    r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    { int i; for(i=0; i<r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&r.aMem[i]) ); }
+#endif
+    ExpandBlob(r.aMem);
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pC->pCursor, &r, 0, 0, &res);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto abort_due_to_error;
+    }
+    pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  }
+  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  sqlite3_search_count++;
+#endif
+  if( oc>=OP_SeekGE ){  assert( oc==OP_SeekGE || oc==OP_SeekGT );
+    if( res<0 || (res==0 && oc==OP_SeekGT) ){
+      res = 0;
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeNext(pC->pCursor, &res);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+      pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    }else{
+      res = 0;
+    }
+  }else{
+    assert( oc==OP_SeekLT || oc==OP_SeekLE );
+    if( res>0 || (res==0 && oc==OP_SeekLT) ){
+      res = 0;
+      rc = sqlite3BtreePrevious(pC->pCursor, &res);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+      pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    }else{
+      /* res might be negative because the table is empty.  Check to
+      ** see if this is the case.
+      */
+      res = sqlite3BtreeEof(pC->pCursor);
+    }
+  }
+  assert( pOp->p2>0 );
+  VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0,2);
+  if( res ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Seek P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis:  intkey=r[P2]
 **
 ** P1 is an open table cursor and P2 is a rowid integer.  Arrange
 ** for P1 to move so that it points to the rowid given by P2.
@@ -68420,26 +71717,24 @@
 ** occur, no unnecessary I/O happens.
 */
 case OP_Seek: {    /* in2 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bc */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bc */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bc.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bc.pC!=0 );
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bc.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
-    assert( u.bc.pC->isTable );
-    u.bc.pC->nullRow = 0;
-    pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-    u.bc.pC->movetoTarget = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
-    u.bc.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-    u.bc.pC->deferredMoveto = 1;
-  }
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  assert( pC->isTable );
+  pC->nullRow = 0;
+  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  pC->movetoTarget = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
+  pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  pC->deferredMoveto = 1;
   break;
 }
   
 
 /* Opcode: Found P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** If P4==0 then register P3 holds a blob constructed by MakeRecord.  If
 ** P4>0 then register P3 is the first of P4 registers that form an unpacked
@@ -68448,8 +71743,15 @@
 ** Cursor P1 is on an index btree.  If the record identified by P3 and P4
 ** is a prefix of any entry in P1 then a jump is made to P2 and
 ** P1 is left pointing at the matching entry.
+**
+** This operation leaves the cursor in a state where it can be
+** advanced in the forward direction.  The Next instruction will work,
+** but not the Prev instruction.
+**
+** See also: NotFound, NoConflict, NotExists. SeekGe
 */
 /* Opcode: NotFound P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** If P4==0 then register P3 holds a blob constructed by MakeRecord.  If
 ** P4>0 then register P3 is the first of P4 registers that form an unpacked
@@ -68461,216 +71763,172 @@
 ** falls through to the next instruction and P1 is left pointing at the
 ** matching entry.
 **
-** See also: Found, NotExists, IsUnique
+** This operation leaves the cursor in a state where it cannot be
+** advanced in either direction.  In other words, the Next and Prev
+** opcodes do not work after this operation.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotExists, NoConflict
 */
+/* Opcode: NoConflict P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
+**
+** If P4==0 then register P3 holds a blob constructed by MakeRecord.  If
+** P4>0 then register P3 is the first of P4 registers that form an unpacked
+** record.
+** 
+** Cursor P1 is on an index btree.  If the record identified by P3 and P4
+** contains any NULL value, jump immediately to P2.  If all terms of the
+** record are not-NULL then a check is done to determine if any row in the
+** P1 index btree has a matching key prefix.  If there are no matches, jump
+** immediately to P2.  If there is a match, fall through and leave the P1
+** cursor pointing to the matching row.
+**
+** This opcode is similar to OP_NotFound with the exceptions that the
+** branch is always taken if any part of the search key input is NULL.
+**
+** This operation leaves the cursor in a state where it cannot be
+** advanced in either direction.  In other words, the Next and Prev
+** opcodes do not work after this operation.
+**
+** See also: NotFound, Found, NotExists
+*/
+case OP_NoConflict:     /* jump, in3 */
 case OP_NotFound:       /* jump, in3 */
 case OP_Found: {        /* jump, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bd */
   int alreadyExists;
+  int ii;
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   int res;
   char *pFree;
   UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;
   UnpackedRecord r;
-  char aTempRec[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*3 + 7];
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bd */
+  char aTempRec[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*4 + 7];
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-  sqlite3_found_count++;
+  if( pOp->opcode!=OP_NoConflict ) sqlite3_found_count++;
 #endif
 
-  u.bd.alreadyExists = 0;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
   assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-  u.bd.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bd.pC!=0 );
-  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bd.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
-
-    assert( u.bd.pC->isTable==0 );
-    if( pOp->p4.i>0 ){
-      u.bd.r.pKeyInfo = u.bd.pC->pKeyInfo;
-      u.bd.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
-      u.bd.r.aMem = pIn3;
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-      { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bd.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bd.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+  pC->seekOp = pOp->opcode;
 #endif
-      u.bd.r.flags = UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
-      u.bd.pIdxKey = &u.bd.r;
-    }else{
-      u.bd.pIdxKey = sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(
-          u.bd.pC->pKeyInfo, u.bd.aTempRec, sizeof(u.bd.aTempRec), &u.bd.pFree
-      );
-      if( u.bd.pIdxKey==0 ) goto no_mem;
-      assert( pIn3->flags & MEM_Blob );
-      assert( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Zero)==0 );  /* zeroblobs already expanded */
-      sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(u.bd.pC->pKeyInfo, pIn3->n, pIn3->z, u.bd.pIdxKey);
-      u.bd.pIdxKey->flags |= UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
+  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  assert( pC->isTable==0 );
+  pFree = 0;  /* Not needed.  Only used to suppress a compiler warning. */
+  if( pOp->p4.i>0 ){
+    r.pKeyInfo = pC->pKeyInfo;
+    r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
+    r.aMem = pIn3;
+    for(ii=0; ii<r.nField; ii++){
+      assert( memIsValid(&r.aMem[ii]) );
+      ExpandBlob(&r.aMem[ii]);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      if( ii ) REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3+ii, &r.aMem[ii]);
+#endif
     }
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bd.pC->pCursor, u.bd.pIdxKey, 0, 0, &u.bd.res);
-    if( pOp->p4.i==0 ){
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, u.bd.pFree);
-    }
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      break;
-    }
-    u.bd.alreadyExists = (u.bd.res==0);
-    u.bd.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    u.bd.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  }
-  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Found ){
-    if( u.bd.alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    pIdxKey = &r;
   }else{
-    if( !u.bd.alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    pIdxKey = sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(
+        pC->pKeyInfo, aTempRec, sizeof(aTempRec), &pFree
+    ); 
+    if( pIdxKey==0 ) goto no_mem;
+    assert( pIn3->flags & MEM_Blob );
+    assert( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Zero)==0 );  /* zeroblobs already expanded */
+    sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(pC->pKeyInfo, pIn3->n, pIn3->z, pIdxKey);
   }
-  break;
-}
-
-/* Opcode: IsUnique P1 P2 P3 P4 *
-**
-** Cursor P1 is open on an index b-tree - that is to say, a btree which
-** no data and where the key are records generated by OP_MakeRecord with
-** the list field being the integer ROWID of the entry that the index
-** entry refers to.
-**
-** The P3 register contains an integer record number. Call this record 
-** number R. Register P4 is the first in a set of N contiguous registers
-** that make up an unpacked index key that can be used with cursor P1.
-** The value of N can be inferred from the cursor. N includes the rowid
-** value appended to the end of the index record. This rowid value may
-** or may not be the same as R.
-**
-** If any of the N registers beginning with register P4 contains a NULL
-** value, jump immediately to P2.
-**
-** Otherwise, this instruction checks if cursor P1 contains an entry
-** where the first (N-1) fields match but the rowid value at the end
-** of the index entry is not R. If there is no such entry, control jumps
-** to instruction P2. Otherwise, the rowid of the conflicting index
-** entry is copied to register P3 and control falls through to the next
-** instruction.
-**
-** See also: NotFound, NotExists, Found
-*/
-case OP_IsUnique: {        /* jump, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.be */
-  u16 ii;
-  VdbeCursor *pCx;
-  BtCursor *pCrsr;
-  u16 nField;
-  Mem *aMx;
-  UnpackedRecord r;                  /* B-Tree index search key */
-  i64 R;                             /* Rowid stored in register P3 */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.be */
-
-  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.be.aMx = &aMem[pOp->p4.i];
-  /* Assert that the values of parameters P1 and P4 are in range. */
-  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-  assert( pOp->p4.i>0 && pOp->p4.i<=p->nMem );
-  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-
-  /* Find the index cursor. */
-  u.be.pCx = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.be.pCx->deferredMoveto==0 );
-  u.be.pCx->seekResult = 0;
-  u.be.pCx->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  u.be.pCrsr = u.be.pCx->pCursor;
-
-  /* If any of the values are NULL, take the jump. */
-  u.be.nField = u.be.pCx->pKeyInfo->nField;
-  for(u.be.ii=0; u.be.ii<u.be.nField; u.be.ii++){
-    if( u.be.aMx[u.be.ii].flags & MEM_Null ){
-      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-      u.be.pCrsr = 0;
-      break;
+  pIdxKey->default_rc = 0;
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_NoConflict ){
+    /* For the OP_NoConflict opcode, take the jump if any of the
+    ** input fields are NULL, since any key with a NULL will not
+    ** conflict */
+    for(ii=0; ii<r.nField; ii++){
+      if( r.aMem[ii].flags & MEM_Null ){
+        pc = pOp->p2 - 1; VdbeBranchTaken(1,2);
+        break;
+      }
     }
   }
-  assert( (u.be.aMx[u.be.nField].flags & MEM_Null)==0 );
-
-  if( u.be.pCrsr!=0 ){
-    /* Populate the index search key. */
-    u.be.r.pKeyInfo = u.be.pCx->pKeyInfo;
-    u.be.r.nField = u.be.nField + 1;
-    u.be.r.flags = UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH;
-    u.be.r.aMem = u.be.aMx;
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    { int i; for(i=0; i<u.be.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.be.r.aMem[i]) ); }
-#endif
-
-    /* Extract the value of u.be.R from register P3. */
-    sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn3);
-    u.be.R = pIn3->u.i;
-
-    /* Search the B-Tree index. If no conflicting record is found, jump
-    ** to P2. Otherwise, copy the rowid of the conflicting record to
-    ** register P3 and fall through to the next instruction.  */
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.be.pCrsr, &u.be.r, 0, 0, &u.be.pCx->seekResult);
-    if( (u.be.r.flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH) || u.be.r.rowid==u.be.R ){
-      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-    }else{
-      pIn3->u.i = u.be.r.rowid;
-    }
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pC->pCursor, pIdxKey, 0, 0, &res);
+  if( pOp->p4.i==0 ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pFree);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    break;
+  }
+  pC->seekResult = res;
+  alreadyExists = (res==0);
+  pC->nullRow = 1-alreadyExists;
+  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Found ){
+    VdbeBranchTaken(alreadyExists!=0,2);
+    if( alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }else{
+    VdbeBranchTaken(alreadyExists==0,2);
+    if( !alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: NotExists P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: intkey=r[P3]
 **
-** Use the content of register P3 as an integer key.  If a record 
-** with that key does not exist in table of P1, then jump to P2. 
-** If the record does exist, then fall through.  The cursor is left 
-** pointing to the record if it exists.
+** P1 is the index of a cursor open on an SQL table btree (with integer
+** keys).  P3 is an integer rowid.  If P1 does not contain a record with
+** rowid P3 then jump immediately to P2.  If P1 does contain a record
+** with rowid P3 then leave the cursor pointing at that record and fall
+** through to the next instruction.
 **
-** The difference between this operation and NotFound is that this
-** operation assumes the key is an integer and that P1 is a table whereas
-** NotFound assumes key is a blob constructed from MakeRecord and
-** P1 is an index.
+** The OP_NotFound opcode performs the same operation on index btrees
+** (with arbitrary multi-value keys).
 **
-** See also: Found, NotFound, IsUnique
+** This opcode leaves the cursor in a state where it cannot be advanced
+** in either direction.  In other words, the Next and Prev opcodes will
+** not work following this opcode.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, NoConflict
 */
 case OP_NotExists: {        /* jump, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bf */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
   u64 iKey;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bf */
 
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   assert( pIn3->flags & MEM_Int );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bf.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bf.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bf.pC->isTable );
-  assert( u.bf.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  u.bf.pCrsr = u.bf.pC->pCursor;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bf.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    u.bf.res = 0;
-    u.bf.iKey = pIn3->u.i;
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bf.pCrsr, 0, u.bf.iKey, 0, &u.bf.res);
-    u.bf.pC->lastRowid = pIn3->u.i;
-    u.bf.pC->rowidIsValid = u.bf.res==0 ?1:0;
-    u.bf.pC->nullRow = 0;
-    u.bf.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-    u.bf.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    if( u.bf.res!=0 ){
-      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-      assert( u.bf.pC->rowidIsValid==0 );
-    }
-    u.bf.pC->seekResult = u.bf.res;
-  }else{
-    /* This happens when an attempt to open a read cursor on the
-    ** sqlite_master table returns SQLITE_EMPTY.
-    */
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  pC->seekOp = 0;
+#endif
+  assert( pC->isTable );
+  assert( pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 );
+  res = 0;
+  iKey = pIn3->u.i;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pCrsr, 0, iKey, 0, &res);
+  pC->lastRowid = pIn3->u.i;
+  pC->rowidIsValid = res==0 ?1:0;
+  pC->nullRow = 0;
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0,2);
+  if( res!=0 ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-    assert( u.bf.pC->rowidIsValid==0 );
-    u.bf.pC->seekResult = 0;
+    assert( pC->rowidIsValid==0 );
   }
+  pC->seekResult = res;
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Sequence P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=cursor[P1].ctr++
 **
 ** Find the next available sequence number for cursor P1.
 ** Write the sequence number into register P2.
@@ -68686,6 +71944,7 @@
 
 
 /* Opcode: NewRowid P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=rowid
 **
 ** Get a new integer record number (a.k.a "rowid") used as the key to a table.
 ** The record number is not previously used as a key in the database
@@ -68700,21 +71959,19 @@
 ** AUTOINCREMENT feature.
 */
 case OP_NewRowid: {           /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bg */
   i64 v;                 /* The new rowid */
   VdbeCursor *pC;        /* Cursor of table to get the new rowid */
   int res;               /* Result of an sqlite3BtreeLast() */
   int cnt;               /* Counter to limit the number of searches */
   Mem *pMem;             /* Register holding largest rowid for AUTOINCREMENT */
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;     /* Root frame of VDBE */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bg */
 
-  u.bg.v = 0;
-  u.bg.res = 0;
+  v = 0;
+  res = 0;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bg.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bg.pC!=0 );
-  if( NEVER(u.bg.pC->pCursor==0) ){
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  if( NEVER(pC->pCursor==0) ){
     /* The zero initialization above is all that is needed */
   }else{
     /* The next rowid or record number (different terms for the same
@@ -68730,7 +71987,7 @@
     ** succeeded.  If the random rowid does exist, we select a new one
     ** and try again, up to 100 times.
     */
-    assert( u.bg.pC->isTable );
+    assert( pC->isTable );
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_32BIT_ROWID
 #   define MAX_ROWID 0x7fffffff
@@ -68742,61 +71999,56 @@
 #   define MAX_ROWID  (i64)( (((u64)0x7fffffff)<<32) | (u64)0xffffffff )
 #endif
 
-    if( !u.bg.pC->useRandomRowid ){
-      u.bg.v = sqlite3BtreeGetCachedRowid(u.bg.pC->pCursor);
-      if( u.bg.v==0 ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.bg.pC->pCursor, &u.bg.res);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-          goto abort_due_to_error;
-        }
-        if( u.bg.res ){
-          u.bg.v = 1;   /* IMP: R-61914-48074 */
+    if( !pC->useRandomRowid ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(pC->pCursor, &res);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto abort_due_to_error;
+      }
+      if( res ){
+        v = 1;   /* IMP: R-61914-48074 */
+      }else{
+        assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pC->pCursor) );
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pC->pCursor, &v);
+        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* Cannot fail following BtreeLast() */
+        if( v>=MAX_ROWID ){
+          pC->useRandomRowid = 1;
         }else{
-          assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.bg.pC->pCursor) );
-          rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bg.pC->pCursor, &u.bg.v);
-          assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* Cannot fail following BtreeLast() */
-          if( u.bg.v>=MAX_ROWID ){
-            u.bg.pC->useRandomRowid = 1;
-          }else{
-            u.bg.v++;   /* IMP: R-29538-34987 */
-          }
+          v++;   /* IMP: R-29538-34987 */
         }
       }
+    }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
-      if( pOp->p3 ){
+    if( pOp->p3 ){
+      /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
+      assert( pOp->p3>0 );
+      if( p->pFrame ){
+        for(pFrame=p->pFrame; pFrame->pParent; pFrame=pFrame->pParent);
         /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
-        assert( pOp->p3>0 );
-        if( p->pFrame ){
-          for(u.bg.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.bg.pFrame->pParent; u.bg.pFrame=u.bg.pFrame->pParent);
-          /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
-          assert( pOp->p3<=u.bg.pFrame->nMem );
-          u.bg.pMem = &u.bg.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p3];
-        }else{
-          /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
-          assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-          u.bg.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-          memAboutToChange(p, u.bg.pMem);
-        }
-        assert( memIsValid(u.bg.pMem) );
-
-        REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.bg.pMem);
-        sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(u.bg.pMem);
-        assert( (u.bg.pMem->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );  /* mem(P3) holds an integer */
-        if( u.bg.pMem->u.i==MAX_ROWID || u.bg.pC->useRandomRowid ){
-          rc = SQLITE_FULL;   /* IMP: R-12275-61338 */
-          goto abort_due_to_error;
-        }
-        if( u.bg.v<u.bg.pMem->u.i+1 ){
-          u.bg.v = u.bg.pMem->u.i + 1;
-        }
-        u.bg.pMem->u.i = u.bg.v;
+        assert( pOp->p3<=pFrame->nMem );
+        pMem = &pFrame->aMem[pOp->p3];
+      }else{
+        /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
+        assert( pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+        pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+        memAboutToChange(p, pMem);
       }
-#endif
+      assert( memIsValid(pMem) );
 
-      sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bg.pC->pCursor, u.bg.v<MAX_ROWID ? u.bg.v+1 : 0);
+      REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pMem);
+      sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pMem);
+      assert( (pMem->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );  /* mem(P3) holds an integer */
+      if( pMem->u.i==MAX_ROWID || pC->useRandomRowid ){
+        rc = SQLITE_FULL;   /* IMP: R-12275-61338 */
+        goto abort_due_to_error;
+      }
+      if( v<pMem->u.i+1 ){
+        v = pMem->u.i + 1;
+      }
+      pMem->u.i = v;
     }
-    if( u.bg.pC->useRandomRowid ){
+#endif
+    if( pC->useRandomRowid ){
       /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-07677-41881 If the largest ROWID is equal to the
       ** largest possible integer (9223372036854775807) then the database
       ** engine starts picking positive candidate ROWIDs at random until
@@ -68804,39 +72056,40 @@
       assert( pOp->p3==0 );  /* We cannot be in random rowid mode if this is
                              ** an AUTOINCREMENT table. */
       /* on the first attempt, simply do one more than previous */
-      u.bg.v = lastRowid;
-      u.bg.v &= (MAX_ROWID>>1); /* ensure doesn't go negative */
-      u.bg.v++; /* ensure non-zero */
-      u.bg.cnt = 0;
-      while(   ((rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bg.pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)u.bg.v,
-                                                 0, &u.bg.res))==SQLITE_OK)
-            && (u.bg.res==0)
-            && (++u.bg.cnt<100)){
+      v = lastRowid;
+      v &= (MAX_ROWID>>1); /* ensure doesn't go negative */
+      v++; /* ensure non-zero */
+      cnt = 0;
+      while(   ((rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)v,
+                                                 0, &res))==SQLITE_OK)
+            && (res==0)
+            && (++cnt<100)){
         /* collision - try another random rowid */
-        sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(u.bg.v), &u.bg.v);
-        if( u.bg.cnt<5 ){
+        sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(v), &v);
+        if( cnt<5 ){
           /* try "small" random rowids for the initial attempts */
-          u.bg.v &= 0xffffff;
+          v &= 0xffffff;
         }else{
-          u.bg.v &= (MAX_ROWID>>1); /* ensure doesn't go negative */
+          v &= (MAX_ROWID>>1); /* ensure doesn't go negative */
         }
-        u.bg.v++; /* ensure non-zero */
+        v++; /* ensure non-zero */
       }
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.bg.res==0 ){
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && res==0 ){
         rc = SQLITE_FULL;   /* IMP: R-38219-53002 */
         goto abort_due_to_error;
       }
-      assert( u.bg.v>0 );  /* EV: R-40812-03570 */
+      assert( v>0 );  /* EV: R-40812-03570 */
     }
-    u.bg.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-    u.bg.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    u.bg.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+    pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
   }
-  pOut->u.i = u.bg.v;
+  pOut->u.i = v;
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Insert P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: intkey=r[P3] data=r[P2]
 **
 ** Write an entry into the table of cursor P1.  A new entry is
 ** created if it doesn't already exist or the data for an existing
@@ -68876,13 +72129,13 @@
 ** for indices is OP_IdxInsert.
 */
 /* Opcode: InsertInt P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis:  intkey=P3 data=r[P2]
 **
 ** This works exactly like OP_Insert except that the key is the
 ** integer value P3, not the value of the integer stored in register P3.
 */
 case OP_Insert: 
 case OP_InsertInt: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bh */
   Mem *pData;       /* MEM cell holding data for the record to be inserted */
   Mem *pKey;        /* MEM cell holding key  for the record */
   i64 iKey;         /* The integer ROWID or key for the record to be inserted */
@@ -68892,60 +72145,58 @@
   const char *zDb;  /* database name - used by the update hook */
   const char *zTbl; /* Table name - used by the opdate hook */
   int op;           /* Opcode for update hook: SQLITE_UPDATE or SQLITE_INSERT */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bh */
 
-  u.bh.pData = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  pData = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  assert( memIsValid(u.bh.pData) );
-  u.bh.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bh.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bh.pC->pCursor!=0 );
-  assert( u.bh.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  assert( u.bh.pC->isTable );
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, u.bh.pData);
+  assert( memIsValid(pData) );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  assert( pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  assert( pC->isTable );
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pData);
 
   if( pOp->opcode==OP_Insert ){
-    u.bh.pKey = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-    assert( u.bh.pKey->flags & MEM_Int );
-    assert( memIsValid(u.bh.pKey) );
-    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.bh.pKey);
-    u.bh.iKey = u.bh.pKey->u.i;
+    pKey = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+    assert( pKey->flags & MEM_Int );
+    assert( memIsValid(pKey) );
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pKey);
+    iKey = pKey->u.i;
   }else{
     assert( pOp->opcode==OP_InsertInt );
-    u.bh.iKey = pOp->p3;
+    iKey = pOp->p3;
   }
 
   if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_NCHANGE ) p->nChange++;
-  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_LASTROWID ) db->lastRowid = lastRowid = u.bh.iKey;
-  if( u.bh.pData->flags & MEM_Null ){
-    u.bh.pData->z = 0;
-    u.bh.pData->n = 0;
+  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_LASTROWID ) db->lastRowid = lastRowid = iKey;
+  if( pData->flags & MEM_Null ){
+    pData->z = 0;
+    pData->n = 0;
   }else{
-    assert( u.bh.pData->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str) );
+    assert( pData->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str) );
   }
-  u.bh.seekResult = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? u.bh.pC->seekResult : 0);
-  if( u.bh.pData->flags & MEM_Zero ){
-    u.bh.nZero = u.bh.pData->u.nZero;
+  seekResult = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? pC->seekResult : 0);
+  if( pData->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+    nZero = pData->u.nZero;
   }else{
-    u.bh.nZero = 0;
+    nZero = 0;
   }
-  sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bh.pC->pCursor, 0);
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(u.bh.pC->pCursor, 0, u.bh.iKey,
-                          u.bh.pData->z, u.bh.pData->n, u.bh.nZero,
-                          pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_APPEND, u.bh.seekResult
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(pC->pCursor, 0, iKey,
+                          pData->z, pData->n, nZero,
+                          (pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_APPEND)!=0, seekResult
   );
-  u.bh.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-  u.bh.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-  u.bh.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
 
   /* Invoke the update-hook if required. */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z ){
-    u.bh.zDb = db->aDb[u.bh.pC->iDb].zName;
-    u.bh.zTbl = pOp->p4.z;
-    u.bh.op = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_ISUPDATE) ? SQLITE_UPDATE : SQLITE_INSERT);
-    assert( u.bh.pC->isTable );
-    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, u.bh.op, u.bh.zDb, u.bh.zTbl, u.bh.iKey);
-    assert( u.bh.pC->iDb>=0 );
+    zDb = db->aDb[pC->iDb].zName;
+    zTbl = pOp->p4.z;
+    op = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_ISUPDATE) ? SQLITE_UPDATE : SQLITE_INSERT);
+    assert( pC->isTable );
+    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, op, zDb, zTbl, iKey);
+    assert( pC->iDb>=0 );
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -68957,7 +72208,7 @@
 ** The cursor will be left pointing at either the next or the previous
 ** record in the table. If it is left pointing at the next record, then
 ** the next Next instruction will be a no-op.  Hence it is OK to delete
-** a record from within an Next loop.
+** a record from within a Next loop.
 **
 ** If the OPFLAG_NCHANGE flag of P2 is set, then the row change count is
 ** incremented (otherwise not).
@@ -68971,47 +72222,34 @@
 ** using OP_NotFound prior to invoking this opcode.
 */
 case OP_Delete: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bi */
   i64 iKey;
   VdbeCursor *pC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bi */
 
-  u.bi.iKey = 0;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bi.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bi.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bi.pC->pCursor!=0 );  /* Only valid for real tables, no pseudotables */
-
-  /* If the update-hook will be invoked, set u.bi.iKey to the rowid of the
-  ** row being deleted.
-  */
-  if( db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z ){
-    assert( u.bi.pC->isTable );
-    assert( u.bi.pC->rowidIsValid );  /* lastRowid set by previous OP_NotFound */
-    u.bi.iKey = u.bi.pC->lastRowid;
-  }
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );  /* Only valid for real tables, no pseudotables */
+  iKey = pC->lastRowid;      /* Only used for the update hook */
 
   /* The OP_Delete opcode always follows an OP_NotExists or OP_Last or
   ** OP_Column on the same table without any intervening operations that
-  ** might move or invalidate the cursor.  Hence cursor u.bi.pC is always pointing
+  ** might move or invalidate the cursor.  Hence cursor pC is always pointing
   ** to the row to be deleted and the sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto() operation
   ** below is always a no-op and cannot fail.  We will run it anyhow, though,
   ** to guard against future changes to the code generator.
   **/
-  assert( u.bi.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bi.pC);
+  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(pC);
   if( NEVER(rc!=SQLITE_OK) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
 
-  sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bi.pC->pCursor, 0);
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(u.bi.pC->pCursor);
-  u.bi.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(pC->pCursor);
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
 
   /* Invoke the update-hook if required. */
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z ){
-    const char *zDb = db->aDb[u.bi.pC->iDb].zName;
-    const char *zTbl = pOp->p4.z;
-    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, SQLITE_DELETE, zDb, zTbl, u.bi.iKey);
-    assert( u.bi.pC->iDb>=0 );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z && pC->isTable ){
+    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, SQLITE_DELETE,
+                        db->aDb[pC->iDb].zName, pOp->p4.z, iKey);
+    assert( pC->iDb>=0 );
   }
   if( pOp->p2 & OPFLAG_NCHANGE ) p->nChange++;
   break;
@@ -69029,50 +72267,57 @@
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: SorterCompare P1 P2 P3
+/* Opcode: SorterCompare P1 P2 P3 P4
+** Synopsis:  if key(P1)!=trim(r[P3],P4) goto P2
 **
-** P1 is a sorter cursor. This instruction compares the record blob in 
-** register P3 with the entry that the sorter cursor currently points to.
-** If, excluding the rowid fields at the end, the two records are a match,
-** fall through to the next instruction. Otherwise, jump to instruction P2.
+** P1 is a sorter cursor. This instruction compares a prefix of the
+** record blob in register P3 against a prefix of the entry that 
+** the sorter cursor currently points to.  Only the first P4 fields
+** of r[P3] and the sorter record are compared.
+**
+** If either P3 or the sorter contains a NULL in one of their significant
+** fields (not counting the P4 fields at the end which are ignored) then
+** the comparison is assumed to be equal.
+**
+** Fall through to next instruction if the two records compare equal to
+** each other.  Jump to P2 if they are different.
 */
 case OP_SorterCompare: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bj */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   int res;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bj */
+  int nKeyCol;
 
-  u.bj.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( isSorter(u.bj.pC) );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( isSorter(pC) );
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(u.bj.pC, pIn3, &u.bj.res);
-  if( u.bj.res ){
+  nKeyCol = pOp->p4.i;
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(pC, pIn3, nKeyCol, &res);
+  VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0,2);
+  if( res ){
     pc = pOp->p2-1;
   }
   break;
 };
 
 /* Opcode: SorterData P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=data
 **
 ** Write into register P2 the current sorter data for sorter cursor P1.
 */
 case OP_SorterData: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bk */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bk */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-  u.bk.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bk.pC->isSorter );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(u.bk.pC, pOut);
-#else
-  pOp->opcode = OP_RowKey;
-  pc--;
-#endif
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( isSorter(pC) );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(pC, pOut);
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || (pOut->flags & MEM_Blob) );
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: RowData P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=data
 **
 ** Write into register P2 the complete row data for cursor P1.
 ** There is no interpretation of the data.  
@@ -69083,10 +72328,11 @@
 ** of a real table, not a pseudo-table.
 */
 /* Opcode: RowKey P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=key
 **
 ** Write into register P2 the complete row key for cursor P1.
 ** There is no interpretation of the data.  
-** The key is copied onto the P3 register exactly as 
+** The key is copied onto the P2 register exactly as 
 ** it is found in the database file.
 **
 ** If the P1 cursor must be pointing to a valid row (not a NULL row)
@@ -69094,70 +72340,69 @@
 */
 case OP_RowKey:
 case OP_RowData: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bl */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   u32 n;
   i64 n64;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bl */
 
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
 
   /* Note that RowKey and RowData are really exactly the same instruction */
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bl.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bl.pC->isSorter==0 );
-  assert( u.bl.pC->isTable || pOp->opcode!=OP_RowData );
-  assert( u.bl.pC->isIndex || pOp->opcode==OP_RowData );
-  assert( u.bl.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bl.pC->nullRow==0 );
-  assert( u.bl.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  assert( !u.bl.pC->isSorter );
-  assert( u.bl.pC->pCursor!=0 );
-  u.bl.pCrsr = u.bl.pC->pCursor;
-  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.bl.pCrsr) );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( isSorter(pC)==0 );
+  assert( pC->isTable || pOp->opcode!=OP_RowData );
+  assert( pC->isTable==0 || pOp->opcode==OP_RowData );
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->nullRow==0 );
+  assert( pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCrsr) );
 
   /* The OP_RowKey and OP_RowData opcodes always follow OP_NotExists or
   ** OP_Rewind/Op_Next with no intervening instructions that might invalidate
   ** the cursor.  Hence the following sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto() call is always
   ** a no-op and can never fail.  But we leave it in place as a safety.
   */
-  assert( u.bl.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bl.pC);
+  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(pC);
   if( NEVER(rc!=SQLITE_OK) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
 
-  if( u.bl.pC->isIndex ){
-    assert( !u.bl.pC->isTable );
-    VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bl.pCrsr, &u.bl.n64);
+  if( pC->isTable==0 ){
+    assert( !pC->isTable );
+    VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCrsr, &n64);
     assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );    /* True because of CursorMoveto() call above */
-    if( u.bl.n64>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    if( n64>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
       goto too_big;
     }
-    u.bl.n = (u32)u.bl.n64;
+    n = (u32)n64;
   }else{
-    VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeDataSize(u.bl.pCrsr, &u.bl.n);
+    VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeDataSize(pCrsr, &n);
     assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );    /* DataSize() cannot fail */
-    if( u.bl.n>(u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    if( n>(u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
       goto too_big;
     }
   }
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, u.bl.n, 0) ){
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, n, 0) ){
     goto no_mem;
   }
-  pOut->n = u.bl.n;
+  pOut->n = n;
   MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Blob);
-  if( u.bl.pC->isIndex ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeKey(u.bl.pCrsr, 0, u.bl.n, pOut->z);
+  if( pC->isTable==0 ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeKey(pCrsr, 0, n, pOut->z);
   }else{
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeData(u.bl.pCrsr, 0, u.bl.n, pOut->z);
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeData(pCrsr, 0, n, pOut->z);
   }
   pOut->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;  /* In case the blob is ever cast to text */
   UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Rowid P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=rowid
 **
 ** Store in register P2 an integer which is the key of the table entry that
 ** P1 is currently point to.
@@ -69167,42 +72412,40 @@
 ** one opcode now works for both table types.
 */
 case OP_Rowid: {                 /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bm */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   i64 v;
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bm */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bm.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bm.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bm.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  if( u.bm.pC->nullRow ){
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->pseudoTableReg==0 || pC->nullRow );
+  if( pC->nullRow ){
     pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
     break;
-  }else if( u.bm.pC->deferredMoveto ){
-    u.bm.v = u.bm.pC->movetoTarget;
+  }else if( pC->deferredMoveto ){
+    v = pC->movetoTarget;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  }else if( u.bm.pC->pVtabCursor ){
-    u.bm.pVtab = u.bm.pC->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
-    u.bm.pModule = u.bm.pVtab->pModule;
-    assert( u.bm.pModule->xRowid );
-    rc = u.bm.pModule->xRowid(u.bm.pC->pVtabCursor, &u.bm.v);
-    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.bm.pVtab);
+  }else if( pC->pVtabCursor ){
+    pVtab = pC->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+    pModule = pVtab->pModule;
+    assert( pModule->xRowid );
+    rc = pModule->xRowid(pC->pVtabCursor, &v);
+    sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
   }else{
-    assert( u.bm.pC->pCursor!=0 );
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bm.pC);
+    assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(pC);
     if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-    if( u.bm.pC->rowidIsValid ){
-      u.bm.v = u.bm.pC->lastRowid;
+    if( pC->rowidIsValid ){
+      v = pC->lastRowid;
     }else{
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bm.pC->pCursor, &u.bm.v);
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pC->pCursor, &v);
       assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );  /* Always so because of CursorMoveto() above */
     }
   }
-  pOut->u.i = u.bm.v;
+  pOut->u.i = v;
   break;
 }
 
@@ -69213,51 +72456,54 @@
 ** write a NULL.
 */
 case OP_NullRow: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bn */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bn */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bn.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bn.pC!=0 );
-  u.bn.pC->nullRow = 1;
-  u.bn.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-  assert( u.bn.pC->pCursor || u.bn.pC->pVtabCursor );
-  if( u.bn.pC->pCursor ){
-    sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(u.bn.pC->pCursor);
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  pC->nullRow = 1;
+  pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  if( pC->pCursor ){
+    sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(pC->pCursor);
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Last P1 P2 * * *
 **
-** The next use of the Rowid or Column or Next instruction for P1 
+** The next use of the Rowid or Column or Prev instruction for P1 
 ** will refer to the last entry in the database table or index.
 ** If the table or index is empty and P2>0, then jump immediately to P2.
 ** If P2 is 0 or if the table or index is not empty, fall through
 ** to the following instruction.
+**
+** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in reverse order,
+** from the end toward the beginning.  In other words, the cursor is
+** configured to use Prev, not Next.
 */
 case OP_Last: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bo */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bo */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bo.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bo.pC!=0 );
-  u.bo.pCrsr = u.bo.pC->pCursor;
-  u.bo.res = 0;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bo.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.bo.pCrsr, &u.bo.res);
-  }
-  u.bo.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bo.res;
-  u.bo.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-  u.bo.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-  u.bo.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  if( pOp->p2>0 && u.bo.res ){
-    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  res = 0;
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 );
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(pCrsr, &res);
+  pC->nullRow = (u8)res;
+  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  pC->seekOp = OP_Last;
+#endif
+  if( pOp->p2>0 ){
+    VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0,2);
+    if( res ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -69276,15 +72522,12 @@
 ** correctly optimizing out sorts.
 */
 case OP_SorterSort:    /* jump */
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  pOp->opcode = OP_Sort;
-#endif
 case OP_Sort: {        /* jump */
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   sqlite3_sort_count++;
   sqlite3_search_count--;
 #endif
-  p->aCounter[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT-1]++;
+  p->aCounter[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT]++;
   /* Fall through into OP_Rewind */
 }
 /* Opcode: Rewind P1 P2 * * *
@@ -69294,46 +72537,61 @@
 ** If the table or index is empty and P2>0, then jump immediately to P2.
 ** If P2 is 0 or if the table or index is not empty, fall through
 ** to the following instruction.
+**
+** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in forward order,
+** from the beginning toward the end.  In other words, the cursor is
+** configured to use Next, not Prev.
 */
 case OP_Rewind: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bp */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bp */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bp.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bp.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bp.pC->isSorter==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterSort) );
-  u.bp.res = 1;
-  if( isSorter(u.bp.pC) ){
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(db, u.bp.pC, &u.bp.res);
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( isSorter(pC)==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterSort) );
+  res = 1;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  pC->seekOp = OP_Rewind;
+#endif
+  if( isSorter(pC) ){
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(db, pC, &res);
   }else{
-    u.bp.pCrsr = u.bp.pC->pCursor;
-    assert( u.bp.pCrsr );
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(u.bp.pCrsr, &u.bp.res);
-    u.bp.pC->atFirst = u.bp.res==0 ?1:0;
-    u.bp.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    u.bp.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-    u.bp.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+    assert( pCrsr );
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(pCrsr, &res);
+    pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+    pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
   }
-  u.bp.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bp.res;
+  pC->nullRow = (u8)res;
   assert( pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2<p->nOp );
-  if( u.bp.res ){
+  VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0,2);
+  if( res ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: Next P1 P2 * P4 P5
+/* Opcode: Next P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
 **
 ** Advance cursor P1 so that it points to the next key/data pair in its
 ** table or index.  If there are no more key/value pairs then fall through
 ** to the following instruction.  But if the cursor advance was successful,
 ** jump immediately to P2.
 **
-** The P1 cursor must be for a real table, not a pseudo-table.
+** The Next opcode is only valid following an SeekGT, SeekGE, or
+** OP_Rewind opcode used to position the cursor.  Next is not allowed
+** to follow SeekLT, SeekLE, or OP_Last.
+**
+** The P1 cursor must be for a real table, not a pseudo-table.  P1 must have
+** been opened prior to this opcode or the program will segfault.
+**
+** The P3 value is a hint to the btree implementation. If P3==1, that
+** means P1 is an SQL index and that this instruction could have been
+** omitted if that index had been unique.  P3 is usually 0.  P3 is
+** always either 0 or 1.
 **
 ** P4 is always of type P4_ADVANCE. The function pointer points to
 ** sqlite3BtreeNext().
@@ -69341,16 +72599,32 @@
 ** If P5 is positive and the jump is taken, then event counter
 ** number P5-1 in the prepared statement is incremented.
 **
-** See also: Prev
+** See also: Prev, NextIfOpen
 */
-/* Opcode: Prev P1 P2 * * P5
+/* Opcode: NextIfOpen P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** This opcode works just like Next except that if cursor P1 is not
+** open it behaves a no-op.
+*/
+/* Opcode: Prev P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
 **
 ** Back up cursor P1 so that it points to the previous key/data pair in its
 ** table or index.  If there is no previous key/value pairs then fall through
 ** to the following instruction.  But if the cursor backup was successful,
 ** jump immediately to P2.
 **
-** The P1 cursor must be for a real table, not a pseudo-table.
+**
+** The Prev opcode is only valid following an SeekLT, SeekLE, or
+** OP_Last opcode used to position the cursor.  Prev is not allowed
+** to follow SeekGT, SeekGE, or OP_Rewind.
+**
+** The P1 cursor must be for a real table, not a pseudo-table.  If P1 is
+** not open then the behavior is undefined.
+**
+** The P3 value is a hint to the btree implementation. If P3==1, that
+** means P1 is an SQL index and that this instruction could have been
+** omitted if that index had been unique.  P3 is usually 0.  P3 is
+** always either 0 or 1.
 **
 ** P4 is always of type P4_ADVANCE. The function pointer points to
 ** sqlite3BtreePrevious().
@@ -69358,50 +72632,69 @@
 ** If P5 is positive and the jump is taken, then event counter
 ** number P5-1 in the prepared statement is incremented.
 */
-case OP_SorterNext:    /* jump */
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  pOp->opcode = OP_Next;
-#endif
-case OP_Prev:          /* jump */
-case OP_Next: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bq */
+/* Opcode: PrevIfOpen P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** This opcode works just like Prev except that if cursor P1 is not
+** open it behaves a no-op.
+*/
+case OP_SorterNext: {  /* jump */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   int res;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bq */
 
-  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( isSorter(pC) );
+  res = 0;
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(db, pC, &res);
+  goto next_tail;
+case OP_PrevIfOpen:    /* jump */
+case OP_NextIfOpen:    /* jump */
+  if( p->apCsr[pOp->p1]==0 ) break;
+  /* Fall through */
+case OP_Prev:          /* jump */
+case OP_Next:          /* jump */
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  assert( pOp->p5<=ArraySize(p->aCounter) );
-  u.bq.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  if( u.bq.pC==0 ){
-    break;  /* See ticket #2273 */
-  }
-  assert( u.bq.pC->isSorter==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterNext) );
-  if( isSorter(u.bq.pC) ){
-    assert( pOp->opcode==OP_SorterNext );
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(db, u.bq.pC, &u.bq.res);
-  }else{
-    u.bq.res = 1;
-    assert( u.bq.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-    assert( u.bq.pC->pCursor );
-    assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Next || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreeNext );
-    assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Prev || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreePrevious );
-    rc = pOp->p4.xAdvance(u.bq.pC->pCursor, &u.bq.res);
-  }
-  u.bq.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bq.res;
-  u.bq.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  if( u.bq.res==0 ){
+  assert( pOp->p5<ArraySize(p->aCounter) );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  res = pOp->p3;
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  assert( pC->pCursor );
+  assert( res==0 || (res==1 && pC->isTable==0) );
+  testcase( res==1 );
+  assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Next || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreeNext );
+  assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Prev || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreePrevious );
+  assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_NextIfOpen || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreeNext );
+  assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_PrevIfOpen || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreePrevious);
+
+  /* The Next opcode is only used after SeekGT, SeekGE, and Rewind.
+  ** The Prev opcode is only used after SeekLT, SeekLE, and Last. */
+  assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Next || pOp->opcode!=OP_NextIfOpen
+       || pC->seekOp==OP_SeekGT || pC->seekOp==OP_SeekGE
+       || pC->seekOp==OP_Rewind || pC->seekOp==OP_Found);
+  assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Prev || pOp->opcode!=OP_PrevIfOpen
+       || pC->seekOp==OP_SeekLT || pC->seekOp==OP_SeekLE
+       || pC->seekOp==OP_Last );
+
+  rc = pOp->p4.xAdvance(pC->pCursor, &res);
+next_tail:
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  VdbeBranchTaken(res==0,2);
+  if( res==0 ){
+    pC->nullRow = 0;
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-    if( pOp->p5 ) p->aCounter[pOp->p5-1]++;
+    p->aCounter[pOp->p5]++;
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
     sqlite3_search_count++;
 #endif
+  }else{
+    pC->nullRow = 1;
   }
-  u.bq.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-  break;
+  pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  goto check_for_interrupt;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IdxInsert P1 P2 P3 * P5
+** Synopsis: key=r[P2]
 **
 ** Register P2 holds an SQL index key made using the
 ** MakeRecord instructions.  This opcode writes that key
@@ -69410,87 +72703,90 @@
 ** P3 is a flag that provides a hint to the b-tree layer that this
 ** insert is likely to be an append.
 **
+** If P5 has the OPFLAG_NCHANGE bit set, then the change counter is
+** incremented by this instruction.  If the OPFLAG_NCHANGE bit is clear,
+** then the change counter is unchanged.
+**
+** If P5 has the OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT bit set, then the cursor must have
+** just done a seek to the spot where the new entry is to be inserted.
+** This flag avoids doing an extra seek.
+**
 ** This instruction only works for indices.  The equivalent instruction
 ** for tables is OP_Insert.
 */
 case OP_SorterInsert:       /* in2 */
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  pOp->opcode = OP_IdxInsert;
-#endif
 case OP_IdxInsert: {        /* in2 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.br */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int nKey;
   const char *zKey;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.br */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.br.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.br.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.br.pC->isSorter==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterInsert) );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( isSorter(pC)==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterInsert) );
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   assert( pIn2->flags & MEM_Blob );
-  u.br.pCrsr = u.br.pC->pCursor;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.br.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    assert( u.br.pC->isTable==0 );
-    rc = ExpandBlob(pIn2);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      if( isSorter(u.br.pC) ){
-        rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(db, u.br.pC, pIn2);
-      }else{
-        u.br.nKey = pIn2->n;
-        u.br.zKey = pIn2->z;
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(u.br.pCrsr, u.br.zKey, u.br.nKey, "", 0, 0, pOp->p3,
-            ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? u.br.pC->seekResult : 0)
-            );
-        assert( u.br.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-        u.br.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-      }
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_NCHANGE ) p->nChange++;
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 );
+  assert( pC->isTable==0 );
+  rc = ExpandBlob(pIn2);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( isSorter(pC) ){
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(db, pC, pIn2);
+    }else{
+      nKey = pIn2->n;
+      zKey = pIn2->z;
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(pCrsr, zKey, nKey, "", 0, 0, pOp->p3, 
+          ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? pC->seekResult : 0)
+          );
+      assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+      pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
     }
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IdxDelete P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P2@P3]
 **
 ** The content of P3 registers starting at register P2 form
 ** an unpacked index key. This opcode removes that entry from the 
 ** index opened by cursor P1.
 */
 case OP_IdxDelete: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bs */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
   UnpackedRecord r;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bs */
 
   assert( pOp->p3>0 );
-  assert( pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+pOp->p3<=p->nMem+1 );
+  assert( pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bs.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bs.pC!=0 );
-  u.bs.pCrsr = u.bs.pC->pCursor;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bs.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    u.bs.r.pKeyInfo = u.bs.pC->pKeyInfo;
-    u.bs.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p3;
-    u.bs.r.flags = 0;
-    u.bs.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 );
+  assert( pOp->p5==0 );
+  r.pKeyInfo = pC->pKeyInfo;
+  r.nField = (u16)pOp->p3;
+  r.default_rc = 0;
+  r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p2];
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bs.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bs.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+  { int i; for(i=0; i<r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&r.aMem[i]) ); }
 #endif
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bs.pCrsr, &u.bs.r, 0, 0, &u.bs.res);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.bs.res==0 ){
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(u.bs.pCrsr);
-    }
-    assert( u.bs.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-    u.bs.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pCrsr, &r, 0, 0, &res);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && res==0 ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(pCrsr);
   }
+  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IdxRowid P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=rowid
 **
 ** Write into register P2 an integer which is the last entry in the record at
 ** the end of the index key pointed to by cursor P1.  This integer should be
@@ -69499,97 +72795,118 @@
 ** See also: Rowid, MakeRecord.
 */
 case OP_IdxRowid: {              /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bt */
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   i64 rowid;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bt */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bt.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bt.pC!=0 );
-  u.bt.pCrsr = u.bt.pC->pCursor;
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 );
   pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bt.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bt.pC);
-    if( NEVER(rc) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-    assert( u.bt.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-    assert( u.bt.pC->isTable==0 );
-    if( !u.bt.pC->nullRow ){
-      rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(db, u.bt.pCrsr, &u.bt.rowid);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        goto abort_due_to_error;
-      }
-      pOut->u.i = u.bt.rowid;
-      pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(pC);
+  if( NEVER(rc) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  assert( pC->isTable==0 );
+  if( !pC->nullRow ){
+    rowid = 0;  /* Not needed.  Only used to silence a warning. */
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(db, pCrsr, &rowid);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto abort_due_to_error;
     }
+    pOut->u.i = rowid;
+    pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IdxGE P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** The P4 register values beginning with P3 form an unpacked index 
-** key that omits the ROWID.  Compare this key value against the index 
-** that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the ROWID on the P1 index.
+** key that omits the PRIMARY KEY.  Compare this key value against the index 
+** that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the PRIMARY KEY or ROWID 
+** fields at the end.
 **
 ** If the P1 index entry is greater than or equal to the key value
 ** then jump to P2.  Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
-**
-** If P5 is non-zero then the key value is increased by an epsilon 
-** prior to the comparison.  This make the opcode work like IdxGT except
-** that if the key from register P3 is a prefix of the key in the cursor,
-** the result is false whereas it would be true with IdxGT.
 */
-/* Opcode: IdxLT P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+/* Opcode: IdxGT P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** The P4 register values beginning with P3 form an unpacked index 
-** key that omits the ROWID.  Compare this key value against the index 
-** that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the ROWID on the P1 index.
+** key that omits the PRIMARY KEY.  Compare this key value against the index 
+** that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the PRIMARY KEY or ROWID 
+** fields at the end.
+**
+** If the P1 index entry is greater than the key value
+** then jump to P2.  Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
+*/
+/* Opcode: IdxLT P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
+**
+** The P4 register values beginning with P3 form an unpacked index 
+** key that omits the PRIMARY KEY or ROWID.  Compare this key value against
+** the index that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the PRIMARY KEY or
+** ROWID on the P1 index.
 **
 ** If the P1 index entry is less than the key value then jump to P2.
 ** Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
-**
-** If P5 is non-zero then the key value is increased by an epsilon prior 
-** to the comparison.  This makes the opcode work like IdxLE.
 */
+/* Opcode: IdxLE P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
+**
+** The P4 register values beginning with P3 form an unpacked index 
+** key that omits the PRIMARY KEY or ROWID.  Compare this key value against
+** the index that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the PRIMARY KEY or
+** ROWID on the P1 index.
+**
+** If the P1 index entry is less than or equal to the key value then jump
+** to P2. Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
+*/
+case OP_IdxLE:          /* jump */
+case OP_IdxGT:          /* jump */
 case OP_IdxLT:          /* jump */
-case OP_IdxGE: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bu */
+case OP_IdxGE:  {       /* jump */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   int res;
   UnpackedRecord r;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bu */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bu.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bu.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bu.pC->isOrdered );
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bu.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
-    assert( u.bu.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-    assert( pOp->p5==0 || pOp->p5==1 );
-    assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-    u.bu.r.pKeyInfo = u.bu.pC->pKeyInfo;
-    u.bu.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
-    if( pOp->p5 ){
-      u.bu.r.flags = UNPACKED_INCRKEY | UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
-    }else{
-      u.bu.r.flags = UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
-    }
-    u.bu.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->isOrdered );
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0);
+  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  assert( pOp->p5==0 || pOp->p5==1 );
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
+  r.pKeyInfo = pC->pKeyInfo;
+  r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
+  if( pOp->opcode<OP_IdxLT ){
+    assert( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxLE || pOp->opcode==OP_IdxGT );
+    r.default_rc = -1;
+  }else{
+    assert( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxGE || pOp->opcode==OP_IdxLT );
+    r.default_rc = 0;
+  }
+  r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bu.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bu.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+  { int i; for(i=0; i<r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&r.aMem[i]) ); }
 #endif
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(u.bu.pC, &u.bu.r, &u.bu.res);
-    if( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxLT ){
-      u.bu.res = -u.bu.res;
-    }else{
-      assert( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxGE );
-      u.bu.res++;
-    }
-    if( u.bu.res>0 ){
-      pc = pOp->p2 - 1 ;
-    }
+  res = 0;  /* Not needed.  Only used to silence a warning. */
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(pC, &r, &res);
+  assert( (OP_IdxLE&1)==(OP_IdxLT&1) && (OP_IdxGE&1)==(OP_IdxGT&1) );
+  if( (pOp->opcode&1)==(OP_IdxLT&1) ){
+    assert( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxLE || pOp->opcode==OP_IdxLT );
+    res = -res;
+  }else{
+    assert( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxGE || pOp->opcode==OP_IdxGT );
+    res++;
+  }
+  VdbeBranchTaken(res>0,2);
+  if( res>0 ){
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1 ;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -69615,39 +72932,42 @@
 ** See also: Clear
 */
 case OP_Destroy: {     /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bv */
   int iMoved;
   int iCnt;
   Vdbe *pVdbe;
   int iDb;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bv */
+
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  u.bv.iCnt = 0;
-  for(u.bv.pVdbe=db->pVdbe; u.bv.pVdbe; u.bv.pVdbe = u.bv.pVdbe->pNext){
-    if( u.bv.pVdbe->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN && u.bv.pVdbe->inVtabMethod<2 && u.bv.pVdbe->pc>=0 ){
-      u.bv.iCnt++;
+  iCnt = 0;
+  for(pVdbe=db->pVdbe; pVdbe; pVdbe = pVdbe->pNext){
+    if( pVdbe->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN && pVdbe->bIsReader 
+     && pVdbe->inVtabMethod<2 && pVdbe->pc>=0 
+    ){
+      iCnt++;
     }
   }
 #else
-  u.bv.iCnt = db->activeVdbeCnt;
+  iCnt = db->nVdbeRead;
 #endif
   pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
-  if( u.bv.iCnt>1 ){
+  if( iCnt>1 ){
     rc = SQLITE_LOCKED;
     p->errorAction = OE_Abort;
   }else{
-    u.bv.iDb = pOp->p3;
-    assert( u.bv.iCnt==1 );
-    assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<u.bv.iDb))!=0 );
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeDropTable(db->aDb[u.bv.iDb].pBt, pOp->p1, &u.bv.iMoved);
+    iDb = pOp->p3;
+    assert( iCnt==1 );
+    assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, iDb) );
+    iMoved = 0;  /* Not needed.  Only to silence a warning. */
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeDropTable(db->aDb[iDb].pBt, pOp->p1, &iMoved);
     pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
-    pOut->u.i = u.bv.iMoved;
+    pOut->u.i = iMoved;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.bv.iMoved!=0 ){
-      sqlite3RootPageMoved(db, u.bv.iDb, u.bv.iMoved, pOp->p1);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && iMoved!=0 ){
+      sqlite3RootPageMoved(db, iDb, iMoved, pOp->p1);
       /* All OP_Destroy operations occur on the same btree */
-      assert( resetSchemaOnFault==0 || resetSchemaOnFault==u.bv.iDb+1 );
-      resetSchemaOnFault = u.bv.iDb+1;
+      assert( resetSchemaOnFault==0 || resetSchemaOnFault==iDb+1 );
+      resetSchemaOnFault = iDb+1;
     }
 #endif
   }
@@ -69673,27 +72993,50 @@
 ** See also: Destroy
 */
 case OP_Clear: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bw */
   int nChange;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bw */
-
-  u.bw.nChange = 0;
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p2))!=0 );
+ 
+  nChange = 0;
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p2) );
   rc = sqlite3BtreeClearTable(
-      db->aDb[pOp->p2].pBt, pOp->p1, (pOp->p3 ? &u.bw.nChange : 0)
+      db->aDb[pOp->p2].pBt, pOp->p1, (pOp->p3 ? &nChange : 0)
   );
   if( pOp->p3 ){
-    p->nChange += u.bw.nChange;
+    p->nChange += nChange;
     if( pOp->p3>0 ){
       assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p3]) );
       memAboutToChange(p, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
-      aMem[pOp->p3].u.i += u.bw.nChange;
+      aMem[pOp->p3].u.i += nChange;
     }
   }
   break;
 }
 
+/* Opcode: ResetSorter P1 * * * *
+**
+** Delete all contents from the ephemeral table or sorter
+** that is open on cursor P1.
+**
+** This opcode only works for cursors used for sorting and
+** opened with OP_OpenEphemeral or OP_SorterOpen.
+*/
+case OP_ResetSorter: {
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+ 
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  if( pC->pSorter ){
+    sqlite3VdbeSorterReset(db, pC->pSorter);
+  }else{
+    assert( pC->isEphemeral );
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeClearTableOfCursor(pC->pCursor);
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
 /* Opcode: CreateTable P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=root iDb=P1
 **
 ** Allocate a new table in the main database file if P1==0 or in the
 ** auxiliary database file if P1==1 or in an attached database if
@@ -69707,6 +73050,7 @@
 ** See also: CreateIndex
 */
 /* Opcode: CreateIndex P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=root iDb=P1
 **
 ** Allocate a new index in the main database file if P1==0 or in the
 ** auxiliary database file if P1==1 or in an attached database if
@@ -69717,25 +73061,24 @@
 */
 case OP_CreateIndex:            /* out2-prerelease */
 case OP_CreateTable: {          /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bx */
   int pgno;
   int flags;
   Db *pDb;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bx */
 
-  u.bx.pgno = 0;
+  pgno = 0;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
-  u.bx.pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bx.pDb->pBt!=0 );
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p1) );
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pDb->pBt!=0 );
   if( pOp->opcode==OP_CreateTable ){
-    /* u.bx.flags = BTREE_INTKEY; */
-    u.bx.flags = BTREE_INTKEY;
+    /* flags = BTREE_INTKEY; */
+    flags = BTREE_INTKEY;
   }else{
-    u.bx.flags = BTREE_BLOBKEY;
+    flags = BTREE_BLOBKEY;
   }
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(u.bx.pDb->pBt, &u.bx.pgno, u.bx.flags);
-  pOut->u.i = u.bx.pgno;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(pDb->pBt, &pgno, flags);
+  pOut->u.i = pgno;
   break;
 }
 
@@ -69748,52 +73091,50 @@
 ** then runs the new virtual machine.  It is thus a re-entrant opcode.
 */
 case OP_ParseSchema: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.by */
   int iDb;
   const char *zMaster;
   char *zSql;
   InitData initData;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.by */
 
   /* Any prepared statement that invokes this opcode will hold mutexes
-  ** on every btree.  This is a prerequisite for invoking
+  ** on every btree.  This is a prerequisite for invoking 
   ** sqlite3InitCallback().
   */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  for(u.by.iDb=0; u.by.iDb<db->nDb; u.by.iDb++){
-    assert( u.by.iDb==1 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[u.by.iDb].pBt) );
+  for(iDb=0; iDb<db->nDb; iDb++){
+    assert( iDb==1 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[iDb].pBt) );
   }
 #endif
 
-  u.by.iDb = pOp->p1;
-  assert( u.by.iDb>=0 && u.by.iDb<db->nDb );
-  assert( DbHasProperty(db, u.by.iDb, DB_SchemaLoaded) );
+  iDb = pOp->p1;
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( DbHasProperty(db, iDb, DB_SchemaLoaded) );
   /* Used to be a conditional */ {
-    u.by.zMaster = SCHEMA_TABLE(u.by.iDb);
-    u.by.initData.db = db;
-    u.by.initData.iDb = pOp->p1;
-    u.by.initData.pzErrMsg = &p->zErrMsg;
-    u.by.zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db,
+    zMaster = SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb);
+    initData.db = db;
+    initData.iDb = pOp->p1;
+    initData.pzErrMsg = &p->zErrMsg;
+    zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db,
        "SELECT name, rootpage, sql FROM '%q'.%s WHERE %s ORDER BY rowid",
-       db->aDb[u.by.iDb].zName, u.by.zMaster, pOp->p4.z);
-    if( u.by.zSql==0 ){
+       db->aDb[iDb].zName, zMaster, pOp->p4.z);
+    if( zSql==0 ){
       rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }else{
       assert( db->init.busy==0 );
       db->init.busy = 1;
-      u.by.initData.rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      initData.rc = SQLITE_OK;
       assert( !db->mallocFailed );
-      rc = sqlite3_exec(db, u.by.zSql, sqlite3InitCallback, &u.by.initData, 0);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = u.by.initData.rc;
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, u.by.zSql);
+      rc = sqlite3_exec(db, zSql, sqlite3InitCallback, &initData, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = initData.rc;
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zSql);
       db->init.busy = 0;
     }
   }
-  if( rc ) sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  if( rc ) sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
   if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
     goto no_mem;
   }
-  break;
+  break;  
 }
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE)
@@ -69814,7 +73155,8 @@
 **
 ** Remove the internal (in-memory) data structures that describe
 ** the table named P4 in database P1.  This is called after a table
-** is dropped in order to keep the internal representation of the
+** is dropped from disk (using the Destroy opcode) in order to keep 
+** the internal representation of the
 ** schema consistent with what is on disk.
 */
 case OP_DropTable: {
@@ -69826,7 +73168,8 @@
 **
 ** Remove the internal (in-memory) data structures that describe
 ** the index named P4 in database P1.  This is called after an index
-** is dropped in order to keep the internal representation of the
+** is dropped from disk (using the Destroy opcode)
+** in order to keep the internal representation of the
 ** schema consistent with what is on disk.
 */
 case OP_DropIndex: {
@@ -69838,7 +73181,8 @@
 **
 ** Remove the internal (in-memory) data structures that describe
 ** the trigger named P4 in database P1.  This is called after a trigger
-** is dropped in order to keep the internal representation of the
+** is dropped from disk (using the Destroy opcode) in order to keep 
+** the internal representation of the
 ** schema consistent with what is on disk.
 */
 case OP_DropTrigger: {
@@ -69869,41 +73213,40 @@
 ** This opcode is used to implement the integrity_check pragma.
 */
 case OP_IntegrityCk: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bz */
   int nRoot;      /* Number of tables to check.  (Number of root pages.) */
   int *aRoot;     /* Array of rootpage numbers for tables to be checked */
   int j;          /* Loop counter */
   int nErr;       /* Number of errors reported */
   char *z;        /* Text of the error report */
   Mem *pnErr;     /* Register keeping track of errors remaining */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bz */
 
-  u.bz.nRoot = pOp->p2;
-  assert( u.bz.nRoot>0 );
-  u.bz.aRoot = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*(u.bz.nRoot+1) );
-  if( u.bz.aRoot==0 ) goto no_mem;
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  u.bz.pnErr = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  assert( (u.bz.pnErr->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );
-  assert( (u.bz.pnErr->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
+  nRoot = pOp->p2;
+  assert( nRoot>0 );
+  aRoot = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*(nRoot+1) );
+  if( aRoot==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pnErr = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  assert( (pnErr->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );
+  assert( (pnErr->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  for(u.bz.j=0; u.bz.j<u.bz.nRoot; u.bz.j++){
-    u.bz.aRoot[u.bz.j] = (int)sqlite3VdbeIntValue(&pIn1[u.bz.j]);
+  for(j=0; j<nRoot; j++){
+    aRoot[j] = (int)sqlite3VdbeIntValue(&pIn1[j]);
   }
-  u.bz.aRoot[u.bz.j] = 0;
+  aRoot[j] = 0;
   assert( pOp->p5<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p5))!=0 );
-  u.bz.z = sqlite3BtreeIntegrityCheck(db->aDb[pOp->p5].pBt, u.bz.aRoot, u.bz.nRoot,
-                                 (int)u.bz.pnErr->u.i, &u.bz.nErr);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, u.bz.aRoot);
-  u.bz.pnErr->u.i -= u.bz.nErr;
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p5) );
+  z = sqlite3BtreeIntegrityCheck(db->aDb[pOp->p5].pBt, aRoot, nRoot,
+                                 (int)pnErr->u.i, &nErr);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, aRoot);
+  pnErr->u.i -= nErr;
   sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pIn1);
-  if( u.bz.nErr==0 ){
-    assert( u.bz.z==0 );
-  }else if( u.bz.z==0 ){
+  if( nErr==0 ){
+    assert( z==0 );
+  }else if( z==0 ){
     goto no_mem;
   }else{
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pIn1, u.bz.z, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, sqlite3_free);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pIn1, z, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, sqlite3_free);
   }
   UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pIn1);
   sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pIn1, encoding);
@@ -69912,6 +73255,7 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
 
 /* Opcode: RowSetAdd P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis:  rowset(P1)=r[P2]
 **
 ** Insert the integer value held by register P2 into a boolean index
 ** held in register P1.
@@ -69931,31 +73275,33 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: RowSetRead P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=rowset(P1)
 **
 ** Extract the smallest value from boolean index P1 and put that value into
 ** register P3.  Or, if boolean index P1 is initially empty, leave P3
 ** unchanged and jump to instruction P2.
 */
 case OP_RowSetRead: {       /* jump, in1, out3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ca */
   i64 val;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ca */
-  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
+
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0
-   || sqlite3RowSetNext(pIn1->u.pRowSet, &u.ca.val)==0
+  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 
+   || sqlite3RowSetNext(pIn1->u.pRowSet, &val)==0
   ){
     /* The boolean index is empty */
     sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pIn1);
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    VdbeBranchTaken(1,2);
   }else{
     /* A value was pulled from the index */
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&aMem[pOp->p3], u.ca.val);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&aMem[pOp->p3], val);
+    VdbeBranchTaken(0,2);
   }
-  break;
+  goto check_for_interrupt;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: RowSetTest P1 P2 P3 P4
+** Synopsis: if r[P3] in rowset(P1) goto P2
 **
 ** Register P3 is assumed to hold a 64-bit integer value. If register P1
 ** contains a RowSet object and that RowSet object contains
@@ -69979,14 +73325,12 @@
 ** inserted as part of some other set).
 */
 case OP_RowSetTest: {                     /* jump, in1, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cb */
   int iSet;
   int exists;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cb */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.cb.iSet = pOp->p4.i;
+  iSet = pOp->p4.i;
   assert( pIn3->flags&MEM_Int );
 
   /* If there is anything other than a rowset object in memory cell P1,
@@ -69998,17 +73342,16 @@
   }
 
   assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-  assert( u.cb.iSet==-1 || u.cb.iSet>=0 );
-  if( u.cb.iSet ){
-    u.cb.exists = sqlite3RowSetTest(pIn1->u.pRowSet,
-                               (u8)(u.cb.iSet>=0 ? u.cb.iSet & 0xf : 0xff),
-                               pIn3->u.i);
-    if( u.cb.exists ){
+  assert( iSet==-1 || iSet>=0 );
+  if( iSet ){
+    exists = sqlite3RowSetTest(pIn1->u.pRowSet, iSet, pIn3->u.i);
+    VdbeBranchTaken(exists!=0,2);
+    if( exists ){
       pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
       break;
     }
   }
-  if( u.cb.iSet>=0 ){
+  if( iSet>=0 ){
     sqlite3RowSetInsert(pIn1->u.pRowSet, pIn3->u.i);
   }
   break;
@@ -70017,7 +73360,7 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
 
-/* Opcode: Program P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode: Program P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
 **
 ** Execute the trigger program passed as P4 (type P4_SUBPROGRAM). 
 **
@@ -70029,9 +73372,10 @@
 ** memory required by the sub-vdbe at runtime.
 **
 ** P4 is a pointer to the VM containing the trigger program.
+**
+** If P5 is non-zero, then recursive program invocation is enabled.
 */
 case OP_Program: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cc */
   int nMem;               /* Number of memory registers for sub-program */
   int nByte;              /* Bytes of runtime space required for sub-program */
   Mem *pRt;               /* Register to allocate runtime space */
@@ -70040,27 +73384,26 @@
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;      /* New vdbe frame to execute in */
   SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Sub-program to execute */
   void *t;                /* Token identifying trigger */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cc */
 
-  u.cc.pProgram = pOp->p4.pProgram;
-  u.cc.pRt = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  assert( u.cc.pProgram->nOp>0 );
-
-  /* If the p5 flag is clear, then recursive invocation of triggers is
+  pProgram = pOp->p4.pProgram;
+  pRt = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  assert( pProgram->nOp>0 );
+  
+  /* If the p5 flag is clear, then recursive invocation of triggers is 
   ** disabled for backwards compatibility (p5 is set if this sub-program
   ** is really a trigger, not a foreign key action, and the flag set
   ** and cleared by the "PRAGMA recursive_triggers" command is clear).
-  **
-  ** It is recursive invocation of triggers, at the SQL level, that is
-  ** disabled. In some cases a single trigger may generate more than one
-  ** SubProgram (if the trigger may be executed with more than one different
+  ** 
+  ** It is recursive invocation of triggers, at the SQL level, that is 
+  ** disabled. In some cases a single trigger may generate more than one 
+  ** SubProgram (if the trigger may be executed with more than one different 
   ** ON CONFLICT algorithm). SubProgram structures associated with a
-  ** single trigger all have the same value for the SubProgram.token
+  ** single trigger all have the same value for the SubProgram.token 
   ** variable.  */
   if( pOp->p5 ){
-    u.cc.t = u.cc.pProgram->token;
-    for(u.cc.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.cc.pFrame && u.cc.pFrame->token!=u.cc.t; u.cc.pFrame=u.cc.pFrame->pParent);
-    if( u.cc.pFrame ) break;
+    t = pProgram->token;
+    for(pFrame=p->pFrame; pFrame && pFrame->token!=t; pFrame=pFrame->pParent);
+    if( pFrame ) break;
   }
 
   if( p->nFrame>=db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH] ){
@@ -70069,69 +73412,69 @@
     break;
   }
 
-  /* Register u.cc.pRt is used to store the memory required to save the state
+  /* Register pRt is used to store the memory required to save the state
   ** of the current program, and the memory required at runtime to execute
-  ** the trigger program. If this trigger has been fired before, then u.cc.pRt
+  ** the trigger program. If this trigger has been fired before, then pRt 
   ** is already allocated. Otherwise, it must be initialized.  */
-  if( (u.cc.pRt->flags&MEM_Frame)==0 ){
-    /* SubProgram.nMem is set to the number of memory cells used by the
+  if( (pRt->flags&MEM_Frame)==0 ){
+    /* SubProgram.nMem is set to the number of memory cells used by the 
     ** program stored in SubProgram.aOp. As well as these, one memory
     ** cell is required for each cursor used by the program. Set local
-    ** variable u.cc.nMem (and later, VdbeFrame.nChildMem) to this value.
+    ** variable nMem (and later, VdbeFrame.nChildMem) to this value.
     */
-    u.cc.nMem = u.cc.pProgram->nMem + u.cc.pProgram->nCsr;
-    u.cc.nByte = ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeFrame))
-              + u.cc.nMem * sizeof(Mem)
-              + u.cc.pProgram->nCsr * sizeof(VdbeCursor *)
-              + u.cc.pProgram->nOnce * sizeof(u8);
-    u.cc.pFrame = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, u.cc.nByte);
-    if( !u.cc.pFrame ){
+    nMem = pProgram->nMem + pProgram->nCsr;
+    nByte = ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeFrame))
+              + nMem * sizeof(Mem)
+              + pProgram->nCsr * sizeof(VdbeCursor *)
+              + pProgram->nOnce * sizeof(u8);
+    pFrame = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
+    if( !pFrame ){
       goto no_mem;
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(u.cc.pRt);
-    u.cc.pRt->flags = MEM_Frame;
-    u.cc.pRt->u.pFrame = u.cc.pFrame;
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pRt);
+    pRt->flags = MEM_Frame;
+    pRt->u.pFrame = pFrame;
 
-    u.cc.pFrame->v = p;
-    u.cc.pFrame->nChildMem = u.cc.nMem;
-    u.cc.pFrame->nChildCsr = u.cc.pProgram->nCsr;
-    u.cc.pFrame->pc = pc;
-    u.cc.pFrame->aMem = p->aMem;
-    u.cc.pFrame->nMem = p->nMem;
-    u.cc.pFrame->apCsr = p->apCsr;
-    u.cc.pFrame->nCursor = p->nCursor;
-    u.cc.pFrame->aOp = p->aOp;
-    u.cc.pFrame->nOp = p->nOp;
-    u.cc.pFrame->token = u.cc.pProgram->token;
-    u.cc.pFrame->aOnceFlag = p->aOnceFlag;
-    u.cc.pFrame->nOnceFlag = p->nOnceFlag;
+    pFrame->v = p;
+    pFrame->nChildMem = nMem;
+    pFrame->nChildCsr = pProgram->nCsr;
+    pFrame->pc = pc;
+    pFrame->aMem = p->aMem;
+    pFrame->nMem = p->nMem;
+    pFrame->apCsr = p->apCsr;
+    pFrame->nCursor = p->nCursor;
+    pFrame->aOp = p->aOp;
+    pFrame->nOp = p->nOp;
+    pFrame->token = pProgram->token;
+    pFrame->aOnceFlag = p->aOnceFlag;
+    pFrame->nOnceFlag = p->nOnceFlag;
 
-    u.cc.pEnd = &VdbeFrameMem(u.cc.pFrame)[u.cc.pFrame->nChildMem];
-    for(u.cc.pMem=VdbeFrameMem(u.cc.pFrame); u.cc.pMem!=u.cc.pEnd; u.cc.pMem++){
-      u.cc.pMem->flags = MEM_Invalid;
-      u.cc.pMem->db = db;
+    pEnd = &VdbeFrameMem(pFrame)[pFrame->nChildMem];
+    for(pMem=VdbeFrameMem(pFrame); pMem!=pEnd; pMem++){
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Undefined;
+      pMem->db = db;
     }
   }else{
-    u.cc.pFrame = u.cc.pRt->u.pFrame;
-    assert( u.cc.pProgram->nMem+u.cc.pProgram->nCsr==u.cc.pFrame->nChildMem );
-    assert( u.cc.pProgram->nCsr==u.cc.pFrame->nChildCsr );
-    assert( pc==u.cc.pFrame->pc );
+    pFrame = pRt->u.pFrame;
+    assert( pProgram->nMem+pProgram->nCsr==pFrame->nChildMem );
+    assert( pProgram->nCsr==pFrame->nChildCsr );
+    assert( pc==pFrame->pc );
   }
 
   p->nFrame++;
-  u.cc.pFrame->pParent = p->pFrame;
-  u.cc.pFrame->lastRowid = lastRowid;
-  u.cc.pFrame->nChange = p->nChange;
+  pFrame->pParent = p->pFrame;
+  pFrame->lastRowid = lastRowid;
+  pFrame->nChange = p->nChange;
   p->nChange = 0;
-  p->pFrame = u.cc.pFrame;
-  p->aMem = aMem = &VdbeFrameMem(u.cc.pFrame)[-1];
-  p->nMem = u.cc.pFrame->nChildMem;
-  p->nCursor = (u16)u.cc.pFrame->nChildCsr;
+  p->pFrame = pFrame;
+  p->aMem = aMem = &VdbeFrameMem(pFrame)[-1];
+  p->nMem = pFrame->nChildMem;
+  p->nCursor = (u16)pFrame->nChildCsr;
   p->apCsr = (VdbeCursor **)&aMem[p->nMem+1];
-  p->aOp = aOp = u.cc.pProgram->aOp;
-  p->nOp = u.cc.pProgram->nOp;
+  p->aOp = aOp = pProgram->aOp;
+  p->nOp = pProgram->nOp;
   p->aOnceFlag = (u8 *)&p->apCsr[p->nCursor];
-  p->nOnceFlag = u.cc.pProgram->nOnce;
+  p->nOnceFlag = pProgram->nOnce;
   pc = -1;
   memset(p->aOnceFlag, 0, p->nOnceFlag);
 
@@ -70151,13 +73494,11 @@
 ** calling OP_Program instruction.
 */
 case OP_Param: {           /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cd */
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;
   Mem *pIn;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cd */
-  u.cd.pFrame = p->pFrame;
-  u.cd.pIn = &u.cd.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1 + u.cd.pFrame->aOp[u.cd.pFrame->pc].p1];
-  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, u.cd.pIn, MEM_Ephem);
+  pFrame = p->pFrame;
+  pIn = &pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1 + pFrame->aOp[pFrame->pc].p1];   
+  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, pIn, MEM_Ephem);
   break;
 }
 
@@ -70165,6 +73506,7 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
 /* Opcode: FkCounter P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: fkctr[P1]+=P2
 **
 ** Increment a "constraint counter" by P2 (P2 may be negative or positive).
 ** If P1 is non-zero, the database constraint counter is incremented 
@@ -70172,7 +73514,9 @@
 ** statement counter is incremented (immediate foreign key constraints).
 */
 case OP_FkCounter: {
-  if( pOp->p1 ){
+  if( db->flags & SQLITE_DeferFKs ){
+    db->nDeferredImmCons += pOp->p2;
+  }else if( pOp->p1 ){
     db->nDeferredCons += pOp->p2;
   }else{
     p->nFkConstraint += pOp->p2;
@@ -70181,6 +73525,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: FkIfZero P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: if fkctr[P1]==0 goto P2
 **
 ** This opcode tests if a foreign key constraint-counter is currently zero.
 ** If so, jump to instruction P2. Otherwise, fall through to the next 
@@ -70193,9 +73538,11 @@
 */
 case OP_FkIfZero: {         /* jump */
   if( pOp->p1 ){
-    if( db->nDeferredCons==0 ) pc = pOp->p2-1;
+    VdbeBranchTaken(db->nDeferredCons==0 && db->nDeferredImmCons==0, 2);
+    if( db->nDeferredCons==0 && db->nDeferredImmCons==0 ) pc = pOp->p2-1;
   }else{
-    if( p->nFkConstraint==0 ) pc = pOp->p2-1;
+    VdbeBranchTaken(p->nFkConstraint==0 && db->nDeferredImmCons==0, 2);
+    if( p->nFkConstraint==0 && db->nDeferredImmCons==0 ) pc = pOp->p2-1;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -70203,6 +73550,7 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
 /* Opcode: MemMax P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P1]=max(r[P1],r[P2])
 **
 ** P1 is a register in the root frame of this VM (the root frame is
 ** different from the current frame if this instruction is being executed
@@ -70213,28 +73561,26 @@
 ** an integer.
 */
 case OP_MemMax: {        /* in2 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ce */
-  Mem *pIn1;
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ce */
   if( p->pFrame ){
-    for(u.ce.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.ce.pFrame->pParent; u.ce.pFrame=u.ce.pFrame->pParent);
-    u.ce.pIn1 = &u.ce.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1];
+    for(pFrame=p->pFrame; pFrame->pParent; pFrame=pFrame->pParent);
+    pIn1 = &pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1];
   }else{
-    u.ce.pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+    pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   }
-  assert( memIsValid(u.ce.pIn1) );
-  sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(u.ce.pIn1);
+  assert( memIsValid(pIn1) );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn1);
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn2);
-  if( u.ce.pIn1->u.i<pIn2->u.i){
-    u.ce.pIn1->u.i = pIn2->u.i;
+  if( pIn1->u.i<pIn2->u.i){
+    pIn1->u.i = pIn2->u.i;
   }
   break;
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT */
 
 /* Opcode: IfPos P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]>0 goto P2
 **
 ** If the value of register P1 is 1 or greater, jump to P2.
 **
@@ -70244,22 +73590,24 @@
 case OP_IfPos: {        /* jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   assert( pIn1->flags&MEM_Int );
+  VdbeBranchTaken( pIn1->u.i>0, 2);
   if( pIn1->u.i>0 ){
      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: IfNeg P1 P2 * * *
+/* Opcode: IfNeg P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P1]+=P3, if r[P1]<0 goto P2
 **
-** If the value of register P1 is less than zero, jump to P2. 
-**
-** It is illegal to use this instruction on a register that does
-** not contain an integer.  An assertion fault will result if you try.
+** Register P1 must contain an integer.  Add literal P3 to the value in
+** register P1 then if the value of register P1 is less than zero, jump to P2. 
 */
 case OP_IfNeg: {        /* jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   assert( pIn1->flags&MEM_Int );
+  pIn1->u.i += pOp->p3;
+  VdbeBranchTaken(pIn1->u.i<0, 2);
   if( pIn1->u.i<0 ){
      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
@@ -70267,17 +73615,16 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IfZero P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P1]+=P3, if r[P1]==0 goto P2
 **
 ** The register P1 must contain an integer.  Add literal P3 to the
 ** value in register P1.  If the result is exactly 0, jump to P2. 
-**
-** It is illegal to use this instruction on a register that does
-** not contain an integer.  An assertion fault will result if you try.
 */
 case OP_IfZero: {        /* jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   assert( pIn1->flags&MEM_Int );
   pIn1->u.i += pOp->p3;
+  VdbeBranchTaken(pIn1->u.i==0, 2);
   if( pIn1->u.i==0 ){
      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
@@ -70285,6 +73632,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: AggStep * P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: accum=r[P3] step(r[P2@P5])
 **
 ** Execute the step function for an aggregate.  The
 ** function has P5 arguments.   P4 is a pointer to the FuncDef
@@ -70295,61 +73643,59 @@
 ** successors.
 */
 case OP_AggStep: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cf */
   int n;
   int i;
   Mem *pMem;
   Mem *pRec;
   sqlite3_context ctx;
   sqlite3_value **apVal;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cf */
 
-  u.cf.n = pOp->p5;
-  assert( u.cf.n>=0 );
-  u.cf.pRec = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-  u.cf.apVal = p->apArg;
-  assert( u.cf.apVal || u.cf.n==0 );
-  for(u.cf.i=0; u.cf.i<u.cf.n; u.cf.i++, u.cf.pRec++){
-    assert( memIsValid(u.cf.pRec) );
-    u.cf.apVal[u.cf.i] = u.cf.pRec;
-    memAboutToChange(p, u.cf.pRec);
-    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.cf.pRec);
+  n = pOp->p5;
+  assert( n>=0 );
+  pRec = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  apVal = p->apArg;
+  assert( apVal || n==0 );
+  for(i=0; i<n; i++, pRec++){
+    assert( memIsValid(pRec) );
+    apVal[i] = pRec;
+    memAboutToChange(p, pRec);
   }
-  u.cf.ctx.pFunc = pOp->p4.pFunc;
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  u.cf.ctx.pMem = u.cf.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.cf.pMem->n++;
-  u.cf.ctx.s.flags = MEM_Null;
-  u.cf.ctx.s.z = 0;
-  u.cf.ctx.s.zMalloc = 0;
-  u.cf.ctx.s.xDel = 0;
-  u.cf.ctx.s.db = db;
-  u.cf.ctx.isError = 0;
-  u.cf.ctx.pColl = 0;
-  u.cf.ctx.skipFlag = 0;
-  if( u.cf.ctx.pFunc->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+  ctx.pFunc = pOp->p4.pFunc;
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  ctx.pMem = pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  pMem->n++;
+  ctx.s.flags = MEM_Null;
+  ctx.s.z = 0;
+  ctx.s.zMalloc = 0;
+  ctx.s.xDel = 0;
+  ctx.s.db = db;
+  ctx.isError = 0;
+  ctx.pColl = 0;
+  ctx.skipFlag = 0;
+  if( ctx.pFunc->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
     assert( pOp>p->aOp );
     assert( pOp[-1].p4type==P4_COLLSEQ );
     assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_CollSeq );
-    u.cf.ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
+    ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
   }
-  (u.cf.ctx.pFunc->xStep)(&u.cf.ctx, u.cf.n, u.cf.apVal); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
-  if( u.cf.ctx.isError ){
-    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&u.cf.ctx.s));
-    rc = u.cf.ctx.isError;
+  (ctx.pFunc->xStep)(&ctx, n, apVal); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
+  if( ctx.isError ){
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&ctx.s));
+    rc = ctx.isError;
   }
-  if( u.cf.ctx.skipFlag ){
+  if( ctx.skipFlag ){
     assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_CollSeq );
-    u.cf.i = pOp[-1].p1;
-    if( u.cf.i ) sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&aMem[u.cf.i], 1);
+    i = pOp[-1].p1;
+    if( i ) sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&aMem[i], 1);
   }
 
-  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.cf.ctx.s);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&ctx.s);
 
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: AggFinal P1 P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: accum=r[P1] N=P2
 **
 ** Execute the finalizer function for an aggregate.  P1 is
 ** the memory location that is the accumulator for the aggregate.
@@ -70362,19 +73708,17 @@
 ** the step function was not previously called.
 */
 case OP_AggFinal: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cg */
   Mem *pMem;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cg */
-  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=p->nMem );
-  u.cg.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  assert( (u.cg.pMem->flags & ~(MEM_Null|MEM_Agg))==0 );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(u.cg.pMem, pOp->p4.pFunc);
+  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pMem = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( (pMem->flags & ~(MEM_Null|MEM_Agg))==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(pMem, pOp->p4.pFunc);
   if( rc ){
-    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(u.cg.pMem));
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(pMem));
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(u.cg.pMem, encoding);
-  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.cg.pMem);
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.cg.pMem) ){
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pMem, encoding);
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pMem);
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(pMem) ){
     goto too_big;
   }
   break;
@@ -70393,32 +73737,31 @@
 ** mem[P3+2] are initialized to -1.
 */
 case OP_Checkpoint: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ch */
   int i;                          /* Loop counter */
   int aRes[3];                    /* Results */
   Mem *pMem;                      /* Write results here */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ch */
 
-  u.ch.aRes[0] = 0;
-  u.ch.aRes[1] = u.ch.aRes[2] = -1;
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  aRes[0] = 0;
+  aRes[1] = aRes[2] = -1;
   assert( pOp->p2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE
        || pOp->p2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL
        || pOp->p2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART
   );
-  rc = sqlite3Checkpoint(db, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, &u.ch.aRes[1], &u.ch.aRes[2]);
+  rc = sqlite3Checkpoint(db, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, &aRes[1], &aRes[2]);
   if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
-    u.ch.aRes[0] = 1;
+    aRes[0] = 1;
   }
-  for(u.ch.i=0, u.ch.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3]; u.ch.i<3; u.ch.i++, u.ch.pMem++){
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(u.ch.pMem, (i64)u.ch.aRes[u.ch.i]);
-  }
+  for(i=0, pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3]; i<3; i++, pMem++){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pMem, (i64)aRes[i]);
+  }    
   break;
 };  
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PRAGMA
-/* Opcode: JournalMode P1 P2 P3 * P5
+/* Opcode: JournalMode P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
 ** Change the journal mode of database P1 to P3. P3 must be one of the
 ** PAGER_JOURNALMODE_XXX values. If changing between the various rollback
@@ -70430,91 +73773,92 @@
 ** Write a string containing the final journal-mode to register P2.
 */
 case OP_JournalMode: {    /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ci */
   Btree *pBt;                     /* Btree to change journal mode of */
   Pager *pPager;                  /* Pager associated with pBt */
   int eNew;                       /* New journal mode */
   int eOld;                       /* The old journal mode */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
   const char *zFilename;          /* Name of database file for pPager */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ci */
+#endif
 
-  u.ci.eNew = pOp->p3;
-  assert( u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE
-       || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE
-       || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST
-       || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF
-       || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY
-       || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
-       || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY
+  eNew = pOp->p3;
+  assert( eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE 
+       || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE 
+       || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST 
+       || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF
+       || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY
+       || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
+       || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY
   );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
 
-  u.ci.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
-  u.ci.pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(u.ci.pBt);
-  u.ci.eOld = sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(u.ci.pPager);
-  if( u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY ) u.ci.eNew = u.ci.eOld;
-  if( !sqlite3PagerOkToChangeJournalMode(u.ci.pPager) ) u.ci.eNew = u.ci.eOld;
+  pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pBt);
+  eOld = sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(pPager);
+  if( eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY ) eNew = eOld;
+  if( !sqlite3PagerOkToChangeJournalMode(pPager) ) eNew = eOld;
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-  u.ci.zFilename = sqlite3PagerFilename(u.ci.pPager);
+  zFilename = sqlite3PagerFilename(pPager, 1);
 
   /* Do not allow a transition to journal_mode=WAL for a database
-  ** in temporary storage or if the VFS does not support shared memory
+  ** in temporary storage or if the VFS does not support shared memory 
   */
-  if( u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
-   && (sqlite3Strlen30(u.ci.zFilename)==0           /* Temp file */
-       || !sqlite3PagerWalSupported(u.ci.pPager))   /* No shared-memory support */
+  if( eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
+   && (sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename)==0           /* Temp file */
+       || !sqlite3PagerWalSupported(pPager))   /* No shared-memory support */
   ){
-    u.ci.eNew = u.ci.eOld;
+    eNew = eOld;
   }
 
-  if( (u.ci.eNew!=u.ci.eOld)
-   && (u.ci.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL)
+  if( (eNew!=eOld)
+   && (eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL)
   ){
-    if( !db->autoCommit || db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+    if( !db->autoCommit || db->nVdbeRead>1 ){
       rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db,
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, 
           "cannot change %s wal mode from within a transaction",
-          (u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? "into" : "out of")
+          (eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? "into" : "out of")
       );
       break;
     }else{
-
-      if( u.ci.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ){
+ 
+      if( eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ){
         /* If leaving WAL mode, close the log file. If successful, the call
-        ** to PagerCloseWal() checkpoints and deletes the write-ahead-log
-        ** file. An EXCLUSIVE lock may still be held on the database file
-        ** after a successful return.
+        ** to PagerCloseWal() checkpoints and deletes the write-ahead-log 
+        ** file. An EXCLUSIVE lock may still be held on the database file 
+        ** after a successful return. 
         */
-        rc = sqlite3PagerCloseWal(u.ci.pPager);
+        rc = sqlite3PagerCloseWal(pPager);
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-          sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.ci.pPager, u.ci.eNew);
+          sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(pPager, eNew);
         }
-      }else if( u.ci.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY ){
+      }else if( eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY ){
         /* Cannot transition directly from MEMORY to WAL.  Use mode OFF
         ** as an intermediate */
-        sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.ci.pPager, PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF);
+        sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(pPager, PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF);
       }
-
+  
       /* Open a transaction on the database file. Regardless of the journal
       ** mode, this transaction always uses a rollback journal.
       */
-      assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(u.ci.pBt)==0 );
+      assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pBt)==0 );
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(u.ci.pBt, (u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? 2 : 1));
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(pBt, (eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? 2 : 1));
       }
     }
   }
 #endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
 
   if( rc ){
-    u.ci.eNew = u.ci.eOld;
+    eNew = eOld;
   }
-  u.ci.eNew = sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.ci.pPager, u.ci.eNew);
+  eNew = sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(pPager, eNew);
 
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   pOut->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Static|MEM_Term;
-  pOut->z = (char *)sqlite3JournalModename(u.ci.eNew);
+  pOut->z = (char *)sqlite3JournalModename(eNew);
   pOut->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pOut->z);
   pOut->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
   sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pOut, encoding);
@@ -70530,6 +73874,7 @@
 ** a transaction.
 */
 case OP_Vacuum: {
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
   rc = sqlite3RunVacuum(&p->zErrMsg, db);
   break;
 }
@@ -70543,14 +73888,14 @@
 ** P2. Otherwise, fall through to the next instruction.
 */
 case OP_IncrVacuum: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cj */
   Btree *pBt;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cj */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
-  u.cj.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeIncrVacuum(u.cj.pBt);
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p1) );
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeIncrVacuum(pBt);
+  VdbeBranchTaken(rc==SQLITE_DONE,2);
   if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
@@ -70561,12 +73906,13 @@
 
 /* Opcode: Expire P1 * * * *
 **
-** Cause precompiled statements to become expired. An expired statement
-** fails with an error code of SQLITE_SCHEMA if it is ever executed 
-** (via sqlite3_step()).
+** Cause precompiled statements to expire.  When an expired statement
+** is executed using sqlite3_step() it will either automatically
+** reprepare itself (if it was originally created using sqlite3_prepare_v2())
+** or it will fail with SQLITE_SCHEMA.
 ** 
 ** If P1 is 0, then all SQL statements become expired. If P1 is non-zero,
-** then only the currently executing statement is affected. 
+** then only the currently executing statement is expired.
 */
 case OP_Expire: {
   if( !pOp->p1 ){
@@ -70579,6 +73925,7 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
 /* Opcode: TableLock P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: iDb=P1 root=P2 write=P3
 **
 ** Obtain a lock on a particular table. This instruction is only used when
 ** the shared-cache feature is enabled. 
@@ -70597,7 +73944,7 @@
   if( isWriteLock || 0==(db->flags&SQLITE_ReadUncommitted) ){
     int p1 = pOp->p1; 
     assert( p1>=0 && p1<db->nDb );
-    assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<p1))!=0 );
+    assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, p1) );
     assert( isWriteLock==0 || isWriteLock==1 );
     rc = sqlite3BtreeLockTable(db->aDb[p1].pBt, pOp->p2, isWriteLock);
     if( (rc&0xFF)==SQLITE_LOCKED ){
@@ -70620,12 +73967,10 @@
 ** code will be set to SQLITE_LOCKED.
 */
 case OP_VBegin: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ck */
   VTable *pVTab;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ck */
-  u.ck.pVTab = pOp->p4.pVtab;
-  rc = sqlite3VtabBegin(db, u.ck.pVTab);
-  if( u.ck.pVTab ) importVtabErrMsg(p, u.ck.pVTab->pVtab);
+  pVTab = pOp->p4.pVtab;
+  rc = sqlite3VtabBegin(db, pVTab);
+  if( pVTab ) sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVTab->pVtab);
   break;
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
@@ -70664,32 +74009,30 @@
 ** table and stores that cursor in P1.
 */
 case OP_VOpen: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cl */
   VdbeCursor *pCur;
   sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   sqlite3_module *pModule;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cl */
 
-  u.cl.pCur = 0;
-  u.cl.pVtabCursor = 0;
-  u.cl.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
-  u.cl.pModule = (sqlite3_module *)u.cl.pVtab->pModule;
-  assert(u.cl.pVtab && u.cl.pModule);
-  rc = u.cl.pModule->xOpen(u.cl.pVtab, &u.cl.pVtabCursor);
-  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cl.pVtab);
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
+  pCur = 0;
+  pVtabCursor = 0;
+  pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+  pModule = (sqlite3_module *)pVtab->pModule;
+  assert(pVtab && pModule);
+  rc = pModule->xOpen(pVtab, &pVtabCursor);
+  sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
   if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
     /* Initialize sqlite3_vtab_cursor base class */
-    u.cl.pVtabCursor->pVtab = u.cl.pVtab;
+    pVtabCursor->pVtab = pVtab;
 
-    /* Initialise vdbe cursor object */
-    u.cl.pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, 0, -1, 0);
-    if( u.cl.pCur ){
-      u.cl.pCur->pVtabCursor = u.cl.pVtabCursor;
-      u.cl.pCur->pModule = u.cl.pVtabCursor->pVtab->pModule;
+    /* Initialize vdbe cursor object */
+    pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, 0, -1, 0);
+    if( pCur ){
+      pCur->pVtabCursor = pVtabCursor;
     }else{
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
-      u.cl.pModule->xClose(u.cl.pVtabCursor);
+      pModule->xClose(pVtabCursor);
     }
   }
   break;
@@ -70698,6 +74041,7 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
 /* Opcode: VFilter P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: iplan=r[P3] zplan='P4'
 **
 ** P1 is a cursor opened using VOpen.  P2 is an address to jump to if
 ** the filtered result set is empty.
@@ -70716,7 +74060,6 @@
 ** A jump is made to P2 if the result set after filtering would be empty.
 */
 case OP_VFilter: {   /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cm */
   int nArg;
   int iQuery;
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;
@@ -70728,45 +74071,43 @@
   int res;
   int i;
   Mem **apArg;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cm */
 
-  u.cm.pQuery = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.cm.pArgc = &u.cm.pQuery[1];
-  u.cm.pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( memIsValid(u.cm.pQuery) );
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.cm.pQuery);
-  assert( u.cm.pCur->pVtabCursor );
-  u.cm.pVtabCursor = u.cm.pCur->pVtabCursor;
-  u.cm.pVtab = u.cm.pVtabCursor->pVtab;
-  u.cm.pModule = u.cm.pVtab->pModule;
+  pQuery = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  pArgc = &pQuery[1];
+  pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( memIsValid(pQuery) );
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pQuery);
+  assert( pCur->pVtabCursor );
+  pVtabCursor = pCur->pVtabCursor;
+  pVtab = pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  pModule = pVtab->pModule;
 
   /* Grab the index number and argc parameters */
-  assert( (u.cm.pQuery->flags&MEM_Int)!=0 && u.cm.pArgc->flags==MEM_Int );
-  u.cm.nArg = (int)u.cm.pArgc->u.i;
-  u.cm.iQuery = (int)u.cm.pQuery->u.i;
+  assert( (pQuery->flags&MEM_Int)!=0 && pArgc->flags==MEM_Int );
+  nArg = (int)pArgc->u.i;
+  iQuery = (int)pQuery->u.i;
 
   /* Invoke the xFilter method */
   {
-    u.cm.res = 0;
-    u.cm.apArg = p->apArg;
-    for(u.cm.i = 0; u.cm.i<u.cm.nArg; u.cm.i++){
-      u.cm.apArg[u.cm.i] = &u.cm.pArgc[u.cm.i+1];
-      sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.cm.apArg[u.cm.i]);
+    res = 0;
+    apArg = p->apArg;
+    for(i = 0; i<nArg; i++){
+      apArg[i] = &pArgc[i+1];
     }
 
     p->inVtabMethod = 1;
-    rc = u.cm.pModule->xFilter(u.cm.pVtabCursor, u.cm.iQuery, pOp->p4.z, u.cm.nArg, u.cm.apArg);
+    rc = pModule->xFilter(pVtabCursor, iQuery, pOp->p4.z, nArg, apArg);
     p->inVtabMethod = 0;
-    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cm.pVtab);
+    sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      u.cm.res = u.cm.pModule->xEof(u.cm.pVtabCursor);
+      res = pModule->xEof(pVtabCursor);
     }
-
-    if( u.cm.res ){
+    VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0,2);
+    if( res ){
       pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
     }
   }
-  u.cm.pCur->nullRow = 0;
+  pCur->nullRow = 0;
 
   break;
 }
@@ -70774,57 +74115,56 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
 /* Opcode: VColumn P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P3]=vcolumn(P2)
 **
 ** Store the value of the P2-th column of
 ** the row of the virtual-table that the 
 ** P1 cursor is pointing to into register P3.
 */
 case OP_VColumn: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cn */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;
   Mem *pDest;
   sqlite3_context sContext;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cn */
 
   VdbeCursor *pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
   assert( pCur->pVtabCursor );
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  u.cn.pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  memAboutToChange(p, u.cn.pDest);
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pDest);
   if( pCur->nullRow ){
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(u.cn.pDest);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pDest);
     break;
   }
-  u.cn.pVtab = pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
-  u.cn.pModule = u.cn.pVtab->pModule;
-  assert( u.cn.pModule->xColumn );
-  memset(&u.cn.sContext, 0, sizeof(u.cn.sContext));
+  pVtab = pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  pModule = pVtab->pModule;
+  assert( pModule->xColumn );
+  memset(&sContext, 0, sizeof(sContext));
 
   /* The output cell may already have a buffer allocated. Move
-  ** the current contents to u.cn.sContext.s so in case the user-function
-  ** can use the already allocated buffer instead of allocating a
+  ** the current contents to sContext.s so in case the user-function 
+  ** can use the already allocated buffer instead of allocating a 
   ** new one.
   */
-  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&u.cn.sContext.s, u.cn.pDest);
-  MemSetTypeFlag(&u.cn.sContext.s, MEM_Null);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&sContext.s, pDest);
+  MemSetTypeFlag(&sContext.s, MEM_Null);
 
-  rc = u.cn.pModule->xColumn(pCur->pVtabCursor, &u.cn.sContext, pOp->p2);
-  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cn.pVtab);
-  if( u.cn.sContext.isError ){
-    rc = u.cn.sContext.isError;
+  rc = pModule->xColumn(pCur->pVtabCursor, &sContext, pOp->p2);
+  sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
+  if( sContext.isError ){
+    rc = sContext.isError;
   }
 
   /* Copy the result of the function to the P3 register. We
   ** do this regardless of whether or not an error occurred to ensure any
-  ** dynamic allocation in u.cn.sContext.s (a Mem struct) is  released.
+  ** dynamic allocation in sContext.s (a Mem struct) is  released.
   */
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&u.cn.sContext.s, encoding);
-  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(u.cn.pDest, &u.cn.sContext.s);
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.cn.pDest);
-  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.cn.pDest);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&sContext.s, encoding);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(pDest, &sContext.s);
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pDest);
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pDest);
 
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.cn.pDest) ){
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(pDest) ){
     goto too_big;
   }
   break;
@@ -70839,42 +74179,40 @@
 ** the end of its result set, then fall through to the next instruction.
 */
 case OP_VNext: {   /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.co */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;
   int res;
   VdbeCursor *pCur;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.co */
 
-  u.co.res = 0;
-  u.co.pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.co.pCur->pVtabCursor );
-  if( u.co.pCur->nullRow ){
+  res = 0;
+  pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pCur->pVtabCursor );
+  if( pCur->nullRow ){
     break;
   }
-  u.co.pVtab = u.co.pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
-  u.co.pModule = u.co.pVtab->pModule;
-  assert( u.co.pModule->xNext );
+  pVtab = pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  pModule = pVtab->pModule;
+  assert( pModule->xNext );
 
   /* Invoke the xNext() method of the module. There is no way for the
   ** underlying implementation to return an error if one occurs during
-  ** xNext(). Instead, if an error occurs, true is returned (indicating that
+  ** xNext(). Instead, if an error occurs, true is returned (indicating that 
   ** data is available) and the error code returned when xColumn or
   ** some other method is next invoked on the save virtual table cursor.
   */
   p->inVtabMethod = 1;
-  rc = u.co.pModule->xNext(u.co.pCur->pVtabCursor);
+  rc = pModule->xNext(pCur->pVtabCursor);
   p->inVtabMethod = 0;
-  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.co.pVtab);
+  sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    u.co.res = u.co.pModule->xEof(u.co.pCur->pVtabCursor);
+    res = pModule->xEof(pCur->pVtabCursor);
   }
-
-  if( !u.co.res ){
+  VdbeBranchTaken(!res,2);
+  if( !res ){
     /* If there is data, jump to P2 */
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
-  break;
+  goto check_for_interrupt;
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
 
@@ -70886,24 +74224,23 @@
 ** in register P1 is passed as the zName argument to the xRename method.
 */
 case OP_VRename: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cp */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   Mem *pName;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cp */
 
-  u.cp.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
-  u.cp.pName = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.cp.pVtab->pModule->xRename );
-  assert( memIsValid(u.cp.pName) );
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, u.cp.pName);
-  assert( u.cp.pName->flags & MEM_Str );
-  testcase( u.cp.pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 );
-  testcase( u.cp.pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
-  testcase( u.cp.pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(u.cp.pName, SQLITE_UTF8);
+  pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+  pName = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pVtab->pModule->xRename );
+  assert( memIsValid(pName) );
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, pName);
+  assert( pName->flags & MEM_Str );
+  testcase( pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 );
+  testcase( pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+  testcase( pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pName, SQLITE_UTF8);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = u.cp.pVtab->pModule->xRename(u.cp.pVtab, u.cp.pName->z);
-    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cp.pVtab);
+    rc = pVtab->pModule->xRename(pVtab, pName->z);
+    sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
     p->expired = 0;
   }
   break;
@@ -70911,7 +74248,8 @@
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-/* Opcode: VUpdate P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode: VUpdate P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: data=r[P3@P2]
 **
 ** P4 is a pointer to a virtual table object, an sqlite3_vtab structure.
 ** This opcode invokes the corresponding xUpdate method. P2 values
@@ -70933,9 +74271,11 @@
 ** P1 is a boolean flag. If it is set to true and the xUpdate call
 ** is successful, then the value returned by sqlite3_last_insert_rowid() 
 ** is set to the value of the rowid for the row just inserted.
+**
+** P5 is the error actions (OE_Replace, OE_Fail, OE_Ignore, etc) to
+** apply in the case of a constraint failure on an insert or update.
 */
 case OP_VUpdate: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cq */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   sqlite3_module *pModule;
   int nArg;
@@ -70943,35 +74283,34 @@
   sqlite_int64 rowid;
   Mem **apArg;
   Mem *pX;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cq */
 
-  assert( pOp->p2==1        || pOp->p5==OE_Fail   || pOp->p5==OE_Rollback
+  assert( pOp->p2==1        || pOp->p5==OE_Fail   || pOp->p5==OE_Rollback 
        || pOp->p5==OE_Abort || pOp->p5==OE_Ignore || pOp->p5==OE_Replace
   );
-  u.cq.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
-  u.cq.pModule = (sqlite3_module *)u.cq.pVtab->pModule;
-  u.cq.nArg = pOp->p2;
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+  pModule = (sqlite3_module *)pVtab->pModule;
+  nArg = pOp->p2;
   assert( pOp->p4type==P4_VTAB );
-  if( ALWAYS(u.cq.pModule->xUpdate) ){
+  if( ALWAYS(pModule->xUpdate) ){
     u8 vtabOnConflict = db->vtabOnConflict;
-    u.cq.apArg = p->apArg;
-    u.cq.pX = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-    for(u.cq.i=0; u.cq.i<u.cq.nArg; u.cq.i++){
-      assert( memIsValid(u.cq.pX) );
-      memAboutToChange(p, u.cq.pX);
-      sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.cq.pX);
-      u.cq.apArg[u.cq.i] = u.cq.pX;
-      u.cq.pX++;
+    apArg = p->apArg;
+    pX = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+    for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
+      assert( memIsValid(pX) );
+      memAboutToChange(p, pX);
+      apArg[i] = pX;
+      pX++;
     }
     db->vtabOnConflict = pOp->p5;
-    rc = u.cq.pModule->xUpdate(u.cq.pVtab, u.cq.nArg, u.cq.apArg, &u.cq.rowid);
+    rc = pModule->xUpdate(pVtab, nArg, apArg, &rowid);
     db->vtabOnConflict = vtabOnConflict;
-    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cq.pVtab);
+    sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pOp->p1 ){
-      assert( u.cq.nArg>1 && u.cq.apArg[0] && (u.cq.apArg[0]->flags&MEM_Null) );
-      db->lastRowid = lastRowid = u.cq.rowid;
+      assert( nArg>1 && apArg[0] && (apArg[0]->flags&MEM_Null) );
+      db->lastRowid = lastRowid = rowid;
     }
-    if( rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT && pOp->p4.pVtab->bConstraint ){
+    if( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT && pOp->p4.pVtab->bConstraint ){
       if( pOp->p5==OE_Ignore ){
         rc = SQLITE_OK;
       }else{
@@ -71022,33 +74361,54 @@
 #endif
 
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
-/* Opcode: Trace * * * P4 *
+/* Opcode: Init * P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis:  Start at P2
+**
+** Programs contain a single instance of this opcode as the very first
+** opcode.
 **
 ** If tracing is enabled (by the sqlite3_trace()) interface, then
 ** the UTF-8 string contained in P4 is emitted on the trace callback.
+** Or if P4 is blank, use the string returned by sqlite3_sql().
+**
+** If P2 is not zero, jump to instruction P2.
 */
-case OP_Trace: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cr */
+case OP_Init: {          /* jump */
   char *zTrace;
   char *z;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cr */
 
-  if( db->xTrace && (u.cr.zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0 ){
-    u.cr.z = sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(p, u.cr.zTrace);
-    db->xTrace(db->pTraceArg, u.cr.z);
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, u.cr.z);
+  if( pOp->p2 ){
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+  if( db->xTrace
+   && !p->doingRerun
+   && (zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0
+  ){
+    z = sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(p, zTrace);
+    db->xTrace(db->pTraceArg, z);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_USE_FCNTL_TRACE
+  zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql);
+  if( zTrace ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+      if( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, i)==0 ) continue;
+      sqlite3_file_control(db, db->aDb[i].zName, SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE, zTrace);
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_USE_FCNTL_TRACE */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   if( (db->flags & SQLITE_SqlTrace)!=0
-   && (u.cr.zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0
+   && (zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0
   ){
-    sqlite3DebugPrintf("SQL-trace: %s\n", u.cr.zTrace);
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("SQL-trace: %s\n", zTrace);
   }
 #endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE */
   break;
 }
-#endif
 
 
 /* Opcode: Noop * * * * *
@@ -71077,13 +74437,9 @@
 
 #ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
     {
-      u64 elapsed = sqlite3Hwtime() - start;
-      pOp->cycles += elapsed;
+      u64 endTime = sqlite3Hwtime();
+      if( endTime>start ) pOp->cycles += endTime - start;
       pOp->cnt++;
-#if 0
-        fprintf(stdout, "%10llu ", elapsed);
-        sqlite3VdbePrintOp(stdout, origPc, &aOp[origPc]);
-#endif
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -71096,13 +74452,13 @@
     assert( pc>=-1 && pc<p->nOp );
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    if( p->trace ){
-      if( rc!=0 ) fprintf(p->trace,"rc=%d\n",rc);
+    if( db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeTrace ){
+      if( rc!=0 ) printf("rc=%d\n",rc);
       if( pOp->opflags & (OPFLG_OUT2_PRERELEASE|OPFLG_OUT2) ){
-        registerTrace(p->trace, pOp->p2, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
+        registerTrace(pOp->p2, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
       }
       if( pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT3 ){
-        registerTrace(p->trace, pOp->p3, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
+        registerTrace(pOp->p3, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
       }
     }
 #endif  /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
@@ -71122,7 +74478,7 @@
   if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ) db->mallocFailed = 1;
   rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
   if( resetSchemaOnFault>0 ){
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, resetSchemaOnFault-1);
+    sqlite3ResetOneSchema(db, resetSchemaOnFault-1);
   }
 
   /* This is the only way out of this procedure.  We have to
@@ -71130,6 +74486,8 @@
   ** top. */
 vdbe_return:
   db->lastRowid = lastRowid;
+  testcase( nVmStep>0 );
+  p->aCounter[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP] += (int)nVmStep;
   sqlite3VdbeLeave(p);
   return rc;
 
@@ -71171,6 +74529,7 @@
   goto vdbe_error_halt;
 }
 
+
 /************** End of vdbe.c ************************************************/
 /************** Begin file vdbeblob.c ****************************************/
 /*
@@ -71237,7 +74596,8 @@
 
   rc = sqlite3_step(p->pStmt);
   if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
-    u32 type = v->apCsr[0]->aType[p->iCol];
+    VdbeCursor *pC = v->apCsr[0];
+    u32 type = pC->aType[p->iCol];
     if( type<12 ){
       zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(p->db, "cannot open value of type %s",
           type==0?"null": type==7?"real": "integer"
@@ -71246,12 +74606,10 @@
       sqlite3_finalize(p->pStmt);
       p->pStmt = 0;
     }else{
-      p->iOffset = v->apCsr[0]->aOffset[p->iCol];
+      p->iOffset = pC->aType[p->iCol + pC->nField];
       p->nByte = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(type);
-      p->pCsr =  v->apCsr[0]->pCursor;
-      sqlite3BtreeEnterCursor(p->pCsr);
-      sqlite3BtreeCacheOverflow(p->pCsr);
-      sqlite3BtreeLeaveCursor(p->pCsr);
+      p->pCsr =  pC->pCursor;
+      sqlite3BtreeIncrblobCursor(p->pCsr);
     }
   }
 
@@ -71305,22 +74663,20 @@
   ** which closes the b-tree cursor and (possibly) commits the 
   ** transaction.
   */
+  static const int iLn = VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(4);
   static const VdbeOpList openBlob[] = {
-    {OP_Transaction, 0, 0, 0},     /* 0: Start a transaction */
-    {OP_VerifyCookie, 0, 0, 0},    /* 1: Check the schema cookie */
-    {OP_TableLock, 0, 0, 0},       /* 2: Acquire a read or write lock */
-
+    /* {OP_Transaction, 0, 0, 0},  // 0: Inserted separately */
+    {OP_TableLock, 0, 0, 0},       /* 1: Acquire a read or write lock */
     /* One of the following two instructions is replaced by an OP_Noop. */
-    {OP_OpenRead, 0, 0, 0},        /* 3: Open cursor 0 for reading */
-    {OP_OpenWrite, 0, 0, 0},       /* 4: Open cursor 0 for read/write */
-
-    {OP_Variable, 1, 1, 1},        /* 5: Push the rowid to the stack */
-    {OP_NotExists, 0, 10, 1},      /* 6: Seek the cursor */
-    {OP_Column, 0, 0, 1},          /* 7  */
-    {OP_ResultRow, 1, 0, 0},       /* 8  */
-    {OP_Goto, 0, 5, 0},            /* 9  */
-    {OP_Close, 0, 0, 0},           /* 10 */
-    {OP_Halt, 0, 0, 0},            /* 11 */
+    {OP_OpenRead, 0, 0, 0},        /* 2: Open cursor 0 for reading */
+    {OP_OpenWrite, 0, 0, 0},       /* 3: Open cursor 0 for read/write */
+    {OP_Variable, 1, 1, 1},        /* 4: Push the rowid to the stack */
+    {OP_NotExists, 0, 10, 1},      /* 5: Seek the cursor */
+    {OP_Column, 0, 0, 1},          /* 6  */
+    {OP_ResultRow, 1, 0, 0},       /* 7  */
+    {OP_Goto, 0, 4, 0},            /* 8  */
+    {OP_Close, 0, 0, 0},           /* 9  */
+    {OP_Halt, 0, 0, 0},            /* 10 */
   };
 
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
@@ -71351,6 +74707,10 @@
       pTab = 0;
       sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot open virtual table: %s", zTable);
     }
+    if( pTab && !HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      pTab = 0;
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot open table without rowid: %s", zTable);
+    }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
     if( pTab && pTab->pSelect ){
       pTab = 0;
@@ -71408,7 +74768,7 @@
 #endif
       for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
         int j;
-        for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
+        for(j=0; j<pIdx->nKeyCol; j++){
           if( pIdx->aiColumn[j]==iCol ){
             zFault = "indexed";
           }
@@ -71423,42 +74783,37 @@
       }
     }
 
-    pBlob->pStmt = (sqlite3_stmt *)sqlite3VdbeCreate(db);
+    pBlob->pStmt = (sqlite3_stmt *)sqlite3VdbeCreate(pParse);
     assert( pBlob->pStmt || db->mallocFailed );
     if( pBlob->pStmt ){
       Vdbe *v = (Vdbe *)pBlob->pStmt;
       int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
 
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, sizeof(openBlob)/sizeof(VdbeOpList), openBlob);
 
-
-      /* Configure the OP_Transaction */
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 0, iDb);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 0, flags);
-
-      /* Configure the OP_VerifyCookie */
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 1, iDb);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 1, pTab->pSchema->schema_cookie);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 1, pTab->pSchema->iGeneration);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Transaction, iDb, flags, 
+                           pTab->pSchema->schema_cookie,
+                           pTab->pSchema->iGeneration);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);     
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(openBlob), openBlob, iLn);
 
       /* Make sure a mutex is held on the table to be accessed */
       sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb); 
 
       /* Configure the OP_TableLock instruction */
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 2);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 1);
 #else
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 2, iDb);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 2, pTab->tnum);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 2, flags);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, 2, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 1, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 1, pTab->tnum);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 1, flags);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, 1, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
 #endif
 
       /* Remove either the OP_OpenWrite or OpenRead. Set the P2 
       ** parameter of the other to pTab->tnum.  */
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 4 - flags);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 3 + flags, pTab->tnum);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 3 + flags, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 3 - flags);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 2 + flags, pTab->tnum);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 2 + flags, iDb);
 
       /* Configure the number of columns. Configure the cursor to
       ** think that the table has one more column than it really
@@ -71467,8 +74822,8 @@
       ** we can invoke OP_Column to fill in the vdbe cursors type 
       ** and offset cache without causing any IO.
       */
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, 3+flags, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(pTab->nCol+1),P4_INT32);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 7, pTab->nCol);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, 2+flags, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(pTab->nCol+1),P4_INT32);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 6, pTab->nCol);
       if( !db->mallocFailed ){
         pParse->nVar = 1;
         pParse->nMem = 1;
@@ -71486,7 +74841,7 @@
     }
     sqlite3_bind_int64(pBlob->pStmt, 1, iRow);
     rc = blobSeekToRow(pBlob, iRow, &zErr);
-  } while( (++nAttempt)<5 && rc==SQLITE_SCHEMA );
+  } while( (++nAttempt)<SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY && rc==SQLITE_SCHEMA );
 
 blob_open_out:
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->mallocFailed==0 ){
@@ -71497,6 +74852,7 @@
   }
   sqlite3Error(db, rc, (zErr ? "%s" : 0), zErr);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
+  sqlite3ParserReset(pParse);
   sqlite3StackFree(db, pParse);
   rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
@@ -71661,10 +75017,10 @@
 */
 
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
 
 typedef struct VdbeSorterIter VdbeSorterIter;
 typedef struct SorterRecord SorterRecord;
+typedef struct FileWriter FileWriter;
 
 /*
 ** NOTES ON DATA STRUCTURE USED FOR N-WAY MERGES:
@@ -71697,7 +75053,7 @@
 ** other key value. If the keys are equal (only possible with two EOF
 ** values), it doesn't matter which index is stored.
 **
-** The (N/4) elements of aTree[] that preceed the final (N/2) described 
+** The (N/4) elements of aTree[] that precede the final (N/2) described 
 ** above contains the index of the smallest of each block of 4 iterators.
 ** And so on. So that aTree[1] contains the index of the iterator that 
 ** currently points to the smallest key value. aTree[0] is unused.
@@ -71762,6 +75118,24 @@
   sqlite3_file *pFile;            /* File iterator is reading from */
   u8 *aAlloc;                     /* Allocated space */
   u8 *aKey;                       /* Pointer to current key */
+  u8 *aBuffer;                    /* Current read buffer */
+  int nBuffer;                    /* Size of read buffer in bytes */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of this structure is used to organize the stream of records
+** being written to files by the merge-sort code into aligned, page-sized
+** blocks.  Doing all I/O in aligned page-sized blocks helps I/O to go
+** faster on many operating systems.
+*/
+struct FileWriter {
+  int eFWErr;                     /* Non-zero if in an error state */
+  u8 *aBuffer;                    /* Pointer to write buffer */
+  int nBuffer;                    /* Size of write buffer in bytes */
+  int iBufStart;                  /* First byte of buffer to write */
+  int iBufEnd;                    /* Last byte of buffer to write */
+  i64 iWriteOff;                  /* Offset of start of buffer in file */
+  sqlite3_file *pFile;            /* File to write to */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -71787,10 +75161,127 @@
 */
 static void vdbeSorterIterZero(sqlite3 *db, VdbeSorterIter *pIter){
   sqlite3DbFree(db, pIter->aAlloc);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pIter->aBuffer);
   memset(pIter, 0, sizeof(VdbeSorterIter));
 }
 
 /*
+** Read nByte bytes of data from the stream of data iterated by object p.
+** If successful, set *ppOut to point to a buffer containing the data
+** and return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, if an error occurs, return an SQLite
+** error code.
+**
+** The buffer indicated by *ppOut may only be considered valid until the
+** next call to this function.
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterIterRead(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle (for malloc) */
+  VdbeSorterIter *p,              /* Iterator */
+  int nByte,                      /* Bytes of data to read */
+  u8 **ppOut                      /* OUT: Pointer to buffer containing data */
+){
+  int iBuf;                       /* Offset within buffer to read from */
+  int nAvail;                     /* Bytes of data available in buffer */
+  assert( p->aBuffer );
+
+  /* If there is no more data to be read from the buffer, read the next 
+  ** p->nBuffer bytes of data from the file into it. Or, if there are less
+  ** than p->nBuffer bytes remaining in the PMA, read all remaining data.  */
+  iBuf = p->iReadOff % p->nBuffer;
+  if( iBuf==0 ){
+    int nRead;                    /* Bytes to read from disk */
+    int rc;                       /* sqlite3OsRead() return code */
+
+    /* Determine how many bytes of data to read. */
+    if( (p->iEof - p->iReadOff) > (i64)p->nBuffer ){
+      nRead = p->nBuffer;
+    }else{
+      nRead = (int)(p->iEof - p->iReadOff);
+    }
+    assert( nRead>0 );
+
+    /* Read data from the file. Return early if an error occurs. */
+    rc = sqlite3OsRead(p->pFile, p->aBuffer, nRead, p->iReadOff);
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ );
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+  nAvail = p->nBuffer - iBuf; 
+
+  if( nByte<=nAvail ){
+    /* The requested data is available in the in-memory buffer. In this
+    ** case there is no need to make a copy of the data, just return a 
+    ** pointer into the buffer to the caller.  */
+    *ppOut = &p->aBuffer[iBuf];
+    p->iReadOff += nByte;
+  }else{
+    /* The requested data is not all available in the in-memory buffer.
+    ** In this case, allocate space at p->aAlloc[] to copy the requested
+    ** range into. Then return a copy of pointer p->aAlloc to the caller.  */
+    int nRem;                     /* Bytes remaining to copy */
+
+    /* Extend the p->aAlloc[] allocation if required. */
+    if( p->nAlloc<nByte ){
+      int nNew = p->nAlloc*2;
+      while( nByte>nNew ) nNew = nNew*2;
+      p->aAlloc = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(db, p->aAlloc, nNew);
+      if( !p->aAlloc ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      p->nAlloc = nNew;
+    }
+
+    /* Copy as much data as is available in the buffer into the start of
+    ** p->aAlloc[].  */
+    memcpy(p->aAlloc, &p->aBuffer[iBuf], nAvail);
+    p->iReadOff += nAvail;
+    nRem = nByte - nAvail;
+
+    /* The following loop copies up to p->nBuffer bytes per iteration into
+    ** the p->aAlloc[] buffer.  */
+    while( nRem>0 ){
+      int rc;                     /* vdbeSorterIterRead() return code */
+      int nCopy;                  /* Number of bytes to copy */
+      u8 *aNext;                  /* Pointer to buffer to copy data from */
+
+      nCopy = nRem;
+      if( nRem>p->nBuffer ) nCopy = p->nBuffer;
+      rc = vdbeSorterIterRead(db, p, nCopy, &aNext);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+      assert( aNext!=p->aAlloc );
+      memcpy(&p->aAlloc[nByte - nRem], aNext, nCopy);
+      nRem -= nCopy;
+    }
+
+    *ppOut = p->aAlloc;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Read a varint from the stream of data accessed by p. Set *pnOut to
+** the value read.
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterIterVarint(sqlite3 *db, VdbeSorterIter *p, u64 *pnOut){
+  int iBuf;
+
+  iBuf = p->iReadOff % p->nBuffer;
+  if( iBuf && (p->nBuffer-iBuf)>=9 ){
+    p->iReadOff += sqlite3GetVarint(&p->aBuffer[iBuf], pnOut);
+  }else{
+    u8 aVarint[16], *a;
+    int i = 0, rc;
+    do{
+      rc = vdbeSorterIterRead(db, p, 1, &a);
+      if( rc ) return rc;
+      aVarint[(i++)&0xf] = a[0];
+    }while( (a[0]&0x80)!=0 );
+    sqlite3GetVarint(aVarint, pnOut);
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** Advance iterator pIter to the next key in its PMA. Return SQLITE_OK if
 ** no error occurs, or an SQLite error code if one does.
 */
@@ -71799,96 +75290,18 @@
   VdbeSorterIter *pIter           /* Iterator to advance */
 ){
   int rc;                         /* Return Code */
-  int nRead;                      /* Number of bytes read */
-  int nRec = 0;                   /* Size of record in bytes */
-  int iOff = 0;                   /* Size of serialized size varint in bytes */
+  u64 nRec = 0;                   /* Size of record in bytes */
 
-  assert( pIter->iEof>=pIter->iReadOff );
-  if( pIter->iEof-pIter->iReadOff>5 ){
-    nRead = 5;
-  }else{
-    nRead = (int)(pIter->iEof - pIter->iReadOff);
-  }
-  if( nRead<=0 ){
+  if( pIter->iReadOff>=pIter->iEof ){
     /* This is an EOF condition */
     vdbeSorterIterZero(db, pIter);
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
-  rc = sqlite3OsRead(pIter->pFile, pIter->aAlloc, nRead, pIter->iReadOff);
+  rc = vdbeSorterIterVarint(db, pIter, &nRec);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    iOff = getVarint32(pIter->aAlloc, nRec);
-    if( (iOff+nRec)>nRead ){
-      int nRead2;                   /* Number of extra bytes to read */
-      if( (iOff+nRec)>pIter->nAlloc ){
-        int nNew = pIter->nAlloc*2;
-        while( (iOff+nRec)>nNew ) nNew = nNew*2;
-        pIter->aAlloc = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(db, pIter->aAlloc, nNew);
-        if( !pIter->aAlloc ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-        pIter->nAlloc = nNew;
-      }
-  
-      nRead2 = iOff + nRec - nRead;
-      rc = sqlite3OsRead(
-          pIter->pFile, &pIter->aAlloc[nRead], nRead2, pIter->iReadOff+nRead
-      );
-    }
-  }
-
-  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || nRec>0 );
-  pIter->iReadOff += iOff+nRec;
-  pIter->nKey = nRec;
-  pIter->aKey = &pIter->aAlloc[iOff];
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** Write a single varint, value iVal, to file-descriptor pFile. Return
-** SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code if some error occurs.
-**
-** The value of *piOffset when this function is called is used as the byte
-** offset in file pFile to write to. Before returning, *piOffset is 
-** incremented by the number of bytes written.
-*/
-static int vdbeSorterWriteVarint(
-  sqlite3_file *pFile,            /* File to write to */
-  i64 iVal,                       /* Value to write as a varint */
-  i64 *piOffset                   /* IN/OUT: Write offset in file pFile */
-){
-  u8 aVarint[9];                  /* Buffer large enough for a varint */
-  int nVarint;                    /* Number of used bytes in varint */
-  int rc;                         /* Result of write() call */
-
-  nVarint = sqlite3PutVarint(aVarint, iVal);
-  rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pFile, aVarint, nVarint, *piOffset);
-  *piOffset += nVarint;
-
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** Read a single varint from file-descriptor pFile. Return SQLITE_OK if
-** successful, or an SQLite error code if some error occurs.
-**
-** The value of *piOffset when this function is called is used as the
-** byte offset in file pFile from whence to read the varint. If successful
-** (i.e. if no IO error occurs), then *piOffset is set to the offset of
-** the first byte past the end of the varint before returning. *piVal is
-** set to the integer value read. If an error occurs, the final values of
-** both *piOffset and *piVal are undefined.
-*/
-static int vdbeSorterReadVarint(
-  sqlite3_file *pFile,            /* File to read from */
-  i64 *piOffset,                  /* IN/OUT: Read offset in pFile */
-  i64 *piVal                      /* OUT: Value read from file */
-){
-  u8 aVarint[9];                  /* Buffer large enough for a varint */
-  i64 iOff = *piOffset;           /* Offset in file to read from */
-  int rc;                         /* Return code */
-
-  rc = sqlite3OsRead(pFile, aVarint, 9, iOff);
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    *piOffset += getVarint(aVarint, (u64 *)piVal);
+    pIter->nKey = (int)nRec;
+    rc = vdbeSorterIterRead(db, pIter, (int)nRec, &pIter->aKey);
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -71902,27 +75315,51 @@
 */
 static int vdbeSorterIterInit(
   sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
-  VdbeSorter *pSorter,            /* Sorter object */
+  const VdbeSorter *pSorter,      /* Sorter object */
   i64 iStart,                     /* Start offset in pFile */
   VdbeSorterIter *pIter,          /* Iterator to populate */
   i64 *pnByte                     /* IN/OUT: Increment this value by PMA size */
 ){
-  int rc;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nBuf;
+
+  nBuf = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(db->aDb[0].pBt);
 
   assert( pSorter->iWriteOff>iStart );
   assert( pIter->aAlloc==0 );
+  assert( pIter->aBuffer==0 );
   pIter->pFile = pSorter->pTemp1;
   pIter->iReadOff = iStart;
   pIter->nAlloc = 128;
   pIter->aAlloc = (u8 *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, pIter->nAlloc);
-  if( !pIter->aAlloc ){
+  pIter->nBuffer = nBuf;
+  pIter->aBuffer = (u8 *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, nBuf);
+
+  if( !pIter->aBuffer ){
     rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }else{
-    i64 nByte;                         /* Total size of PMA in bytes */
-    rc = vdbeSorterReadVarint(pSorter->pTemp1, &pIter->iReadOff, &nByte);
-    *pnByte += nByte;
-    pIter->iEof = pIter->iReadOff + nByte;
+    int iBuf;
+
+    iBuf = iStart % nBuf;
+    if( iBuf ){
+      int nRead = nBuf - iBuf;
+      if( (iStart + nRead) > pSorter->iWriteOff ){
+        nRead = (int)(pSorter->iWriteOff - iStart);
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3OsRead(
+          pSorter->pTemp1, &pIter->aBuffer[iBuf], nRead, iStart
+      );
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      u64 nByte;                       /* Size of PMA in bytes */
+      pIter->iEof = pSorter->iWriteOff;
+      rc = vdbeSorterIterVarint(db, pIter, &nByte);
+      pIter->iEof = pIter->iReadOff + nByte;
+      *pnByte += nByte;
+    }
   }
+
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     rc = vdbeSorterIterNext(db, pIter);
   }
@@ -71946,10 +75383,10 @@
 ** has been allocated and contains an unpacked record that is used as key2.
 */
 static void vdbeSorterCompare(
-  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Cursor object (for pKeyInfo) */
-  int bOmitRowid,                 /* Ignore rowid field at end of keys */
-  void *pKey1, int nKey1,         /* Left side of comparison */
-  void *pKey2, int nKey2,         /* Right side of comparison */
+  const VdbeCursor *pCsr,         /* Cursor object (for pKeyInfo) */
+  int nKeyCol,                    /* Num of columns. 0 means "all" */
+  const void *pKey1, int nKey1,   /* Left side of comparison */
+  const void *pKey2, int nKey2,   /* Right side of comparison */
   int *pRes                       /* OUT: Result of comparison */
 ){
   KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = pCsr->pKeyInfo;
@@ -71961,19 +75398,18 @@
     sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(pKeyInfo, nKey2, pKey2, r2);
   }
 
-  if( bOmitRowid ){
-    r2->nField = pKeyInfo->nField;
-    assert( r2->nField>0 );
-    for(i=0; i<r2->nField; i++){
+  if( nKeyCol ){
+    r2->nField = nKeyCol;
+    for(i=0; i<nKeyCol; i++){
       if( r2->aMem[i].flags & MEM_Null ){
         *pRes = -1;
         return;
       }
     }
-    r2->flags |= UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
+    assert( r2->default_rc==0 );
   }
 
-  *pRes = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, r2);
+  *pRes = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, r2, 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -71981,7 +75417,7 @@
 ** multiple b-tree segments. Parameter iOut is the index of the aTree[] 
 ** value to recalculate.
 */
-static int vdbeSorterDoCompare(VdbeCursor *pCsr, int iOut){
+static int vdbeSorterDoCompare(const VdbeCursor *pCsr, int iOut){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
   int i1;
   int i2;
@@ -72066,22 +75502,39 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Reset a sorting cursor back to its original empty state.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSorterReset(sqlite3 *db, VdbeSorter *pSorter){
+  if( pSorter->aIter ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<pSorter->nTree; i++){
+      vdbeSorterIterZero(db, &pSorter->aIter[i]);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter->aIter);
+    pSorter->aIter = 0;
+  }
+  if( pSorter->pTemp1 ){
+    sqlite3OsCloseFree(pSorter->pTemp1);
+    pSorter->pTemp1 = 0;
+  }
+  vdbeSorterRecordFree(db, pSorter->pRecord);
+  pSorter->pRecord = 0;
+  pSorter->iWriteOff = 0;
+  pSorter->iReadOff = 0;
+  pSorter->nInMemory = 0;
+  pSorter->nTree = 0;
+  pSorter->nPMA = 0;
+  pSorter->aTree = 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** Free any cursor components allocated by sqlite3VdbeSorterXXX routines.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSorterClose(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
   if( pSorter ){
-    if( pSorter->aIter ){
-      int i;
-      for(i=0; i<pSorter->nTree; i++){
-        vdbeSorterIterZero(db, &pSorter->aIter[i]);
-      }
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter->aIter);
-    }
-    if( pSorter->pTemp1 ){
-      sqlite3OsCloseFree(pSorter->pTemp1);
-    }
-    vdbeSorterRecordFree(db, pSorter->pRecord);
+    sqlite3VdbeSorterReset(db, pSorter);
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter->pUnpacked);
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter);
     pCsr->pSorter = 0;
@@ -72107,7 +75560,7 @@
 ** Set *ppOut to the head of the new list.
 */
 static void vdbeSorterMerge(
-  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* For pKeyInfo */
+  const VdbeCursor *pCsr,         /* For pKeyInfo */
   SorterRecord *p1,               /* First list to merge */
   SorterRecord *p2,               /* Second list to merge */
   SorterRecord **ppOut            /* OUT: Head of merged list */
@@ -72141,7 +75594,7 @@
 ** if successful, or an SQLite error code (i.e. SQLITE_NOMEM) if an error
 ** occurs.
 */
-static int vdbeSorterSort(VdbeCursor *pCsr){
+static int vdbeSorterSort(const VdbeCursor *pCsr){
   int i;
   SorterRecord **aSlot;
   SorterRecord *p;
@@ -72174,6 +75627,91 @@
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Initialize a file-writer object.
+*/
+static void fileWriterInit(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database (for malloc) */
+  sqlite3_file *pFile,            /* File to write to */
+  FileWriter *p,                  /* Object to populate */
+  i64 iStart                      /* Offset of pFile to begin writing at */
+){
+  int nBuf = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(db->aDb[0].pBt);
+
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(FileWriter));
+  p->aBuffer = (u8 *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, nBuf);
+  if( !p->aBuffer ){
+    p->eFWErr = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    p->iBufEnd = p->iBufStart = (iStart % nBuf);
+    p->iWriteOff = iStart - p->iBufStart;
+    p->nBuffer = nBuf;
+    p->pFile = pFile;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Write nData bytes of data to the file-write object. Return SQLITE_OK
+** if successful, or an SQLite error code if an error occurs.
+*/
+static void fileWriterWrite(FileWriter *p, u8 *pData, int nData){
+  int nRem = nData;
+  while( nRem>0 && p->eFWErr==0 ){
+    int nCopy = nRem;
+    if( nCopy>(p->nBuffer - p->iBufEnd) ){
+      nCopy = p->nBuffer - p->iBufEnd;
+    }
+
+    memcpy(&p->aBuffer[p->iBufEnd], &pData[nData-nRem], nCopy);
+    p->iBufEnd += nCopy;
+    if( p->iBufEnd==p->nBuffer ){
+      p->eFWErr = sqlite3OsWrite(p->pFile, 
+          &p->aBuffer[p->iBufStart], p->iBufEnd - p->iBufStart, 
+          p->iWriteOff + p->iBufStart
+      );
+      p->iBufStart = p->iBufEnd = 0;
+      p->iWriteOff += p->nBuffer;
+    }
+    assert( p->iBufEnd<p->nBuffer );
+
+    nRem -= nCopy;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Flush any buffered data to disk and clean up the file-writer object.
+** The results of using the file-writer after this call are undefined.
+** Return SQLITE_OK if flushing the buffered data succeeds or is not 
+** required. Otherwise, return an SQLite error code.
+**
+** Before returning, set *piEof to the offset immediately following the
+** last byte written to the file.
+*/
+static int fileWriterFinish(sqlite3 *db, FileWriter *p, i64 *piEof){
+  int rc;
+  if( p->eFWErr==0 && ALWAYS(p->aBuffer) && p->iBufEnd>p->iBufStart ){
+    p->eFWErr = sqlite3OsWrite(p->pFile, 
+        &p->aBuffer[p->iBufStart], p->iBufEnd - p->iBufStart, 
+        p->iWriteOff + p->iBufStart
+    );
+  }
+  *piEof = (p->iWriteOff + p->iBufEnd);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aBuffer);
+  rc = p->eFWErr;
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(FileWriter));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Write value iVal encoded as a varint to the file-write object. Return 
+** SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code if an error occurs.
+*/
+static void fileWriterWriteVarint(FileWriter *p, u64 iVal){
+  int nByte; 
+  u8 aByte[10];
+  nByte = sqlite3PutVarint(aByte, iVal);
+  fileWriterWrite(p, aByte, nByte);
+}
 
 /*
 ** Write the current contents of the in-memory linked-list to a PMA. Return
@@ -72188,9 +75726,12 @@
 **       Each record consists of a varint followed by a blob of data (the 
 **       key). The varint is the number of bytes in the blob of data.
 */
-static int vdbeSorterListToPMA(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr){
+static int vdbeSorterListToPMA(sqlite3 *db, const VdbeCursor *pCsr){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+  FileWriter writer;
+
+  memset(&writer, 0, sizeof(FileWriter));
 
   if( pSorter->nInMemory==0 ){
     assert( pSorter->pRecord==0 );
@@ -72208,39 +75749,20 @@
   }
 
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    i64 iOff = pSorter->iWriteOff;
     SorterRecord *p;
     SorterRecord *pNext = 0;
-    static const char eightZeros[8] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
 
+    fileWriterInit(db, pSorter->pTemp1, &writer, pSorter->iWriteOff);
     pSorter->nPMA++;
-    rc = vdbeSorterWriteVarint(pSorter->pTemp1, pSorter->nInMemory, &iOff);
-    for(p=pSorter->pRecord; rc==SQLITE_OK && p; p=pNext){
+    fileWriterWriteVarint(&writer, pSorter->nInMemory);
+    for(p=pSorter->pRecord; p; p=pNext){
       pNext = p->pNext;
-      rc = vdbeSorterWriteVarint(pSorter->pTemp1, p->nVal, &iOff);
-
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pSorter->pTemp1, p->pVal, p->nVal, iOff);
-        iOff += p->nVal;
-      }
-
+      fileWriterWriteVarint(&writer, p->nVal);
+      fileWriterWrite(&writer, p->pVal, p->nVal);
       sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
     }
-
-    /* This assert verifies that unless an error has occurred, the size of 
-    ** the PMA on disk is the same as the expected size stored in
-    ** pSorter->nInMemory. */ 
-    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pSorter->nInMemory==(
-          iOff-pSorter->iWriteOff-sqlite3VarintLen(pSorter->nInMemory)
-    ));
-
-    pSorter->iWriteOff = iOff;
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      /* Terminate each file with 8 extra bytes so that from any offset
-      ** in the file we can always read 9 bytes without a SHORT_READ error */
-      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pSorter->pTemp1, eightZeros, 8, iOff);
-    }
     pSorter->pRecord = p;
+    rc = fileWriterFinish(db, &writer, &pSorter->iWriteOff);
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -72251,7 +75773,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(
   sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
-  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Sorter cursor */
+  const VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Sorter cursor */
   Mem *pVal                       /* Memory cell containing record */
 ){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
@@ -72285,8 +75807,14 @@
         (pSorter->nInMemory>pSorter->mxPmaSize)
      || (pSorter->nInMemory>pSorter->mnPmaSize && sqlite3HeapNearlyFull())
   )){
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    i64 nExpect = pSorter->iWriteOff
+                + sqlite3VarintLen(pSorter->nInMemory)
+                + pSorter->nInMemory;
+#endif
     rc = vdbeSorterListToPMA(db, pCsr);
     pSorter->nInMemory = 0;
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || (nExpect==pSorter->iWriteOff) );
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -72297,7 +75825,7 @@
 */
 static int vdbeSorterInitMerge(
   sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
-  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Cursor handle for this sorter */
+  const VdbeCursor *pCsr,         /* Cursor handle for this sorter */
   i64 *pnByte                     /* Sum of bytes in all opened PMAs */
 ){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
@@ -72327,7 +75855,7 @@
 ** Once the sorter has been populated, this function is called to prepare
 ** for iterating through its contents in sorted order.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr, int *pbEof){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(sqlite3 *db, const VdbeCursor *pCsr, int *pbEof){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
   sqlite3_file *pTemp2 = 0;       /* Second temp file to use */
@@ -72347,7 +75875,7 @@
     return vdbeSorterSort(pCsr);
   }
 
-  /* Write the current b-tree to a PMA. Close the b-tree cursor. */
+  /* Write the current in-memory list to a PMA. */
   rc = vdbeSorterListToPMA(db, pCsr);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
 
@@ -72369,8 +75897,12 @@
         rc==SQLITE_OK && iNew*SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT<pSorter->nPMA; 
         iNew++
     ){
+      int rc2;                    /* Return code from fileWriterFinish() */
+      FileWriter writer;          /* Object used to write to disk */
       i64 nWrite;                 /* Number of bytes in new PMA */
 
+      memset(&writer, 0, sizeof(FileWriter));
+
       /* If there are SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT or less PMAs in file pTemp1,
       ** initialize an iterator for each of them and break out of the loop.
       ** These iterators will be incrementally merged as the VDBE layer calls
@@ -72393,22 +75925,19 @@
       }
 
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = vdbeSorterWriteVarint(pTemp2, nWrite, &iWrite2);
-      }
-
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         int bEof = 0;
+        fileWriterInit(db, pTemp2, &writer, iWrite2);
+        fileWriterWriteVarint(&writer, nWrite);
         while( rc==SQLITE_OK && bEof==0 ){
-          int nToWrite;
           VdbeSorterIter *pIter = &pSorter->aIter[ pSorter->aTree[1] ];
           assert( pIter->pFile );
-          nToWrite = pIter->nKey + sqlite3VarintLen(pIter->nKey);
-          rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pTemp2, pIter->aAlloc, nToWrite, iWrite2);
-          iWrite2 += nToWrite;
-          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-            rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(db, pCsr, &bEof);
-          }
+
+          fileWriterWriteVarint(&writer, pIter->nKey);
+          fileWriterWrite(&writer, pIter->aKey, pIter->nKey);
+          rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(db, pCsr, &bEof);
         }
+        rc2 = fileWriterFinish(db, &writer, &iWrite2);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
       }
     }
 
@@ -72435,20 +75964,61 @@
 /*
 ** Advance to the next element in the sorter.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr, int *pbEof){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(sqlite3 *db, const VdbeCursor *pCsr, int *pbEof){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
 
   if( pSorter->aTree ){
     int iPrev = pSorter->aTree[1];/* Index of iterator to advance */
-    int i;                        /* Index of aTree[] to recalculate */
-
     rc = vdbeSorterIterNext(db, &pSorter->aIter[iPrev]);
-    for(i=(pSorter->nTree+iPrev)/2; rc==SQLITE_OK && i>0; i=i/2){
-      rc = vdbeSorterDoCompare(pCsr, i);
-    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int i;                      /* Index of aTree[] to recalculate */
+      VdbeSorterIter *pIter1;     /* First iterator to compare */
+      VdbeSorterIter *pIter2;     /* Second iterator to compare */
+      u8 *pKey2;                  /* To pIter2->aKey, or 0 if record cached */
 
-    *pbEof = (pSorter->aIter[pSorter->aTree[1]].pFile==0);
+      /* Find the first two iterators to compare. The one that was just
+      ** advanced (iPrev) and the one next to it in the array.  */
+      pIter1 = &pSorter->aIter[(iPrev & 0xFFFE)];
+      pIter2 = &pSorter->aIter[(iPrev | 0x0001)];
+      pKey2 = pIter2->aKey;
+
+      for(i=(pSorter->nTree+iPrev)/2; i>0; i=i/2){
+        /* Compare pIter1 and pIter2. Store the result in variable iRes. */
+        int iRes;
+        if( pIter1->pFile==0 ){
+          iRes = +1;
+        }else if( pIter2->pFile==0 ){
+          iRes = -1;
+        }else{
+          vdbeSorterCompare(pCsr, 0, 
+              pIter1->aKey, pIter1->nKey, pKey2, pIter2->nKey, &iRes
+          );
+        }
+
+        /* If pIter1 contained the smaller value, set aTree[i] to its index.
+        ** Then set pIter2 to the next iterator to compare to pIter1. In this
+        ** case there is no cache of pIter2 in pSorter->pUnpacked, so set
+        ** pKey2 to point to the record belonging to pIter2.
+        **
+        ** Alternatively, if pIter2 contains the smaller of the two values,
+        ** set aTree[i] to its index and update pIter1. If vdbeSorterCompare()
+        ** was actually called above, then pSorter->pUnpacked now contains
+        ** a value equivalent to pIter2. So set pKey2 to NULL to prevent
+        ** vdbeSorterCompare() from decoding pIter2 again.  */
+        if( iRes<=0 ){
+          pSorter->aTree[i] = (int)(pIter1 - pSorter->aIter);
+          pIter2 = &pSorter->aIter[ pSorter->aTree[i ^ 0x0001] ];
+          pKey2 = pIter2->aKey;
+        }else{
+          if( pIter1->pFile ) pKey2 = 0;
+          pSorter->aTree[i] = (int)(pIter2 - pSorter->aIter);
+          pIter1 = &pSorter->aIter[ pSorter->aTree[i ^ 0x0001] ];
+        }
+
+      }
+      *pbEof = (pSorter->aIter[pSorter->aTree[1]].pFile==0);
+    }
   }else{
     SorterRecord *pFree = pSorter->pRecord;
     pSorter->pRecord = pFree->pNext;
@@ -72465,7 +76035,7 @@
 ** current key.
 */
 static void *vdbeSorterRowkey(
-  VdbeSorter *pSorter,            /* Sorter object */
+  const VdbeSorter *pSorter,      /* Sorter object */
   int *pnKey                      /* OUT: Size of current key in bytes */
 ){
   void *pKey;
@@ -72484,7 +76054,7 @@
 /*
 ** Copy the current sorter key into the memory cell pOut.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(VdbeCursor *pCsr, Mem *pOut){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(const VdbeCursor *pCsr, Mem *pOut){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
   void *pKey; int nKey;           /* Sorter key to copy into pOut */
 
@@ -72510,20 +76080,19 @@
 ** key.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(
-  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Sorter cursor */
+  const VdbeCursor *pCsr,         /* Sorter cursor */
   Mem *pVal,                      /* Value to compare to current sorter key */
+  int nKeyCol,                    /* Only compare this many fields */
   int *pRes                       /* OUT: Result of comparison */
 ){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
   void *pKey; int nKey;           /* Sorter key to compare pVal with */
 
   pKey = vdbeSorterRowkey(pSorter, &nKey);
-  vdbeSorterCompare(pCsr, 1, pVal->z, pVal->n, pKey, nKey, pRes);
+  vdbeSorterCompare(pCsr, nKeyCol, pVal->z, pVal->n, pKey, nKey, pRes);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
-#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT */
-
 /************** End of vdbesort.c ********************************************/
 /************** Begin file journal.c *****************************************/
 /*
@@ -72586,6 +76155,14 @@
         assert(p->iSize<=p->nBuf);
         rc = sqlite3OsWrite(p->pReal, p->zBuf, p->iSize, 0);
       }
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        /* If an error occurred while writing to the file, close it before
+        ** returning. This way, SQLite uses the in-memory journal data to 
+        ** roll back changes made to the internal page-cache before this
+        ** function was called.  */
+        sqlite3OsClose(pReal);
+        p->pReal = 0;
+      }
     }
   }
   return rc;
@@ -72755,6 +76332,16 @@
   return createFile((JournalFile *)p);
 }
 
+/*
+** The file-handle passed as the only argument is guaranteed to be an open
+** file. It may or may not be of class JournalFile. If the file is a
+** JournalFile, and the underlying file on disk has not yet been opened,
+** return 0. Otherwise, return 1.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3JournalExists(sqlite3_file *p){
+  return (p->pMethods!=&JournalFileMethods || ((JournalFile *)p)->pReal!=0);
+}
+
 /* 
 ** Return the number of bytes required to store a JournalFile that uses vfs
 ** pVfs to create the underlying on-disk files.
@@ -72798,12 +76385,6 @@
 */
 #define JOURNAL_CHUNKSIZE ((int)(1024-sizeof(FileChunk*)))
 
-/* Macro to find the minimum of two numeric values.
-*/
-#ifndef MIN
-# define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
-#endif
-
 /*
 ** The rollback journal is composed of a linked list of these structures.
 */
@@ -72997,7 +76578,9 @@
   0,                /* xShmMap */
   0,                /* xShmLock */
   0,                /* xShmBarrier */
-  0                 /* xShmUnlock */
+  0,                /* xShmUnmap */
+  0,                /* xFetch */
+  0                 /* xUnfetch */
 };
 
 /* 
@@ -73071,7 +76654,7 @@
   testcase( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Reduced) );
   rc = pWalker->xExprCallback(pWalker, pExpr);
   if( rc==WRC_Continue
-              && !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr,EP_TokenOnly) ){
+              && !ExprHasProperty(pExpr,EP_TokenOnly) ){
     if( sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, pExpr->pLeft) ) return WRC_Abort;
     if( sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, pExpr->pRight) ) return WRC_Abort;
     if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
@@ -73141,7 +76724,12 @@
 /*
 ** Call sqlite3WalkExpr() for every expression in Select statement p.
 ** Invoke sqlite3WalkSelect() for subqueries in the FROM clause and
-** on the compound select chain, p->pPrior.
+** on the compound select chain, p->pPrior. 
+**
+** If it is not NULL, the xSelectCallback() callback is invoked before
+** the walk of the expressions and FROM clause. The xSelectCallback2()
+** method, if it is not NULL, is invoked following the walk of the 
+** expressions and FROM clause.
 **
 ** Return WRC_Continue under normal conditions.  Return WRC_Abort if
 ** there is an abort request.
@@ -73151,15 +76739,28 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelect(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
   int rc;
-  if( p==0 || pWalker->xSelectCallback==0 ) return WRC_Continue;
+  if( p==0 || (pWalker->xSelectCallback==0 && pWalker->xSelectCallback2==0) ){
+    return WRC_Continue;
+  }
   rc = WRC_Continue;
-  while( p  ){
-    rc = pWalker->xSelectCallback(pWalker, p);
-    if( rc ) break;
-    if( sqlite3WalkSelectExpr(pWalker, p) ) return WRC_Abort;
-    if( sqlite3WalkSelectFrom(pWalker, p) ) return WRC_Abort;
+  pWalker->walkerDepth++;
+  while( p ){
+    if( pWalker->xSelectCallback ){
+       rc = pWalker->xSelectCallback(pWalker, p);
+       if( rc ) break;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3WalkSelectExpr(pWalker, p)
+     || sqlite3WalkSelectFrom(pWalker, p)
+    ){
+      pWalker->walkerDepth--;
+      return WRC_Abort;
+    }
+    if( pWalker->xSelectCallback2 ){
+      pWalker->xSelectCallback2(pWalker, p);
+    }
     p = p->pPrior;
   }
+  pWalker->walkerDepth--;
   return rc & WRC_Abort;
 }
 
@@ -73185,6 +76786,29 @@
 /* #include <string.h> */
 
 /*
+** Walk the expression tree pExpr and increase the aggregate function
+** depth (the Expr.op2 field) by N on every TK_AGG_FUNCTION node.
+** This needs to occur when copying a TK_AGG_FUNCTION node from an
+** outer query into an inner subquery.
+**
+** incrAggFunctionDepth(pExpr,n) is the main routine.  incrAggDepth(..)
+** is a helper function - a callback for the tree walker.
+*/
+static int incrAggDepth(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
+  if( pExpr->op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION ) pExpr->op2 += pWalker->u.i;
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+static void incrAggFunctionDepth(Expr *pExpr, int N){
+  if( N>0 ){
+    Walker w;
+    memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
+    w.xExprCallback = incrAggDepth;
+    w.u.i = N;
+    sqlite3WalkExpr(&w, pExpr);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** Turn the pExpr expression into an alias for the iCol-th column of the
 ** result set in pEList.
 **
@@ -73198,7 +76822,7 @@
 ** column reference is so that the column reference will be recognized as
 ** usable by indices within the WHERE clause processing logic. 
 **
-** Hack:  The TK_AS operator is inhibited if zType[0]=='G'.  This means
+** The TK_AS operator is inhibited if zType[0]=='G'.  This means
 ** that in a GROUP BY clause, the expression is evaluated twice.  Hence:
 **
 **     SELECT random()%5 AS x, count(*) FROM tab GROUP BY x
@@ -73208,15 +76832,32 @@
 **     SELECT random()%5 AS x, count(*) FROM tab GROUP BY random()%5
 **
 ** The result of random()%5 in the GROUP BY clause is probably different
-** from the result in the result-set.  We might fix this someday.  Or
-** then again, we might not...
+** from the result in the result-set.  On the other hand Standard SQL does
+** not allow the GROUP BY clause to contain references to result-set columns.
+** So this should never come up in well-formed queries.
+**
+** If the reference is followed by a COLLATE operator, then make sure
+** the COLLATE operator is preserved.  For example:
+**
+**     SELECT a+b, c+d FROM t1 ORDER BY 1 COLLATE nocase;
+**
+** Should be transformed into:
+**
+**     SELECT a+b, c+d FROM t1 ORDER BY (a+b) COLLATE nocase;
+**
+** The nSubquery parameter specifies how many levels of subquery the
+** alias is removed from the original expression.  The usually value is
+** zero but it might be more if the alias is contained within a subquery
+** of the original expression.  The Expr.op2 field of TK_AGG_FUNCTION
+** structures must be increased by the nSubquery amount.
 */
 static void resolveAlias(
   Parse *pParse,         /* Parsing context */
   ExprList *pEList,      /* A result set */
   int iCol,              /* A column in the result set.  0..pEList->nExpr-1 */
   Expr *pExpr,           /* Transform this into an alias to the result set */
-  const char *zType      /* "GROUP" or "ORDER" or "" */
+  const char *zType,     /* "GROUP" or "ORDER" or "" */
+  int nSubquery          /* Number of subqueries that the label is moving */
 ){
   Expr *pOrig;           /* The iCol-th column of the result set */
   Expr *pDup;            /* Copy of pOrig */
@@ -73227,40 +76868,37 @@
   assert( pOrig!=0 );
   assert( pOrig->flags & EP_Resolved );
   db = pParse->db;
+  pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrig, 0);
+  if( pDup==0 ) return;
   if( pOrig->op!=TK_COLUMN && zType[0]!='G' ){
-    pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrig, 0);
+    incrAggFunctionDepth(pDup, nSubquery);
     pDup = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_AS, pDup, 0, 0);
     if( pDup==0 ) return;
-    if( pEList->a[iCol].iAlias==0 ){
-      pEList->a[iCol].iAlias = (u16)(++pParse->nAlias);
+    ExprSetProperty(pDup, EP_Skip);
+    if( pEList->a[iCol].u.x.iAlias==0 ){
+      pEList->a[iCol].u.x.iAlias = (u16)(++pParse->nAlias);
     }
-    pDup->iTable = pEList->a[iCol].iAlias;
-  }else if( ExprHasProperty(pOrig, EP_IntValue) || pOrig->u.zToken==0 ){
-    pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrig, 0);
-    if( pDup==0 ) return;
-  }else{
-    char *zToken = pOrig->u.zToken;
-    assert( zToken!=0 );
-    pOrig->u.zToken = 0;
-    pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrig, 0);
-    pOrig->u.zToken = zToken;
-    if( pDup==0 ) return;
-    assert( (pDup->flags & (EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly))==0 );
-    pDup->flags2 |= EP2_MallocedToken;
-    pDup->u.zToken = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zToken);
+    pDup->iTable = pEList->a[iCol].u.x.iAlias;
   }
-  if( pExpr->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
-    pDup->pColl = pExpr->pColl;
-    pDup->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
+  if( pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE ){
+    pDup = sqlite3ExprAddCollateString(pParse, pDup, pExpr->u.zToken);
   }
 
   /* Before calling sqlite3ExprDelete(), set the EP_Static flag. This 
   ** prevents ExprDelete() from deleting the Expr structure itself,
   ** allowing it to be repopulated by the memcpy() on the following line.
+  ** The pExpr->u.zToken might point into memory that will be freed by the
+  ** sqlite3DbFree(db, pDup) on the last line of this block, so be sure to
+  ** make a copy of the token before doing the sqlite3DbFree().
   */
   ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Static);
   sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr);
   memcpy(pExpr, pDup, sizeof(*pExpr));
+  if( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) && pExpr->u.zToken!=0 ){
+    assert( (pExpr->flags & (EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly))==0 );
+    pExpr->u.zToken = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pExpr->u.zToken);
+    pExpr->flags |= EP_MemToken;
+  }
   sqlite3DbFree(db, pDup);
 }
 
@@ -73281,6 +76919,35 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
+/*
+** Subqueries stores the original database, table and column names for their
+** result sets in ExprList.a[].zSpan, in the form "DATABASE.TABLE.COLUMN".
+** Check to see if the zSpan given to this routine matches the zDb, zTab,
+** and zCol.  If any of zDb, zTab, and zCol are NULL then those fields will
+** match anything.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MatchSpanName(
+  const char *zSpan,
+  const char *zCol,
+  const char *zTab,
+  const char *zDb
+){
+  int n;
+  for(n=0; ALWAYS(zSpan[n]) && zSpan[n]!='.'; n++){}
+  if( zDb && (sqlite3StrNICmp(zSpan, zDb, n)!=0 || zDb[n]!=0) ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  zSpan += n+1;
+  for(n=0; ALWAYS(zSpan[n]) && zSpan[n]!='.'; n++){}
+  if( zTab && (sqlite3StrNICmp(zSpan, zTab, n)!=0 || zTab[n]!=0) ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  zSpan += n+1;
+  if( zCol && sqlite3StrICmp(zSpan, zCol)!=0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Given the name of a column of the form X.Y.Z or Y.Z or just Z, look up
@@ -73317,24 +76984,50 @@
   NameContext *pNC,    /* The name context used to resolve the name */
   Expr *pExpr          /* Make this EXPR node point to the selected column */
 ){
-  int i, j;            /* Loop counters */
+  int i, j;                         /* Loop counters */
   int cnt = 0;                      /* Number of matching column names */
   int cntTab = 0;                   /* Number of matching table names */
+  int nSubquery = 0;                /* How many levels of subquery */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;         /* The database connection */
   struct SrcList_item *pItem;       /* Use for looping over pSrcList items */
   struct SrcList_item *pMatch = 0;  /* The matching pSrcList item */
   NameContext *pTopNC = pNC;        /* First namecontext in the list */
   Schema *pSchema = 0;              /* Schema of the expression */
-  int isTrigger = 0;
+  int isTrigger = 0;                /* True if resolved to a trigger column */
+  Table *pTab = 0;                  /* Table hold the row */
+  Column *pCol;                     /* A column of pTab */
 
   assert( pNC );     /* the name context cannot be NULL. */
   assert( zCol );    /* The Z in X.Y.Z cannot be NULL */
-  assert( ~ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
 
   /* Initialize the node to no-match */
   pExpr->iTable = -1;
   pExpr->pTab = 0;
-  ExprSetIrreducible(pExpr);
+  ExprSetVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_NoReduce);
+
+  /* Translate the schema name in zDb into a pointer to the corresponding
+  ** schema.  If not found, pSchema will remain NULL and nothing will match
+  ** resulting in an appropriate error message toward the end of this routine
+  */
+  if( zDb ){
+    testcase( pNC->ncFlags & NC_PartIdx );
+    testcase( pNC->ncFlags & NC_IsCheck );
+    if( (pNC->ncFlags & (NC_PartIdx|NC_IsCheck))!=0 ){
+      /* Silently ignore database qualifiers inside CHECK constraints and partial
+      ** indices.  Do not raise errors because that might break legacy and
+      ** because it does not hurt anything to just ignore the database name. */
+      zDb = 0;
+    }else{
+      for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+        assert( db->aDb[i].zName );
+        if( sqlite3StrICmp(db->aDb[i].zName,zDb)==0 ){
+          pSchema = db->aDb[i].pSchema;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
 
   /* Start at the inner-most context and move outward until a match is found */
   while( pNC && cnt==0 ){
@@ -73343,32 +77036,34 @@
 
     if( pSrcList ){
       for(i=0, pItem=pSrcList->a; i<pSrcList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
-        Table *pTab;
-        int iDb;
-        Column *pCol;
-  
         pTab = pItem->pTab;
         assert( pTab!=0 && pTab->zName!=0 );
-        iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
         assert( pTab->nCol>0 );
+        if( pItem->pSelect && (pItem->pSelect->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)!=0 ){
+          int hit = 0;
+          pEList = pItem->pSelect->pEList;
+          for(j=0; j<pEList->nExpr; j++){
+            if( sqlite3MatchSpanName(pEList->a[j].zSpan, zCol, zTab, zDb) ){
+              cnt++;
+              cntTab = 2;
+              pMatch = pItem;
+              pExpr->iColumn = j;
+              hit = 1;
+            }
+          }
+          if( hit || zTab==0 ) continue;
+        }
+        if( zDb && pTab->pSchema!=pSchema ){
+          continue;
+        }
         if( zTab ){
-          if( pItem->zAlias ){
-            char *zTabName = pItem->zAlias;
-            if( sqlite3StrICmp(zTabName, zTab)!=0 ) continue;
-          }else{
-            char *zTabName = pTab->zName;
-            if( NEVER(zTabName==0) || sqlite3StrICmp(zTabName, zTab)!=0 ){
-              continue;
-            }
-            if( zDb!=0 && sqlite3StrICmp(db->aDb[iDb].zName, zDb)!=0 ){
-              continue;
-            }
+          const char *zTabName = pItem->zAlias ? pItem->zAlias : pTab->zName;
+          assert( zTabName!=0 );
+          if( sqlite3StrICmp(zTabName, zTab)!=0 ){
+            continue;
           }
         }
         if( 0==(cntTab++) ){
-          pExpr->iTable = pItem->iCursor;
-          pExpr->pTab = pTab;
-          pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
           pMatch = pItem;
         }
         for(j=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; j<pTab->nCol; j++, pCol++){
@@ -73382,25 +77077,26 @@
               if( nameInUsingClause(pItem->pUsing, zCol) ) continue;
             }
             cnt++;
-            pExpr->iTable = pItem->iCursor;
-            pExpr->pTab = pTab;
             pMatch = pItem;
-            pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
             /* Substitute the rowid (column -1) for the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
             pExpr->iColumn = j==pTab->iPKey ? -1 : (i16)j;
             break;
           }
         }
       }
-    }
+      if( pMatch ){
+        pExpr->iTable = pMatch->iCursor;
+        pExpr->pTab = pMatch->pTab;
+        pSchema = pExpr->pTab->pSchema;
+      }
+    } /* if( pSrcList ) */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
     /* If we have not already resolved the name, then maybe 
     ** it is a new.* or old.* trigger argument reference
     */
-    if( zDb==0 && zTab!=0 && cnt==0 && pParse->pTriggerTab!=0 ){
+    if( zDb==0 && zTab!=0 && cntTab==0 && pParse->pTriggerTab!=0 ){
       int op = pParse->eTriggerOp;
-      Table *pTab = 0;
       assert( op==TK_DELETE || op==TK_UPDATE || op==TK_INSERT );
       if( op!=TK_DELETE && sqlite3StrICmp("new",zTab) == 0 ){
         pExpr->iTable = 1;
@@ -73408,14 +77104,15 @@
       }else if( op!=TK_INSERT && sqlite3StrICmp("old",zTab)==0 ){
         pExpr->iTable = 0;
         pTab = pParse->pTriggerTab;
+      }else{
+        pTab = 0;
       }
 
       if( pTab ){ 
         int iCol;
         pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
         cntTab++;
-        for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++){
-          Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[iCol];
+        for(iCol=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++, pCol++){
           if( sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zCol)==0 ){
             if( iCol==pTab->iPKey ){
               iCol = -1;
@@ -73423,8 +77120,10 @@
             break;
           }
         }
-        if( iCol>=pTab->nCol && sqlite3IsRowid(zCol) ){
-          iCol = -1;        /* IMP: R-44911-55124 */
+        if( iCol>=pTab->nCol && sqlite3IsRowid(zCol) && HasRowid(pTab) ){
+          /* IMP: R-51414-32910 */
+          /* IMP: R-44911-55124 */
+          iCol = -1;
         }
         if( iCol<pTab->nCol ){
           cnt++;
@@ -73450,7 +77149,8 @@
     /*
     ** Perhaps the name is a reference to the ROWID
     */
-    if( cnt==0 && cntTab==1 && sqlite3IsRowid(zCol) ){
+    if( cnt==0 && cntTab==1 && pMatch && sqlite3IsRowid(zCol)
+     && HasRowid(pMatch->pTab) ){
       cnt = 1;
       pExpr->iColumn = -1;     /* IMP: R-44911-55124 */
       pExpr->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
@@ -73467,8 +77167,17 @@
     ** forms the result set entry ("a+b" in the example) and return immediately.
     ** Note that the expression in the result set should have already been
     ** resolved by the time the WHERE clause is resolved.
+    **
+    ** The ability to use an output result-set column in the WHERE, GROUP BY,
+    ** or HAVING clauses, or as part of a larger expression in the ORDRE BY
+    ** clause is not standard SQL.  This is a (goofy) SQLite extension, that
+    ** is supported for backwards compatibility only.  TO DO: Issue a warning
+    ** on sqlite3_log() whenever the capability is used.
     */
-    if( cnt==0 && (pEList = pNC->pEList)!=0 && zTab==0 ){
+    if( (pEList = pNC->pEList)!=0
+     && zTab==0
+     && cnt==0
+    ){
       for(j=0; j<pEList->nExpr; j++){
         char *zAs = pEList->a[j].zName;
         if( zAs!=0 && sqlite3StrICmp(zAs, zCol)==0 ){
@@ -73477,11 +77186,11 @@
           assert( pExpr->x.pList==0 );
           assert( pExpr->x.pSelect==0 );
           pOrig = pEList->a[j].pExpr;
-          if( !pNC->allowAgg && ExprHasProperty(pOrig, EP_Agg) ){
+          if( (pNC->ncFlags&NC_AllowAgg)==0 && ExprHasProperty(pOrig, EP_Agg) ){
             sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "misuse of aliased aggregate %s", zAs);
             return WRC_Abort;
           }
-          resolveAlias(pParse, pEList, j, pExpr, "");
+          resolveAlias(pParse, pEList, j, pExpr, "", nSubquery);
           cnt = 1;
           pMatch = 0;
           assert( zTab==0 && zDb==0 );
@@ -73495,6 +77204,7 @@
     */
     if( cnt==0 ){
       pNC = pNC->pNext;
+      nSubquery++;
     }
   }
 
@@ -73558,7 +77268,9 @@
 lookupname_end:
   if( cnt==1 ){
     assert( pNC!=0 );
-    sqlite3AuthRead(pParse, pExpr, pSchema, pNC->pSrcList);
+    if( pExpr->op!=TK_AS ){
+      sqlite3AuthRead(pParse, pExpr, pSchema, pNC->pSrcList);
+    }
     /* Increment the nRef value on all name contexts from TopNC up to
     ** the point where the name matched. */
     for(;;){
@@ -73597,6 +77309,52 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Report an error that an expression is not valid for a partial index WHERE
+** clause.
+*/
+static void notValidPartIdxWhere(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Leave error message here */
+  NameContext *pNC,    /* The name context */
+  const char *zMsg     /* Type of error */
+){
+  if( (pNC->ncFlags & NC_PartIdx)!=0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s prohibited in partial index WHERE clauses",
+                    zMsg);
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+/*
+** Report an error that an expression is not valid for a CHECK constraint.
+*/
+static void notValidCheckConstraint(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Leave error message here */
+  NameContext *pNC,    /* The name context */
+  const char *zMsg     /* Type of error */
+){
+  if( (pNC->ncFlags & NC_IsCheck)!=0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"%s prohibited in CHECK constraints", zMsg);
+  }
+}
+#else
+# define notValidCheckConstraint(P,N,M)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Expression p should encode a floating point value between 1.0 and 0.0.
+** Return 1024 times this value.  Or return -1 if p is not a floating point
+** value between 1.0 and 0.0.
+*/
+static int exprProbability(Expr *p){
+  double r = -1.0;
+  if( p->op!=TK_FLOAT ) return -1;
+  sqlite3AtoF(p->u.zToken, &r, sqlite3Strlen30(p->u.zToken), SQLITE_UTF8);
+  assert( r>=0.0 );
+  if( r>1.0 ) return -1;
+  return (int)(r*1000.0);
+}
+
+/*
 ** This routine is callback for sqlite3WalkExpr().
 **
 ** Resolve symbolic names into TK_COLUMN operators for the current
@@ -73616,7 +77374,7 @@
   pParse = pNC->pParse;
   assert( pParse==pWalker->pParse );
 
-  if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_Resolved) ) return WRC_Prune;
+  if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Resolved) ) return WRC_Prune;
   ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Resolved);
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   if( pNC->pSrcList && pNC->pSrcList->nAlloc>0 ){
@@ -73680,7 +77438,6 @@
 
     /* Resolve function names
     */
-    case TK_CONST_FUNC:
     case TK_FUNCTION: {
       ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;    /* The argument list */
       int n = pList ? pList->nExpr : 0;    /* Number of arguments */
@@ -73693,13 +77450,13 @@
       FuncDef *pDef;              /* Information about the function */
       u8 enc = ENC(pParse->db);   /* The database encoding */
 
-      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_CONST_FUNC );
       assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      notValidPartIdxWhere(pParse, pNC, "functions");
       zId = pExpr->u.zToken;
       nId = sqlite3Strlen30(zId);
       pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(pParse->db, zId, nId, n, enc, 0);
       if( pDef==0 ){
-        pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(pParse->db, zId, nId, -1, enc, 0);
+        pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(pParse->db, zId, nId, -2, enc, 0);
         if( pDef==0 ){
           no_such_func = 1;
         }else{
@@ -73707,6 +77464,28 @@
         }
       }else{
         is_agg = pDef->xFunc==0;
+        if( pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY ){
+          ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Unlikely|EP_Skip);
+          if( n==2 ){
+            pExpr->iTable = exprProbability(pList->a[1].pExpr);
+            if( pExpr->iTable<0 ){
+              sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "second argument to likelihood() must be a "
+                                      "constant between 0.0 and 1.0");
+              pNC->nErr++;
+            }
+          }else{
+            /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-61304-29449 The unlikely(X) function is equivalent to
+            ** likelihood(X, 0.0625).
+            ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-01283-11636 The unlikely(X) function is short-hand for
+            ** likelihood(X,0.0625).
+            ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-36850-34127 The likely(X) function is short-hand for
+            ** likelihood(X,0.9375).
+            ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-53436-40973 The likely(X) function is equivalent to
+            ** likelihood(X,0.9375). */
+            /* TUNING: unlikely() probability is 0.0625.  likely() is 0.9375 */
+            pExpr->iTable = pDef->zName[0]=='u' ? 62 : 938;
+          }             
+        }
       }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
       if( pDef ){
@@ -73720,13 +77499,14 @@
           pExpr->op = TK_NULL;
           return WRC_Prune;
         }
+        if( pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT ) ExprSetProperty(pExpr,EP_Constant);
       }
 #endif
-      if( is_agg && !pNC->allowAgg ){
+      if( is_agg && (pNC->ncFlags & NC_AllowAgg)==0 ){
         sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "misuse of aggregate function %.*s()", nId,zId);
         pNC->nErr++;
         is_agg = 0;
-      }else if( no_such_func ){
+      }else if( no_such_func && pParse->db->init.busy==0 ){
         sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such function: %.*s", nId, zId);
         pNC->nErr++;
       }else if( wrong_num_args ){
@@ -73734,13 +77514,19 @@
              nId, zId);
         pNC->nErr++;
       }
-      if( is_agg ){
-        pExpr->op = TK_AGG_FUNCTION;
-        pNC->hasAgg = 1;
-      }
-      if( is_agg ) pNC->allowAgg = 0;
+      if( is_agg ) pNC->ncFlags &= ~NC_AllowAgg;
       sqlite3WalkExprList(pWalker, pList);
-      if( is_agg ) pNC->allowAgg = 1;
+      if( is_agg ){
+        NameContext *pNC2 = pNC;
+        pExpr->op = TK_AGG_FUNCTION;
+        pExpr->op2 = 0;
+        while( pNC2 && !sqlite3FunctionUsesThisSrc(pExpr, pNC2->pSrcList) ){
+          pExpr->op2++;
+          pNC2 = pNC2->pNext;
+        }
+        if( pNC2 ) pNC2->ncFlags |= NC_HasAgg;
+        pNC->ncFlags |= NC_AllowAgg;
+      }
       /* FIX ME:  Compute pExpr->affinity based on the expected return
       ** type of the function 
       */
@@ -73754,11 +77540,8 @@
       testcase( pExpr->op==TK_IN );
       if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
         int nRef = pNC->nRef;
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-        if( pNC->isCheck ){
-          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"subqueries prohibited in CHECK constraints");
-        }
-#endif
+        notValidCheckConstraint(pParse, pNC, "subqueries");
+        notValidPartIdxWhere(pParse, pNC, "subqueries");
         sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pExpr->x.pSelect);
         assert( pNC->nRef>=nRef );
         if( nRef!=pNC->nRef ){
@@ -73767,14 +77550,11 @@
       }
       break;
     }
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
     case TK_VARIABLE: {
-      if( pNC->isCheck ){
-        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"parameters prohibited in CHECK constraints");
-      }
+      notValidCheckConstraint(pParse, pNC, "parameters");
+      notValidPartIdxWhere(pParse, pNC, "parameters");
       break;
     }
-#endif
   }
   return (pParse->nErr || pParse->db->mallocFailed) ? WRC_Abort : WRC_Continue;
 }
@@ -73851,7 +77631,7 @@
   nc.pParse = pParse;
   nc.pSrcList = pSelect->pSrc;
   nc.pEList = pEList;
-  nc.allowAgg = 1;
+  nc.ncFlags = NC_AllowAgg;
   nc.nErr = 0;
   db = pParse->db;
   savedSuppErr = db->suppressErr;
@@ -73865,7 +77645,7 @@
   ** result-set entry.
   */
   for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
-    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pEList->a[i].pExpr, pE)<2 ){
+    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pEList->a[i].pExpr, pE, -1)<2 ){
       return i+1;
     }
   }
@@ -73939,7 +77719,7 @@
       int iCol = -1;
       Expr *pE, *pDup;
       if( pItem->done ) continue;
-      pE = pItem->pExpr;
+      pE = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pItem->pExpr);
       if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE, &iCol) ){
         if( iCol<=0 || iCol>pEList->nExpr ){
           resolveOutOfRangeError(pParse, "ORDER", i+1, pEList->nExpr);
@@ -73957,15 +77737,21 @@
         }
       }
       if( iCol>0 ){
-        CollSeq *pColl = pE->pColl;
-        int flags = pE->flags & EP_ExpCollate;
+        /* Convert the ORDER BY term into an integer column number iCol,
+        ** taking care to preserve the COLLATE clause if it exists */
+        Expr *pNew = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_INTEGER, 0);
+        if( pNew==0 ) return 1;
+        pNew->flags |= EP_IntValue;
+        pNew->u.iValue = iCol;
+        if( pItem->pExpr==pE ){
+          pItem->pExpr = pNew;
+        }else{
+          assert( pItem->pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE );
+          assert( pItem->pExpr->pLeft==pE );
+          pItem->pExpr->pLeft = pNew;
+        }
         sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pE);
-        pItem->pExpr = pE = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_INTEGER, 0);
-        if( pE==0 ) return 1;
-        pE->pColl = pColl;
-        pE->flags |= EP_IntValue | flags;
-        pE->u.iValue = iCol;
-        pItem->iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
+        pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
         pItem->done = 1;
       }else{
         moreToDo = 1;
@@ -73986,8 +77772,8 @@
 /*
 ** Check every term in the ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause pOrderBy of
 ** the SELECT statement pSelect.  If any term is reference to a
-** result set expression (as determined by the ExprList.a.iCol field)
-** then convert that term into a copy of the corresponding result set
+** result set expression (as determined by the ExprList.a.u.x.iOrderByCol
+** field) then convert that term into a copy of the corresponding result set
 ** column.
 **
 ** If any errors are detected, add an error message to pParse and
@@ -74014,12 +77800,12 @@
   pEList = pSelect->pEList;
   assert( pEList!=0 );  /* sqlite3SelectNew() guarantees this */
   for(i=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
-    if( pItem->iOrderByCol ){
-      if( pItem->iOrderByCol>pEList->nExpr ){
+    if( pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol ){
+      if( pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol>pEList->nExpr ){
         resolveOutOfRangeError(pParse, zType, i+1, pEList->nExpr);
         return 1;
       }
-      resolveAlias(pParse, pEList, pItem->iOrderByCol-1, pItem->pExpr, zType);
+      resolveAlias(pParse, pEList, pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol-1, pItem->pExpr, zType,0);
     }
   }
   return 0;
@@ -74034,7 +77820,7 @@
 ** If the order-by term is an integer I between 1 and N (where N is the
 ** number of columns in the result set of the SELECT) then the expression
 ** in the resolution is a copy of the I-th result-set expression.  If
-** the order-by term is an identify that corresponds to the AS-name of
+** the order-by term is an identifier that corresponds to the AS-name of
 ** a result-set expression, then the term resolves to a copy of the
 ** result-set expression.  Otherwise, the expression is resolved in
 ** the usual way - using sqlite3ResolveExprNames().
@@ -74049,7 +77835,7 @@
   ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* An ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause to resolve */
   const char *zType     /* Either "ORDER" or "GROUP", as appropriate */
 ){
-  int i;                         /* Loop counter */
+  int i, j;                      /* Loop counters */
   int iCol;                      /* Column number */
   struct ExprList_item *pItem;   /* A term of the ORDER BY clause */
   Parse *pParse;                 /* Parsing context */
@@ -74060,32 +77846,40 @@
   pParse = pNC->pParse;
   for(i=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
     Expr *pE = pItem->pExpr;
-    iCol = resolveAsName(pParse, pSelect->pEList, pE);
-    if( iCol>0 ){
-      /* If an AS-name match is found, mark this ORDER BY column as being
-      ** a copy of the iCol-th result-set column.  The subsequent call to
-      ** sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy() will convert the expression to a
-      ** copy of the iCol-th result-set expression. */
-      pItem->iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
-      continue;
+    Expr *pE2 = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pE);
+    if( zType[0]!='G' ){
+      iCol = resolveAsName(pParse, pSelect->pEList, pE2);
+      if( iCol>0 ){
+        /* If an AS-name match is found, mark this ORDER BY column as being
+        ** a copy of the iCol-th result-set column.  The subsequent call to
+        ** sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy() will convert the expression to a
+        ** copy of the iCol-th result-set expression. */
+        pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
+        continue;
+      }
     }
-    if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE, &iCol) ){
+    if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE2, &iCol) ){
       /* The ORDER BY term is an integer constant.  Again, set the column
       ** number so that sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy() will convert the
       ** order-by term to a copy of the result-set expression */
-      if( iCol<1 ){
+      if( iCol<1 || iCol>0xffff ){
         resolveOutOfRangeError(pParse, zType, i+1, nResult);
         return 1;
       }
-      pItem->iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
+      pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
       continue;
     }
 
     /* Otherwise, treat the ORDER BY term as an ordinary expression */
-    pItem->iOrderByCol = 0;
+    pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol = 0;
     if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(pNC, pE) ){
       return 1;
     }
+    for(j=0; j<pSelect->pEList->nExpr; j++){
+      if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pE, pSelect->pEList->a[j].pExpr, -1)==0 ){
+        pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol = j+1;
+      }
+    }
   }
   return sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(pParse, pSelect, pOrderBy, zType);
 }
@@ -74145,23 +77939,6 @@
       return WRC_Abort;
     }
   
-    /* Set up the local name-context to pass to sqlite3ResolveExprNames() to
-    ** resolve the result-set expression list.
-    */
-    sNC.allowAgg = 1;
-    sNC.pSrcList = p->pSrc;
-    sNC.pNext = pOuterNC;
-  
-    /* Resolve names in the result set. */
-    pEList = p->pEList;
-    assert( pEList!=0 );
-    for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
-      Expr *pX = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
-      if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pX) ){
-        return WRC_Abort;
-      }
-    }
-  
     /* Recursively resolve names in all subqueries
     */
     for(i=0; i<p->pSrc->nSrc; i++){
@@ -74189,15 +77966,32 @@
       }
     }
   
+    /* Set up the local name-context to pass to sqlite3ResolveExprNames() to
+    ** resolve the result-set expression list.
+    */
+    sNC.ncFlags = NC_AllowAgg;
+    sNC.pSrcList = p->pSrc;
+    sNC.pNext = pOuterNC;
+  
+    /* Resolve names in the result set. */
+    pEList = p->pEList;
+    assert( pEList!=0 );
+    for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
+      Expr *pX = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
+      if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pX) ){
+        return WRC_Abort;
+      }
+    }
+  
     /* If there are no aggregate functions in the result-set, and no GROUP BY 
     ** expression, do not allow aggregates in any of the other expressions.
     */
     assert( (p->selFlags & SF_Aggregate)==0 );
     pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
-    if( pGroupBy || sNC.hasAgg ){
+    if( pGroupBy || (sNC.ncFlags & NC_HasAgg)!=0 ){
       p->selFlags |= SF_Aggregate;
     }else{
-      sNC.allowAgg = 0;
+      sNC.ncFlags &= ~NC_AllowAgg;
     }
   
     /* If a HAVING clause is present, then there must be a GROUP BY clause.
@@ -74207,7 +78001,7 @@
       return WRC_Abort;
     }
   
-    /* Add the expression list to the name-context before parsing the
+    /* Add the output column list to the name-context before parsing the
     ** other expressions in the SELECT statement. This is so that
     ** expressions in the WHERE clause (etc.) can refer to expressions by
     ** aliases in the result set.
@@ -74216,17 +78010,14 @@
     ** re-evaluated for each reference to it.
     */
     sNC.pEList = p->pEList;
-    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pWhere) ||
-       sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pHaving)
-    ){
-      return WRC_Abort;
-    }
+    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pHaving) ) return WRC_Abort;
+    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pWhere) ) return WRC_Abort;
 
     /* The ORDER BY and GROUP BY clauses may not refer to terms in
     ** outer queries 
     */
     sNC.pNext = 0;
-    sNC.allowAgg = 1;
+    sNC.ncFlags |= NC_AllowAgg;
 
     /* Process the ORDER BY clause for singleton SELECT statements.
     ** The ORDER BY clause for compounds SELECT statements is handled
@@ -74314,7 +78105,7 @@
 **
 ** Function calls are checked to make sure that the function is 
 ** defined and that the correct number of arguments are specified.
-** If the function is an aggregate function, then the pNC->hasAgg is
+** If the function is an aggregate function, then the NC_HasAgg flag is
 ** set and the opcode is changed from TK_FUNCTION to TK_AGG_FUNCTION.
 ** If an expression contains aggregate functions then the EP_Agg
 ** property on the expression is set.
@@ -74326,7 +78117,7 @@
   NameContext *pNC,       /* Namespace to resolve expressions in. */
   Expr *pExpr             /* The expression to be analyzed. */
 ){
-  int savedHasAgg;
+  u8 savedHasAgg;
   Walker w;
 
   if( pExpr==0 ) return 0;
@@ -74339,8 +78130,9 @@
     pParse->nHeight += pExpr->nHeight;
   }
 #endif
-  savedHasAgg = pNC->hasAgg;
-  pNC->hasAgg = 0;
+  savedHasAgg = pNC->ncFlags & NC_HasAgg;
+  pNC->ncFlags &= ~NC_HasAgg;
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
   w.xExprCallback = resolveExprStep;
   w.xSelectCallback = resolveSelectStep;
   w.pParse = pNC->pParse;
@@ -74352,10 +78144,10 @@
   if( pNC->nErr>0 || w.pParse->nErr>0 ){
     ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Error);
   }
-  if( pNC->hasAgg ){
+  if( pNC->ncFlags & NC_HasAgg ){
     ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Agg);
   }else if( savedHasAgg ){
-    pNC->hasAgg = 1;
+    pNC->ncFlags |= NC_HasAgg;
   }
   return ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Error);
 }
@@ -74381,6 +78173,7 @@
   Walker w;
 
   assert( p!=0 );
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
   w.xExprCallback = resolveExprStep;
   w.xSelectCallback = resolveSelectStep;
   w.pParse = pParse;
@@ -74388,6 +78181,48 @@
   sqlite3WalkSelect(&w, p);
 }
 
+/*
+** Resolve names in expressions that can only reference a single table:
+**
+**    *   CHECK constraints
+**    *   WHERE clauses on partial indices
+**
+** The Expr.iTable value for Expr.op==TK_COLUMN nodes of the expression
+** is set to -1 and the Expr.iColumn value is set to the column number.
+**
+** Any errors cause an error message to be set in pParse.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolveSelfReference(
+  Parse *pParse,      /* Parsing context */
+  Table *pTab,        /* The table being referenced */
+  int type,           /* NC_IsCheck or NC_PartIdx */
+  Expr *pExpr,        /* Expression to resolve.  May be NULL. */
+  ExprList *pList     /* Expression list to resolve.  May be NUL. */
+){
+  SrcList sSrc;                   /* Fake SrcList for pParse->pNewTable */
+  NameContext sNC;                /* Name context for pParse->pNewTable */
+  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+
+  assert( type==NC_IsCheck || type==NC_PartIdx );
+  memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
+  memset(&sSrc, 0, sizeof(sSrc));
+  sSrc.nSrc = 1;
+  sSrc.a[0].zName = pTab->zName;
+  sSrc.a[0].pTab = pTab;
+  sSrc.a[0].iCursor = -1;
+  sNC.pParse = pParse;
+  sNC.pSrcList = &sSrc;
+  sNC.ncFlags = type;
+  if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pExpr) ) return;
+  if( pList ){
+    for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+      if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pList->a[i].pExpr) ){
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 /************** End of resolve.c *********************************************/
 /************** Begin file expr.c ********************************************/
 /*
@@ -74422,7 +78257,10 @@
 ** SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE (select a from t1);
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3ExprAffinity(Expr *pExpr){
-  int op = pExpr->op;
+  int op;
+  pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pExpr);
+  if( pExpr->flags & EP_Generic ) return 0;
+  op = pExpr->op;
   if( op==TK_SELECT ){
     assert( pExpr->flags&EP_xIsSelect );
     return sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr->x.pSelect->pEList->a[0].pExpr);
@@ -74430,7 +78268,7 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CAST
   if( op==TK_CAST ){
     assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
-    return sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken);
+    return sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken, 0);
   }
 #endif
   if( (op==TK_AGG_COLUMN || op==TK_COLUMN || op==TK_REGISTER) 
@@ -74447,66 +78285,101 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Set the explicit collating sequence for an expression to the
-** collating sequence supplied in the second argument.
+** Set the collating sequence for expression pExpr to be the collating
+** sequence named by pToken.   Return a pointer to a new Expr node that
+** implements the COLLATE operator.
+**
+** If a memory allocation error occurs, that fact is recorded in pParse->db
+** and the pExpr parameter is returned unchanged.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetColl(Expr *pExpr, CollSeq *pColl){
-  if( pExpr && pColl ){
-    pExpr->pColl = pColl;
-    pExpr->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(
+  Parse *pParse,           /* Parsing context */
+  Expr *pExpr,             /* Add the "COLLATE" clause to this expression */
+  const Token *pCollName   /* Name of collating sequence */
+){
+  if( pCollName->n>0 ){
+    Expr *pNew = sqlite3ExprAlloc(pParse->db, TK_COLLATE, pCollName, 1);
+    if( pNew ){
+      pNew->pLeft = pExpr;
+      pNew->flags |= EP_Collate|EP_Skip;
+      pExpr = pNew;
+    }
   }
   return pExpr;
 }
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAddCollateString(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, const char *zC){
+  Token s;
+  assert( zC!=0 );
+  s.z = zC;
+  s.n = sqlite3Strlen30(s.z);
+  return sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, pExpr, &s);
+}
 
 /*
-** Set the collating sequence for expression pExpr to be the collating
-** sequence named by pToken.   Return a pointer to the revised expression.
-** The collating sequence is marked as "explicit" using the EP_ExpCollate
-** flag.  An explicit collating sequence will override implicit
-** collating sequences.
+** Skip over any TK_COLLATE or TK_AS operators and any unlikely()
+** or likelihood() function at the root of an expression.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, Token *pCollName){
-  char *zColl = 0;            /* Dequoted name of collation sequence */
-  CollSeq *pColl;
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-  zColl = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pCollName);
-  pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl);
-  sqlite3ExprSetColl(pExpr, pColl);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, zColl);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(Expr *pExpr){
+  while( pExpr && ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Skip) ){
+    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Unlikely) ){
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      assert( pExpr->x.pList->nExpr>0 );
+      assert( pExpr->op==TK_FUNCTION );
+      pExpr = pExpr->x.pList->a[0].pExpr;
+    }else{
+      assert( pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE || pExpr->op==TK_AS );
+      pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
+    }
+  }   
   return pExpr;
 }
 
 /*
-** Return the default collation sequence for the expression pExpr. If
-** there is no default collation type, return 0.
+** Return the collation sequence for the expression pExpr. If
+** there is no defined collating sequence, return NULL.
+**
+** The collating sequence might be determined by a COLLATE operator
+** or by the presence of a column with a defined collating sequence.
+** COLLATE operators take first precedence.  Left operands take
+** precedence over right operands.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
   CollSeq *pColl = 0;
   Expr *p = pExpr;
   while( p ){
-    int op;
-    pColl = p->pColl;
-    if( pColl ) break;
-    op = p->op;
-    if( p->pTab!=0 && (
-        op==TK_AGG_COLUMN || op==TK_COLUMN || op==TK_REGISTER || op==TK_TRIGGER
-    )){
+    int op = p->op;
+    if( p->flags & EP_Generic ) break;
+    if( op==TK_CAST || op==TK_UPLUS ){
+      p = p->pLeft;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if( op==TK_COLLATE || (op==TK_REGISTER && p->op2==TK_COLLATE) ){
+      pColl = sqlite3GetCollSeq(pParse, ENC(db), 0, p->u.zToken);
+      break;
+    }
+    if( p->pTab!=0
+     && (op==TK_AGG_COLUMN || op==TK_COLUMN
+          || op==TK_REGISTER || op==TK_TRIGGER)
+    ){
       /* op==TK_REGISTER && p->pTab!=0 happens when pExpr was originally
       ** a TK_COLUMN but was previously evaluated and cached in a register */
-      const char *zColl;
       int j = p->iColumn;
       if( j>=0 ){
-        sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-        zColl = p->pTab->aCol[j].zColl;
+        const char *zColl = p->pTab->aCol[j].zColl;
         pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, ENC(db), zColl, 0);
-        pExpr->pColl = pColl;
       }
       break;
     }
-    if( op!=TK_CAST && op!=TK_UPLUS ){
+    if( p->flags & EP_Collate ){
+      if( ALWAYS(p->pLeft) && (p->pLeft->flags & EP_Collate)!=0 ){
+        p = p->pLeft;
+      }else{
+        p = p->pRight;
+      }
+    }else{
       break;
     }
-    p = p->pLeft;
   }
   if( sqlite3CheckCollSeq(pParse, pColl) ){ 
     pColl = 0;
@@ -74610,12 +78483,10 @@
 ){
   CollSeq *pColl;
   assert( pLeft );
-  if( pLeft->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
-    assert( pLeft->pColl );
-    pColl = pLeft->pColl;
-  }else if( pRight && pRight->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
-    assert( pRight->pColl );
-    pColl = pRight->pColl;
+  if( pLeft->flags & EP_Collate ){
+    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pLeft);
+  }else if( pRight && (pRight->flags & EP_Collate)!=0 ){
+    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pRight);
   }else{
     pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pLeft);
     if( !pColl ){
@@ -74845,17 +78716,11 @@
   }else{
     if( pRight ){
       pRoot->pRight = pRight;
-      if( pRight->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
-        pRoot->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
-        pRoot->pColl = pRight->pColl;
-      }
+      pRoot->flags |= EP_Collate & pRight->flags;
     }
     if( pLeft ){
       pRoot->pLeft = pLeft;
-      if( pLeft->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
-        pRoot->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
-        pRoot->pColl = pLeft->pColl;
-      }
+      pRoot->flags |= EP_Collate & pLeft->flags;
     }
     exprSetHeight(pRoot);
   }
@@ -74875,8 +78740,14 @@
   Expr *pRight,           /* Right operand */
   const Token *pToken     /* Argument token */
 ){
-  Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAlloc(pParse->db, op, pToken, 1);
-  sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(pParse->db, p, pLeft, pRight);
+  Expr *p;
+  if( op==TK_AND && pLeft && pRight ){
+    /* Take advantage of short-circuit false optimization for AND */
+    p = sqlite3ExprAnd(pParse->db, pLeft, pRight);
+  }else{
+    p = sqlite3ExprAlloc(pParse->db, op, pToken, 1);
+    sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(pParse->db, p, pLeft, pRight);
+  }
   if( p ) {
     sqlite3ExprCheckHeight(pParse, p->nHeight);
   }
@@ -74884,14 +78755,49 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** If the expression is always either TRUE or FALSE (respectively),
+** then return 1.  If one cannot determine the truth value of the
+** expression at compile-time return 0.
+**
+** This is an optimization.  If is OK to return 0 here even if
+** the expression really is always false or false (a false negative).
+** But it is a bug to return 1 if the expression might have different
+** boolean values in different circumstances (a false positive.)
+**
+** Note that if the expression is part of conditional for a
+** LEFT JOIN, then we cannot determine at compile-time whether or not
+** is it true or false, so always return 0.
+*/
+static int exprAlwaysTrue(Expr *p){
+  int v = 0;
+  if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_FromJoin) ) return 0;
+  if( !sqlite3ExprIsInteger(p, &v) ) return 0;
+  return v!=0;
+}
+static int exprAlwaysFalse(Expr *p){
+  int v = 0;
+  if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_FromJoin) ) return 0;
+  if( !sqlite3ExprIsInteger(p, &v) ) return 0;
+  return v==0;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Join two expressions using an AND operator.  If either expression is
 ** NULL, then just return the other expression.
+**
+** If one side or the other of the AND is known to be false, then instead
+** of returning an AND expression, just return a constant expression with
+** a value of false.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAnd(sqlite3 *db, Expr *pLeft, Expr *pRight){
   if( pLeft==0 ){
     return pRight;
   }else if( pRight==0 ){
     return pLeft;
+  }else if( exprAlwaysFalse(pLeft) || exprAlwaysFalse(pRight) ){
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pLeft);
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pRight);
+    return sqlite3ExprAlloc(db, TK_INTEGER, &sqlite3IntTokens[0], 0);
   }else{
     Expr *pNew = sqlite3ExprAlloc(db, TK_AND, 0, 0);
     sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(db, pNew, pLeft, pRight);
@@ -74939,7 +78845,7 @@
   const char *z;
 
   if( pExpr==0 ) return;
-  assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue|EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly) );
+  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue|EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly) );
   z = pExpr->u.zToken;
   assert( z!=0 );
   assert( z[0]!=0 );
@@ -74975,7 +78881,7 @@
       */
       ynVar i;
       for(i=0; i<pParse->nzVar; i++){
-        if( pParse->azVar[i] && memcmp(pParse->azVar[i],z,n+1)==0 ){
+        if( pParse->azVar[i] && strcmp(pParse->azVar[i],z)==0 ){
           pExpr->iColumn = x = (ynVar)i+1;
           break;
         }
@@ -75009,12 +78915,12 @@
   if( p==0 ) return;
   /* Sanity check: Assert that the IntValue is non-negative if it exists */
   assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_IntValue) || p->u.iValue>=0 );
-  if( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+  if( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+    /* The Expr.x union is never used at the same time as Expr.pRight */
+    assert( p->x.pList==0 || p->pRight==0 );
     sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLeft);
     sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pRight);
-    if( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_Reduced) && (p->flags2 & EP2_MallocedToken)!=0 ){
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.zToken);
-    }
+    if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_MemToken) ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.zToken);
     if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_xIsSelect) ){
       sqlite3SelectDelete(db, p->x.pSelect);
     }else{
@@ -75074,16 +78980,19 @@
 static int dupedExprStructSize(Expr *p, int flags){
   int nSize;
   assert( flags==EXPRDUP_REDUCE || flags==0 ); /* Only one flag value allowed */
+  assert( EXPR_FULLSIZE<=0xfff );
+  assert( (0xfff & (EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly))==0 );
   if( 0==(flags&EXPRDUP_REDUCE) ){
     nSize = EXPR_FULLSIZE;
   }else{
-    assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
     assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_FromJoin) ); 
-    assert( (p->flags2 & EP2_MallocedToken)==0 );
-    assert( (p->flags2 & EP2_Irreducible)==0 );
-    if( p->pLeft || p->pRight || p->pColl || p->x.pList ){
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_MemToken) );
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_NoReduce) );
+    if( p->pLeft || p->x.pList ){
       nSize = EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE | EP_Reduced;
     }else{
+      assert( p->pRight==0 );
       nSize = EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE | EP_TokenOnly;
     }
   }
@@ -75177,7 +79086,7 @@
       }
 
       /* Set the EP_Reduced, EP_TokenOnly, and EP_Static flags appropriately. */
-      pNew->flags &= ~(EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly|EP_Static);
+      pNew->flags &= ~(EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly|EP_Static|EP_MemToken);
       pNew->flags |= nStructSize & (EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly);
       pNew->flags |= staticFlag;
 
@@ -75197,7 +79106,7 @@
       }
 
       /* Fill in pNew->pLeft and pNew->pRight. */
-      if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pNew, EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly) ){
+      if( ExprHasProperty(pNew, EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly) ){
         zAlloc += dupedExprNodeSize(p, flags);
         if( ExprHasProperty(pNew, EP_Reduced) ){
           pNew->pLeft = exprDup(db, p->pLeft, EXPRDUP_REDUCE, &zAlloc);
@@ -75207,8 +79116,7 @@
           *pzBuffer = zAlloc;
         }
       }else{
-        pNew->flags2 = 0;
-        if( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+        if( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly) ){
           pNew->pLeft = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pLeft, 0);
           pNew->pRight = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pRight, 0);
         }
@@ -75220,6 +79128,33 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Create and return a deep copy of the object passed as the second 
+** argument. If an OOM condition is encountered, NULL is returned
+** and the db->mallocFailed flag set.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+static With *withDup(sqlite3 *db, With *p){
+  With *pRet = 0;
+  if( p ){
+    int nByte = sizeof(*p) + sizeof(p->a[0]) * (p->nCte-1);
+    pRet = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
+    if( pRet ){
+      int i;
+      pRet->nCte = p->nCte;
+      for(i=0; i<p->nCte; i++){
+        pRet->a[i].pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, p->a[i].pSelect, 0);
+        pRet->a[i].pCols = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->a[i].pCols, 0);
+        pRet->a[i].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, p->a[i].zName);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return pRet;
+}
+#else
+# define withDup(x,y) 0
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** The following group of routines make deep copies of expressions,
 ** expression lists, ID lists, and select statements.  The copies can
 ** be deleted (by being passed to their respective ...Delete() routines)
@@ -75246,7 +79181,6 @@
   if( p==0 ) return 0;
   pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(*pNew) );
   if( pNew==0 ) return 0;
-  pNew->iECursor = 0;
   pNew->nExpr = i = p->nExpr;
   if( (flags & EXPRDUP_REDUCE)==0 ) for(i=1; i<p->nExpr; i+=i){}
   pNew->a = pItem = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db,  i*sizeof(p->a[0]) );
@@ -75262,8 +79196,8 @@
     pItem->zSpan = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zSpan);
     pItem->sortOrder = pOldItem->sortOrder;
     pItem->done = 0;
-    pItem->iOrderByCol = pOldItem->iOrderByCol;
-    pItem->iAlias = pOldItem->iAlias;
+    pItem->bSpanIsTab = pOldItem->bSpanIsTab;
+    pItem->u = pOldItem->u;
   }
   return pNew;
 }
@@ -75289,6 +79223,7 @@
     struct SrcList_item *pNewItem = &pNew->a[i];
     struct SrcList_item *pOldItem = &p->a[i];
     Table *pTab;
+    pNewItem->pSchema = pOldItem->pSchema;
     pNewItem->zDatabase = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zDatabase);
     pNewItem->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zName);
     pNewItem->zAlias = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zAlias);
@@ -75297,6 +79232,8 @@
     pNewItem->addrFillSub = pOldItem->addrFillSub;
     pNewItem->regReturn = pOldItem->regReturn;
     pNewItem->isCorrelated = pOldItem->isCorrelated;
+    pNewItem->viaCoroutine = pOldItem->viaCoroutine;
+    pNewItem->isRecursive = pOldItem->isRecursive;
     pNewItem->zIndex = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zIndex);
     pNewItem->notIndexed = pOldItem->notIndexed;
     pNewItem->pIndex = pOldItem->pIndex;
@@ -75354,10 +79291,10 @@
   pNew->iLimit = 0;
   pNew->iOffset = 0;
   pNew->selFlags = p->selFlags & ~SF_UsesEphemeral;
-  pNew->pRightmost = 0;
   pNew->addrOpenEphm[0] = -1;
   pNew->addrOpenEphm[1] = -1;
-  pNew->addrOpenEphm[2] = -1;
+  pNew->nSelectRow = p->nSelectRow;
+  pNew->pWith = withDup(db, p->pWith);
   return pNew;
 }
 #else
@@ -75515,16 +79452,19 @@
   /* If pWalker->u.i is 3 then any term of the expression that comes from
   ** the ON or USING clauses of a join disqualifies the expression
   ** from being considered constant. */
-  if( pWalker->u.i==3 && ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
+  if( pWalker->u.i==3 && ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
     pWalker->u.i = 0;
     return WRC_Abort;
   }
 
   switch( pExpr->op ){
     /* Consider functions to be constant if all their arguments are constant
-    ** and pWalker->u.i==2 */
+    ** and either pWalker->u.i==2 or the function as the SQLITE_FUNC_CONST
+    ** flag. */
     case TK_FUNCTION:
-      if( pWalker->u.i==2 ) return 0;
+      if( pWalker->u.i==2 || ExprHasProperty(pExpr,EP_Constant) ){
+        return WRC_Continue;
+      }
       /* Fall through */
     case TK_ID:
     case TK_COLUMN:
@@ -75549,6 +79489,7 @@
 }
 static int exprIsConst(Expr *p, int initFlag){
   Walker w;
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
   w.u.i = initFlag;
   w.xExprCallback = exprNodeIsConstant;
   w.xSelectCallback = selectNodeIsConstant;
@@ -75617,6 +79558,7 @@
     case TK_UMINUS: {
       int v;
       if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(p->pLeft, &v) ){
+        assert( v!=(-2147483647-1) );
         *pValue = -v;
         rc = 1;
       }
@@ -75652,30 +79594,15 @@
     case TK_FLOAT:
     case TK_BLOB:
       return 0;
+    case TK_COLUMN:
+      assert( p->pTab!=0 );
+      return p->iColumn>=0 && p->pTab->aCol[p->iColumn].notNull==0;
     default:
       return 1;
   }
 }
 
 /*
-** Generate an OP_IsNull instruction that tests register iReg and jumps
-** to location iDest if the value in iReg is NULL.  The value in iReg 
-** was computed by pExpr.  If we can look at pExpr at compile-time and
-** determine that it can never generate a NULL, then the OP_IsNull operation
-** can be omitted.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(
-  Vdbe *v,            /* The VDBE under construction */
-  const Expr *pExpr,  /* Only generate OP_IsNull if this expr can be NULL */
-  int iReg,           /* Test the value in this register for NULL */
-  int iDest           /* Jump here if the value is null */
-){
-  if( sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pExpr) ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iDest);
-  }
-}
-
-/*
 ** Return TRUE if the given expression is a constant which would be
 ** unchanged by OP_Affinity with the affinity given in the second
 ** argument.
@@ -75778,68 +79705,119 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Generate code that checks the left-most column of index table iCur to see if
+** it contains any NULL entries.  Cause the register at regHasNull to be set
+** to a non-NULL value if iCur contains no NULLs.  Cause register regHasNull
+** to be set to NULL if iCur contains one or more NULL values.
+*/
+static void sqlite3SetHasNullFlag(Vdbe *v, int iCur, int regHasNull){
+  int j1;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regHasNull);
+  j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, iCur); VdbeCoverage(v);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iCur, 0, regHasNull);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG);
+  VdbeComment((v, "first_entry_in(%d)", iCur));
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+}
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+/*
+** The argument is an IN operator with a list (not a subquery) on the 
+** right-hand side.  Return TRUE if that list is constant.
+*/
+static int sqlite3InRhsIsConstant(Expr *pIn){
+  Expr *pLHS;
+  int res;
+  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pIn, EP_xIsSelect) );
+  pLHS = pIn->pLeft;
+  pIn->pLeft = 0;
+  res = sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pIn);
+  pIn->pLeft = pLHS;
+  return res;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** This function is used by the implementation of the IN (...) operator.
-** It's job is to find or create a b-tree structure that may be used
-** either to test for membership of the (...) set or to iterate through
-** its members, skipping duplicates.
+** The pX parameter is the expression on the RHS of the IN operator, which
+** might be either a list of expressions or a subquery.
 **
-** The index of the cursor opened on the b-tree (database table, database index 
-** or ephermal table) is stored in pX->iTable before this function returns.
+** The job of this routine is to find or create a b-tree object that can
+** be used either to test for membership in the RHS set or to iterate through
+** all members of the RHS set, skipping duplicates.
+**
+** A cursor is opened on the b-tree object that is the RHS of the IN operator
+** and pX->iTable is set to the index of that cursor.
+**
 ** The returned value of this function indicates the b-tree type, as follows:
 **
-**   IN_INDEX_ROWID - The cursor was opened on a database table.
-**   IN_INDEX_INDEX - The cursor was opened on a database index.
-**   IN_INDEX_EPH -   The cursor was opened on a specially created and
-**                    populated epheremal table.
+**   IN_INDEX_ROWID      - The cursor was opened on a database table.
+**   IN_INDEX_INDEX_ASC  - The cursor was opened on an ascending index.
+**   IN_INDEX_INDEX_DESC - The cursor was opened on a descending index.
+**   IN_INDEX_EPH        - The cursor was opened on a specially created and
+**                         populated epheremal table.
+**   IN_INDEX_NOOP       - No cursor was allocated.  The IN operator must be
+**                         implemented as a sequence of comparisons.
 **
-** An existing b-tree may only be used if the SELECT is of the simple
-** form:
+** An existing b-tree might be used if the RHS expression pX is a simple
+** subquery such as:
 **
 **     SELECT <column> FROM <table>
 **
-** If the prNotFound parameter is 0, then the b-tree will be used to iterate
-** through the set members, skipping any duplicates. In this case an
-** epheremal table must be used unless the selected <column> is guaranteed
+** If the RHS of the IN operator is a list or a more complex subquery, then
+** an ephemeral table might need to be generated from the RHS and then
+** pX->iTable made to point to the ephermeral table instead of an
+** existing table.
+**
+** The inFlags parameter must contain exactly one of the bits
+** IN_INDEX_MEMBERSHIP or IN_INDEX_LOOP.  If inFlags contains
+** IN_INDEX_MEMBERSHIP, then the generated table will be used for a
+** fast membership test.  When the IN_INDEX_LOOP bit is set, the
+** IN index will be used to loop over all values of the RHS of the
+** IN operator.
+**
+** When IN_INDEX_LOOP is used (and the b-tree will be used to iterate
+** through the set members) then the b-tree must not contain duplicates.
+** An epheremal table must be used unless the selected <column> is guaranteed
 ** to be unique - either because it is an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY or it
 ** has a UNIQUE constraint or UNIQUE index.
 **
-** If the prNotFound parameter is not 0, then the b-tree will be used 
-** for fast set membership tests. In this case an epheremal table must 
+** When IN_INDEX_MEMBERSHIP is used (and the b-tree will be used 
+** for fast set membership tests) then an epheremal table must 
 ** be used unless <column> is an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY or an index can 
 ** be found with <column> as its left-most column.
 **
+** If the IN_INDEX_NOOP_OK and IN_INDEX_MEMBERSHIP are both set and
+** if the RHS of the IN operator is a list (not a subquery) then this
+** routine might decide that creating an ephemeral b-tree for membership
+** testing is too expensive and return IN_INDEX_NOOP.  In that case, the
+** calling routine should implement the IN operator using a sequence
+** of Eq or Ne comparison operations.
+**
 ** When the b-tree is being used for membership tests, the calling function
-** needs to know whether or not the structure contains an SQL NULL 
-** value in order to correctly evaluate expressions like "X IN (Y, Z)".
-** If there is any chance that the (...) might contain a NULL value at
+** might need to know whether or not the RHS side of the IN operator
+** contains a NULL.  If prRhsHasNull is not a NULL pointer and 
+** if there is any chance that the (...) might contain a NULL value at
 ** runtime, then a register is allocated and the register number written
-** to *prNotFound. If there is no chance that the (...) contains a
-** NULL value, then *prNotFound is left unchanged.
+** to *prRhsHasNull. If there is no chance that the (...) contains a
+** NULL value, then *prRhsHasNull is left unchanged.
 **
-** If a register is allocated and its location stored in *prNotFound, then
-** its initial value is NULL.  If the (...) does not remain constant
-** for the duration of the query (i.e. the SELECT within the (...)
-** is a correlated subquery) then the value of the allocated register is
-** reset to NULL each time the subquery is rerun. This allows the
-** caller to use vdbe code equivalent to the following:
-**
-**   if( register==NULL ){
-**     has_null = <test if data structure contains null>
-**     register = 1
-**   }
-**
-** in order to avoid running the <test if data structure contains null>
-** test more often than is necessary.
+** If a register is allocated and its location stored in *prRhsHasNull, then
+** the value in that register will be NULL if the b-tree contains one or more
+** NULL values, and it will be some non-NULL value if the b-tree contains no
+** NULL values.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *pParse, Expr *pX, int *prNotFound){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *pParse, Expr *pX, u32 inFlags, int *prRhsHasNull){
   Select *p;                            /* SELECT to the right of IN operator */
   int eType = 0;                        /* Type of RHS table. IN_INDEX_* */
   int iTab = pParse->nTab++;            /* Cursor of the RHS table */
-  int mustBeUnique = (prNotFound==0);   /* True if RHS must be unique */
+  int mustBeUnique;                     /* True if RHS must be unique */
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);     /* Virtual machine being coded */
 
   assert( pX->op==TK_IN );
+  mustBeUnique = (inFlags & IN_INDEX_LOOP)!=0;
 
   /* Check to see if an existing table or index can be used to
   ** satisfy the query.  This is preferable to generating a new 
@@ -75850,8 +79828,8 @@
     sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;              /* Database connection */
     Table *pTab;                           /* Table <table>. */
     Expr *pExpr;                           /* Expression <column> */
-    int iCol;                              /* Index of column <column> */
-    int iDb;                               /* Database idx for pTab */
+    i16 iCol;                              /* Index of column <column> */
+    i16 iDb;                               /* Database idx for pTab */
 
     assert( p );                        /* Because of isCandidateForInOpt(p) */
     assert( p->pEList!=0 );             /* Because of isCandidateForInOpt(p) */
@@ -75859,9 +79837,9 @@
     assert( p->pSrc!=0 );               /* Because of isCandidateForInOpt(p) */
     pTab = p->pSrc->a[0].pTab;
     pExpr = p->pEList->a[0].pExpr;
-    iCol = pExpr->iColumn;
+    iCol = (i16)pExpr->iColumn;
    
-    /* Code an OP_VerifyCookie and OP_TableLock for <table>. */
+    /* Code an OP_Transaction and OP_TableLock for <table>. */
     iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
     sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
     sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
@@ -75872,9 +79850,8 @@
     */
     assert(v);
     if( iCol<0 ){
-      int iAddr;
-
-      iAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse);
+      int iAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
 
       sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTab, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
       eType = IN_INDEX_ROWID;
@@ -75892,51 +79869,60 @@
       ** comparison is the same as the affinity of the column. If
       ** it is not, it is not possible to use any index.
       */
-      char aff = comparisonAffinity(pX);
-      int affinity_ok = (pTab->aCol[iCol].affinity==aff||aff==SQLITE_AFF_NONE);
+      int affinity_ok = sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pX, pTab->aCol[iCol].affinity);
 
       for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx && eType==0 && affinity_ok; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
         if( (pIdx->aiColumn[0]==iCol)
          && sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, ENC(db), pIdx->azColl[0], 0)==pReq
-         && (!mustBeUnique || (pIdx->nColumn==1 && pIdx->onError!=OE_None))
+         && (!mustBeUnique || (pIdx->nKeyCol==1 && IsUniqueIndex(pIdx)))
         ){
-          int iAddr;
-          char *pKey;
-  
-          pKey = (char *)sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
-          iAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse);
-  
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iTab, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
-                               pKey,P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+          int iAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iTab, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
+          sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
           VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
-          eType = IN_INDEX_INDEX;
+          assert( IN_INDEX_INDEX_DESC == IN_INDEX_INDEX_ASC+1 );
+          eType = IN_INDEX_INDEX_ASC + pIdx->aSortOrder[0];
 
-          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iAddr);
-          if( prNotFound && !pTab->aCol[iCol].notNull ){
-            *prNotFound = ++pParse->nMem;
-            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, *prNotFound);
+          if( prRhsHasNull && !pTab->aCol[iCol].notNull ){
+            *prRhsHasNull = ++pParse->nMem;
+            sqlite3SetHasNullFlag(v, iTab, *prRhsHasNull);
           }
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iAddr);
         }
       }
     }
   }
 
+  /* If no preexisting index is available for the IN clause
+  ** and IN_INDEX_NOOP is an allowed reply
+  ** and the RHS of the IN operator is a list, not a subquery
+  ** and the RHS is not contant or has two or fewer terms,
+  ** then it is not worth creating an ephermeral table to evaluate
+  ** the IN operator so return IN_INDEX_NOOP.
+  */
+  if( eType==0
+   && (inFlags & IN_INDEX_NOOP_OK)
+   && !ExprHasProperty(pX, EP_xIsSelect)
+   && (!sqlite3InRhsIsConstant(pX) || pX->x.pList->nExpr<=2)
+  ){
+    eType = IN_INDEX_NOOP;
+  }
+     
+
   if( eType==0 ){
-    /* Could not found an existing table or index to use as the RHS b-tree.
+    /* Could not find an existing table or index to use as the RHS b-tree.
     ** We will have to generate an ephemeral table to do the job.
     */
-    double savedNQueryLoop = pParse->nQueryLoop;
+    u32 savedNQueryLoop = pParse->nQueryLoop;
     int rMayHaveNull = 0;
     eType = IN_INDEX_EPH;
-    if( prNotFound ){
-      *prNotFound = rMayHaveNull = ++pParse->nMem;
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, *prNotFound);
-    }else{
-      testcase( pParse->nQueryLoop>(double)1 );
-      pParse->nQueryLoop = (double)1;
-      if( pX->pLeft->iColumn<0 && !ExprHasAnyProperty(pX, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+    if( inFlags & IN_INDEX_LOOP ){
+      pParse->nQueryLoop = 0;
+      if( pX->pLeft->iColumn<0 && !ExprHasProperty(pX, EP_xIsSelect) ){
         eType = IN_INDEX_ROWID;
       }
+    }else if( prRhsHasNull ){
+      *prRhsHasNull = rMayHaveNull = ++pParse->nMem;
     }
     sqlite3CodeSubselect(pParse, pX, rMayHaveNull, eType==IN_INDEX_ROWID);
     pParse->nQueryLoop = savedNQueryLoop;
@@ -75967,15 +79953,9 @@
 **
 ** If rMayHaveNull is non-zero, that means that the operation is an IN
 ** (not a SELECT or EXISTS) and that the RHS might contains NULLs.
-** Furthermore, the IN is in a WHERE clause and that we really want
-** to iterate over the RHS of the IN operator in order to quickly locate
-** all corresponding LHS elements.  All this routine does is initialize
-** the register given by rMayHaveNull to NULL.  Calling routines will take
-** care of changing this register value to non-NULL if the RHS is NULL-free.
-**
-** If rMayHaveNull is zero, that means that the subquery is being used
-** for membership testing only.  There is no need to initialize any
-** registers to indicate the presense or absence of NULLs on the RHS.
+** All this routine does is initialize the register given by rMayHaveNull
+** to NULL.  Calling routines will take care of changing this register
+** value to non-NULL if the RHS is NULL-free.
 **
 ** For a SELECT or EXISTS operator, return the register that holds the
 ** result.  For IN operators or if an error occurs, the return value is 0.
@@ -75984,10 +79964,10 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(
   Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
   Expr *pExpr,            /* The IN, SELECT, or EXISTS operator */
-  int rMayHaveNull,       /* Register that records whether NULLs exist in RHS */
+  int rHasNullFlag,       /* Register that records whether NULLs exist in RHS */
   int isRowid             /* If true, LHS of IN operator is a rowid */
 ){
-  int testAddr = -1;                      /* One-time test address */
+  int jmpIfDynamic = -1;                      /* One-time test address */
   int rReg = 0;                           /* Register storing resulting */
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   if( NEVER(v==0) ) return 0;
@@ -76003,14 +79983,14 @@
   ** If all of the above are false, then we can run this code just once
   ** save the results, and reuse the same result on subsequent invocations.
   */
-  if( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_VarSelect) ){
-    testAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse);
+  if( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_VarSelect) ){
+    jmpIfDynamic = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
   if( pParse->explain==2 ){
     char *zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(
-        pParse->db, "EXECUTE %s%s SUBQUERY %d", testAddr>=0?"":"CORRELATED ",
+        pParse->db, "EXECUTE %s%s SUBQUERY %d", jmpIfDynamic>=0?"":"CORRELATED ",
         pExpr->op==TK_IN?"LIST":"SCALAR", pParse->iNextSelectId
     );
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, pParse->iSelectId, 0, 0, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
@@ -76020,13 +80000,9 @@
   switch( pExpr->op ){
     case TK_IN: {
       char affinity;              /* Affinity of the LHS of the IN */
-      KeyInfo keyInfo;            /* Keyinfo for the generated table */
       int addr;                   /* Address of OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
       Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft; /* the LHS of the IN operator */
-
-      if( rMayHaveNull ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, rMayHaveNull);
-      }
+      KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = 0;      /* Key information */
 
       affinity = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pLeft);
 
@@ -76045,9 +80021,7 @@
       */
       pExpr->iTable = pParse->nTab++;
       addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pExpr->iTable, !isRowid);
-      if( rMayHaveNull==0 ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
-      memset(&keyInfo, 0, sizeof(keyInfo));
-      keyInfo.nField = 1;
+      pKeyInfo = isRowid ? 0 : sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(pParse->db, 1, 1);
 
       if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
         /* Case 1:     expr IN (SELECT ...)
@@ -76055,22 +80029,29 @@
         ** Generate code to write the results of the select into the temporary
         ** table allocated and opened above.
         */
+        Select *pSelect = pExpr->x.pSelect;
         SelectDest dest;
         ExprList *pEList;
 
         assert( !isRowid );
         sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Set, pExpr->iTable);
-        dest.affinity = (u8)affinity;
+        dest.affSdst = (u8)affinity;
         assert( (pExpr->iTable&0x0000FFFF)==pExpr->iTable );
-        pExpr->x.pSelect->iLimit = 0;
-        if( sqlite3Select(pParse, pExpr->x.pSelect, &dest) ){
+        pSelect->iLimit = 0;
+        testcase( pSelect->selFlags & SF_Distinct );
+        pSelect->selFlags &= ~SF_Distinct;
+        testcase( pKeyInfo==0 ); /* Caused by OOM in sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc() */
+        if( sqlite3Select(pParse, pSelect, &dest) ){
+          sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pKeyInfo);
           return 0;
         }
-        pEList = pExpr->x.pSelect->pEList;
-        if( ALWAYS(pEList!=0 && pEList->nExpr>0) ){ 
-          keyInfo.aColl[0] = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft,
-              pEList->a[0].pExpr);
-        }
+        pEList = pSelect->pEList;
+        assert( pKeyInfo!=0 ); /* OOM will cause exit after sqlite3Select() */
+        assert( pEList!=0 );
+        assert( pEList->nExpr>0 );
+        assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pKeyInfo) );
+        pKeyInfo->aColl[0] = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft,
+                                                         pEList->a[0].pExpr);
       }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList!=0) ){
         /* Case 2:     expr IN (exprlist)
         **
@@ -76087,12 +80068,15 @@
         if( !affinity ){
           affinity = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
         }
-        keyInfo.aColl[0] = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
+        if( pKeyInfo ){
+          assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pKeyInfo) );
+          pKeyInfo->aColl[0] = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
+        }
 
         /* Loop through each expression in <exprlist>. */
         r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
         r2 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, r2);
+        if( isRowid ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, r2);
         for(i=pList->nExpr, pItem=pList->a; i>0; i--, pItem++){
           Expr *pE2 = pItem->pExpr;
           int iValToIns;
@@ -76102,9 +80086,9 @@
           ** this code only executes once.  Because for a non-constant
           ** expression we need to rerun this code each time.
           */
-          if( testAddr>=0 && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pE2) ){
-            sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, testAddr);
-            testAddr = -1;
+          if( jmpIfDynamic>=0 && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pE2) ){
+            sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, jmpIfDynamic);
+            jmpIfDynamic = -1;
           }
 
           /* Evaluate the expression and insert it into the temp table */
@@ -76115,6 +80099,7 @@
             if( isRowid ){
               sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, r3,
                                 sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2);
+              VdbeCoverage(v);
               sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, pExpr->iTable, r2, r3);
             }else{
               sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, r3, 1, r2, &affinity, 1);
@@ -76126,8 +80111,8 @@
         sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
         sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r2);
       }
-      if( !isRowid ){
-        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr, (void *)&keyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
+      if( pKeyInfo ){
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr, (void *)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -76153,11 +80138,11 @@
       sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, 0, ++pParse->nMem);
       if( pExpr->op==TK_SELECT ){
         dest.eDest = SRT_Mem;
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, dest.iParm);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, dest.iSDParm);
         VdbeComment((v, "Init subquery result"));
       }else{
         dest.eDest = SRT_Exists;
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, dest.iParm);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, dest.iSDParm);
         VdbeComment((v, "Init EXISTS result"));
       }
       sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pSel->pLimit);
@@ -76167,16 +80152,20 @@
       if( sqlite3Select(pParse, pSel, &dest) ){
         return 0;
       }
-      rReg = dest.iParm;
-      ExprSetIrreducible(pExpr);
+      rReg = dest.iSDParm;
+      ExprSetVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_NoReduce);
       break;
     }
   }
 
-  if( testAddr>=0 ){
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, testAddr);
+  if( rHasNullFlag ){
+    sqlite3SetHasNullFlag(v, pExpr->iTable, rHasNullFlag);
   }
-  sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+
+  if( jmpIfDynamic>=0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmpIfDynamic);
+  }
+  sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
 
   return rReg;
 }
@@ -76195,7 +80184,7 @@
 ** if the LHS is NULL or if the LHS is not contained within the RHS and the
 ** RHS contains one or more NULL values.
 **
-** This routine generates code will jump to destIfFalse if the LHS is not 
+** This routine generates code that jumps to destIfFalse if the LHS is not 
 ** contained within the RHS.  If due to NULLs we cannot determine if the LHS
 ** is contained in the RHS then jump to destIfNull.  If the LHS is contained
 ** within the RHS then fall through.
@@ -76218,7 +80207,9 @@
   v = pParse->pVdbe;
   assert( v!=0 );       /* OOM detected prior to this routine */
   VdbeNoopComment((v, "begin IN expr"));
-  eType = sqlite3FindInIndex(pParse, pExpr, &rRhsHasNull);
+  eType = sqlite3FindInIndex(pParse, pExpr,
+                             IN_INDEX_MEMBERSHIP | IN_INDEX_NOOP_OK,
+                             destIfFalse==destIfNull ? 0 : &rRhsHasNull);
 
   /* Figure out the affinity to use to create a key from the results
   ** of the expression. affinityStr stores a static string suitable for
@@ -76232,86 +80223,118 @@
   r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
   sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, r1);
 
-  /* If the LHS is NULL, then the result is either false or NULL depending
-  ** on whether the RHS is empty or not, respectively.
+  /* If sqlite3FindInIndex() did not find or create an index that is
+  ** suitable for evaluating the IN operator, then evaluate using a
+  ** sequence of comparisons.
   */
-  if( destIfNull==destIfFalse ){
-    /* Shortcut for the common case where the false and NULL outcomes are
-    ** the same. */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, r1, destIfNull);
-  }else{
-    int addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, r1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, destIfNull);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
-  }
-
-  if( eType==IN_INDEX_ROWID ){
-    /* In this case, the RHS is the ROWID of table b-tree
-    */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, r1, destIfFalse);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse, r1);
-  }else{
-    /* In this case, the RHS is an index b-tree.
-    */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Affinity, r1, 1, 0, &affinity, 1);
-
-    /* If the set membership test fails, then the result of the 
-    ** "x IN (...)" expression must be either 0 or NULL. If the set
-    ** contains no NULL values, then the result is 0. If the set 
-    ** contains one or more NULL values, then the result of the
-    ** expression is also NULL.
-    */
-    if( rRhsHasNull==0 || destIfFalse==destIfNull ){
-      /* This branch runs if it is known at compile time that the RHS
-      ** cannot contain NULL values. This happens as the result
-      ** of a "NOT NULL" constraint in the database schema.
-      **
-      ** Also run this branch if NULL is equivalent to FALSE
-      ** for this particular IN operator.
-      */
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse, r1, 1);
-
-    }else{
-      /* In this branch, the RHS of the IN might contain a NULL and
-      ** the presence of a NULL on the RHS makes a difference in the
-      ** outcome.
-      */
-      int j1, j2, j3;
-
-      /* First check to see if the LHS is contained in the RHS.  If so,
-      ** then the presence of NULLs in the RHS does not matter, so jump
-      ** over all of the code that follows.
-      */
-      j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, pExpr->iTable, 0, r1, 1);
-
-      /* Here we begin generating code that runs if the LHS is not
-      ** contained within the RHS.  Generate additional code that
-      ** tests the RHS for NULLs.  If the RHS contains a NULL then
-      ** jump to destIfNull.  If there are no NULLs in the RHS then
-      ** jump to destIfFalse.
-      */
-      j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, rRhsHasNull);
-      j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, pExpr->iTable, 0, rRhsHasNull, 1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, rRhsHasNull);
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j3);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, rRhsHasNull, 1);
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j2);
-
-      /* Jump to the appropriate target depending on whether or not
-      ** the RHS contains a NULL
-      */
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, rRhsHasNull, destIfNull);
+  if( eType==IN_INDEX_NOOP ){
+    ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;
+    CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
+    int labelOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+    int r2, regToFree;
+    int regCkNull = 0;
+    int ii;
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+    if( destIfNull!=destIfFalse ){
+      regCkNull = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_BitAnd, r1, r1, regCkNull);
+    }
+    for(ii=0; ii<pList->nExpr; ii++){
+      r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pList->a[ii].pExpr, &regToFree);
+      if( regCkNull && sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pList->a[ii].pExpr) ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_BitAnd, regCkNull, r2, regCkNull);
+      }
+      if( ii<pList->nExpr-1 || destIfNull!=destIfFalse ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Eq, r1, labelOk, r2,
+                          (void*)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
+        VdbeCoverageIf(v, ii<pList->nExpr-1);
+        VdbeCoverageIf(v, ii==pList->nExpr-1);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, affinity);
+      }else{
+        assert( destIfNull==destIfFalse );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Ne, r1, destIfFalse, r2,
+                          (void*)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, affinity | SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      }
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regToFree);
+    }
+    if( regCkNull ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regCkNull, destIfNull); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, destIfFalse);
-
-      /* The OP_Found at the top of this branch jumps here when true, 
-      ** causing the overall IN expression evaluation to fall through.
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, labelOk);
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regCkNull);
+  }else{
+  
+    /* If the LHS is NULL, then the result is either false or NULL depending
+    ** on whether the RHS is empty or not, respectively.
+    */
+    if( sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pExpr->pLeft) ){
+      if( destIfNull==destIfFalse ){
+        /* Shortcut for the common case where the false and NULL outcomes are
+        ** the same. */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, r1, destIfNull); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }else{
+        int addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, r1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, destIfNull);
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+      }
+    }
+  
+    if( eType==IN_INDEX_ROWID ){
+      /* In this case, the RHS is the ROWID of table b-tree
       */
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, r1, destIfFalse); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse, r1);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+    }else{
+      /* In this case, the RHS is an index b-tree.
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Affinity, r1, 1, 0, &affinity, 1);
+  
+      /* If the set membership test fails, then the result of the 
+      ** "x IN (...)" expression must be either 0 or NULL. If the set
+      ** contains no NULL values, then the result is 0. If the set 
+      ** contains one or more NULL values, then the result of the
+      ** expression is also NULL.
+      */
+      assert( destIfFalse!=destIfNull || rRhsHasNull==0 );
+      if( rRhsHasNull==0 ){
+        /* This branch runs if it is known at compile time that the RHS
+        ** cannot contain NULL values. This happens as the result
+        ** of a "NOT NULL" constraint in the database schema.
+        **
+        ** Also run this branch if NULL is equivalent to FALSE
+        ** for this particular IN operator.
+        */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse, r1, 1);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }else{
+        /* In this branch, the RHS of the IN might contain a NULL and
+        ** the presence of a NULL on the RHS makes a difference in the
+        ** outcome.
+        */
+        int j1;
+  
+        /* First check to see if the LHS is contained in the RHS.  If so,
+        ** then the answer is TRUE the presence of NULLs in the RHS does
+        ** not matter.  If the LHS is not contained in the RHS, then the
+        ** answer is NULL if the RHS contains NULLs and the answer is
+        ** FALSE if the RHS is NULL-free.
+        */
+        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, pExpr->iTable, 0, r1, 1);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, rRhsHasNull, destIfNull);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, destIfFalse);
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+      }
     }
   }
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
-  sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+  sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
   VdbeComment((v, "end IN expr"));
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
@@ -76368,7 +80391,7 @@
     i64 value;
     const char *z = pExpr->u.zToken;
     assert( z!=0 );
-    c = sqlite3Atoi64(z, &value, sqlite3Strlen30(z), SQLITE_UTF8);
+    c = sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(z, &value);
     if( c==0 || (c==2 && negFlag) ){
       char *zV;
       if( negFlag ){ value = c==2 ? SMALLEST_INT64 : -value; }
@@ -76378,7 +80401,14 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
       sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "oversized integer: %s%s", negFlag ? "-" : "", z);
 #else
-      codeReal(v, z, negFlag, iMem);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_HEX_INTEGER
+      if( sqlite3_strnicmp(z,"0x",2)==0 ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "hex literal too big: %s", z);
+      }else
+#endif
+      {
+        codeReal(v, z, negFlag, iMem);
+      }
 #endif
     }
   }
@@ -76414,7 +80444,7 @@
   ** for testing only - to verify that SQLite always gets the same answer
   ** with and without the column cache.
   */
-  if( pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_ColumnCache ) return;
+  if( OptimizationDisabled(pParse->db, SQLITE_ColumnCache) ) return;
 
   /* First replace any existing entry.
   **
@@ -76423,15 +80453,6 @@
   */
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
-#if 0 /* This code wold remove the entry from the cache if it existed */
-    if( p->iReg && p->iTable==iTab && p->iColumn==iCol ){
-      cacheEntryClear(pParse, p);
-      p->iLevel = pParse->iCacheLevel;
-      p->iReg = iReg;
-      p->lru = pParse->iCacheCnt++;
-      return;
-    }
-#endif
     assert( p->iReg==0 || p->iTable!=iTab || p->iColumn!=iCol );
   }
 #endif
@@ -76494,19 +80515,28 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePush(Parse *pParse){
   pParse->iCacheLevel++;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace ){
+    printf("PUSH to %d\n", pParse->iCacheLevel);
+  }
+#endif
 }
 
 /*
 ** Remove from the column cache any entries that were added since the
-** the previous N Push operations.  In other words, restore the cache
-** to the state it was in N Pushes ago.
+** the previous sqlite3ExprCachePush operation.  In other words, restore
+** the cache to the state it was in prior the most recent Push.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePop(Parse *pParse, int N){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePop(Parse *pParse){
   int i;
   struct yColCache *p;
-  assert( N>0 );
-  assert( pParse->iCacheLevel>=N );
-  pParse->iCacheLevel -= N;
+  assert( pParse->iCacheLevel>=1 );
+  pParse->iCacheLevel--;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace ){
+    printf("POP  to %d\n", pParse->iCacheLevel);
+  }
+#endif
   for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
     if( p->iReg && p->iLevel>pParse->iCacheLevel ){
       cacheEntryClear(pParse, p);
@@ -76537,15 +80567,19 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(
   Vdbe *v,        /* The VDBE under construction */
   Table *pTab,    /* The table containing the value */
-  int iTabCur,    /* The cursor for this table */
+  int iTabCur,    /* The table cursor.  Or the PK cursor for WITHOUT ROWID */
   int iCol,       /* Index of the column to extract */
-  int regOut      /* Extract the valud into this register */
+  int regOut      /* Extract the value into this register */
 ){
   if( iCol<0 || iCol==pTab->iPKey ){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iTabCur, regOut);
   }else{
     int op = IsVirtual(pTab) ? OP_VColumn : OP_Column;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, iTabCur, iCol, regOut);
+    int x = iCol;
+    if( !HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      x = sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab), iCol);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, iTabCur, x, regOut);
   }
   if( iCol>=0 ){
     sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, iCol, regOut);
@@ -76566,7 +80600,8 @@
   Table *pTab,     /* Description of the table we are reading from */
   int iColumn,     /* Index of the table column */
   int iTable,      /* The cursor pointing to the table */
-  int iReg         /* Store results here */
+  int iReg,        /* Store results here */
+  u8 p5            /* P5 value for OP_Column */
 ){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
   int i;
@@ -76581,7 +80616,11 @@
   }  
   assert( v!=0 );
   sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iTable, iColumn, iReg);
-  sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iTable, iColumn, iReg);
+  if( p5 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, p5);
+  }else{   
+    sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iTable, iColumn, iReg);
+  }
   return iReg;
 }
 
@@ -76592,6 +80631,11 @@
   int i;
   struct yColCache *p;
 
+#if SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace ){
+    printf("CLEAR\n");
+  }
+#endif
   for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
     if( p->iReg ){
       cacheEntryClear(pParse, p);
@@ -76615,7 +80659,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeMove(Parse *pParse, int iFrom, int iTo, int nReg){
   int i;
   struct yColCache *p;
-  if( NEVER(iFrom==iTo) ) return;
+  assert( iFrom>=iTo+nReg || iFrom+nReg<=iTo );
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(pParse->pVdbe, OP_Move, iFrom, iTo, nReg);
   for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
     int x = p->iReg;
@@ -76625,18 +80669,6 @@
   }
 }
 
-/*
-** Generate code to copy content from registers iFrom...iFrom+nReg-1
-** over to iTo..iTo+nReg-1.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(Parse *pParse, int iFrom, int iTo, int nReg){
-  int i;
-  if( NEVER(iFrom==iTo) ) return;
-  for(i=0; i<nReg; i++){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_Copy, iFrom+i, iTo+i);
-  }
-}
-
 #if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
 /*
 ** Return true if any register in the range iFrom..iTo (inclusive)
@@ -76657,6 +80689,16 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG || SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST */
 
 /*
+** Convert an expression node to a TK_REGISTER
+*/
+static void exprToRegister(Expr *p, int iReg){
+  p->op2 = p->op;
+  p->op = TK_REGISTER;
+  p->iTable = iReg;
+  ExprClearProperty(p, EP_Skip);
+}
+
+/*
 ** Generate code into the current Vdbe to evaluate the given
 ** expression.  Attempt to store the results in register "target".
 ** Return the register where results are stored.
@@ -76675,6 +80717,7 @@
   int regFree2 = 0;         /* If non-zero free this temporary register */
   int r1, r2, r3, r4;       /* Various register numbers */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db; /* The database connection */
+  Expr tempX;               /* Temporary expression node */
 
   assert( target>0 && target<=pParse->nMem );
   if( v==0 ){
@@ -76703,14 +80746,20 @@
       /* Otherwise, fall thru into the TK_COLUMN case */
     }
     case TK_COLUMN: {
-      if( pExpr->iTable<0 ){
-        /* This only happens when coding check constraints */
-        assert( pParse->ckBase>0 );
-        inReg = pExpr->iColumn + pParse->ckBase;
-      }else{
-        inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pExpr->pTab,
-                                 pExpr->iColumn, pExpr->iTable, target);
+      int iTab = pExpr->iTable;
+      if( iTab<0 ){
+        if( pParse->ckBase>0 ){
+          /* Generating CHECK constraints or inserting into partial index */
+          inReg = pExpr->iColumn + pParse->ckBase;
+          break;
+        }else{
+          /* Deleting from a partial index */
+          iTab = pParse->iPartIdxTab;
+        }
       }
+      inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pExpr->pTab,
+                               pExpr->iColumn, iTab, target,
+                               pExpr->op2);
       break;
     }
     case TK_INTEGER: {
@@ -76775,7 +80824,7 @@
       int aff, to_op;
       inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, target);
       assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
-      aff = sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken);
+      aff = sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken, 0);
       to_op = aff - SQLITE_AFF_TEXT + OP_ToText;
       assert( to_op==OP_ToText    || aff!=SQLITE_AFF_TEXT    );
       assert( to_op==OP_ToBlob    || aff!=SQLITE_AFF_NONE    );
@@ -76803,22 +80852,16 @@
     case TK_GE:
     case TK_NE:
     case TK_EQ: {
-      assert( TK_LT==OP_Lt );
-      assert( TK_LE==OP_Le );
-      assert( TK_GT==OP_Gt );
-      assert( TK_GE==OP_Ge );
-      assert( TK_EQ==OP_Eq );
-      assert( TK_NE==OP_Ne );
-      testcase( op==TK_LT );
-      testcase( op==TK_LE );
-      testcase( op==TK_GT );
-      testcase( op==TK_GE );
-      testcase( op==TK_EQ );
-      testcase( op==TK_NE );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
       codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
                   r1, r2, inReg, SQLITE_STOREP2);
+      assert(TK_LT==OP_Lt); testcase(op==OP_Lt); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Lt);
+      assert(TK_LE==OP_Le); testcase(op==OP_Le); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Le);
+      assert(TK_GT==OP_Gt); testcase(op==OP_Gt); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Gt);
+      assert(TK_GE==OP_Ge); testcase(op==OP_Ge); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Ge);
+      assert(TK_EQ==OP_Eq); testcase(op==OP_Eq); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Eq);
+      assert(TK_NE==OP_Ne); testcase(op==OP_Ne); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Ne);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       break;
@@ -76832,6 +80875,8 @@
       op = (op==TK_IS) ? TK_EQ : TK_NE;
       codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
                   r1, r2, inReg, SQLITE_STOREP2 | SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_EQ);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_NE);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       break;
@@ -76848,28 +80893,17 @@
     case TK_LSHIFT:
     case TK_RSHIFT: 
     case TK_CONCAT: {
-      assert( TK_AND==OP_And );
-      assert( TK_OR==OP_Or );
-      assert( TK_PLUS==OP_Add );
-      assert( TK_MINUS==OP_Subtract );
-      assert( TK_REM==OP_Remainder );
-      assert( TK_BITAND==OP_BitAnd );
-      assert( TK_BITOR==OP_BitOr );
-      assert( TK_SLASH==OP_Divide );
-      assert( TK_LSHIFT==OP_ShiftLeft );
-      assert( TK_RSHIFT==OP_ShiftRight );
-      assert( TK_CONCAT==OP_Concat );
-      testcase( op==TK_AND );
-      testcase( op==TK_OR );
-      testcase( op==TK_PLUS );
-      testcase( op==TK_MINUS );
-      testcase( op==TK_REM );
-      testcase( op==TK_BITAND );
-      testcase( op==TK_BITOR );
-      testcase( op==TK_SLASH );
-      testcase( op==TK_LSHIFT );
-      testcase( op==TK_RSHIFT );
-      testcase( op==TK_CONCAT );
+      assert( TK_AND==OP_And );            testcase( op==TK_AND );
+      assert( TK_OR==OP_Or );              testcase( op==TK_OR );
+      assert( TK_PLUS==OP_Add );           testcase( op==TK_PLUS );
+      assert( TK_MINUS==OP_Subtract );     testcase( op==TK_MINUS );
+      assert( TK_REM==OP_Remainder );      testcase( op==TK_REM );
+      assert( TK_BITAND==OP_BitAnd );      testcase( op==TK_BITAND );
+      assert( TK_BITOR==OP_BitOr );        testcase( op==TK_BITOR );
+      assert( TK_SLASH==OP_Divide );       testcase( op==TK_SLASH );
+      assert( TK_LSHIFT==OP_ShiftLeft );   testcase( op==TK_LSHIFT );
+      assert( TK_RSHIFT==OP_ShiftRight );  testcase( op==TK_RSHIFT );
+      assert( TK_CONCAT==OP_Concat );      testcase( op==TK_CONCAT );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, r2, r1, target);
@@ -76888,8 +80922,10 @@
         codeReal(v, pLeft->u.zToken, 1, target);
 #endif
       }else{
-        regFree1 = r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, r1);
+        tempX.op = TK_INTEGER;
+        tempX.flags = EP_IntValue|EP_TokenOnly;
+        tempX.u.iValue = 0;
+        r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, &tempX, &regFree1);
         r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree2);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Subtract, r2, r1, target);
         testcase( regFree2==0 );
@@ -76899,10 +80935,8 @@
     }
     case TK_BITNOT:
     case TK_NOT: {
-      assert( TK_BITNOT==OP_BitNot );
-      assert( TK_NOT==OP_Not );
-      testcase( op==TK_BITNOT );
-      testcase( op==TK_NOT );
+      assert( TK_BITNOT==OP_BitNot );   testcase( op==TK_BITNOT );
+      assert( TK_NOT==OP_Not );         testcase( op==TK_NOT );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       inReg = target;
@@ -76912,15 +80946,15 @@
     case TK_ISNULL:
     case TK_NOTNULL: {
       int addr;
-      assert( TK_ISNULL==OP_IsNull );
-      assert( TK_NOTNULL==OP_NotNull );
-      testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
-      testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
+      assert( TK_ISNULL==OP_IsNull );   testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
+      assert( TK_NOTNULL==OP_NotNull ); testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, target);
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, op, r1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, target, -1);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_ISNULL);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_NOTNULL);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, target);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
       break;
     }
@@ -76934,22 +80968,19 @@
       }
       break;
     }
-    case TK_CONST_FUNC:
     case TK_FUNCTION: {
       ExprList *pFarg;       /* List of function arguments */
       int nFarg;             /* Number of function arguments */
       FuncDef *pDef;         /* The function definition object */
       int nId;               /* Length of the function name in bytes */
       const char *zId;       /* The function name */
-      int constMask = 0;     /* Mask of function arguments that are constant */
+      u32 constMask = 0;     /* Mask of function arguments that are constant */
       int i;                 /* Loop counter */
       u8 enc = ENC(db);      /* The text encoding used by this database */
       CollSeq *pColl = 0;    /* A collating sequence */
 
       assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
-      testcase( op==TK_CONST_FUNC );
-      testcase( op==TK_FUNCTION );
-      if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ){
         pFarg = 0;
       }else{
         pFarg = pExpr->x.pList;
@@ -76959,7 +80990,7 @@
       zId = pExpr->u.zToken;
       nId = sqlite3Strlen30(zId);
       pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, zId, nId, nFarg, enc, 0);
-      if( pDef==0 ){
+      if( pDef==0 || pDef->xFunc==0 ){
         sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unknown function: %.*s()", nId, zId);
         break;
       }
@@ -76968,27 +80999,71 @@
       ** IFNULL() functions.  This avoids unnecessary evalation of
       ** arguments past the first non-NULL argument.
       */
-      if( pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE ){
+      if( pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE ){
         int endCoalesce = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
         assert( nFarg>=2 );
         sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFarg->a[0].pExpr, target);
         for(i=1; i<nFarg; i++){
           sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NotNull, target, endCoalesce);
+          VdbeCoverage(v);
           sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(pParse, target, 1);
           sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
           sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFarg->a[i].pExpr, target);
-          sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+          sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
         }
         sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endCoalesce);
         break;
       }
 
+      /* The UNLIKELY() function is a no-op.  The result is the value
+      ** of the first argument.
+      */
+      if( pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY ){
+        assert( nFarg>=1 );
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFarg->a[0].pExpr, target);
+        break;
+      }
 
+      for(i=0; i<nFarg; i++){
+        if( i<32 && sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pFarg->a[i].pExpr) ){
+          testcase( i==31 );
+          constMask |= MASKBIT32(i);
+        }
+        if( (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL)!=0 && !pColl ){
+          pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pFarg->a[i].pExpr);
+        }
+      }
       if( pFarg ){
-        r1 = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nFarg);
+        if( constMask ){
+          r1 = pParse->nMem+1;
+          pParse->nMem += nFarg;
+        }else{
+          r1 = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nFarg);
+        }
+
+        /* For length() and typeof() functions with a column argument,
+        ** set the P5 parameter to the OP_Column opcode to OPFLAG_LENGTHARG
+        ** or OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG respectively, to avoid unnecessary data
+        ** loading.
+        */
+        if( (pDef->funcFlags & (SQLITE_FUNC_LENGTH|SQLITE_FUNC_TYPEOF))!=0 ){
+          u8 exprOp;
+          assert( nFarg==1 );
+          assert( pFarg->a[0].pExpr!=0 );
+          exprOp = pFarg->a[0].pExpr->op;
+          if( exprOp==TK_COLUMN || exprOp==TK_AGG_COLUMN ){
+            assert( SQLITE_FUNC_LENGTH==OPFLAG_LENGTHARG );
+            assert( SQLITE_FUNC_TYPEOF==OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG );
+            testcase( pDef->funcFlags & OPFLAG_LENGTHARG );
+            pFarg->a[0].pExpr->op2 = 
+                  pDef->funcFlags & (OPFLAG_LENGTHARG|OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG);
+          }
+        }
+
         sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);     /* Ticket 2ea2425d34be */
-        sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pFarg, r1, 1);
-        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);   /* Ticket 2ea2425d34be */
+        sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pFarg, r1,
+                                SQLITE_ECEL_DUP|SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR);
+        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);      /* Ticket 2ea2425d34be */
       }else{
         r1 = 0;
       }
@@ -77011,22 +81086,14 @@
         pDef = sqlite3VtabOverloadFunction(db, pDef, nFarg, pFarg->a[0].pExpr);
       }
 #endif
-      for(i=0; i<nFarg; i++){
-        if( i<32 && sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pFarg->a[i].pExpr) ){
-          constMask |= (1<<i);
-        }
-        if( (pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL)!=0 && !pColl ){
-          pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pFarg->a[i].pExpr);
-        }
-      }
-      if( pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+      if( pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
         if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl; 
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_CollSeq, 0, 0, 0, (char *)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
       }
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, constMask, r1, target,
                         (char*)pDef, P4_FUNCDEF);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, (u8)nFarg);
-      if( nFarg ){
+      if( nFarg && constMask==0 ){
         sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, r1, nFarg);
       }
       break;
@@ -77076,18 +81143,20 @@
       r3 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       r4 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       codeCompare(pParse, pLeft, pRight, OP_Ge,
-                  r1, r2, r3, SQLITE_STOREP2);
+                  r1, r2, r3, SQLITE_STOREP2);  VdbeCoverage(v);
       pLItem++;
       pRight = pLItem->pExpr;
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree2);
       r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pRight, &regFree2);
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       codeCompare(pParse, pLeft, pRight, OP_Le, r1, r2, r4, SQLITE_STOREP2);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_And, r3, r4, target);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r3);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r4);
       break;
     }
+    case TK_COLLATE: 
     case TK_UPLUS: {
       inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, target);
       break;
@@ -77159,9 +81228,9 @@
     **        WHEN x=eN THEN rN ELSE y END
     **
     ** X (if it exists) is in pExpr->pLeft.
-    ** Y is in pExpr->pRight.  The Y is also optional.  If there is no
-    ** ELSE clause and no other term matches, then the result of the
-    ** exprssion is NULL.
+    ** Y is in the last element of pExpr->x.pList if pExpr->x.pList->nExpr is
+    ** odd.  The Y is also optional.  If the number of elements in x.pList
+    ** is even, then Y is omitted and the "otherwise" result is NULL.
     ** Ei is in pExpr->pList->a[i*2] and Ri is pExpr->pList->a[i*2+1].
     **
     ** The result of the expression is the Ri for the first matching Ei,
@@ -77176,27 +81245,23 @@
       ExprList *pEList;                 /* List of WHEN terms */
       struct ExprList_item *aListelem;  /* Array of WHEN terms */
       Expr opCompare;                   /* The X==Ei expression */
-      Expr cacheX;                      /* Cached expression X */
       Expr *pX;                         /* The X expression */
       Expr *pTest = 0;                  /* X==Ei (form A) or just Ei (form B) */
       VVA_ONLY( int iCacheLevel = pParse->iCacheLevel; )
 
       assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) && pExpr->x.pList );
-      assert((pExpr->x.pList->nExpr % 2) == 0);
       assert(pExpr->x.pList->nExpr > 0);
       pEList = pExpr->x.pList;
       aListelem = pEList->a;
       nExpr = pEList->nExpr;
       endLabel = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
       if( (pX = pExpr->pLeft)!=0 ){
-        cacheX = *pX;
+        tempX = *pX;
         testcase( pX->op==TK_COLUMN );
-        testcase( pX->op==TK_REGISTER );
-        cacheX.iTable = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pX, &regFree1);
+        exprToRegister(&tempX, sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pX, &regFree1));
         testcase( regFree1==0 );
-        cacheX.op = TK_REGISTER;
         opCompare.op = TK_EQ;
-        opCompare.pLeft = &cacheX;
+        opCompare.pLeft = &tempX;
         pTest = &opCompare;
         /* Ticket b351d95f9cd5ef17e9d9dbae18f5ca8611190001:
         ** The value in regFree1 might get SCopy-ed into the file result.
@@ -77204,7 +81269,7 @@
         ** purposes and possibly overwritten.  */
         regFree1 = 0;
       }
-      for(i=0; i<nExpr; i=i+2){
+      for(i=0; i<nExpr-1; i=i+2){
         sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
         if( pX ){
           assert( pTest!=0 );
@@ -77216,16 +81281,15 @@
         testcase( pTest->op==TK_COLUMN );
         sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pTest, nextCase, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
         testcase( aListelem[i+1].pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN );
-        testcase( aListelem[i+1].pExpr->op==TK_REGISTER );
         sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, aListelem[i+1].pExpr, target);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, endLabel);
-        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
         sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, nextCase);
       }
-      if( pExpr->pRight ){
+      if( (nExpr&1)!=0 ){
         sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
-        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr->pRight, target);
-        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pEList->a[nExpr-1].pExpr, target);
+        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
       }else{
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, target);
       }
@@ -77253,8 +81317,10 @@
       if( pExpr->affinity==OE_Ignore ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(
             v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_OK, OE_Ignore, 0, pExpr->u.zToken,0);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
       }else{
-        sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, pExpr->affinity, pExpr->u.zToken, 0);
+        sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_TRIGGER,
+                              pExpr->affinity, pExpr->u.zToken, 0, 0);
       }
 
       break;
@@ -77267,6 +81333,28 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Factor out the code of the given expression to initialization time.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
+  Expr *pExpr,      /* The expression to code when the VDBE initializes */
+  int regDest,      /* Store the value in this register */
+  u8 reusable       /* True if this expression is reusable */
+){
+  ExprList *p;
+  assert( ConstFactorOk(pParse) );
+  p = pParse->pConstExpr;
+  pExpr = sqlite3ExprDup(pParse->db, pExpr, 0);
+  p = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, p, pExpr);
+  if( p ){
+     struct ExprList_item *pItem = &p->a[p->nExpr-1];
+     pItem->u.iConstExprReg = regDest;
+     pItem->reusable = reusable;
+  }
+  pParse->pConstExpr = p;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Generate code to evaluate an expression and store the results
 ** into a register.  Return the register number where the results
 ** are stored.
@@ -77274,15 +81362,40 @@
 ** If the register is a temporary register that can be deallocated,
 ** then write its number into *pReg.  If the result register is not
 ** a temporary, then set *pReg to zero.
+**
+** If pExpr is a constant, then this routine might generate this
+** code to fill the register in the initialization section of the
+** VDBE program, in order to factor it out of the evaluation loop.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int *pReg){
-  int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-  int r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, r1);
-  if( r2==r1 ){
-    *pReg = r1;
+  int r2;
+  pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pExpr);
+  if( ConstFactorOk(pParse)
+   && pExpr->op!=TK_REGISTER
+   && sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pExpr)
+  ){
+    ExprList *p = pParse->pConstExpr;
+    int i;
+    *pReg  = 0;
+    if( p ){
+      struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+      for(pItem=p->a, i=p->nExpr; i>0; pItem++, i--){
+        if( pItem->reusable && sqlite3ExprCompare(pItem->pExpr,pExpr,-1)==0 ){
+          return pItem->u.iConstExprReg;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    r2 = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(pParse, pExpr, r2, 1);
   }else{
-    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
-    *pReg = 0;
+    int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+    r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, r1);
+    if( r2==r1 ){
+      *pReg = r1;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+      *pReg = 0;
+    }
   }
   return r2;
 }
@@ -77292,7 +81405,7 @@
 ** results in register target.  The results are guaranteed to appear
 ** in register target.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCode(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCode(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
   int inReg;
 
   assert( target>0 && target<=pParse->nMem );
@@ -77305,7 +81418,20 @@
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_SCopy, inReg, target);
     }
   }
-  return target;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will evaluate expression pExpr and store the
+** results in register target.  The results are guaranteed to appear
+** in register target.  If the expression is constant, then this routine
+** might choose to code the expression at initialization time.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
+  if( pParse->okConstFactor && sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pExpr) ){
+    sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(pParse, pExpr, target, 0);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr, target);
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -77320,26 +81446,16 @@
 ** times.  They are evaluated once and the results of the expression
 ** are reused.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeAndCache(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeAndCache(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
-  int inReg;
-  inReg = sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr, target);
+  int iMem;
+
   assert( target>0 );
-  /* This routine is called for terms to INSERT or UPDATE.  And the only
-  ** other place where expressions can be converted into TK_REGISTER is
-  ** in WHERE clause processing.  So as currently implemented, there is
-  ** no way for a TK_REGISTER to exist here.  But it seems prudent to
-  ** keep the ALWAYS() in case the conditions above change with future
-  ** modifications or enhancements. */
-  if( ALWAYS(pExpr->op!=TK_REGISTER) ){  
-    int iMem;
-    iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, inReg, iMem);
-    pExpr->iTable = iMem;
-    pExpr->op2 = pExpr->op;
-    pExpr->op = TK_REGISTER;
-  }
-  return inReg;
+  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_REGISTER );
+  sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr, target);
+  iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, target, iMem);
+  exprToRegister(pExpr, iMem);
 }
 
 #if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_TREE_EXPLAIN)
@@ -77416,7 +81532,7 @@
     case TK_CAST: {
       /* Expressions of the form:   CAST(pLeft AS token) */
       const char *zAff = "unk";
-      switch( sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken) ){
+      switch( sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken, 0) ){
         case SQLITE_AFF_TEXT:    zAff = "TEXT";     break;
         case SQLITE_AFF_NONE:    zAff = "NONE";     break;
         case SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC: zAff = "NUMERIC";  break;
@@ -77457,18 +81573,26 @@
     case TK_ISNULL:  zUniOp = "ISNULL"; break;
     case TK_NOTNULL: zUniOp = "NOTNULL"; break;
 
+    case TK_COLLATE: {
+      sqlite3ExplainExpr(pOut, pExpr->pLeft);
+      sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pOut,".COLLATE(%s)",pExpr->u.zToken);
+      break;
+    }
+
     case TK_AGG_FUNCTION:
-    case TK_CONST_FUNC:
     case TK_FUNCTION: {
       ExprList *pFarg;       /* List of function arguments */
-      if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ){
         pFarg = 0;
       }else{
         pFarg = pExpr->x.pList;
       }
-      sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pOut, "%sFUNCTION:%s(",
-                           op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION ? "AGG_" : "",
-                           pExpr->u.zToken);
+      if( op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION ){
+        sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pOut, "AGG_FUNCTION%d:%s(",
+                             pExpr->op2, pExpr->u.zToken);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pOut, "FUNCTION:%s(", pExpr->u.zToken);
+      }
       if( pFarg ){
         sqlite3ExplainExprList(pOut, pFarg);
       }
@@ -77591,6 +81715,12 @@
       sqlite3ExplainPush(pOut);
       sqlite3ExplainExpr(pOut, pList->a[i].pExpr);
       sqlite3ExplainPop(pOut);
+      if( pList->a[i].zName ){
+        sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pOut, " AS %s", pList->a[i].zName);
+      }
+      if( pList->a[i].bSpanIsTab ){
+        sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pOut, " (%s)", pList->a[i].zSpan);
+      }
       if( i<pList->nExpr-1 ){
         sqlite3ExplainNL(pOut);
       }
@@ -77601,160 +81731,50 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
 
 /*
-** Return TRUE if pExpr is an constant expression that is appropriate
-** for factoring out of a loop.  Appropriate expressions are:
-**
-**    *  Any expression that evaluates to two or more opcodes.
-**
-**    *  Any OP_Integer, OP_Real, OP_String, OP_Blob, OP_Null, 
-**       or OP_Variable that does not need to be placed in a 
-**       specific register.
-**
-** There is no point in factoring out single-instruction constant
-** expressions that need to be placed in a particular register.  
-** We could factor them out, but then we would end up adding an
-** OP_SCopy instruction to move the value into the correct register
-** later.  We might as well just use the original instruction and
-** avoid the OP_SCopy.
-*/
-static int isAppropriateForFactoring(Expr *p){
-  if( !sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(p) ){
-    return 0;  /* Only constant expressions are appropriate for factoring */
-  }
-  if( (p->flags & EP_FixedDest)==0 ){
-    return 1;  /* Any constant without a fixed destination is appropriate */
-  }
-  while( p->op==TK_UPLUS ) p = p->pLeft;
-  switch( p->op ){
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
-    case TK_BLOB:
-#endif
-    case TK_VARIABLE:
-    case TK_INTEGER:
-    case TK_FLOAT:
-    case TK_NULL:
-    case TK_STRING: {
-      testcase( p->op==TK_BLOB );
-      testcase( p->op==TK_VARIABLE );
-      testcase( p->op==TK_INTEGER );
-      testcase( p->op==TK_FLOAT );
-      testcase( p->op==TK_NULL );
-      testcase( p->op==TK_STRING );
-      /* Single-instruction constants with a fixed destination are
-      ** better done in-line.  If we factor them, they will just end
-      ** up generating an OP_SCopy to move the value to the destination
-      ** register. */
-      return 0;
-    }
-    case TK_UMINUS: {
-      if( p->pLeft->op==TK_FLOAT || p->pLeft->op==TK_INTEGER ){
-        return 0;
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-    default: {
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  return 1;
-}
-
-/*
-** If pExpr is a constant expression that is appropriate for
-** factoring out of a loop, then evaluate the expression
-** into a register and convert the expression into a TK_REGISTER
-** expression.
-*/
-static int evalConstExpr(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
-  Parse *pParse = pWalker->pParse;
-  switch( pExpr->op ){
-    case TK_IN:
-    case TK_REGISTER: {
-      return WRC_Prune;
-    }
-    case TK_FUNCTION:
-    case TK_AGG_FUNCTION:
-    case TK_CONST_FUNC: {
-      /* The arguments to a function have a fixed destination.
-      ** Mark them this way to avoid generated unneeded OP_SCopy
-      ** instructions. 
-      */
-      ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;
-      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
-      if( pList ){
-        int i = pList->nExpr;
-        struct ExprList_item *pItem = pList->a;
-        for(; i>0; i--, pItem++){
-          if( ALWAYS(pItem->pExpr) ) pItem->pExpr->flags |= EP_FixedDest;
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  if( isAppropriateForFactoring(pExpr) ){
-    int r1 = ++pParse->nMem;
-    int r2;
-    r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, r1);
-    if( NEVER(r1!=r2) ) sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
-    pExpr->op2 = pExpr->op;
-    pExpr->op = TK_REGISTER;
-    pExpr->iTable = r2;
-    return WRC_Prune;
-  }
-  return WRC_Continue;
-}
-
-/*
-** Preevaluate constant subexpressions within pExpr and store the
-** results in registers.  Modify pExpr so that the constant subexpresions
-** are TK_REGISTER opcodes that refer to the precomputed values.
-**
-** This routine is a no-op if the jump to the cookie-check code has
-** already occur.  Since the cookie-check jump is generated prior to
-** any other serious processing, this check ensures that there is no
-** way to accidently bypass the constant initializations.
-**
-** This routine is also a no-op if the SQLITE_FactorOutConst optimization
-** is disabled via the sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS)
-** interface.  This allows test logic to verify that the same answer is
-** obtained for queries regardless of whether or not constants are
-** precomputed into registers or if they are inserted in-line.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeConstants(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
-  Walker w;
-  if( pParse->cookieGoto ) return;
-  if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_FactorOutConst)!=0 ) return;
-  w.xExprCallback = evalConstExpr;
-  w.xSelectCallback = 0;
-  w.pParse = pParse;
-  sqlite3WalkExpr(&w, pExpr);
-}
-
-
-/*
 ** Generate code that pushes the value of every element of the given
 ** expression list into a sequence of registers beginning at target.
 **
 ** Return the number of elements evaluated.
+**
+** The SQLITE_ECEL_DUP flag prevents the arguments from being
+** filled using OP_SCopy.  OP_Copy must be used instead.
+**
+** The SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR argument allows constant arguments to be
+** factored out into initialization code.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(
   Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing context */
   ExprList *pList,   /* The expression list to be coded */
   int target,        /* Where to write results */
-  int doHardCopy     /* Make a hard copy of every element */
+  u8 flags           /* SQLITE_ECEL_* flags */
 ){
   struct ExprList_item *pItem;
   int i, n;
+  u8 copyOp = (flags & SQLITE_ECEL_DUP) ? OP_Copy : OP_SCopy;
   assert( pList!=0 );
   assert( target>0 );
   assert( pParse->pVdbe!=0 );  /* Never gets this far otherwise */
   n = pList->nExpr;
+  if( !ConstFactorOk(pParse) ) flags &= ~SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR;
   for(pItem=pList->a, i=0; i<n; i++, pItem++){
     Expr *pExpr = pItem->pExpr;
-    int inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target+i);
-    if( inReg!=target+i ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, doHardCopy ? OP_Copy : OP_SCopy,
-                        inReg, target+i);
+    if( (flags & SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR)!=0 && sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pExpr) ){
+      sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(pParse, pExpr, target+i, 0);
+    }else{
+      int inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target+i);
+      if( inReg!=target+i ){
+        VdbeOp *pOp;
+        Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+        if( copyOp==OP_Copy
+         && (pOp=sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, -1))->opcode==OP_Copy
+         && pOp->p1+pOp->p3+1==inReg
+         && pOp->p2+pOp->p3+1==target+i
+        ){
+          pOp->p3++;
+        }else{
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, copyOp, inReg, target+i);
+        }
+      }
     }
   }
   return n;
@@ -77796,8 +81816,7 @@
   compRight.op = TK_LE;
   compRight.pLeft = &exprX;
   compRight.pRight = pExpr->x.pList->a[1].pExpr;
-  exprX.iTable = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, &exprX, &regFree1);
-  exprX.op = TK_REGISTER;
+  exprToRegister(&exprX, sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, &exprX, &regFree1));
   if( jumpIfTrue ){
     sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, &exprAnd, dest, jumpIfNull);
   }else{
@@ -77838,24 +81857,26 @@
   int r1, r2;
 
   assert( jumpIfNull==SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL || jumpIfNull==0 );
-  if( NEVER(v==0) )     return;  /* Existance of VDBE checked by caller */
+  if( NEVER(v==0) )     return;  /* Existence of VDBE checked by caller */
   if( NEVER(pExpr==0) ) return;  /* No way this can happen */
   op = pExpr->op;
   switch( op ){
     case TK_AND: {
       int d2 = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
       testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
-      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
       sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, d2,jumpIfNull^SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
       sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pRight, dest, jumpIfNull);
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, d2);
-      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
       break;
     }
     case TK_OR: {
       testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
       sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
       sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pRight, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
       break;
     }
     case TK_NOT: {
@@ -77869,23 +81890,17 @@
     case TK_GE:
     case TK_NE:
     case TK_EQ: {
-      assert( TK_LT==OP_Lt );
-      assert( TK_LE==OP_Le );
-      assert( TK_GT==OP_Gt );
-      assert( TK_GE==OP_Ge );
-      assert( TK_EQ==OP_Eq );
-      assert( TK_NE==OP_Ne );
-      testcase( op==TK_LT );
-      testcase( op==TK_LE );
-      testcase( op==TK_GT );
-      testcase( op==TK_GE );
-      testcase( op==TK_EQ );
-      testcase( op==TK_NE );
       testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
       codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
                   r1, r2, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      assert(TK_LT==OP_Lt); testcase(op==OP_Lt); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Lt);
+      assert(TK_LE==OP_Le); testcase(op==OP_Le); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Le);
+      assert(TK_GT==OP_Gt); testcase(op==OP_Gt); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Gt);
+      assert(TK_GE==OP_Ge); testcase(op==OP_Ge); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Ge);
+      assert(TK_EQ==OP_Eq); testcase(op==OP_Eq); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Eq);
+      assert(TK_NE==OP_Ne); testcase(op==OP_Ne); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Ne);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       break;
@@ -77899,18 +81914,20 @@
       op = (op==TK_IS) ? TK_EQ : TK_NE;
       codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
                   r1, r2, dest, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_EQ);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_NE);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       break;
     }
     case TK_ISNULL:
     case TK_NOTNULL: {
-      assert( TK_ISNULL==OP_IsNull );
-      assert( TK_NOTNULL==OP_NotNull );
-      testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
-      testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
+      assert( TK_ISNULL==OP_IsNull );   testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
+      assert( TK_NOTNULL==OP_NotNull ); testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, op, r1, dest);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_ISNULL);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_NOTNULL);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       break;
     }
@@ -77930,10 +81947,17 @@
     }
 #endif
     default: {
-      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr, &regFree1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_If, r1, dest, jumpIfNull!=0);
-      testcase( regFree1==0 );
-      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      if( exprAlwaysTrue(pExpr) ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, dest);
+      }else if( exprAlwaysFalse(pExpr) ){
+        /* No-op */
+      }else{
+        r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr, &regFree1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_If, r1, dest, jumpIfNull!=0);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+        testcase( regFree1==0 );
+        testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      }
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -77958,7 +81982,7 @@
   int r1, r2;
 
   assert( jumpIfNull==SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL || jumpIfNull==0 );
-  if( NEVER(v==0) ) return; /* Existance of VDBE checked by caller */
+  if( NEVER(v==0) ) return; /* Existence of VDBE checked by caller */
   if( pExpr==0 )    return;
 
   /* The value of pExpr->op and op are related as follows:
@@ -77996,17 +82020,19 @@
     case TK_AND: {
       testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
       sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
       sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pRight, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
       break;
     }
     case TK_OR: {
       int d2 = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
       testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
-      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
       sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, d2, jumpIfNull^SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
       sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pRight, dest, jumpIfNull);
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, d2);
-      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
       break;
     }
     case TK_NOT: {
@@ -78020,17 +82046,17 @@
     case TK_GE:
     case TK_NE:
     case TK_EQ: {
-      testcase( op==TK_LT );
-      testcase( op==TK_LE );
-      testcase( op==TK_GT );
-      testcase( op==TK_GE );
-      testcase( op==TK_EQ );
-      testcase( op==TK_NE );
       testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
       codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
                   r1, r2, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      assert(TK_LT==OP_Lt); testcase(op==OP_Lt); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Lt);
+      assert(TK_LE==OP_Le); testcase(op==OP_Le); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Le);
+      assert(TK_GT==OP_Gt); testcase(op==OP_Gt); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Gt);
+      assert(TK_GE==OP_Ge); testcase(op==OP_Ge); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Ge);
+      assert(TK_EQ==OP_Eq); testcase(op==OP_Eq); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Eq);
+      assert(TK_NE==OP_Ne); testcase(op==OP_Ne); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Ne);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       break;
@@ -78044,16 +82070,18 @@
       op = (pExpr->op==TK_IS) ? TK_NE : TK_EQ;
       codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
                   r1, r2, dest, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_EQ);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_NE);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       break;
     }
     case TK_ISNULL:
     case TK_NOTNULL: {
-      testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
-      testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, op, r1, dest);
+      testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );   VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_ISNULL);
+      testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );  VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_NOTNULL);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       break;
     }
@@ -78075,10 +82103,17 @@
     }
 #endif
     default: {
-      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr, &regFree1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfNot, r1, dest, jumpIfNull!=0);
-      testcase( regFree1==0 );
-      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      if( exprAlwaysFalse(pExpr) ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, dest);
+      }else if( exprAlwaysTrue(pExpr) ){
+        /* no-op */
+      }else{
+        r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr, &regFree1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfNot, r1, dest, jumpIfNull!=0);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+        testcase( regFree1==0 );
+        testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      }
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -78092,6 +82127,12 @@
 ** by a COLLATE operator at the top level.  Return 2 if there are differences
 ** other than the top-level COLLATE operator.
 **
+** If any subelement of pB has Expr.iTable==(-1) then it is allowed
+** to compare equal to an equivalent element in pA with Expr.iTable==iTab.
+**
+** The pA side might be using TK_REGISTER.  If that is the case and pB is
+** not using TK_REGISTER but is otherwise equivalent, then still return 0.
+**
 ** Sometimes this routine will return 2 even if the two expressions
 ** really are equivalent.  If we cannot prove that the expressions are
 ** identical, we return 2 just to be safe.  So if this routine
@@ -78102,33 +82143,44 @@
 ** just might result in some slightly slower code.  But returning
 ** an incorrect 0 or 1 could lead to a malfunction.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCompare(Expr *pA, Expr *pB){
-  if( pA==0||pB==0 ){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCompare(Expr *pA, Expr *pB, int iTab){
+  u32 combinedFlags;
+  if( pA==0 || pB==0 ){
     return pB==pA ? 0 : 2;
   }
-  assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pA, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
-  assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pB, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
-  if( ExprHasProperty(pA, EP_xIsSelect) || ExprHasProperty(pB, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+  combinedFlags = pA->flags | pB->flags;
+  if( combinedFlags & EP_IntValue ){
+    if( (pA->flags&pB->flags&EP_IntValue)!=0 && pA->u.iValue==pB->u.iValue ){
+      return 0;
+    }
     return 2;
   }
-  if( (pA->flags & EP_Distinct)!=(pB->flags & EP_Distinct) ) return 2;
-  if( pA->op!=pB->op ) return 2;
-  if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pA->pLeft, pB->pLeft) ) return 2;
-  if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pA->pRight, pB->pRight) ) return 2;
-  if( sqlite3ExprListCompare(pA->x.pList, pB->x.pList) ) return 2;
-  if( pA->iTable!=pB->iTable || pA->iColumn!=pB->iColumn ) return 2;
-  if( ExprHasProperty(pA, EP_IntValue) ){
-    if( !ExprHasProperty(pB, EP_IntValue) || pA->u.iValue!=pB->u.iValue ){
-      return 2;
+  if( pA->op!=pB->op ){
+    if( pA->op==TK_COLLATE && sqlite3ExprCompare(pA->pLeft, pB, iTab)<2 ){
+      return 1;
     }
-  }else if( pA->op!=TK_COLUMN && pA->u.zToken ){
-    if( ExprHasProperty(pB, EP_IntValue) || NEVER(pB->u.zToken==0) ) return 2;
+    if( pB->op==TK_COLLATE && sqlite3ExprCompare(pA, pB->pLeft, iTab)<2 ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    return 2;
+  }
+  if( pA->op!=TK_COLUMN && ALWAYS(pA->op!=TK_AGG_COLUMN) && pA->u.zToken ){
     if( strcmp(pA->u.zToken,pB->u.zToken)!=0 ){
-      return 2;
+      return pA->op==TK_COLLATE ? 1 : 2;
     }
   }
-  if( (pA->flags & EP_ExpCollate)!=(pB->flags & EP_ExpCollate) ) return 1;
-  if( (pA->flags & EP_ExpCollate)!=0 && pA->pColl!=pB->pColl ) return 2;
+  if( (pA->flags & EP_Distinct)!=(pB->flags & EP_Distinct) ) return 2;
+  if( ALWAYS((combinedFlags & EP_TokenOnly)==0) ){
+    if( combinedFlags & EP_xIsSelect ) return 2;
+    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pA->pLeft, pB->pLeft, iTab) ) return 2;
+    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pA->pRight, pB->pRight, iTab) ) return 2;
+    if( sqlite3ExprListCompare(pA->x.pList, pB->x.pList, iTab) ) return 2;
+    if( ALWAYS((combinedFlags & EP_Reduced)==0) ){
+      if( pA->iColumn!=pB->iColumn ) return 2;
+      if( pA->iTable!=pB->iTable 
+       && (pA->iTable!=iTab || NEVER(pB->iTable>=0)) ) return 2;
+    }
+  }
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -78136,6 +82188,9 @@
 ** Compare two ExprList objects.  Return 0 if they are identical and 
 ** non-zero if they differ in any way.
 **
+** If any subelement of pB has Expr.iTable==(-1) then it is allowed
+** to compare equal to an equivalent element in pA with Expr.iTable==iTab.
+**
 ** This routine might return non-zero for equivalent ExprLists.  The
 ** only consequence will be disabled optimizations.  But this routine
 ** must never return 0 if the two ExprList objects are different, or
@@ -78144,7 +82199,7 @@
 ** Two NULL pointers are considered to be the same.  But a NULL pointer
 ** always differs from a non-NULL pointer.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprListCompare(ExprList *pA, ExprList *pB){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprListCompare(ExprList *pA, ExprList *pB, int iTab){
   int i;
   if( pA==0 && pB==0 ) return 0;
   if( pA==0 || pB==0 ) return 1;
@@ -78153,12 +82208,108 @@
     Expr *pExprA = pA->a[i].pExpr;
     Expr *pExprB = pB->a[i].pExpr;
     if( pA->a[i].sortOrder!=pB->a[i].sortOrder ) return 1;
-    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pExprA, pExprB) ) return 1;
+    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pExprA, pExprB, iTab) ) return 1;
   }
   return 0;
 }
 
 /*
+** Return true if we can prove the pE2 will always be true if pE1 is
+** true.  Return false if we cannot complete the proof or if pE2 might
+** be false.  Examples:
+**
+**     pE1: x==5       pE2: x==5             Result: true
+**     pE1: x>0        pE2: x==5             Result: false
+**     pE1: x=21       pE2: x=21 OR y=43     Result: true
+**     pE1: x!=123     pE2: x IS NOT NULL    Result: true
+**     pE1: x!=?1      pE2: x IS NOT NULL    Result: true
+**     pE1: x IS NULL  pE2: x IS NOT NULL    Result: false
+**     pE1: x IS ?2    pE2: x IS NOT NULL    Reuslt: false
+**
+** When comparing TK_COLUMN nodes between pE1 and pE2, if pE2 has
+** Expr.iTable<0 then assume a table number given by iTab.
+**
+** When in doubt, return false.  Returning true might give a performance
+** improvement.  Returning false might cause a performance reduction, but
+** it will always give the correct answer and is hence always safe.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprImpliesExpr(Expr *pE1, Expr *pE2, int iTab){
+  if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pE1, pE2, iTab)==0 ){
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if( pE2->op==TK_OR
+   && (sqlite3ExprImpliesExpr(pE1, pE2->pLeft, iTab)
+             || sqlite3ExprImpliesExpr(pE1, pE2->pRight, iTab) )
+  ){
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if( pE2->op==TK_NOTNULL
+   && sqlite3ExprCompare(pE1->pLeft, pE2->pLeft, iTab)==0
+   && (pE1->op!=TK_ISNULL && pE1->op!=TK_IS)
+  ){
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure is used by the tree walker
+** to count references to table columns in the arguments of an 
+** aggregate function, in order to implement the
+** sqlite3FunctionThisSrc() routine.
+*/
+struct SrcCount {
+  SrcList *pSrc;   /* One particular FROM clause in a nested query */
+  int nThis;       /* Number of references to columns in pSrcList */
+  int nOther;      /* Number of references to columns in other FROM clauses */
+};
+
+/*
+** Count the number of references to columns.
+*/
+static int exprSrcCount(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
+  /* The NEVER() on the second term is because sqlite3FunctionUsesThisSrc()
+  ** is always called before sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates() and so the
+  ** TK_COLUMNs have not yet been converted into TK_AGG_COLUMN.  If
+  ** sqlite3FunctionUsesThisSrc() is used differently in the future, the
+  ** NEVER() will need to be removed. */
+  if( pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN || NEVER(pExpr->op==TK_AGG_COLUMN) ){
+    int i;
+    struct SrcCount *p = pWalker->u.pSrcCount;
+    SrcList *pSrc = p->pSrc;
+    for(i=0; i<pSrc->nSrc; i++){
+      if( pExpr->iTable==pSrc->a[i].iCursor ) break;
+    }
+    if( i<pSrc->nSrc ){
+      p->nThis++;
+    }else{
+      p->nOther++;
+    }
+  }
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+
+/*
+** Determine if any of the arguments to the pExpr Function reference
+** pSrcList.  Return true if they do.  Also return true if the function
+** has no arguments or has only constant arguments.  Return false if pExpr
+** references columns but not columns of tables found in pSrcList.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FunctionUsesThisSrc(Expr *pExpr, SrcList *pSrcList){
+  Walker w;
+  struct SrcCount cnt;
+  assert( pExpr->op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION );
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
+  w.xExprCallback = exprSrcCount;
+  w.u.pSrcCount = &cnt;
+  cnt.pSrc = pSrcList;
+  cnt.nThis = 0;
+  cnt.nOther = 0;
+  sqlite3WalkExprList(&w, pExpr->x.pList);
+  return cnt.nThis>0 || cnt.nOther==0;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Add a new element to the pAggInfo->aCol[] array.  Return the index of
 ** the new element.  Return a negative number if malloc fails.
 */
@@ -78213,7 +82364,7 @@
         struct SrcList_item *pItem = pSrcList->a;
         for(i=0; i<pSrcList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
           struct AggInfo_col *pCol;
-          assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+          assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
           if( pExpr->iTable==pItem->iCursor ){
             /* If we reach this point, it means that pExpr refers to a table
             ** that is in the FROM clause of the aggregate query.  
@@ -78262,7 +82413,7 @@
             ** Convert the pExpr to be a TK_AGG_COLUMN referring to that
             ** pAggInfo->aCol[] entry.
             */
-            ExprSetIrreducible(pExpr);
+            ExprSetVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_NoReduce);
             pExpr->pAggInfo = pAggInfo;
             pExpr->op = TK_AGG_COLUMN;
             pExpr->iAgg = (i16)k;
@@ -78273,15 +82424,15 @@
       return WRC_Prune;
     }
     case TK_AGG_FUNCTION: {
-      /* The pNC->nDepth==0 test causes aggregate functions in subqueries
-      ** to be ignored */
-      if( pNC->nDepth==0 ){
+      if( (pNC->ncFlags & NC_InAggFunc)==0
+       && pWalker->walkerDepth==pExpr->op2
+      ){
         /* Check to see if pExpr is a duplicate of another aggregate 
         ** function that is already in the pAggInfo structure
         */
         struct AggInfo_func *pItem = pAggInfo->aFunc;
         for(i=0; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pItem++){
-          if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pItem->pExpr, pExpr)==0 ){
+          if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pItem->pExpr, pExpr, -1)==0 ){
             break;
           }
         }
@@ -78308,38 +82459,36 @@
         }
         /* Make pExpr point to the appropriate pAggInfo->aFunc[] entry
         */
-        assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
-        ExprSetIrreducible(pExpr);
+        assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+        ExprSetVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_NoReduce);
         pExpr->iAgg = (i16)i;
         pExpr->pAggInfo = pAggInfo;
         return WRC_Prune;
+      }else{
+        return WRC_Continue;
       }
     }
   }
   return WRC_Continue;
 }
 static int analyzeAggregatesInSelect(Walker *pWalker, Select *pSelect){
-  NameContext *pNC = pWalker->u.pNC;
-  if( pNC->nDepth==0 ){
-    pNC->nDepth++;
-    sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pSelect);
-    pNC->nDepth--;
-    return WRC_Prune;
-  }else{
-    return WRC_Continue;
-  }
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pWalker);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pSelect);
+  return WRC_Continue;
 }
 
 /*
-** Analyze the given expression looking for aggregate functions and
-** for variables that need to be added to the pParse->aAgg[] array.
-** Make additional entries to the pParse->aAgg[] array as necessary.
+** Analyze the pExpr expression looking for aggregate functions and
+** for variables that need to be added to AggInfo object that pNC->pAggInfo
+** points to.  Additional entries are made on the AggInfo object as
+** necessary.
 **
 ** This routine should only be called after the expression has been
 ** analyzed by sqlite3ResolveExprNames().
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates(NameContext *pNC, Expr *pExpr){
   Walker w;
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
   w.xExprCallback = analyzeAggregate;
   w.xSelectCallback = analyzeAggregatesInSelect;
   w.u.pNC = pNC;
@@ -78508,8 +82657,8 @@
       assert( len>0 );
     } while( token!=TK_LP && token!=TK_USING );
 
-    zRet = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.*s\"%w\"%s", ((u8*)tname.z) - zSql, zSql, 
-       zTableName, tname.z+tname.n);
+    zRet = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.*s\"%w\"%s", (int)(((u8*)tname.z) - zSql),
+       zSql, zTableName, tname.z+tname.n);
     sqlite3_result_text(context, zRet, -1, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
   }
 }
@@ -78547,6 +82696,7 @@
   int token;                      /* Type of token */
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  if( zInput==0 || zOld==0 ) return;
   for(z=zInput; *z; z=z+n){
     n = sqlite3GetToken(z, &token);
     if( token==TK_REFERENCES ){
@@ -78561,7 +82711,7 @@
       sqlite3Dequote(zParent);
       if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp((const char *)zOld, zParent) ){
         char *zOut = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s%.*s\"%w\"", 
-            (zOutput?zOutput:""), z-zInput, zInput, (const char *)zNew
+            (zOutput?zOutput:""), (int)(z-zInput), zInput, (const char *)zNew
         );
         sqlite3DbFree(db, zOutput);
         zOutput = zOut;
@@ -78647,8 +82797,8 @@
     /* Variable tname now contains the token that is the old table-name
     ** in the CREATE TRIGGER statement.
     */
-    zRet = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.*s\"%w\"%s", ((u8*)tname.z) - zSql, zSql, 
-       zTableName, tname.z+tname.n);
+    zRet = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.*s\"%w\"%s", (int)(((u8*)tname.z) - zSql),
+       zSql, zTableName, tname.z+tname.n);
     sqlite3_result_text(context, zRet, -1, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
   }
 }
@@ -78845,7 +82995,7 @@
   assert( pSrc->nSrc==1 );
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(pParse->db) );
 
-  pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pSrc->a[0].zName, pSrc->a[0].zDatabase);
+  pTab = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, 0, &pSrc->a[0]);
   if( !pTab ) goto exit_rename_table;
   iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
   zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
@@ -78900,7 +83050,7 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-  /* Begin a transaction and code the VerifyCookie for database iDb. 
+  /* Begin a transaction for database iDb. 
   ** Then modify the schema cookie (since the ALTER TABLE modifies the
   ** schema). Open a statement transaction if the table is a virtual
   ** table.
@@ -79036,6 +83186,7 @@
     sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, minFormat, r2);
     j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ge, r2, 0, r1);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SetCookie, iDb, BTREE_FILE_FORMAT, r2);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
     sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
@@ -79095,7 +83246,7 @@
   ** If there is a NOT NULL constraint, then the default value for the
   ** column must not be NULL.
   */
-  if( pCol->isPrimKey ){
+  if( pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "Cannot add a PRIMARY KEY column");
     return;
   }
@@ -79118,7 +83269,7 @@
   ** can handle (i.e. not CURRENT_TIME etc.)
   */
   if( pDflt ){
-    sqlite3_value *pVal;
+    sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
     if( sqlite3ValueFromExpr(db, pDflt, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_AFF_NONE, &pVal) ){
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
       return;
@@ -79188,7 +83339,7 @@
   assert( pParse->pNewTable==0 );
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
   if( db->mallocFailed ) goto exit_begin_add_column;
-  pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pSrc->a[0].zName, pSrc->a[0].zDatabase);
+  pTab = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, 0, &pSrc->a[0]);
   if( !pTab ) goto exit_begin_add_column;
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
@@ -79259,7 +83410,7 @@
 /************** End of alter.c ***********************************************/
 /************** Begin file analyze.c *****************************************/
 /*
-** 2005 July 8
+** 2005-07-08
 **
 ** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
 ** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
@@ -79280,15 +83431,23 @@
 **    CREATE TABLE sqlite_stat1(tbl, idx, stat);
 **    CREATE TABLE sqlite_stat2(tbl, idx, sampleno, sample);
 **    CREATE TABLE sqlite_stat3(tbl, idx, nEq, nLt, nDLt, sample);
+**    CREATE TABLE sqlite_stat4(tbl, idx, nEq, nLt, nDLt, sample);
 **
 ** Additional tables might be added in future releases of SQLite.
 ** The sqlite_stat2 table is not created or used unless the SQLite version
 ** is between 3.6.18 and 3.7.8, inclusive, and unless SQLite is compiled
 ** with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2.  The sqlite_stat2 table is deprecated.
-** The sqlite_stat2 table is superceded by sqlite_stat3, which is only
+** The sqlite_stat2 table is superseded by sqlite_stat3, which is only
 ** created and used by SQLite versions 3.7.9 and later and with
-** SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 defined.  The fucntionality of sqlite_stat3
-** is a superset of sqlite_stat2.  
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 defined.  The functionality of sqlite_stat3
+** is a superset of sqlite_stat2.  The sqlite_stat4 is an enhanced
+** version of sqlite_stat3 and is only available when compiled with
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 and in SQLite versions 3.8.1 and later.  It is
+** not possible to enable both STAT3 and STAT4 at the same time.  If they
+** are both enabled, then STAT4 takes precedence.
+**
+** For most applications, sqlite_stat1 provides all the statisics required
+** for the query planner to make good choices.
 **
 ** Format of sqlite_stat1:
 **
@@ -79296,7 +83455,8 @@
 ** name in the idx column.  The tbl column is the name of the table to
 ** which the index belongs.  In each such row, the stat column will be
 ** a string consisting of a list of integers.  The first integer in this
-** list is the number of rows in the index and in the table.  The second
+** list is the number of rows in the index.  (This is the same as the
+** number of rows in the table, except for partial indices.)  The second
 ** integer is the average number of rows in the index that have the same
 ** value in the first column of the index.  The third integer is the average
 ** number of rows in the index that have the same value for the first two
@@ -79343,53 +83503,81 @@
 **
 ** Format for sqlite_stat3:
 **
-** The sqlite_stat3 is an enhancement to sqlite_stat2.  A new name is
-** used to avoid compatibility problems.  
+** The sqlite_stat3 format is a subset of sqlite_stat4.  Hence, the
+** sqlite_stat4 format will be described first.  Further information
+** about sqlite_stat3 follows the sqlite_stat4 description.
 **
-** The format of the sqlite_stat3 table is similar to the format of
-** the sqlite_stat2 table.  There are multiple entries for each index.
+** Format for sqlite_stat4:
+**
+** As with sqlite_stat2, the sqlite_stat4 table contains histogram data
+** to aid the query planner in choosing good indices based on the values
+** that indexed columns are compared against in the WHERE clauses of
+** queries.
+**
+** The sqlite_stat4 table contains multiple entries for each index.
 ** The idx column names the index and the tbl column is the table of the
 ** index.  If the idx and tbl columns are the same, then the sample is
-** of the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.  The sample column is a value taken from
-** the left-most column of the index.  The nEq column is the approximate
-** number of entires in the index whose left-most column exactly matches
-** the sample.  nLt is the approximate number of entires whose left-most
-** column is less than the sample.  The nDLt column is the approximate
-** number of distinct left-most entries in the index that are less than
-** the sample.
+** of the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.  The sample column is a blob which is the
+** binary encoding of a key from the index.  The nEq column is a
+** list of integers.  The first integer is the approximate number
+** of entries in the index whose left-most column exactly matches
+** the left-most column of the sample.  The second integer in nEq
+** is the approximate number of entries in the index where the
+** first two columns match the first two columns of the sample.
+** And so forth.  nLt is another list of integers that show the approximate
+** number of entries that are strictly less than the sample.  The first
+** integer in nLt contains the number of entries in the index where the
+** left-most column is less than the left-most column of the sample.
+** The K-th integer in the nLt entry is the number of index entries 
+** where the first K columns are less than the first K columns of the
+** sample.  The nDLt column is like nLt except that it contains the 
+** number of distinct entries in the index that are less than the
+** sample.
 **
-** Future versions of SQLite might change to store a string containing
-** multiple integers values in the nDLt column of sqlite_stat3.  The first
-** integer will be the number of prior index entires that are distinct in
-** the left-most column.  The second integer will be the number of prior index
-** entries that are distinct in the first two columns.  The third integer
-** will be the number of prior index entries that are distinct in the first
-** three columns.  And so forth.  With that extension, the nDLt field is
-** similar in function to the sqlite_stat1.stat field.
-**
-** There can be an arbitrary number of sqlite_stat3 entries per index.
-** The ANALYZE command will typically generate sqlite_stat3 tables
+** There can be an arbitrary number of sqlite_stat4 entries per index.
+** The ANALYZE command will typically generate sqlite_stat4 tables
 ** that contain between 10 and 40 samples which are distributed across
 ** the key space, though not uniformly, and which include samples with
-** largest possible nEq values.
+** large nEq values.
+**
+** Format for sqlite_stat3 redux:
+**
+** The sqlite_stat3 table is like sqlite_stat4 except that it only
+** looks at the left-most column of the index.  The sqlite_stat3.sample
+** column contains the actual value of the left-most column instead
+** of a blob encoding of the complete index key as is found in
+** sqlite_stat4.sample.  The nEq, nLt, and nDLt entries of sqlite_stat3
+** all contain just a single integer which is the same as the first
+** integer in the equivalent columns in sqlite_stat4.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE
 
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4)
+# define IsStat4     1
+# define IsStat3     0
+#elif defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3)
+# define IsStat4     0
+# define IsStat3     1
+#else
+# define IsStat4     0
+# define IsStat3     0
+# undef SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES
+# define SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES 1
+#endif
+#define IsStat34    (IsStat3+IsStat4)  /* 1 for STAT3 or STAT4. 0 otherwise */
+
 /*
-** This routine generates code that opens the sqlite_stat1 table for
-** writing with cursor iStatCur. If the library was built with the
-** SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 macro defined, then the sqlite_stat3 table is
-** opened for writing using cursor (iStatCur+1)
+** This routine generates code that opens the sqlite_statN tables.
+** The sqlite_stat1 table is always relevant.  sqlite_stat2 is now
+** obsolete.  sqlite_stat3 and sqlite_stat4 are only opened when
+** appropriate compile-time options are provided.
 **
-** If the sqlite_stat1 tables does not previously exist, it is created.
-** Similarly, if the sqlite_stat3 table does not exist and the library
-** is compiled with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 defined, it is created. 
+** If the sqlite_statN tables do not previously exist, it is created.
 **
 ** Argument zWhere may be a pointer to a buffer containing a table name,
 ** or it may be a NULL pointer. If it is not NULL, then all entries in
-** the sqlite_stat1 and (if applicable) sqlite_stat3 tables associated
-** with the named table are deleted. If zWhere==0, then code is generated
-** to delete all stat table entries.
+** the sqlite_statN tables associated with the named table are deleted.
+** If zWhere==0, then code is generated to delete all stat table entries.
 */
 static void openStatTable(
   Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
@@ -79403,18 +83591,24 @@
     const char *zCols;
   } aTable[] = {
     { "sqlite_stat1", "tbl,idx,stat" },
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4)
+    { "sqlite_stat4", "tbl,idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sample" },
+    { "sqlite_stat3", 0 },
+#elif defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3)
     { "sqlite_stat3", "tbl,idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sample" },
+    { "sqlite_stat4", 0 },
+#else
+    { "sqlite_stat3", 0 },
+    { "sqlite_stat4", 0 },
 #endif
   };
-
-  int aRoot[] = {0, 0};
-  u8 aCreateTbl[] = {0, 0};
-
   int i;
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
   Db *pDb;
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  int aRoot[ArraySize(aTable)];
+  u8 aCreateTbl[ArraySize(aTable)];
+
   if( v==0 ) return;
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
   assert( sqlite3VdbeDb(v)==db );
@@ -79427,259 +83621,738 @@
     const char *zTab = aTable[i].zName;
     Table *pStat;
     if( (pStat = sqlite3FindTable(db, zTab, pDb->zName))==0 ){
-      /* The sqlite_stat[12] table does not exist. Create it. Note that a 
-      ** side-effect of the CREATE TABLE statement is to leave the rootpage 
-      ** of the new table in register pParse->regRoot. This is important 
-      ** because the OpenWrite opcode below will be needing it. */
-      sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
-          "CREATE TABLE %Q.%s(%s)", pDb->zName, zTab, aTable[i].zCols
-      );
-      aRoot[i] = pParse->regRoot;
-      aCreateTbl[i] = 1;
+      if( aTable[i].zCols ){
+        /* The sqlite_statN table does not exist. Create it. Note that a 
+        ** side-effect of the CREATE TABLE statement is to leave the rootpage 
+        ** of the new table in register pParse->regRoot. This is important 
+        ** because the OpenWrite opcode below will be needing it. */
+        sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+            "CREATE TABLE %Q.%s(%s)", pDb->zName, zTab, aTable[i].zCols
+        );
+        aRoot[i] = pParse->regRoot;
+        aCreateTbl[i] = OPFLAG_P2ISREG;
+      }
     }else{
       /* The table already exists. If zWhere is not NULL, delete all entries 
       ** associated with the table zWhere. If zWhere is NULL, delete the
       ** entire contents of the table. */
       aRoot[i] = pStat->tnum;
+      aCreateTbl[i] = 0;
       sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, aRoot[i], 1, zTab);
       if( zWhere ){
         sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
-           "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE %s=%Q", pDb->zName, zTab, zWhereType, zWhere
+           "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE %s=%Q",
+           pDb->zName, zTab, zWhereType, zWhere
         );
       }else{
-        /* The sqlite_stat[12] table already exists.  Delete all rows. */
+        /* The sqlite_stat[134] table already exists.  Delete all rows. */
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, aRoot[i], iDb);
       }
     }
   }
 
-  /* Open the sqlite_stat[13] tables for writing. */
-  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aTable); i++){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, iStatCur+i, aRoot[i], iDb);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)3, P4_INT32);
+  /* Open the sqlite_stat[134] tables for writing. */
+  for(i=0; aTable[i].zCols; i++){
+    assert( i<ArraySize(aTable) );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_OpenWrite, iStatCur+i, aRoot[i], iDb, 3);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, aCreateTbl[i]);
+    VdbeComment((v, aTable[i].zName));
   }
 }
 
 /*
-** Recommended number of samples for sqlite_stat3
+** Recommended number of samples for sqlite_stat4
 */
-#ifndef SQLITE_STAT3_SAMPLES
-# define SQLITE_STAT3_SAMPLES 24
+#ifndef SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES
+# define SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES 24
 #endif
 
 /*
-** Three SQL functions - stat3_init(), stat3_push(), and stat3_pop() -
+** Three SQL functions - stat_init(), stat_push(), and stat_get() -
 ** share an instance of the following structure to hold their state
 ** information.
 */
-typedef struct Stat3Accum Stat3Accum;
-struct Stat3Accum {
+typedef struct Stat4Accum Stat4Accum;
+typedef struct Stat4Sample Stat4Sample;
+struct Stat4Sample {
+  tRowcnt *anEq;                  /* sqlite_stat4.nEq */
+  tRowcnt *anDLt;                 /* sqlite_stat4.nDLt */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  tRowcnt *anLt;                  /* sqlite_stat4.nLt */
+  union {
+    i64 iRowid;                     /* Rowid in main table of the key */
+    u8 *aRowid;                     /* Key for WITHOUT ROWID tables */
+  } u;
+  u32 nRowid;                     /* Sizeof aRowid[] */
+  u8 isPSample;                   /* True if a periodic sample */
+  int iCol;                       /* If !isPSample, the reason for inclusion */
+  u32 iHash;                      /* Tiebreaker hash */
+#endif
+};                                                    
+struct Stat4Accum {
   tRowcnt nRow;             /* Number of rows in the entire table */
   tRowcnt nPSample;         /* How often to do a periodic sample */
-  int iMin;                 /* Index of entry with minimum nEq and hash */
+  int nCol;                 /* Number of columns in index + pk/rowid */
+  int nKeyCol;              /* Number of index columns w/o the pk/rowid */
   int mxSample;             /* Maximum number of samples to accumulate */
-  int nSample;              /* Current number of samples */
+  Stat4Sample current;      /* Current row as a Stat4Sample */
   u32 iPrn;                 /* Pseudo-random number used for sampling */
-  struct Stat3Sample {
-    i64 iRowid;                /* Rowid in main table of the key */
-    tRowcnt nEq;               /* sqlite_stat3.nEq */
-    tRowcnt nLt;               /* sqlite_stat3.nLt */
-    tRowcnt nDLt;              /* sqlite_stat3.nDLt */
-    u8 isPSample;              /* True if a periodic sample */
-    u32 iHash;                 /* Tiebreaker hash */
-  } *a;                     /* An array of samples */
+  Stat4Sample *aBest;       /* Array of nCol best samples */
+  int iMin;                 /* Index in a[] of entry with minimum score */
+  int nSample;              /* Current number of samples */
+  int iGet;                 /* Index of current sample accessed by stat_get() */
+  Stat4Sample *a;           /* Array of mxSample Stat4Sample objects */
+  sqlite3 *db;              /* Database connection, for malloc() */
 };
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-/*
-** Implementation of the stat3_init(C,S) SQL function.  The two parameters
-** are the number of rows in the table or index (C) and the number of samples
-** to accumulate (S).
-**
-** This routine allocates the Stat3Accum object.
-**
-** The return value is the Stat3Accum object (P).
+/* Reclaim memory used by a Stat4Sample
 */
-static void stat3Init(
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+static void sampleClear(sqlite3 *db, Stat4Sample *p){
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  if( p->nRowid ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.aRowid);
+    p->nRowid = 0;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Initialize the BLOB value of a ROWID
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+static void sampleSetRowid(sqlite3 *db, Stat4Sample *p, int n, const u8 *pData){
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  if( p->nRowid ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.aRowid);
+  p->u.aRowid = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n);
+  if( p->u.aRowid ){
+    p->nRowid = n;
+    memcpy(p->u.aRowid, pData, n);
+  }else{
+    p->nRowid = 0;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Initialize the INTEGER value of a ROWID.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+static void sampleSetRowidInt64(sqlite3 *db, Stat4Sample *p, i64 iRowid){
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  if( p->nRowid ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.aRowid);
+  p->nRowid = 0;
+  p->u.iRowid = iRowid;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Copy the contents of object (*pFrom) into (*pTo).
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+static void sampleCopy(Stat4Accum *p, Stat4Sample *pTo, Stat4Sample *pFrom){
+  pTo->isPSample = pFrom->isPSample;
+  pTo->iCol = pFrom->iCol;
+  pTo->iHash = pFrom->iHash;
+  memcpy(pTo->anEq, pFrom->anEq, sizeof(tRowcnt)*p->nCol);
+  memcpy(pTo->anLt, pFrom->anLt, sizeof(tRowcnt)*p->nCol);
+  memcpy(pTo->anDLt, pFrom->anDLt, sizeof(tRowcnt)*p->nCol);
+  if( pFrom->nRowid ){
+    sampleSetRowid(p->db, pTo, pFrom->nRowid, pFrom->u.aRowid);
+  }else{
+    sampleSetRowidInt64(p->db, pTo, pFrom->u.iRowid);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Reclaim all memory of a Stat4Accum structure.
+*/
+static void stat4Destructor(void *pOld){
+  Stat4Accum *p = (Stat4Accum*)pOld;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++) sampleClear(p->db, p->aBest+i);
+  for(i=0; i<p->mxSample; i++) sampleClear(p->db, p->a+i);
+  sampleClear(p->db, &p->current);
+#endif
+  sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the stat_init(N,K,C) SQL function. The three parameters
+** are:
+**     N:    The number of columns in the index including the rowid/pk (note 1)
+**     K:    The number of columns in the index excluding the rowid/pk.
+**     C:    The number of rows in the index (note 2)
+**
+** Note 1:  In the special case of the covering index that implements a
+** WITHOUT ROWID table, N is the number of PRIMARY KEY columns, not the
+** total number of columns in the table.
+**
+** Note 2:  C is only used for STAT3 and STAT4.
+**
+** For indexes on ordinary rowid tables, N==K+1.  But for indexes on
+** WITHOUT ROWID tables, N=K+P where P is the number of columns in the
+** PRIMARY KEY of the table.  The covering index that implements the
+** original WITHOUT ROWID table as N==K as a special case.
+**
+** This routine allocates the Stat4Accum object in heap memory. The return 
+** value is a pointer to the the Stat4Accum object encoded as a blob (i.e. 
+** the size of the blob is sizeof(void*) bytes). 
+*/
+static void statInit(
   sqlite3_context *context,
   int argc,
   sqlite3_value **argv
 ){
-  Stat3Accum *p;
-  tRowcnt nRow;
-  int mxSample;
-  int n;
+  Stat4Accum *p;
+  int nCol;                       /* Number of columns in index being sampled */
+  int nKeyCol;                    /* Number of key columns */
+  int nColUp;                     /* nCol rounded up for alignment */
+  int n;                          /* Bytes of space to allocate */
+  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Database connection */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  int mxSample = SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES;
+#endif
 
+  /* Decode the three function arguments */
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
-  nRow = (tRowcnt)sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
-  mxSample = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
-  n = sizeof(*p) + sizeof(p->a[0])*mxSample;
-  p = sqlite3_malloc( n );
+  nCol = sqlite3_value_int(argv[0]);
+  assert( nCol>0 );
+  nColUp = sizeof(tRowcnt)<8 ? (nCol+1)&~1 : nCol;
+  nKeyCol = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
+  assert( nKeyCol<=nCol );
+  assert( nKeyCol>0 );
+
+  /* Allocate the space required for the Stat4Accum object */
+  n = sizeof(*p) 
+    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*nColUp                  /* Stat4Accum.anEq */
+    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*nColUp                  /* Stat4Accum.anDLt */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*nColUp                  /* Stat4Accum.anLt */
+    + sizeof(Stat4Sample)*(nCol+mxSample)     /* Stat4Accum.aBest[], a[] */
+    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*3*nColUp*(nCol+mxSample)
+#endif
+  ;
+  db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, n);
   if( p==0 ){
     sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
     return;
   }
-  memset(p, 0, n);
-  p->a = (struct Stat3Sample*)&p[1];
-  p->nRow = nRow;
-  p->mxSample = mxSample;
-  p->nPSample = p->nRow/(mxSample/3+1) + 1;
-  sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(p->iPrn), &p->iPrn);
-  sqlite3_result_blob(context, p, sizeof(p), sqlite3_free);
+
+  p->db = db;
+  p->nRow = 0;
+  p->nCol = nCol;
+  p->nKeyCol = nKeyCol;
+  p->current.anDLt = (tRowcnt*)&p[1];
+  p->current.anEq = &p->current.anDLt[nColUp];
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  {
+    u8 *pSpace;                     /* Allocated space not yet assigned */
+    int i;                          /* Used to iterate through p->aSample[] */
+
+    p->iGet = -1;
+    p->mxSample = mxSample;
+    p->nPSample = (tRowcnt)(sqlite3_value_int64(argv[2])/(mxSample/3+1) + 1);
+    p->current.anLt = &p->current.anEq[nColUp];
+    p->iPrn = nCol*0x689e962d ^ sqlite3_value_int(argv[2])*0xd0944565;
+  
+    /* Set up the Stat4Accum.a[] and aBest[] arrays */
+    p->a = (struct Stat4Sample*)&p->current.anLt[nColUp];
+    p->aBest = &p->a[mxSample];
+    pSpace = (u8*)(&p->a[mxSample+nCol]);
+    for(i=0; i<(mxSample+nCol); i++){
+      p->a[i].anEq = (tRowcnt *)pSpace; pSpace += (sizeof(tRowcnt) * nColUp);
+      p->a[i].anLt = (tRowcnt *)pSpace; pSpace += (sizeof(tRowcnt) * nColUp);
+      p->a[i].anDLt = (tRowcnt *)pSpace; pSpace += (sizeof(tRowcnt) * nColUp);
+    }
+    assert( (pSpace - (u8*)p)==n );
+  
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      p->aBest[i].iCol = i;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Return a pointer to the allocated object to the caller */
+  sqlite3_result_blob(context, p, sizeof(p), stat4Destructor);
 }
-static const FuncDef stat3InitFuncdef = {
-  2,                /* nArg */
-  SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
-  0,                /* flags */
-  0,                /* pUserData */
-  0,                /* pNext */
-  stat3Init,        /* xFunc */
-  0,                /* xStep */
-  0,                /* xFinalize */
-  "stat3_init",     /* zName */
-  0,                /* pHash */
-  0                 /* pDestructor */
+static const FuncDef statInitFuncdef = {
+  2+IsStat34,      /* nArg */
+  SQLITE_UTF8,     /* funcFlags */
+  0,               /* pUserData */
+  0,               /* pNext */
+  statInit,        /* xFunc */
+  0,               /* xStep */
+  0,               /* xFinalize */
+  "stat_init",     /* zName */
+  0,               /* pHash */
+  0                /* pDestructor */
 };
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+/*
+** pNew and pOld are both candidate non-periodic samples selected for 
+** the same column (pNew->iCol==pOld->iCol). Ignoring this column and 
+** considering only any trailing columns and the sample hash value, this
+** function returns true if sample pNew is to be preferred over pOld.
+** In other words, if we assume that the cardinalities of the selected
+** column for pNew and pOld are equal, is pNew to be preferred over pOld.
+**
+** This function assumes that for each argument sample, the contents of
+** the anEq[] array from pSample->anEq[pSample->iCol+1] onwards are valid. 
+*/
+static int sampleIsBetterPost(
+  Stat4Accum *pAccum, 
+  Stat4Sample *pNew, 
+  Stat4Sample *pOld
+){
+  int nCol = pAccum->nCol;
+  int i;
+  assert( pNew->iCol==pOld->iCol );
+  for(i=pNew->iCol+1; i<nCol; i++){
+    if( pNew->anEq[i]>pOld->anEq[i] ) return 1;
+    if( pNew->anEq[i]<pOld->anEq[i] ) return 0;
+  }
+  if( pNew->iHash>pOld->iHash ) return 1;
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+/*
+** Return true if pNew is to be preferred over pOld.
+**
+** This function assumes that for each argument sample, the contents of
+** the anEq[] array from pSample->anEq[pSample->iCol] onwards are valid. 
+*/
+static int sampleIsBetter(
+  Stat4Accum *pAccum, 
+  Stat4Sample *pNew, 
+  Stat4Sample *pOld
+){
+  tRowcnt nEqNew = pNew->anEq[pNew->iCol];
+  tRowcnt nEqOld = pOld->anEq[pOld->iCol];
+
+  assert( pOld->isPSample==0 && pNew->isPSample==0 );
+  assert( IsStat4 || (pNew->iCol==0 && pOld->iCol==0) );
+
+  if( (nEqNew>nEqOld) ) return 1;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+  if( nEqNew==nEqOld ){
+    if( pNew->iCol<pOld->iCol ) return 1;
+    return (pNew->iCol==pOld->iCol && sampleIsBetterPost(pAccum, pNew, pOld));
+  }
+  return 0;
+#else
+  return (nEqNew==nEqOld && pNew->iHash>pOld->iHash);
+#endif
+}
 
 /*
-** Implementation of the stat3_push(nEq,nLt,nDLt,rowid,P) SQL function.  The
-** arguments describe a single key instance.  This routine makes the 
-** decision about whether or not to retain this key for the sqlite_stat3
-** table.
-**
-** The return value is NULL.
+** Copy the contents of sample *pNew into the p->a[] array. If necessary,
+** remove the least desirable sample from p->a[] to make room.
 */
-static void stat3Push(
-  sqlite3_context *context,
-  int argc,
-  sqlite3_value **argv
-){
-  Stat3Accum *p = (Stat3Accum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[4]);
-  tRowcnt nEq = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
-  tRowcnt nLt = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[1]);
-  tRowcnt nDLt = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[2]);
-  i64 rowid = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[3]);
-  u8 isPSample = 0;
-  u8 doInsert = 0;
-  int iMin = p->iMin;
-  struct Stat3Sample *pSample;
+static void sampleInsert(Stat4Accum *p, Stat4Sample *pNew, int nEqZero){
+  Stat4Sample *pSample = 0;
   int i;
-  u32 h;
 
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(context);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
-  if( nEq==0 ) return;
-  h = p->iPrn = p->iPrn*1103515245 + 12345;
-  if( (nLt/p->nPSample)!=((nEq+nLt)/p->nPSample) ){
-    doInsert = isPSample = 1;
-  }else if( p->nSample<p->mxSample ){
-    doInsert = 1;
-  }else{
-    if( nEq>p->a[iMin].nEq || (nEq==p->a[iMin].nEq && h>p->a[iMin].iHash) ){
-      doInsert = 1;
-    }
-  }
-  if( !doInsert ) return;
-  if( p->nSample==p->mxSample ){
-    assert( p->nSample - iMin - 1 >= 0 );
-    memmove(&p->a[iMin], &p->a[iMin+1], sizeof(p->a[0])*(p->nSample-iMin-1));
-    pSample = &p->a[p->nSample-1];
-  }else{
-    pSample = &p->a[p->nSample++];
-  }
-  pSample->iRowid = rowid;
-  pSample->nEq = nEq;
-  pSample->nLt = nLt;
-  pSample->nDLt = nDLt;
-  pSample->iHash = h;
-  pSample->isPSample = isPSample;
+  assert( IsStat4 || nEqZero==0 );
 
-  /* Find the new minimum */
-  if( p->nSample==p->mxSample ){
-    pSample = p->a;
-    i = 0;
-    while( pSample->isPSample ){
-      i++;
-      pSample++;
-      assert( i<p->nSample );
-    }
-    nEq = pSample->nEq;
-    h = pSample->iHash;
-    iMin = i;
-    for(i++, pSample++; i<p->nSample; i++, pSample++){
-      if( pSample->isPSample ) continue;
-      if( pSample->nEq<nEq
-       || (pSample->nEq==nEq && pSample->iHash<h)
-      ){
-        iMin = i;
-        nEq = pSample->nEq;
-        h = pSample->iHash;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+  if( pNew->isPSample==0 ){
+    Stat4Sample *pUpgrade = 0;
+    assert( pNew->anEq[pNew->iCol]>0 );
+
+    /* This sample is being added because the prefix that ends in column 
+    ** iCol occurs many times in the table. However, if we have already
+    ** added a sample that shares this prefix, there is no need to add
+    ** this one. Instead, upgrade the priority of the highest priority
+    ** existing sample that shares this prefix.  */
+    for(i=p->nSample-1; i>=0; i--){
+      Stat4Sample *pOld = &p->a[i];
+      if( pOld->anEq[pNew->iCol]==0 ){
+        if( pOld->isPSample ) return;
+        assert( pOld->iCol>pNew->iCol );
+        assert( sampleIsBetter(p, pNew, pOld) );
+        if( pUpgrade==0 || sampleIsBetter(p, pOld, pUpgrade) ){
+          pUpgrade = pOld;
+        }
       }
     }
+    if( pUpgrade ){
+      pUpgrade->iCol = pNew->iCol;
+      pUpgrade->anEq[pUpgrade->iCol] = pNew->anEq[pUpgrade->iCol];
+      goto find_new_min;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* If necessary, remove sample iMin to make room for the new sample. */
+  if( p->nSample>=p->mxSample ){
+    Stat4Sample *pMin = &p->a[p->iMin];
+    tRowcnt *anEq = pMin->anEq;
+    tRowcnt *anLt = pMin->anLt;
+    tRowcnt *anDLt = pMin->anDLt;
+    sampleClear(p->db, pMin);
+    memmove(pMin, &pMin[1], sizeof(p->a[0])*(p->nSample-p->iMin-1));
+    pSample = &p->a[p->nSample-1];
+    pSample->nRowid = 0;
+    pSample->anEq = anEq;
+    pSample->anDLt = anDLt;
+    pSample->anLt = anLt;
+    p->nSample = p->mxSample-1;
+  }
+
+  /* The "rows less-than" for the rowid column must be greater than that
+  ** for the last sample in the p->a[] array. Otherwise, the samples would
+  ** be out of order. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+  assert( p->nSample==0 
+       || pNew->anLt[p->nCol-1] > p->a[p->nSample-1].anLt[p->nCol-1] );
+#endif
+
+  /* Insert the new sample */
+  pSample = &p->a[p->nSample];
+  sampleCopy(p, pSample, pNew);
+  p->nSample++;
+
+  /* Zero the first nEqZero entries in the anEq[] array. */
+  memset(pSample->anEq, 0, sizeof(tRowcnt)*nEqZero);
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+ find_new_min:
+#endif
+  if( p->nSample>=p->mxSample ){
+    int iMin = -1;
+    for(i=0; i<p->mxSample; i++){
+      if( p->a[i].isPSample ) continue;
+      if( iMin<0 || sampleIsBetter(p, &p->a[iMin], &p->a[i]) ){
+        iMin = i;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( iMin>=0 );
     p->iMin = iMin;
   }
 }
-static const FuncDef stat3PushFuncdef = {
-  5,                /* nArg */
-  SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
-  0,                /* flags */
-  0,                /* pUserData */
-  0,                /* pNext */
-  stat3Push,        /* xFunc */
-  0,                /* xStep */
-  0,                /* xFinalize */
-  "stat3_push",     /* zName */
-  0,                /* pHash */
-  0                 /* pDestructor */
-};
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 
 /*
-** Implementation of the stat3_get(P,N,...) SQL function.  This routine is
-** used to query the results.  Content is returned for the Nth sqlite_stat3
-** row where N is between 0 and S-1 and S is the number of samples.  The
-** value returned depends on the number of arguments.
-**
-**   argc==2    result:  rowid
-**   argc==3    result:  nEq
-**   argc==4    result:  nLt
-**   argc==5    result:  nDLt
+** Field iChng of the index being scanned has changed. So at this point
+** p->current contains a sample that reflects the previous row of the
+** index. The value of anEq[iChng] and subsequent anEq[] elements are
+** correct at this point.
 */
-static void stat3Get(
+static void samplePushPrevious(Stat4Accum *p, int iChng){
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+  int i;
+
+  /* Check if any samples from the aBest[] array should be pushed
+  ** into IndexSample.a[] at this point.  */
+  for(i=(p->nCol-2); i>=iChng; i--){
+    Stat4Sample *pBest = &p->aBest[i];
+    pBest->anEq[i] = p->current.anEq[i];
+    if( p->nSample<p->mxSample || sampleIsBetter(p, pBest, &p->a[p->iMin]) ){
+      sampleInsert(p, pBest, i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Update the anEq[] fields of any samples already collected. */
+  for(i=p->nSample-1; i>=0; i--){
+    int j;
+    for(j=iChng; j<p->nCol; j++){
+      if( p->a[i].anEq[j]==0 ) p->a[i].anEq[j] = p->current.anEq[j];
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3) && !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4)
+  if( iChng==0 ){
+    tRowcnt nLt = p->current.anLt[0];
+    tRowcnt nEq = p->current.anEq[0];
+
+    /* Check if this is to be a periodic sample. If so, add it. */
+    if( (nLt/p->nPSample)!=(nLt+nEq)/p->nPSample ){
+      p->current.isPSample = 1;
+      sampleInsert(p, &p->current, 0);
+      p->current.isPSample = 0;
+    }else 
+
+    /* Or if it is a non-periodic sample. Add it in this case too. */
+    if( p->nSample<p->mxSample 
+     || sampleIsBetter(p, &p->current, &p->a[p->iMin]) 
+    ){
+      sampleInsert(p, &p->current, 0);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( p );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( iChng );
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the stat_push SQL function:  stat_push(P,C,R)
+** Arguments:
+**
+**    P     Pointer to the Stat4Accum object created by stat_init()
+**    C     Index of left-most column to differ from previous row
+**    R     Rowid for the current row.  Might be a key record for
+**          WITHOUT ROWID tables.
+**
+** This SQL function always returns NULL.  It's purpose it to accumulate
+** statistical data and/or samples in the Stat4Accum object about the
+** index being analyzed.  The stat_get() SQL function will later be used to
+** extract relevant information for constructing the sqlite_statN tables.
+**
+** The R parameter is only used for STAT3 and STAT4
+*/
+static void statPush(
   sqlite3_context *context,
   int argc,
   sqlite3_value **argv
 ){
-  int n = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
-  Stat3Accum *p = (Stat3Accum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
+  int i;
 
-  assert( p!=0 );
-  if( p->nSample<=n ) return;
-  switch( argc ){
-    case 2:  sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->a[n].iRowid); break;
-    case 3:  sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->a[n].nEq);    break;
-    case 4:  sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->a[n].nLt);    break;
-    default: sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->a[n].nDLt);   break;
+  /* The three function arguments */
+  Stat4Accum *p = (Stat4Accum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
+  int iChng = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( argc );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( context );
+  assert( p->nCol>0 );
+  assert( iChng<p->nCol );
+
+  if( p->nRow==0 ){
+    /* This is the first call to this function. Do initialization. */
+    for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++) p->current.anEq[i] = 1;
+  }else{
+    /* Second and subsequent calls get processed here */
+    samplePushPrevious(p, iChng);
+
+    /* Update anDLt[], anLt[] and anEq[] to reflect the values that apply
+    ** to the current row of the index. */
+    for(i=0; i<iChng; i++){
+      p->current.anEq[i]++;
+    }
+    for(i=iChng; i<p->nCol; i++){
+      p->current.anDLt[i]++;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+      p->current.anLt[i] += p->current.anEq[i];
+#endif
+      p->current.anEq[i] = 1;
+    }
   }
+  p->nRow++;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[2])==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
+    sampleSetRowidInt64(p->db, &p->current, sqlite3_value_int64(argv[2]));
+  }else{
+    sampleSetRowid(p->db, &p->current, sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[2]),
+                                       sqlite3_value_blob(argv[2]));
+  }
+  p->current.iHash = p->iPrn = p->iPrn*1103515245 + 12345;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+  {
+    tRowcnt nLt = p->current.anLt[p->nCol-1];
+
+    /* Check if this is to be a periodic sample. If so, add it. */
+    if( (nLt/p->nPSample)!=(nLt+1)/p->nPSample ){
+      p->current.isPSample = 1;
+      p->current.iCol = 0;
+      sampleInsert(p, &p->current, p->nCol-1);
+      p->current.isPSample = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Update the aBest[] array. */
+    for(i=0; i<(p->nCol-1); i++){
+      p->current.iCol = i;
+      if( i>=iChng || sampleIsBetterPost(p, &p->current, &p->aBest[i]) ){
+        sampleCopy(p, &p->aBest[i], &p->current);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif
 }
-static const FuncDef stat3GetFuncdef = {
-  -1,               /* nArg */
-  SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
-  0,                /* flags */
-  0,                /* pUserData */
-  0,                /* pNext */
-  stat3Get,         /* xFunc */
-  0,                /* xStep */
-  0,                /* xFinalize */
-  "stat3_get",     /* zName */
-  0,                /* pHash */
-  0                 /* pDestructor */
+static const FuncDef statPushFuncdef = {
+  2+IsStat34,      /* nArg */
+  SQLITE_UTF8,     /* funcFlags */
+  0,               /* pUserData */
+  0,               /* pNext */
+  statPush,        /* xFunc */
+  0,               /* xStep */
+  0,               /* xFinalize */
+  "stat_push",     /* zName */
+  0,               /* pHash */
+  0                /* pDestructor */
 };
-#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
 
+#define STAT_GET_STAT1 0          /* "stat" column of stat1 table */
+#define STAT_GET_ROWID 1          /* "rowid" column of stat[34] entry */
+#define STAT_GET_NEQ   2          /* "neq" column of stat[34] entry */
+#define STAT_GET_NLT   3          /* "nlt" column of stat[34] entry */
+#define STAT_GET_NDLT  4          /* "ndlt" column of stat[34] entry */
 
+/*
+** Implementation of the stat_get(P,J) SQL function.  This routine is
+** used to query statistical information that has been gathered into
+** the Stat4Accum object by prior calls to stat_push().  The P parameter
+** is a BLOB which is decoded into a pointer to the Stat4Accum objects.
+** The content to returned is determined by the parameter J
+** which is one of the STAT_GET_xxxx values defined above.
+**
+** If neither STAT3 nor STAT4 are enabled, then J is always
+** STAT_GET_STAT1 and is hence omitted and this routine becomes
+** a one-parameter function, stat_get(P), that always returns the
+** stat1 table entry information.
+*/
+static void statGet(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  Stat4Accum *p = (Stat4Accum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  /* STAT3 and STAT4 have a parameter on this routine. */
+  int eCall = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
+  assert( argc==2 );
+  assert( eCall==STAT_GET_STAT1 || eCall==STAT_GET_NEQ 
+       || eCall==STAT_GET_ROWID || eCall==STAT_GET_NLT
+       || eCall==STAT_GET_NDLT 
+  );
+  if( eCall==STAT_GET_STAT1 )
+#else
+  assert( argc==1 );
+#endif
+  {
+    /* Return the value to store in the "stat" column of the sqlite_stat1
+    ** table for this index.
+    **
+    ** The value is a string composed of a list of integers describing 
+    ** the index. The first integer in the list is the total number of 
+    ** entries in the index. There is one additional integer in the list 
+    ** for each indexed column. This additional integer is an estimate of
+    ** the number of rows matched by a stabbing query on the index using
+    ** a key with the corresponding number of fields. In other words,
+    ** if the index is on columns (a,b) and the sqlite_stat1 value is 
+    ** "100 10 2", then SQLite estimates that:
+    **
+    **   * the index contains 100 rows,
+    **   * "WHERE a=?" matches 10 rows, and
+    **   * "WHERE a=? AND b=?" matches 2 rows.
+    **
+    ** If D is the count of distinct values and K is the total number of 
+    ** rows, then each estimate is computed as:
+    **
+    **        I = (K+D-1)/D
+    */
+    char *z;
+    int i;
 
+    char *zRet = sqlite3MallocZero( (p->nKeyCol+1)*25 );
+    if( zRet==0 ){
+      sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_snprintf(24, zRet, "%llu", (u64)p->nRow);
+    z = zRet + sqlite3Strlen30(zRet);
+    for(i=0; i<p->nKeyCol; i++){
+      u64 nDistinct = p->current.anDLt[i] + 1;
+      u64 iVal = (p->nRow + nDistinct - 1) / nDistinct;
+      sqlite3_snprintf(24, z, " %llu", iVal);
+      z += sqlite3Strlen30(z);
+      assert( p->current.anEq[i] );
+    }
+    assert( z[0]=='\0' && z>zRet );
+
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, zRet, -1, sqlite3_free);
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  else if( eCall==STAT_GET_ROWID ){
+    if( p->iGet<0 ){
+      samplePushPrevious(p, 0);
+      p->iGet = 0;
+    }
+    if( p->iGet<p->nSample ){
+      Stat4Sample *pS = p->a + p->iGet;
+      if( pS->nRowid==0 ){
+        sqlite3_result_int64(context, pS->u.iRowid);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_result_blob(context, pS->u.aRowid, pS->nRowid,
+                            SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      }
+    }
+  }else{
+    tRowcnt *aCnt = 0;
+
+    assert( p->iGet<p->nSample );
+    switch( eCall ){
+      case STAT_GET_NEQ:  aCnt = p->a[p->iGet].anEq; break;
+      case STAT_GET_NLT:  aCnt = p->a[p->iGet].anLt; break;
+      default: {
+        aCnt = p->a[p->iGet].anDLt; 
+        p->iGet++;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( IsStat3 ){
+      sqlite3_result_int64(context, (i64)aCnt[0]);
+    }else{
+      char *zRet = sqlite3MallocZero(p->nCol * 25);
+      if( zRet==0 ){
+        sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+      }else{
+        int i;
+        char *z = zRet;
+        for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+          sqlite3_snprintf(24, z, "%llu ", (u64)aCnt[i]);
+          z += sqlite3Strlen30(z);
+        }
+        assert( z[0]=='\0' && z>zRet );
+        z[-1] = '\0';
+        sqlite3_result_text(context, zRet, -1, sqlite3_free);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( argc );
+#endif
+}
+static const FuncDef statGetFuncdef = {
+  1+IsStat34,      /* nArg */
+  SQLITE_UTF8,     /* funcFlags */
+  0,               /* pUserData */
+  0,               /* pNext */
+  statGet,         /* xFunc */
+  0,               /* xStep */
+  0,               /* xFinalize */
+  "stat_get",      /* zName */
+  0,               /* pHash */
+  0                /* pDestructor */
+};
+
+static void callStatGet(Vdbe *v, int regStat4, int iParam, int regOut){
+  assert( regOut!=regStat4 && regOut!=regStat4+1 );
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, iParam, regStat4+1);
+#elif SQLITE_DEBUG
+  assert( iParam==STAT_GET_STAT1 );
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( iParam );
+#endif
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Function, 0, regStat4, regOut);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)&statGetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1 + IsStat34);
+}
 
 /*
 ** Generate code to do an analysis of all indices associated with
@@ -79690,41 +84363,31 @@
   Table *pTab,     /* Table whose indices are to be analyzed */
   Index *pOnlyIdx, /* If not NULL, only analyze this one index */
   int iStatCur,    /* Index of VdbeCursor that writes the sqlite_stat1 table */
-  int iMem         /* Available memory locations begin here */
+  int iMem,        /* Available memory locations begin here */
+  int iTab         /* Next available cursor */
 ){
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;    /* Database handle */
   Index *pIdx;                 /* An index to being analyzed */
   int iIdxCur;                 /* Cursor open on index being analyzed */
+  int iTabCur;                 /* Table cursor */
   Vdbe *v;                     /* The virtual machine being built up */
   int i;                       /* Loop counter */
-  int topOfLoop;               /* The top of the loop */
-  int endOfLoop;               /* The end of the loop */
   int jZeroRows = -1;          /* Jump from here if number of rows is zero */
   int iDb;                     /* Index of database containing pTab */
+  u8 needTableCnt = 1;         /* True to count the table */
+  int regNewRowid = iMem++;    /* Rowid for the inserted record */
+  int regStat4 = iMem++;       /* Register to hold Stat4Accum object */
+  int regChng = iMem++;        /* Index of changed index field */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  int regRowid = iMem++;       /* Rowid argument passed to stat_push() */
+#endif
+  int regTemp = iMem++;        /* Temporary use register */
   int regTabname = iMem++;     /* Register containing table name */
   int regIdxname = iMem++;     /* Register containing index name */
-  int regStat1 = iMem++;       /* The stat column of sqlite_stat1 */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-  int regNumEq = regStat1;     /* Number of instances.  Same as regStat1 */
-  int regNumLt = iMem++;       /* Number of keys less than regSample */
-  int regNumDLt = iMem++;      /* Number of distinct keys less than regSample */
-  int regSample = iMem++;      /* The next sample value */
-  int regRowid = regSample;    /* Rowid of a sample */
-  int regAccum = iMem++;       /* Register to hold Stat3Accum object */
-  int regLoop = iMem++;        /* Loop counter */
-  int regCount = iMem++;       /* Number of rows in the table or index */
-  int regTemp1 = iMem++;       /* Intermediate register */
-  int regTemp2 = iMem++;       /* Intermediate register */
-  int once = 1;                /* One-time initialization */
-  int shortJump = 0;           /* Instruction address */
-  int iTabCur = pParse->nTab++; /* Table cursor */
-#endif
-  int regCol = iMem++;         /* Content of a column in analyzed table */
-  int regRec = iMem++;         /* Register holding completed record */
-  int regTemp = iMem++;        /* Temporary use register */
-  int regNewRowid = iMem++;    /* Rowid for the inserted record */
+  int regStat1 = iMem++;       /* Value for the stat column of sqlite_stat1 */
+  int regPrev = iMem;          /* MUST BE LAST (see below) */
 
-
+  pParse->nMem = MAX(pParse->nMem, iMem);
   v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   if( v==0 || NEVER(pTab==0) ){
     return;
@@ -79733,7 +84396,7 @@
     /* Do not gather statistics on views or virtual tables */
     return;
   }
-  if( memcmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 ){
+  if( sqlite3_strnicmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 ){
     /* Do not gather statistics on system tables */
     return;
   }
@@ -79748,215 +84411,271 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-  /* Establish a read-lock on the table at the shared-cache level. */
+  /* Establish a read-lock on the table at the shared-cache level. 
+  ** Open a read-only cursor on the table. Also allocate a cursor number
+  ** to use for scanning indexes (iIdxCur). No index cursor is opened at
+  ** this time though.  */
   sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
-
-  iIdxCur = pParse->nTab++;
+  iTabCur = iTab++;
+  iIdxCur = iTab++;
+  pParse->nTab = MAX(pParse->nTab, iTab);
+  sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTabCur, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regTabname, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
+
   for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-    int nCol;
-    KeyInfo *pKey;
-    int addrIfNot = 0;           /* address of OP_IfNot */
-    int *aChngAddr;              /* Array of jump instruction addresses */
+    int nCol;                     /* Number of columns in pIdx. "N" */
+    int addrRewind;               /* Address of "OP_Rewind iIdxCur" */
+    int addrNextRow;              /* Address of "next_row:" */
+    const char *zIdxName;         /* Name of the index */
+    int nColTest;                 /* Number of columns to test for changes */
 
     if( pOnlyIdx && pOnlyIdx!=pIdx ) continue;
-    VdbeNoopComment((v, "Begin analysis of %s", pIdx->zName));
-    nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
-    aChngAddr = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*nCol);
-    if( aChngAddr==0 ) continue;
-    pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
-    if( iMem+1+(nCol*2)>pParse->nMem ){
-      pParse->nMem = iMem+1+(nCol*2);
+    if( pIdx->pPartIdxWhere==0 ) needTableCnt = 0;
+    if( !HasRowid(pTab) && IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ){
+      nCol = pIdx->nKeyCol;
+      zIdxName = pTab->zName;
+      nColTest = nCol - 1;
+    }else{
+      nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
+      zIdxName = pIdx->zName;
+      nColTest = pIdx->uniqNotNull ? pIdx->nKeyCol-1 : nCol-1;
     }
 
-    /* Open a cursor to the index to be analyzed. */
-    assert( iDb==sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pIdx->pSchema) );
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdxCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
-        (char *)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
-    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
-
     /* Populate the register containing the index name. */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regIdxname, 0, pIdx->zName, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regIdxname, 0, zIdxName, 0);
+    VdbeComment((v, "Analysis for %s.%s", pTab->zName, zIdxName));
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-    if( once ){
-      once = 0;
-      sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTabCur, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
-    }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regCount);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, SQLITE_STAT3_SAMPLES, regTemp1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regNumEq);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regNumLt);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, regNumDLt);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, regSample, regAccum);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regCount, regAccum,
-                      (char*)&stat3InitFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 2);
-#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
-
-    /* The block of memory cells initialized here is used as follows.
+    /*
+    ** Pseudo-code for loop that calls stat_push():
     **
-    **    iMem:                
-    **        The total number of rows in the table.
+    **   Rewind csr
+    **   if eof(csr) goto end_of_scan;
+    **   regChng = 0
+    **   goto chng_addr_0;
     **
-    **    iMem+1 .. iMem+nCol: 
-    **        Number of distinct entries in index considering the 
-    **        left-most N columns only, where N is between 1 and nCol, 
-    **        inclusive.
+    **  next_row:
+    **   regChng = 0
+    **   if( idx(0) != regPrev(0) ) goto chng_addr_0
+    **   regChng = 1
+    **   if( idx(1) != regPrev(1) ) goto chng_addr_1
+    **   ...
+    **   regChng = N
+    **   goto chng_addr_N
     **
-    **    iMem+nCol+1 .. Mem+2*nCol:  
-    **        Previous value of indexed columns, from left to right.
+    **  chng_addr_0:
+    **   regPrev(0) = idx(0)
+    **  chng_addr_1:
+    **   regPrev(1) = idx(1)
+    **  ...
     **
-    ** Cells iMem through iMem+nCol are initialized to 0. The others are 
-    ** initialized to contain an SQL NULL.
+    **  endDistinctTest:
+    **   regRowid = idx(rowid)
+    **   stat_push(P, regChng, regRowid)
+    **   Next csr
+    **   if !eof(csr) goto next_row;
+    **
+    **  end_of_scan:
     */
-    for(i=0; i<=nCol; i++){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iMem+i);
-    }
-    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iMem+nCol+i+1);
-    }
 
-    /* Start the analysis loop. This loop runs through all the entries in
-    ** the index b-tree.  */
-    endOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iIdxCur, endOfLoop);
-    topOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, iMem, 1);  /* Increment row counter */
+    /* Make sure there are enough memory cells allocated to accommodate 
+    ** the regPrev array and a trailing rowid (the rowid slot is required
+    ** when building a record to insert into the sample column of 
+    ** the sqlite_stat4 table.  */
+    pParse->nMem = MAX(pParse->nMem, regPrev+nColTest);
 
-    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-      CollSeq *pColl;
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, regCol);
-      if( i==0 ){
-        /* Always record the very first row */
-        addrIfNot = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, iMem+1);
-      }
-      assert( pIdx->azColl!=0 );
-      assert( pIdx->azColl[i]!=0 );
-      pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pIdx->azColl[i]);
-      aChngAddr[i] = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Ne, regCol, 0, iMem+nCol+i+1,
-                                      (char*)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
-      VdbeComment((v, "jump if column %d changed", i));
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-      if( i==0 ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regNumEq, 1);
-        VdbeComment((v, "incr repeat count"));
-      }
+    /* Open a read-only cursor on the index being analyzed. */
+    assert( iDb==sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pIdx->pSchema) );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdxCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
+
+    /* Invoke the stat_init() function. The arguments are:
+    ** 
+    **    (1) the number of columns in the index including the rowid
+    **        (or for a WITHOUT ROWID table, the number of PK columns),
+    **    (2) the number of columns in the key without the rowid/pk
+    **    (3) the number of rows in the index,
+    **
+    **
+    ** The third argument is only used for STAT3 and STAT4
+    */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regStat4+3);
 #endif
-    }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, endOfLoop);
-    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, aChngAddr[i]);  /* Set jump dest for the OP_Ne */
-      if( i==0 ){
-        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrIfNot);   /* Jump dest for OP_IfNot */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regNumEq, regTemp2,
-                          (char*)&stat3PushFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 5);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, pIdx->nColumn, regRowid);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Add, regNumEq, regNumLt, regNumLt);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regNumDLt, 1);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regNumEq);
-#endif        
-      }
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, iMem+i+1, 1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, iMem+nCol+i+1);
-    }
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, aChngAddr);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, nCol, regStat4+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pIdx->nKeyCol, regStat4+2);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Function, 0, regStat4+1, regStat4);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)&statInitFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 2+IsStat34);
 
-    /* Always jump here after updating the iMem+1...iMem+1+nCol counters */
-    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endOfLoop);
-
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iIdxCur, topOfLoop);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iIdxCur);
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regNumEq, regTemp2,
-                      (char*)&stat3PushFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 5);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, regLoop);
-    shortJump = 
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regLoop, 1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regAccum, regTemp1,
-                      (char*)&stat3GetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 2);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, regTemp1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iTabCur, shortJump, regTemp1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTabCur, pIdx->aiColumn[0], regSample);
-    sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, pIdx->aiColumn[0], regSample);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regAccum, regNumEq,
-                      (char*)&stat3GetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 3);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regAccum, regNumLt,
-                      (char*)&stat3GetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 4);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regAccum, regNumDLt,
-                      (char*)&stat3GetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 5);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 6, regRec, "bbbbbb", 0);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur+1, regNewRowid);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur+1, regRec, regNewRowid);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, shortJump);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, shortJump+2);
-#endif        
-
-    /* Store the results in sqlite_stat1.
+    /* Implementation of the following:
     **
-    ** The result is a single row of the sqlite_stat1 table.  The first
-    ** two columns are the names of the table and index.  The third column
-    ** is a string composed of a list of integer statistics about the
-    ** index.  The first integer in the list is the total number of entries
-    ** in the index.  There is one additional integer in the list for each
-    ** column of the table.  This additional integer is a guess of how many
-    ** rows of the table the index will select.  If D is the count of distinct
-    ** values and K is the total number of rows, then the integer is computed
-    ** as:
+    **   Rewind csr
+    **   if eof(csr) goto end_of_scan;
+    **   regChng = 0
+    **   goto next_push_0;
     **
-    **        I = (K+D-1)/D
-    **
-    ** If K==0 then no entry is made into the sqlite_stat1 table.  
-    ** If K>0 then it is always the case the D>0 so division by zero
-    ** is never possible.
     */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, iMem, regStat1);
-    if( jZeroRows<0 ){
-      jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, iMem);
+    addrRewind = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, iIdxCur);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regChng);
+    addrNextRow = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+
+    if( nColTest>0 ){
+      int endDistinctTest = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      int *aGotoChng;               /* Array of jump instruction addresses */
+      aGotoChng = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*nColTest);
+      if( aGotoChng==0 ) continue;
+
+      /*
+      **  next_row:
+      **   regChng = 0
+      **   if( idx(0) != regPrev(0) ) goto chng_addr_0
+      **   regChng = 1
+      **   if( idx(1) != regPrev(1) ) goto chng_addr_1
+      **   ...
+      **   regChng = N
+      **   goto endDistinctTest
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+      addrNextRow = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+      if( nColTest==1 && pIdx->nKeyCol==1 && IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) ){
+        /* For a single-column UNIQUE index, once we have found a non-NULL
+        ** row, we know that all the rest will be distinct, so skip 
+        ** subsequent distinctness tests. */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NotNull, regPrev, endDistinctTest);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }
+      for(i=0; i<nColTest; i++){
+        char *pColl = (char*)sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pIdx->azColl[i]);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, regChng);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, regTemp);
+        aGotoChng[i] = 
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Ne, regTemp, 0, regPrev+i, pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, nColTest, regChng);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, endDistinctTest);
+  
+  
+      /*
+      **  chng_addr_0:
+      **   regPrev(0) = idx(0)
+      **  chng_addr_1:
+      **   regPrev(1) = idx(1)
+      **  ...
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrNextRow-1);
+      for(i=0; i<nColTest; i++){
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, aGotoChng[i]);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, regPrev+i);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endDistinctTest);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, aGotoChng);
     }
-    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regTemp, 0, " ", 0);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, regTemp, regStat1, regStat1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Add, iMem, iMem+i+1, regTemp);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regTemp, -1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Divide, iMem+i+1, regTemp, regTemp);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_ToInt, regTemp);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, regTemp, regStat1, regStat1);
+  
+    /*
+    **  chng_addr_N:
+    **   regRowid = idx(rowid)            // STAT34 only
+    **   stat_push(P, regChng, regRowid)  // 3rd parameter STAT34 only
+    **   Next csr
+    **   if !eof(csr) goto next_row;
+    */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    assert( regRowid==(regStat4+2) );
+    if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxRowid, iIdxCur, regRowid);
+    }else{
+      Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx->pTable);
+      int j, k, regKey;
+      regKey = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pPk->nKeyCol);
+      for(j=0; j<pPk->nKeyCol; j++){
+        k = sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(pIdx, pPk->aiColumn[j]);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, k, regKey+j);
+        VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->aCol[pPk->aiColumn[j]].zName));
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regKey, pPk->nKeyCol, regRowid);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regKey, pPk->nKeyCol);
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regRec, "aaa", 0);
+#endif
+    assert( regChng==(regStat4+1) );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Function, 1, regStat4, regTemp);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)&statPushFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 2+IsStat34);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iIdxCur, addrNextRow); VdbeCoverage(v);
+
+    /* Add the entry to the stat1 table. */
+    callStatGet(v, regStat4, STAT_GET_STAT1, regStat1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regTemp, "aaa", 0);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regNewRowid);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regRec, regNewRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regTemp, regNewRowid);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
+
+    /* Add the entries to the stat3 or stat4 table. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    {
+      int regEq = regStat1;
+      int regLt = regStat1+1;
+      int regDLt = regStat1+2;
+      int regSample = regStat1+3;
+      int regCol = regStat1+4;
+      int regSampleRowid = regCol + nCol;
+      int addrNext;
+      int addrIsNull;
+      u8 seekOp = HasRowid(pTab) ? OP_NotExists : OP_NotFound;
+
+      pParse->nMem = MAX(pParse->nMem, regCol+nCol);
+
+      addrNext = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+      callStatGet(v, regStat4, STAT_GET_ROWID, regSampleRowid);
+      addrIsNull = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, regSampleRowid);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+      callStatGet(v, regStat4, STAT_GET_NEQ, regEq);
+      callStatGet(v, regStat4, STAT_GET_NLT, regLt);
+      callStatGet(v, regStat4, STAT_GET_NDLT, regDLt);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, seekOp, iTabCur, addrNext, regSampleRowid, 0);
+      /* We know that the regSampleRowid row exists because it was read by
+      ** the previous loop.  Thus the not-found jump of seekOp will never
+      ** be taken */
+      VdbeCoverageNeverTaken(v);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+      sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iTabCur, 
+                                      pIdx->aiColumn[0], regSample);
+#else
+      for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+        i16 iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iTabCur, iCol, regCol+i);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regCol, nCol, regSample);
+#endif
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 6, regTemp);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur+1, regNewRowid);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur+1, regTemp, regNewRowid);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 1, addrNext); /* P1==1 for end-of-loop */
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrIsNull);
+    }
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
+
+    /* End of analysis */
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrRewind);
   }
 
-  /* If the table has no indices, create a single sqlite_stat1 entry
-  ** containing NULL as the index name and the row count as the content.
+
+  /* Create a single sqlite_stat1 entry containing NULL as the index
+  ** name and the row count as the content.
   */
-  if( pTab->pIndex==0 ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdxCur, pTab->tnum, iDb);
+  if( pOnlyIdx==0 && needTableCnt ){
     VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regStat1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iIdxCur);
-    jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regStat1);
-  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iTabCur, regStat1);
+    jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regStat1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regIdxname);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regTemp, "aaa", 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regNewRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regTemp, regNewRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jZeroRows);
-    jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regIdxname);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regRec, "aaa", 0);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regNewRowid);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regRec, regNewRowid);
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
-  if( pParse->nMem<regRec ) pParse->nMem = regRec;
-  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jZeroRows);
 }
 
 
@@ -79980,16 +84699,18 @@
   HashElem *k;
   int iStatCur;
   int iMem;
+  int iTab;
 
   sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
   iStatCur = pParse->nTab;
   pParse->nTab += 3;
   openStatTable(pParse, iDb, iStatCur, 0, 0);
   iMem = pParse->nMem+1;
+  iTab = pParse->nTab;
   assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
   for(k=sqliteHashFirst(&pSchema->tblHash); k; k=sqliteHashNext(k)){
     Table *pTab = (Table*)sqliteHashData(k);
-    analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, 0, iStatCur, iMem);
+    analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, 0, iStatCur, iMem, iTab);
   }
   loadAnalysis(pParse, iDb);
 }
@@ -80014,7 +84735,7 @@
   }else{
     openStatTable(pParse, iDb, iStatCur, pTab->zName, "tbl");
   }
-  analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, pOnlyIdx, iStatCur, pParse->nMem+1);
+  analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, pOnlyIdx, iStatCur,pParse->nMem+1,pParse->nTab);
   loadAnalysis(pParse, iDb);
 }
 
@@ -80038,6 +84759,7 @@
   Table *pTab;
   Index *pIdx;
   Token *pTableName;
+  Vdbe *v;
 
   /* Read the database schema. If an error occurs, leave an error message
   ** and code in pParse and return NULL. */
@@ -80085,6 +84807,8 @@
       }
     }   
   }
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Expire);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -80098,6 +84822,68 @@
 };
 
 /*
+** The first argument points to a nul-terminated string containing a
+** list of space separated integers. Read the first nOut of these into
+** the array aOut[].
+*/
+static void decodeIntArray(
+  char *zIntArray,       /* String containing int array to decode */
+  int nOut,              /* Number of slots in aOut[] */
+  tRowcnt *aOut,         /* Store integers here */
+  LogEst *aLog,          /* Or, if aOut==0, here */
+  Index *pIndex          /* Handle extra flags for this index, if not NULL */
+){
+  char *z = zIntArray;
+  int c;
+  int i;
+  tRowcnt v;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  if( z==0 ) z = "";
+#else
+  if( NEVER(z==0) ) z = "";
+#endif
+  for(i=0; *z && i<nOut; i++){
+    v = 0;
+    while( (c=z[0])>='0' && c<='9' ){
+      v = v*10 + c - '0';
+      z++;
+    }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    if( aOut ){
+      aOut[i] = v;
+    }else
+#else
+    assert( aOut==0 );
+    UNUSED_PARAMETER(aOut);
+#endif
+    {
+      aLog[i] = sqlite3LogEst(v);
+    }
+    if( *z==' ' ) z++;
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  assert( pIndex!=0 );
+#else
+  if( pIndex )
+#endif
+  while( z[0] ){
+    if( sqlite3_strglob("unordered*", z)==0 ){
+      pIndex->bUnordered = 1;
+    }else if( sqlite3_strglob("sz=[0-9]*", z)==0 ){
+      pIndex->szIdxRow = sqlite3LogEst(sqlite3Atoi(z+3));
+    }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COSTMULT
+    else if( sqlite3_strglob("costmult=[0-9]*",z)==0 ){
+      pIndex->pTable->costMult = sqlite3LogEst(sqlite3Atoi(z+9));
+    }
+#endif
+    while( z[0]!=0 && z[0]!=' ' ) z++;
+    while( z[0]==' ' ) z++;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** This callback is invoked once for each index when reading the
 ** sqlite_stat1 table.  
 **
@@ -80112,8 +84898,6 @@
   analysisInfo *pInfo = (analysisInfo*)pData;
   Index *pIndex;
   Table *pTable;
-  int i, c, n;
-  tRowcnt v;
   const char *z;
 
   assert( argc==3 );
@@ -80126,28 +84910,29 @@
   if( pTable==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  if( argv[1] ){
-    pIndex = sqlite3FindIndex(pInfo->db, argv[1], pInfo->zDatabase);
-  }else{
+  if( argv[1]==0 ){
     pIndex = 0;
+  }else if( sqlite3_stricmp(argv[0],argv[1])==0 ){
+    pIndex = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTable);
+  }else{
+    pIndex = sqlite3FindIndex(pInfo->db, argv[1], pInfo->zDatabase);
   }
-  n = pIndex ? pIndex->nColumn : 0;
   z = argv[2];
-  for(i=0; *z && i<=n; i++){
-    v = 0;
-    while( (c=z[0])>='0' && c<='9' ){
-      v = v*10 + c - '0';
-      z++;
-    }
-    if( i==0 ) pTable->nRowEst = v;
-    if( pIndex==0 ) break;
-    pIndex->aiRowEst[i] = v;
-    if( *z==' ' ) z++;
-    if( memcmp(z, "unordered", 10)==0 ){
-      pIndex->bUnordered = 1;
-      break;
-    }
+
+  if( pIndex ){
+    pIndex->bUnordered = 0;
+    decodeIntArray((char*)z, pIndex->nKeyCol+1, 0, pIndex->aiRowLogEst, pIndex);
+    if( pIndex->pPartIdxWhere==0 ) pTable->nRowLogEst = pIndex->aiRowLogEst[0];
+  }else{
+    Index fakeIdx;
+    fakeIdx.szIdxRow = pTable->szTabRow;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COSTMULT
+    fakeIdx.pTable = pTable;
+#endif
+    decodeIntArray((char*)z, 1, 0, &pTable->nRowLogEst, &fakeIdx);
+    pTable->szTabRow = fakeIdx.szIdxRow;
   }
+
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -80156,14 +84941,12 @@
 ** and its contents.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(sqlite3 *db, Index *pIdx){
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
   if( pIdx->aSample ){
     int j;
     for(j=0; j<pIdx->nSample; j++){
       IndexSample *p = &pIdx->aSample[j];
-      if( p->eType==SQLITE_TEXT || p->eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
-        sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.z);
-      }
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->p);
     }
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdx->aSample);
   }
@@ -80174,31 +84957,100 @@
 #else
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(db);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pIdx);
-#endif
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 }
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
 /*
-** Load content from the sqlite_stat3 table into the Index.aSample[]
-** arrays of all indices.
+** Populate the pIdx->aAvgEq[] array based on the samples currently
+** stored in pIdx->aSample[]. 
 */
-static int loadStat3(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb){
+static void initAvgEq(Index *pIdx){
+  if( pIdx ){
+    IndexSample *aSample = pIdx->aSample;
+    IndexSample *pFinal = &aSample[pIdx->nSample-1];
+    int iCol;
+    int nCol = 1;
+    if( pIdx->nSampleCol>1 ){
+      /* If this is stat4 data, then calculate aAvgEq[] values for all
+      ** sample columns except the last. The last is always set to 1, as
+      ** once the trailing PK fields are considered all index keys are
+      ** unique.  */
+      nCol = pIdx->nSampleCol-1;
+      pIdx->aAvgEq[nCol] = 1;
+    }
+    for(iCol=0; iCol<nCol; iCol++){
+      int i;                    /* Used to iterate through samples */
+      tRowcnt sumEq = 0;        /* Sum of the nEq values */
+      tRowcnt nSum = 0;         /* Number of terms contributing to sumEq */
+      tRowcnt avgEq = 0;
+      tRowcnt nDLt = pFinal->anDLt[iCol];
+
+      /* Set nSum to the number of distinct (iCol+1) field prefixes that
+      ** occur in the stat4 table for this index before pFinal. Set
+      ** sumEq to the sum of the nEq values for column iCol for the same
+      ** set (adding the value only once where there exist dupicate 
+      ** prefixes).  */
+      for(i=0; i<(pIdx->nSample-1); i++){
+        if( aSample[i].anDLt[iCol]!=aSample[i+1].anDLt[iCol] ){
+          sumEq += aSample[i].anEq[iCol];
+          nSum++;
+        }
+      }
+      if( nDLt>nSum ){
+        avgEq = (pFinal->anLt[iCol] - sumEq)/(nDLt - nSum);
+      }
+      if( avgEq==0 ) avgEq = 1;
+      pIdx->aAvgEq[iCol] = avgEq;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Look up an index by name.  Or, if the name of a WITHOUT ROWID table
+** is supplied instead, find the PRIMARY KEY index for that table.
+*/
+static Index *findIndexOrPrimaryKey(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zName,
+  const char *zDb
+){
+  Index *pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, zName, zDb);
+  if( pIdx==0 ){
+    Table *pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zName, zDb);
+    if( pTab && !HasRowid(pTab) ) pIdx = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+  }
+  return pIdx;
+}
+
+/*
+** Load the content from either the sqlite_stat4 or sqlite_stat3 table 
+** into the relevant Index.aSample[] arrays.
+**
+** Arguments zSql1 and zSql2 must point to SQL statements that return
+** data equivalent to the following (statements are different for stat3,
+** see the caller of this function for details):
+**
+**    zSql1: SELECT idx,count(*) FROM %Q.sqlite_stat4 GROUP BY idx
+**    zSql2: SELECT idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sample FROM %Q.sqlite_stat4
+**
+** where %Q is replaced with the database name before the SQL is executed.
+*/
+static int loadStatTbl(
+  sqlite3 *db,                  /* Database handle */
+  int bStat3,                   /* Assume single column records only */
+  const char *zSql1,            /* SQL statement 1 (see above) */
+  const char *zSql2,            /* SQL statement 2 (see above) */
+  const char *zDb               /* Database name (e.g. "main") */
+){
   int rc;                       /* Result codes from subroutines */
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;      /* An SQL statement being run */
   char *zSql;                   /* Text of the SQL statement */
   Index *pPrevIdx = 0;          /* Previous index in the loop */
-  int idx = 0;                  /* slot in pIdx->aSample[] for next sample */
-  int eType;                    /* Datatype of a sample */
   IndexSample *pSample;         /* A slot in pIdx->aSample[] */
 
   assert( db->lookaside.bEnabled==0 );
-  if( !sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat3", zDb) ){
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-
-  zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
-      "SELECT idx,count(*) FROM %Q.sqlite_stat3"
-      " GROUP BY idx", zDb);
+  zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, zSql1, zDb);
   if( !zSql ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
@@ -80207,30 +85059,54 @@
   if( rc ) return rc;
 
   while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    int nIdxCol = 1;              /* Number of columns in stat4 records */
+
     char *zIndex;   /* Index name */
     Index *pIdx;    /* Pointer to the index object */
     int nSample;    /* Number of samples */
+    int nByte;      /* Bytes of space required */
+    int i;          /* Bytes of space required */
+    tRowcnt *pSpace;
 
     zIndex = (char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
     if( zIndex==0 ) continue;
     nSample = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 1);
-    pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, zIndex, zDb);
-    if( pIdx==0 ) continue;
-    assert( pIdx->nSample==0 );
-    pIdx->nSample = nSample;
-    pIdx->aSample = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nSample*sizeof(IndexSample));
-    pIdx->avgEq = pIdx->aiRowEst[1];
+    pIdx = findIndexOrPrimaryKey(db, zIndex, zDb);
+    assert( pIdx==0 || bStat3 || pIdx->nSample==0 );
+    /* Index.nSample is non-zero at this point if data has already been
+    ** loaded from the stat4 table. In this case ignore stat3 data.  */
+    if( pIdx==0 || pIdx->nSample ) continue;
+    if( bStat3==0 ){
+      assert( !HasRowid(pIdx->pTable) || pIdx->nColumn==pIdx->nKeyCol+1 );
+      if( !HasRowid(pIdx->pTable) && IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ){
+        nIdxCol = pIdx->nKeyCol;
+      }else{
+        nIdxCol = pIdx->nColumn;
+      }
+    }
+    pIdx->nSampleCol = nIdxCol;
+    nByte = sizeof(IndexSample) * nSample;
+    nByte += sizeof(tRowcnt) * nIdxCol * 3 * nSample;
+    nByte += nIdxCol * sizeof(tRowcnt);     /* Space for Index.aAvgEq[] */
+
+    pIdx->aSample = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
     if( pIdx->aSample==0 ){
-      db->mallocFailed = 1;
       sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
       return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
+    pSpace = (tRowcnt*)&pIdx->aSample[nSample];
+    pIdx->aAvgEq = pSpace; pSpace += nIdxCol;
+    for(i=0; i<nSample; i++){
+      pIdx->aSample[i].anEq = pSpace; pSpace += nIdxCol;
+      pIdx->aSample[i].anLt = pSpace; pSpace += nIdxCol;
+      pIdx->aSample[i].anDLt = pSpace; pSpace += nIdxCol;
+    }
+    assert( ((u8*)pSpace)-nByte==(u8*)(pIdx->aSample) );
   }
   rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
   if( rc ) return rc;
 
-  zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
-      "SELECT idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sample FROM %Q.sqlite_stat3", zDb);
+  zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, zSql2, zDb);
   if( !zSql ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
@@ -80239,86 +85115,88 @@
   if( rc ) return rc;
 
   while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
-    char *zIndex;   /* Index name */
-    Index *pIdx;    /* Pointer to the index object */
-    int i;          /* Loop counter */
-    tRowcnt sumEq;  /* Sum of the nEq values */
+    char *zIndex;                 /* Index name */
+    Index *pIdx;                  /* Pointer to the index object */
+    int nCol = 1;                 /* Number of columns in index */
 
     zIndex = (char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
     if( zIndex==0 ) continue;
-    pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, zIndex, zDb);
+    pIdx = findIndexOrPrimaryKey(db, zIndex, zDb);
     if( pIdx==0 ) continue;
-    if( pIdx==pPrevIdx ){
-      idx++;
-    }else{
+    /* This next condition is true if data has already been loaded from 
+    ** the sqlite_stat4 table. In this case ignore stat3 data.  */
+    nCol = pIdx->nSampleCol;
+    if( bStat3 && nCol>1 ) continue;
+    if( pIdx!=pPrevIdx ){
+      initAvgEq(pPrevIdx);
       pPrevIdx = pIdx;
-      idx = 0;
     }
-    assert( idx<pIdx->nSample );
-    pSample = &pIdx->aSample[idx];
-    pSample->nEq = (tRowcnt)sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 1);
-    pSample->nLt = (tRowcnt)sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 2);
-    pSample->nDLt = (tRowcnt)sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 3);
-    if( idx==pIdx->nSample-1 ){
-      if( pSample->nDLt>0 ){
-        for(i=0, sumEq=0; i<=idx-1; i++) sumEq += pIdx->aSample[i].nEq;
-        pIdx->avgEq = (pSample->nLt - sumEq)/pSample->nDLt;
-      }
-      if( pIdx->avgEq<=0 ) pIdx->avgEq = 1;
+    pSample = &pIdx->aSample[pIdx->nSample];
+    decodeIntArray((char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,1),nCol,pSample->anEq,0,0);
+    decodeIntArray((char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,2),nCol,pSample->anLt,0,0);
+    decodeIntArray((char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,3),nCol,pSample->anDLt,0,0);
+
+    /* Take a copy of the sample. Add two 0x00 bytes the end of the buffer.
+    ** This is in case the sample record is corrupted. In that case, the
+    ** sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() may read up to two varints past the
+    ** end of the allocated buffer before it realizes it is dealing with
+    ** a corrupt record. Adding the two 0x00 bytes prevents this from causing
+    ** a buffer overread.  */
+    pSample->n = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 4);
+    pSample->p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, pSample->n + 2);
+    if( pSample->p==0 ){
+      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
-    eType = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 4);
-    pSample->eType = (u8)eType;
-    switch( eType ){
-      case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
-        pSample->u.i = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 4);
-        break;
-      }
-      case SQLITE_FLOAT: {
-        pSample->u.r = sqlite3_column_double(pStmt, 4);
-        break;
-      }
-      case SQLITE_NULL: {
-        break;
-      }
-      default: assert( eType==SQLITE_TEXT || eType==SQLITE_BLOB ); {
-        const char *z = (const char *)(
-              (eType==SQLITE_BLOB) ?
-              sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 4):
-              sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 4)
-           );
-        int n = z ? sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 4) : 0;
-        pSample->nByte = n;
-        if( n < 1){
-          pSample->u.z = 0;
-        }else{
-          pSample->u.z = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n);
-          if( pSample->u.z==0 ){
-            db->mallocFailed = 1;
-            sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
-            return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-          }
-          memcpy(pSample->u.z, z, n);
-        }
-      }
-    }
+    memcpy(pSample->p, sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 4), pSample->n);
+    pIdx->nSample++;
   }
-  return sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+  rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) initAvgEq(pPrevIdx);
+  return rc;
 }
-#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
 
 /*
-** Load the content of the sqlite_stat1 and sqlite_stat3 tables. The
+** Load content from the sqlite_stat4 and sqlite_stat3 tables into 
+** the Index.aSample[] arrays of all indices.
+*/
+static int loadStat4(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Result codes from subroutines */
+
+  assert( db->lookaside.bEnabled==0 );
+  if( sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat4", zDb) ){
+    rc = loadStatTbl(db, 0,
+      "SELECT idx,count(*) FROM %Q.sqlite_stat4 GROUP BY idx", 
+      "SELECT idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sample FROM %Q.sqlite_stat4",
+      zDb
+    );
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat3", zDb) ){
+    rc = loadStatTbl(db, 1,
+      "SELECT idx,count(*) FROM %Q.sqlite_stat3 GROUP BY idx", 
+      "SELECT idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sqlite_record(sample) FROM %Q.sqlite_stat3",
+      zDb
+    );
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
+
+/*
+** Load the content of the sqlite_stat1 and sqlite_stat3/4 tables. The
 ** contents of sqlite_stat1 are used to populate the Index.aiRowEst[]
-** arrays. The contents of sqlite_stat3 are used to populate the
+** arrays. The contents of sqlite_stat3/4 are used to populate the
 ** Index.aSample[] arrays.
 **
 ** If the sqlite_stat1 table is not present in the database, SQLITE_ERROR
-** is returned. In this case, even if SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 was defined 
-** during compilation and the sqlite_stat3 table is present, no data is 
+** is returned. In this case, even if SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3/4 was defined 
+** during compilation and the sqlite_stat3/4 table is present, no data is 
 ** read from it.
 **
-** If SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 was defined during compilation and the 
-** sqlite_stat3 table is not present in the database, SQLITE_ERROR is
+** If SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3/4 was defined during compilation and the 
+** sqlite_stat4 table is not present in the database, SQLITE_ERROR is
 ** returned. However, in this case, data is read from the sqlite_stat1
 ** table (if it is present) before returning.
 **
@@ -80340,7 +85218,7 @@
   for(i=sqliteHashFirst(&db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->idxHash);i;i=sqliteHashNext(i)){
     Index *pIdx = sqliteHashData(i);
     sqlite3DefaultRowEst(pIdx);
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
     sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(db, pIdx);
     pIdx->aSample = 0;
 #endif
@@ -80364,12 +85242,12 @@
   }
 
 
-  /* Load the statistics from the sqlite_stat3 table. */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+  /* Load the statistics from the sqlite_stat4 table. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     int lookasideEnabled = db->lookaside.bEnabled;
     db->lookaside.bEnabled = 0;
-    rc = loadStat3(db, sInfo.zDatabase);
+    rc = loadStat4(db, sInfo.zDatabase);
     db->lookaside.bEnabled = lookasideEnabled;
   }
 #endif
@@ -80424,10 +85302,6 @@
   if( pExpr ){
     if( pExpr->op!=TK_ID ){
       rc = sqlite3ResolveExprNames(pName, pExpr);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pExpr) ){
-        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pName->pParse, "invalid name: \"%s\"", pExpr->u.zToken);
-        return SQLITE_ERROR;
-      }
     }else{
       pExpr->op = TK_STRING;
     }
@@ -80495,7 +85369,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  /* Allocate the new entry in the db->aDb[] array and initialise the schema
+  /* Allocate the new entry in the db->aDb[] array and initialize the schema
   ** hash tables.
   */
   if( db->aDb==db->aDbStatic ){
@@ -80512,7 +85386,7 @@
 
   /* Open the database file. If the btree is successfully opened, use
   ** it to obtain the database schema. At this point the schema may
-  ** or may not be initialised.
+  ** or may not be initialized.
   */
   flags = db->openFlags;
   rc = sqlite3ParseUri(db->pVfs->zName, zFile, &flags, &pVfs, &zPath, &zErr);
@@ -80544,6 +85418,9 @@
     sqlite3PagerLockingMode(pPager, db->dfltLockMode);
     sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(aNew->pBt,
                              sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(db->aDb[0].pBt,-1) );
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+    sqlite3BtreeSetPagerFlags(aNew->pBt, 3 | (db->flags & PAGER_FLAGS_MASK));
+#endif
   }
   aNew->safety_level = 3;
   aNew->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zName);
@@ -80602,7 +85479,7 @@
       db->aDb[iDb].pBt = 0;
       db->aDb[iDb].pSchema = 0;
     }
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+    sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
     db->nDb = iDb;
     if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ){
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
@@ -80674,7 +85551,7 @@
   sqlite3BtreeClose(pDb->pBt);
   pDb->pBt = 0;
   pDb->pSchema = 0;
-  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
   return;
 
 detach_error:
@@ -80762,8 +85639,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Detach(Parse *pParse, Expr *pDbname){
   static const FuncDef detach_func = {
     1,                /* nArg */
-    SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
-    0,                /* flags */
+    SQLITE_UTF8,      /* funcFlags */
     0,                /* pUserData */
     0,                /* pNext */
     detachFunc,       /* xFunc */
@@ -80784,8 +85660,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Attach(Parse *pParse, Expr *p, Expr *pDbname, Expr *pKey){
   static const FuncDef attach_func = {
     3,                /* nArg */
-    SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
-    0,                /* flags */
+    SQLITE_UTF8,      /* funcFlags */
     0,                /* pUserData */
     0,                /* pNext */
     attachFunc,       /* xFunc */
@@ -80802,11 +85677,8 @@
 /*
 ** Initialize a DbFixer structure.  This routine must be called prior
 ** to passing the structure to one of the sqliteFixAAAA() routines below.
-**
-** The return value indicates whether or not fixation is required.  TRUE
-** means we do need to fix the database references, FALSE means we do not.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixInit(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FixInit(
   DbFixer *pFix,      /* The fixer to be initialized */
   Parse *pParse,      /* Error messages will be written here */
   int iDb,            /* This is the database that must be used */
@@ -80815,14 +85687,14 @@
 ){
   sqlite3 *db;
 
-  if( NEVER(iDb<0) || iDb==1 ) return 0;
   db = pParse->db;
   assert( db->nDb>iDb );
   pFix->pParse = pParse;
   pFix->zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+  pFix->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
   pFix->zType = zType;
   pFix->pName = pName;
-  return 1;
+  pFix->bVarOnly = (iDb==1);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -80850,13 +85722,16 @@
   if( NEVER(pList==0) ) return 0;
   zDb = pFix->zDb;
   for(i=0, pItem=pList->a; i<pList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
-    if( pItem->zDatabase==0 ){
-      pItem->zDatabase = sqlite3DbStrDup(pFix->pParse->db, zDb);
-    }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(pItem->zDatabase,zDb)!=0 ){
-      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pFix->pParse,
-         "%s %T cannot reference objects in database %s",
-         pFix->zType, pFix->pName, pItem->zDatabase);
-      return 1;
+    if( pFix->bVarOnly==0 ){
+      if( pItem->zDatabase && sqlite3StrICmp(pItem->zDatabase, zDb) ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pFix->pParse,
+            "%s %T cannot reference objects in database %s",
+            pFix->zType, pFix->pName, pItem->zDatabase);
+        return 1;
+      }
+      sqlite3DbFree(pFix->pParse->db, pItem->zDatabase);
+      pItem->zDatabase = 0;
+      pItem->pSchema = pFix->pSchema;
     }
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
     if( sqlite3FixSelect(pFix, pItem->pSelect) ) return 1;
@@ -80880,9 +85755,21 @@
     if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pSelect->pWhere) ){
       return 1;
     }
+    if( sqlite3FixExprList(pFix, pSelect->pGroupBy) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
     if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pSelect->pHaving) ){
       return 1;
     }
+    if( sqlite3FixExprList(pFix, pSelect->pOrderBy) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pSelect->pLimit) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pSelect->pOffset) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
     pSelect = pSelect->pPrior;
   }
   return 0;
@@ -80892,7 +85779,15 @@
   Expr *pExpr        /* The expression to be fixed to one database */
 ){
   while( pExpr ){
-    if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ) break;
+    if( pExpr->op==TK_VARIABLE ){
+      if( pFix->pParse->db->init.busy ){
+        pExpr->op = TK_NULL;
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pFix->pParse, "%s cannot use variables", pFix->zType);
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ) break;
     if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
       if( sqlite3FixSelect(pFix, pExpr->x.pSelect) ) return 1;
     }else{
@@ -81310,6 +86205,19 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
+** Return TRUE if the given yDbMask object is empty - if it contains no
+** 1 bits.  This routine is used by the DbMaskAllZero() and DbMaskNotZero()
+** macros when SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED is greater than 30.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>30
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DbMaskAllZero(yDbMask m){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<sizeof(yDbMask); i++) if( m[i] ) return 0;
+  return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** This routine is called after a single SQL statement has been
 ** parsed and a VDBE program to execute that statement has been
 ** prepared.  This routine puts the finishing touches on the
@@ -81323,6 +86231,7 @@
   sqlite3 *db;
   Vdbe *v;
 
+  assert( pParse->pToplevel==0 );
   db = pParse->db;
   if( db->mallocFailed ) return;
   if( pParse->nested ) return;
@@ -81335,6 +86244,7 @@
   assert( !pParse->isMultiWrite 
        || sqlite3VdbeAssertMayAbort(v, pParse->mayAbort));
   if( v ){
+    while( sqlite3VdbeDeletePriorOpcode(v, OP_Close) ){}
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Halt);
 
     /* The cookie mask contains one bit for each database file open.
@@ -81343,30 +86253,30 @@
     ** transaction on each used database and to verify the schema cookie
     ** on each used database.
     */
-    if( pParse->cookieGoto>0 ){
-      yDbMask mask;
-      int iDb;
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pParse->cookieGoto-1);
-      for(iDb=0, mask=1; iDb<db->nDb; mask<<=1, iDb++){
-        if( (mask & pParse->cookieMask)==0 ) continue;
+    if( db->mallocFailed==0 
+     && (DbMaskNonZero(pParse->cookieMask) || pParse->pConstExpr)
+    ){
+      int iDb, i;
+      assert( sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, 0)->opcode==OP_Init );
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, 0);
+      for(iDb=0; iDb<db->nDb; iDb++){
+        if( DbMaskTest(pParse->cookieMask, iDb)==0 ) continue;
         sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v,OP_Transaction, iDb, (mask & pParse->writeMask)!=0);
-        if( db->init.busy==0 ){
-          assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_VerifyCookie,
-                            iDb, pParse->cookieValue[iDb],
-                            db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->iGeneration);
-        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v,
+          OP_Transaction,                    /* Opcode */
+          iDb,                               /* P1 */
+          DbMaskTest(pParse->writeMask,iDb), /* P2 */
+          pParse->cookieValue[iDb],          /* P3 */
+          db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->iGeneration  /* P4 */
+        );
+        if( db->init.busy==0 ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);
       }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-      {
-        int i;
-        for(i=0; i<pParse->nVtabLock; i++){
-          char *vtab = (char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pParse->apVtabLock[i]);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VBegin, 0, 0, 0, vtab, P4_VTAB);
-        }
-        pParse->nVtabLock = 0;
+      for(i=0; i<pParse->nVtabLock; i++){
+        char *vtab = (char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pParse->apVtabLock[i]);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VBegin, 0, 0, 0, vtab, P4_VTAB);
       }
+      pParse->nVtabLock = 0;
 #endif
 
       /* Once all the cookies have been verified and transactions opened, 
@@ -81379,8 +86289,17 @@
       */
       sqlite3AutoincrementBegin(pParse);
 
+      /* Code constant expressions that where factored out of inner loops */
+      if( pParse->pConstExpr ){
+        ExprList *pEL = pParse->pConstExpr;
+        pParse->okConstFactor = 0;
+        for(i=0; i<pEL->nExpr; i++){
+          sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pEL->a[i].pExpr, pEL->a[i].u.iConstExprReg);
+        }
+      }
+
       /* Finally, jump back to the beginning of the executable code. */
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pParse->cookieGoto);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, 1);
     }
   }
 
@@ -81388,10 +86307,6 @@
   /* Get the VDBE program ready for execution
   */
   if( v && ALWAYS(pParse->nErr==0) && !db->mallocFailed ){
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    FILE *trace = (db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeTrace)!=0 ? stdout : 0;
-    sqlite3VdbeTrace(v, trace);
-#endif
     assert( pParse->iCacheLevel==0 );  /* Disables and re-enables match */
     /* A minimum of one cursor is required if autoincrement is used
     *  See ticket [a696379c1f08866] */
@@ -81406,8 +86321,7 @@
   pParse->nMem = 0;
   pParse->nSet = 0;
   pParse->nVar = 0;
-  pParse->cookieMask = 0;
-  pParse->cookieGoto = 0;
+  DbMaskZero(pParse->cookieMask);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -81516,6 +86430,31 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Locate the table identified by *p.
+**
+** This is a wrapper around sqlite3LocateTable(). The difference between
+** sqlite3LocateTable() and this function is that this function restricts
+** the search to schema (p->pSchema) if it is not NULL. p->pSchema may be
+** non-NULL if it is part of a view or trigger program definition. See
+** sqlite3FixSrcList() for details.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3LocateTableItem(
+  Parse *pParse, 
+  int isView, 
+  struct SrcList_item *p
+){
+  const char *zDb;
+  assert( p->pSchema==0 || p->zDatabase==0 );
+  if( p->pSchema ){
+    int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, p->pSchema);
+    zDb = pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+  }else{
+    zDb = p->zDatabase;
+  }
+  return sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, isView, p->zName, zDb);
+}
+
+/*
 ** Locate the in-memory structure that describes 
 ** a particular index given the name of that index
 ** and the name of the database that contains the index.
@@ -81552,7 +86491,10 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE
   sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(db, p);
 #endif
+  if( db==0 || db->pnBytesFreed==0 ) sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(p->pKeyInfo);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pPartIdxWhere);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zColAff);
+  if( p->isResized ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azColl);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
 }
 
@@ -81590,58 +86532,15 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Erase all schema information from the in-memory hash tables of
-** a single database.  This routine is called to reclaim memory
-** before the database closes.  It is also called during a rollback
-** if there were schema changes during the transaction or if a
-** schema-cookie mismatch occurs.
+** Look through the list of open database files in db->aDb[] and if
+** any have been closed, remove them from the list.  Reallocate the
+** db->aDb[] structure to a smaller size, if possible.
 **
-** If iDb<0 then reset the internal schema tables for all database
-** files.  If iDb>=0 then reset the internal schema for only the
-** single file indicated.
+** Entry 0 (the "main" database) and entry 1 (the "temp" database)
+** are never candidates for being collapsed.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(sqlite3 *db, int iDb){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CollapseDatabaseArray(sqlite3 *db){
   int i, j;
-  assert( iDb<db->nDb );
-
-  if( iDb>=0 ){
-    /* Case 1:  Reset the single schema identified by iDb */
-    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
-    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
-    assert( pDb->pSchema!=0 );
-    sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
-
-    /* If any database other than TEMP is reset, then also reset TEMP
-    ** since TEMP might be holding triggers that reference tables in the
-    ** other database.
-    */
-    if( iDb!=1 ){
-      pDb = &db->aDb[1];
-      assert( pDb->pSchema!=0 );
-      sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-  /* Case 2 (from here to the end): Reset all schemas for all attached
-  ** databases. */
-  assert( iDb<0 );
-  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
-  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
-    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[i];
-    if( pDb->pSchema ){
-      sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
-    }
-  }
-  db->flags &= ~SQLITE_InternChanges;
-  sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
-  sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
-
-  /* If one or more of the auxiliary database files has been closed,
-  ** then remove them from the auxiliary database list.  We take the
-  ** opportunity to do this here since we have just deleted all of the
-  ** schema hash tables and therefore do not have to make any changes
-  ** to any of those tables.
-  */
   for(i=j=2; i<db->nDb; i++){
     struct Db *pDb = &db->aDb[i];
     if( pDb->pBt==0 ){
@@ -81664,6 +86563,51 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Reset the schema for the database at index iDb.  Also reset the
+** TEMP schema.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetOneSchema(sqlite3 *db, int iDb){
+  Db *pDb;
+  assert( iDb<db->nDb );
+
+  /* Case 1:  Reset the single schema identified by iDb */
+  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  assert( pDb->pSchema!=0 );
+  sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
+
+  /* If any database other than TEMP is reset, then also reset TEMP
+  ** since TEMP might be holding triggers that reference tables in the
+  ** other database.
+  */
+  if( iDb!=1 ){
+    pDb = &db->aDb[1];
+    assert( pDb->pSchema!=0 );
+    sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
+  }
+  return;
+}
+
+/*
+** Erase all schema information from all attached databases (including
+** "main" and "temp") for a single database connection.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(sqlite3 *db){
+  int i;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[i];
+    if( pDb->pSchema ){
+      sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
+    }
+  }
+  db->flags &= ~SQLITE_InternChanges;
+  sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+  sqlite3CollapseDatabaseArray(db);
+}
+
+/*
 ** This routine is called when a commit occurs.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CommitInternalChanges(sqlite3 *db){
@@ -81698,9 +86642,16 @@
 ** the table data structure from the hash table.  But it does destroy
 ** memory structures of the indices and foreign keys associated with 
 ** the table.
+**
+** The db parameter is optional.  It is needed if the Table object 
+** contains lookaside memory.  (Table objects in the schema do not use
+** lookaside memory, but some ephemeral Table objects do.)  Or the
+** db parameter can be used with db->pnBytesFreed to measure the memory
+** used by the Table object.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteTable(sqlite3 *db, Table *pTable){
   Index *pIndex, *pNext;
+  TESTONLY( int nLookaside; ) /* Used to verify lookaside not used for schema */
 
   assert( !pTable || pTable->nRef>0 );
 
@@ -81708,6 +86659,12 @@
   if( !pTable ) return;
   if( ((!db || db->pnBytesFreed==0) && (--pTable->nRef)>0) ) return;
 
+  /* Record the number of outstanding lookaside allocations in schema Tables
+  ** prior to doing any free() operations.  Since schema Tables do not use
+  ** lookaside, this number should not change. */
+  TESTONLY( nLookaside = (db && (pTable->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)==0) ?
+                         db->lookaside.nOut : 0 );
+
   /* Delete all indices associated with this table. */
   for(pIndex = pTable->pIndex; pIndex; pIndex=pNext){
     pNext = pIndex->pNext;
@@ -81715,7 +86672,7 @@
     if( !db || db->pnBytesFreed==0 ){
       char *zName = pIndex->zName; 
       TESTONLY ( Index *pOld = ) sqlite3HashInsert(
-	  &pIndex->pSchema->idxHash, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName), 0
+         &pIndex->pSchema->idxHash, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName), 0
       );
       assert( db==0 || sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pIndex->pSchema) );
       assert( pOld==pIndex || pOld==0 );
@@ -81733,12 +86690,15 @@
   sqlite3DbFree(db, pTable->zColAff);
   sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pTable->pSelect);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pTable->pCheck);
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pTable->pCheck);
 #endif
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
   sqlite3VtabClear(db, pTable);
 #endif
   sqlite3DbFree(db, pTable);
+
+  /* Verify that no lookaside memory was used by schema tables */
+  assert( nLookaside==0 || nLookaside==db->lookaside.nOut );
 }
 
 /*
@@ -81792,8 +86752,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OpenMasterTable(Parse *p, int iDb){
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(p);
   sqlite3TableLock(p, iDb, MASTER_ROOT, 1, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb));
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, 0, MASTER_ROOT, iDb);
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)5, P4_INT32);  /* 5 column table */
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_OpenWrite, 0, MASTER_ROOT, iDb, 5);
   if( p->nTab==0 ){
     p->nTab = 1;
   }
@@ -81899,6 +86858,27 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Return the PRIMARY KEY index of a table
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(Table *pTab){
+  Index *p;
+  for(p=pTab->pIndex; p && !IsPrimaryKeyIndex(p); p=p->pNext){}
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the column of index pIdx that corresponds to table
+** column iCol.  Return -1 if not found.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE i16 sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(Index *pIdx, i16 iCol){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+    if( iCol==pIdx->aiColumn[i] ) return i;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Begin constructing a new table representation in memory.  This is
 ** the first of several action routines that get called in response
 ** to a CREATE TABLE statement.  In particular, this routine is called
@@ -82030,7 +87010,7 @@
   pTable->iPKey = -1;
   pTable->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
   pTable->nRef = 1;
-  pTable->nRowEst = 1000000;
+  pTable->nRowLogEst = 200; assert( 200==sqlite3LogEst(1048576) );
   assert( pParse->pNewTable==0 );
   pParse->pNewTable = pTable;
 
@@ -82073,7 +87053,7 @@
     reg3 = ++pParse->nMem;
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_ReadCookie, iDb, reg3, BTREE_FILE_FORMAT);
     sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
-    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, reg3);
+    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, reg3); VdbeCoverage(v);
     fileFormat = (db->flags & SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt)!=0 ?
                   1 : SQLITE_MAX_FILE_FORMAT;
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, fileFormat, reg3);
@@ -82097,7 +87077,7 @@
     }else
 #endif
     {
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_CreateTable, iDb, reg2);
+      pParse->addrCrTab = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_CreateTable, iDb, reg2);
     }
     sqlite3OpenMasterTable(pParse, iDb);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, 0, reg1);
@@ -82177,6 +87157,7 @@
   ** be called next to set pCol->affinity correctly.
   */
   pCol->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+  pCol->szEst = 1;
   p->nCol++;
 }
 
@@ -82218,15 +87199,18 @@
 ** If none of the substrings in the above table are found,
 ** SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC is returned.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3AffinityType(const char *zIn){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3AffinityType(const char *zIn, u8 *pszEst){
   u32 h = 0;
   char aff = SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC;
+  const char *zChar = 0;
 
-  if( zIn ) while( zIn[0] ){
+  if( zIn==0 ) return aff;
+  while( zIn[0] ){
     h = (h<<8) + sqlite3UpperToLower[(*zIn)&0xff];
     zIn++;
     if( h==(('c'<<24)+('h'<<16)+('a'<<8)+'r') ){             /* CHAR */
-      aff = SQLITE_AFF_TEXT; 
+      aff = SQLITE_AFF_TEXT;
+      zChar = zIn;
     }else if( h==(('c'<<24)+('l'<<16)+('o'<<8)+'b') ){       /* CLOB */
       aff = SQLITE_AFF_TEXT;
     }else if( h==(('t'<<24)+('e'<<16)+('x'<<8)+'t') ){       /* TEXT */
@@ -82234,6 +87218,7 @@
     }else if( h==(('b'<<24)+('l'<<16)+('o'<<8)+'b')          /* BLOB */
         && (aff==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC || aff==SQLITE_AFF_REAL) ){
       aff = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+      if( zIn[0]=='(' ) zChar = zIn;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
     }else if( h==(('r'<<24)+('e'<<16)+('a'<<8)+'l')          /* REAL */
         && aff==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC ){
@@ -82251,6 +87236,28 @@
     }
   }
 
+  /* If pszEst is not NULL, store an estimate of the field size.  The
+  ** estimate is scaled so that the size of an integer is 1.  */
+  if( pszEst ){
+    *pszEst = 1;   /* default size is approx 4 bytes */
+    if( aff<=SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
+      if( zChar ){
+        while( zChar[0] ){
+          if( sqlite3Isdigit(zChar[0]) ){
+            int v = 0;
+            sqlite3GetInt32(zChar, &v);
+            v = v/4 + 1;
+            if( v>255 ) v = 255;
+            *pszEst = v; /* BLOB(k), VARCHAR(k), CHAR(k) -> r=(k/4+1) */
+            break;
+          }
+          zChar++;
+        }
+      }else{
+        *pszEst = 5;   /* BLOB, TEXT, CLOB -> r=5  (approx 20 bytes)*/
+      }
+    }
+  }
   return aff;
 }
 
@@ -82272,7 +87279,7 @@
   pCol = &p->aCol[p->nCol-1];
   assert( pCol->zType==0 );
   pCol->zType = sqlite3NameFromToken(pParse->db, pType);
-  pCol->affinity = sqlite3AffinityType(pCol->zType);
+  pCol->affinity = sqlite3AffinityType(pCol->zType, &pCol->szEst);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -82338,6 +87345,7 @@
   Table *pTab = pParse->pNewTable;
   char *zType = 0;
   int iCol = -1, i;
+  int nTerm;
   if( pTab==0 || IN_DECLARE_VTAB ) goto primary_key_exit;
   if( pTab->tabFlags & TF_HasPrimaryKey ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
@@ -82347,39 +87355,44 @@
   pTab->tabFlags |= TF_HasPrimaryKey;
   if( pList==0 ){
     iCol = pTab->nCol - 1;
-    pTab->aCol[iCol].isPrimKey = 1;
+    pTab->aCol[iCol].colFlags |= COLFLAG_PRIMKEY;
+    zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
+    nTerm = 1;
   }else{
-    for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+    nTerm = pList->nExpr;
+    for(i=0; i<nTerm; i++){
       for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++){
         if( sqlite3StrICmp(pList->a[i].zName, pTab->aCol[iCol].zName)==0 ){
+          pTab->aCol[iCol].colFlags |= COLFLAG_PRIMKEY;
+          zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
           break;
         }
       }
-      if( iCol<pTab->nCol ){
-        pTab->aCol[iCol].isPrimKey = 1;
-      }
     }
-    if( pList->nExpr>1 ) iCol = -1;
   }
-  if( iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nCol ){
-    zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
-  }
-  if( zType && sqlite3StrICmp(zType, "INTEGER")==0
-        && sortOrder==SQLITE_SO_ASC ){
+  if( nTerm==1
+   && zType && sqlite3StrICmp(zType, "INTEGER")==0
+   && sortOrder==SQLITE_SO_ASC
+  ){
     pTab->iPKey = iCol;
     pTab->keyConf = (u8)onError;
     assert( autoInc==0 || autoInc==1 );
     pTab->tabFlags |= autoInc*TF_Autoincrement;
+    if( pList ) pParse->iPkSortOrder = pList->a[0].sortOrder;
   }else if( autoInc ){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "AUTOINCREMENT is only allowed on an "
        "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY");
 #endif
   }else{
+    Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
     Index *p;
-    p = sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse, 0, 0, 0, pList, onError, 0, 0, sortOrder, 0);
+    if( v ) pParse->addrSkipPK = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Noop);
+    p = sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse, 0, 0, 0, pList, onError, 0,
+                           0, sortOrder, 0);
     if( p ){
-      p->autoIndex = 2;
+      p->idxType = SQLITE_IDXTYPE_PRIMARYKEY;
+      if( v ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pParse->addrSkipPK);
     }
     pList = 0;
   }
@@ -82396,15 +87409,20 @@
   Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
   Expr *pCheckExpr  /* The check expression */
 ){
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
   Table *pTab = pParse->pNewTable;
-  if( pTab && !IN_DECLARE_VTAB ){
-    pTab->pCheck = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pTab->pCheck, pCheckExpr);
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  if( pTab && !IN_DECLARE_VTAB
+   && !sqlite3BtreeIsReadonly(db->aDb[db->init.iDb].pBt)
+  ){
+    pTab->pCheck = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pTab->pCheck, pCheckExpr);
+    if( pParse->constraintName.n ){
+      sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, pTab->pCheck, &pParse->constraintName, 1);
+    }
   }else
 #endif
   {
-    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pCheckExpr);
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pCheckExpr);
   }
 }
 
@@ -82426,6 +87444,7 @@
 
   if( sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl) ){
     Index *pIdx;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aCol[i].zColl);
     p->aCol[i].zColl = zColl;
   
     /* If the column is declared as "<name> PRIMARY KEY COLLATE <type>",
@@ -82433,7 +87452,7 @@
     ** collation type was added. Correct this if it is the case.
     */
     for(pIdx=p->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-      assert( pIdx->nColumn==1 );
+      assert( pIdx->nKeyCol==1 );
       if( pIdx->aiColumn[0]==i ){
         pIdx->azColl[0] = p->aCol[i].zColl;
       }
@@ -82471,10 +87490,7 @@
 
   pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, enc, zName, initbusy);
   if( !initbusy && (!pColl || !pColl->xCmp) ){
-    pColl = sqlite3GetCollSeq(db, enc, pColl, zName);
-    if( !pColl ){
-      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such collation sequence: %s", zName);
-    }
+    pColl = sqlite3GetCollSeq(pParse, enc, pColl, zName);
   }
 
   return pColl;
@@ -82544,10 +87560,10 @@
   for(j=0; zIdent[j]; j++){
     if( !sqlite3Isalnum(zIdent[j]) && zIdent[j]!='_' ) break;
   }
-  needQuote = sqlite3Isdigit(zIdent[0]) || sqlite3KeywordCode(zIdent, j)!=TK_ID;
-  if( !needQuote ){
-    needQuote = zIdent[j];
-  }
+  needQuote = sqlite3Isdigit(zIdent[0])
+            || sqlite3KeywordCode(zIdent, j)!=TK_ID
+            || zIdent[j]!=0
+            || j==0;
 
   if( needQuote ) z[i++] = '"';
   for(j=0; zIdent[j]; j++){
@@ -82619,7 +87635,7 @@
     zType = azType[pCol->affinity - SQLITE_AFF_TEXT];
     len = sqlite3Strlen30(zType);
     assert( pCol->affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NONE 
-            || pCol->affinity==sqlite3AffinityType(zType) );
+            || pCol->affinity==sqlite3AffinityType(zType, 0) );
     memcpy(&zStmt[k], zType, len);
     k += len;
     assert( k<=n );
@@ -82629,6 +87645,191 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Resize an Index object to hold N columns total.  Return SQLITE_OK
+** on success and SQLITE_NOMEM on an OOM error.
+*/
+static int resizeIndexObject(sqlite3 *db, Index *pIdx, int N){
+  char *zExtra;
+  int nByte;
+  if( pIdx->nColumn>=N ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( pIdx->isResized==0 );
+  nByte = (sizeof(char*) + sizeof(i16) + 1)*N;
+  zExtra = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
+  if( zExtra==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memcpy(zExtra, pIdx->azColl, sizeof(char*)*pIdx->nColumn);
+  pIdx->azColl = (char**)zExtra;
+  zExtra += sizeof(char*)*N;
+  memcpy(zExtra, pIdx->aiColumn, sizeof(i16)*pIdx->nColumn);
+  pIdx->aiColumn = (i16*)zExtra;
+  zExtra += sizeof(i16)*N;
+  memcpy(zExtra, pIdx->aSortOrder, pIdx->nColumn);
+  pIdx->aSortOrder = (u8*)zExtra;
+  pIdx->nColumn = N;
+  pIdx->isResized = 1;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Estimate the total row width for a table.
+*/
+static void estimateTableWidth(Table *pTab){
+  unsigned wTable = 0;
+  const Column *pTabCol;
+  int i;
+  for(i=pTab->nCol, pTabCol=pTab->aCol; i>0; i--, pTabCol++){
+    wTable += pTabCol->szEst;
+  }
+  if( pTab->iPKey<0 ) wTable++;
+  pTab->szTabRow = sqlite3LogEst(wTable*4);
+}
+
+/*
+** Estimate the average size of a row for an index.
+*/
+static void estimateIndexWidth(Index *pIdx){
+  unsigned wIndex = 0;
+  int i;
+  const Column *aCol = pIdx->pTable->aCol;
+  for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+    i16 x = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+    assert( x<pIdx->pTable->nCol );
+    wIndex += x<0 ? 1 : aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[i]].szEst;
+  }
+  pIdx->szIdxRow = sqlite3LogEst(wIndex*4);
+}
+
+/* Return true if value x is found any of the first nCol entries of aiCol[]
+*/
+static int hasColumn(const i16 *aiCol, int nCol, int x){
+  while( nCol-- > 0 ) if( x==*(aiCol++) ) return 1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine runs at the end of parsing a CREATE TABLE statement that
+** has a WITHOUT ROWID clause.  The job of this routine is to convert both
+** internal schema data structures and the generated VDBE code so that they
+** are appropriate for a WITHOUT ROWID table instead of a rowid table.
+** Changes include:
+**
+**     (1)  Convert the OP_CreateTable into an OP_CreateIndex.  There is
+**          no rowid btree for a WITHOUT ROWID.  Instead, the canonical
+**          data storage is a covering index btree.
+**     (2)  Bypass the creation of the sqlite_master table entry
+**          for the PRIMARY KEY as the the primary key index is now
+**          identified by the sqlite_master table entry of the table itself.
+**     (3)  Set the Index.tnum of the PRIMARY KEY Index object in the
+**          schema to the rootpage from the main table.
+**     (4)  Set all columns of the PRIMARY KEY schema object to be NOT NULL.
+**     (5)  Add all table columns to the PRIMARY KEY Index object
+**          so that the PRIMARY KEY is a covering index.  The surplus
+**          columns are part of KeyInfo.nXField and are not used for
+**          sorting or lookup or uniqueness checks.
+**     (6)  Replace the rowid tail on all automatically generated UNIQUE
+**          indices with the PRIMARY KEY columns.
+*/
+static void convertToWithoutRowidTable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
+  Index *pIdx;
+  Index *pPk;
+  int nPk;
+  int i, j;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+
+  /* Convert the OP_CreateTable opcode that would normally create the
+  ** root-page for the table into a OP_CreateIndex opcode.  The index
+  ** created will become the PRIMARY KEY index.
+  */
+  if( pParse->addrCrTab ){
+    assert( v );
+    sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, pParse->addrCrTab)->opcode = OP_CreateIndex;
+  }
+
+  /* Bypass the creation of the PRIMARY KEY btree and the sqlite_master
+  ** table entry.
+  */
+  if( pParse->addrSkipPK ){
+    assert( v );
+    sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, pParse->addrSkipPK)->opcode = OP_Goto;
+  }
+
+  /* Locate the PRIMARY KEY index.  Or, if this table was originally
+  ** an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY table, create a new PRIMARY KEY index. 
+  */
+  if( pTab->iPKey>=0 ){
+    ExprList *pList;
+    pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, 0);
+    if( pList==0 ) return;
+    pList->a[0].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db,
+                                        pTab->aCol[pTab->iPKey].zName);
+    pList->a[0].sortOrder = pParse->iPkSortOrder;
+    assert( pParse->pNewTable==pTab );
+    pPk = sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse, 0, 0, 0, pList, pTab->keyConf, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( pPk==0 ) return;
+    pPk->idxType = SQLITE_IDXTYPE_PRIMARYKEY;
+    pTab->iPKey = -1;
+  }else{
+    pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+  }
+  pPk->isCovering = 1;
+  assert( pPk!=0 );
+  nPk = pPk->nKeyCol;
+
+  /* Make sure every column of the PRIMARY KEY is NOT NULL */
+  for(i=0; i<nPk; i++){
+    pTab->aCol[pPk->aiColumn[i]].notNull = 1;
+  }
+  pPk->uniqNotNull = 1;
+
+  /* The root page of the PRIMARY KEY is the table root page */
+  pPk->tnum = pTab->tnum;
+
+  /* Update the in-memory representation of all UNIQUE indices by converting
+  ** the final rowid column into one or more columns of the PRIMARY KEY.
+  */
+  for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    int n;
+    if( IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ) continue;
+    for(i=n=0; i<nPk; i++){
+      if( !hasColumn(pIdx->aiColumn, pIdx->nKeyCol, pPk->aiColumn[i]) ) n++;
+    }
+    if( n==0 ){
+      /* This index is a superset of the primary key */
+      pIdx->nColumn = pIdx->nKeyCol;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if( resizeIndexObject(db, pIdx, pIdx->nKeyCol+n) ) return;
+    for(i=0, j=pIdx->nKeyCol; i<nPk; i++){
+      if( !hasColumn(pIdx->aiColumn, pIdx->nKeyCol, pPk->aiColumn[i]) ){
+        pIdx->aiColumn[j] = pPk->aiColumn[i];
+        pIdx->azColl[j] = pPk->azColl[i];
+        j++;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( pIdx->nColumn>=pIdx->nKeyCol+n );
+    assert( pIdx->nColumn>=j );
+  }
+
+  /* Add all table columns to the PRIMARY KEY index
+  */
+  if( nPk<pTab->nCol ){
+    if( resizeIndexObject(db, pPk, pTab->nCol) ) return;
+    for(i=0, j=nPk; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
+      if( !hasColumn(pPk->aiColumn, j, i) ){
+        assert( j<pPk->nColumn );
+        pPk->aiColumn[j] = i;
+        pPk->azColl[j] = "BINARY";
+        j++;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( pPk->nColumn==j );
+    assert( pTab->nCol==j );
+  }else{
+    pPk->nColumn = pTab->nCol;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** This routine is called to report the final ")" that terminates
 ** a CREATE TABLE statement.
 **
@@ -82651,12 +87852,14 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(
   Parse *pParse,          /* Parse context */
   Token *pCons,           /* The ',' token after the last column defn. */
-  Token *pEnd,            /* The final ')' token in the CREATE TABLE */
+  Token *pEnd,            /* The ')' before options in the CREATE TABLE */
+  u8 tabOpts,             /* Extra table options. Usually 0. */
   Select *pSelect         /* Select from a "CREATE ... AS SELECT" */
 ){
-  Table *p;
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-  int iDb;
+  Table *p;                 /* The new table */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db; /* The database connection */
+  int iDb;                  /* Database in which the table lives */
+  Index *pIdx;              /* An implied index of the table */
 
   if( (pEnd==0 && pSelect==0) || db->mallocFailed ){
     return;
@@ -82666,30 +87869,6 @@
 
   assert( !db->init.busy || !pSelect );
 
-  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, p->pSchema);
-
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-  /* Resolve names in all CHECK constraint expressions.
-  */
-  if( p->pCheck ){
-    SrcList sSrc;                   /* Fake SrcList for pParse->pNewTable */
-    NameContext sNC;                /* Name context for pParse->pNewTable */
-
-    memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
-    memset(&sSrc, 0, sizeof(sSrc));
-    sSrc.nSrc = 1;
-    sSrc.a[0].zName = p->zName;
-    sSrc.a[0].pTab = p;
-    sSrc.a[0].iCursor = -1;
-    sNC.pParse = pParse;
-    sNC.pSrcList = &sSrc;
-    sNC.isCheck = 1;
-    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pCheck) ){
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK) */
-
   /* If the db->init.busy is 1 it means we are reading the SQL off the
   ** "sqlite_master" or "sqlite_temp_master" table on the disk.
   ** So do not write to the disk again.  Extract the root page number
@@ -82700,6 +87879,37 @@
     p->tnum = db->init.newTnum;
   }
 
+  /* Special processing for WITHOUT ROWID Tables */
+  if( tabOpts & TF_WithoutRowid ){
+    if( (p->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement) ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
+          "AUTOINCREMENT not allowed on WITHOUT ROWID tables");
+      return;
+    }
+    if( (p->tabFlags & TF_HasPrimaryKey)==0 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "PRIMARY KEY missing on table %s", p->zName);
+    }else{
+      p->tabFlags |= TF_WithoutRowid;
+      convertToWithoutRowidTable(pParse, p);
+    }
+  }
+
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, p->pSchema);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+  /* Resolve names in all CHECK constraint expressions.
+  */
+  if( p->pCheck ){
+    sqlite3ResolveSelfReference(pParse, p, NC_IsCheck, 0, p->pCheck);
+  }
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK) */
+
+  /* Estimate the average row size for the table and for all implied indices */
+  estimateTableWidth(p);
+  for(pIdx=p->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    estimateIndexWidth(pIdx);
+  }
+
   /* If not initializing, then create a record for the new table
   ** in the SQLITE_MASTER table of the database.
   **
@@ -82752,7 +87962,7 @@
 
       assert(pParse->nTab==1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, 1, pParse->regRoot, iDb);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_P2ISREG);
       pParse->nTab = 2;
       sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Table, 1);
       sqlite3Select(pParse, pSelect, &dest);
@@ -82773,7 +87983,9 @@
     if( pSelect ){
       zStmt = createTableStmt(db, p);
     }else{
-      n = (int)(pEnd->z - pParse->sNameToken.z) + 1;
+      Token *pEnd2 = tabOpts ? &pParse->sLastToken : pEnd;
+      n = (int)(pEnd2->z - pParse->sNameToken.z);
+      if( pEnd2->z[0]!=';' ) n += pEnd2->n;
       zStmt = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
           "CREATE %s %.*s", zType2, n, pParse->sNameToken.z
       );
@@ -82816,7 +88028,7 @@
 
     /* Reparse everything to update our internal data structures */
     sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, iDb,
-               sqlite3MPrintf(db, "tbl_name='%q'", p->zName));
+           sqlite3MPrintf(db, "tbl_name='%q' AND type!='trigger'", p->zName));
   }
 
 
@@ -82886,9 +88098,8 @@
   }
   sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pName);
   iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, p->pSchema);
-  if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "view", pName)
-    && sqlite3FixSelect(&sFix, pSelect)
-  ){
+  sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "view", pName);
+  if( sqlite3FixSelect(&sFix, pSelect) ){
     sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
     return;
   }
@@ -82922,7 +88133,7 @@
   sEnd.n = 1;
 
   /* Use sqlite3EndTable() to add the view to the SQLITE_MASTER table */
-  sqlite3EndTable(pParse, 0, &sEnd, 0);
+  sqlite3EndTable(pParse, 0, &sEnd, 0, 0);
   return;
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW */
@@ -83010,7 +88221,7 @@
       pSelTab->aCol = 0;
       sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pSelTab);
       assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pTable->pSchema) );
-      pTable->pSchema->flags |= DB_UnresetViews;
+      pTable->pSchema->schemaFlags |= DB_UnresetViews;
     }else{
       pTable->nCol = 0;
       nErr++;
@@ -83168,6 +88379,7 @@
       return;
     }else{
       int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
+      assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<pParse->db->nDb );
       destroyRootPage(pParse, iLargest, iDb);
       iDestroyed = iLargest;
     }
@@ -83187,7 +88399,7 @@
 ){
   int i;
   const char *zDbName = pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName;
-  for(i=1; i<=3; i++){
+  for(i=1; i<=4; i++){
     char zTab[24];
     sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zTab),zTab,"sqlite_stat%d",i);
     if( sqlite3FindTable(pParse->db, zTab, zDbName) ){
@@ -83247,7 +88459,7 @@
   /* Drop all SQLITE_MASTER table and index entries that refer to the
   ** table. The program name loops through the master table and deletes
   ** every row that refers to a table of the same name as the one being
-  ** dropped. Triggers are handled seperately because a trigger can be
+  ** dropped. Triggers are handled separately because a trigger can be
   ** created in the temp database that refers to a table in another
   ** database.
   */
@@ -83285,8 +88497,7 @@
   assert( pParse->nErr==0 );
   assert( pName->nSrc==1 );
   if( noErr ) db->suppressErr++;
-  pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, isView, 
-                            pName->a[0].zName, pName->a[0].zDatabase);
+  pTab = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, isView, &pName->a[0]);
   if( noErr ) db->suppressErr--;
 
   if( pTab==0 ){
@@ -83377,8 +88588,8 @@
 ** currently under construction.  pFromCol determines which columns
 ** in the current table point to the foreign key.  If pFromCol==0 then
 ** connect the key to the last column inserted.  pTo is the name of
-** the table referred to.  pToCol is a list of tables in the other
-** pTo table that the foreign key points to.  flags contains all
+** the table referred to (a.k.a the "parent" table).  pToCol is a list
+** of tables in the parent pTo table.  flags contains all
 ** information about the conflict resolution algorithms specified
 ** in the ON DELETE, ON UPDATE and ON INSERT clauses.
 **
@@ -83538,11 +88749,9 @@
   int addr1;                     /* Address of top of loop */
   int addr2;                     /* Address to jump to for next iteration */
   int tnum;                      /* Root page of index */
+  int iPartIdxLabel;             /* Jump to this label to skip a row */
   Vdbe *v;                       /* Generate code into this virtual machine */
   KeyInfo *pKey;                 /* KeyInfo for index */
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  int regIdxKey;                 /* Registers containing the index key */
-#endif
   int regRecord;                 /* Register holding assemblied index record */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;      /* The database connection */
   int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pIndex->pSchema);
@@ -83563,75 +88772,47 @@
     tnum = memRootPage;
   }else{
     tnum = pIndex->tnum;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, tnum, iDb);
   }
-  pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIndex);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenWrite, iIdx, tnum, iDb, 
-                    (char *)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
-  if( memRootPage>=0 ){
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);
-  }
+  pKey = sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(pParse, pIndex);
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
   /* Open the sorter cursor if we are to use one. */
   iSorter = pParse->nTab++;
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_SorterOpen, iSorter, 0, 0, (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO);
-#else
-  iSorter = iTab;
-#endif
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_SorterOpen, iSorter, 0, 0, (char*)
+                    sqlite3KeyInfoRef(pKey), P4_KEYINFO);
 
   /* Open the table. Loop through all rows of the table, inserting index
   ** records into the sorter. */
   sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTab, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
-  addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iTab, 0);
+  addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iTab, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
   regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIndex, iTab, regRecord, 1);
+  sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse,pIndex,iTab,regRecord,0,&iPartIdxLabel,0,0);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterInsert, iSorter, regRecord);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr1+1);
+  sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(pParse, iPartIdxLabel);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr1+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
-  addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterSort, iSorter, 0);
-  if( pIndex->onError!=OE_None ){
+  if( memRootPage<0 ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, tnum, iDb);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenWrite, iIdx, tnum, iDb, 
+                    (char *)pKey, P4_KEYINFO);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_BULKCSR|((memRootPage>=0)?OPFLAG_P2ISREG:0));
+
+  addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterSort, iSorter, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
+  assert( pKey!=0 || db->mallocFailed || pParse->nErr );
+  if( IsUniqueIndex(pIndex) && pKey!=0 ){
     int j2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 3;
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, j2);
     addr2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SorterCompare, iSorter, j2, regRecord);
-    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
-        pParse, OE_Abort, "indexed columns are not unique", P4_STATIC
-    );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_SorterCompare, iSorter, j2, regRecord,
+                         pIndex->nKeyCol); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3UniqueConstraint(pParse, OE_Abort, pIndex);
   }else{
     addr2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
   }
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterData, iSorter, regRecord);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxInsert, iIdx, regRecord, 1);
   sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
-#else
-  regIdxKey = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIndex, iTab, regRecord, 1);
-  addr2 = addr1 + 1;
-  if( pIndex->onError!=OE_None ){
-    const int regRowid = regIdxKey + pIndex->nColumn;
-    const int j2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 2;
-    void * const pRegKey = SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(regIdxKey);
-
-    /* The registers accessed by the OP_IsUnique opcode were allocated
-    ** using sqlite3GetTempRange() inside of the sqlite3GenerateIndexKey()
-    ** call above. Just before that function was freed they were released
-    ** (made available to the compiler for reuse) using 
-    ** sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(). So in some ways having the OP_IsUnique
-    ** opcode use the values stored within seems dangerous. However, since
-    ** we can be sure that no other temp registers have been allocated
-    ** since sqlite3ReleaseTempRange() was called, it is safe to do so.
-    */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_IsUnique, iIdx, j2, regRowid, pRegKey, P4_INT32);
-    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
-        pParse, OE_Abort, "indexed columns are not unique", P4_STATIC);
-  }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxInsert, iIdx, regRecord, 0);
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
-#endif
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, iSorter, addr2);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, iSorter, addr2); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
 
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iTab);
@@ -83640,6 +88821,41 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Allocate heap space to hold an Index object with nCol columns.
+**
+** Increase the allocation size to provide an extra nExtra bytes
+** of 8-byte aligned space after the Index object and return a
+** pointer to this extra space in *ppExtra.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3AllocateIndexObject(
+  sqlite3 *db,         /* Database connection */
+  i16 nCol,            /* Total number of columns in the index */
+  int nExtra,          /* Number of bytes of extra space to alloc */
+  char **ppExtra       /* Pointer to the "extra" space */
+){
+  Index *p;            /* Allocated index object */
+  int nByte;           /* Bytes of space for Index object + arrays */
+
+  nByte = ROUND8(sizeof(Index)) +              /* Index structure  */
+          ROUND8(sizeof(char*)*nCol) +         /* Index.azColl     */
+          ROUND8(sizeof(LogEst)*(nCol+1) +     /* Index.aiRowLogEst   */
+                 sizeof(i16)*nCol +            /* Index.aiColumn   */
+                 sizeof(u8)*nCol);             /* Index.aSortOrder */
+  p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte + nExtra);
+  if( p ){
+    char *pExtra = ((char*)p)+ROUND8(sizeof(Index));
+    p->azColl = (char**)pExtra;       pExtra += ROUND8(sizeof(char*)*nCol);
+    p->aiRowLogEst = (LogEst*)pExtra; pExtra += sizeof(LogEst)*(nCol+1);
+    p->aiColumn = (i16*)pExtra;       pExtra += sizeof(i16)*nCol;
+    p->aSortOrder = (u8*)pExtra;
+    p->nColumn = nCol;
+    p->nKeyCol = nCol - 1;
+    *ppExtra = ((char*)p) + nByte;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Create a new index for an SQL table.  pName1.pName2 is the name of the index 
 ** and pTblList is the name of the table that is to be indexed.  Both will 
 ** be NULL for a primary key or an index that is created to satisfy a
@@ -83653,7 +88869,7 @@
 **
 ** If the index is created successfully, return a pointer to the new Index
 ** structure. This is used by sqlite3AddPrimaryKey() to mark the index
-** as the tables primary key (Index.autoIndex==2).
+** as the tables primary key (Index.idxType==SQLITE_IDXTYPE_PRIMARYKEY)
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
   Parse *pParse,     /* All information about this parse */
@@ -83663,7 +88879,7 @@
   ExprList *pList,   /* A list of columns to be indexed */
   int onError,       /* OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, OE_Replace, or OE_None */
   Token *pStart,     /* The CREATE token that begins this statement */
-  Token *pEnd,       /* The ")" that closes the CREATE INDEX statement */
+  Expr *pPIWhere,    /* WHERE clause for partial indices */
   int sortOrder,     /* Sort order of primary key when pList==NULL */
   int ifNotExist     /* Omit error if index already exists */
 ){
@@ -83673,7 +88889,6 @@
   char *zName = 0;     /* Name of the index */
   int nName;           /* Number of characters in zName */
   int i, j;
-  Token nullId;        /* Fake token for an empty ID list */
   DbFixer sFix;        /* For assigning database names to pTable */
   int sortOrderMask;   /* 1 to honor DESC in index.  0 to ignore. */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
@@ -83681,11 +88896,12 @@
   int iDb;             /* Index of the database that is being written */
   Token *pName = 0;    /* Unqualified name of the index to create */
   struct ExprList_item *pListItem; /* For looping over pList */
-  int nCol;
-  int nExtra = 0;
-  char *zExtra;
+  const Column *pTabCol;           /* A column in the table */
+  int nExtra = 0;                  /* Space allocated for zExtra[] */
+  int nExtraCol;                   /* Number of extra columns needed */
+  char *zExtra = 0;                /* Extra space after the Index object */
+  Index *pPk = 0;      /* PRIMARY KEY index for WITHOUT ROWID tables */
 
-  assert( pStart==0 || pEnd!=0 ); /* pEnd must be non-NULL if pStart is */
   assert( pParse->nErr==0 );      /* Never called with prior errors */
   if( db->mallocFailed || IN_DECLARE_VTAB ){
     goto exit_create_index;
@@ -83709,7 +88925,7 @@
     assert( pName && pName->z );
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TEMPDB
-    /* If the index name was unqualified, check if the the table
+    /* If the index name was unqualified, check if the table
     ** is a temp table. If so, set the database to 1. Do not do this
     ** if initialising a database schema.
     */
@@ -83721,17 +88937,22 @@
     }
 #endif
 
-    if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "index", pName) &&
-        sqlite3FixSrcList(&sFix, pTblName)
-    ){
+    sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "index", pName);
+    if( sqlite3FixSrcList(&sFix, pTblName) ){
       /* Because the parser constructs pTblName from a single identifier,
       ** sqlite3FixSrcList can never fail. */
       assert(0);
     }
-    pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pTblName->a[0].zName, 
-        pTblName->a[0].zDatabase);
-    if( !pTab || db->mallocFailed ) goto exit_create_index;
-    assert( db->aDb[iDb].pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
+    pTab = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, 0, &pTblName->a[0]);
+    assert( db->mallocFailed==0 || pTab==0 );
+    if( pTab==0 ) goto exit_create_index;
+    if( iDb==1 && db->aDb[iDb].pSchema!=pTab->pSchema ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+           "cannot create a TEMP index on non-TEMP table \"%s\"",
+           pTab->zName);
+      goto exit_create_index;
+    }
+    if( !HasRowid(pTab) ) pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
   }else{
     assert( pName==0 );
     assert( pStart==0 );
@@ -83744,7 +88965,7 @@
   assert( pTab!=0 );
   assert( pParse->nErr==0 );
   if( sqlite3StrNICmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 
-       && memcmp(&pTab->zName[7],"altertab_",9)!=0 ){
+       && sqlite3StrNICmp(&pTab->zName[7],"altertab_",9)!=0 ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %s may not be indexed", pTab->zName);
     goto exit_create_index;
   }
@@ -83827,11 +89048,10 @@
   ** So create a fake list to simulate this.
   */
   if( pList==0 ){
-    nullId.z = pTab->aCol[pTab->nCol-1].zName;
-    nullId.n = sqlite3Strlen30((char*)nullId.z);
     pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, 0);
     if( pList==0 ) goto exit_create_index;
-    sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, pList, &nullId, 0);
+    pList->a[0].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db,
+                                        pTab->aCol[pTab->nCol-1].zName);
     pList->a[0].sortOrder = (u8)sortOrder;
   }
 
@@ -83841,12 +89061,8 @@
   for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
     Expr *pExpr = pList->a[i].pExpr;
     if( pExpr ){
-      CollSeq *pColl = pExpr->pColl;
-      /* Either pColl!=0 or there was an OOM failure.  But if an OOM
-      ** failure we have quit before reaching this point. */
-      if( ALWAYS(pColl) ){
-        nExtra += (1 + sqlite3Strlen30(pColl->zName));
-      }
+      assert( pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE );
+      nExtra += (1 + sqlite3Strlen30(pExpr->u.zToken));
     }
   }
 
@@ -83854,35 +89070,28 @@
   ** Allocate the index structure. 
   */
   nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
-  nCol = pList->nExpr;
-  pIndex = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, 
-      ROUND8(sizeof(Index)) +              /* Index structure  */
-      ROUND8(sizeof(tRowcnt)*(nCol+1)) +   /* Index.aiRowEst   */
-      sizeof(char *)*nCol +                /* Index.azColl     */
-      sizeof(int)*nCol +                   /* Index.aiColumn   */
-      sizeof(u8)*nCol +                    /* Index.aSortOrder */
-      nName + 1 +                          /* Index.zName      */
-      nExtra                               /* Collation sequence names */
-  );
+  nExtraCol = pPk ? pPk->nKeyCol : 1;
+  pIndex = sqlite3AllocateIndexObject(db, pList->nExpr + nExtraCol,
+                                      nName + nExtra + 1, &zExtra);
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     goto exit_create_index;
   }
-  zExtra = (char*)pIndex;
-  pIndex->aiRowEst = (tRowcnt*)&zExtra[ROUND8(sizeof(Index))];
-  pIndex->azColl = (char**)
-     ((char*)pIndex->aiRowEst + ROUND8(sizeof(tRowcnt)*nCol+1));
-  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pIndex->aiRowEst) );
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pIndex->aiRowLogEst) );
   assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pIndex->azColl) );
-  pIndex->aiColumn = (int *)(&pIndex->azColl[nCol]);
-  pIndex->aSortOrder = (u8 *)(&pIndex->aiColumn[nCol]);
-  pIndex->zName = (char *)(&pIndex->aSortOrder[nCol]);
-  zExtra = (char *)(&pIndex->zName[nName+1]);
+  pIndex->zName = zExtra;
+  zExtra += nName + 1;
   memcpy(pIndex->zName, zName, nName+1);
   pIndex->pTable = pTab;
-  pIndex->nColumn = pList->nExpr;
   pIndex->onError = (u8)onError;
-  pIndex->autoIndex = (u8)(pName==0);
+  pIndex->uniqNotNull = onError!=OE_None;
+  pIndex->idxType = pName ? SQLITE_IDXTYPE_APPDEF : SQLITE_IDXTYPE_UNIQUE;
   pIndex->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
+  pIndex->nKeyCol = pList->nExpr;
+  if( pPIWhere ){
+    sqlite3ResolveSelfReference(pParse, pTab, NC_PartIdx, pPIWhere, 0);
+    pIndex->pPartIdxWhere = pPIWhere;
+    pPIWhere = 0;
+  }
   assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
 
   /* Check to see if we should honor DESC requests on index columns
@@ -83905,7 +89114,6 @@
   */
   for(i=0, pListItem=pList->a; i<pList->nExpr; i++, pListItem++){
     const char *zColName = pListItem->zName;
-    Column *pTabCol;
     int requestedSortOrder;
     char *zColl;                   /* Collation sequence name */
 
@@ -83918,15 +89126,12 @@
       pParse->checkSchema = 1;
       goto exit_create_index;
     }
-    pIndex->aiColumn[i] = j;
-    /* Justification of the ALWAYS(pListItem->pExpr->pColl):  Because of
-    ** the way the "idxlist" non-terminal is constructed by the parser,
-    ** if pListItem->pExpr is not null then either pListItem->pExpr->pColl
-    ** must exist or else there must have been an OOM error.  But if there
-    ** was an OOM error, we would never reach this point. */
-    if( pListItem->pExpr && ALWAYS(pListItem->pExpr->pColl) ){
+    assert( pTab->nCol<=0x7fff && j<=0x7fff );
+    pIndex->aiColumn[i] = (i16)j;
+    if( pListItem->pExpr ){
       int nColl;
-      zColl = pListItem->pExpr->pColl->zName;
+      assert( pListItem->pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE );
+      zColl = pListItem->pExpr->u.zToken;
       nColl = sqlite3Strlen30(zColl) + 1;
       assert( nExtra>=nColl );
       memcpy(zExtra, zColl, nColl);
@@ -83935,9 +89140,7 @@
       nExtra -= nColl;
     }else{
       zColl = pTab->aCol[j].zColl;
-      if( !zColl ){
-        zColl = db->pDfltColl->zName;
-      }
+      if( !zColl ) zColl = "BINARY";
     }
     if( !db->init.busy && !sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl) ){
       goto exit_create_index;
@@ -83945,8 +89148,27 @@
     pIndex->azColl[i] = zColl;
     requestedSortOrder = pListItem->sortOrder & sortOrderMask;
     pIndex->aSortOrder[i] = (u8)requestedSortOrder;
+    if( pTab->aCol[j].notNull==0 ) pIndex->uniqNotNull = 0;
+  }
+  if( pPk ){
+    for(j=0; j<pPk->nKeyCol; j++){
+      int x = pPk->aiColumn[j];
+      if( hasColumn(pIndex->aiColumn, pIndex->nKeyCol, x) ){
+        pIndex->nColumn--; 
+      }else{
+        pIndex->aiColumn[i] = x;
+        pIndex->azColl[i] = pPk->azColl[j];
+        pIndex->aSortOrder[i] = pPk->aSortOrder[j];
+        i++;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( i==pIndex->nColumn );
+  }else{
+    pIndex->aiColumn[i] = -1;
+    pIndex->azColl[i] = "BINARY";
   }
   sqlite3DefaultRowEst(pIndex);
+  if( pParse->pNewTable==0 ) estimateIndexWidth(pIndex);
 
   if( pTab==pParse->pNewTable ){
     /* This routine has been called to create an automatic index as a
@@ -83973,12 +89195,12 @@
     Index *pIdx;
     for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
       int k;
-      assert( pIdx->onError!=OE_None );
-      assert( pIdx->autoIndex );
-      assert( pIndex->onError!=OE_None );
+      assert( IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) );
+      assert( pIdx->idxType!=SQLITE_IDXTYPE_APPDEF );
+      assert( IsUniqueIndex(pIndex) );
 
-      if( pIdx->nColumn!=pIndex->nColumn ) continue;
-      for(k=0; k<pIdx->nColumn; k++){
+      if( pIdx->nKeyCol!=pIndex->nKeyCol ) continue;
+      for(k=0; k<pIdx->nKeyCol; k++){
         const char *z1;
         const char *z2;
         if( pIdx->aiColumn[k]!=pIndex->aiColumn[k] ) break;
@@ -83986,14 +89208,14 @@
         z2 = pIndex->azColl[k];
         if( z1!=z2 && sqlite3StrICmp(z1, z2) ) break;
       }
-      if( k==pIdx->nColumn ){
+      if( k==pIdx->nKeyCol ){
         if( pIdx->onError!=pIndex->onError ){
           /* This constraint creates the same index as a previous
           ** constraint specified somewhere in the CREATE TABLE statement.
           ** However the ON CONFLICT clauses are different. If both this 
           ** constraint and the previous equivalent constraint have explicit
           ** ON CONFLICT clauses this is an error. Otherwise, use the
-          ** explicitly specified behaviour for the index.
+          ** explicitly specified behavior for the index.
           */
           if( !(pIdx->onError==OE_Default || pIndex->onError==OE_Default) ){
             sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
@@ -84028,22 +89250,20 @@
     }
   }
 
-  /* If the db->init.busy is 0 then create the index on disk.  This
-  ** involves writing the index into the master table and filling in the
-  ** index with the current table contents.
+  /* If this is the initial CREATE INDEX statement (or CREATE TABLE if the
+  ** index is an implied index for a UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint) then
+  ** emit code to allocate the index rootpage on disk and make an entry for
+  ** the index in the sqlite_master table and populate the index with
+  ** content.  But, do not do this if we are simply reading the sqlite_master
+  ** table to parse the schema, or if this index is the PRIMARY KEY index
+  ** of a WITHOUT ROWID table.
   **
-  ** The db->init.busy is 0 when the user first enters a CREATE INDEX 
-  ** command.  db->init.busy is 1 when a database is opened and 
-  ** CREATE INDEX statements are read out of the master table.  In
-  ** the latter case the index already exists on disk, which is why
-  ** we don't want to recreate it.
-  **
-  ** If pTblName==0 it means this index is generated as a primary key
-  ** or UNIQUE constraint of a CREATE TABLE statement.  Since the table
+  ** If pTblName==0 it means this index is generated as an implied PRIMARY KEY
+  ** or UNIQUE index in a CREATE TABLE statement.  Since the table
   ** has just been created, it contains no data and the index initialization
   ** step can be skipped.
   */
-  else{ /* if( db->init.busy==0 ) */
+  else if( pParse->nErr==0 && (HasRowid(pTab) || pTblName!=0) ){
     Vdbe *v;
     char *zStmt;
     int iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
@@ -84061,12 +89281,11 @@
     ** the zStmt variable
     */
     if( pStart ){
-      assert( pEnd!=0 );
+      int n = (int)(pParse->sLastToken.z - pName->z) + pParse->sLastToken.n;
+      if( pName->z[n-1]==';' ) n--;
       /* A named index with an explicit CREATE INDEX statement */
       zStmt = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "CREATE%s INDEX %.*s",
-        onError==OE_None ? "" : " UNIQUE",
-        (int)(pEnd->z - pName->z) + 1,
-        pName->z);
+        onError==OE_None ? "" : " UNIQUE", n, pName->z);
     }else{
       /* An automatic index created by a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint */
       /* zStmt = sqlite3MPrintf(""); */
@@ -84122,10 +89341,8 @@
 
   /* Clean up before exiting */
 exit_create_index:
-  if( pIndex ){
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, pIndex->zColAff);
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, pIndex);
-  }
+  if( pIndex ) freeIndex(db, pIndex);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pPIWhere);
   sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pList);
   sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pTblName);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
@@ -84140,7 +89357,7 @@
 ** Since we do not know, guess 1 million.  aiRowEst[1] is an estimate of the
 ** number of rows in the table that match any particular value of the
 ** first column of the index.  aiRowEst[2] is an estimate of the number
-** of rows that match any particular combiniation of the first 2 columns
+** of rows that match any particular combination of the first 2 columns
 ** of the index.  And so forth.  It must always be the case that
 *
 **           aiRowEst[N]<=aiRowEst[N-1]
@@ -84151,20 +89368,27 @@
 ** are based on typical values found in actual indices.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DefaultRowEst(Index *pIdx){
-  tRowcnt *a = pIdx->aiRowEst;
+  /*                10,  9,  8,  7,  6 */
+  LogEst aVal[] = { 33, 32, 30, 28, 26 };
+  LogEst *a = pIdx->aiRowLogEst;
+  int nCopy = MIN(ArraySize(aVal), pIdx->nKeyCol);
   int i;
-  tRowcnt n;
-  assert( a!=0 );
-  a[0] = pIdx->pTable->nRowEst;
-  if( a[0]<10 ) a[0] = 10;
-  n = 10;
-  for(i=1; i<=pIdx->nColumn; i++){
-    a[i] = n;
-    if( n>5 ) n--;
+
+  /* Set the first entry (number of rows in the index) to the estimated 
+  ** number of rows in the table. Or 10, if the estimated number of rows 
+  ** in the table is less than that.  */
+  a[0] = pIdx->pTable->nRowLogEst;
+  if( a[0]<33 ) a[0] = 33;        assert( 33==sqlite3LogEst(10) );
+
+  /* Estimate that a[1] is 10, a[2] is 9, a[3] is 8, a[4] is 7, a[5] is
+  ** 6 and each subsequent value (if any) is 5.  */
+  memcpy(&a[1], aVal, nCopy*sizeof(LogEst));
+  for(i=nCopy+1; i<=pIdx->nKeyCol; i++){
+    a[i] = 23;                    assert( 23==sqlite3LogEst(5) );
   }
-  if( pIdx->onError!=OE_None ){
-    a[pIdx->nColumn] = 1;
-  }
+
+  assert( 0==sqlite3LogEst(1) );
+  if( IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) ) a[pIdx->nKeyCol] = 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -84195,7 +89419,7 @@
     pParse->checkSchema = 1;
     goto exit_drop_index;
   }
-  if( pIndex->autoIndex ){
+  if( pIndex->idxType!=SQLITE_IDXTYPE_APPDEF ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "index associated with UNIQUE "
       "or PRIMARY KEY constraint cannot be dropped", 0);
     goto exit_drop_index;
@@ -84236,19 +89460,21 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** pArray is a pointer to an array of objects.  Each object in the
-** array is szEntry bytes in size.  This routine allocates a new
-** object on the end of the array.
+** pArray is a pointer to an array of objects. Each object in the
+** array is szEntry bytes in size. This routine uses sqlite3DbRealloc()
+** to extend the array so that there is space for a new object at the end.
 **
-** *pnEntry is the number of entries already in use.  *pnAlloc is
-** the previously allocated size of the array.  initSize is the
-** suggested initial array size allocation.
+** When this function is called, *pnEntry contains the current size of
+** the array (in entries - so the allocation is ((*pnEntry) * szEntry) bytes
+** in total).
 **
-** The index of the new entry is returned in *pIdx.
+** If the realloc() is successful (i.e. if no OOM condition occurs), the
+** space allocated for the new object is zeroed, *pnEntry updated to
+** reflect the new size of the array and a pointer to the new allocation
+** returned. *pIdx is set to the index of the new array entry in this case.
 **
-** This routine returns a pointer to the array of objects.  This
-** might be the same as the pArray parameter or it might be a different
-** pointer if the array was resized.
+** Otherwise, if the realloc() fails, *pIdx is set to -1, *pnEntry remains
+** unchanged and a copy of pArray returned.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ArrayAllocate(
   sqlite3 *db,      /* Connection to notify of malloc failures */
@@ -84362,7 +89588,7 @@
   assert( iStart<=pSrc->nSrc );
 
   /* Allocate additional space if needed */
-  if( pSrc->nSrc+nExtra>pSrc->nAlloc ){
+  if( (u32)pSrc->nSrc+nExtra>pSrc->nAlloc ){
     SrcList *pNew;
     int nAlloc = pSrc->nSrc+nExtra;
     int nGot;
@@ -84374,7 +89600,7 @@
     }
     pSrc = pNew;
     nGot = (sqlite3DbMallocSize(db, pNew) - sizeof(*pSrc))/sizeof(pSrc->a[0])+1;
-    pSrc->nAlloc = (u16)nGot;
+    pSrc->nAlloc = nGot;
   }
 
   /* Move existing slots that come after the newly inserted slots
@@ -84382,7 +89608,7 @@
   for(i=pSrc->nSrc-1; i>=iStart; i--){
     pSrc->a[i+nExtra] = pSrc->a[i];
   }
-  pSrc->nSrc += (i16)nExtra;
+  pSrc->nSrc += nExtra;
 
   /* Zero the newly allocated slots */
   memset(&pSrc->a[iStart], 0, sizeof(pSrc->a[0])*nExtra);
@@ -84714,50 +89940,24 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Generate VDBE code that will verify the schema cookie and start
-** a read-transaction for all named database files.
-**
-** It is important that all schema cookies be verified and all
-** read transactions be started before anything else happens in
-** the VDBE program.  But this routine can be called after much other
-** code has been generated.  So here is what we do:
-**
-** The first time this routine is called, we code an OP_Goto that
-** will jump to a subroutine at the end of the program.  Then we
-** record every database that needs its schema verified in the
-** pParse->cookieMask field.  Later, after all other code has been
-** generated, the subroutine that does the cookie verifications and
-** starts the transactions will be coded and the OP_Goto P2 value
-** will be made to point to that subroutine.  The generation of the
-** cookie verification subroutine code happens in sqlite3FinishCoding().
-**
-** If iDb<0 then code the OP_Goto only - don't set flag to verify the
-** schema on any databases.  This can be used to position the OP_Goto
-** early in the code, before we know if any database tables will be used.
+** Record the fact that the schema cookie will need to be verified
+** for database iDb.  The code to actually verify the schema cookie
+** will occur at the end of the top-level VDBE and will be generated
+** later, by sqlite3FinishCoding().
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(Parse *pParse, int iDb){
   Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
+  sqlite3 *db = pToplevel->db;
 
-  if( pToplevel->cookieGoto==0 ){
-    Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pToplevel);
-    if( v==0 ) return;  /* This only happens if there was a prior error */
-    pToplevel->cookieGoto = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, 0)+1;
-  }
-  if( iDb>=0 ){
-    sqlite3 *db = pToplevel->db;
-    yDbMask mask;
-
-    assert( iDb<db->nDb );
-    assert( db->aDb[iDb].pBt!=0 || iDb==1 );
-    assert( iDb<SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED+2 );
-    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
-    mask = ((yDbMask)1)<<iDb;
-    if( (pToplevel->cookieMask & mask)==0 ){
-      pToplevel->cookieMask |= mask;
-      pToplevel->cookieValue[iDb] = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->schema_cookie;
-      if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && iDb==1 ){
-        sqlite3OpenTempDatabase(pToplevel);
-      }
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( db->aDb[iDb].pBt!=0 || iDb==1 );
+  assert( iDb<SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED+2 );
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  if( DbMaskTest(pToplevel->cookieMask, iDb)==0 ){
+    DbMaskSet(pToplevel->cookieMask, iDb);
+    pToplevel->cookieValue[iDb] = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->schema_cookie;
+    if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && iDb==1 ){
+      sqlite3OpenTempDatabase(pToplevel);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -84793,7 +89993,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(Parse *pParse, int setStatement, int iDb){
   Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
   sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
-  pToplevel->writeMask |= ((yDbMask)1)<<iDb;
+  DbMaskSet(pToplevel->writeMask, iDb);
   pToplevel->isMultiWrite |= setStatement;
 }
 
@@ -84835,12 +90035,73 @@
 ** error. The onError parameter determines which (if any) of the statement
 ** and/or current transaction is rolled back.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HaltConstraint(Parse *pParse, int onError, char *p4, int p4type){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HaltConstraint(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
+  int errCode,      /* extended error code */
+  int onError,      /* Constraint type */
+  char *p4,         /* Error message */
+  i8 p4type,        /* P4_STATIC or P4_TRANSIENT */
+  u8 p5Errmsg       /* P5_ErrMsg type */
+){
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  assert( (errCode&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT );
   if( onError==OE_Abort ){
     sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, onError, 0, p4, p4type);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Halt, errCode, onError, 0, p4, p4type);
+  if( p5Errmsg ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, p5Errmsg);
+}
+
+/*
+** Code an OP_Halt due to UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint violation.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UniqueConstraint(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
+  int onError,      /* Constraint type */
+  Index *pIdx       /* The index that triggers the constraint */
+){
+  char *zErr;
+  int j;
+  StrAccum errMsg;
+  Table *pTab = pIdx->pTable;
+
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&errMsg, 0, 0, 200);
+  errMsg.db = pParse->db;
+  for(j=0; j<pIdx->nKeyCol; j++){
+    char *zCol = pTab->aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[j]].zName;
+    if( j ) sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg, ", ", 2);
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(&errMsg, pTab->zName);
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg, ".", 1);
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(&errMsg, zCol);
+  }
+  zErr = sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&errMsg);
+  sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, 
+    IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ? SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY 
+                            : SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE,
+    onError, zErr, P4_DYNAMIC, P5_ConstraintUnique);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Code an OP_Halt due to non-unique rowid.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowidConstraint(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
+  int onError,      /* Conflict resolution algorithm */
+  Table *pTab       /* The table with the non-unique rowid */ 
+){
+  char *zMsg;
+  int rc;
+  if( pTab->iPKey>=0 ){
+    zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "%s.%s", pTab->zName,
+                          pTab->aCol[pTab->iPKey].zName);
+    rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY;
+  }else{
+    zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "%s.rowid", pTab->zName);
+    rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_ROWID;
+  }
+  sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, rc, onError, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC,
+                        P5_ConstraintUnique);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -84853,8 +90114,8 @@
   assert( zColl!=0 );
   for(i=0; i<pIndex->nColumn; i++){
     const char *z = pIndex->azColl[i];
-    assert( z!=0 );
-    if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, zColl) ){
+    assert( z!=0 || pIndex->aiColumn[i]<0 );
+    if( pIndex->aiColumn[i]>=0 && 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, zColl) ){
       return 1;
     }
   }
@@ -84973,42 +90234,122 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
-** Return a dynamicly allocated KeyInfo structure that can be used
-** with OP_OpenRead or OP_OpenWrite to access database index pIdx.
+** Return a KeyInfo structure that is appropriate for the given Index.
 **
-** If successful, a pointer to the new structure is returned. In this case
-** the caller is responsible for calling sqlite3DbFree(db, ) on the returned 
-** pointer. If an error occurs (out of memory or missing collation 
-** sequence), NULL is returned and the state of pParse updated to reflect
-** the error.
+** The KeyInfo structure for an index is cached in the Index object.
+** So there might be multiple references to the returned pointer.  The
+** caller should not try to modify the KeyInfo object.
+**
+** The caller should invoke sqlite3KeyInfoUnref() on the returned object
+** when it has finished using it.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(Parse *pParse, Index *pIdx){
-  int i;
-  int nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
-  int nBytes = sizeof(KeyInfo) + (nCol-1)*sizeof(CollSeq*) + nCol;
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-  KeyInfo *pKey = (KeyInfo *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nBytes);
-
-  if( pKey ){
-    pKey->db = pParse->db;
-    pKey->aSortOrder = (u8 *)&(pKey->aColl[nCol]);
-    assert( &pKey->aSortOrder[nCol]==&(((u8 *)pKey)[nBytes]) );
-    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-      char *zColl = pIdx->azColl[i];
-      assert( zColl );
-      pKey->aColl[i] = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl);
-      pKey->aSortOrder[i] = pIdx->aSortOrder[i];
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(Parse *pParse, Index *pIdx){
+  if( pParse->nErr ) return 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  if( pIdx->pKeyInfo && pIdx->pKeyInfo->db!=pParse->db ){
+    sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pIdx->pKeyInfo);
+    pIdx->pKeyInfo = 0;
+  }
+#endif
+  if( pIdx->pKeyInfo==0 ){
+    int i;
+    int nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
+    int nKey = pIdx->nKeyCol;
+    KeyInfo *pKey;
+    if( pIdx->uniqNotNull ){
+      pKey = sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(pParse->db, nKey, nCol-nKey);
+    }else{
+      pKey = sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(pParse->db, nCol, 0);
     }
-    pKey->nField = (u16)nCol;
+    if( pKey ){
+      assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pKey) );
+      for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+        char *zColl = pIdx->azColl[i];
+        assert( zColl!=0 );
+        pKey->aColl[i] = strcmp(zColl,"BINARY")==0 ? 0 :
+                          sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl);
+        pKey->aSortOrder[i] = pIdx->aSortOrder[i];
+      }
+      if( pParse->nErr ){
+        sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pKey);
+      }else{
+        pIdx->pKeyInfo = pKey;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return sqlite3KeyInfoRef(pIdx->pKeyInfo);
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+/* 
+** This routine is invoked once per CTE by the parser while parsing a 
+** WITH clause. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE With *sqlite3WithAdd(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
+  With *pWith,            /* Existing WITH clause, or NULL */
+  Token *pName,           /* Name of the common-table */
+  ExprList *pArglist,     /* Optional column name list for the table */
+  Select *pQuery          /* Query used to initialize the table */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  With *pNew;
+  char *zName;
+
+  /* Check that the CTE name is unique within this WITH clause. If
+  ** not, store an error in the Parse structure. */
+  zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(pParse->db, pName);
+  if( zName && pWith ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<pWith->nCte; i++){
+      if( sqlite3StrICmp(zName, pWith->a[i].zName)==0 ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "duplicate WITH table name: %s", zName);
+      }
+    }
   }
 
-  if( pParse->nErr ){
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, pKey);
-    pKey = 0;
+  if( pWith ){
+    int nByte = sizeof(*pWith) + (sizeof(pWith->a[1]) * pWith->nCte);
+    pNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, pWith, nByte);
+  }else{
+    pNew = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pWith));
   }
-  return pKey;
+  assert( zName!=0 || pNew==0 );
+  assert( db->mallocFailed==0 || pNew==0 );
+
+  if( pNew==0 ){
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pArglist);
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pQuery);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
+    pNew = pWith;
+  }else{
+    pNew->a[pNew->nCte].pSelect = pQuery;
+    pNew->a[pNew->nCte].pCols = pArglist;
+    pNew->a[pNew->nCte].zName = zName;
+    pNew->a[pNew->nCte].zErr = 0;
+    pNew->nCte++;
+  }
+
+  return pNew;
 }
 
+/*
+** Free the contents of the With object passed as the second argument.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WithDelete(sqlite3 *db, With *pWith){
+  if( pWith ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<pWith->nCte; i++){
+      struct Cte *pCte = &pWith->a[i];
+      sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pCte->pCols);
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pCte->pSelect);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pCte->zName);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pWith);
+  }
+}
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CTE) */
+
 /************** End of build.c ***********************************************/
 /************** Begin file callback.c ****************************************/
 /*
@@ -85087,17 +90428,18 @@
 **
 ** The return value is either the collation sequence to be used in database
 ** db for collation type name zName, length nName, or NULL, if no collation
-** sequence can be found.
+** sequence can be found.  If no collation is found, leave an error message.
 **
 ** See also: sqlite3LocateCollSeq(), sqlite3FindCollSeq()
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3GetCollSeq(
-  sqlite3* db,          /* The database connection */
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
   u8 enc,               /* The desired encoding for the collating sequence */
   CollSeq *pColl,       /* Collating sequence with native encoding, or NULL */
   const char *zName     /* Collating sequence name */
 ){
   CollSeq *p;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
 
   p = pColl;
   if( !p ){
@@ -85114,6 +90456,9 @@
     p = 0;
   }
   assert( !p || p->xCmp );
+  if( p==0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such collation sequence: %s", zName);
+  }
   return p;
 }
 
@@ -85132,10 +90477,8 @@
   if( pColl ){
     const char *zName = pColl->zName;
     sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-    CollSeq *p = sqlite3GetCollSeq(db, ENC(db), pColl, zName);
+    CollSeq *p = sqlite3GetCollSeq(pParse, ENC(db), pColl, zName);
     if( !p ){
-      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such collation sequence: %s", zName);
-      pParse->nErr++;
       return SQLITE_ERROR;
     }
     assert( p==pColl );
@@ -85235,38 +90578,57 @@
 ** that uses encoding enc. The value returned indicates how well the
 ** request is matched. A higher value indicates a better match.
 **
+** If nArg is -1 that means to only return a match (non-zero) if p->nArg
+** is also -1.  In other words, we are searching for a function that
+** takes a variable number of arguments.
+**
+** If nArg is -2 that means that we are searching for any function 
+** regardless of the number of arguments it uses, so return a positive
+** match score for any
+**
 ** The returned value is always between 0 and 6, as follows:
 **
-** 0: Not a match, or if nArg<0 and the function is has no implementation.
-** 1: A variable arguments function that prefers UTF-8 when a UTF-16
-**    encoding is requested, or vice versa.
-** 2: A variable arguments function that uses UTF-16BE when UTF-16LE is
-**    requested, or vice versa.
-** 3: A variable arguments function using the same text encoding.
-** 4: A function with the exact number of arguments requested that
-**    prefers UTF-8 when a UTF-16 encoding is requested, or vice versa.
-** 5: A function with the exact number of arguments requested that
-**    prefers UTF-16LE when UTF-16BE is requested, or vice versa.
-** 6: An exact match.
+** 0: Not a match.
+** 1: UTF8/16 conversion required and function takes any number of arguments.
+** 2: UTF16 byte order change required and function takes any number of args.
+** 3: encoding matches and function takes any number of arguments
+** 4: UTF8/16 conversion required - argument count matches exactly
+** 5: UTF16 byte order conversion required - argument count matches exactly
+** 6: Perfect match:  encoding and argument count match exactly.
 **
+** If nArg==(-2) then any function with a non-null xStep or xFunc is
+** a perfect match and any function with both xStep and xFunc NULL is
+** a non-match.
 */
-static int matchQuality(FuncDef *p, int nArg, u8 enc){
-  int match = 0;
-  if( p->nArg==-1 || p->nArg==nArg 
-   || (nArg==-1 && (p->xFunc!=0 || p->xStep!=0))
-  ){
+#define FUNC_PERFECT_MATCH 6  /* The score for a perfect match */
+static int matchQuality(
+  FuncDef *p,     /* The function we are evaluating for match quality */
+  int nArg,       /* Desired number of arguments.  (-1)==any */
+  u8 enc          /* Desired text encoding */
+){
+  int match;
+
+  /* nArg of -2 is a special case */
+  if( nArg==(-2) ) return (p->xFunc==0 && p->xStep==0) ? 0 : FUNC_PERFECT_MATCH;
+
+  /* Wrong number of arguments means "no match" */
+  if( p->nArg!=nArg && p->nArg>=0 ) return 0;
+
+  /* Give a better score to a function with a specific number of arguments
+  ** than to function that accepts any number of arguments. */
+  if( p->nArg==nArg ){
+    match = 4;
+  }else{
     match = 1;
-    if( p->nArg==nArg || nArg==-1 ){
-      match = 4;
-    }
-    if( enc==p->iPrefEnc ){
-      match += 2;
-    }
-    else if( (enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE && p->iPrefEnc==SQLITE_UTF16BE) ||
-             (enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE && p->iPrefEnc==SQLITE_UTF16LE) ){
-      match += 1;
-    }
   }
+
+  /* Bonus points if the text encoding matches */
+  if( enc==(p->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_ENCMASK) ){
+    match += 2;  /* Exact encoding match */
+  }else if( (enc & p->funcFlags & 2)!=0 ){
+    match += 1;  /* Both are UTF16, but with different byte orders */
+  }
+
   return match;
 }
 
@@ -85322,13 +90684,12 @@
 **
 ** If the createFlag argument is true, then a new (blank) FuncDef
 ** structure is created and liked into the "db" structure if a
-** no matching function previously existed.  When createFlag is true
-** and the nArg parameter is -1, then only a function that accepts
-** any number of arguments will be returned.
+** no matching function previously existed.
 **
-** If createFlag is false and nArg is -1, then the first valid
-** function found is returned.  A function is valid if either xFunc
-** or xStep is non-zero.
+** If nArg is -2, then the first valid function found is returned.  A
+** function is valid if either xFunc or xStep is non-zero.  The nArg==(-2)
+** case is used to see if zName is a valid function name for some number
+** of arguments.  If nArg is -2, then createFlag must be 0.
 **
 ** If createFlag is false, then a function with the required name and
 ** number of arguments may be returned even if the eTextRep flag does not
@@ -85340,15 +90701,15 @@
   int nName,         /* Number of characters in the name */
   int nArg,          /* Number of arguments.  -1 means any number */
   u8 enc,            /* Preferred text encoding */
-  int createFlag     /* Create new entry if true and does not otherwise exist */
+  u8 createFlag      /* Create new entry if true and does not otherwise exist */
 ){
   FuncDef *p;         /* Iterator variable */
   FuncDef *pBest = 0; /* Best match found so far */
   int bestScore = 0;  /* Score of best match */
   int h;              /* Hash value */
 
-
-  assert( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+  assert( nArg>=(-2) );
+  assert( nArg>=(-1) || createFlag==0 );
   h = (sqlite3UpperToLower[(u8)zName[0]] + nName) % ArraySize(db->aFunc.a);
 
   /* First search for a match amongst the application-defined functions.
@@ -85393,11 +90754,11 @@
   ** exact match for the name, number of arguments and encoding, then add a
   ** new entry to the hash table and return it.
   */
-  if( createFlag && (bestScore<6 || pBest->nArg!=nArg) && 
+  if( createFlag && bestScore<FUNC_PERFECT_MATCH && 
       (pBest = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pBest)+nName+1))!=0 ){
     pBest->zName = (char *)&pBest[1];
     pBest->nArg = (u16)nArg;
-    pBest->iPrefEnc = enc;
+    pBest->funcFlags = enc;
     memcpy(pBest->zName, zName, nName);
     pBest->zName[nName] = 0;
     sqlite3FuncDefInsert(&db->aFunc, pBest);
@@ -85439,9 +90800,9 @@
   sqlite3HashClear(&temp1);
   sqlite3HashClear(&pSchema->fkeyHash);
   pSchema->pSeqTab = 0;
-  if( pSchema->flags & DB_SchemaLoaded ){
+  if( pSchema->schemaFlags & DB_SchemaLoaded ){
     pSchema->iGeneration++;
-    pSchema->flags &= ~DB_SchemaLoaded;
+    pSchema->schemaFlags &= ~DB_SchemaLoaded;
   }
 }
 
@@ -85503,7 +90864,7 @@
   struct SrcList_item *pItem = pSrc->a;
   Table *pTab;
   assert( pItem && pSrc->nSrc==1 );
-  pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pItem->zName, pItem->zDatabase);
+  pTab = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, 0, pItem);
   sqlite3DeleteTable(pParse->db, pItem->pTab);
   pItem->pTab = pTab;
   if( pTab ){
@@ -85564,29 +90925,23 @@
   int iCur             /* Cursor number for ephemerial table */
 ){
   SelectDest dest;
-  Select *pDup;
+  Select *pSel;
+  SrcList *pFrom;
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-
-  pDup = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pView->pSelect, 0);
-  if( pWhere ){
-    SrcList *pFrom;
-    
-    pWhere = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pWhere, 0);
-    pFrom = sqlite3SrcListAppend(db, 0, 0, 0);
-    if( pFrom ){
-      assert( pFrom->nSrc==1 );
-      pFrom->a[0].zAlias = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pView->zName);
-      pFrom->a[0].pSelect = pDup;
-      assert( pFrom->a[0].pOn==0 );
-      assert( pFrom->a[0].pUsing==0 );
-    }else{
-      sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pDup);
-    }
-    pDup = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 0, pFrom, pWhere, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+  int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pView->pSchema);
+  pWhere = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pWhere, 0);
+  pFrom = sqlite3SrcListAppend(db, 0, 0, 0);
+  if( pFrom ){
+    assert( pFrom->nSrc==1 );
+    pFrom->a[0].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pView->zName);
+    pFrom->a[0].zDatabase = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, db->aDb[iDb].zName);
+    assert( pFrom->a[0].pOn==0 );
+    assert( pFrom->a[0].pUsing==0 );
   }
+  pSel = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 0, pFrom, pWhere, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
   sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_EphemTab, iCur);
-  sqlite3Select(pParse, pDup, &dest);
-  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pDup);
+  sqlite3Select(pParse, pSel, &dest);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSel);
 }
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER) */
 
@@ -85606,7 +90961,7 @@
   ExprList *pOrderBy,          /* The ORDER BY clause.  May be null */
   Expr *pLimit,                /* The LIMIT clause.  May be null */
   Expr *pOffset,               /* The OFFSET clause.  May be null */
-  char *zStmtType              /* Either DELETE or UPDATE.  For error messages. */
+  char *zStmtType              /* Either DELETE or UPDATE.  For err msgs. */
 ){
   Expr *pWhereRowid = NULL;    /* WHERE rowid .. */
   Expr *pInClause = NULL;      /* WHERE rowid IN ( select ) */
@@ -85681,7 +91036,8 @@
   sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pOffset);
   return 0;
 }
-#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) */
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT) */
+       /*      && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) */
 
 /*
 ** Generate code for a DELETE FROM statement.
@@ -85698,18 +91054,34 @@
   Vdbe *v;               /* The virtual database engine */
   Table *pTab;           /* The table from which records will be deleted */
   const char *zDb;       /* Name of database holding pTab */
-  int end, addr = 0;     /* A couple addresses of generated code */
   int i;                 /* Loop counter */
   WhereInfo *pWInfo;     /* Information about the WHERE clause */
   Index *pIdx;           /* For looping over indices of the table */
-  int iCur;              /* VDBE Cursor number for pTab */
+  int iTabCur;           /* Cursor number for the table */
+  int iDataCur;          /* VDBE cursor for the canonical data source */
+  int iIdxCur;           /* Cursor number of the first index */
+  int nIdx;              /* Number of indices */
   sqlite3 *db;           /* Main database structure */
   AuthContext sContext;  /* Authorization context */
   NameContext sNC;       /* Name context to resolve expressions in */
   int iDb;               /* Database number */
   int memCnt = -1;       /* Memory cell used for change counting */
   int rcauth;            /* Value returned by authorization callback */
-
+  int okOnePass;         /* True for one-pass algorithm without the FIFO */
+  int aiCurOnePass[2];   /* The write cursors opened by WHERE_ONEPASS */
+  u8 *aToOpen = 0;       /* Open cursor iTabCur+j if aToOpen[j] is true */
+  Index *pPk;            /* The PRIMARY KEY index on the table */
+  int iPk = 0;           /* First of nPk registers holding PRIMARY KEY value */
+  i16 nPk = 1;           /* Number of columns in the PRIMARY KEY */
+  int iKey;              /* Memory cell holding key of row to be deleted */
+  i16 nKey;              /* Number of memory cells in the row key */
+  int iEphCur = 0;       /* Ephemeral table holding all primary key values */
+  int iRowSet = 0;       /* Register for rowset of rows to delete */
+  int addrBypass = 0;    /* Address of jump over the delete logic */
+  int addrLoop = 0;      /* Top of the delete loop */
+  int addrDelete = 0;    /* Jump directly to the delete logic */
+  int addrEphOpen = 0;   /* Instruction to open the Ephermeral table */
+ 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
   int isView;                  /* True if attempting to delete from a view */
   Trigger *pTrigger;           /* List of table triggers, if required */
@@ -85764,11 +91136,11 @@
   }
   assert(!isView || pTrigger);
 
-  /* Assign  cursor number to the table and all its indices.
+  /* Assign cursor numbers to the table and all its indices.
   */
   assert( pTabList->nSrc==1 );
-  iCur = pTabList->a[0].iCursor = pParse->nTab++;
-  for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+  iTabCur = pTabList->a[0].iCursor = pParse->nTab++;
+  for(nIdx=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, nIdx++){
     pParse->nTab++;
   }
 
@@ -85792,7 +91164,8 @@
   */
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
   if( isView ){
-    sqlite3MaterializeView(pParse, pTab, pWhere, iCur);
+    sqlite3MaterializeView(pParse, pTab, pWhere, iTabCur);
+    iDataCur = iIdxCur = iTabCur;
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -85822,78 +91195,171 @@
    && 0==sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, 0, 0)
   ){
     assert( !isView );
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Clear, pTab->tnum, iDb, memCnt,
-                      pTab->zName, P4_STATIC);
+    sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 1, pTab->zName);
+    if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Clear, pTab->tnum, iDb, memCnt,
+                        pTab->zName, P4_STATIC);
+    }
     for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
       assert( pIdx->pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
     }
   }else
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_TRUNCATE_OPTIMIZATION */
-  /* The usual case: There is a WHERE clause so we have to scan through
-  ** the table and pick which records to delete.
-  */
   {
-    int iRowSet = ++pParse->nMem;   /* Register for rowset of rows to delete */
-    int iRowid = ++pParse->nMem;    /* Used for storing rowid values. */
-    int regRowid;                   /* Actual register containing rowids */
-
-    /* Collect rowids of every row to be deleted.
+    if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      /* For a rowid table, initialize the RowSet to an empty set */
+      pPk = 0;
+      nPk = 1;
+      iRowSet = ++pParse->nMem;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iRowSet);
+    }else{
+      /* For a WITHOUT ROWID table, create an ephermeral table used to
+      ** hold all primary keys for rows to be deleted. */
+      pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+      assert( pPk!=0 );
+      nPk = pPk->nKeyCol;
+      iPk = pParse->nMem+1;
+      pParse->nMem += nPk;
+      iEphCur = pParse->nTab++;
+      addrEphOpen = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iEphCur, nPk);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pPk);
+    }
+  
+    /* Construct a query to find the rowid or primary key for every row
+    ** to be deleted, based on the WHERE clause.
     */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iRowSet);
-    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(
-        pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0, 0, WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK
-    );
+    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0, 0, 
+                               WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED|WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK,
+                               iTabCur+1);
     if( pWInfo==0 ) goto delete_from_cleanup;
-    regRowid = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTab, -1, iCur, iRowid);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowSetAdd, iRowSet, regRowid);
+    okOnePass = sqlite3WhereOkOnePass(pWInfo, aiCurOnePass);
+  
+    /* Keep track of the number of rows to be deleted */
     if( db->flags & SQLITE_CountRows ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, memCnt, 1);
     }
+  
+    /* Extract the rowid or primary key for the current row */
+    if( pPk ){
+      for(i=0; i<nPk; i++){
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iTabCur,
+                                        pPk->aiColumn[i], iPk+i);
+      }
+      iKey = iPk;
+    }else{
+      iKey = pParse->nMem + 1;
+      iKey = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTab, -1, iTabCur, iKey, 0);
+      if( iKey>pParse->nMem ) pParse->nMem = iKey;
+    }
+  
+    if( okOnePass ){
+      /* For ONEPASS, no need to store the rowid/primary-key.  There is only
+      ** one, so just keep it in its register(s) and fall through to the
+      ** delete code.
+      */
+      nKey = nPk; /* OP_Found will use an unpacked key */
+      aToOpen = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, nIdx+2);
+      if( aToOpen==0 ){
+        sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
+        goto delete_from_cleanup;
+      }
+      memset(aToOpen, 1, nIdx+1);
+      aToOpen[nIdx+1] = 0;
+      if( aiCurOnePass[0]>=0 ) aToOpen[aiCurOnePass[0]-iTabCur] = 0;
+      if( aiCurOnePass[1]>=0 ) aToOpen[aiCurOnePass[1]-iTabCur] = 0;
+      if( addrEphOpen ) sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrEphOpen);
+      addrDelete = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto); /* Jump to DELETE logic */
+    }else if( pPk ){
+      /* Construct a composite key for the row to be deleted and remember it */
+      iKey = ++pParse->nMem;
+      nKey = 0;   /* Zero tells OP_Found to use a composite key */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, iPk, nPk, iKey,
+                        sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pPk), nPk);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iEphCur, iKey);
+    }else{
+      /* Get the rowid of the row to be deleted and remember it in the RowSet */
+      nKey = 1;  /* OP_Seek always uses a single rowid */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowSetAdd, iRowSet, iKey);
+    }
+  
+    /* End of the WHERE loop */
     sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
-
-    /* Delete every item whose key was written to the list during the
-    ** database scan.  We have to delete items after the scan is complete
-    ** because deleting an item can change the scan order.  */
-    end = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-
+    if( okOnePass ){
+      /* Bypass the delete logic below if the WHERE loop found zero rows */
+      addrBypass = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrBypass);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrDelete);
+    }
+  
     /* Unless this is a view, open cursors for the table we are 
     ** deleting from and all its indices. If this is a view, then the
     ** only effect this statement has is to fire the INSTEAD OF 
-    ** triggers.  */
+    ** triggers.
+    */
     if( !isView ){
-      sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, iCur, OP_OpenWrite);
+      sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, OP_OpenWrite, iTabCur, aToOpen,
+                                 &iDataCur, &iIdxCur);
+      assert( pPk || iDataCur==iTabCur );
+      assert( pPk || iIdxCur==iDataCur+1 );
     }
-
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowSetRead, iRowSet, end, iRowid);
-
+  
+    /* Set up a loop over the rowids/primary-keys that were found in the
+    ** where-clause loop above.
+    */
+    if( okOnePass ){
+      /* Just one row.  Hence the top-of-loop is a no-op */
+      assert( nKey==nPk ); /* OP_Found will use an unpacked key */
+      if( aToOpen[iDataCur-iTabCur] ){
+        assert( pPk!=0 );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iDataCur, addrBypass, iKey, nKey);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }
+    }else if( pPk ){
+      addrLoop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, iEphCur); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowKey, iEphCur, iKey);
+      assert( nKey==0 );  /* OP_Found will use a composite key */
+    }else{
+      addrLoop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowSetRead, iRowSet, 0, iKey);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+      assert( nKey==1 );
+    }  
+  
     /* Delete the row */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
     if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
       const char *pVTab = (const char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab);
       sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(pParse, pTab);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VUpdate, 0, 1, iRowid, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VUpdate, 0, 1, iKey, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OE_Abort);
       sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
     }else
 #endif
     {
       int count = (pParse->nested==0);    /* True to count changes */
-      sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(pParse, pTab, iCur, iRowid, count, pTrigger, OE_Default);
+      sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(pParse, pTab, pTrigger, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+                               iKey, nKey, count, OE_Default, okOnePass);
     }
-
-    /* End of the delete loop */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addr);
-    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, end);
-
+  
+    /* End of the loop over all rowids/primary-keys. */
+    if( okOnePass ){
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrBypass);
+    }else if( pPk ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iEphCur, addrLoop+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrLoop);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrLoop);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrLoop);
+    }     
+  
     /* Close the cursors open on the table and its indexes. */
     if( !isView && !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
-      for(i=1, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; i++, pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iCur + i, pIdx->tnum);
+      if( !pPk ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iDataCur);
+      for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; i++, pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iIdxCur + i);
       }
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iCur);
     }
-  }
+  } /* End non-truncate path */
 
   /* Update the sqlite_sequence table by storing the content of the
   ** maximum rowid counter values recorded while inserting into
@@ -85917,6 +91383,7 @@
   sqlite3AuthContextPop(&sContext);
   sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pTabList);
   sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhere);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, aToOpen);
   return;
 }
 /* Make sure "isView" and other macros defined above are undefined. Otherwise
@@ -85931,50 +91398,63 @@
 
 /*
 ** This routine generates VDBE code that causes a single row of a
-** single table to be deleted.
+** single table to be deleted.  Both the original table entry and
+** all indices are removed.
 **
-** The VDBE must be in a particular state when this routine is called.
-** These are the requirements:
+** Preconditions:
 **
-**   1.  A read/write cursor pointing to pTab, the table containing the row
-**       to be deleted, must be opened as cursor number $iCur.
+**   1.  iDataCur is an open cursor on the btree that is the canonical data
+**       store for the table.  (This will be either the table itself,
+**       in the case of a rowid table, or the PRIMARY KEY index in the case
+**       of a WITHOUT ROWID table.)
 **
 **   2.  Read/write cursors for all indices of pTab must be open as
-**       cursor number base+i for the i-th index.
+**       cursor number iIdxCur+i for the i-th index.
 **
-**   3.  The record number of the row to be deleted must be stored in
-**       memory cell iRowid.
-**
-** This routine generates code to remove both the table record and all 
-** index entries that point to that record.
+**   3.  The primary key for the row to be deleted must be stored in a
+**       sequence of nPk memory cells starting at iPk.  If nPk==0 that means
+**       that a search record formed from OP_MakeRecord is contained in the
+**       single memory location iPk.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(
   Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing context */
   Table *pTab,       /* Table containing the row to be deleted */
-  int iCur,          /* Cursor number for the table */
-  int iRowid,        /* Memory cell that contains the rowid to delete */
-  int count,         /* If non-zero, increment the row change counter */
   Trigger *pTrigger, /* List of triggers to (potentially) fire */
-  int onconf         /* Default ON CONFLICT policy for triggers */
+  int iDataCur,      /* Cursor from which column data is extracted */
+  int iIdxCur,       /* First index cursor */
+  int iPk,           /* First memory cell containing the PRIMARY KEY */
+  i16 nPk,           /* Number of PRIMARY KEY memory cells */
+  u8 count,          /* If non-zero, increment the row change counter */
+  u8 onconf,         /* Default ON CONFLICT policy for triggers */
+  u8 bNoSeek         /* iDataCur is already pointing to the row to delete */
 ){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;        /* Vdbe */
   int iOld = 0;                   /* First register in OLD.* array */
   int iLabel;                     /* Label resolved to end of generated code */
+  u8 opSeek;                      /* Seek opcode */
 
   /* Vdbe is guaranteed to have been allocated by this stage. */
   assert( v );
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "BEGIN: GenRowDel(%d,%d,%d,%d)",
+                         iDataCur, iIdxCur, iPk, (int)nPk));
 
   /* Seek cursor iCur to the row to delete. If this row no longer exists 
   ** (this can happen if a trigger program has already deleted it), do
   ** not attempt to delete it or fire any DELETE triggers.  */
   iLabel = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, iLabel, iRowid);
+  opSeek = HasRowid(pTab) ? OP_NotExists : OP_NotFound;
+  if( !bNoSeek ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, opSeek, iDataCur, iLabel, iPk, nPk);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, opSeek==OP_NotExists);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, opSeek==OP_NotFound);
+  }
  
   /* If there are any triggers to fire, allocate a range of registers to
   ** use for the old.* references in the triggers.  */
   if( sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, 0, 0) || pTrigger ){
     u32 mask;                     /* Mask of OLD.* columns in use */
     int iCol;                     /* Iterator used while populating OLD.* */
+    int addrStart;                /* Start of BEFORE trigger programs */
 
     /* TODO: Could use temporary registers here. Also could attempt to
     ** avoid copying the contents of the rowid register.  */
@@ -85987,36 +91467,44 @@
 
     /* Populate the OLD.* pseudo-table register array. These values will be 
     ** used by any BEFORE and AFTER triggers that exist.  */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, iRowid, iOld);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, iPk, iOld);
     for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++){
-      if( mask==0xffffffff || mask&(1<<iCol) ){
-        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iCur, iCol, iOld+iCol+1);
+      testcase( mask!=0xffffffff && iCol==31 );
+      testcase( mask!=0xffffffff && iCol==32 );
+      if( mask==0xffffffff || (iCol<=31 && (mask & MASKBIT32(iCol))!=0) ){
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, iCol, iOld+iCol+1);
       }
     }
 
     /* Invoke BEFORE DELETE trigger programs. */
+    addrStart = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
     sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, 
         TK_DELETE, 0, TRIGGER_BEFORE, pTab, iOld, onconf, iLabel
     );
 
-    /* Seek the cursor to the row to be deleted again. It may be that
-    ** the BEFORE triggers coded above have already removed the row
-    ** being deleted. Do not attempt to delete the row a second time, and 
-    ** do not fire AFTER triggers.  */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, iLabel, iRowid);
+    /* If any BEFORE triggers were coded, then seek the cursor to the 
+    ** row to be deleted again. It may be that the BEFORE triggers moved
+    ** the cursor or of already deleted the row that the cursor was
+    ** pointing to.
+    */
+    if( addrStart<sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, opSeek, iDataCur, iLabel, iPk, nPk);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, opSeek==OP_NotExists);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, opSeek==OP_NotFound);
+    }
 
     /* Do FK processing. This call checks that any FK constraints that
     ** refer to this table (i.e. constraints attached to other tables) 
     ** are not violated by deleting this row.  */
-    sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, iOld, 0);
+    sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, iOld, 0, 0, 0);
   }
 
   /* Delete the index and table entries. Skip this step if pTab is really
   ** a view (in which case the only effect of the DELETE statement is to
   ** fire the INSTEAD OF triggers).  */ 
   if( pTab->pSelect==0 ){
-    sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iCur, 0);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Delete, iCur, (count?OPFLAG_NCHANGE:0));
+    sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iDataCur, iIdxCur, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Delete, iDataCur, (count?OPFLAG_NCHANGE:0));
     if( count ){
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
     }
@@ -86025,7 +91513,7 @@
   /* Do any ON CASCADE, SET NULL or SET DEFAULT operations required to
   ** handle rows (possibly in other tables) that refer via a foreign key
   ** to the row just deleted. */ 
-  sqlite3FkActions(pParse, pTab, 0, iOld);
+  sqlite3FkActions(pParse, pTab, 0, iOld, 0, 0);
 
   /* Invoke AFTER DELETE trigger programs. */
   sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, 
@@ -86036,58 +91524,98 @@
   ** trigger programs were invoked. Or if a trigger program throws a 
   ** RAISE(IGNORE) exception.  */
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iLabel);
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "END: GenRowDel()"));
 }
 
 /*
 ** This routine generates VDBE code that causes the deletion of all
-** index entries associated with a single row of a single table.
+** index entries associated with a single row of a single table, pTab
 **
-** The VDBE must be in a particular state when this routine is called.
-** These are the requirements:
+** Preconditions:
 **
-**   1.  A read/write cursor pointing to pTab, the table containing the row
-**       to be deleted, must be opened as cursor number "iCur".
+**   1.  A read/write cursor "iDataCur" must be open on the canonical storage
+**       btree for the table pTab.  (This will be either the table itself
+**       for rowid tables or to the primary key index for WITHOUT ROWID
+**       tables.)
 **
 **   2.  Read/write cursors for all indices of pTab must be open as
-**       cursor number iCur+i for the i-th index.
+**       cursor number iIdxCur+i for the i-th index.  (The pTab->pIndex
+**       index is the 0-th index.)
 **
-**   3.  The "iCur" cursor must be pointing to the row that is to be
-**       deleted.
+**   3.  The "iDataCur" cursor must be already be positioned on the row
+**       that is to be deleted.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(
   Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing and code generating context */
   Table *pTab,       /* Table containing the row to be deleted */
-  int iCur,          /* Cursor number for the table */
+  int iDataCur,      /* Cursor of table holding data. */
+  int iIdxCur,       /* First index cursor */
   int *aRegIdx       /* Only delete if aRegIdx!=0 && aRegIdx[i]>0 */
 ){
-  int i;
-  Index *pIdx;
-  int r1;
+  int i;             /* Index loop counter */
+  int r1 = -1;       /* Register holding an index key */
+  int iPartIdxLabel; /* Jump destination for skipping partial index entries */
+  Index *pIdx;       /* Current index */
+  Index *pPrior = 0; /* Prior index */
+  Vdbe *v;           /* The prepared statement under construction */
+  Index *pPk;        /* PRIMARY KEY index, or NULL for rowid tables */
 
-  for(i=1, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; i++, pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-    if( aRegIdx!=0 && aRegIdx[i-1]==0 ) continue;
-    r1 = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, iCur, 0, 0);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(pParse->pVdbe, OP_IdxDelete, iCur+i, r1,pIdx->nColumn+1);
+  v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  pPk = HasRowid(pTab) ? 0 : sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+  for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; i++, pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    assert( iIdxCur+i!=iDataCur || pPk==pIdx );
+    if( aRegIdx!=0 && aRegIdx[i]==0 ) continue;
+    if( pIdx==pPk ) continue;
+    VdbeModuleComment((v, "GenRowIdxDel for %s", pIdx->zName));
+    r1 = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, iDataCur, 0, 1,
+                                 &iPartIdxLabel, pPrior, r1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxDelete, iIdxCur+i, r1,
+                      pIdx->uniqNotNull ? pIdx->nKeyCol : pIdx->nColumn);
+    sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(pParse, iPartIdxLabel);
+    pPrior = pIdx;
   }
 }
 
 /*
-** Generate code that will assemble an index key and put it in register
+** Generate code that will assemble an index key and stores it in register
 ** regOut.  The key with be for index pIdx which is an index on pTab.
 ** iCur is the index of a cursor open on the pTab table and pointing to
-** the entry that needs indexing.
+** the entry that needs indexing.  If pTab is a WITHOUT ROWID table, then
+** iCur must be the cursor of the PRIMARY KEY index.
 **
 ** Return a register number which is the first in a block of
 ** registers that holds the elements of the index key.  The
 ** block of registers has already been deallocated by the time
 ** this routine returns.
+**
+** If *piPartIdxLabel is not NULL, fill it in with a label and jump
+** to that label if pIdx is a partial index that should be skipped.
+** The label should be resolved using sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel().
+** A partial index should be skipped if its WHERE clause evaluates
+** to false or null.  If pIdx is not a partial index, *piPartIdxLabel
+** will be set to zero which is an empty label that is ignored by
+** sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel().
+**
+** The pPrior and regPrior parameters are used to implement a cache to
+** avoid unnecessary register loads.  If pPrior is not NULL, then it is
+** a pointer to a different index for which an index key has just been
+** computed into register regPrior.  If the current pIdx index is generating
+** its key into the same sequence of registers and if pPrior and pIdx share
+** a column in common, then the register corresponding to that column already
+** holds the correct value and the loading of that register is skipped.
+** This optimization is helpful when doing a DELETE or an INTEGRITY_CHECK 
+** on a table with multiple indices, and especially with the ROWID or
+** PRIMARY KEY columns of the index.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(
-  Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing context */
-  Index *pIdx,       /* The index for which to generate a key */
-  int iCur,          /* Cursor number for the pIdx->pTable table */
-  int regOut,        /* Write the new index key to this register */
-  int doMakeRec      /* Run the OP_MakeRecord instruction if true */
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing context */
+  Index *pIdx,         /* The index for which to generate a key */
+  int iDataCur,        /* Cursor number from which to take column data */
+  int regOut,          /* Put the new key into this register if not 0 */
+  int prefixOnly,      /* Compute only a unique prefix of the key */
+  int *piPartIdxLabel, /* OUT: Jump to this label to skip partial index */
+  Index *pPrior,       /* Previously generated index key */
+  int regPrior         /* Register holding previous generated key */
 ){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
   int j;
@@ -86095,32 +91623,51 @@
   int regBase;
   int nCol;
 
-  nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
-  regBase = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nCol+1);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iCur, regBase+nCol);
+  if( piPartIdxLabel ){
+    if( pIdx->pPartIdxWhere ){
+      *piPartIdxLabel = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      pParse->iPartIdxTab = iDataCur;
+      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pIdx->pPartIdxWhere, *piPartIdxLabel, 
+                         SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+    }else{
+      *piPartIdxLabel = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  nCol = (prefixOnly && pIdx->uniqNotNull) ? pIdx->nKeyCol : pIdx->nColumn;
+  regBase = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nCol);
+  if( pPrior && (regBase!=regPrior || pPrior->pPartIdxWhere) ) pPrior = 0;
   for(j=0; j<nCol; j++){
-    int idx = pIdx->aiColumn[j];
-    if( idx==pTab->iPKey ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regBase+nCol, regBase+j);
-    }else{
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iCur, idx, regBase+j);
-      sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, idx, -1);
-    }
+    if( pPrior && pPrior->aiColumn[j]==pIdx->aiColumn[j] ) continue;
+    sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, pIdx->aiColumn[j],
+                                    regBase+j);
+    /* If the column affinity is REAL but the number is an integer, then it
+    ** might be stored in the table as an integer (using a compact
+    ** representation) then converted to REAL by an OP_RealAffinity opcode.
+    ** But we are getting ready to store this value back into an index, where
+    ** it should be converted by to INTEGER again.  So omit the OP_RealAffinity
+    ** opcode if it is present */
+    sqlite3VdbeDeletePriorOpcode(v, OP_RealAffinity);
   }
-  if( doMakeRec ){
-    const char *zAff;
-    if( pTab->pSelect || (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_IdxRealAsInt)!=0 ){
-      zAff = 0;
-    }else{
-      zAff = sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx);
-    }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase, nCol+1, regOut);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, zAff, P4_TRANSIENT);
+  if( regOut ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase, nCol, regOut);
   }
-  sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regBase, nCol+1);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regBase, nCol);
   return regBase;
 }
 
+/*
+** If a prior call to sqlite3GenerateIndexKey() generated a jump-over label
+** because it was a partial index, then this routine should be called to
+** resolve that label.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(Parse *pParse, int iLabel){
+  if( iLabel ){
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(pParse->pVdbe, iLabel);
+    sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
+  }
+}
+
 /************** End of delete.c **********************************************/
 /************** Begin file func.c ********************************************/
 /*
@@ -86134,12 +91681,9 @@
 **    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
 **
 *************************************************************************
-** This file contains the C functions that implement various SQL
-** functions of SQLite.  
-**
-** There is only one exported symbol in this file - the function
-** sqliteRegisterBuildinFunctions() found at the bottom of the file.
-** All other code has file scope.
+** This file contains the C-language implementions for many of the SQL
+** functions of SQLite.  (Some function, and in particular the date and
+** time functions, are implemented separately.)
 */
 /* #include <stdlib.h> */
 /* #include <assert.h> */
@@ -86260,9 +91804,9 @@
     case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
       i64 iVal = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
       if( iVal<0 ){
-        if( (iVal<<1)==0 ){
-          /* IMP: R-35460-15084 If X is the integer -9223372036854775807 then
-          ** abs(X) throws an integer overflow error since there is no
+        if( iVal==SMALLEST_INT64 ){
+          /* IMP: R-31676-45509 If X is the integer -9223372036854775808
+          ** then abs(X) throws an integer overflow error since there is no
           ** equivalent positive 64-bit two complement value. */
           sqlite3_result_error(context, "integer overflow", -1);
           return;
@@ -86292,6 +91836,82 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Implementation of the instr() function.
+**
+** instr(haystack,needle) finds the first occurrence of needle
+** in haystack and returns the number of previous characters plus 1,
+** or 0 if needle does not occur within haystack.
+**
+** If both haystack and needle are BLOBs, then the result is one more than
+** the number of bytes in haystack prior to the first occurrence of needle,
+** or 0 if needle never occurs in haystack.
+*/
+static void instrFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const unsigned char *zHaystack;
+  const unsigned char *zNeedle;
+  int nHaystack;
+  int nNeedle;
+  int typeHaystack, typeNeedle;
+  int N = 1;
+  int isText;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  typeHaystack = sqlite3_value_type(argv[0]);
+  typeNeedle = sqlite3_value_type(argv[1]);
+  if( typeHaystack==SQLITE_NULL || typeNeedle==SQLITE_NULL ) return;
+  nHaystack = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
+  nNeedle = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[1]);
+  if( typeHaystack==SQLITE_BLOB && typeNeedle==SQLITE_BLOB ){
+    zHaystack = sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
+    zNeedle = sqlite3_value_blob(argv[1]);
+    isText = 0;
+  }else{
+    zHaystack = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+    zNeedle = sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+    isText = 1;
+  }
+  while( nNeedle<=nHaystack && memcmp(zHaystack, zNeedle, nNeedle)!=0 ){
+    N++;
+    do{
+      nHaystack--;
+      zHaystack++;
+    }while( isText && (zHaystack[0]&0xc0)==0x80 );
+  }
+  if( nNeedle>nHaystack ) N = 0;
+  sqlite3_result_int(context, N);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the printf() function.
+*/
+static void printfFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  PrintfArguments x;
+  StrAccum str;
+  const char *zFormat;
+  int n;
+
+  if( argc>=1 && (zFormat = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]))!=0 ){
+    x.nArg = argc-1;
+    x.nUsed = 0;
+    x.apArg = argv+1;
+    sqlite3StrAccumInit(&str, 0, 0, SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH);
+    str.db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+    sqlite3XPrintf(&str, SQLITE_PRINTF_SQLFUNC, zFormat, &x);
+    n = str.nChar;
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&str), n,
+                        SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** Implementation of the substr() function.
 **
 ** substr(x,p1,p2)  returns p2 characters of x[] beginning with p1.
@@ -86301,7 +91921,7 @@
 **
 ** If p1 is negative, then we begin abs(p1) from the end of x[].
 **
-** If p2 is negative, return the p2 characters preceeding p1.
+** If p2 is negative, return the p2 characters preceding p1.
 */
 static void substrFunc(
   sqlite3_context *context,
@@ -86490,34 +92110,15 @@
   }
 }
 
-
-#if 0  /* This function is never used. */
 /*
-** The COALESCE() and IFNULL() functions used to be implemented as shown
-** here.  But now they are implemented as VDBE code so that unused arguments
-** do not have to be computed.  This legacy implementation is retained as
-** comment.
+** Some functions like COALESCE() and IFNULL() and UNLIKELY() are implemented
+** as VDBE code so that unused argument values do not have to be computed.
+** However, we still need some kind of function implementation for this
+** routines in the function table.  The noopFunc macro provides this.
+** noopFunc will never be called so it doesn't matter what the implementation
+** is.  We might as well use the "version()" function as a substitute.
 */
-/*
-** Implementation of the IFNULL(), NVL(), and COALESCE() functions.  
-** All three do the same thing.  They return the first non-NULL
-** argument.
-*/
-static void ifnullFunc(
-  sqlite3_context *context,
-  int argc,
-  sqlite3_value **argv
-){
-  int i;
-  for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
-    if( SQLITE_NULL!=sqlite3_value_type(argv[i]) ){
-      sqlite3_result_value(context, argv[i]);
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-#endif /* NOT USED */
-#define ifnullFunc versionFunc   /* Substitute function - never called */
+#define noopFunc versionFunc   /* Substitute function - never called */
 
 /*
 ** Implementation of random().  Return a random integer.  
@@ -86635,10 +92236,10 @@
 ** whereas only characters less than 0x80 do in ASCII.
 */
 #if defined(SQLITE_EBCDIC)
-# define sqlite3Utf8Read(A,C)  (*(A++))
-# define GlogUpperToLower(A)   A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]
+# define sqlite3Utf8Read(A)    (*((*A)++))
+# define GlobUpperToLower(A)   A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]
 #else
-# define GlogUpperToLower(A)   if( !((A)&~0x7f) ){ A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]; }
+# define GlobUpperToLower(A)   if( !((A)&~0x7f) ){ A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]; }
 #endif
 
 static const struct compareInfo globInfo = { '*', '?', '[', 0 };
@@ -86692,18 +92293,18 @@
   u8 noCase = pInfo->noCase; 
   int prevEscape = 0;     /* True if the previous character was 'escape' */
 
-  while( (c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern,&zPattern))!=0 ){
-    if( !prevEscape && c==matchAll ){
-      while( (c=sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern,&zPattern)) == matchAll
+  while( (c = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern))!=0 ){
+    if( c==matchAll && !prevEscape ){
+      while( (c=sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern)) == matchAll
                || c == matchOne ){
-        if( c==matchOne && sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString)==0 ){
+        if( c==matchOne && sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString)==0 ){
           return 0;
         }
       }
       if( c==0 ){
         return 1;
       }else if( c==esc ){
-        c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+        c = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern);
         if( c==0 ){
           return 0;
         }
@@ -86715,25 +92316,25 @@
         }
         return *zString!=0;
       }
-      while( (c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString,&zString))!=0 ){
+      while( (c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString))!=0 ){
         if( noCase ){
-          GlogUpperToLower(c2);
-          GlogUpperToLower(c);
+          GlobUpperToLower(c2);
+          GlobUpperToLower(c);
           while( c2 != 0 && c2 != c ){
-            c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString);
-            GlogUpperToLower(c2);
+            c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString);
+            GlobUpperToLower(c2);
           }
         }else{
           while( c2 != 0 && c2 != c ){
-            c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString);
+            c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString);
           }
         }
         if( c2==0 ) return 0;
         if( patternCompare(zPattern,zString,pInfo,esc) ) return 1;
       }
       return 0;
-    }else if( !prevEscape && c==matchOne ){
-      if( sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString)==0 ){
+    }else if( c==matchOne && !prevEscape ){
+      if( sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString)==0 ){
         return 0;
       }
     }else if( c==matchSet ){
@@ -86741,20 +92342,20 @@
       assert( esc==0 );    /* This only occurs for GLOB, not LIKE */
       seen = 0;
       invert = 0;
-      c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString);
+      c = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString);
       if( c==0 ) return 0;
-      c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+      c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern);
       if( c2=='^' ){
         invert = 1;
-        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern);
       }
       if( c2==']' ){
         if( c==']' ) seen = 1;
-        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern);
       }
       while( c2 && c2!=']' ){
         if( c2=='-' && zPattern[0]!=']' && zPattern[0]!=0 && prior_c>0 ){
-          c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+          c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern);
           if( c>=prior_c && c<=c2 ) seen = 1;
           prior_c = 0;
         }else{
@@ -86763,7 +92364,7 @@
           }
           prior_c = c2;
         }
-        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern);
       }
       if( c2==0 || (seen ^ invert)==0 ){
         return 0;
@@ -86771,10 +92372,10 @@
     }else if( esc==c && !prevEscape ){
       prevEscape = 1;
     }else{
-      c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString);
+      c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString);
       if( noCase ){
-        GlogUpperToLower(c);
-        GlogUpperToLower(c2);
+        GlobUpperToLower(c);
+        GlobUpperToLower(c2);
       }
       if( c!=c2 ){
         return 0;
@@ -86786,6 +92387,13 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** The sqlite3_strglob() interface.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strglob(const char *zGlobPattern, const char *zString){
+  return patternCompare((u8*)zGlobPattern, (u8*)zString, &globInfo, 0)==0;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Count the number of times that the LIKE operator (or GLOB which is
 ** just a variation of LIKE) gets called.  This is used for testing
 ** only.
@@ -86843,7 +92451,7 @@
           "ESCAPE expression must be a single character", -1);
       return;
     }
-    escape = sqlite3Utf8Read(zEsc, &zEsc);
+    escape = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zEsc);
   }
   if( zA && zB ){
     struct compareInfo *pInfo = sqlite3_user_data(context);
@@ -86972,10 +92580,6 @@
 };
 
 /*
-** EXPERIMENTAL - This is not an official function.  The interface may
-** change.  This function may disappear.  Do not write code that depends
-** on this function.
-**
 ** Implementation of the QUOTE() function.  This function takes a single
 ** argument.  If the argument is numeric, the return value is the same as
 ** the argument.  If the argument is NULL, the return value is the string
@@ -86986,8 +92590,19 @@
   assert( argc==1 );
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
   switch( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0]) ){
-    case SQLITE_INTEGER:
     case SQLITE_FLOAT: {
+      double r1, r2;
+      char zBuf[50];
+      r1 = sqlite3_value_double(argv[0]);
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf), zBuf, "%!.15g", r1);
+      sqlite3AtoF(zBuf, &r2, 20, SQLITE_UTF8);
+      if( r1!=r2 ){
+        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf), zBuf, "%!.20e", r1);
+      }
+      sqlite3_result_text(context, zBuf, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
       sqlite3_result_value(context, argv[0]);
       break;
     }
@@ -87044,6 +92659,62 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** The unicode() function.  Return the integer unicode code-point value
+** for the first character of the input string. 
+*/
+static void unicodeFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const unsigned char *z = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  (void)argc;
+  if( z && z[0] ) sqlite3_result_int(context, sqlite3Utf8Read(&z));
+}
+
+/*
+** The char() function takes zero or more arguments, each of which is
+** an integer.  It constructs a string where each character of the string
+** is the unicode character for the corresponding integer argument.
+*/
+static void charFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  unsigned char *z, *zOut;
+  int i;
+  zOut = z = sqlite3_malloc( argc*4+1 );
+  if( z==0 ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+    return;
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
+    sqlite3_int64 x;
+    unsigned c;
+    x = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[i]);
+    if( x<0 || x>0x10ffff ) x = 0xfffd;
+    c = (unsigned)(x & 0x1fffff);
+    if( c<0x00080 ){
+      *zOut++ = (u8)(c&0xFF);
+    }else if( c<0x00800 ){
+      *zOut++ = 0xC0 + (u8)((c>>6)&0x1F);
+      *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);
+    }else if( c<0x10000 ){
+      *zOut++ = 0xE0 + (u8)((c>>12)&0x0F);
+      *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>6) & 0x3F);
+      *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);
+    }else{
+      *zOut++ = 0xF0 + (u8)((c>>18) & 0x07);
+      *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>12) & 0x3F);
+      *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>6) & 0x3F);
+      *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);
+    }                                                    \
+  }
+  sqlite3_result_text(context, (char*)z, (int)(zOut-z), sqlite3_free);
+}
+
+/*
 ** The hex() function.  Interpret the argument as a blob.  Return
 ** a hexadecimal rendering as text.
 */
@@ -87097,7 +92768,7 @@
 /*
 ** The replace() function.  Three arguments are all strings: call
 ** them A, B, and C. The result is also a string which is derived
-** from A by replacing every occurance of B with C.  The match
+** from A by replacing every occurrence of B with C.  The match
 ** must be exact.  Collating sequences are not used.
 */
 static void replaceFunc(
@@ -87533,20 +93204,20 @@
         zSep = ",";
         nSep = 1;
       }
-      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zSep, nSep);
+      if( nSep ) sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zSep, nSep);
     }
     zVal = (char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
     nVal = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
-    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zVal, nVal);
+    if( zVal ) sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zVal, nVal);
   }
 }
 static void groupConcatFinalize(sqlite3_context *context){
   StrAccum *pAccum;
   pAccum = sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, 0);
   if( pAccum ){
-    if( pAccum->tooBig ){
+    if( pAccum->accError==STRACCUM_TOOBIG ){
       sqlite3_result_error_toobig(context);
-    }else if( pAccum->mallocFailed ){
+    }else if( pAccum->accError==STRACCUM_NOMEM ){
       sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
     }else{    
       sqlite3_result_text(context, sqlite3StrAccumFinish(pAccum), -1, 
@@ -87576,7 +93247,7 @@
   pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName),
                              2, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
   if( ALWAYS(pDef) ){
-    pDef->flags = flagVal;
+    pDef->funcFlags |= flagVal;
   }
 }
 
@@ -87620,7 +93291,7 @@
   pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, pExpr->u.zToken, 
                              sqlite3Strlen30(pExpr->u.zToken),
                              2, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
-  if( NEVER(pDef==0) || (pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE)==0 ){
+  if( NEVER(pDef==0) || (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE)==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
 
@@ -87632,7 +93303,7 @@
   assert( (char*)&likeInfoAlt == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchAll );
   assert( &((char*)&likeInfoAlt)[1] == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchOne );
   assert( &((char*)&likeInfoAlt)[2] == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchSet );
-  *pIsNocase = (pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_CASE)==0;
+  *pIsNocase = (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_CASE)==0;
   return 1;
 }
 
@@ -87665,10 +93336,14 @@
     FUNCTION(max,               -1, 1, 1, minmaxFunc       ),
     FUNCTION(max,                0, 1, 1, 0                ),
     AGGREGATE(max,               1, 1, 1, minmaxStep,      minMaxFinalize ),
-    FUNCTION(typeof,             1, 0, 0, typeofFunc       ),
-    FUNCTION(length,             1, 0, 0, lengthFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION2(typeof,            1, 0, 0, typeofFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_TYPEOF),
+    FUNCTION2(length,            1, 0, 0, lengthFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_LENGTH),
+    FUNCTION(instr,              2, 0, 0, instrFunc        ),
     FUNCTION(substr,             2, 0, 0, substrFunc       ),
     FUNCTION(substr,             3, 0, 0, substrFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION(printf,            -1, 0, 0, printfFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION(unicode,            1, 0, 0, unicodeFunc      ),
+    FUNCTION(char,              -1, 0, 0, charFunc         ),
     FUNCTION(abs,                1, 0, 0, absFunc          ),
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
     FUNCTION(round,              1, 0, 0, roundFunc        ),
@@ -87678,13 +93353,14 @@
     FUNCTION(lower,              1, 0, 0, lowerFunc        ),
     FUNCTION(coalesce,           1, 0, 0, 0                ),
     FUNCTION(coalesce,           0, 0, 0, 0                ),
-/*  FUNCTION(coalesce,          -1, 0, 0, ifnullFunc       ), */
-    {-1,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE,0,0,ifnullFunc,0,0,"coalesce",0,0},
+    FUNCTION2(coalesce,         -1, 0, 0, noopFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE),
     FUNCTION(hex,                1, 0, 0, hexFunc          ),
-/*  FUNCTION(ifnull,             2, 0, 0, ifnullFunc       ), */
-    {2,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE,0,0,ifnullFunc,0,0,"ifnull",0,0},
-    FUNCTION(random,             0, 0, 0, randomFunc       ),
-    FUNCTION(randomblob,         1, 0, 0, randomBlob       ),
+    FUNCTION2(ifnull,            2, 0, 0, noopFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE),
+    FUNCTION2(unlikely,          1, 0, 0, noopFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY),
+    FUNCTION2(likelihood,        2, 0, 0, noopFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY),
+    FUNCTION2(likely,            1, 0, 0, noopFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY),
+    VFUNCTION(random,            0, 0, 0, randomFunc       ),
+    VFUNCTION(randomblob,        1, 0, 0, randomBlob       ),
     FUNCTION(nullif,             2, 0, 1, nullifFunc       ),
     FUNCTION(sqlite_version,     0, 0, 0, versionFunc      ),
     FUNCTION(sqlite_source_id,   0, 0, 0, sourceidFunc     ),
@@ -87694,9 +93370,9 @@
     FUNCTION(sqlite_compileoption_get, 1, 0, 0, compileoptiongetFunc  ),
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS */
     FUNCTION(quote,              1, 0, 0, quoteFunc        ),
-    FUNCTION(last_insert_rowid,  0, 0, 0, last_insert_rowid),
-    FUNCTION(changes,            0, 0, 0, changes          ),
-    FUNCTION(total_changes,      0, 0, 0, total_changes    ),
+    VFUNCTION(last_insert_rowid, 0, 0, 0, last_insert_rowid),
+    VFUNCTION(changes,           0, 0, 0, changes          ),
+    VFUNCTION(total_changes,     0, 0, 0, total_changes    ),
     FUNCTION(replace,            3, 0, 0, replaceFunc      ),
     FUNCTION(zeroblob,           1, 0, 0, zeroblobFunc     ),
   #ifdef SQLITE_SOUNDEX
@@ -87710,7 +93386,7 @@
     AGGREGATE(total,             1, 0, 0, sumStep,         totalFinalize    ),
     AGGREGATE(avg,               1, 0, 0, sumStep,         avgFinalize    ),
  /* AGGREGATE(count,             0, 0, 0, countStep,       countFinalize  ), */
-    {0,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT,0,0,0,countStep,countFinalize,"count",0,0},
+    {0,SQLITE_UTF8|SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT,0,0,0,countStep,countFinalize,"count",0,0},
     AGGREGATE(count,             1, 0, 0, countStep,       countFinalize  ),
     AGGREGATE(group_concat,      1, 0, 0, groupConcatStep, groupConcatFinalize),
     AGGREGATE(group_concat,      2, 0, 0, groupConcatStep, groupConcatFinalize),
@@ -87736,6 +93412,9 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ALTERTABLE
   sqlite3AlterFunctions();
 #endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4)
+  sqlite3AnalyzeFunctions();
+#endif
 }
 
 /************** End of func.c ************************************************/
@@ -87762,8 +93441,9 @@
 ** --------------------------
 **
 ** Foreign keys in SQLite come in two flavours: deferred and immediate.
-** If an immediate foreign key constraint is violated, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT
-** is returned and the current statement transaction rolled back. If a 
+** If an immediate foreign key constraint is violated,
+** SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY is returned and the current
+** statement transaction rolled back. If a 
 ** deferred foreign key constraint is violated, no action is taken 
 ** immediately. However if the application attempts to commit the 
 ** transaction before fixing the constraint violation, the attempt fails.
@@ -87827,7 +93507,8 @@
 ** Immediate constraints are usually handled similarly. The only difference 
 ** is that the counter used is stored as part of each individual statement
 ** object (struct Vdbe). If, after the statement has run, its immediate
-** constraint counter is greater than zero, it returns SQLITE_CONSTRAINT
+** constraint counter is greater than zero,
+** it returns SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY
 ** and the statement transaction is rolled back. An exception is an INSERT
 ** statement that inserts a single row only (no triggers). In this case,
 ** instead of using a counter, an exception is thrown immediately if the
@@ -87883,7 +93564,7 @@
 ** A foreign key constraint requires that the key columns in the parent
 ** table are collectively subject to a UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint.
 ** Given that pParent is the parent table for foreign key constraint pFKey, 
-** search the schema a unique index on the parent key columns. 
+** search the schema for a unique index on the parent key columns. 
 **
 ** If successful, zero is returned. If the parent key is an INTEGER PRIMARY 
 ** KEY column, then output variable *ppIdx is set to NULL. Otherwise, *ppIdx 
@@ -87919,7 +93600,7 @@
 ** into pParse. If an OOM error occurs, non-zero is returned and the
 ** pParse->db->mallocFailed flag is set.
 */
-static int locateFkeyIndex(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FkLocateIndex(
   Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context to store any error in */
   Table *pParent,                 /* Parent table of FK constraint pFKey */
   FKey *pFKey,                    /* Foreign key to find index for */
@@ -87964,7 +93645,7 @@
   }
 
   for(pIdx=pParent->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-    if( pIdx->nColumn==nCol && pIdx->onError!=OE_None ){ 
+    if( pIdx->nKeyCol==nCol && IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) ){ 
       /* pIdx is a UNIQUE index (or a PRIMARY KEY) and has the right number
       ** of columns. If each indexed column corresponds to a foreign key
       ** column of pFKey, then this index is a winner.  */
@@ -87972,8 +93653,8 @@
       if( zKey==0 ){
         /* If zKey is NULL, then this foreign key is implicitly mapped to 
         ** the PRIMARY KEY of table pParent. The PRIMARY KEY index may be 
-        ** identified by the test (Index.autoIndex==2).  */
-        if( pIdx->autoIndex==2 ){
+        ** identified by the test.  */
+        if( IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ){
           if( aiCol ){
             int i;
             for(i=0; i<nCol; i++) aiCol[i] = pFKey->aCol[i].iFrom;
@@ -87987,7 +93668,7 @@
         ** the default collation sequences for each column. */
         int i, j;
         for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-          int iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];     /* Index of column in parent tbl */
+          i16 iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];     /* Index of column in parent tbl */
           char *zDfltColl;                  /* Def. collation for column */
           char *zIdxCol;                    /* Name of indexed column */
 
@@ -88016,7 +93697,9 @@
 
   if( !pIdx ){
     if( !pParse->disableTriggers ){
-      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "foreign key mismatch");
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
+           "foreign key mismatch - \"%w\" referencing \"%w\"",
+           pFKey->pFrom->zName, pFKey->zTo);
     }
     sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, aiCol);
     return 1;
@@ -88077,10 +93760,11 @@
   ** search for a matching row in the parent table.  */
   if( nIncr<0 ){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, pFKey->isDeferred, iOk);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
   for(i=0; i<pFKey->nCol; i++){
     int iReg = aiCol[i] + regData + 1;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iOk);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iOk); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
   if( isIgnore==0 ){
@@ -88097,17 +93781,19 @@
       ** will have INTEGER affinity applied to it, which may not be correct.  */
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, aiCol[0]+1+regData, regTemp);
       iMustBeInt = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, regTemp, 0);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
   
       /* If the parent table is the same as the child table, and we are about
       ** to increment the constraint-counter (i.e. this is an INSERT operation),
       ** then check if the row being inserted matches itself. If so, do not
       ** increment the constraint-counter.  */
       if( pTab==pFKey->pFrom && nIncr==1 ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regData, iOk, regTemp);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regData, iOk, regTemp); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL);
       }
   
       sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iCur, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, 0, regTemp);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, 0, regTemp); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iOk);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)-2);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iMustBeInt);
@@ -88116,10 +93802,9 @@
       int nCol = pFKey->nCol;
       int regTemp = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nCol);
       int regRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-      KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
   
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
       for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, aiCol[i]+1+regData, regTemp+i);
       }
@@ -88144,30 +93829,32 @@
             /* The parent key is a composite key that includes the IPK column */
             iParent = regData;
           }
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, iChild, iJump, iParent);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, iChild, iJump, iParent); VdbeCoverage(v);
           sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
         }
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iOk);
       }
   
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTemp, nCol, regRec);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v,pIdx), P4_TRANSIENT);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iCur, iOk, regRec, 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTemp, nCol, regRec,
+                        sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v,pIdx), nCol);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iCur, iOk, regRec, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
   
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRec);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regTemp, nCol);
     }
   }
 
-  if( !pFKey->isDeferred && !pParse->pToplevel && !pParse->isMultiWrite ){
+  if( !pFKey->isDeferred && !(pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_DeferFKs)
+   && !pParse->pToplevel 
+   && !pParse->isMultiWrite 
+  ){
     /* Special case: If this is an INSERT statement that will insert exactly
     ** one row into the table, raise a constraint immediately instead of
     ** incrementing a counter. This is necessary as the VM code is being
     ** generated for will not open a statement transaction.  */
     assert( nIncr==1 );
-    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
-        pParse, OE_Abort, "foreign key constraint failed", P4_STATIC
-    );
+    sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY,
+        OE_Abort, 0, P4_STATIC, P5_ConstraintFK);
   }else{
     if( nIncr>0 && pFKey->isDeferred==0 ){
       sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse)->mayAbort = 1;
@@ -88179,6 +93866,62 @@
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iCur);
 }
 
+
+/*
+** Return an Expr object that refers to a memory register corresponding
+** to column iCol of table pTab.
+**
+** regBase is the first of an array of register that contains the data
+** for pTab.  regBase itself holds the rowid.  regBase+1 holds the first
+** column.  regBase+2 holds the second column, and so forth.
+*/
+static Expr *exprTableRegister(
+  Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing and code generating context */
+  Table *pTab,       /* The table whose content is at r[regBase]... */
+  int regBase,       /* Contents of table pTab */
+  i16 iCol           /* Which column of pTab is desired */
+){
+  Expr *pExpr;
+  Column *pCol;
+  const char *zColl;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  pExpr = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_REGISTER, 0);
+  if( pExpr ){
+    if( iCol>=0 && iCol!=pTab->iPKey ){
+      pCol = &pTab->aCol[iCol];
+      pExpr->iTable = regBase + iCol + 1;
+      pExpr->affinity = pCol->affinity;
+      zColl = pCol->zColl;
+      if( zColl==0 ) zColl = db->pDfltColl->zName;
+      pExpr = sqlite3ExprAddCollateString(pParse, pExpr, zColl);
+    }else{
+      pExpr->iTable = regBase;
+      pExpr->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
+    }
+  }
+  return pExpr;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return an Expr object that refers to column iCol of table pTab which
+** has cursor iCur.
+*/
+static Expr *exprTableColumn(
+  sqlite3 *db,      /* The database connection */
+  Table *pTab,      /* The table whose column is desired */
+  int iCursor,      /* The open cursor on the table */
+  i16 iCol          /* The column that is wanted */
+){
+  Expr *pExpr = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_COLUMN, 0);
+  if( pExpr ){
+    pExpr->pTab = pTab;
+    pExpr->iTable = iCursor;
+    pExpr->iColumn = iCol;
+  }
+  return pExpr;
+}
+
 /*
 ** This function is called to generate code executed when a row is deleted
 ** from the parent table of foreign key constraint pFKey and, if pFKey is 
@@ -88194,13 +93937,13 @@
 **   --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 **   DELETE      immediate   Increment the "immediate constraint counter".
 **                           Or, if the ON (UPDATE|DELETE) action is RESTRICT,
-**                           throw a "foreign key constraint failed" exception.
+**                           throw a "FOREIGN KEY constraint failed" exception.
 **
 **   INSERT      immediate   Decrement the "immediate constraint counter".
 **
 **   DELETE      deferred    Increment the "deferred constraint counter".
 **                           Or, if the ON (UPDATE|DELETE) action is RESTRICT,
-**                           throw a "foreign key constraint failed" exception.
+**                           throw a "FOREIGN KEY constraint failed" exception.
 **
 **   INSERT      deferred    Decrement the "deferred constraint counter".
 **
@@ -88209,12 +93952,12 @@
 */
 static void fkScanChildren(
   Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
-  SrcList *pSrc,                  /* SrcList containing the table to scan */
-  Table *pTab,
-  Index *pIdx,                    /* Foreign key index */
-  FKey *pFKey,                    /* Foreign key relationship */
+  SrcList *pSrc,                  /* The child table to be scanned */
+  Table *pTab,                    /* The parent table */
+  Index *pIdx,                    /* Index on parent covering the foreign key */
+  FKey *pFKey,                    /* The foreign key linking pSrc to pTab */
   int *aiCol,                     /* Map from pIdx cols to child table cols */
-  int regData,                    /* Referenced table data starts here */
+  int regData,                    /* Parent row data starts here */
   int nIncr                       /* Amount to increment deferred counter by */
 ){
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* Database handle */
@@ -88225,10 +93968,14 @@
   int iFkIfZero = 0;              /* Address of OP_FkIfZero */
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
 
-  assert( !pIdx || pIdx->pTable==pTab );
+  assert( pIdx==0 || pIdx->pTable==pTab );
+  assert( pIdx==0 || pIdx->nKeyCol==pFKey->nCol );
+  assert( pIdx!=0 || pFKey->nCol==1 );
+  assert( pIdx!=0 || HasRowid(pTab) );
 
   if( nIncr<0 ){
     iFkIfZero = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, pFKey->isDeferred, 0);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
   /* Create an Expr object representing an SQL expression like:
@@ -88243,26 +93990,11 @@
     Expr *pLeft;                  /* Value from parent table row */
     Expr *pRight;                 /* Column ref to child table */
     Expr *pEq;                    /* Expression (pLeft = pRight) */
-    int iCol;                     /* Index of column in child table */ 
+    i16 iCol;                     /* Index of column in child table */ 
     const char *zCol;             /* Name of column in child table */
 
-    pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_REGISTER, 0);
-    if( pLeft ){
-      /* Set the collation sequence and affinity of the LHS of each TK_EQ
-      ** expression to the parent key column defaults.  */
-      if( pIdx ){
-        Column *pCol;
-        iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
-        pCol = &pTab->aCol[iCol];
-        if( pTab->iPKey==iCol ) iCol = -1;
-        pLeft->iTable = regData+iCol+1;
-        pLeft->affinity = pCol->affinity;
-        pLeft->pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pCol->zColl);
-      }else{
-        pLeft->iTable = regData;
-        pLeft->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
-      }
-    }
+    iCol = pIdx ? pIdx->aiColumn[i] : -1;
+    pLeft = exprTableRegister(pParse, pTab, regData, iCol);
     iCol = aiCol ? aiCol[i] : pFKey->aCol[0].iFrom;
     assert( iCol>=0 );
     zCol = pFKey->pFrom->aCol[iCol].zName;
@@ -88271,24 +94003,39 @@
     pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pWhere, pEq);
   }
 
-  /* If the child table is the same as the parent table, and this scan
-  ** is taking place as part of a DELETE operation (operation D.2), omit the
-  ** row being deleted from the scan by adding ($rowid != rowid) to the WHERE 
-  ** clause, where $rowid is the rowid of the row being deleted.  */
+  /* If the child table is the same as the parent table, then add terms
+  ** to the WHERE clause that prevent this entry from being scanned.
+  ** The added WHERE clause terms are like this:
+  **
+  **     $current_rowid!=rowid
+  **     NOT( $current_a==a AND $current_b==b AND ... )
+  **
+  ** The first form is used for rowid tables.  The second form is used
+  ** for WITHOUT ROWID tables.  In the second form, the primary key is
+  ** (a,b,...)
+  */
   if( pTab==pFKey->pFrom && nIncr>0 ){
-    Expr *pEq;                    /* Expression (pLeft = pRight) */
+    Expr *pNe;                    /* Expression (pLeft != pRight) */
     Expr *pLeft;                  /* Value from parent table row */
     Expr *pRight;                 /* Column ref to child table */
-    pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_REGISTER, 0);
-    pRight = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_COLUMN, 0);
-    if( pLeft && pRight ){
-      pLeft->iTable = regData;
-      pLeft->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
-      pRight->iTable = pSrc->a[0].iCursor;
-      pRight->iColumn = -1;
+    if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      pLeft = exprTableRegister(pParse, pTab, regData, -1);
+      pRight = exprTableColumn(db, pTab, pSrc->a[0].iCursor, -1);
+      pNe = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NE, pLeft, pRight, 0);
+    }else{
+      Expr *pEq, *pAll = 0;
+      Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+      assert( pIdx!=0 );
+      for(i=0; i<pPk->nKeyCol; i++){
+        i16 iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+        pLeft = exprTableRegister(pParse, pTab, regData, iCol);
+        pRight = exprTableColumn(db, pTab, pSrc->a[0].iCursor, iCol);
+        pEq = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EQ, pLeft, pRight, 0);
+        pAll = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pAll, pEq);
+      }
+      pNe = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, pAll, 0, 0);
     }
-    pEq = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NE, pLeft, pRight, 0);
-    pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pWhere, pEq);
+    pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pWhere, pNe);
   }
 
   /* Resolve the references in the WHERE clause. */
@@ -88301,7 +94048,7 @@
   ** clause. If the constraint is not deferred, throw an exception for
   ** each row found. Otherwise, for deferred constraints, increment the
   ** deferred constraint counter by nIncr for each row selected.  */
-  pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pSrc, pWhere, 0, 0, 0);
+  pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pSrc, pWhere, 0, 0, 0, 0);
   if( nIncr>0 && pFKey->isDeferred==0 ){
     sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse)->mayAbort = 1;
   }
@@ -88318,8 +94065,8 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** This function returns a pointer to the head of a linked list of FK
-** constraints for which table pTab is the parent table. For example,
+** This function returns a linked list of FKey objects (connected by
+** FKey.pNextTo) holding all children of table pTab.  For example,
 ** given the following schema:
 **
 **   CREATE TABLE t1(a PRIMARY KEY);
@@ -88387,11 +94134,11 @@
       ** when this statement is run.  */
       FKey *p;
       for(p=pTab->pFKey; p; p=p->pNextFrom){
-        if( p->isDeferred ) break;
+        if( p->isDeferred || (db->flags & SQLITE_DeferFKs) ) break;
       }
       if( !p ) return;
       iSkip = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, 1, iSkip);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, 1, iSkip); VdbeCoverage(v);
     }
 
     pParse->disableTriggers = 1;
@@ -88401,11 +94148,18 @@
     /* If the DELETE has generated immediate foreign key constraint 
     ** violations, halt the VDBE and return an error at this point, before
     ** any modifications to the schema are made. This is because statement
-    ** transactions are not able to rollback schema changes.  */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, 0, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2);
-    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
-        pParse, OE_Abort, "foreign key constraint failed", P4_STATIC
-    );
+    ** transactions are not able to rollback schema changes.  
+    **
+    ** If the SQLITE_DeferFKs flag is set, then this is not required, as
+    ** the statement transaction will not be rolled back even if FK
+    ** constraints are violated.
+    */
+    if( (db->flags & SQLITE_DeferFKs)==0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, 0, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+      sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY,
+          OE_Abort, 0, P4_STATIC, P5_ConstraintFK);
+    }
 
     if( iSkip ){
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iSkip);
@@ -88413,6 +94167,70 @@
   }
 }
 
+
+/*
+** The second argument points to an FKey object representing a foreign key
+** for which pTab is the child table. An UPDATE statement against pTab
+** is currently being processed. For each column of the table that is 
+** actually updated, the corresponding element in the aChange[] array
+** is zero or greater (if a column is unmodified the corresponding element
+** is set to -1). If the rowid column is modified by the UPDATE statement
+** the bChngRowid argument is non-zero.
+**
+** This function returns true if any of the columns that are part of the
+** child key for FK constraint *p are modified.
+*/
+static int fkChildIsModified(
+  Table *pTab,                    /* Table being updated */
+  FKey *p,                        /* Foreign key for which pTab is the child */
+  int *aChange,                   /* Array indicating modified columns */
+  int bChngRowid                  /* True if rowid is modified by this update */
+){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+    int iChildKey = p->aCol[i].iFrom;
+    if( aChange[iChildKey]>=0 ) return 1;
+    if( iChildKey==pTab->iPKey && bChngRowid ) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** The second argument points to an FKey object representing a foreign key
+** for which pTab is the parent table. An UPDATE statement against pTab
+** is currently being processed. For each column of the table that is 
+** actually updated, the corresponding element in the aChange[] array
+** is zero or greater (if a column is unmodified the corresponding element
+** is set to -1). If the rowid column is modified by the UPDATE statement
+** the bChngRowid argument is non-zero.
+**
+** This function returns true if any of the columns that are part of the
+** parent key for FK constraint *p are modified.
+*/
+static int fkParentIsModified(
+  Table *pTab, 
+  FKey *p, 
+  int *aChange, 
+  int bChngRowid
+){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+    char *zKey = p->aCol[i].zCol;
+    int iKey;
+    for(iKey=0; iKey<pTab->nCol; iKey++){
+      if( aChange[iKey]>=0 || (iKey==pTab->iPKey && bChngRowid) ){
+        Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[iKey];
+        if( zKey ){
+          if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zKey) ) return 1;
+        }else if( pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY ){
+          return 1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
 /*
 ** This function is called when inserting, deleting or updating a row of
 ** table pTab to generate VDBE code to perform foreign key constraint 
@@ -88437,7 +94255,9 @@
   Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
   Table *pTab,                    /* Row is being deleted from this table */ 
   int regOld,                     /* Previous row data is stored here */
-  int regNew                      /* New row data is stored here */
+  int regNew,                     /* New row data is stored here */
+  int *aChange,                   /* Array indicating UPDATEd columns (or 0) */
+  int bChngRowid                  /* True if rowid is UPDATEd */
 ){
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* Database handle */
   FKey *pFKey;                    /* Used to iterate through FKs */
@@ -88465,6 +94285,13 @@
     int i;
     int isIgnore = 0;
 
+    if( aChange 
+     && sqlite3_stricmp(pTab->zName, pFKey->zTo)!=0
+     && fkChildIsModified(pTab, pFKey, aChange, bChngRowid)==0 
+    ){
+      continue;
+    }
+
     /* Find the parent table of this foreign key. Also find a unique index 
     ** on the parent key columns in the parent table. If either of these 
     ** schema items cannot be located, set an error in pParse and return 
@@ -88474,7 +94301,7 @@
     }else{
       pTo = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pFKey->zTo, zDb);
     }
-    if( !pTo || locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTo, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiFree) ){
+    if( !pTo || sqlite3FkLocateIndex(pParse, pTo, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiFree) ){
       assert( isIgnoreErrors==0 || (regOld!=0 && regNew==0) );
       if( !isIgnoreErrors || db->mallocFailed ) return;
       if( pTo==0 ){
@@ -88489,7 +94316,7 @@
         int iJump = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + pFKey->nCol + 1;
         for(i=0; i<pFKey->nCol; i++){
           int iReg = pFKey->aCol[i].iFrom + regOld + 1;
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iJump);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iJump); VdbeCoverage(v);
         }
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkCounter, pFKey->isDeferred, -1);
       }
@@ -88541,28 +94368,34 @@
     sqlite3DbFree(db, aiFree);
   }
 
-  /* Loop through all the foreign key constraints that refer to this table */
+  /* Loop through all the foreign key constraints that refer to this table.
+  ** (the "child" constraints) */
   for(pFKey = sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); pFKey; pFKey=pFKey->pNextTo){
     Index *pIdx = 0;              /* Foreign key index for pFKey */
     SrcList *pSrc;
     int *aiCol = 0;
 
-    if( !pFKey->isDeferred && !pParse->pToplevel && !pParse->isMultiWrite ){
+    if( aChange && fkParentIsModified(pTab, pFKey, aChange, bChngRowid)==0 ){
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if( !pFKey->isDeferred && !(db->flags & SQLITE_DeferFKs) 
+     && !pParse->pToplevel && !pParse->isMultiWrite 
+    ){
       assert( regOld==0 && regNew!=0 );
       /* Inserting a single row into a parent table cannot cause an immediate
       ** foreign key violation. So do nothing in this case.  */
       continue;
     }
 
-    if( locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTab, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiCol) ){
+    if( sqlite3FkLocateIndex(pParse, pTab, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiCol) ){
       if( !isIgnoreErrors || db->mallocFailed ) return;
       continue;
     }
     assert( aiCol || pFKey->nCol==1 );
 
-    /* Create a SrcList structure containing a single table (the table 
-    ** the foreign key that refers to this table is attached to). This
-    ** is required for the sqlite3WhereXXX() interface.  */
+    /* Create a SrcList structure containing the child table.  We need the
+    ** child table as a SrcList for sqlite3WhereBegin() */
     pSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppend(db, 0, 0, 0);
     if( pSrc ){
       struct SrcList_item *pItem = pSrc->a;
@@ -88609,15 +94442,16 @@
     }
     for(p=sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); p; p=p->pNextTo){
       Index *pIdx = 0;
-      locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTab, p, &pIdx, 0);
+      sqlite3FkLocateIndex(pParse, pTab, p, &pIdx, 0);
       if( pIdx ){
-        for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++) mask |= COLUMN_MASK(pIdx->aiColumn[i]);
+        for(i=0; i<pIdx->nKeyCol; i++) mask |= COLUMN_MASK(pIdx->aiColumn[i]);
       }
     }
   }
   return mask;
 }
 
+
 /*
 ** This function is called before generating code to update or delete a 
 ** row contained in table pTab. If the operation is a DELETE, then
@@ -88647,31 +94481,16 @@
     }else{
       /* This is an UPDATE. Foreign key processing is only required if the
       ** operation modifies one or more child or parent key columns. */
-      int i;
       FKey *p;
 
       /* Check if any child key columns are being modified. */
       for(p=pTab->pFKey; p; p=p->pNextFrom){
-        for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
-          int iChildKey = p->aCol[i].iFrom;
-          if( aChange[iChildKey]>=0 ) return 1;
-          if( iChildKey==pTab->iPKey && chngRowid ) return 1;
-        }
+        if( fkChildIsModified(pTab, p, aChange, chngRowid) ) return 1;
       }
 
       /* Check if any parent key columns are being modified. */
       for(p=sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); p; p=p->pNextTo){
-        for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
-          char *zKey = p->aCol[i].zCol;
-          int iKey;
-          for(iKey=0; iKey<pTab->nCol; iKey++){
-            Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[iKey];
-            if( (zKey ? !sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zKey) : pCol->isPrimKey) ){
-              if( aChange[iKey]>=0 ) return 1;
-              if( iKey==pTab->iPKey && chngRowid ) return 1;
-            }
-          }
-        }
+        if( fkParentIsModified(pTab, p, aChange, chngRowid) ) return 1;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -88734,7 +94553,7 @@
     int i;                        /* Iterator variable */
     Expr *pWhen = 0;              /* WHEN clause for the trigger */
 
-    if( locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTab, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiCol) ) return 0;
+    if( sqlite3FkLocateIndex(pParse, pTab, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiCol) ) return 0;
     assert( aiCol || pFKey->nCol==1 );
 
     for(i=0; i<pFKey->nCol; i++){
@@ -88817,7 +94636,7 @@
 
       tFrom.z = zFrom;
       tFrom.n = nFrom;
-      pRaise = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_RAISE, "foreign key constraint failed");
+      pRaise = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_RAISE, "FOREIGN KEY constraint failed");
       if( pRaise ){
         pRaise->affinity = OE_Abort;
       }
@@ -88897,7 +94716,9 @@
   Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
   Table *pTab,                    /* Table being updated or deleted from */
   ExprList *pChanges,             /* Change-list for UPDATE, NULL for DELETE */
-  int regOld                      /* Address of array containing old row */
+  int regOld,                     /* Address of array containing old row */
+  int *aChange,                   /* Array indicating UPDATEd columns (or 0) */
+  int bChngRowid                  /* True if rowid is UPDATEd */
 ){
   /* If foreign-key support is enabled, iterate through all FKs that 
   ** refer to table pTab. If there is an action associated with the FK 
@@ -88906,9 +94727,11 @@
   if( pParse->db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys ){
     FKey *pFKey;                  /* Iterator variable */
     for(pFKey = sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); pFKey; pFKey=pFKey->pNextTo){
-      Trigger *pAction = fkActionTrigger(pParse, pTab, pFKey, pChanges);
-      if( pAction ){
-        sqlite3CodeRowTriggerDirect(pParse, pAction, pTab, regOld, OE_Abort, 0);
+      if( aChange==0 || fkParentIsModified(pTab, pFKey, aChange, bChngRowid) ){
+        Trigger *pAct = fkActionTrigger(pParse, pTab, pFKey, pChanges);
+        if( pAct ){
+          sqlite3CodeRowTriggerDirect(pParse, pAct, pTab, regOld, OE_Abort, 0);
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -88977,23 +94800,38 @@
 */
 
 /*
-** Generate code that will open a table for reading.
+** Generate code that will 
+**
+**   (1) acquire a lock for table pTab then
+**   (2) open pTab as cursor iCur.
+**
+** If pTab is a WITHOUT ROWID table, then it is the PRIMARY KEY index
+** for that table that is actually opened.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OpenTable(
-  Parse *p,       /* Generate code into this VDBE */
+  Parse *pParse,  /* Generate code into this VDBE */
   int iCur,       /* The cursor number of the table */
   int iDb,        /* The database index in sqlite3.aDb[] */
   Table *pTab,    /* The table to be opened */
   int opcode      /* OP_OpenRead or OP_OpenWrite */
 ){
   Vdbe *v;
-  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return;
-  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(p);
+  assert( !IsVirtual(pTab) );
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   assert( opcode==OP_OpenWrite || opcode==OP_OpenRead );
-  sqlite3TableLock(p, iDb, pTab->tnum, (opcode==OP_OpenWrite)?1:0, pTab->zName);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, opcode, iCur, pTab->tnum, iDb);
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(pTab->nCol), P4_INT32);
-  VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
+  sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 
+                   (opcode==OP_OpenWrite)?1:0, pTab->zName);
+  if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, opcode, iCur, pTab->tnum, iDb, pTab->nCol);
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
+  }else{
+    Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+    assert( pPk!=0 );
+    assert( pPk->tnum=pTab->tnum );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, opcode, iCur, pPk->tnum, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pPk);
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -89029,15 +94867,15 @@
     int n;
     Table *pTab = pIdx->pTable;
     sqlite3 *db = sqlite3VdbeDb(v);
-    pIdx->zColAff = (char *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, pIdx->nColumn+2);
+    pIdx->zColAff = (char *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, pIdx->nColumn+1);
     if( !pIdx->zColAff ){
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
       return 0;
     }
     for(n=0; n<pIdx->nColumn; n++){
-      pIdx->zColAff[n] = pTab->aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[n]].affinity;
+      i16 x = pIdx->aiColumn[n];
+      pIdx->zColAff[n] = x<0 ? SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER : pTab->aCol[x].affinity;
     }
-    pIdx->zColAff[n++] = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
     pIdx->zColAff[n] = 0;
   }
  
@@ -89045,10 +94883,16 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Set P4 of the most recently inserted opcode to a column affinity
-** string for table pTab. A column affinity string has one character
-** for each column indexed by the index, according to the affinity of the
-** column:
+** Compute the affinity string for table pTab, if it has not already been
+** computed.  As an optimization, omit trailing SQLITE_AFF_NONE affinities.
+**
+** If the affinity exists (if it is no entirely SQLITE_AFF_NONE values) and
+** if iReg>0 then code an OP_Affinity opcode that will set the affinities
+** for register iReg and following.  Or if affinities exists and iReg==0,
+** then just set the P4 operand of the previous opcode (which should  be
+** an OP_MakeRecord) to the affinity string.
+**
+** A column affinity string has one character per column:
 **
 **  Character      Column affinity
 **  ------------------------------
@@ -89058,19 +94902,11 @@
 **  'd'            INTEGER
 **  'e'            REAL
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinityStr(Vdbe *v, Table *pTab){
-  /* The first time a column affinity string for a particular table
-  ** is required, it is allocated and populated here. It is then 
-  ** stored as a member of the Table structure for subsequent use.
-  **
-  ** The column affinity string will eventually be deleted by
-  ** sqlite3DeleteTable() when the Table structure itself is cleaned up.
-  */
-  if( !pTab->zColAff ){
-    char *zColAff;
-    int i;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinity(Vdbe *v, Table *pTab, int iReg){
+  int i;
+  char *zColAff = pTab->zColAff;
+  if( zColAff==0 ){
     sqlite3 *db = sqlite3VdbeDb(v);
-
     zColAff = (char *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, pTab->nCol+1);
     if( !zColAff ){
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
@@ -89080,22 +94916,28 @@
     for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
       zColAff[i] = pTab->aCol[i].affinity;
     }
-    zColAff[pTab->nCol] = '\0';
-
+    do{
+      zColAff[i--] = 0;
+    }while( i>=0 && zColAff[i]==SQLITE_AFF_NONE );
     pTab->zColAff = zColAff;
   }
-
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zColAff, P4_TRANSIENT);
+  i = sqlite3Strlen30(zColAff);
+  if( i ){
+    if( iReg ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Affinity, iReg, i, 0, zColAff, i);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, zColAff, i);
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 /*
 ** Return non-zero if the table pTab in database iDb or any of its indices
-** have been opened at any point in the VDBE program beginning at location
-** iStartAddr throught the end of the program.  This is used to see if 
+** have been opened at any point in the VDBE program. This is used to see if 
 ** a statement of the form  "INSERT INTO <iDb, pTab> SELECT ..." can 
-** run without using temporary table for the results of the SELECT. 
+** run without using a temporary table for the results of the SELECT. 
 */
-static int readsTable(Parse *p, int iStartAddr, int iDb, Table *pTab){
+static int readsTable(Parse *p, int iDb, Table *pTab){
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(p);
   int i;
   int iEnd = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
@@ -89103,7 +94945,7 @@
   VTable *pVTab = IsVirtual(pTab) ? sqlite3GetVTable(p->db, pTab) : 0;
 #endif
 
-  for(i=iStartAddr; i<iEnd; i++){
+  for(i=1; i<iEnd; i++){
     VdbeOp *pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, i);
     assert( pOp!=0 );
     if( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenRead && pOp->p3==iDb ){
@@ -89204,14 +95046,14 @@
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, memId, memId+1);
     addr = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, memId-1, 0, p->pTab->zName, 0);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, 0, addr+9);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, 0, addr+9); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, 0, 0, memId);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, memId-1, addr+7, memId);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, memId-1, addr+7, memId); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, 0, memId+1);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, 0, 1, memId);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addr+9);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 0, addr+2);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 0, addr+2); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, memId);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Close);
   }
@@ -89246,25 +95088,16 @@
   assert( v );
   for(p = pParse->pAinc; p; p = p->pNext){
     Db *pDb = &db->aDb[p->iDb];
-    int j1, j2, j3, j4, j5;
+    int j1;
     int iRec;
     int memId = p->regCtr;
 
     iRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
     assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pDb->pSchema) );
     sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, 0, p->iDb, pDb->pSchema->pSeqTab, OP_OpenWrite);
-    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, memId+1);
-    j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Rewind);
-    j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, 0, 0, iRec);
-    j4 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, memId-1, 0, iRec);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 0, j3);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j2);
+    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, memId+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, 0, memId+1);
-    j5 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j4);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, 0, memId+1);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j5);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, memId-1, 2, iRec);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, 0, iRec, memId+1);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
@@ -89292,7 +95125,7 @@
 );
 
 /*
-** This routine is call to handle SQL of the following forms:
+** This routine is called to handle SQL of the following forms:
 **
 **    insert into TABLE (IDLIST) values(EXPRLIST)
 **    insert into TABLE (IDLIST) select
@@ -89307,12 +95140,12 @@
 ** data for the insert.
 **
 ** The code generated follows one of four templates.  For a simple
-** select with data coming from a VALUES clause, the code executes
+** insert with data coming from a VALUES clause, the code executes
 ** once straight down through.  Pseudo-code follows (we call this
 ** the "1st template"):
 **
 **         open write cursor to <table> and its indices
-**         puts VALUES clause expressions onto the stack
+**         put VALUES clause expressions into registers
 **         write the resulting record into <table>
 **         cleanup
 **
@@ -89344,7 +95177,6 @@
 ** and the SELECT clause does not read from <table> at any time.
 ** The generated code follows this template:
 **
-**         EOF <- 0
 **         X <- A
 **         goto B
 **      A: setup for the SELECT
@@ -89353,12 +95185,9 @@
 **           yield X
 **         end loop
 **         cleanup after the SELECT
-**         EOF <- 1
-**         yield X
-**         goto A
+**         end-coroutine X
 **      B: open write cursor to <table> and its indices
-**      C: yield X
-**         if EOF goto D
+**      C: yield X, at EOF goto D
 **         insert the select result into <table> from R..R+n
 **         goto C
 **      D: cleanup
@@ -89369,7 +95198,6 @@
 ** we have to use a intermediate table to store the results of
 ** the select.  The template is like this:
 **
-**         EOF <- 0
 **         X <- A
 **         goto B
 **      A: setup for the SELECT
@@ -89378,12 +95206,9 @@
 **           yield X
 **         end loop
 **         cleanup after the SELECT
-**         EOF <- 1
-**         yield X
-**         halt-error
+**         end co-routine R
 **      B: open temp table
-**      L: yield X
-**         if EOF goto M
+**      L: yield X, at EOF goto M
 **         insert row from R..R+n into temp table
 **         goto L
 **      M: open write cursor to <table> and its indices
@@ -89396,7 +95221,6 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Insert(
   Parse *pParse,        /* Parser context */
   SrcList *pTabList,    /* Name of table into which we are inserting */
-  ExprList *pList,      /* List of values to be inserted */
   Select *pSelect,      /* A SELECT statement to use as the data source */
   IdList *pColumn,      /* Column names corresponding to IDLIST. */
   int onError           /* How to handle constraint errors */
@@ -89410,18 +95234,21 @@
   Index *pIdx;          /* For looping over indices of the table */
   int nColumn;          /* Number of columns in the data */
   int nHidden = 0;      /* Number of hidden columns if TABLE is virtual */
-  int baseCur = 0;      /* VDBE Cursor number for pTab */
-  int keyColumn = -1;   /* Column that is the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
+  int iDataCur = 0;     /* VDBE cursor that is the main data repository */
+  int iIdxCur = 0;      /* First index cursor */
+  int ipkColumn = -1;   /* Column that is the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
   int endOfLoop;        /* Label for the end of the insertion loop */
-  int useTempTable = 0; /* Store SELECT results in intermediate table */
   int srcTab = 0;       /* Data comes from this temporary cursor if >=0 */
   int addrInsTop = 0;   /* Jump to label "D" */
   int addrCont = 0;     /* Top of insert loop. Label "C" in templates 3 and 4 */
-  int addrSelect = 0;   /* Address of coroutine that implements the SELECT */
   SelectDest dest;      /* Destination for SELECT on rhs of INSERT */
   int iDb;              /* Index of database holding TABLE */
   Db *pDb;              /* The database containing table being inserted into */
-  int appendFlag = 0;   /* True if the insert is likely to be an append */
+  u8 useTempTable = 0;  /* Store SELECT results in intermediate table */
+  u8 appendFlag = 0;    /* True if the insert is likely to be an append */
+  u8 withoutRowid;      /* 0 for normal table.  1 for WITHOUT ROWID table */
+  u8 bIdListInOrder = 1; /* True if IDLIST is in table order */
+  ExprList *pList = 0;  /* List of VALUES() to be inserted  */
 
   /* Register allocations */
   int regFromSelect = 0;/* Base register for data coming from SELECT */
@@ -89430,7 +95257,6 @@
   int regIns;           /* Block of regs holding rowid+data being inserted */
   int regRowid;         /* registers holding insert rowid */
   int regData;          /* register holding first column to insert */
-  int regEof = 0;       /* Register recording end of SELECT data */
   int *aRegIdx = 0;     /* One register allocated to each index */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
@@ -89445,6 +95271,17 @@
     goto insert_cleanup;
   }
 
+  /* If the Select object is really just a simple VALUES() list with a
+  ** single row values (the common case) then keep that one row of values
+  ** and go ahead and discard the Select object
+  */
+  if( pSelect && (pSelect->selFlags & SF_Values)!=0 && pSelect->pPrior==0 ){
+    pList = pSelect->pEList;
+    pSelect->pEList = 0;
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
+    pSelect = 0;
+  }
+
   /* Locate the table into which we will be inserting new information.
   */
   assert( pTabList->nSrc==1 );
@@ -89461,6 +95298,7 @@
   if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_INSERT, pTab->zName, 0, zDb) ){
     goto insert_cleanup;
   }
+  withoutRowid = !HasRowid(pTab);
 
   /* Figure out if we have any triggers and if the table being
   ** inserted into is a view
@@ -89480,16 +95318,13 @@
   assert( (pTrigger && tmask) || (pTrigger==0 && tmask==0) );
 
   /* If pTab is really a view, make sure it has been initialized.
-  ** ViewGetColumnNames() is a no-op if pTab is not a view (or virtual 
-  ** module table).
+  ** ViewGetColumnNames() is a no-op if pTab is not a view.
   */
   if( sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(pParse, pTab) ){
     goto insert_cleanup;
   }
 
-  /* Ensure that:
-  *  (a) the table is not read-only, 
-  *  (b) that if it is a view then ON INSERT triggers exist
+  /* Cannot insert into a read-only table.
   */
   if( sqlite3IsReadOnly(pParse, pTab, tmask) ){
     goto insert_cleanup;
@@ -89524,72 +95359,93 @@
   */
   regAutoinc = autoIncBegin(pParse, iDb, pTab);
 
+  /* Allocate registers for holding the rowid of the new row,
+  ** the content of the new row, and the assemblied row record.
+  */
+  regRowid = regIns = pParse->nMem+1;
+  pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol + 1;
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    regRowid++;
+    pParse->nMem++;
+  }
+  regData = regRowid+1;
+
+  /* If the INSERT statement included an IDLIST term, then make sure
+  ** all elements of the IDLIST really are columns of the table and 
+  ** remember the column indices.
+  **
+  ** If the table has an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column and that column
+  ** is named in the IDLIST, then record in the ipkColumn variable
+  ** the index into IDLIST of the primary key column.  ipkColumn is
+  ** the index of the primary key as it appears in IDLIST, not as
+  ** is appears in the original table.  (The index of the INTEGER
+  ** PRIMARY KEY in the original table is pTab->iPKey.)
+  */
+  if( pColumn ){
+    for(i=0; i<pColumn->nId; i++){
+      pColumn->a[i].idx = -1;
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<pColumn->nId; i++){
+      for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
+        if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColumn->a[i].zName, pTab->aCol[j].zName)==0 ){
+          pColumn->a[i].idx = j;
+          if( i!=j ) bIdListInOrder = 0;
+          if( j==pTab->iPKey ){
+            ipkColumn = i;  assert( !withoutRowid );
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( j>=pTab->nCol ){
+        if( sqlite3IsRowid(pColumn->a[i].zName) && !withoutRowid ){
+          ipkColumn = i;
+          bIdListInOrder = 0;
+        }else{
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %S has no column named %s",
+              pTabList, 0, pColumn->a[i].zName);
+          pParse->checkSchema = 1;
+          goto insert_cleanup;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   /* Figure out how many columns of data are supplied.  If the data
   ** is coming from a SELECT statement, then generate a co-routine that
   ** produces a single row of the SELECT on each invocation.  The
   ** co-routine is the common header to the 3rd and 4th templates.
   */
   if( pSelect ){
-    /* Data is coming from a SELECT.  Generate code to implement that SELECT
-    ** as a co-routine.  The code is common to both the 3rd and 4th
-    ** templates:
-    **
-    **         EOF <- 0
-    **         X <- A
-    **         goto B
-    **      A: setup for the SELECT
-    **         loop over the tables in the SELECT
-    **           load value into register R..R+n
-    **           yield X
-    **         end loop
-    **         cleanup after the SELECT
-    **         EOF <- 1
-    **         yield X
-    **         halt-error
-    **
-    ** On each invocation of the co-routine, it puts a single row of the
-    ** SELECT result into registers dest.iMem...dest.iMem+dest.nMem-1.
-    ** (These output registers are allocated by sqlite3Select().)  When
-    ** the SELECT completes, it sets the EOF flag stored in regEof.
-    */
-    int rc, j1;
+    /* Data is coming from a SELECT.  Generate a co-routine to run the SELECT */
+    int regYield;       /* Register holding co-routine entry-point */
+    int addrTop;        /* Top of the co-routine */
+    int rc;             /* Result code */
 
-    regEof = ++pParse->nMem;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regEof);      /* EOF <- 0 */
-    VdbeComment((v, "SELECT eof flag"));
-    sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Coroutine, ++pParse->nMem);
-    addrSelect = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, addrSelect-1, dest.iParm);
-    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, 0);
-    VdbeComment((v, "Jump over SELECT coroutine"));
-
-    /* Resolve the expressions in the SELECT statement and execute it. */
+    regYield = ++pParse->nMem;
+    addrTop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 1;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InitCoroutine, regYield, 0, addrTop);
+    sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Coroutine, regYield);
+    dest.iSdst = bIdListInOrder ? regData : 0;
+    dest.nSdst = pTab->nCol;
     rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pSelect, &dest);
+    regFromSelect = dest.iSdst;
     assert( pParse->nErr==0 || rc );
-    if( rc || NEVER(pParse->nErr) || db->mallocFailed ){
-      goto insert_cleanup;
-    }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regEof);         /* EOF <- 1 */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iParm);   /* yield X */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_INTERNAL, OE_Abort);
-    VdbeComment((v, "End of SELECT coroutine"));
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);                          /* label B: */
-
-    regFromSelect = dest.iMem;
+    if( rc || db->mallocFailed ) goto insert_cleanup;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_EndCoroutine, regYield);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrTop - 1);                       /* label B: */
     assert( pSelect->pEList );
     nColumn = pSelect->pEList->nExpr;
-    assert( dest.nMem==nColumn );
 
     /* Set useTempTable to TRUE if the result of the SELECT statement
     ** should be written into a temporary table (template 4).  Set to
-    ** FALSE if each* row of the SELECT can be written directly into
+    ** FALSE if each output row of the SELECT can be written directly into
     ** the destination table (template 3).
     **
     ** A temp table must be used if the table being updated is also one
     ** of the tables being read by the SELECT statement.  Also use a 
     ** temp table in the case of row triggers.
     */
-    if( pTrigger || readsTable(pParse, addrSelect, iDb, pTab) ){
+    if( pTrigger || readsTable(pParse, iDb, pTab) ){
       useTempTable = 1;
     }
 
@@ -89599,28 +95455,25 @@
       ** here is from the 4th template:
       **
       **      B: open temp table
-      **      L: yield X
-      **         if EOF goto M
+      **      L: yield X, goto M at EOF
       **         insert row from R..R+n into temp table
       **         goto L
       **      M: ...
       */
       int regRec;          /* Register to hold packed record */
       int regTempRowid;    /* Register to hold temp table ROWID */
-      int addrTop;         /* Label "L" */
-      int addrIf;          /* Address of jump to M */
+      int addrL;           /* Label "L" */
 
       srcTab = pParse->nTab++;
       regRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       regTempRowid = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, srcTab, nColumn);
-      addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iParm);
-      addrIf = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regEof);
+      addrL = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iSDParm); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regFromSelect, nColumn, regRec);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, srcTab, regTempRowid);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, srcTab, regRec, regTempRowid);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrTop);
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrIf);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrL);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrL);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRec);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regTempRowid);
     }
@@ -89641,6 +95494,14 @@
     }
   }
 
+  /* If there is no IDLIST term but the table has an integer primary
+  ** key, the set the ipkColumn variable to the integer primary key 
+  ** column index in the original table definition.
+  */
+  if( pColumn==0 && nColumn>0 ){
+    ipkColumn = pTab->iPKey;
+  }
+
   /* Make sure the number of columns in the source data matches the number
   ** of columns to be inserted into the table.
   */
@@ -89659,52 +95520,6 @@
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%d values for %d columns", nColumn, pColumn->nId);
     goto insert_cleanup;
   }
-
-  /* If the INSERT statement included an IDLIST term, then make sure
-  ** all elements of the IDLIST really are columns of the table and 
-  ** remember the column indices.
-  **
-  ** If the table has an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column and that column
-  ** is named in the IDLIST, then record in the keyColumn variable
-  ** the index into IDLIST of the primary key column.  keyColumn is
-  ** the index of the primary key as it appears in IDLIST, not as
-  ** is appears in the original table.  (The index of the primary
-  ** key in the original table is pTab->iPKey.)
-  */
-  if( pColumn ){
-    for(i=0; i<pColumn->nId; i++){
-      pColumn->a[i].idx = -1;
-    }
-    for(i=0; i<pColumn->nId; i++){
-      for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
-        if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColumn->a[i].zName, pTab->aCol[j].zName)==0 ){
-          pColumn->a[i].idx = j;
-          if( j==pTab->iPKey ){
-            keyColumn = i;
-          }
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      if( j>=pTab->nCol ){
-        if( sqlite3IsRowid(pColumn->a[i].zName) ){
-          keyColumn = i;
-        }else{
-          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %S has no column named %s",
-              pTabList, 0, pColumn->a[i].zName);
-          pParse->checkSchema = 1;
-          goto insert_cleanup;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* If there is no IDLIST term but the table has an integer primary
-  ** key, the set the keyColumn variable to the primary key column index
-  ** in the original table definition.
-  */
-  if( pColumn==0 && nColumn>0 ){
-    keyColumn = pTab->iPKey;
-  }
     
   /* Initialize the count of rows to be inserted
   */
@@ -89716,9 +95531,8 @@
   /* If this is not a view, open the table and and all indices */
   if( !isView ){
     int nIdx;
-
-    baseCur = pParse->nTab;
-    nIdx = sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, baseCur, OP_OpenWrite);
+    nIdx = sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, OP_OpenWrite, -1, 0,
+                                      &iDataCur, &iIdxCur);
     aRegIdx = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*(nIdx+1));
     if( aRegIdx==0 ){
       goto insert_cleanup;
@@ -89733,39 +95547,27 @@
     /* This block codes the top of loop only.  The complete loop is the
     ** following pseudocode (template 4):
     **
-    **         rewind temp table
+    **         rewind temp table, if empty goto D
     **      C: loop over rows of intermediate table
     **           transfer values form intermediate table into <table>
     **         end loop
     **      D: ...
     */
-    addrInsTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, srcTab);
+    addrInsTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, srcTab); VdbeCoverage(v);
     addrCont = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
   }else if( pSelect ){
     /* This block codes the top of loop only.  The complete loop is the
     ** following pseudocode (template 3):
     **
-    **      C: yield X
-    **         if EOF goto D
+    **      C: yield X, at EOF goto D
     **         insert the select result into <table> from R..R+n
     **         goto C
     **      D: ...
     */
-    addrCont = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iParm);
-    addrInsTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regEof);
+    addrInsTop = addrCont = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iSDParm);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
-  /* Allocate registers for holding the rowid of the new row,
-  ** the content of the new row, and the assemblied row record.
-  */
-  regRowid = regIns = pParse->nMem+1;
-  pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol + 1;
-  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
-    regRowid++;
-    pParse->nMem++;
-  }
-  regData = regRowid+1;
-
   /* Run the BEFORE and INSTEAD OF triggers, if there are any
   */
   endOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
@@ -89778,20 +95580,21 @@
     ** we do not know what the unique ID will be (because the insert has
     ** not happened yet) so we substitute a rowid of -1
     */
-    if( keyColumn<0 ){
+    if( ipkColumn<0 ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, regCols);
     }else{
       int j1;
+      assert( !withoutRowid );
       if( useTempTable ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, keyColumn, regCols);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, ipkColumn, regCols);
       }else{
         assert( pSelect==0 );  /* Otherwise useTempTable is true */
-        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[keyColumn].pExpr, regCols);
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[ipkColumn].pExpr, regCols);
       }
-      j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regCols);
+      j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regCols); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, regCols);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regCols);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regCols); VdbeCoverage(v);
     }
 
     /* Cannot have triggers on a virtual table. If it were possible,
@@ -89825,8 +95628,7 @@
     ** table column affinities.
     */
     if( !isView ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Affinity, regCols+1, pTab->nCol);
-      sqlite3TableAffinityStr(v, pTab);
+      sqlite3TableAffinity(v, pTab, regCols+1);
     }
 
     /* Fire BEFORE or INSTEAD OF triggers */
@@ -89836,29 +95638,27 @@
     sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regCols, pTab->nCol+1);
   }
 
-  /* Push the record number for the new entry onto the stack.  The
-  ** record number is a randomly generate integer created by NewRowid
-  ** except when the table has an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column, in which
-  ** case the record number is the same as that column. 
+  /* Compute the content of the next row to insert into a range of
+  ** registers beginning at regIns.
   */
   if( !isView ){
     if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
       /* The row that the VUpdate opcode will delete: none */
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regIns);
     }
-    if( keyColumn>=0 ){
+    if( ipkColumn>=0 ){
       if( useTempTable ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, keyColumn, regRowid);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, ipkColumn, regRowid);
       }else if( pSelect ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regFromSelect+keyColumn, regRowid);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, regFromSelect+ipkColumn, regRowid);
       }else{
         VdbeOp *pOp;
-        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[keyColumn].pExpr, regRowid);
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[ipkColumn].pExpr, regRowid);
         pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, -1);
         if( ALWAYS(pOp) && pOp->opcode==OP_Null && !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
           appendFlag = 1;
           pOp->opcode = OP_NewRowid;
-          pOp->p1 = baseCur;
+          pOp->p1 = iDataCur;
           pOp->p2 = regRowid;
           pOp->p3 = regAutoinc;
         }
@@ -89869,24 +95669,24 @@
       if( !appendFlag ){
         int j1;
         if( !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
-          j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regRowid);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NewRowid, baseCur, regRowid, regAutoinc);
+          j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regRowid); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NewRowid, iDataCur, regRowid, regAutoinc);
           sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
         }else{
           j1 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regRowid, j1+2);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regRowid, j1+2); VdbeCoverage(v);
         }
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regRowid);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regRowid); VdbeCoverage(v);
       }
-    }else if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    }else if( IsVirtual(pTab) || withoutRowid ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regRowid);
     }else{
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NewRowid, baseCur, regRowid, regAutoinc);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NewRowid, iDataCur, regRowid, regAutoinc);
       appendFlag = 1;
     }
     autoIncStep(pParse, regAutoinc, regRowid);
 
-    /* Push onto the stack, data for all columns of the new entry, beginning
+    /* Compute data for all columns of the new entry, beginning
     ** with the first column.
     */
     nHidden = 0;
@@ -89894,10 +95694,11 @@
       int iRegStore = regRowid+1+i;
       if( i==pTab->iPKey ){
         /* The value of the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column is always a NULL.
-        ** Whenever this column is read, the record number will be substituted
-        ** in its place.  So will fill this column with a NULL to avoid
-        ** taking up data space with information that will never be used. */
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iRegStore);
+        ** Whenever this column is read, the rowid will be substituted
+        ** in its place.  Hence, fill this column with a NULL to avoid
+        ** taking up data space with information that will never be used.
+        ** As there may be shallow copies of this value, make it a soft-NULL */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_SoftNull, iRegStore);
         continue;
       }
       if( pColumn==0 ){
@@ -89914,11 +95715,13 @@
         }
       }
       if( j<0 || nColumn==0 || (pColumn && j>=pColumn->nId) ){
-        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pTab->aCol[i].pDflt, iRegStore);
+        sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(pParse, pTab->aCol[i].pDflt, iRegStore);
       }else if( useTempTable ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, j, iRegStore); 
       }else if( pSelect ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regFromSelect+j, iRegStore);
+        if( regFromSelect!=regData ){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regFromSelect+j, iRegStore);
+        }
       }else{
         sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[j].pExpr, iRegStore);
       }
@@ -89938,13 +95741,12 @@
 #endif
     {
       int isReplace;    /* Set to true if constraints may cause a replace */
-      sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(pParse, pTab, baseCur, regIns, aRegIdx,
-          keyColumn>=0, 0, onError, endOfLoop, &isReplace
+      sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(pParse, pTab, aRegIdx, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+          regIns, 0, ipkColumn>=0, onError, endOfLoop, &isReplace
       );
-      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, 0, regIns);
-      sqlite3CompleteInsertion(
-          pParse, pTab, baseCur, regIns, aRegIdx, 0, appendFlag, isReplace==0
-      );
+      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, 0, regIns, 0, 0);
+      sqlite3CompleteInsertion(pParse, pTab, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+                               regIns, aRegIdx, 0, appendFlag, isReplace==0);
     }
   }
 
@@ -89965,7 +95767,7 @@
   */
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endOfLoop);
   if( useTempTable ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, srcTab, addrCont);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, srcTab, addrCont); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrInsTop);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, srcTab);
   }else if( pSelect ){
@@ -89975,9 +95777,9 @@
 
   if( !IsVirtual(pTab) && !isView ){
     /* Close all tables opened */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, baseCur);
-    for(idx=1, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, idx++){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, idx+baseCur);
+    if( iDataCur<iIdxCur ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iDataCur);
+    for(idx=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, idx++){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, idx+iIdxCur);
     }
   }
 
@@ -90022,36 +95824,48 @@
  #undef tmask
 #endif
 
-
 /*
-** Generate code to do constraint checks prior to an INSERT or an UPDATE.
+** Generate code to do constraint checks prior to an INSERT or an UPDATE
+** on table pTab.
 **
-** The input is a range of consecutive registers as follows:
+** The regNewData parameter is the first register in a range that contains
+** the data to be inserted or the data after the update.  There will be
+** pTab->nCol+1 registers in this range.  The first register (the one
+** that regNewData points to) will contain the new rowid, or NULL in the
+** case of a WITHOUT ROWID table.  The second register in the range will
+** contain the content of the first table column.  The third register will
+** contain the content of the second table column.  And so forth.
 **
-**    1.  The rowid of the row after the update.
+** The regOldData parameter is similar to regNewData except that it contains
+** the data prior to an UPDATE rather than afterwards.  regOldData is zero
+** for an INSERT.  This routine can distinguish between UPDATE and INSERT by
+** checking regOldData for zero.
 **
-**    2.  The data in the first column of the entry after the update.
+** For an UPDATE, the pkChng boolean is true if the true primary key (the
+** rowid for a normal table or the PRIMARY KEY for a WITHOUT ROWID table)
+** might be modified by the UPDATE.  If pkChng is false, then the key of
+** the iDataCur content table is guaranteed to be unchanged by the UPDATE.
 **
-**    i.  Data from middle columns...
+** For an INSERT, the pkChng boolean indicates whether or not the rowid
+** was explicitly specified as part of the INSERT statement.  If pkChng
+** is zero, it means that the either rowid is computed automatically or
+** that the table is a WITHOUT ROWID table and has no rowid.  On an INSERT,
+** pkChng will only be true if the INSERT statement provides an integer
+** value for either the rowid column or its INTEGER PRIMARY KEY alias.
 **
-**    N.  The data in the last column of the entry after the update.
-**
-** The regRowid parameter is the index of the register containing (1).
-**
-** If isUpdate is true and rowidChng is non-zero, then rowidChng contains
-** the address of a register containing the rowid before the update takes
-** place. isUpdate is true for UPDATEs and false for INSERTs. If isUpdate
-** is false, indicating an INSERT statement, then a non-zero rowidChng 
-** indicates that the rowid was explicitly specified as part of the
-** INSERT statement. If rowidChng is false, it means that  the rowid is
-** computed automatically in an insert or that the rowid value is not 
-** modified by an update.
-**
-** The code generated by this routine store new index entries into
+** The code generated by this routine will store new index entries into
 ** registers identified by aRegIdx[].  No index entry is created for
 ** indices where aRegIdx[i]==0.  The order of indices in aRegIdx[] is
 ** the same as the order of indices on the linked list of indices
-** attached to the table.
+** at pTab->pIndex.
+**
+** The caller must have already opened writeable cursors on the main
+** table and all applicable indices (that is to say, all indices for which
+** aRegIdx[] is not zero).  iDataCur is the cursor for the main table when
+** inserting or updating a rowid table, or the cursor for the PRIMARY KEY
+** index when operating on a WITHOUT ROWID table.  iIdxCur is the cursor
+** for the first index in the pTab->pIndex list.  Cursors for other indices
+** are at iIdxCur+N for the N-th element of the pTab->pIndex list.
 **
 ** This routine also generates code to check constraints.  NOT NULL,
 ** CHECK, and UNIQUE constraints are all checked.  If a constraint fails,
@@ -90061,22 +95875,23 @@
 **  Constraint type  Action       What Happens
 **  ---------------  ----------   ----------------------------------------
 **  any              ROLLBACK     The current transaction is rolled back and
-**                                sqlite3_exec() returns immediately with a
+**                                sqlite3_step() returns immediately with a
 **                                return code of SQLITE_CONSTRAINT.
 **
 **  any              ABORT        Back out changes from the current command
 **                                only (do not do a complete rollback) then
-**                                cause sqlite3_exec() to return immediately
+**                                cause sqlite3_step() to return immediately
 **                                with SQLITE_CONSTRAINT.
 **
-**  any              FAIL         Sqlite3_exec() returns immediately with a
+**  any              FAIL         Sqlite3_step() returns immediately with a
 **                                return code of SQLITE_CONSTRAINT.  The
 **                                transaction is not rolled back and any
-**                                prior changes are retained.
+**                                changes to prior rows are retained.
 **
-**  any              IGNORE       The record number and data is popped from
-**                                the stack and there is an immediate jump
-**                                to label ignoreDest.
+**  any              IGNORE       The attempt in insert or update the current
+**                                row is skipped, without throwing an error.
+**                                Processing continues with the next row.
+**                                (There is an immediate jump to ignoreDest.)
 **
 **  NOT NULL         REPLACE      The NULL value is replace by the default
 **                                value for that column.  If the default value
@@ -90091,42 +95906,59 @@
 ** Or if overrideError==OE_Default, then the pParse->onError parameter
 ** is used.  Or if pParse->onError==OE_Default then the onError value
 ** for the constraint is used.
-**
-** The calling routine must open a read/write cursor for pTab with
-** cursor number "baseCur".  All indices of pTab must also have open
-** read/write cursors with cursor number baseCur+i for the i-th cursor.
-** Except, if there is no possibility of a REPLACE action then
-** cursors do not need to be open for indices where aRegIdx[i]==0.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(
-  Parse *pParse,      /* The parser context */
-  Table *pTab,        /* the table into which we are inserting */
-  int baseCur,        /* Index of a read/write cursor pointing at pTab */
-  int regRowid,       /* Index of the range of input registers */
-  int *aRegIdx,       /* Register used by each index.  0 for unused indices */
-  int rowidChng,      /* True if the rowid might collide with existing entry */
-  int isUpdate,       /* True for UPDATE, False for INSERT */
-  int overrideError,  /* Override onError to this if not OE_Default */
-  int ignoreDest,     /* Jump to this label on an OE_Ignore resolution */
-  int *pbMayReplace   /* OUT: Set to true if constraint may cause a replace */
+  Parse *pParse,       /* The parser context */
+  Table *pTab,         /* The table being inserted or updated */
+  int *aRegIdx,        /* Use register aRegIdx[i] for index i.  0 for unused */
+  int iDataCur,        /* Canonical data cursor (main table or PK index) */
+  int iIdxCur,         /* First index cursor */
+  int regNewData,      /* First register in a range holding values to insert */
+  int regOldData,      /* Previous content.  0 for INSERTs */
+  u8 pkChng,           /* Non-zero if the rowid or PRIMARY KEY changed */
+  u8 overrideError,    /* Override onError to this if not OE_Default */
+  int ignoreDest,      /* Jump to this label on an OE_Ignore resolution */
+  int *pbMayReplace    /* OUT: Set to true if constraint may cause a replace */
 ){
-  int i;              /* loop counter */
-  Vdbe *v;            /* VDBE under constrution */
-  int nCol;           /* Number of columns */
-  int onError;        /* Conflict resolution strategy */
-  int j1;             /* Addresss of jump instruction */
-  int j2 = 0, j3;     /* Addresses of jump instructions */
-  int regData;        /* Register containing first data column */
-  int iCur;           /* Table cursor number */
+  Vdbe *v;             /* VDBE under constrution */
   Index *pIdx;         /* Pointer to one of the indices */
+  Index *pPk = 0;      /* The PRIMARY KEY index */
+  sqlite3 *db;         /* Database connection */
+  int i;               /* loop counter */
+  int ix;              /* Index loop counter */
+  int nCol;            /* Number of columns */
+  int onError;         /* Conflict resolution strategy */
+  int j1;              /* Addresss of jump instruction */
   int seenReplace = 0; /* True if REPLACE is used to resolve INT PK conflict */
-  int regOldRowid = (rowidChng && isUpdate) ? rowidChng : regRowid;
+  int nPkField;        /* Number of fields in PRIMARY KEY. 1 for ROWID tables */
+  int ipkTop = 0;      /* Top of the rowid change constraint check */
+  int ipkBottom = 0;   /* Bottom of the rowid change constraint check */
+  u8 isUpdate;         /* True if this is an UPDATE operation */
+  u8 bAffinityDone = 0;  /* True if the OP_Affinity operation has been run */
+  int regRowid = -1;   /* Register holding ROWID value */
 
+  isUpdate = regOldData!=0;
+  db = pParse->db;
   v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   assert( v!=0 );
   assert( pTab->pSelect==0 );  /* This table is not a VIEW */
   nCol = pTab->nCol;
-  regData = regRowid + 1;
+  
+  /* pPk is the PRIMARY KEY index for WITHOUT ROWID tables and NULL for
+  ** normal rowid tables.  nPkField is the number of key fields in the 
+  ** pPk index or 1 for a rowid table.  In other words, nPkField is the
+  ** number of fields in the true primary key of the table. */
+  if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+    pPk = 0;
+    nPkField = 1;
+  }else{
+    pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+    nPkField = pPk->nKeyCol;
+  }
+
+  /* Record that this module has started */
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "BEGIN: GenCnstCks(%d,%d,%d,%d,%d)",
+                     iDataCur, iIdxCur, regNewData, regOldData, pkChng));
 
   /* Test all NOT NULL constraints.
   */
@@ -90149,24 +95981,26 @@
     switch( onError ){
       case OE_Abort:
         sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
+        /* Fall through */
       case OE_Rollback:
       case OE_Fail: {
-        char *zMsg;
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_HaltIfNull,
-                                  SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, onError, regData+i);
-        zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "%s.%s may not be NULL",
-                              pTab->zName, pTab->aCol[i].zName);
-        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
+        char *zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s.%s", pTab->zName,
+                                    pTab->aCol[i].zName);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_HaltIfNull, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_NOTNULL, onError,
+                          regNewData+1+i, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, P5_ConstraintNotNull);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
         break;
       }
       case OE_Ignore: {
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regData+i, ignoreDest);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regNewData+1+i, ignoreDest);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
         break;
       }
       default: {
         assert( onError==OE_Replace );
-        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regData+i);
-        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pTab->aCol[i].pDflt, regData+i);
+        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regNewData+1+i); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pTab->aCol[i].pDflt, regNewData+1+i);
         sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
         break;
       }
@@ -90176,37 +96010,71 @@
   /* Test all CHECK constraints
   */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-  if( pTab->pCheck && (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_IgnoreChecks)==0 ){
-    int allOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-    pParse->ckBase = regData;
-    sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pTab->pCheck, allOk, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+  if( pTab->pCheck && (db->flags & SQLITE_IgnoreChecks)==0 ){
+    ExprList *pCheck = pTab->pCheck;
+    pParse->ckBase = regNewData+1;
     onError = overrideError!=OE_Default ? overrideError : OE_Abort;
-    if( onError==OE_Ignore ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ignoreDest);
-    }else{
-      if( onError==OE_Replace ) onError = OE_Abort; /* IMP: R-15569-63625 */
-      sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, onError, 0, 0);
+    for(i=0; i<pCheck->nExpr; i++){
+      int allOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pCheck->a[i].pExpr, allOk, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      if( onError==OE_Ignore ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ignoreDest);
+      }else{
+        char *zName = pCheck->a[i].zName;
+        if( zName==0 ) zName = pTab->zName;
+        if( onError==OE_Replace ) onError = OE_Abort; /* IMP: R-15569-63625 */
+        sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_CHECK,
+                              onError, zName, P4_TRANSIENT,
+                              P5_ConstraintCheck);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, allOk);
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, allOk);
   }
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK) */
 
-  /* If we have an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, make sure the primary key
-  ** of the new record does not previously exist.  Except, if this
-  ** is an UPDATE and the primary key is not changing, that is OK.
+  /* If rowid is changing, make sure the new rowid does not previously
+  ** exist in the table.
   */
-  if( rowidChng ){
+  if( pkChng && pPk==0 ){
+    int addrRowidOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+
+    /* Figure out what action to take in case of a rowid collision */
     onError = pTab->keyConf;
     if( overrideError!=OE_Default ){
       onError = overrideError;
     }else if( onError==OE_Default ){
       onError = OE_Abort;
     }
-    
+
     if( isUpdate ){
-      j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regRowid, 0, rowidChng);
+      /* pkChng!=0 does not mean that the rowid has change, only that
+      ** it might have changed.  Skip the conflict logic below if the rowid
+      ** is unchanged. */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regNewData, addrRowidOk, regOldData);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
     }
-    j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, baseCur, 0, regRowid);
+
+    /* If the response to a rowid conflict is REPLACE but the response
+    ** to some other UNIQUE constraint is FAIL or IGNORE, then we need
+    ** to defer the running of the rowid conflict checking until after
+    ** the UNIQUE constraints have run.
+    */
+    if( onError==OE_Replace && overrideError!=OE_Replace ){
+      for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+        if( pIdx->onError==OE_Ignore || pIdx->onError==OE_Fail ){
+          ipkTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Check to see if the new rowid already exists in the table.  Skip
+    ** the following conflict logic if it does not. */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDataCur, addrRowidOk, regNewData);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+
+    /* Generate code that deals with a rowid collision */
     switch( onError ){
       default: {
         onError = OE_Abort;
@@ -90215,14 +96083,13 @@
       case OE_Rollback:
       case OE_Abort:
       case OE_Fail: {
-        sqlite3HaltConstraint(
-          pParse, onError, "PRIMARY KEY must be unique", P4_STATIC);
+        sqlite3RowidConstraint(pParse, onError, pTab);
         break;
       }
       case OE_Replace: {
         /* If there are DELETE triggers on this table and the
         ** recursive-triggers flag is set, call GenerateRowDelete() to
-        ** remove the conflicting row from the the table. This will fire
+        ** remove the conflicting row from the table. This will fire
         ** the triggers and remove both the table and index b-tree entries.
         **
         ** Otherwise, if there are no triggers or the recursive-triggers
@@ -90243,62 +96110,98 @@
         ** table.
         */
         Trigger *pTrigger = 0;
-        if( pParse->db->flags&SQLITE_RecTriggers ){
+        if( db->flags&SQLITE_RecTriggers ){
           pTrigger = sqlite3TriggersExist(pParse, pTab, TK_DELETE, 0, 0);
         }
         if( pTrigger || sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, 0, 0) ){
           sqlite3MultiWrite(pParse);
-          sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(
-              pParse, pTab, baseCur, regRowid, 0, pTrigger, OE_Replace
-          );
+          sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(pParse, pTab, pTrigger, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+                                   regNewData, 1, 0, OE_Replace, 1);
         }else if( pTab->pIndex ){
           sqlite3MultiWrite(pParse);
-          sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, baseCur, 0);
+          sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iDataCur, iIdxCur, 0);
         }
         seenReplace = 1;
         break;
       }
       case OE_Ignore: {
-        assert( seenReplace==0 );
+        /*assert( seenReplace==0 );*/
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ignoreDest);
         break;
       }
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j3);
-    if( isUpdate ){
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j2);
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrRowidOk);
+    if( ipkTop ){
+      ipkBottom = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, ipkTop);
     }
   }
 
   /* Test all UNIQUE constraints by creating entries for each UNIQUE
   ** index and making sure that duplicate entries do not already exist.
-  ** Add the new records to the indices as we go.
+  ** Compute the revised record entries for indices as we go.
+  **
+  ** This loop also handles the case of the PRIMARY KEY index for a
+  ** WITHOUT ROWID table.
   */
-  for(iCur=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, iCur++){
-    int regIdx;
-    int regR;
+  for(ix=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, ix++){
+    int regIdx;          /* Range of registers hold conent for pIdx */
+    int regR;            /* Range of registers holding conflicting PK */
+    int iThisCur;        /* Cursor for this UNIQUE index */
+    int addrUniqueOk;    /* Jump here if the UNIQUE constraint is satisfied */
 
-    if( aRegIdx[iCur]==0 ) continue;  /* Skip unused indices */
-
-    /* Create a key for accessing the index entry */
-    regIdx = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pIdx->nColumn+1);
-    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
-      int idx = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
-      if( idx==pTab->iPKey ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regRowid, regIdx+i);
-      }else{
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regData+idx, regIdx+i);
-      }
+    if( aRegIdx[ix]==0 ) continue;  /* Skip indices that do not change */
+    if( bAffinityDone==0 ){
+      sqlite3TableAffinity(v, pTab, regNewData+1);
+      bAffinityDone = 1;
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regRowid, regIdx+i);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1, aRegIdx[iCur]);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx), P4_TRANSIENT);
-    sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1);
+    iThisCur = iIdxCur+ix;
+    addrUniqueOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
 
-    /* Find out what action to take in case there is an indexing conflict */
+    /* Skip partial indices for which the WHERE clause is not true */
+    if( pIdx->pPartIdxWhere ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, aRegIdx[ix]);
+      pParse->ckBase = regNewData+1;
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pIdx->pPartIdxWhere, addrUniqueOk,
+                         SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      pParse->ckBase = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Create a record for this index entry as it should appear after
+    ** the insert or update.  Store that record in the aRegIdx[ix] register
+    */
+    regIdx = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pIdx->nColumn);
+    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+      int iField = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+      int x;
+      if( iField<0 || iField==pTab->iPKey ){
+        if( regRowid==regIdx+i ) continue; /* ROWID already in regIdx+i */
+        x = regNewData;
+        regRowid =  pIdx->pPartIdxWhere ? -1 : regIdx+i;
+      }else{
+        x = iField + regNewData + 1;
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, x, regIdx+i);
+      VdbeComment((v, "%s", iField<0 ? "rowid" : pTab->aCol[iField].zName));
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn, aRegIdx[ix]);
+    VdbeComment((v, "for %s", pIdx->zName));
+    sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn);
+
+    /* In an UPDATE operation, if this index is the PRIMARY KEY index 
+    ** of a WITHOUT ROWID table and there has been no change the
+    ** primary key, then no collision is possible.  The collision detection
+    ** logic below can all be skipped. */
+    if( isUpdate && pPk==pIdx && pkChng==0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrUniqueOk);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    /* Find out what action to take in case there is a uniqueness conflict */
     onError = pIdx->onError;
     if( onError==OE_None ){ 
-      sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn);
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrUniqueOk);
       continue;  /* pIdx is not a UNIQUE index */
     }
     if( overrideError!=OE_Default ){
@@ -90306,18 +96209,64 @@
     }else if( onError==OE_Default ){
       onError = OE_Abort;
     }
-    if( seenReplace ){
-      if( onError==OE_Ignore ) onError = OE_Replace;
-      else if( onError==OE_Fail ) onError = OE_Abort;
-    }
     
     /* Check to see if the new index entry will be unique */
-    regR = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regOldRowid, regR);
-    j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_IsUnique, baseCur+iCur+1, 0,
-                           regR, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(regIdx),
-                           P4_INT32);
-    sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NoConflict, iThisCur, addrUniqueOk,
+                         regIdx, pIdx->nKeyCol); VdbeCoverage(v);
+
+    /* Generate code to handle collisions */
+    regR = (pIdx==pPk) ? regIdx : sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nPkField);
+    if( isUpdate || onError==OE_Replace ){
+      if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxRowid, iThisCur, regR);
+        /* Conflict only if the rowid of the existing index entry
+        ** is different from old-rowid */
+        if( isUpdate ){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regR, addrUniqueOk, regOldData);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL);
+          VdbeCoverage(v);
+        }
+      }else{
+        int x;
+        /* Extract the PRIMARY KEY from the end of the index entry and
+        ** store it in registers regR..regR+nPk-1 */
+        if( pIdx!=pPk ){
+          for(i=0; i<pPk->nKeyCol; i++){
+            x = sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(pIdx, pPk->aiColumn[i]);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iThisCur, x, regR+i);
+            VdbeComment((v, "%s.%s", pTab->zName,
+                         pTab->aCol[pPk->aiColumn[i]].zName));
+          }
+        }
+        if( isUpdate ){
+          /* If currently processing the PRIMARY KEY of a WITHOUT ROWID 
+          ** table, only conflict if the new PRIMARY KEY values are actually
+          ** different from the old.
+          **
+          ** For a UNIQUE index, only conflict if the PRIMARY KEY values
+          ** of the matched index row are different from the original PRIMARY
+          ** KEY values of this row before the update.  */
+          int addrJump = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+pPk->nKeyCol;
+          int op = OP_Ne;
+          int regCmp = (IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ? regIdx : regR);
+  
+          for(i=0; i<pPk->nKeyCol; i++){
+            char *p4 = (char*)sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pPk->azColl[i]);
+            x = pPk->aiColumn[i];
+            if( i==(pPk->nKeyCol-1) ){
+              addrJump = addrUniqueOk;
+              op = OP_Eq;
+            }
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, op, 
+                regOldData+1+x, addrJump, regCmp+i, p4, P4_COLLSEQ
+            );
+            sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL);
+            VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_Eq);
+            VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_Ne);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
 
     /* Generate code that executes if the new index entry is not unique */
     assert( onError==OE_Rollback || onError==OE_Abort || onError==OE_Fail
@@ -90326,29 +96275,10 @@
       case OE_Rollback:
       case OE_Abort:
       case OE_Fail: {
-        int j;
-        StrAccum errMsg;
-        const char *zSep;
-        char *zErr;
-
-        sqlite3StrAccumInit(&errMsg, 0, 0, 200);
-        errMsg.db = pParse->db;
-        zSep = pIdx->nColumn>1 ? "columns " : "column ";
-        for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
-          char *zCol = pTab->aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[j]].zName;
-          sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg, zSep, -1);
-          zSep = ", ";
-          sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg, zCol, -1);
-        }
-        sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg,
-            pIdx->nColumn>1 ? " are not unique" : " is not unique", -1);
-        zErr = sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&errMsg);
-        sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, onError, zErr, 0);
-        sqlite3DbFree(errMsg.db, zErr);
+        sqlite3UniqueConstraint(pParse, onError, pIdx);
         break;
       }
       case OE_Ignore: {
-        assert( seenReplace==0 );
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ignoreDest);
         break;
       }
@@ -90356,29 +96286,32 @@
         Trigger *pTrigger = 0;
         assert( onError==OE_Replace );
         sqlite3MultiWrite(pParse);
-        if( pParse->db->flags&SQLITE_RecTriggers ){
+        if( db->flags&SQLITE_RecTriggers ){
           pTrigger = sqlite3TriggersExist(pParse, pTab, TK_DELETE, 0, 0);
         }
-        sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(
-            pParse, pTab, baseCur, regR, 0, pTrigger, OE_Replace
-        );
+        sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(pParse, pTab, pTrigger, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+                                 regR, nPkField, 0, OE_Replace, pIdx==pPk);
         seenReplace = 1;
         break;
       }
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j3);
-    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regR);
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrUniqueOk);
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn);
+    if( regR!=regIdx ) sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regR, nPkField);
+  }
+  if( ipkTop ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ipkTop+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, ipkBottom);
   }
   
-  if( pbMayReplace ){
-    *pbMayReplace = seenReplace;
-  }
+  *pbMayReplace = seenReplace;
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "END: GenCnstCks(%d)", seenReplace));
 }
 
 /*
 ** This routine generates code to finish the INSERT or UPDATE operation
 ** that was started by a prior call to sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks.
-** A consecutive range of registers starting at regRowid contains the
+** A consecutive range of registers starting at regNewData contains the
 ** rowid and the content to be inserted.
 **
 ** The arguments to this routine should be the same as the first six
@@ -90387,36 +96320,46 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CompleteInsertion(
   Parse *pParse,      /* The parser context */
   Table *pTab,        /* the table into which we are inserting */
-  int baseCur,        /* Index of a read/write cursor pointing at pTab */
-  int regRowid,       /* Range of content */
+  int iDataCur,       /* Cursor of the canonical data source */
+  int iIdxCur,        /* First index cursor */
+  int regNewData,     /* Range of content */
   int *aRegIdx,       /* Register used by each index.  0 for unused indices */
   int isUpdate,       /* True for UPDATE, False for INSERT */
   int appendBias,     /* True if this is likely to be an append */
   int useSeekResult   /* True to set the USESEEKRESULT flag on OP_[Idx]Insert */
 ){
-  int i;
-  Vdbe *v;
-  int nIdx;
-  Index *pIdx;
-  u8 pik_flags;
-  int regData;
-  int regRec;
+  Vdbe *v;            /* Prepared statements under construction */
+  Index *pIdx;        /* An index being inserted or updated */
+  u8 pik_flags;       /* flag values passed to the btree insert */
+  int regData;        /* Content registers (after the rowid) */
+  int regRec;         /* Register holding assemblied record for the table */
+  int i;              /* Loop counter */
+  u8 bAffinityDone = 0; /* True if OP_Affinity has been run already */
 
   v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   assert( v!=0 );
   assert( pTab->pSelect==0 );  /* This table is not a VIEW */
-  for(nIdx=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, nIdx++){}
-  for(i=nIdx-1; i>=0; i--){
+  for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
     if( aRegIdx[i]==0 ) continue;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, baseCur+i+1, aRegIdx[i]);
-    if( useSeekResult ){
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
+    bAffinityDone = 1;
+    if( pIdx->pPartIdxWhere ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, aRegIdx[i], sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
     }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iIdxCur+i, aRegIdx[i]);
+    pik_flags = 0;
+    if( useSeekResult ) pik_flags = OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT;
+    if( IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) && !HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      assert( pParse->nested==0 );
+      pik_flags |= OPFLAG_NCHANGE;
+    }
+    if( pik_flags )  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, pik_flags);
   }
-  regData = regRowid + 1;
+  if( !HasRowid(pTab) ) return;
+  regData = regNewData + 1;
   regRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regData, pTab->nCol, regRec);
-  sqlite3TableAffinityStr(v, pTab);
+  if( !bAffinityDone ) sqlite3TableAffinity(v, pTab, 0);
   sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regData, pTab->nCol);
   if( pParse->nested ){
     pik_flags = 0;
@@ -90430,7 +96373,7 @@
   if( useSeekResult ){
     pik_flags |= OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT;
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, baseCur, regRec, regRowid);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iDataCur, regRec, regNewData);
   if( !pParse->nested ){
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
   }
@@ -90438,39 +96381,71 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Generate code that will open cursors for a table and for all
-** indices of that table.  The "baseCur" parameter is the cursor number used
-** for the table.  Indices are opened on subsequent cursors.
+** Allocate cursors for the pTab table and all its indices and generate
+** code to open and initialized those cursors.
 **
-** Return the number of indices on the table.
+** The cursor for the object that contains the complete data (normally
+** the table itself, but the PRIMARY KEY index in the case of a WITHOUT
+** ROWID table) is returned in *piDataCur.  The first index cursor is
+** returned in *piIdxCur.  The number of indices is returned.
+**
+** Use iBase as the first cursor (either the *piDataCur for rowid tables
+** or the first index for WITHOUT ROWID tables) if it is non-negative.
+** If iBase is negative, then allocate the next available cursor.
+**
+** For a rowid table, *piDataCur will be exactly one less than *piIdxCur.
+** For a WITHOUT ROWID table, *piDataCur will be somewhere in the range
+** of *piIdxCurs, depending on where the PRIMARY KEY index appears on the
+** pTab->pIndex list.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(
   Parse *pParse,   /* Parsing context */
   Table *pTab,     /* Table to be opened */
-  int baseCur,     /* Cursor number assigned to the table */
-  int op           /* OP_OpenRead or OP_OpenWrite */
+  int op,          /* OP_OpenRead or OP_OpenWrite */
+  int iBase,       /* Use this for the table cursor, if there is one */
+  u8 *aToOpen,     /* If not NULL: boolean for each table and index */
+  int *piDataCur,  /* Write the database source cursor number here */
+  int *piIdxCur    /* Write the first index cursor number here */
 ){
   int i;
   int iDb;
+  int iDataCur;
   Index *pIdx;
   Vdbe *v;
 
-  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;
+  assert( op==OP_OpenRead || op==OP_OpenWrite );
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    assert( aToOpen==0 );
+    *piDataCur = 0;
+    *piIdxCur = 1;
+    return 0;
+  }
   iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
   v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   assert( v!=0 );
-  sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, baseCur, iDb, pTab, op);
-  for(i=1, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
-    KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
+  if( iBase<0 ) iBase = pParse->nTab;
+  iDataCur = iBase++;
+  if( piDataCur ) *piDataCur = iDataCur;
+  if( HasRowid(pTab) && (aToOpen==0 || aToOpen[0]) ){
+    sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iDataCur, iDb, pTab, op);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, op==OP_OpenWrite, pTab->zName);
+  }
+  if( piIdxCur ) *piIdxCur = iBase;
+  for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
+    int iIdxCur = iBase++;
     assert( pIdx->pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, op, i+baseCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
-                      (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
-    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
+    if( IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) && !HasRowid(pTab) && piDataCur ){
+      *piDataCur = iIdxCur;
+    }
+    if( aToOpen==0 || aToOpen[i+1] ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, iIdxCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
+      VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
+    }
   }
-  if( pParse->nTab<baseCur+i ){
-    pParse->nTab = baseCur+i;
-  }
-  return i-1;
+  if( iBase>pParse->nTab ) pParse->nTab = iBase;
+  return i;
 }
 
 
@@ -90509,18 +96484,19 @@
 **    *   The same DESC and ASC markings occurs on all columns
 **    *   The same onError processing (OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, etc)
 **    *   The same collating sequence on each column
+**    *   The index has the exact same WHERE clause
 */
 static int xferCompatibleIndex(Index *pDest, Index *pSrc){
   int i;
   assert( pDest && pSrc );
   assert( pDest->pTable!=pSrc->pTable );
-  if( pDest->nColumn!=pSrc->nColumn ){
+  if( pDest->nKeyCol!=pSrc->nKeyCol ){
     return 0;   /* Different number of columns */
   }
   if( pDest->onError!=pSrc->onError ){
     return 0;   /* Different conflict resolution strategies */
   }
-  for(i=0; i<pSrc->nColumn; i++){
+  for(i=0; i<pSrc->nKeyCol; i++){
     if( pSrc->aiColumn[i]!=pDest->aiColumn[i] ){
       return 0;   /* Different columns indexed */
     }
@@ -90531,6 +96507,9 @@
       return 0;   /* Different collating sequences */
     }
   }
+  if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pSrc->pPartIdxWhere, pDest->pPartIdxWhere, -1) ){
+    return 0;     /* Different WHERE clauses */
+  }
 
   /* If no test above fails then the indices must be compatible */
   return 1;
@@ -90576,10 +96555,9 @@
   int iDbSrc;                      /* The database of pSrc */
   int iSrc, iDest;                 /* Cursors from source and destination */
   int addr1, addr2;                /* Loop addresses */
-  int emptyDestTest;               /* Address of test for empty pDest */
-  int emptySrcTest;                /* Address of test for empty pSrc */
+  int emptyDestTest = 0;           /* Address of test for empty pDest */
+  int emptySrcTest = 0;            /* Address of test for empty pSrc */
   Vdbe *v;                         /* The VDBE we are building */
-  KeyInfo *pKey;                   /* Key information for an index */
   int regAutoinc;                  /* Memory register used by AUTOINC */
   int destHasUniqueIdx = 0;        /* True if pDest has a UNIQUE index */
   int regData, regRowid;           /* Registers holding data and rowid */
@@ -90587,6 +96565,12 @@
   if( pSelect==0 ){
     return 0;   /* Must be of the form  INSERT INTO ... SELECT ... */
   }
+  if( pParse->pWith || pSelect->pWith ){
+    /* Do not attempt to process this query if there are an WITH clauses
+    ** attached to it. Proceeding may generate a false "no such table: xxx"
+    ** error if pSelect reads from a CTE named "xxx".  */
+    return 0;
+  }
   if( sqlite3TriggerList(pParse, pDest) ){
     return 0;   /* tab1 must not have triggers */
   }
@@ -90642,13 +96626,16 @@
   ** we have to check the semantics.
   */
   pItem = pSelect->pSrc->a;
-  pSrc = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pItem->zName, pItem->zDatabase);
+  pSrc = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, 0, pItem);
   if( pSrc==0 ){
     return 0;   /* FROM clause does not contain a real table */
   }
   if( pSrc==pDest ){
     return 0;   /* tab1 and tab2 may not be the same table */
   }
+  if( HasRowid(pDest)!=HasRowid(pSrc) ){
+    return 0;   /* source and destination must both be WITHOUT ROWID or not */
+  }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
   if( pSrc->tabFlags & TF_Virtual ){
     return 0;   /* tab2 must not be a virtual table */
@@ -90664,18 +96651,27 @@
     return 0;   /* Both tables must have the same INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
   }
   for(i=0; i<pDest->nCol; i++){
-    if( pDest->aCol[i].affinity!=pSrc->aCol[i].affinity ){
+    Column *pDestCol = &pDest->aCol[i];
+    Column *pSrcCol = &pSrc->aCol[i];
+    if( pDestCol->affinity!=pSrcCol->affinity ){
       return 0;    /* Affinity must be the same on all columns */
     }
-    if( !xferCompatibleCollation(pDest->aCol[i].zColl, pSrc->aCol[i].zColl) ){
+    if( !xferCompatibleCollation(pDestCol->zColl, pSrcCol->zColl) ){
       return 0;    /* Collating sequence must be the same on all columns */
     }
-    if( pDest->aCol[i].notNull && !pSrc->aCol[i].notNull ){
+    if( pDestCol->notNull && !pSrcCol->notNull ){
       return 0;    /* tab2 must be NOT NULL if tab1 is */
     }
+    /* Default values for second and subsequent columns need to match. */
+    if( i>0
+     && ((pDestCol->zDflt==0)!=(pSrcCol->zDflt==0) 
+         || (pDestCol->zDflt && strcmp(pDestCol->zDflt, pSrcCol->zDflt)!=0))
+    ){
+      return 0;    /* Default values must be the same for all columns */
+    }
   }
   for(pDestIdx=pDest->pIndex; pDestIdx; pDestIdx=pDestIdx->pNext){
-    if( pDestIdx->onError!=OE_None ){
+    if( IsUniqueIndex(pDestIdx) ){
       destHasUniqueIdx = 1;
     }
     for(pSrcIdx=pSrc->pIndex; pSrcIdx; pSrcIdx=pSrcIdx->pNext){
@@ -90686,7 +96682,7 @@
     }
   }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-  if( pDest->pCheck && sqlite3ExprCompare(pSrc->pCheck, pDest->pCheck) ){
+  if( pDest->pCheck && sqlite3ExprListCompare(pSrc->pCheck,pDest->pCheck,-1) ){
     return 0;   /* Tables have different CHECK constraints.  Ticket #2252 */
   }
 #endif
@@ -90719,7 +96715,10 @@
   iSrc = pParse->nTab++;
   iDest = pParse->nTab++;
   regAutoinc = autoIncBegin(pParse, iDbDest, pDest);
+  regData = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  regRowid = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
   sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iDest, iDbDest, pDest, OP_OpenWrite);
+  assert( HasRowid(pDest) || destHasUniqueIdx );
   if( (pDest->iPKey<0 && pDest->pIndex!=0)          /* (1) */
    || destHasUniqueIdx                              /* (2) */
    || (onError!=OE_Abort && onError!=OE_Rollback)   /* (3) */
@@ -90738,60 +96737,60 @@
     **
     ** (3) onError is something other than OE_Abort and OE_Rollback.
     */
-    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iDest, 0);
+    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iDest, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
     emptyDestTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, 0);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
-  }else{
-    emptyDestTest = 0;
   }
-  sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iSrc, iDbSrc, pSrc, OP_OpenRead);
-  emptySrcTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iSrc, 0);
-  regData = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-  regRowid = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-  if( pDest->iPKey>=0 ){
-    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iSrc, regRowid);
-    addr2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDest, 0, regRowid);
-    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
-        pParse, onError, "PRIMARY KEY must be unique", P4_STATIC);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);
-    autoIncStep(pParse, regAutoinc, regRowid);
-  }else if( pDest->pIndex==0 ){
-    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iDest, regRowid);
+  if( HasRowid(pSrc) ){
+    sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iSrc, iDbSrc, pSrc, OP_OpenRead);
+    emptySrcTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iSrc, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    if( pDest->iPKey>=0 ){
+      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iSrc, regRowid);
+      addr2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDest, 0, regRowid);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+      sqlite3RowidConstraint(pParse, onError, pDest);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);
+      autoIncStep(pParse, regAutoinc, regRowid);
+    }else if( pDest->pIndex==0 ){
+      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iDest, regRowid);
+    }else{
+      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iSrc, regRowid);
+      assert( (pDest->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement)==0 );
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowData, iSrc, regData);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iDest, regData, regRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_NCHANGE|OPFLAG_LASTROWID|OPFLAG_APPEND);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pDest->zName, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
   }else{
-    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iSrc, regRowid);
-    assert( (pDest->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement)==0 );
+    sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDbDest, pDest->tnum, 1, pDest->zName);
+    sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDbSrc, pSrc->tnum, 0, pSrc->zName);
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowData, iSrc, regData);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iDest, regData, regRowid);
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_NCHANGE|OPFLAG_LASTROWID|OPFLAG_APPEND);
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pDest->zName, 0);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1);
   for(pDestIdx=pDest->pIndex; pDestIdx; pDestIdx=pDestIdx->pNext){
     for(pSrcIdx=pSrc->pIndex; ALWAYS(pSrcIdx); pSrcIdx=pSrcIdx->pNext){
       if( xferCompatibleIndex(pDestIdx, pSrcIdx) ) break;
     }
     assert( pSrcIdx );
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
-    pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pSrcIdx);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iSrc, pSrcIdx->tnum, iDbSrc,
-                      (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iSrc, pSrcIdx->tnum, iDbSrc);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pSrcIdx);
     VdbeComment((v, "%s", pSrcIdx->zName));
-    pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pDestIdx);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenWrite, iDest, pDestIdx->tnum, iDbDest,
-                      (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, iDest, pDestIdx->tnum, iDbDest);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pDestIdx);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_BULKCSR);
     VdbeComment((v, "%s", pDestIdx->zName));
-    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iSrc, 0);
+    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iSrc, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowKey, iSrc, regData);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxInsert, iDest, regData, 1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, emptySrcTest);
+  if( emptySrcTest ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, emptySrcTest);
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRowid);
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regData);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
   if( emptyDestTest ){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_OK, 0);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, emptyDestTest);
@@ -90844,7 +96843,6 @@
   const char *zLeftover;      /* Tail of unprocessed SQL */
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;    /* The current SQL statement */
   char **azCols = 0;          /* Names of result columns */
-  int nRetry = 0;             /* Number of retry attempts */
   int callbackIsInit;         /* True if callback data is initialized */
 
   if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
@@ -90852,12 +96850,12 @@
 
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
   sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK, 0);
-  while( (rc==SQLITE_OK || (rc==SQLITE_SCHEMA && (++nRetry)<2)) && zSql[0] ){
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && zSql[0] ){
     int nCol;
     char **azVals = 0;
 
     pStmt = 0;
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, &zLeftover);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, &zLeftover);
     assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pStmt==0 );
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       continue;
@@ -90903,6 +96901,9 @@
           }
         }
         if( xCallback(pArg, nCol, azVals, azCols) ){
+          /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-38229-40159 If the callback function to
+          ** sqlite3_exec() returns non-zero, then sqlite3_exec() will
+          ** return SQLITE_ABORT. */
           rc = SQLITE_ABORT;
           sqlite3VdbeFinalize((Vdbe *)pStmt);
           pStmt = 0;
@@ -90914,11 +96915,8 @@
       if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW ){
         rc = sqlite3VdbeFinalize((Vdbe *)pStmt);
         pStmt = 0;
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_SCHEMA ){
-          nRetry = 0;
-          zSql = zLeftover;
-          while( sqlite3Isspace(zSql[0]) ) zSql++;
-        }
+        zSql = zLeftover;
+        while( sqlite3Isspace(zSql[0]) ) zSql++;
         break;
       }
     }
@@ -91209,6 +97207,20 @@
   int (*blob_reopen)(sqlite3_blob*,sqlite3_int64);
   int (*vtab_config)(sqlite3*,int op,...);
   int (*vtab_on_conflict)(sqlite3*);
+  /* Version 3.7.16 and later */
+  int (*close_v2)(sqlite3*);
+  const char *(*db_filename)(sqlite3*,const char*);
+  int (*db_readonly)(sqlite3*,const char*);
+  int (*db_release_memory)(sqlite3*);
+  const char *(*errstr)(int);
+  int (*stmt_busy)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int (*stmt_readonly)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int (*stricmp)(const char*,const char*);
+  int (*uri_boolean)(const char*,const char*,int);
+  sqlite3_int64 (*uri_int64)(const char*,const char*,sqlite3_int64);
+  const char *(*uri_parameter)(const char*,const char*);
+  char *(*vsnprintf)(int,char*,const char*,va_list);
+  int (*wal_checkpoint_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int*,int*);
 };
 
 /*
@@ -91412,10 +97424,36 @@
 #define sqlite3_blob_reopen            sqlite3_api->blob_reopen
 #define sqlite3_vtab_config            sqlite3_api->vtab_config
 #define sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict       sqlite3_api->vtab_on_conflict
+/* Version 3.7.16 and later */
+#define sqlite3_close_v2               sqlite3_api->close_v2
+#define sqlite3_db_filename            sqlite3_api->db_filename
+#define sqlite3_db_readonly            sqlite3_api->db_readonly
+#define sqlite3_db_release_memory      sqlite3_api->db_release_memory
+#define sqlite3_errstr                 sqlite3_api->errstr
+#define sqlite3_stmt_busy              sqlite3_api->stmt_busy
+#define sqlite3_stmt_readonly          sqlite3_api->stmt_readonly
+#define sqlite3_stricmp                sqlite3_api->stricmp
+#define sqlite3_uri_boolean            sqlite3_api->uri_boolean
+#define sqlite3_uri_int64              sqlite3_api->uri_int64
+#define sqlite3_uri_parameter          sqlite3_api->uri_parameter
+#define sqlite3_uri_vsnprintf          sqlite3_api->vsnprintf
+#define sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2      sqlite3_api->wal_checkpoint_v2
 #endif /* SQLITE_CORE */
 
-#define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api = 0;
-#define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api = v;
+#ifndef SQLITE_CORE
+  /* This case when the file really is being compiled as a loadable 
+  ** extension */
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api=0;
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api=v;
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT3     \
+    extern const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api;
+#else
+  /* This case when the file is being statically linked into the 
+  ** application */
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     /*no-op*/
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  (void)v; /* unused parameter */
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT3     /*no-op*/
+#endif
 
 #endif /* _SQLITE3EXT_H_ */
 
@@ -91781,6 +97819,19 @@
   sqlite3_blob_reopen,
   sqlite3_vtab_config,
   sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict,
+  sqlite3_close_v2,
+  sqlite3_db_filename,
+  sqlite3_db_readonly,
+  sqlite3_db_release_memory,
+  sqlite3_errstr,
+  sqlite3_stmt_busy,
+  sqlite3_stmt_readonly,
+  sqlite3_stricmp,
+  sqlite3_uri_boolean,
+  sqlite3_uri_int64,
+  sqlite3_uri_parameter,
+  sqlite3_vsnprintf,
+  sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2
 };
 
 /*
@@ -91805,8 +97856,23 @@
   void *handle;
   int (*xInit)(sqlite3*,char**,const sqlite3_api_routines*);
   char *zErrmsg = 0;
+  const char *zEntry;
+  char *zAltEntry = 0;
   void **aHandle;
   int nMsg = 300 + sqlite3Strlen30(zFile);
+  int ii;
+
+  /* Shared library endings to try if zFile cannot be loaded as written */
+  static const char *azEndings[] = {
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN
+     "dll"   
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
+     "dylib"
+#else
+     "so"
+#endif
+  };
+
 
   if( pzErrMsg ) *pzErrMsg = 0;
 
@@ -91823,11 +97889,17 @@
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
 
-  if( zProc==0 ){
-    zProc = "sqlite3_extension_init";
-  }
+  zEntry = zProc ? zProc : "sqlite3_extension_init";
 
   handle = sqlite3OsDlOpen(pVfs, zFile);
+#if SQLITE_OS_UNIX || SQLITE_OS_WIN
+  for(ii=0; ii<ArraySize(azEndings) && handle==0; ii++){
+    char *zAltFile = sqlite3_mprintf("%s.%s", zFile, azEndings[ii]);
+    if( zAltFile==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    handle = sqlite3OsDlOpen(pVfs, zAltFile);
+    sqlite3_free(zAltFile);
+  }
+#endif
   if( handle==0 ){
     if( pzErrMsg ){
       *pzErrMsg = zErrmsg = sqlite3_malloc(nMsg);
@@ -91840,20 +97912,57 @@
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
   xInit = (int(*)(sqlite3*,char**,const sqlite3_api_routines*))
-                   sqlite3OsDlSym(pVfs, handle, zProc);
+                   sqlite3OsDlSym(pVfs, handle, zEntry);
+
+  /* If no entry point was specified and the default legacy
+  ** entry point name "sqlite3_extension_init" was not found, then
+  ** construct an entry point name "sqlite3_X_init" where the X is
+  ** replaced by the lowercase value of every ASCII alphabetic 
+  ** character in the filename after the last "/" upto the first ".",
+  ** and eliding the first three characters if they are "lib".  
+  ** Examples:
+  **
+  **    /usr/local/lib/libExample5.4.3.so ==>  sqlite3_example_init
+  **    C:/lib/mathfuncs.dll              ==>  sqlite3_mathfuncs_init
+  */
+  if( xInit==0 && zProc==0 ){
+    int iFile, iEntry, c;
+    int ncFile = sqlite3Strlen30(zFile);
+    zAltEntry = sqlite3_malloc(ncFile+30);
+    if( zAltEntry==0 ){
+      sqlite3OsDlClose(pVfs, handle);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    memcpy(zAltEntry, "sqlite3_", 8);
+    for(iFile=ncFile-1; iFile>=0 && zFile[iFile]!='/'; iFile--){}
+    iFile++;
+    if( sqlite3_strnicmp(zFile+iFile, "lib", 3)==0 ) iFile += 3;
+    for(iEntry=8; (c = zFile[iFile])!=0 && c!='.'; iFile++){
+      if( sqlite3Isalpha(c) ){
+        zAltEntry[iEntry++] = (char)sqlite3UpperToLower[(unsigned)c];
+      }
+    }
+    memcpy(zAltEntry+iEntry, "_init", 6);
+    zEntry = zAltEntry;
+    xInit = (int(*)(sqlite3*,char**,const sqlite3_api_routines*))
+                     sqlite3OsDlSym(pVfs, handle, zEntry);
+  }
   if( xInit==0 ){
     if( pzErrMsg ){
-      nMsg += sqlite3Strlen30(zProc);
+      nMsg += sqlite3Strlen30(zEntry);
       *pzErrMsg = zErrmsg = sqlite3_malloc(nMsg);
       if( zErrmsg ){
         sqlite3_snprintf(nMsg, zErrmsg,
-            "no entry point [%s] in shared library [%s]", zProc,zFile);
+            "no entry point [%s] in shared library [%s]", zEntry, zFile);
         sqlite3OsDlError(pVfs, nMsg-1, zErrmsg);
       }
-      sqlite3OsDlClose(pVfs, handle);
     }
+    sqlite3OsDlClose(pVfs, handle);
+    sqlite3_free(zAltEntry);
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
-  }else if( xInit(db, &zErrmsg, &sqlite3Apis) ){
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(zAltEntry);
+  if( xInit(db, &zErrmsg, &sqlite3Apis) ){
     if( pzErrMsg ){
       *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("error during initialization: %s", zErrmsg);
     }
@@ -92001,6 +98110,35 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Cancel a prior call to sqlite3_auto_extension.  Remove xInit from the
+** set of routines that is invoked for each new database connection, if it
+** is currently on the list.  If xInit is not on the list, then this
+** routine is a no-op.
+**
+** Return 1 if xInit was found on the list and removed.  Return 0 if xInit
+** was not on the list.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(void (*xInit)(void)){
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+#endif
+  int i;
+  int n = 0;
+  wsdAutoextInit;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+  for(i=wsdAutoext.nExt-1; i>=0; i--){
+    if( wsdAutoext.aExt[i]==xInit ){
+      wsdAutoext.nExt--;
+      wsdAutoext.aExt[i] = wsdAutoext.aExt[wsdAutoext.nExt];
+      n++;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  return n;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Reset the automatic extension loading mechanism.
 */
 SQLITE_API void sqlite3_reset_auto_extension(void){
@@ -92076,6 +98214,462 @@
 ** This file contains code used to implement the PRAGMA command.
 */
 
+#if !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE)
+#  if defined(__APPLE__)
+#    define SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE 1
+#  else
+#    define SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/***************************************************************************
+** The next block of code, including the PragTyp_XXXX macro definitions and
+** the aPragmaName[] object is composed of generated code. DO NOT EDIT.
+**
+** To add new pragmas, edit the code in ../tool/mkpragmatab.tcl and rerun
+** that script.  Then copy/paste the output in place of the following:
+*/
+#define PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE                   0
+#define PragTyp_AUTO_VACUUM                    1
+#define PragTyp_FLAG                           2
+#define PragTyp_BUSY_TIMEOUT                   3
+#define PragTyp_CACHE_SIZE                     4
+#define PragTyp_CASE_SENSITIVE_LIKE            5
+#define PragTyp_COLLATION_LIST                 6
+#define PragTyp_COMPILE_OPTIONS                7
+#define PragTyp_DATA_STORE_DIRECTORY           8
+#define PragTyp_DATABASE_LIST                  9
+#define PragTyp_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE            10
+#define PragTyp_ENCODING                      11
+#define PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECK             12
+#define PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_LIST              13
+#define PragTyp_INCREMENTAL_VACUUM            14
+#define PragTyp_INDEX_INFO                    15
+#define PragTyp_INDEX_LIST                    16
+#define PragTyp_INTEGRITY_CHECK               17
+#define PragTyp_JOURNAL_MODE                  18
+#define PragTyp_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT            19
+#define PragTyp_LOCK_PROXY_FILE               20
+#define PragTyp_LOCKING_MODE                  21
+#define PragTyp_PAGE_COUNT                    22
+#define PragTyp_MMAP_SIZE                     23
+#define PragTyp_PAGE_SIZE                     24
+#define PragTyp_SECURE_DELETE                 25
+#define PragTyp_SHRINK_MEMORY                 26
+#define PragTyp_SOFT_HEAP_LIMIT               27
+#define PragTyp_STATS                         28
+#define PragTyp_SYNCHRONOUS                   29
+#define PragTyp_TABLE_INFO                    30
+#define PragTyp_TEMP_STORE                    31
+#define PragTyp_TEMP_STORE_DIRECTORY          32
+#define PragTyp_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT            33
+#define PragTyp_WAL_CHECKPOINT                34
+#define PragTyp_ACTIVATE_EXTENSIONS           35
+#define PragTyp_HEXKEY                        36
+#define PragTyp_KEY                           37
+#define PragTyp_REKEY                         38
+#define PragTyp_LOCK_STATUS                   39
+#define PragTyp_PARSER_TRACE                  40
+#define PragFlag_NeedSchema           0x01
+static const struct sPragmaNames {
+  const char *const zName;  /* Name of pragma */
+  u8 ePragTyp;              /* PragTyp_XXX value */
+  u8 mPragFlag;             /* Zero or more PragFlag_XXX values */
+  u32 iArg;                 /* Extra argument */
+} aPragmaNames[] = {
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD)
+  { /* zName:     */ "activate_extensions",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_ACTIVATE_EXTENSIONS,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "application_id",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM)
+  { /* zName:     */ "auto_vacuum",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_AUTO_VACUUM,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX)
+  { /* zName:     */ "automatic_index",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_AutoIndex },
+#endif
+#endif
+  { /* zName:     */ "busy_timeout",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_BUSY_TIMEOUT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "cache_size",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_CACHE_SIZE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "cache_spill",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_CacheSpill },
+#endif
+  { /* zName:     */ "case_sensitive_like",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_CASE_SENSITIVE_LIKE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "checkpoint_fullfsync",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_CkptFullFSync },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "collation_list",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_COLLATION_LIST,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "compile_options",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_COMPILE_OPTIONS,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "count_changes",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_CountRows },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) && SQLITE_OS_WIN
+  { /* zName:     */ "data_store_directory",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_DATA_STORE_DIRECTORY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "database_list",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_DATABASE_LIST,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED)
+  { /* zName:     */ "default_cache_size",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+  { /* zName:     */ "defer_foreign_keys",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_DeferFKs },
+#endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "empty_result_callbacks",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_NullCallback },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16)
+  { /* zName:     */ "encoding",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_ENCODING,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+  { /* zName:     */ "foreign_key_check",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECK,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY)
+  { /* zName:     */ "foreign_key_list",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_LIST,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+  { /* zName:     */ "foreign_keys",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_ForeignKeys },
+#endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "freelist_count",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "full_column_names",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_FullColNames },
+  { /* zName:     */ "fullfsync",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_FullFSync },
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
+  { /* zName:     */ "hexkey",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEXKEY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "hexrekey",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEXKEY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK)
+  { /* zName:     */ "ignore_check_constraints",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_IgnoreChecks },
+#endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM)
+  { /* zName:     */ "incremental_vacuum",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_INCREMENTAL_VACUUM,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "index_info",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_INDEX_INFO,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "index_list",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_INDEX_LIST,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK)
+  { /* zName:     */ "integrity_check",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_INTEGRITY_CHECK,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "journal_mode",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_JOURNAL_MODE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "journal_size_limit",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
+  { /* zName:     */ "key",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_KEY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "legacy_file_format",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  { /* zName:     */ "lock_proxy_file",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_LOCK_PROXY_FILE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+  { /* zName:     */ "lock_status",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_LOCK_STATUS,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "locking_mode",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_LOCKING_MODE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "max_page_count",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_PAGE_COUNT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "mmap_size",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_MMAP_SIZE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "page_count",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_PAGE_COUNT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "page_size",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_PAGE_SIZE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+  { /* zName:     */ "parser_trace",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_PARSER_TRACE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "query_only",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_QueryOnly },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK)
+  { /* zName:     */ "quick_check",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_INTEGRITY_CHECK,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "read_uncommitted",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_ReadUncommitted },
+  { /* zName:     */ "recursive_triggers",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_RecTriggers },
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
+  { /* zName:     */ "rekey",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_REKEY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "reverse_unordered_selects",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_ReverseOrder },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "schema_version",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "secure_delete",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_SECURE_DELETE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "short_column_names",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_ShortColNames },
+#endif
+  { /* zName:     */ "shrink_memory",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_SHRINK_MEMORY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "soft_heap_limit",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_SOFT_HEAP_LIMIT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+  { /* zName:     */ "sql_trace",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_SqlTrace },
+#endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "stats",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_STATS,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "synchronous",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_SYNCHRONOUS,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "table_info",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_TABLE_INFO,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "temp_store",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_TEMP_STORE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "temp_store_directory",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_TEMP_STORE_DIRECTORY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "user_version",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+  { /* zName:     */ "vdbe_addoptrace",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace },
+  { /* zName:     */ "vdbe_debug",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_SqlTrace|SQLITE_VdbeListing|SQLITE_VdbeTrace },
+  { /* zName:     */ "vdbe_eqp",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_VdbeEQP },
+  { /* zName:     */ "vdbe_listing",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_VdbeListing },
+  { /* zName:     */ "vdbe_trace",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_VdbeTrace },
+#endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+  { /* zName:     */ "wal_autocheckpoint",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "wal_checkpoint",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_WAL_CHECKPOINT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "writable_schema",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_WriteSchema|SQLITE_RecoveryMode },
+#endif
+};
+/* Number of pragmas: 56 on by default, 69 total. */
+/* End of the automatically generated pragma table.
+***************************************************************************/
+
 /*
 ** Interpret the given string as a safety level.  Return 0 for OFF,
 ** 1 for ON or NORMAL and 2 for FULL.  Return 1 for an empty or 
@@ -92087,7 +98681,7 @@
 ** to support legacy SQL code.  The safety level used to be boolean
 ** and older scripts may have used numbers 0 for OFF and 1 for ON.
 */
-static u8 getSafetyLevel(const char *z, int omitFull, int dflt){
+static u8 getSafetyLevel(const char *z, int omitFull, u8 dflt){
                              /* 123456789 123456789 */
   static const char zText[] = "onoffalseyestruefull";
   static const u8 iOffset[] = {0, 1, 2, 4, 9, 12, 16};
@@ -92109,7 +98703,7 @@
 /*
 ** Interpret the given string as a boolean value.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetBoolean(const char *z, int dflt){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetBoolean(const char *z, u8 dflt){
   return getSafetyLevel(z,1,dflt)!=0;
 }
 
@@ -92181,7 +98775,7 @@
     }
     sqlite3BtreeClose(db->aDb[1].pBt);
     db->aDb[1].pBt = 0;
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+    sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -92221,89 +98815,35 @@
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, mem, 1);
 }
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS
+
 /*
-** Check to see if zRight and zLeft refer to a pragma that queries
-** or changes one of the flags in db->flags.  Return 1 if so and 0 if not.
-** Also, implement the pragma.
+** Set the safety_level and pager flags for pager iDb.  Or if iDb<0
+** set these values for all pagers.
 */
-static int flagPragma(Parse *pParse, const char *zLeft, const char *zRight){
-  static const struct sPragmaType {
-    const char *zName;  /* Name of the pragma */
-    int mask;           /* Mask for the db->flags value */
-  } aPragma[] = {
-    { "full_column_names",        SQLITE_FullColNames  },
-    { "short_column_names",       SQLITE_ShortColNames },
-    { "count_changes",            SQLITE_CountRows     },
-    { "empty_result_callbacks",   SQLITE_NullCallback  },
-    { "legacy_file_format",       SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt },
-    { "fullfsync",                SQLITE_FullFSync     },
-    { "checkpoint_fullfsync",     SQLITE_CkptFullFSync },
-    { "reverse_unordered_selects", SQLITE_ReverseOrder  },
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
-    { "automatic_index",          SQLITE_AutoIndex     },
-#endif
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    { "sql_trace",                SQLITE_SqlTrace      },
-    { "vdbe_listing",             SQLITE_VdbeListing   },
-    { "vdbe_trace",               SQLITE_VdbeTrace     },
-#endif
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-    { "ignore_check_constraints", SQLITE_IgnoreChecks  },
-#endif
-    /* The following is VERY experimental */
-    { "writable_schema",          SQLITE_WriteSchema|SQLITE_RecoveryMode },
-
-    /* TODO: Maybe it shouldn't be possible to change the ReadUncommitted
-    ** flag if there are any active statements. */
-    { "read_uncommitted",         SQLITE_ReadUncommitted },
-    { "recursive_triggers",       SQLITE_RecTriggers },
-
-    /* This flag may only be set if both foreign-key and trigger support
-    ** are present in the build.  */
-#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
-    { "foreign_keys",             SQLITE_ForeignKeys },
-#endif
-  };
-  int i;
-  const struct sPragmaType *p;
-  for(i=0, p=aPragma; i<ArraySize(aPragma); i++, p++){
-    if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, p->zName)==0 ){
-      sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-      Vdbe *v;
-      v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
-      assert( v!=0 );  /* Already allocated by sqlite3Pragma() */
-      if( ALWAYS(v) ){
-        if( zRight==0 ){
-          returnSingleInt(pParse, p->zName, (db->flags & p->mask)!=0 );
-        }else{
-          int mask = p->mask;          /* Mask of bits to set or clear. */
-          if( db->autoCommit==0 ){
-            /* Foreign key support may not be enabled or disabled while not
-            ** in auto-commit mode.  */
-            mask &= ~(SQLITE_ForeignKeys);
-          }
-
-          if( sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight, 0) ){
-            db->flags |= mask;
-          }else{
-            db->flags &= ~mask;
-          }
-
-          /* Many of the flag-pragmas modify the code generated by the SQL 
-          ** compiler (eg. count_changes). So add an opcode to expire all
-          ** compiled SQL statements after modifying a pragma value.
-          */
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Expire, 0, 0);
-        }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+static void setAllPagerFlags(sqlite3 *db){
+  if( db->autoCommit ){
+    Db *pDb = db->aDb;
+    int n = db->nDb;
+    assert( SQLITE_FullFSync==PAGER_FULLFSYNC );
+    assert( SQLITE_CkptFullFSync==PAGER_CKPT_FULLFSYNC );
+    assert( SQLITE_CacheSpill==PAGER_CACHESPILL );
+    assert( (PAGER_FULLFSYNC | PAGER_CKPT_FULLFSYNC | PAGER_CACHESPILL)
+             ==  PAGER_FLAGS_MASK );
+    assert( (pDb->safety_level & PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_MASK)==pDb->safety_level );
+    while( (n--) > 0 ){
+      if( pDb->pBt ){
+        sqlite3BtreeSetPagerFlags(pDb->pBt,
+                 pDb->safety_level | (db->flags & PAGER_FLAGS_MASK) );
       }
-
-      return 1;
+      pDb++;
     }
   }
-  return 0;
 }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS */
+#else
+# define setAllPagerFlags(X)  /* no-op */
+#endif
+
 
 /*
 ** Return a human-readable name for a constraint resolution action.
@@ -92374,12 +98914,13 @@
   char *zRight = 0;      /* Nul-terminated UTF-8 string <value>, or NULL */
   const char *zDb = 0;   /* The database name */
   Token *pId;            /* Pointer to <id> token */
-  int iDb;               /* Database index for <database> */
   char *aFcntl[4];       /* Argument to SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA */
+  int iDb;               /* Database index for <database> */
+  int lwr, upr, mid;           /* Binary search bounds */
   int rc;                      /* return value form SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;    /* The database connection */
   Db *pDb;                     /* The specific database being pragmaed */
-  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe = sqlite3VdbeCreate(db);  /* Prepared statement */
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);  /* Prepared statement */
 
   if( v==0 ) return;
   sqlite3VdbeRunOnlyOnce(v);
@@ -92420,6 +98961,7 @@
   aFcntl[1] = zLeft;
   aFcntl[2] = zRight;
   aFcntl[3] = 0;
+  db->busyHandler.nBusy = 0;
   rc = sqlite3_file_control(db, zDb, SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA, (void*)aFcntl);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     if( aFcntl[0] ){
@@ -92430,16 +98972,41 @@
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, mem, 1);
       sqlite3_free(aFcntl[0]);
     }
-  }else if( rc!=SQLITE_NOTFOUND ){
+    goto pragma_out;
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_NOTFOUND ){
     if( aFcntl[0] ){
       sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s", aFcntl[0]);
       sqlite3_free(aFcntl[0]);
     }
     pParse->nErr++;
     pParse->rc = rc;
-  }else
-                            
- 
+    goto pragma_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Locate the pragma in the lookup table */
+  lwr = 0;
+  upr = ArraySize(aPragmaNames)-1;
+  while( lwr<=upr ){
+    mid = (lwr+upr)/2;
+    rc = sqlite3_stricmp(zLeft, aPragmaNames[mid].zName);
+    if( rc==0 ) break;
+    if( rc<0 ){
+      upr = mid - 1;
+    }else{
+      lwr = mid + 1;
+    }
+  }
+  if( lwr>upr ) goto pragma_out;
+
+  /* Make sure the database schema is loaded if the pragma requires that */
+  if( (aPragmaNames[mid].mPragFlag & PragFlag_NeedSchema)!=0 ){
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Jump to the appropriate pragma handler */
+  switch( aPragmaNames[mid].ePragTyp ){
+  
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED)
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]default_cache_size
@@ -92457,25 +99024,26 @@
   ** size.  But continue to take the absolute value of the default cache
   ** size of historical compatibility.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"default_cache_size")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE: {
+    static const int iLn = VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(2);
     static const VdbeOpList getCacheSize[] = {
       { OP_Transaction, 0, 0,        0},                         /* 0 */
       { OP_ReadCookie,  0, 1,        BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE},  /* 1 */
-      { OP_IfPos,       1, 7,        0},
+      { OP_IfPos,       1, 8,        0},
       { OP_Integer,     0, 2,        0},
       { OP_Subtract,    1, 2,        1},
-      { OP_IfPos,       1, 7,        0},
+      { OP_IfPos,       1, 8,        0},
       { OP_Integer,     0, 1,        0},                         /* 6 */
+      { OP_Noop,        0, 0,        0},
       { OP_ResultRow,   1, 1,        0},
     };
     int addr;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
     if( !zRight ){
       sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "cache_size", SQLITE_STATIC);
       pParse->nMem += 2;
-      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(getCacheSize), getCacheSize);
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(getCacheSize), getCacheSize,iLn);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+6, SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE);
@@ -92488,7 +99056,8 @@
       pDb->pSchema->cache_size = size;
       sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(pDb->pBt, pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS && !SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED */
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
@@ -92501,7 +99070,7 @@
   ** database page size value.  The value can only be set if
   ** the database has not yet been created.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"page_size")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_PAGE_SIZE: {
     Btree *pBt = pDb->pBt;
     assert( pBt!=0 );
     if( !zRight ){
@@ -92516,7 +99085,8 @@
         db->mallocFailed = 1;
       }
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]secure_delete
@@ -92526,7 +99096,7 @@
   ** secure_delete flag.  The second form changes the secure_delete
   ** flag setting and reports thenew value.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"secure_delete")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_SECURE_DELETE: {
     Btree *pBt = pDb->pBt;
     int b = -1;
     assert( pBt!=0 );
@@ -92541,7 +99111,8 @@
     }
     b = sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(pBt, b);
     returnSingleInt(pParse, "secure_delete", b);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]max_page_count
@@ -92560,11 +99131,8 @@
   **
   ** Return the number of pages in the specified database.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"page_count")==0
-   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"max_page_count")==0
-  ){
+  case PragTyp_PAGE_COUNT: {
     int iReg;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
     iReg = ++pParse->nMem;
     if( sqlite3Tolower(zLeft[0])=='p' ){
@@ -92576,13 +99144,14 @@
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, iReg, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, zLeft, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]locking_mode
   **  PRAGMA [database.]locking_mode = (normal|exclusive)
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"locking_mode")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_LOCKING_MODE: {
     const char *zRet = "normal";
     int eMode = getLockingMode(zRight);
 
@@ -92615,7 +99184,8 @@
       eMode = sqlite3PagerLockingMode(pPager, eMode);
     }
 
-    assert(eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL||eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE);
+    assert( eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL
+            || eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE );
     if( eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE ){
       zRet = "exclusive";
     }
@@ -92623,25 +99193,18 @@
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "locking_mode", SQLITE_STATIC);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, zRet, 0);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]journal_mode
   **  PRAGMA [database.]journal_mode =
   **                      (delete|persist|off|truncate|memory|wal|off)
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"journal_mode")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_JOURNAL_MODE: {
     int eMode;        /* One of the PAGER_JOURNALMODE_XXX symbols */
     int ii;           /* Loop counter */
 
-    /* Force the schema to be loaded on all databases.  This causes all
-    ** database files to be opened and the journal_modes set.  This is
-    ** necessary because subsequent processing must know if the databases
-    ** are in WAL mode. */
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
-      goto pragma_out;
-    }
-
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "journal_mode", SQLITE_STATIC);
 
@@ -92673,7 +99236,8 @@
       }
     }
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]journal_size_limit
@@ -92681,16 +99245,17 @@
   **
   ** Get or set the size limit on rollback journal files.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"journal_size_limit")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT: {
     Pager *pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pDb->pBt);
     i64 iLimit = -2;
     if( zRight ){
-      sqlite3Atoi64(zRight, &iLimit, 1000000, SQLITE_UTF8);
+      sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(zRight, &iLimit);
       if( iLimit<-1 ) iLimit = -1;
     }
     iLimit = sqlite3PagerJournalSizeLimit(pPager, iLimit);
     returnSingleInt(pParse, "journal_size_limit", iLimit);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS */
 
@@ -92702,57 +99267,48 @@
   ** The value is one of:  0 NONE 1 FULL 2 INCREMENTAL
   */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"auto_vacuum")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_AUTO_VACUUM: {
     Btree *pBt = pDb->pBt;
     assert( pBt!=0 );
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
-      goto pragma_out;
-    }
     if( !zRight ){
-      int auto_vacuum;
-      if( ALWAYS(pBt) ){
-         auto_vacuum = sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(pBt);
-      }else{
-         auto_vacuum = SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOVACUUM;
-      }
-      returnSingleInt(pParse, "auto_vacuum", auto_vacuum);
+      returnSingleInt(pParse, "auto_vacuum", sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(pBt));
     }else{
       int eAuto = getAutoVacuum(zRight);
       assert( eAuto>=0 && eAuto<=2 );
       db->nextAutovac = (u8)eAuto;
-      if( ALWAYS(eAuto>=0) ){
-        /* Call SetAutoVacuum() to set initialize the internal auto and
-        ** incr-vacuum flags. This is required in case this connection
-        ** creates the database file. It is important that it is created
-        ** as an auto-vacuum capable db.
+      /* Call SetAutoVacuum() to set initialize the internal auto and
+      ** incr-vacuum flags. This is required in case this connection
+      ** creates the database file. It is important that it is created
+      ** as an auto-vacuum capable db.
+      */
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(pBt, eAuto);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (eAuto==1 || eAuto==2) ){
+        /* When setting the auto_vacuum mode to either "full" or 
+        ** "incremental", write the value of meta[6] in the database
+        ** file. Before writing to meta[6], check that meta[3] indicates
+        ** that this really is an auto-vacuum capable database.
         */
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(pBt, eAuto);
-        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (eAuto==1 || eAuto==2) ){
-          /* When setting the auto_vacuum mode to either "full" or 
-          ** "incremental", write the value of meta[6] in the database
-          ** file. Before writing to meta[6], check that meta[3] indicates
-          ** that this really is an auto-vacuum capable database.
-          */
-          static const VdbeOpList setMeta6[] = {
-            { OP_Transaction,    0,         1,                 0},    /* 0 */
-            { OP_ReadCookie,     0,         1,         BTREE_LARGEST_ROOT_PAGE},
-            { OP_If,             1,         0,                 0},    /* 2 */
-            { OP_Halt,           SQLITE_OK, OE_Abort,          0},    /* 3 */
-            { OP_Integer,        0,         1,                 0},    /* 4 */
-            { OP_SetCookie,      0,         BTREE_INCR_VACUUM, 1},    /* 5 */
-          };
-          int iAddr;
-          iAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(setMeta6), setMeta6);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr, iDb);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+1, iDb);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, iAddr+2, iAddr+4);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+4, eAuto-1);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+5, iDb);
-          sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
-        }
+        static const int iLn = VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(2);
+        static const VdbeOpList setMeta6[] = {
+          { OP_Transaction,    0,         1,                 0},    /* 0 */
+          { OP_ReadCookie,     0,         1,         BTREE_LARGEST_ROOT_PAGE},
+          { OP_If,             1,         0,                 0},    /* 2 */
+          { OP_Halt,           SQLITE_OK, OE_Abort,          0},    /* 3 */
+          { OP_Integer,        0,         1,                 0},    /* 4 */
+          { OP_SetCookie,      0,         BTREE_INCR_VACUUM, 1},    /* 5 */
+        };
+        int iAddr;
+        iAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(setMeta6), setMeta6, iLn);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr, iDb);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+1, iDb);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, iAddr+2, iAddr+4);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+4, eAuto-1);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+5, iDb);
+        sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
       }
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif
 
   /*
@@ -92761,22 +99317,20 @@
   ** Do N steps of incremental vacuuming on a database.
   */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"incremental_vacuum")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_INCREMENTAL_VACUUM: {
     int iLimit, addr;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
-      goto pragma_out;
-    }
     if( zRight==0 || !sqlite3GetInt32(zRight, &iLimit) || iLimit<=0 ){
       iLimit = 0x7fffffff;
     }
     sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, iLimit, 1);
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IncrVacuum, iDb);
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IncrVacuum, iDb); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_ResultRow, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 1, -1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, 1, addr);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, 1, addr); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
@@ -92791,8 +99345,7 @@
   ** number of pages is adjusted so that the cache uses -N kibibytes
   ** of memory.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"cache_size")==0 ){
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+  case PragTyp_CACHE_SIZE: {
     assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
     if( !zRight ){
       returnSingleInt(pParse, "cache_size", pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
@@ -92801,7 +99354,52 @@
       pDb->pSchema->cache_size = size;
       sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(pDb->pBt, pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]mmap_size(N)
+  **
+  ** Used to set mapping size limit. The mapping size limit is
+  ** used to limit the aggregate size of all memory mapped regions of the
+  ** database file. If this parameter is set to zero, then memory mapping
+  ** is not used at all.  If N is negative, then the default memory map
+  ** limit determined by sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE) is set.
+  ** The parameter N is measured in bytes.
+  **
+  ** This value is advisory.  The underlying VFS is free to memory map
+  ** as little or as much as it wants.  Except, if N is set to 0 then the
+  ** upper layers will never invoke the xFetch interfaces to the VFS.
+  */
+  case PragTyp_MMAP_SIZE: {
+    sqlite3_int64 sz;
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    if( zRight ){
+      int ii;
+      sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(zRight, &sz);
+      if( sz<0 ) sz = sqlite3GlobalConfig.szMmap;
+      if( pId2->n==0 ) db->szMmap = sz;
+      for(ii=db->nDb-1; ii>=0; ii--){
+        if( db->aDb[ii].pBt && (ii==iDb || pId2->n==0) ){
+          sqlite3BtreeSetMmapLimit(db->aDb[ii].pBt, sz);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    sz = -1;
+    rc = sqlite3_file_control(db, zDb, SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE, &sz);
+#else
+    sz = 0;
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+#endif
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      returnSingleInt(pParse, "mmap_size", sz);
+    }else if( rc!=SQLITE_NOTFOUND ){
+      pParse->nErr++;
+      pParse->rc = rc;
+    }
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **   PRAGMA temp_store
@@ -92814,13 +99412,14 @@
   ** Note that it is possible for the library compile-time options to
   ** override this setting
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "temp_store")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_TEMP_STORE: {
     if( !zRight ){
       returnSingleInt(pParse, "temp_store", db->temp_store);
     }else{
       changeTempStorage(pParse, zRight);
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **   PRAGMA temp_store_directory
@@ -92832,7 +99431,7 @@
   ** If temporary directory is changed, then invalidateTempStorage.
   **
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "temp_store_directory")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_TEMP_STORE_DIRECTORY: {
     if( !zRight ){
       if( sqlite3_temp_directory ){
         sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
@@ -92865,25 +99464,64 @@
       }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WSD */
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
-#if !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE)
-#  if defined(__APPLE__)
-#    define SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE 1
-#  else
-#    define SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE 0
-#  endif
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA data_store_directory
+  **   PRAGMA data_store_directory = ""|"directory_name"
+  **
+  ** Return or set the local value of the data_store_directory flag.  Changing
+  ** the value sets a specific directory to be used for database files that
+  ** were specified with a relative pathname.  Setting to a null string reverts
+  ** to the default database directory, which for database files specified with
+  ** a relative path will probably be based on the current directory for the
+  ** process.  Database file specified with an absolute path are not impacted
+  ** by this setting, regardless of its value.
+  **
+  */
+  case PragTyp_DATA_STORE_DIRECTORY: {
+    if( !zRight ){
+      if( sqlite3_data_directory ){
+        sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, 
+            "data_store_directory", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, sqlite3_data_directory, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
+      }
+    }else{
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+      if( zRight[0] ){
+        int res;
+        rc = sqlite3OsAccess(db->pVfs, zRight, SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE, &res);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || res==0 ){
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "not a writable directory");
+          goto pragma_out;
+        }
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(sqlite3_data_directory);
+      if( zRight[0] ){
+        sqlite3_data_directory = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zRight);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_data_directory = 0;
+      }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WSD */
+    }
+    break;
+  }
 #endif
+
 #if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
   /*
-   **   PRAGMA [database.]lock_proxy_file
-   **   PRAGMA [database.]lock_proxy_file = ":auto:"|"lock_file_path"
-   **
-   ** Return or set the value of the lock_proxy_file flag.  Changing
-   ** the value sets a specific file to be used for database access locks.
-   **
-   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "lock_proxy_file")==0 ){
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]lock_proxy_file
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]lock_proxy_file = ":auto:"|"lock_file_path"
+  **
+  ** Return or set the value of the lock_proxy_file flag.  Changing
+  ** the value sets a specific file to be used for database access locks.
+  **
+  */
+  case PragTyp_LOCK_PROXY_FILE: {
     if( !zRight ){
       Pager *pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pDb->pBt);
       char *proxy_file_path = NULL;
@@ -92914,7 +99552,8 @@
         goto pragma_out;
       }
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE */      
     
   /*
@@ -92926,8 +99565,7 @@
   ** default value will be restored the next time the database is
   ** opened.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"synchronous")==0 ){
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+  case PragTyp_SYNCHRONOUS: {
     if( !zRight ){
       returnSingleInt(pParse, "synchronous", pDb->safety_level-1);
     }else{
@@ -92936,16 +99574,42 @@
             "Safety level may not be changed inside a transaction");
       }else{
         pDb->safety_level = getSafetyLevel(zRight,0,1)+1;
+        setAllPagerFlags(db);
       }
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS
-  if( flagPragma(pParse, zLeft, zRight) ){
-    /* The flagPragma() subroutine also generates any necessary code
-    ** there is nothing more to do here */
-  }else
+  case PragTyp_FLAG: {
+    if( zRight==0 ){
+      returnSingleInt(pParse, aPragmaNames[mid].zName,
+                     (db->flags & aPragmaNames[mid].iArg)!=0 );
+    }else{
+      int mask = aPragmaNames[mid].iArg;    /* Mask of bits to set or clear. */
+      if( db->autoCommit==0 ){
+        /* Foreign key support may not be enabled or disabled while not
+        ** in auto-commit mode.  */
+        mask &= ~(SQLITE_ForeignKeys);
+      }
+
+      if( sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight, 0) ){
+        db->flags |= mask;
+      }else{
+        db->flags &= ~mask;
+        if( mask==SQLITE_DeferFKs ) db->nDeferredImmCons = 0;
+      }
+
+      /* Many of the flag-pragmas modify the code generated by the SQL 
+      ** compiler (eg. count_changes). So add an opcode to expire all
+      ** compiled SQL statements after modifying a pragma value.
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Expire, 0, 0);
+      setAllPagerFlags(db);
+    }
+    break;
+  }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS
@@ -92961,16 +99625,17 @@
   ** notnull:    True if 'NOT NULL' is part of column declaration
   ** dflt_value: The default value for the column, if any.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "table_info")==0 && zRight ){
+  case PragTyp_TABLE_INFO: if( zRight ){
     Table *pTab;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zRight, zDb);
     if( pTab ){
-      int i;
+      int i, k;
       int nHidden = 0;
       Column *pCol;
+      Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
       sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 6);
       pParse->nMem = 6;
+      sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "cid", SQLITE_STATIC);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "type", SQLITE_STATIC);
@@ -92993,27 +99658,67 @@
         }else{
           sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, 5);
         }
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pCol->isPrimKey, 6);
+        if( (pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY)==0 ){
+          k = 0;
+        }else if( pPk==0 ){
+          k = 1;
+        }else{
+          for(k=1; ALWAYS(k<=pTab->nCol) && pPk->aiColumn[k-1]!=i; k++){}
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, k, 6);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 6);
       }
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "index_info")==0 && zRight ){
+  case PragTyp_STATS: {
+    Index *pIdx;
+    HashElem *i;
+    v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 4);
+    pParse->nMem = 4;
+    sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "table", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "index", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "width", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 3, COLNAME_NAME, "height", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    for(i=sqliteHashFirst(&pDb->pSchema->tblHash); i; i=sqliteHashNext(i)){
+      Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(i);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, 2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer,
+                           (int)sqlite3LogEstToInt(pTab->szTabRow), 3);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 
+          (int)sqlite3LogEstToInt(pTab->nRowLogEst), 4);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 4);
+      for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, pIdx->zName, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer,
+                             (int)sqlite3LogEstToInt(pIdx->szIdxRow), 3);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 
+            (int)sqlite3LogEstToInt(pIdx->aiRowLogEst[0]), 4);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 4);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+
+  case PragTyp_INDEX_INFO: if( zRight ){
     Index *pIdx;
     Table *pTab;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, zRight, zDb);
     if( pIdx ){
       int i;
       pTab = pIdx->pTable;
       sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
       pParse->nMem = 3;
+      sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "seqno", SQLITE_STATIC);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "cid", SQLITE_STATIC);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
-      for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
-        int cnum = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+      for(i=0; i<pIdx->nKeyCol; i++){
+        i16 cnum = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, 1);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, cnum, 2);
         assert( pTab->nCol>cnum );
@@ -93021,38 +99726,34 @@
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
       }
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "index_list")==0 && zRight ){
+  case PragTyp_INDEX_LIST: if( zRight ){
     Index *pIdx;
     Table *pTab;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    int i;
     pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zRight, zDb);
     if( pTab ){
       v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
-      pIdx = pTab->pIndex;
-      if( pIdx ){
-        int i = 0; 
-        sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
-        pParse->nMem = 3;
-        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "seq", SQLITE_STATIC);
-        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
-        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "unique", SQLITE_STATIC);
-        while(pIdx){
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, 1);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, pIdx->zName, 0);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pIdx->onError!=OE_None, 3);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
-          ++i;
-          pIdx = pIdx->pNext;
-        }
+      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
+      pParse->nMem = 3;
+      sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "seq", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "unique", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex, i=0; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, pIdx->zName, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, IsUniqueIndex(pIdx), 3);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
       }
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "database_list")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_DATABASE_LIST: {
     int i;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
     pParse->nMem = 3;
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "seq", SQLITE_STATIC);
@@ -93067,9 +99768,10 @@
            sqlite3BtreeGetFilename(db->aDb[i].pBt), 0);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "collation_list")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_COLLATION_LIST: {
     int i = 0;
     HashElem *p;
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 2);
@@ -93082,14 +99784,14 @@
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, pColl->zName, 0);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 2);
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "foreign_key_list")==0 && zRight ){
+  case PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_LIST: if( zRight ){
     FKey *pFK;
     Table *pTab;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zRight, zDb);
     if( pTab ){
       v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
@@ -93098,6 +99800,7 @@
         int i = 0; 
         sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 8);
         pParse->nMem = 8;
+        sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
         sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "id", SQLITE_STATIC);
         sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "seq", SQLITE_STATIC);
         sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "table", SQLITE_STATIC);
@@ -93128,11 +99831,131 @@
         }
       }
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  case PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECK: {
+    FKey *pFK;             /* A foreign key constraint */
+    Table *pTab;           /* Child table contain "REFERENCES" keyword */
+    Table *pParent;        /* Parent table that child points to */
+    Index *pIdx;           /* Index in the parent table */
+    int i;                 /* Loop counter:  Foreign key number for pTab */
+    int j;                 /* Loop counter:  Field of the foreign key */
+    HashElem *k;           /* Loop counter:  Next table in schema */
+    int x;                 /* result variable */
+    int regResult;         /* 3 registers to hold a result row */
+    int regKey;            /* Register to hold key for checking the FK */
+    int regRow;            /* Registers to hold a row from pTab */
+    int addrTop;           /* Top of a loop checking foreign keys */
+    int addrOk;            /* Jump here if the key is OK */
+    int *aiCols;           /* child to parent column mapping */
+
+    regResult = pParse->nMem+1;
+    pParse->nMem += 4;
+    regKey = ++pParse->nMem;
+    regRow = ++pParse->nMem;
+    v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 4);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "table", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "rowid", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "parent", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 3, COLNAME_NAME, "fkid", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+    k = sqliteHashFirst(&db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->tblHash);
+    while( k ){
+      if( zRight ){
+        pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, zRight, zDb);
+        k = 0;
+      }else{
+        pTab = (Table*)sqliteHashData(k);
+        k = sqliteHashNext(k);
+      }
+      if( pTab==0 || pTab->pFKey==0 ) continue;
+      sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
+      if( pTab->nCol+regRow>pParse->nMem ) pParse->nMem = pTab->nCol + regRow;
+      sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, 0, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regResult, 0, pTab->zName,
+                        P4_TRANSIENT);
+      for(i=1, pFK=pTab->pFKey; pFK; i++, pFK=pFK->pNextFrom){
+        pParent = sqlite3FindTable(db, pFK->zTo, zDb);
+        if( pParent==0 ) continue;
+        pIdx = 0;
+        sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pParent->tnum, 0, pParent->zName);
+        x = sqlite3FkLocateIndex(pParse, pParent, pFK, &pIdx, 0);
+        if( x==0 ){
+          if( pIdx==0 ){
+            sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, i, iDb, pParent, OP_OpenRead);
+          }else{
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, i, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
+            sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
+          }
+        }else{
+          k = 0;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      assert( pParse->nErr>0 || pFK==0 );
+      if( pFK ) break;
+      if( pParse->nTab<i ) pParse->nTab = i;
+      addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      for(i=1, pFK=pTab->pFKey; pFK; i++, pFK=pFK->pNextFrom){
+        pParent = sqlite3FindTable(db, pFK->zTo, zDb);
+        pIdx = 0;
+        aiCols = 0;
+        if( pParent ){
+          x = sqlite3FkLocateIndex(pParse, pParent, pFK, &pIdx, &aiCols);
+          assert( x==0 );
+        }
+        addrOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+        if( pParent && pIdx==0 ){
+          int iKey = pFK->aCol[0].iFrom;
+          assert( iKey>=0 && iKey<pTab->nCol );
+          if( iKey!=pTab->iPKey ){
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, 0, iKey, regRow);
+            sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, iKey, regRow);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regRow, addrOk); VdbeCoverage(v);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, regRow, 
+               sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+3); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          }else{
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, 0, regRow);
+          }
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, i, 0, regRow); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrOk);
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)-2);
+        }else{
+          for(j=0; j<pFK->nCol; j++){
+            sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, 0,
+                            aiCols ? aiCols[j] : pFK->aCol[j].iFrom, regRow+j);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regRow+j, addrOk); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          }
+          if( pParent ){
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regRow, pFK->nCol, regKey,
+                              sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v,pIdx), pFK->nCol);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, i, addrOk, regKey, 0);
+            VdbeCoverage(v);
+          }
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, 0, regResult+1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regResult+2, 0, 
+                          pFK->zTo, P4_TRANSIENT);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i-1, regResult+3);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, regResult, 4);
+        sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrOk);
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, aiCols);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 0, addrTop+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrTop);
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER) */
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) */
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "parser_trace")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_PARSER_TRACE: {
     if( zRight ){
       if( sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight, 0) ){
         sqlite3ParserTrace(stderr, "parser: ");
@@ -93140,47 +99963,59 @@
         sqlite3ParserTrace(0, 0);
       }
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 #endif
 
   /* Reinstall the LIKE and GLOB functions.  The variant of LIKE
   ** used will be case sensitive or not depending on the RHS.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "case_sensitive_like")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_CASE_SENSITIVE_LIKE: {
     if( zRight ){
       sqlite3RegisterLikeFunctions(db, sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight, 0));
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_INTEGRITY_CHECK_ERROR_MAX
 # define SQLITE_INTEGRITY_CHECK_ERROR_MAX 100
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK
-  /* Pragma "quick_check" is an experimental reduced version of 
+  /* Pragma "quick_check" is reduced version of 
   ** integrity_check designed to detect most database corruption
   ** without most of the overhead of a full integrity-check.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "integrity_check")==0
-   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "quick_check")==0 
-  ){
+  case PragTyp_INTEGRITY_CHECK: {
     int i, j, addr, mxErr;
 
     /* Code that appears at the end of the integrity check.  If no error
     ** messages have been generated, output OK.  Otherwise output the
     ** error message
     */
+    static const int iLn = VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(2);
     static const VdbeOpList endCode[] = {
-      { OP_AddImm,      1, 0,        0},    /* 0 */
-      { OP_IfNeg,       1, 0,        0},    /* 1 */
-      { OP_String8,     0, 3,        0},    /* 2 */
+      { OP_IfNeg,       1, 0,        0},    /* 0 */
+      { OP_String8,     0, 3,        0},    /* 1 */
       { OP_ResultRow,   3, 1,        0},
     };
 
     int isQuick = (sqlite3Tolower(zLeft[0])=='q');
 
+    /* If the PRAGMA command was of the form "PRAGMA <db>.integrity_check",
+    ** then iDb is set to the index of the database identified by <db>.
+    ** In this case, the integrity of database iDb only is verified by
+    ** the VDBE created below.
+    **
+    ** Otherwise, if the command was simply "PRAGMA integrity_check" (or
+    ** "PRAGMA quick_check"), then iDb is set to 0. In this case, set iDb
+    ** to -1 here, to indicate that the VDBE should verify the integrity
+    ** of all attached databases.  */
+    assert( iDb>=0 );
+    assert( iDb==0 || pId2->z );
+    if( pId2->z==0 ) iDb = -1;
+
     /* Initialize the VDBE program */
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     pParse->nMem = 6;
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "integrity_check", SQLITE_STATIC);
@@ -93202,9 +100037,11 @@
       int cnt = 0;
 
       if( OMIT_TEMPDB && i==1 ) continue;
+      if( iDb>=0 && i!=iDb ) continue;
 
       sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, i);
       addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1); /* Halt if out of errors */
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, 0, 0);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
 
@@ -93213,28 +100050,30 @@
       ** Begin by filling registers 2, 3, ... with the root pages numbers
       ** for all tables and indices in the database.
       */
-      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, i, 0) );
       pTbls = &db->aDb[i].pSchema->tblHash;
       for(x=sqliteHashFirst(pTbls); x; x=sqliteHashNext(x)){
         Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(x);
         Index *pIdx;
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pTab->tnum, 2+cnt);
-        cnt++;
+        if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pTab->tnum, 2+cnt);
+          VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
+          cnt++;
+        }
         for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
           sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pIdx->tnum, 2+cnt);
+          VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
           cnt++;
         }
       }
 
       /* Make sure sufficient number of registers have been allocated */
-      if( pParse->nMem < cnt+4 ){
-        pParse->nMem = cnt+4;
-      }
+      pParse->nMem = MAX( pParse->nMem, cnt+8 );
 
       /* Do the b-tree integrity checks */
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IntegrityCk, 2, cnt, 1);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, (u8)i);
-      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, 2);
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, 2); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0,
          sqlite3MPrintf(db, "*** in database %s ***\n", db->aDb[i].zName),
          P4_DYNAMIC);
@@ -93247,77 +100086,127 @@
       */
       for(x=sqliteHashFirst(pTbls); x && !isQuick; x=sqliteHashNext(x)){
         Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(x);
-        Index *pIdx;
+        Index *pIdx, *pPk;
+        Index *pPrior = 0;
         int loopTop;
+        int iDataCur, iIdxCur;
+        int r1 = -1;
 
         if( pTab->pIndex==0 ) continue;
+        pPk = HasRowid(pTab) ? 0 : sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
         addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1);  /* Stop if out of errors */
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, 0, 0);
         sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
-        sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, 1, OP_OpenRead);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, 2);  /* reg(2) will count entries */
-        loopTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, 1, 0);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 2, 1);   /* increment entry count */
+        sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+        sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, OP_OpenRead,
+                                   1, 0, &iDataCur, &iIdxCur);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, 7);
         for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
-          int jmp2;
-          int r1;
-          static const VdbeOpList idxErr[] = {
-            { OP_AddImm,      1, -1,  0},
-            { OP_String8,     0,  3,  0},    /* 1 */
-            { OP_Rowid,       1,  4,  0},
-            { OP_String8,     0,  5,  0},    /* 3 */
-            { OP_String8,     0,  6,  0},    /* 4 */
-            { OP_Concat,      4,  3,  3},
-            { OP_Concat,      5,  3,  3},
-            { OP_Concat,      6,  3,  3},
-            { OP_ResultRow,   3,  1,  0},
-            { OP_IfPos,       1,  0,  0},    /* 9 */
-            { OP_Halt,        0,  0,  0},
-          };
-          r1 = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, 1, 3, 0);
-          jmp2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, j+2, 0, r1, pIdx->nColumn+1);
-          addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(idxErr), idxErr);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+1, "rowid ", P4_STATIC);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+3, " missing from index ", P4_STATIC);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+4, pIdx->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
-          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr+9);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, 8+j); /* index entries counter */
+        }
+        pParse->nMem = MAX(pParse->nMem, 8+j);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iDataCur, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        loopTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 7, 1);
+        /* Verify that all NOT NULL columns really are NOT NULL */
+        for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
+          char *zErr;
+          int jmp2, jmp3;
+          if( j==pTab->iPKey ) continue;
+          if( pTab->aCol[j].notNull==0 ) continue;
+          sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, j, 3);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG);
+          jmp2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, 3); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 1, -1); /* Decrement error limit */
+          zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "NULL value in %s.%s", pTab->zName,
+                              pTab->aCol[j].zName);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0, zErr, P4_DYNAMIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 3, 1);
+          jmp3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Halt);
           sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp2);
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp3);
         }
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 1, loopTop+1);
-        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, loopTop);
+        /* Validate index entries for the current row */
         for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
-          static const VdbeOpList cntIdx[] = {
-             { OP_Integer,      0,  3,  0},
-             { OP_Rewind,       0,  0,  0},  /* 1 */
-             { OP_AddImm,       3,  1,  0},
-             { OP_Next,         0,  0,  0},  /* 3 */
-             { OP_Eq,           2,  0,  3},  /* 4 */
-             { OP_AddImm,       1, -1,  0},
-             { OP_String8,      0,  2,  0},  /* 6 */
-             { OP_String8,      0,  3,  0},  /* 7 */
-             { OP_Concat,       3,  2,  2},
-             { OP_ResultRow,    2,  1,  0},
-          };
-          addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, 0, 0);
-          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
-          addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(cntIdx), cntIdx);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, j+2);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr+1, addr+4);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+3, j+2);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr+3, addr+2);
-          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr+4);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+6, 
-                     "wrong # of entries in index ", P4_STATIC);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+7, pIdx->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+          int jmp2, jmp3, jmp4, jmp5;
+          int ckUniq = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+          if( pPk==pIdx ) continue;
+          r1 = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, iDataCur, 0, 0, &jmp3,
+                                       pPrior, r1);
+          pPrior = pIdx;
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 8+j, 1);  /* increment entry count */
+          /* Verify that an index entry exists for the current table row */
+          jmp2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iIdxCur+j, ckUniq, r1,
+                                      pIdx->nColumn); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 1, -1); /* Decrement error limit */
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0, "row ", P4_STATIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, 7, 3, 3);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 4, 0, 
+                            " missing from index ", P4_STATIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, 4, 3, 3);
+          jmp5 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 4, 0,
+                                   pIdx->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, 4, 3, 3);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 3, 1);
+          jmp4 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Halt);
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp2);
+          /* For UNIQUE indexes, verify that only one entry exists with the
+          ** current key.  The entry is unique if (1) any column is NULL
+          ** or (2) the next entry has a different key */
+          if( IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) ){
+            int uniqOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+            int jmp6;
+            int kk;
+            for(kk=0; kk<pIdx->nKeyCol; kk++){
+              int iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[kk];
+              assert( iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nCol );
+              if( pTab->aCol[iCol].notNull ) continue;
+              sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, r1+kk, uniqOk);
+              VdbeCoverage(v);
+            }
+            jmp6 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Next, iIdxCur+j); VdbeCoverage(v);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, uniqOk);
+            sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp6);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_IdxGT, iIdxCur+j, uniqOk, r1,
+                                 pIdx->nKeyCol); VdbeCoverage(v);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 1, -1); /* Decrement error limit */
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0,
+                              "non-unique entry in index ", P4_STATIC);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, jmp5);
+            sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, uniqOk);
+          }
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp4);
+          sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(pParse, jmp3);
         }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iDataCur, loopTop); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, loopTop-1);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, 
+                     "wrong # of entries in index ", P4_STATIC);
+        for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
+          if( pPk==pIdx ) continue;
+          addr = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, 1, addr+2); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, 0, 0);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur+j, 3);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, 8+j, addr+8, 3); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 1, -1);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0, pIdx->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, 3, 2, 7);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 7, 1);
+        }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT */
       } 
     }
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(endCode), endCode);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr, -mxErr);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr+1);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+2, "ok", P4_STATIC);
-  }else
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(endCode), endCode, iLn);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, addr, -mxErr);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+1, "ok", P4_STATIC);
+  }
+  break;
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
@@ -93343,7 +100232,7 @@
   ** new database files created using this database handle. It is only
   ** useful if invoked immediately after the main database i
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "encoding")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_ENCODING: {
     static const struct EncName {
       char *zName;
       u8 enc;
@@ -93390,7 +100279,8 @@
         }
       }
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS
@@ -93401,6 +100291,11 @@
   **   PRAGMA [database.]user_version
   **   PRAGMA [database.]user_version = <integer>
   **
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]freelist_count = <integer>
+  **
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]application_id
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]application_id = <integer>
+  **
   ** The pragma's schema_version and user_version are used to set or get
   ** the value of the schema-version and user-version, respectively. Both
   ** the schema-version and the user-version are 32-bit signed integers
@@ -93419,13 +100314,13 @@
   ** The user-version is not used internally by SQLite. It may be used by
   ** applications for any purpose.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "schema_version")==0 
-   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "user_version")==0 
-   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "freelist_count")==0 
-  ){
+  case PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE: {
     int iCookie;   /* Cookie index. 1 for schema-cookie, 6 for user-cookie. */
     sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
     switch( zLeft[0] ){
+      case 'a': case 'A':
+        iCookie = BTREE_APPLICATION_ID;
+        break;
       case 'f': case 'F':
         iCookie = BTREE_FREE_PAGE_COUNT;
         break;
@@ -93444,7 +100339,7 @@
         { OP_Integer,        0,  1,  0},    /* 1 */
         { OP_SetCookie,      0,  0,  1},    /* 2 */
       };
-      int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(setCookie), setCookie);
+      int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(setCookie), setCookie, 0);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+2, iDb);
@@ -93456,14 +100351,15 @@
         { OP_ReadCookie,      0,  1,  0},    /* 1 */
         { OP_ResultRow,       1,  1,  0}
       };
-      int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(readCookie), readCookie);
+      int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(readCookie), readCookie, 0);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, addr+1, iCookie);
       sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, zLeft, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
@@ -93473,7 +100369,7 @@
   ** Return the names of all compile-time options used in this build,
   ** one option per row.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "compile_options")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_COMPILE_OPTIONS: {
     int i = 0;
     const char *zOpt;
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
@@ -93483,7 +100379,8 @@
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, zOpt, 0);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
@@ -93492,7 +100389,7 @@
   **
   ** Checkpoint the database.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "wal_checkpoint")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_WAL_CHECKPOINT: {
     int iBt = (pId2->z?iDb:SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED);
     int eMode = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE;
     if( zRight ){
@@ -93502,7 +100399,6 @@
         eMode = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART;
       }
     }
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
     pParse->nMem = 3;
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "busy", SQLITE_STATIC);
@@ -93511,7 +100407,8 @@
 
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Checkpoint, iBt, eMode, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 
   /*
   **   PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint
@@ -93521,14 +100418,15 @@
   ** after accumulating N frames in the log. Or query for the current value
   ** of N.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "wal_autocheckpoint")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT: {
     if( zRight ){
       sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(db, sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
     }
     returnSingleInt(pParse, "wal_autocheckpoint", 
        db->xWalCallback==sqlite3WalDefaultHook ? 
            SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(db->pWalArg) : 0);
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 #endif
 
   /*
@@ -93537,15 +100435,50 @@
   ** This pragma attempts to free as much memory as possible from the
   ** current database connection.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "shrink_memory")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_SHRINK_MEMORY: {
     sqlite3_db_release_memory(db);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA busy_timeout
+  **   PRAGMA busy_timeout = N
+  **
+  ** Call sqlite3_busy_timeout(db, N).  Return the current timeout value
+  ** if one is set.  If no busy handler or a different busy handler is set
+  ** then 0 is returned.  Setting the busy_timeout to 0 or negative
+  ** disables the timeout.
+  */
+  /*case PragTyp_BUSY_TIMEOUT*/ default: {
+    assert( aPragmaNames[mid].ePragTyp==PragTyp_BUSY_TIMEOUT );
+    if( zRight ){
+      sqlite3_busy_timeout(db, sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
+    }
+    returnSingleInt(pParse, "timeout",  db->busyTimeout);
+    break;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA soft_heap_limit
+  **   PRAGMA soft_heap_limit = N
+  **
+  ** Call sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(N).  Return the result.  If N is omitted,
+  ** use -1.
+  */
+  case PragTyp_SOFT_HEAP_LIMIT: {
+    sqlite3_int64 N;
+    if( zRight && sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(zRight, &N)==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(N);
+    }
+    returnSingleInt(pParse, "soft_heap_limit",  sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(-1));
+    break;
+  }
 
 #if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
   /*
   ** Report the current state of file logs for all databases
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "lock_status")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_LOCK_STATUS: {
     static const char *const azLockName[] = {
       "unlocked", "shared", "reserved", "pending", "exclusive"
     };
@@ -93556,13 +100489,12 @@
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "status", SQLITE_STATIC);
     for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
       Btree *pBt;
-      Pager *pPager;
       const char *zState = "unknown";
       int j;
       if( db->aDb[i].zName==0 ) continue;
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, db->aDb[i].zName, P4_STATIC);
       pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
-      if( pBt==0 || (pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pBt))==0 ){
+      if( pBt==0 || sqlite3BtreePager(pBt)==0 ){
         zState = "closed";
       }else if( sqlite3_file_control(db, i ? db->aDb[i].zName : 0, 
                                      SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE, &j)==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -93571,35 +100503,39 @@
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, zState, P4_STATIC);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 2);
     }
-
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "key")==0 && zRight ){
-    sqlite3_key(db, zRight, sqlite3Strlen30(zRight));
-  }else
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "rekey")==0 && zRight ){
-    sqlite3_rekey(db, zRight, sqlite3Strlen30(zRight));
-  }else
-  if( zRight && (sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "hexkey")==0 ||
-                 sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "hexrekey")==0) ){
-    int i, h1, h2;
-    char zKey[40];
-    for(i=0; (h1 = zRight[i])!=0 && (h2 = zRight[i+1])!=0; i+=2){
-      h1 += 9*(1&(h1>>6));
-      h2 += 9*(1&(h2>>6));
-      zKey[i/2] = (h2 & 0x0f) | ((h1 & 0xf)<<4);
+  case PragTyp_KEY: {
+    if( zRight ) sqlite3_key_v2(db, zDb, zRight, sqlite3Strlen30(zRight));
+    break;
+  }
+  case PragTyp_REKEY: {
+    if( zRight ) sqlite3_rekey_v2(db, zDb, zRight, sqlite3Strlen30(zRight));
+    break;
+  }
+  case PragTyp_HEXKEY: {
+    if( zRight ){
+      u8 iByte;
+      int i;
+      char zKey[40];
+      for(i=0, iByte=0; i<sizeof(zKey)*2 && sqlite3Isxdigit(zRight[i]); i++){
+        iByte = (iByte<<4) + sqlite3HexToInt(zRight[i]);
+        if( (i&1)!=0 ) zKey[i/2] = iByte;
+      }
+      if( (zLeft[3] & 0xf)==0xb ){
+        sqlite3_key_v2(db, zDb, zKey, i/2);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_rekey_v2(db, zDb, zKey, i/2);
+      }
     }
-    if( (zLeft[3] & 0xf)==0xb ){
-      sqlite3_key(db, zKey, i/2);
-    }else{
-      sqlite3_rekey(db, zKey, i/2);
-    }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif
 #if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD)
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "activate_extensions")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_ACTIVATE_EXTENSIONS: if( zRight ){
 #ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
     if( sqlite3StrNICmp(zRight, "see-", 4)==0 ){
       sqlite3_activate_see(&zRight[4]);
@@ -93610,23 +100546,12 @@
       sqlite3_activate_cerod(&zRight[6]);
     }
 #endif
-  }else
-#endif
-
- 
-  {/* Empty ELSE clause */}
-
-  /*
-  ** Reset the safety level, in case the fullfsync flag or synchronous
-  ** setting changed.
-  */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
-  if( db->autoCommit ){
-    sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(pDb->pBt, pDb->safety_level,
-               (db->flags&SQLITE_FullFSync)!=0,
-               (db->flags&SQLITE_CkptFullFSync)!=0);
   }
+  break;
 #endif
+
+  } /* End of the PRAGMA switch */
+
 pragma_out:
   sqlite3DbFree(db, zLeft);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, zRight);
@@ -93771,7 +100696,9 @@
 static int sqlite3InitOne(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, char **pzErrMsg){
   int rc;
   int i;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
   int size;
+#endif
   Table *pTab;
   Db *pDb;
   char const *azArg[4];
@@ -93814,7 +100741,7 @@
 
   /* zMasterSchema and zInitScript are set to point at the master schema
   ** and initialisation script appropriate for the database being
-  ** initialised. zMasterName is the name of the master table.
+  ** initialized. zMasterName is the name of the master table.
   */
   if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && iDb==1 ){
     zMasterSchema = temp_master_schema;
@@ -93894,12 +100821,15 @@
   */
   if( meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1] ){  /* text encoding */
     if( iDb==0 ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
       u8 encoding;
       /* If opening the main database, set ENC(db). */
       encoding = (u8)meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1] & 3;
       if( encoding==0 ) encoding = SQLITE_UTF8;
       ENC(db) = encoding;
-      db->pDfltColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, SQLITE_UTF8, "BINARY", 0);
+#else
+      ENC(db) = SQLITE_UTF8;
+#endif
     }else{
       /* If opening an attached database, the encoding much match ENC(db) */
       if( meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1]!=ENC(db) ){
@@ -93979,7 +100909,7 @@
   }
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+    sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK || (db->flags&SQLITE_RecoveryMode)){
     /* Black magic: If the SQLITE_RecoveryMode flag is set, then consider
@@ -94032,11 +100962,11 @@
     if( DbHasProperty(db, i, DB_SchemaLoaded) || i==1 ) continue;
     rc = sqlite3InitOne(db, i, pzErrMsg);
     if( rc ){
-      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, i);
+      sqlite3ResetOneSchema(db, i);
     }
   }
 
-  /* Once all the other databases have been initialised, load the schema
+  /* Once all the other databases have been initialized, load the schema
   ** for the TEMP database. This is loaded last, as the TEMP database
   ** schema may contain references to objects in other databases.
   */
@@ -94045,7 +100975,7 @@
                     && !DbHasProperty(db, 1, DB_SchemaLoaded) ){
     rc = sqlite3InitOne(db, 1, pzErrMsg);
     if( rc ){
-      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 1);
+      sqlite3ResetOneSchema(db, 1);
     }
   }
 #endif
@@ -94059,7 +100989,7 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** This routine is a no-op if the database schema is already initialised.
+** This routine is a no-op if the database schema is already initialized.
 ** Otherwise, the schema is loaded. An error code is returned.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ReadSchema(Parse *pParse){
@@ -94113,7 +101043,7 @@
     sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(pBt, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, (u32 *)&cookie);
     assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
     if( cookie!=db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->schema_cookie ){
-      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, iDb);
+      sqlite3ResetOneSchema(db, iDb);
       pParse->rc = SQLITE_SCHEMA;
     }
 
@@ -94157,6 +101087,17 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Free all memory allocations in the pParse object
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ParserReset(Parse *pParse){
+  if( pParse ){
+    sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->aLabel);
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pParse->pConstExpr);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** Compile the UTF-8 encoded SQL statement zSql into a statement handle.
 */
 static int sqlite3Prepare(
@@ -94224,7 +101165,7 @@
   sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
 
   pParse->db = db;
-  pParse->nQueryLoop = (double)1;
+  pParse->nQueryLoop = 0;  /* Logarithmic, so 0 really means 1 */
   if( nBytes>=0 && (nBytes==0 || zSql[nBytes-1]!=0) ){
     char *zSqlCopy;
     int mxLen = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH];
@@ -94246,7 +101187,7 @@
   }else{
     sqlite3RunParser(pParse, zSql, &zErrMsg);
   }
-  assert( 1==(int)pParse->nQueryLoop );
+  assert( 0==pParse->nQueryLoop );
 
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     pParse->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
@@ -94286,7 +101227,6 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-  assert( db->init.busy==0 || saveSqlFlag==0 );
   if( db->init.busy==0 ){
     Vdbe *pVdbe = pParse->pVdbe;
     sqlite3VdbeSetSql(pVdbe, zSql, (int)(pParse->zTail-zSql), saveSqlFlag);
@@ -94314,6 +101254,7 @@
 
 end_prepare:
 
+  sqlite3ParserReset(pParse);
   sqlite3StackFree(db, pParse);
   rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
   assert( (rc&db->errMask)==rc );
@@ -94343,6 +101284,7 @@
   }
   sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || *ppStmt==0 );
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -94442,6 +101384,12 @@
   if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) ){
     return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
   }
+  if( nBytes>=0 ){
+    int sz;
+    const char *z = (const char*)zSql;
+    for(sz=0; sz<nBytes && (z[sz]!=0 || z[sz+1]!=0); sz += 2){}
+    nBytes = sz;
+  }
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
   zSql8 = sqlite3Utf16to8(db, zSql, nBytes, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE);
   if( zSql8 ){
@@ -94515,6 +101463,34 @@
 ** to handle SELECT statements in SQLite.
 */
 
+/*
+** An instance of the following object is used to record information about
+** how to process the DISTINCT keyword, to simplify passing that information
+** into the selectInnerLoop() routine.
+*/
+typedef struct DistinctCtx DistinctCtx;
+struct DistinctCtx {
+  u8 isTnct;      /* True if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
+  u8 eTnctType;   /* One of the WHERE_DISTINCT_* operators */
+  int tabTnct;    /* Ephemeral table used for DISTINCT processing */
+  int addrTnct;   /* Address of OP_OpenEphemeral opcode for tabTnct */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following object is used to record information about
+** the ORDER BY (or GROUP BY) clause of query is being coded.
+*/
+typedef struct SortCtx SortCtx;
+struct SortCtx {
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;   /* The ORDER BY (or GROUP BY clause) */
+  int nOBSat;           /* Number of ORDER BY terms satisfied by indices */
+  int iECursor;         /* Cursor number for the sorter */
+  int regReturn;        /* Register holding block-output return address */
+  int labelBkOut;       /* Start label for the block-output subroutine */
+  int addrSortIndex;    /* Address of the OP_SorterOpen or OP_OpenEphemeral */
+  u8 sortFlags;         /* Zero or more SORTFLAG_* bits */
+};
+#define SORTFLAG_UseSorter  0x01   /* Use SorterOpen instead of OpenEphemeral */
 
 /*
 ** Delete all the content of a Select structure but do not deallocate
@@ -94530,6 +101506,7 @@
   sqlite3SelectDelete(db, p->pPrior);
   sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLimit);
   sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pOffset);
+  sqlite3WithDelete(db, p->pWith);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -94537,10 +101514,10 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectDestInit(SelectDest *pDest, int eDest, int iParm){
   pDest->eDest = (u8)eDest;
-  pDest->iParm = iParm;
-  pDest->affinity = 0;
-  pDest->iMem = 0;
-  pDest->nMem = 0;
+  pDest->iSDParm = iParm;
+  pDest->affSdst = 0;
+  pDest->iSdst = 0;
+  pDest->nSdst = 0;
 }
 
 
@@ -94556,7 +101533,7 @@
   ExprList *pGroupBy,   /* the GROUP BY clause */
   Expr *pHaving,        /* the HAVING clause */
   ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* the ORDER BY clause */
-  int isDistinct,       /* true if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
+  u16 selFlags,         /* Flag parameters, such as SF_Distinct */
   Expr *pLimit,         /* LIMIT value.  NULL means not used */
   Expr *pOffset         /* OFFSET value.  NULL means no offset */
 ){
@@ -94580,14 +101557,13 @@
   pNew->pGroupBy = pGroupBy;
   pNew->pHaving = pHaving;
   pNew->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
-  pNew->selFlags = isDistinct ? SF_Distinct : 0;
+  pNew->selFlags = selFlags;
   pNew->op = TK_SELECT;
   pNew->pLimit = pLimit;
   pNew->pOffset = pOffset;
   assert( pOffset==0 || pLimit!=0 );
   pNew->addrOpenEphm[0] = -1;
   pNew->addrOpenEphm[1] = -1;
-  pNew->addrOpenEphm[2] = -1;
   if( db->mallocFailed ) {
     clearSelect(db, pNew);
     if( pNew!=&standin ) sqlite3DbFree(db, pNew);
@@ -94610,7 +101586,15 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Given 1 to 3 identifiers preceeding the JOIN keyword, determine the
+** Return a pointer to the right-most SELECT statement in a compound.
+*/
+static Select *findRightmost(Select *p){
+  while( p->pNext ) p = p->pNext;
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given 1 to 3 identifiers preceding the JOIN keyword, determine the
 ** type of join.  Return an integer constant that expresses that type
 ** in terms of the following bit values:
 **
@@ -94765,8 +101749,8 @@
   pEq = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EQ, pE1, pE2, 0);
   if( pEq && isOuterJoin ){
     ExprSetProperty(pEq, EP_FromJoin);
-    assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pEq, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
-    ExprSetIrreducible(pEq);
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(pEq, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+    ExprSetVVAProperty(pEq, EP_NoReduce);
     pEq->iRightJoinTable = (i16)pE2->iTable;
   }
   *ppWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, *ppWhere, pEq);
@@ -94801,8 +101785,8 @@
 static void setJoinExpr(Expr *p, int iTable){
   while( p ){
     ExprSetProperty(p, EP_FromJoin);
-    assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
-    ExprSetIrreducible(p);
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+    ExprSetVVAProperty(p, EP_NoReduce);
     p->iRightJoinTable = (i16)iTable;
     setJoinExpr(p->pLeft, iTable);
     p = p->pRight;
@@ -94911,34 +101895,73 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
+/* Forward reference */
+static KeyInfo *keyInfoFromExprList(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pList,     /* Form the KeyInfo object from this ExprList */
+  int iStart,          /* Begin with this column of pList */
+  int nExtra           /* Add this many extra columns to the end */
+);
+
 /*
-** Insert code into "v" that will push the record on the top of the
-** stack into the sorter.
+** Insert code into "v" that will push the record in register regData
+** into the sorter.
 */
 static void pushOntoSorter(
   Parse *pParse,         /* Parser context */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,    /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  SortCtx *pSort,        /* Information about the ORDER BY clause */
   Select *pSelect,       /* The whole SELECT statement */
   int regData            /* Register holding data to be sorted */
 ){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
-  int nExpr = pOrderBy->nExpr;
-  int regBase = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nExpr+2);
-  int regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  int nExpr = pSort->pOrderBy->nExpr;
+  int regRecord = ++pParse->nMem;
+  int regBase = pParse->nMem+1;
+  int nOBSat = pSort->nOBSat;
   int op;
+
+  pParse->nMem += nExpr+2;        /* nExpr+2 registers allocated at regBase */
   sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
-  sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pOrderBy, regBase, 0);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sequence, pOrderBy->iECursor, regBase+nExpr);
+  sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pSort->pOrderBy, regBase, 0);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sequence, pSort->iECursor, regBase+nExpr);
   sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, regData, regBase+nExpr+1, 1);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase, nExpr + 2, regRecord);
-  if( pSelect->selFlags & SF_UseSorter ){
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase+nOBSat, nExpr+2-nOBSat,regRecord);
+  if( nOBSat>0 ){
+    int regPrevKey;   /* The first nOBSat columns of the previous row */
+    int addrFirst;    /* Address of the OP_IfNot opcode */
+    int addrJmp;      /* Address of the OP_Jump opcode */
+    VdbeOp *pOp;      /* Opcode that opens the sorter */
+    int nKey;         /* Number of sorting key columns, including OP_Sequence */
+    KeyInfo *pKI;     /* Original KeyInfo on the sorter table */
+
+    regPrevKey = pParse->nMem+1;
+    pParse->nMem += pSort->nOBSat;
+    nKey = nExpr - pSort->nOBSat + 1;
+    addrFirst = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regBase+nExpr); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Compare, regPrevKey, regBase, pSort->nOBSat);
+    pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, pSort->addrSortIndex);
+    if( pParse->db->mallocFailed ) return;
+    pOp->p2 = nKey + 1;
+    pKI = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+    memset(pKI->aSortOrder, 0, pKI->nField); /* Makes OP_Jump below testable */
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)pKI, P4_KEYINFO);
+    pOp->p4.pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pSort->pOrderBy, nOBSat, 1);
+    addrJmp = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, addrJmp+1, 0, addrJmp+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    pSort->labelBkOut = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+    pSort->regReturn = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, pSort->regReturn, pSort->labelBkOut);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_ResetSorter, pSort->iECursor);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrFirst);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Move, regBase, regPrevKey, pSort->nOBSat);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrJmp);
+  }
+  if( pSort->sortFlags & SORTFLAG_UseSorter ){
     op = OP_SorterInsert;
   }else{
     op = OP_IdxInsert;
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, op, pOrderBy->iECursor, regRecord);
-  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
-  sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regBase, nExpr+2);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, op, pSort->iECursor, regRecord);
   if( pSelect->iLimit ){
     int addr1, addr2;
     int iLimit;
@@ -94947,12 +101970,12 @@
     }else{
       iLimit = pSelect->iLimit;
     }
-    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfZero, iLimit);
+    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfZero, iLimit); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, iLimit, -1);
     addr2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Last, pOrderBy->iECursor);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Delete, pOrderBy->iECursor);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Last, pSort->iECursor);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Delete, pSort->iECursor);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);
   }
 }
@@ -94962,13 +101985,12 @@
 */
 static void codeOffset(
   Vdbe *v,          /* Generate code into this VM */
-  Select *p,        /* The SELECT statement being coded */
+  int iOffset,      /* Register holding the offset counter */
   int iContinue     /* Jump here to skip the current record */
 ){
-  if( p->iOffset && iContinue!=0 ){
+  if( iOffset>0 ){
     int addr;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, p->iOffset, -1);
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNeg, p->iOffset);
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfNeg, iOffset, 0, -1); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iContinue);
     VdbeComment((v, "skip OFFSET records"));
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
@@ -94996,7 +102018,7 @@
 
   v = pParse->pVdbe;
   r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iTab, addrRepeat, iMem, N);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iTab, addrRepeat, iMem, N); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, iMem, N, r1);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iTab, r1);
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
@@ -95030,19 +102052,18 @@
 ** This routine generates the code for the inside of the inner loop
 ** of a SELECT.
 **
-** If srcTab and nColumn are both zero, then the pEList expressions
-** are evaluated in order to get the data for this row.  If nColumn>0
-** then data is pulled from srcTab and pEList is used only to get the
-** datatypes for each column.
+** If srcTab is negative, then the pEList expressions
+** are evaluated in order to get the data for this row.  If srcTab is
+** zero or more, then data is pulled from srcTab and pEList is used only 
+** to get number columns and the datatype for each column.
 */
 static void selectInnerLoop(
   Parse *pParse,          /* The parser context */
   Select *p,              /* The complete select statement being coded */
   ExprList *pEList,       /* List of values being extracted */
   int srcTab,             /* Pull data from this table */
-  int nColumn,            /* Number of columns in the source table */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,     /* If not NULL, sort results using this key */
-  int distinct,           /* If >=0, make sure results are distinct */
+  SortCtx *pSort,         /* If not NULL, info on how to process ORDER BY */
+  DistinctCtx *pDistinct, /* If not NULL, info on how to process DISTINCT */
   SelectDest *pDest,      /* How to dispose of the results */
   int iContinue,          /* Jump here to continue with next row */
   int iBreak              /* Jump here to break out of the inner loop */
@@ -95052,55 +102073,106 @@
   int hasDistinct;        /* True if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
   int regResult;              /* Start of memory holding result set */
   int eDest = pDest->eDest;   /* How to dispose of results */
-  int iParm = pDest->iParm;   /* First argument to disposal method */
+  int iParm = pDest->iSDParm; /* First argument to disposal method */
   int nResultCol;             /* Number of result columns */
 
   assert( v );
-  if( NEVER(v==0) ) return;
   assert( pEList!=0 );
-  hasDistinct = distinct>=0;
-  if( pOrderBy==0 && !hasDistinct ){
-    codeOffset(v, p, iContinue);
+  hasDistinct = pDistinct ? pDistinct->eTnctType : WHERE_DISTINCT_NOOP;
+  if( pSort && pSort->pOrderBy==0 ) pSort = 0;
+  if( pSort==0 && !hasDistinct ){
+    assert( iContinue!=0 );
+    codeOffset(v, p->iOffset, iContinue);
   }
 
   /* Pull the requested columns.
   */
-  if( nColumn>0 ){
-    nResultCol = nColumn;
-  }else{
-    nResultCol = pEList->nExpr;
-  }
-  if( pDest->iMem==0 ){
-    pDest->iMem = pParse->nMem+1;
-    pDest->nMem = nResultCol;
+  nResultCol = pEList->nExpr;
+
+  if( pDest->iSdst==0 ){
+    pDest->iSdst = pParse->nMem+1;
     pParse->nMem += nResultCol;
-  }else{ 
-    assert( pDest->nMem==nResultCol );
+  }else if( pDest->iSdst+nResultCol > pParse->nMem ){
+    /* This is an error condition that can result, for example, when a SELECT
+    ** on the right-hand side of an INSERT contains more result columns than
+    ** there are columns in the table on the left.  The error will be caught
+    ** and reported later.  But we need to make sure enough memory is allocated
+    ** to avoid other spurious errors in the meantime. */
+    pParse->nMem += nResultCol;
   }
-  regResult = pDest->iMem;
-  if( nColumn>0 ){
-    for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
+  pDest->nSdst = nResultCol;
+  regResult = pDest->iSdst;
+  if( srcTab>=0 ){
+    for(i=0; i<nResultCol; i++){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, i, regResult+i);
+      VdbeComment((v, "%s", pEList->a[i].zName));
     }
   }else if( eDest!=SRT_Exists ){
     /* If the destination is an EXISTS(...) expression, the actual
     ** values returned by the SELECT are not required.
     */
-    sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
-    sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pEList, regResult, eDest==SRT_Output);
+    sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pEList, regResult,
+                  (eDest==SRT_Output||eDest==SRT_Coroutine)?SQLITE_ECEL_DUP:0);
   }
-  nColumn = nResultCol;
 
   /* If the DISTINCT keyword was present on the SELECT statement
   ** and this row has been seen before, then do not make this row
   ** part of the result.
   */
   if( hasDistinct ){
-    assert( pEList!=0 );
-    assert( pEList->nExpr==nColumn );
-    codeDistinct(pParse, distinct, iContinue, nColumn, regResult);
-    if( pOrderBy==0 ){
-      codeOffset(v, p, iContinue);
+    switch( pDistinct->eTnctType ){
+      case WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED: {
+        VdbeOp *pOp;            /* No longer required OpenEphemeral instr. */
+        int iJump;              /* Jump destination */
+        int regPrev;            /* Previous row content */
+
+        /* Allocate space for the previous row */
+        regPrev = pParse->nMem+1;
+        pParse->nMem += nResultCol;
+
+        /* Change the OP_OpenEphemeral coded earlier to an OP_Null
+        ** sets the MEM_Cleared bit on the first register of the
+        ** previous value.  This will cause the OP_Ne below to always
+        ** fail on the first iteration of the loop even if the first
+        ** row is all NULLs.
+        */
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, pDistinct->addrTnct);
+        pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, pDistinct->addrTnct);
+        pOp->opcode = OP_Null;
+        pOp->p1 = 1;
+        pOp->p2 = regPrev;
+
+        iJump = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + nResultCol;
+        for(i=0; i<nResultCol; i++){
+          CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pEList->a[i].pExpr);
+          if( i<nResultCol-1 ){
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, regResult+i, iJump, regPrev+i);
+            VdbeCoverage(v);
+          }else{
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regResult+i, iContinue, regPrev+i);
+            VdbeCoverage(v);
+           }
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (const char *)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+        }
+        assert( sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)==iJump || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Copy, regResult, regPrev, nResultCol-1);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE: {
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, pDistinct->addrTnct);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default: {
+        assert( pDistinct->eTnctType==WHERE_DISTINCT_UNORDERED );
+        codeDistinct(pParse, pDistinct->tabTnct, iContinue, nResultCol, regResult);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if( pSort==0 ){
+      codeOffset(v, p->iOffset, iContinue);
     }
   }
 
@@ -95112,7 +102184,7 @@
     case SRT_Union: {
       int r1;
       r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nColumn, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nResultCol, r1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm, r1);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
       break;
@@ -95123,21 +102195,36 @@
     ** the temporary table iParm.
     */
     case SRT_Except: {
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxDelete, iParm, regResult, nColumn);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxDelete, iParm, regResult, nResultCol);
       break;
     }
-#endif
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */
 
     /* Store the result as data using a unique key.
     */
+    case SRT_Fifo:
+    case SRT_DistFifo:
     case SRT_Table:
     case SRT_EphemTab: {
       int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       testcase( eDest==SRT_Table );
       testcase( eDest==SRT_EphemTab );
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nColumn, r1);
-      if( pOrderBy ){
-        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nResultCol, r1);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+      if( eDest==SRT_DistFifo ){
+        /* If the destination is DistFifo, then cursor (iParm+1) is open
+        ** on an ephemeral index. If the current row is already present
+        ** in the index, do not write it to the output. If not, add the
+        ** current row to the index and proceed with writing it to the
+        ** output table as well.  */
+        int addr = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 4;
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iParm+1, addr, r1, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm+1, r1);
+        assert( pSort==0 );
+      }
+#endif
+      if( pSort ){
+        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pSort, p, r1);
       }else{
         int r2 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iParm, r2);
@@ -95155,17 +102242,18 @@
     ** item into the set table with bogus data.
     */
     case SRT_Set: {
-      assert( nColumn==1 );
-      p->affinity = sqlite3CompareAffinity(pEList->a[0].pExpr, pDest->affinity);
-      if( pOrderBy ){
+      assert( nResultCol==1 );
+      pDest->affSdst =
+                  sqlite3CompareAffinity(pEList->a[0].pExpr, pDest->affSdst);
+      if( pSort ){
         /* At first glance you would think we could optimize out the
         ** ORDER BY in this case since the order of entries in the set
         ** does not matter.  But there might be a LIMIT clause, in which
         ** case the order does matter */
-        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p, regResult);
+        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pSort, p, regResult);
       }else{
         int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, 1, r1, &p->affinity, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult,1,r1, &pDest->affSdst, 1);
         sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regResult, 1);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm, r1);
         sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
@@ -95186,9 +102274,9 @@
     ** of the scan loop.
     */
     case SRT_Mem: {
-      assert( nColumn==1 );
-      if( pOrderBy ){
-        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p, regResult);
+      assert( nResultCol==1 );
+      if( pSort ){
+        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pSort, p, regResult);
       }else{
         sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, regResult, iParm, 1);
         /* The LIMIT clause will jump out of the loop for us */
@@ -95197,28 +102285,73 @@
     }
 #endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
 
-    /* Send the data to the callback function or to a subroutine.  In the
-    ** case of a subroutine, the subroutine itself is responsible for
-    ** popping the data from the stack.
-    */
-    case SRT_Coroutine:
-    case SRT_Output: {
+    case SRT_Coroutine:       /* Send data to a co-routine */
+    case SRT_Output: {        /* Return the results */
       testcase( eDest==SRT_Coroutine );
       testcase( eDest==SRT_Output );
-      if( pOrderBy ){
+      if( pSort ){
         int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nColumn, r1);
-        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p, r1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nResultCol, r1);
+        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pSort, p, r1);
         sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
       }else if( eDest==SRT_Coroutine ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iParm);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iSDParm);
       }else{
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, regResult, nColumn);
-        sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regResult, nColumn);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, regResult, nResultCol);
+        sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regResult, nResultCol);
       }
       break;
     }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+    /* Write the results into a priority queue that is order according to
+    ** pDest->pOrderBy (in pSO).  pDest->iSDParm (in iParm) is the cursor for an
+    ** index with pSO->nExpr+2 columns.  Build a key using pSO for the first
+    ** pSO->nExpr columns, then make sure all keys are unique by adding a
+    ** final OP_Sequence column.  The last column is the record as a blob.
+    */
+    case SRT_DistQueue:
+    case SRT_Queue: {
+      int nKey;
+      int r1, r2, r3;
+      int addrTest = 0;
+      ExprList *pSO;
+      pSO = pDest->pOrderBy;
+      assert( pSO );
+      nKey = pSO->nExpr;
+      r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      r2 = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nKey+2);
+      r3 = r2+nKey+1;
+      if( eDest==SRT_DistQueue ){
+        /* If the destination is DistQueue, then cursor (iParm+1) is open
+        ** on a second ephemeral index that holds all values every previously
+        ** added to the queue. */
+        addrTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iParm+1, 0, 
+                                        regResult, nResultCol);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nResultCol, r3);
+      if( eDest==SRT_DistQueue ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm+1, r3);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
+      }
+      for(i=0; i<nKey; i++){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy,
+                          regResult + pSO->a[i].u.x.iOrderByCol - 1,
+                          r2+i);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sequence, iParm, r2+nKey);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, r2, nKey+2, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm, r1);
+      if( addrTest ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrTest);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, r2, nKey+2);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_CTE */
+
+
+
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
     /* Discard the results.  This is used for SELECT statements inside
     ** the body of a TRIGGER.  The purpose of such selects is to call
@@ -95236,12 +102369,64 @@
   ** there is a sorter, in which case the sorter has already limited
   ** the output for us.
   */
-  if( pOrderBy==0 && p->iLimit ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit, iBreak, -1);
+  if( pSort==0 && p->iLimit ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit, iBreak, -1); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 }
 
 /*
+** Allocate a KeyInfo object sufficient for an index of N key columns and
+** X extra columns.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(sqlite3 *db, int N, int X){
+  KeyInfo *p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(0, 
+                   sizeof(KeyInfo) + (N+X)*(sizeof(CollSeq*)+1));
+  if( p ){
+    p->aSortOrder = (u8*)&p->aColl[N+X];
+    p->nField = (u16)N;
+    p->nXField = (u16)X;
+    p->enc = ENC(db);
+    p->db = db;
+    p->nRef = 1;
+  }else{
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Deallocate a KeyInfo object
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(KeyInfo *p){
+  if( p ){
+    assert( p->nRef>0 );
+    p->nRef--;
+    if( p->nRef==0 ) sqlite3DbFree(0, p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Make a new pointer to a KeyInfo object
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3KeyInfoRef(KeyInfo *p){
+  if( p ){
+    assert( p->nRef>0 );
+    p->nRef++;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** Return TRUE if a KeyInfo object can be change.  The KeyInfo object
+** can only be changed if this is just a single reference to the object.
+**
+** This routine is used only inside of assert() statements.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(KeyInfo *p){ return p->nRef==1; }
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
+/*
 ** Given an expression list, generate a KeyInfo structure that records
 ** the collating sequence for each expression in that expression list.
 **
@@ -95253,31 +102438,30 @@
 **
 ** Space to hold the KeyInfo structure is obtain from malloc.  The calling
 ** function is responsible for seeing that this structure is eventually
-** freed.  Add the KeyInfo structure to the P4 field of an opcode using
-** P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF is the usual way of dealing with this.
+** freed.
 */
-static KeyInfo *keyInfoFromExprList(Parse *pParse, ExprList *pList){
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+static KeyInfo *keyInfoFromExprList(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pList,     /* Form the KeyInfo object from this ExprList */
+  int iStart,          /* Begin with this column of pList */
+  int nExtra           /* Add this many extra columns to the end */
+){
   int nExpr;
   KeyInfo *pInfo;
   struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
   int i;
 
   nExpr = pList->nExpr;
-  pInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pInfo) + nExpr*(sizeof(CollSeq*)+1) );
+  pInfo = sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(db, nExpr+nExtra-iStart, 1);
   if( pInfo ){
-    pInfo->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pInfo->aColl[nExpr];
-    pInfo->nField = (u16)nExpr;
-    pInfo->enc = ENC(db);
-    pInfo->db = db;
-    for(i=0, pItem=pList->a; i<nExpr; i++, pItem++){
+    assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pInfo) );
+    for(i=iStart, pItem=pList->a+iStart; i<nExpr; i++, pItem++){
       CollSeq *pColl;
       pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pItem->pExpr);
-      if( !pColl ){
-        pColl = db->pDfltColl;
-      }
-      pInfo->aColl[i] = pColl;
-      pInfo->aSortOrder[i] = pItem->sortOrder;
+      if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+      pInfo->aColl[i-iStart] = pColl;
+      pInfo->aSortOrder[i-iStart] = pItem->sortOrder;
     }
   }
   return pInfo;
@@ -95379,24 +102563,31 @@
 static void generateSortTail(
   Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
   Select *p,        /* The SELECT statement */
-  Vdbe *v,          /* Generate code into this VDBE */
+  SortCtx *pSort,   /* Information on the ORDER BY clause */
   int nColumn,      /* Number of columns of data */
   SelectDest *pDest /* Write the sorted results here */
 ){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;                     /* The prepared statement */
   int addrBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);     /* Jump here to exit loop */
   int addrContinue = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);  /* Jump here for next cycle */
   int addr;
+  int addrOnce = 0;
   int iTab;
   int pseudoTab = 0;
-  ExprList *pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
-
+  ExprList *pOrderBy = pSort->pOrderBy;
   int eDest = pDest->eDest;
-  int iParm = pDest->iParm;
-
+  int iParm = pDest->iSDParm;
   int regRow;
   int regRowid;
+  int nKey;
 
-  iTab = pOrderBy->iECursor;
+  if( pSort->labelBkOut ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, pSort->regReturn, pSort->labelBkOut);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrBreak);
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pSort->labelBkOut);
+    addrOnce = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse); VdbeCoverage(v);
+  }
+  iTab = pSort->iECursor;
   regRow = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
   if( eDest==SRT_Output || eDest==SRT_Coroutine ){
     pseudoTab = pParse->nTab++;
@@ -95405,19 +102596,23 @@
   }else{
     regRowid = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
   }
-  if( p->selFlags & SF_UseSorter ){
+  nKey = pOrderBy->nExpr - pSort->nOBSat;
+  if( pSort->sortFlags & SORTFLAG_UseSorter ){
     int regSortOut = ++pParse->nMem;
     int ptab2 = pParse->nTab++;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenPseudo, ptab2, regSortOut, pOrderBy->nExpr+2);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenPseudo, ptab2, regSortOut, nKey+2);
+    if( addrOnce ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrOnce);
     addr = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterSort, iTab, addrBreak);
-    codeOffset(v, p, addrContinue);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    codeOffset(v, p->iOffset, addrContinue);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterData, iTab, regSortOut);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, ptab2, pOrderBy->nExpr+1, regRow);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, ptab2, nKey+1, regRow);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE);
   }else{
-    addr = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sort, iTab, addrBreak);
-    codeOffset(v, p, addrContinue);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTab, pOrderBy->nExpr+1, regRow);
+    if( addrOnce ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrOnce);
+    addr = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sort, iTab, addrBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    codeOffset(v, p->iOffset, addrContinue);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTab, nKey+1, regRow);
   }
   switch( eDest ){
     case SRT_Table:
@@ -95432,7 +102627,8 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
     case SRT_Set: {
       assert( nColumn==1 );
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regRow, 1, regRowid, &p->affinity, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regRow, 1, regRowid,
+                        &pDest->affSdst, 1);
       sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regRow, 1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm, regRowid);
       break;
@@ -95450,17 +102646,17 @@
       testcase( eDest==SRT_Output );
       testcase( eDest==SRT_Coroutine );
       for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
-        assert( regRow!=pDest->iMem+i );
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, pseudoTab, i, pDest->iMem+i);
+        assert( regRow!=pDest->iSdst+i );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, pseudoTab, i, pDest->iSdst+i);
         if( i==0 ){
           sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE);
         }
       }
       if( eDest==SRT_Output ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, pDest->iMem, nColumn);
-        sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pDest->iMem, nColumn);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, pDest->iSdst, nColumn);
+        sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pDest->iSdst, nColumn);
       }else{
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iParm);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iSDParm);
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -95471,21 +102667,22 @@
   /* The bottom of the loop
   */
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrContinue);
-  if( p->selFlags & SF_UseSorter ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, iTab, addr);
+  if( pSort->sortFlags & SORTFLAG_UseSorter ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, iTab, addr); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }else{
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
+  if( pSort->regReturn ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, pSort->regReturn);
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrBreak);
-  if( eDest==SRT_Output || eDest==SRT_Coroutine ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, pseudoTab, 0);
-  }
 }
 
 /*
 ** Return a pointer to a string containing the 'declaration type' of the
 ** expression pExpr. The string may be treated as static by the caller.
 **
+** Also try to estimate the size of the returned value and return that
+** result in *pEstWidth.
+**
 ** The declaration type is the exact datatype definition extracted from the
 ** original CREATE TABLE statement if the expression is a column. The
 ** declaration type for a ROWID field is INTEGER. Exactly when an expression
@@ -95499,21 +102696,36 @@
 **   SELECT abc FROM (SELECT col AS abc FROM tbl);
 ** 
 ** The declaration type for any expression other than a column is NULL.
+**
+** This routine has either 3 or 6 parameters depending on whether or not
+** the SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA compile-time option is used.
 */
-static const char *columnType(
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
+# define columnType(A,B,C,D,E,F) columnTypeImpl(A,B,C,D,E,F)
+static const char *columnTypeImpl(
   NameContext *pNC, 
   Expr *pExpr,
-  const char **pzOriginDb,
-  const char **pzOriginTab,
-  const char **pzOriginCol
+  const char **pzOrigDb,
+  const char **pzOrigTab,
+  const char **pzOrigCol,
+  u8 *pEstWidth
 ){
+  char const *zOrigDb = 0;
+  char const *zOrigTab = 0;
+  char const *zOrigCol = 0;
+#else /* if !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA) */
+# define columnType(A,B,C,D,E,F) columnTypeImpl(A,B,F)
+static const char *columnTypeImpl(
+  NameContext *pNC, 
+  Expr *pExpr,
+  u8 *pEstWidth
+){
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA) */
   char const *zType = 0;
-  char const *zOriginDb = 0;
-  char const *zOriginTab = 0;
-  char const *zOriginCol = 0;
   int j;
-  if( NEVER(pExpr==0) || pNC->pSrcList==0 ) return 0;
+  u8 estWidth = 1;
 
+  if( NEVER(pExpr==0) || pNC->pSrcList==0 ) return 0;
   switch( pExpr->op ){
     case TK_AGG_COLUMN:
     case TK_COLUMN: {
@@ -95574,25 +102786,35 @@
           sNC.pSrcList = pS->pSrc;
           sNC.pNext = pNC;
           sNC.pParse = pNC->pParse;
-          zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOriginDb, &zOriginTab, &zOriginCol); 
+          zType = columnType(&sNC, p,&zOrigDb,&zOrigTab,&zOrigCol, &estWidth); 
         }
-      }else if( ALWAYS(pTab->pSchema) ){
+      }else if( pTab->pSchema ){
         /* A real table */
         assert( !pS );
         if( iCol<0 ) iCol = pTab->iPKey;
         assert( iCol==-1 || (iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nCol) );
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
         if( iCol<0 ){
           zType = "INTEGER";
-          zOriginCol = "rowid";
+          zOrigCol = "rowid";
         }else{
           zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
-          zOriginCol = pTab->aCol[iCol].zName;
+          zOrigCol = pTab->aCol[iCol].zName;
+          estWidth = pTab->aCol[iCol].szEst;
         }
-        zOriginTab = pTab->zName;
+        zOrigTab = pTab->zName;
         if( pNC->pParse ){
           int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pNC->pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
-          zOriginDb = pNC->pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+          zOrigDb = pNC->pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName;
         }
+#else
+        if( iCol<0 ){
+          zType = "INTEGER";
+        }else{
+          zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
+          estWidth = pTab->aCol[iCol].szEst;
+        }
+#endif
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -95609,18 +102831,21 @@
       sNC.pSrcList = pS->pSrc;
       sNC.pNext = pNC;
       sNC.pParse = pNC->pParse;
-      zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOriginDb, &zOriginTab, &zOriginCol); 
+      zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOrigDb, &zOrigTab, &zOrigCol, &estWidth); 
       break;
     }
 #endif
   }
-  
-  if( pzOriginDb ){
-    assert( pzOriginTab && pzOriginCol );
-    *pzOriginDb = zOriginDb;
-    *pzOriginTab = zOriginTab;
-    *pzOriginCol = zOriginCol;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA  
+  if( pzOrigDb ){
+    assert( pzOrigTab && pzOrigCol );
+    *pzOrigDb = zOrigDb;
+    *pzOrigTab = zOrigTab;
+    *pzOrigCol = zOrigCol;
   }
+#endif
+  if( pEstWidth ) *pEstWidth = estWidth;
   return zType;
 }
 
@@ -95646,7 +102871,7 @@
     const char *zOrigDb = 0;
     const char *zOrigTab = 0;
     const char *zOrigCol = 0;
-    zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOrigDb, &zOrigTab, &zOrigCol);
+    zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOrigDb, &zOrigTab, &zOrigCol, 0);
 
     /* The vdbe must make its own copy of the column-type and other 
     ** column specific strings, in case the schema is reset before this
@@ -95656,11 +102881,11 @@
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_TABLE, zOrigTab, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_COLUMN, zOrigCol, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
 #else
-    zType = columnType(&sNC, p, 0, 0, 0);
+    zType = columnType(&sNC, p, 0, 0, 0, 0);
 #endif
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_DECLTYPE, zType, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
   }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE */
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE) */
 }
 
 /*
@@ -95724,8 +102949,9 @@
         sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, zCol, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
       }
     }else{
-      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, 
-          sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pEList->a[i].zSpan), SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+      const char *z = pEList->a[i].zSpan;
+      z = z==0 ? sqlite3MPrintf(db, "column%d", i+1) : sqlite3DbStrDup(db, z);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, z, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
     }
   }
   generateColumnTypes(pParse, pTabList, pEList);
@@ -95747,7 +102973,7 @@
 static int selectColumnsFromExprList(
   Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
   ExprList *pEList,       /* Expr list from which to derive column names */
-  int *pnCol,             /* Write the number of columns here */
+  i16 *pnCol,             /* Write the number of columns here */
   Column **paCol          /* Write the new column list here */
 ){
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;   /* Database connection */
@@ -95759,15 +102985,21 @@
   char *zName;                /* Column name */
   int nName;                  /* Size of name in zName[] */
 
-  *pnCol = nCol = pEList ? pEList->nExpr : 0;
-  aCol = *paCol = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(aCol[0])*nCol);
-  if( aCol==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  if( pEList ){
+    nCol = pEList->nExpr;
+    aCol = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(aCol[0])*nCol);
+    testcase( aCol==0 );
+  }else{
+    nCol = 0;
+    aCol = 0;
+  }
+  *pnCol = nCol;
+  *paCol = aCol;
+
   for(i=0, pCol=aCol; i<nCol; i++, pCol++){
     /* Get an appropriate name for the column
     */
-    p = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
-    assert( p->pRight==0 || ExprHasProperty(p->pRight, EP_IntValue)
-               || p->pRight->u.zToken==0 || p->pRight->u.zToken[0]!=0 );
+    p = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pEList->a[i].pExpr);
     if( (zName = pEList->a[i].zName)!=0 ){
       /* If the column contains an "AS <name>" phrase, use <name> as the name */
       zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zName);
@@ -95805,6 +103037,9 @@
     for(j=cnt=0; j<i; j++){
       if( sqlite3StrICmp(aCol[j].zName, zName)==0 ){
         char *zNewName;
+        int k;
+        for(k=nName-1; k>1 && sqlite3Isdigit(zName[k]); k--){}
+        if( k>=0 && zName[k]==':' ) nName = k;
         zName[nName] = 0;
         zNewName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s:%d", zName, ++cnt);
         sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
@@ -95840,8 +103075,7 @@
 */
 static void selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(
   Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing contexts */
-  int nCol,             /* Number of columns */
-  Column *aCol,         /* List of columns */
+  Table *pTab,          /* Add column type information to this table */
   Select *pSelect       /* SELECT used to determine types and collations */
 ){
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
@@ -95851,17 +103085,19 @@
   int i;
   Expr *p;
   struct ExprList_item *a;
+  u64 szAll = 0;
 
   assert( pSelect!=0 );
   assert( (pSelect->selFlags & SF_Resolved)!=0 );
-  assert( nCol==pSelect->pEList->nExpr || db->mallocFailed );
+  assert( pTab->nCol==pSelect->pEList->nExpr || db->mallocFailed );
   if( db->mallocFailed ) return;
   memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
   sNC.pSrcList = pSelect->pSrc;
   a = pSelect->pEList->a;
-  for(i=0, pCol=aCol; i<nCol; i++, pCol++){
+  for(i=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; i<pTab->nCol; i++, pCol++){
     p = a[i].pExpr;
-    pCol->zType = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, columnType(&sNC, p, 0, 0, 0));
+    pCol->zType = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, columnType(&sNC, p,0,0,0, &pCol->szEst));
+    szAll += pCol->szEst;
     pCol->affinity = sqlite3ExprAffinity(p);
     if( pCol->affinity==0 ) pCol->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
     pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, p);
@@ -95869,6 +103105,7 @@
       pCol->zColl = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pColl->zName);
     }
   }
+  pTab->szTabRow = sqlite3LogEst(szAll*4);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -95896,9 +103133,9 @@
   assert( db->lookaside.bEnabled==0 );
   pTab->nRef = 1;
   pTab->zName = 0;
-  pTab->nRowEst = 1000000;
+  pTab->nRowLogEst = 200; assert( 200==sqlite3LogEst(1048576) );
   selectColumnsFromExprList(pParse, pSelect->pEList, &pTab->nCol, &pTab->aCol);
-  selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(pParse, pTab->nCol, pTab->aCol, pSelect);
+  selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(pParse, pTab, pSelect);
   pTab->iPKey = -1;
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pTab);
@@ -95914,12 +103151,14 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3GetVdbe(Parse *pParse){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
   if( v==0 ){
-    v = pParse->pVdbe = sqlite3VdbeCreate(pParse->db);
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
-    if( v ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Trace);
+    v = pParse->pVdbe = sqlite3VdbeCreate(pParse);
+    if( v ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Init);
+    if( pParse->pToplevel==0
+     && OptimizationEnabled(pParse->db,SQLITE_FactorOutConst)
+    ){
+      pParse->okConstFactor = 1;
     }
-#endif
+
   }
   return v;
 }
@@ -95936,8 +103175,13 @@
 **
 ** This routine changes the values of iLimit and iOffset only if
 ** a limit or offset is defined by pLimit and pOffset.  iLimit and
-** iOffset should have been preset to appropriate default values
-** (usually but not always -1) prior to calling this routine.
+** iOffset should have been preset to appropriate default values (zero)
+** prior to calling this routine.
+**
+** The iOffset register (if it exists) is initialized to the value
+** of the OFFSET.  The iLimit register is initialized to LIMIT.  Register
+** iOffset+1 is initialized to LIMIT+OFFSET.
+**
 ** Only if pLimit!=0 or pOffset!=0 do the limit registers get
 ** redefined.  The UNION ALL operator uses this property to force
 ** the reuse of the same limit and offset registers across multiple
@@ -95952,7 +103196,7 @@
 
   /* 
   ** "LIMIT -1" always shows all rows.  There is some
-  ** contraversy about what the correct behavior should be.
+  ** controversy about what the correct behavior should be.
   ** The current implementation interprets "LIMIT 0" to mean
   ** no rows.
   */
@@ -95961,33 +103205,33 @@
   if( p->pLimit ){
     p->iLimit = iLimit = ++pParse->nMem;
     v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
-    if( NEVER(v==0) ) return;  /* VDBE should have already been allocated */
+    assert( v!=0 );
     if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(p->pLimit, &n) ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, n, iLimit);
       VdbeComment((v, "LIMIT counter"));
       if( n==0 ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iBreak);
-      }else{
-        if( p->nSelectRow > (double)n ) p->nSelectRow = (double)n;
+      }else if( n>=0 && p->nSelectRow>(u64)n ){
+        p->nSelectRow = n;
       }
     }else{
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, p->pLimit, iLimit);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, iLimit);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, iLimit); VdbeCoverage(v);
       VdbeComment((v, "LIMIT counter"));
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfZero, iLimit, iBreak);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfZero, iLimit, iBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
     }
     if( p->pOffset ){
       p->iOffset = iOffset = ++pParse->nMem;
       pParse->nMem++;   /* Allocate an extra register for limit+offset */
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, p->pOffset, iOffset);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, iOffset);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, iOffset); VdbeCoverage(v);
       VdbeComment((v, "OFFSET counter"));
-      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, iOffset);
+      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, iOffset); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iOffset);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Add, iLimit, iOffset, iOffset+1);
       VdbeComment((v, "LIMIT+OFFSET"));
-      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, iLimit);
+      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, iLimit); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, iOffset+1);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
     }
@@ -96016,9 +103260,210 @@
   }
   return pRet;
 }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */
 
-/* Forward reference */
+/*
+** The select statement passed as the second parameter is a compound SELECT
+** with an ORDER BY clause. This function allocates and returns a KeyInfo
+** structure suitable for implementing the ORDER BY.
+**
+** Space to hold the KeyInfo structure is obtained from malloc. The calling
+** function is responsible for ensuring that this structure is eventually
+** freed.
+*/
+static KeyInfo *multiSelectOrderByKeyInfo(Parse *pParse, Select *p, int nExtra){
+  ExprList *pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+  int nOrderBy = p->pOrderBy->nExpr;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  KeyInfo *pRet = sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(db, nOrderBy+nExtra, 1);
+  if( pRet ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
+      struct ExprList_item *pItem = &pOrderBy->a[i];
+      Expr *pTerm = pItem->pExpr;
+      CollSeq *pColl;
+
+      if( pTerm->flags & EP_Collate ){
+        pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pTerm);
+      }else{
+        pColl = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p, pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol-1);
+        if( pColl==0 ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+        pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr =
+          sqlite3ExprAddCollateString(pParse, pTerm, pColl->zName);
+      }
+      assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pRet) );
+      pRet->aColl[i] = pColl;
+      pRet->aSortOrder[i] = pOrderBy->a[i].sortOrder;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return pRet;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+/*
+** This routine generates VDBE code to compute the content of a WITH RECURSIVE
+** query of the form:
+**
+**   <recursive-table> AS (<setup-query> UNION [ALL] <recursive-query>)
+**                         \___________/             \_______________/
+**                           p->pPrior                      p
+**
+**
+** There is exactly one reference to the recursive-table in the FROM clause
+** of recursive-query, marked with the SrcList->a[].isRecursive flag.
+**
+** The setup-query runs once to generate an initial set of rows that go
+** into a Queue table.  Rows are extracted from the Queue table one by
+** one.  Each row extracted from Queue is output to pDest.  Then the single
+** extracted row (now in the iCurrent table) becomes the content of the
+** recursive-table for a recursive-query run.  The output of the recursive-query
+** is added back into the Queue table.  Then another row is extracted from Queue
+** and the iteration continues until the Queue table is empty.
+**
+** If the compound query operator is UNION then no duplicate rows are ever
+** inserted into the Queue table.  The iDistinct table keeps a copy of all rows
+** that have ever been inserted into Queue and causes duplicates to be
+** discarded.  If the operator is UNION ALL, then duplicates are allowed.
+** 
+** If the query has an ORDER BY, then entries in the Queue table are kept in
+** ORDER BY order and the first entry is extracted for each cycle.  Without
+** an ORDER BY, the Queue table is just a FIFO.
+**
+** If a LIMIT clause is provided, then the iteration stops after LIMIT rows
+** have been output to pDest.  A LIMIT of zero means to output no rows and a
+** negative LIMIT means to output all rows.  If there is also an OFFSET clause
+** with a positive value, then the first OFFSET outputs are discarded rather
+** than being sent to pDest.  The LIMIT count does not begin until after OFFSET
+** rows have been skipped.
+*/
+static void generateWithRecursiveQuery(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
+  Select *p,            /* The recursive SELECT to be coded */
+  SelectDest *pDest     /* What to do with query results */
+){
+  SrcList *pSrc = p->pSrc;      /* The FROM clause of the recursive query */
+  int nCol = p->pEList->nExpr;  /* Number of columns in the recursive table */
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;      /* The prepared statement under construction */
+  Select *pSetup = p->pPrior;   /* The setup query */
+  int addrTop;                  /* Top of the loop */
+  int addrCont, addrBreak;      /* CONTINUE and BREAK addresses */
+  int iCurrent = 0;             /* The Current table */
+  int regCurrent;               /* Register holding Current table */
+  int iQueue;                   /* The Queue table */
+  int iDistinct = 0;            /* To ensure unique results if UNION */
+  int eDest = SRT_Fifo;         /* How to write to Queue */
+  SelectDest destQueue;         /* SelectDest targetting the Queue table */
+  int i;                        /* Loop counter */
+  int rc;                       /* Result code */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;           /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  Expr *pLimit, *pOffset;       /* Saved LIMIT and OFFSET */
+  int regLimit, regOffset;      /* Registers used by LIMIT and OFFSET */
+
+  /* Obtain authorization to do a recursive query */
+  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_RECURSIVE, 0, 0, 0) ) return;
+
+  /* Process the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses, if they exist */
+  addrBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+  computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, addrBreak);
+  pLimit = p->pLimit;
+  pOffset = p->pOffset;
+  regLimit = p->iLimit;
+  regOffset = p->iOffset;
+  p->pLimit = p->pOffset = 0;
+  p->iLimit = p->iOffset = 0;
+  pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+
+  /* Locate the cursor number of the Current table */
+  for(i=0; ALWAYS(i<pSrc->nSrc); i++){
+    if( pSrc->a[i].isRecursive ){
+      iCurrent = pSrc->a[i].iCursor;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Allocate cursors numbers for Queue and Distinct.  The cursor number for
+  ** the Distinct table must be exactly one greater than Queue in order
+  ** for the SRT_DistFifo and SRT_DistQueue destinations to work. */
+  iQueue = pParse->nTab++;
+  if( p->op==TK_UNION ){
+    eDest = pOrderBy ? SRT_DistQueue : SRT_DistFifo;
+    iDistinct = pParse->nTab++;
+  }else{
+    eDest = pOrderBy ? SRT_Queue : SRT_Fifo;
+  }
+  sqlite3SelectDestInit(&destQueue, eDest, iQueue);
+
+  /* Allocate cursors for Current, Queue, and Distinct. */
+  regCurrent = ++pParse->nMem;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenPseudo, iCurrent, regCurrent, nCol);
+  if( pOrderBy ){
+    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = multiSelectOrderByKeyInfo(pParse, p, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iQueue, pOrderBy->nExpr+2, 0,
+                      (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
+    destQueue.pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iQueue, nCol);
+  }
+  VdbeComment((v, "Queue table"));
+  if( iDistinct ){
+    p->addrOpenEphm[0] = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iDistinct, 0);
+    p->selFlags |= SF_UsesEphemeral;
+  }
+
+  /* Detach the ORDER BY clause from the compound SELECT */
+  p->pOrderBy = 0;
+
+  /* Store the results of the setup-query in Queue. */
+  pSetup->pNext = 0;
+  rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pSetup, &destQueue);
+  pSetup->pNext = p;
+  if( rc ) goto end_of_recursive_query;
+
+  /* Find the next row in the Queue and output that row */
+  addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iQueue, addrBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
+
+  /* Transfer the next row in Queue over to Current */
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NullRow, iCurrent); /* To reset column cache */
+  if( pOrderBy ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iQueue, pOrderBy->nExpr+1, regCurrent);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowData, iQueue, regCurrent);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Delete, iQueue);
+
+  /* Output the single row in Current */
+  addrCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+  codeOffset(v, regOffset, addrCont);
+  selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, iCurrent,
+      0, 0, pDest, addrCont, addrBreak);
+  if( regLimit ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, regLimit, addrBreak, -1);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrCont);
+
+  /* Execute the recursive SELECT taking the single row in Current as
+  ** the value for the recursive-table. Store the results in the Queue.
+  */
+  p->pPrior = 0;
+  sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &destQueue);
+  assert( p->pPrior==0 );
+  p->pPrior = pSetup;
+
+  /* Keep running the loop until the Queue is empty */
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrTop);
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrBreak);
+
+end_of_recursive_query:
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, p->pOrderBy);
+  p->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
+  p->pLimit = pLimit;
+  p->pOffset = pOffset;
+  return;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_CTE */
+
+/* Forward references */
 static int multiSelectOrderBy(
   Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
   Select *p,            /* The right-most of SELECTs to be coded */
@@ -96026,7 +103471,6 @@
 );
 
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
 /*
 ** This routine is called to process a compound query form from
 ** two or more separate queries using UNION, UNION ALL, EXCEPT, or
@@ -96070,18 +103514,17 @@
   Select *pDelete = 0;  /* Chain of simple selects to delete */
   sqlite3 *db;          /* Database connection */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
-  int iSub1;            /* EQP id of left-hand query */
-  int iSub2;            /* EQP id of right-hand query */
+  int iSub1 = 0;        /* EQP id of left-hand query */
+  int iSub2 = 0;        /* EQP id of right-hand query */
 #endif
 
   /* Make sure there is no ORDER BY or LIMIT clause on prior SELECTs.  Only
   ** the last (right-most) SELECT in the series may have an ORDER BY or LIMIT.
   */
   assert( p && p->pPrior );  /* Calling function guarantees this much */
+  assert( (p->selFlags & SF_Recursive)==0 || p->op==TK_ALL || p->op==TK_UNION );
   db = pParse->db;
   pPrior = p->pPrior;
-  assert( pPrior->pRightmost!=pPrior );
-  assert( pPrior->pRightmost==p->pRightmost );
   dest = *pDest;
   if( pPrior->pOrderBy ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"ORDER BY clause should come after %s not before",
@@ -96103,7 +103546,7 @@
   */
   if( dest.eDest==SRT_EphemTab ){
     assert( p->pEList );
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, dest.iParm, p->pEList->nExpr);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, dest.iSDParm, p->pEList->nExpr);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
     dest.eDest = SRT_Table;
   }
@@ -96123,11 +103566,17 @@
     goto multi_select_end;
   }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+  if( p->selFlags & SF_Recursive ){
+    generateWithRecursiveQuery(pParse, p, &dest);
+  }else
+#endif
+
   /* Compound SELECTs that have an ORDER BY clause are handled separately.
   */
   if( p->pOrderBy ){
     return multiSelectOrderBy(pParse, p, pDest);
-  }
+  }else
 
   /* Generate code for the left and right SELECT statements.
   */
@@ -96136,6 +103585,8 @@
       int addr = 0;
       int nLimit;
       assert( !pPrior->pLimit );
+      pPrior->iLimit = p->iLimit;
+      pPrior->iOffset = p->iOffset;
       pPrior->pLimit = p->pLimit;
       pPrior->pOffset = p->pOffset;
       explainSetInteger(iSub1, pParse->iNextSelectId);
@@ -96149,7 +103600,7 @@
       p->iLimit = pPrior->iLimit;
       p->iOffset = pPrior->iOffset;
       if( p->iLimit ){
-        addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit);
+        addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit); VdbeCoverage(v);
         VdbeComment((v, "Jump ahead if LIMIT reached"));
       }
       explainSetInteger(iSub2, pParse->iNextSelectId);
@@ -96160,9 +103611,9 @@
       p->nSelectRow += pPrior->nSelectRow;
       if( pPrior->pLimit
        && sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pPrior->pLimit, &nLimit)
-       && p->nSelectRow > (double)nLimit 
+       && nLimit>0 && p->nSelectRow > (u64)nLimit 
       ){
-        p->nSelectRow = (double)nLimit;
+        p->nSelectRow = nLimit;
       }
       if( addr ){
         sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
@@ -96181,15 +103632,13 @@
       testcase( p->op==TK_EXCEPT );
       testcase( p->op==TK_UNION );
       priorOp = SRT_Union;
-      if( dest.eDest==priorOp && ALWAYS(!p->pLimit &&!p->pOffset) ){
+      if( dest.eDest==priorOp ){
         /* We can reuse a temporary table generated by a SELECT to our
         ** right.
         */
-        assert( p->pRightmost!=p );  /* Can only happen for leftward elements
-                                     ** of a 3-way or more compound */
         assert( p->pLimit==0 );      /* Not allowed on leftward elements */
         assert( p->pOffset==0 );     /* Not allowed on leftward elements */
-        unionTab = dest.iParm;
+        unionTab = dest.iSDParm;
       }else{
         /* We will need to create our own temporary table to hold the
         ** intermediate results.
@@ -96199,7 +103648,7 @@
         addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, unionTab, 0);
         assert( p->addrOpenEphm[0] == -1 );
         p->addrOpenEphm[0] = addr;
-        p->pRightmost->selFlags |= SF_UsesEphemeral;
+        findRightmost(p)->selFlags |= SF_UsesEphemeral;
         assert( p->pEList );
       }
 
@@ -96246,7 +103695,7 @@
       /* Convert the data in the temporary table into whatever form
       ** it is that we currently need.
       */
-      assert( unionTab==dest.iParm || dest.eDest!=priorOp );
+      assert( unionTab==dest.iSDParm || dest.eDest!=priorOp );
       if( dest.eDest!=priorOp ){
         int iCont, iBreak, iStart;
         assert( p->pEList );
@@ -96258,12 +103707,12 @@
         iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
         iCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
         computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iBreak);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, unionTab, iBreak);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, unionTab, iBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
         iStart = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-        selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, unionTab, p->pEList->nExpr,
-                        0, -1, &dest, iCont, iBreak);
+        selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, unionTab,
+                        0, 0, &dest, iCont, iBreak);
         sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iCont);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, unionTab, iStart);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, unionTab, iStart); VdbeCoverage(v);
         sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iBreak);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, unionTab, 0);
       }
@@ -96288,7 +103737,7 @@
       addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, tab1, 0);
       assert( p->addrOpenEphm[0] == -1 );
       p->addrOpenEphm[0] = addr;
-      p->pRightmost->selFlags |= SF_UsesEphemeral;
+      findRightmost(p)->selFlags |= SF_UsesEphemeral;
       assert( p->pEList );
 
       /* Code the SELECTs to our left into temporary table "tab1".
@@ -96310,7 +103759,7 @@
       p->pLimit = 0;
       pOffset = p->pOffset;
       p->pOffset = 0;
-      intersectdest.iParm = tab2;
+      intersectdest.iSDParm = tab2;
       explainSetInteger(iSub2, pParse->iNextSelectId);
       rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &intersectdest);
       testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
@@ -96333,15 +103782,15 @@
       iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
       iCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
       computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iBreak);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, tab1, iBreak);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, tab1, iBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
       r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       iStart = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowKey, tab1, r1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, tab2, iCont, r1, 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, tab2, iCont, r1, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
-      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, tab1, p->pEList->nExpr,
-                      0, -1, &dest, iCont, iBreak);
+      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, tab1,
+                      0, 0, &dest, iCont, iBreak);
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iCont);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, tab1, iStart);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, tab1, iStart); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iBreak);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, tab2, 0);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, tab1, 0);
@@ -96367,18 +103816,13 @@
     CollSeq **apColl;             /* For looping through pKeyInfo->aColl[] */
     int nCol;                     /* Number of columns in result set */
 
-    assert( p->pRightmost==p );
+    assert( p->pNext==0 );
     nCol = p->pEList->nExpr;
-    pKeyInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db,
-                       sizeof(*pKeyInfo)+nCol*(sizeof(CollSeq*) + 1));
+    pKeyInfo = sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(db, nCol, 1);
     if( !pKeyInfo ){
       rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
       goto multi_select_end;
     }
-
-    pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(db);
-    pKeyInfo->nField = (u16)nCol;
-
     for(i=0, apColl=pKeyInfo->aColl; i<nCol; i++, apColl++){
       *apColl = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p, i);
       if( 0==*apColl ){
@@ -96396,16 +103840,17 @@
           break;
         }
         sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr, nCol);
-        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr, (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr, (char*)sqlite3KeyInfoRef(pKeyInfo),
+                            P4_KEYINFO);
         pLoop->addrOpenEphm[i] = -1;
       }
     }
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, pKeyInfo);
+    sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pKeyInfo);
   }
 
 multi_select_end:
-  pDest->iMem = dest.iMem;
-  pDest->nMem = dest.nMem;
+  pDest->iSdst = dest.iSdst;
+  pDest->nSdst = dest.nSdst;
   sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pDelete);
   return rc;
 }
@@ -96415,8 +103860,8 @@
 ** Code an output subroutine for a coroutine implementation of a
 ** SELECT statment.
 **
-** The data to be output is contained in pIn->iMem.  There are
-** pIn->nMem columns to be output.  pDest is where the output should
+** The data to be output is contained in pIn->iSdst.  There are
+** pIn->nSdst columns to be output.  pDest is where the output should
 ** be sent.
 **
 ** regReturn is the number of the register holding the subroutine
@@ -96439,7 +103884,6 @@
   int regReturn,          /* The return address register */
   int regPrev,            /* Previous result register.  No uniqueness if 0 */
   KeyInfo *pKeyInfo,      /* For comparing with previous entry */
-  int p4type,             /* The p4 type for pKeyInfo */
   int iBreak              /* Jump here if we hit the LIMIT */
 ){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
@@ -96453,19 +103897,19 @@
   */
   if( regPrev ){
     int j1, j2;
-    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regPrev);
-    j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, pIn->iMem, regPrev+1, pIn->nMem,
-                              (char*)pKeyInfo, p4type);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, j2+2, iContinue, j2+2);
+    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regPrev); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, pIn->iSdst, regPrev+1, pIn->nSdst,
+                              (char*)sqlite3KeyInfoRef(pKeyInfo), P4_KEYINFO);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, j2+2, iContinue, j2+2); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
-    sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(pParse, pIn->iMem, regPrev+1, pIn->nMem);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Copy, pIn->iSdst, regPrev+1, pIn->nSdst-1);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regPrev);
   }
   if( pParse->db->mallocFailed ) return 0;
 
-  /* Suppress the the first OFFSET entries if there is an OFFSET clause
+  /* Suppress the first OFFSET entries if there is an OFFSET clause
   */
-  codeOffset(v, p, iContinue);
+  codeOffset(v, p->iOffset, iContinue);
 
   switch( pDest->eDest ){
     /* Store the result as data using a unique key.
@@ -96476,9 +103920,9 @@
       int r2 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       testcase( pDest->eDest==SRT_Table );
       testcase( pDest->eDest==SRT_EphemTab );
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, pIn->iMem, pIn->nMem, r1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, pDest->iParm, r2);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, pDest->iParm, r1, r2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, pIn->iSdst, pIn->nSdst, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, pDest->iSDParm, r2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, pDest->iSDParm, r1, r2);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r2);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
@@ -96492,13 +103936,13 @@
     */
     case SRT_Set: {
       int r1;
-      assert( pIn->nMem==1 );
-      p->affinity = 
-         sqlite3CompareAffinity(p->pEList->a[0].pExpr, pDest->affinity);
+      assert( pIn->nSdst==1 );
+      pDest->affSdst = 
+         sqlite3CompareAffinity(p->pEList->a[0].pExpr, pDest->affSdst);
       r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, pIn->iMem, 1, r1, &p->affinity, 1);
-      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pIn->iMem, 1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, pDest->iParm, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, pIn->iSdst, 1, r1, &pDest->affSdst,1);
+      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pIn->iSdst, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, pDest->iSDParm, r1);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
       break;
     }
@@ -96507,7 +103951,7 @@
     /* If any row exist in the result set, record that fact and abort.
     */
     case SRT_Exists: {
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, pDest->iParm);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, pDest->iSDParm);
       /* The LIMIT clause will terminate the loop for us */
       break;
     }
@@ -96518,23 +103962,23 @@
     ** of the scan loop.
     */
     case SRT_Mem: {
-      assert( pIn->nMem==1 );
-      sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, pIn->iMem, pDest->iParm, 1);
+      assert( pIn->nSdst==1 );
+      sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, pIn->iSdst, pDest->iSDParm, 1);
       /* The LIMIT clause will jump out of the loop for us */
       break;
     }
 #endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
 
     /* The results are stored in a sequence of registers
-    ** starting at pDest->iMem.  Then the co-routine yields.
+    ** starting at pDest->iSdst.  Then the co-routine yields.
     */
     case SRT_Coroutine: {
-      if( pDest->iMem==0 ){
-        pDest->iMem = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pIn->nMem);
-        pDest->nMem = pIn->nMem;
+      if( pDest->iSdst==0 ){
+        pDest->iSdst = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pIn->nSdst);
+        pDest->nSdst = pIn->nSdst;
       }
-      sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, pIn->iMem, pDest->iMem, pDest->nMem);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iParm);
+      sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, pIn->iSdst, pDest->iSdst, pDest->nSdst);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iSDParm);
       break;
     }
 
@@ -96548,8 +103992,8 @@
     */
     default: {
       assert( pDest->eDest==SRT_Output );
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, pIn->iMem, pIn->nMem);
-      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pIn->iMem, pIn->nMem);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, pIn->iSdst, pIn->nSdst);
+      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pIn->iSdst, pIn->nSdst);
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -96557,7 +104001,7 @@
   /* Jump to the end of the loop if the LIMIT is reached.
   */
   if( p->iLimit ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit, iBreak, -1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit, iBreak, -1); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
   /* Generate the subroutine return
@@ -96665,9 +104109,7 @@
   SelectDest destA;     /* Destination for coroutine A */
   SelectDest destB;     /* Destination for coroutine B */
   int regAddrA;         /* Address register for select-A coroutine */
-  int regEofA;          /* Flag to indicate when select-A is complete */
   int regAddrB;         /* Address register for select-B coroutine */
-  int regEofB;          /* Flag to indicate when select-B is complete */
   int addrSelectA;      /* Address of the select-A coroutine */
   int addrSelectB;      /* Address of the select-B coroutine */
   int regOutA;          /* Address register for the output-A subroutine */
@@ -96675,6 +104117,7 @@
   int addrOutA;         /* Address of the output-A subroutine */
   int addrOutB = 0;     /* Address of the output-B subroutine */
   int addrEofA;         /* Address of the select-A-exhausted subroutine */
+  int addrEofA_noB;     /* Alternate addrEofA if B is uninitialized */
   int addrEofB;         /* Address of the select-B-exhausted subroutine */
   int addrAltB;         /* Address of the A<B subroutine */
   int addrAeqB;         /* Address of the A==B subroutine */
@@ -96725,8 +104168,8 @@
     for(i=1; db->mallocFailed==0 && i<=p->pEList->nExpr; i++){
       struct ExprList_item *pItem;
       for(j=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; j<nOrderBy; j++, pItem++){
-        assert( pItem->iOrderByCol>0 );
-        if( pItem->iOrderByCol==i ) break;
+        assert( pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol>0 );
+        if( pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol==i ) break;
       }
       if( j==nOrderBy ){
         Expr *pNew = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_INTEGER, 0);
@@ -96734,7 +104177,7 @@
         pNew->flags |= EP_IntValue;
         pNew->u.iValue = i;
         pOrderBy = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pOrderBy, pNew);
-        if( pOrderBy ) pOrderBy->a[nOrderBy++].iOrderByCol = (u16)i;
+        if( pOrderBy ) pOrderBy->a[nOrderBy++].u.x.iOrderByCol = (u16)i;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -96750,29 +104193,11 @@
   if( aPermute ){
     struct ExprList_item *pItem;
     for(i=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; i<nOrderBy; i++, pItem++){
-      assert( pItem->iOrderByCol>0  && pItem->iOrderByCol<=p->pEList->nExpr );
-      aPermute[i] = pItem->iOrderByCol - 1;
+      assert( pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol>0
+          && pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol<=p->pEList->nExpr );
+      aPermute[i] = pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol - 1;
     }
-    pKeyMerge =
-      sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(*pKeyMerge)+nOrderBy*(sizeof(CollSeq*)+1));
-    if( pKeyMerge ){
-      pKeyMerge->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pKeyMerge->aColl[nOrderBy];
-      pKeyMerge->nField = (u16)nOrderBy;
-      pKeyMerge->enc = ENC(db);
-      for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
-        CollSeq *pColl;
-        Expr *pTerm = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
-        if( pTerm->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
-          pColl = pTerm->pColl;
-        }else{
-          pColl = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p, aPermute[i]);
-          pTerm->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
-          pTerm->pColl = pColl;
-        }
-        pKeyMerge->aColl[i] = pColl;
-        pKeyMerge->aSortOrder[i] = pOrderBy->a[i].sortOrder;
-      }
-    }
+    pKeyMerge = multiSelectOrderByKeyInfo(pParse, p, 1);
   }else{
     pKeyMerge = 0;
   }
@@ -96791,14 +104216,12 @@
   }else{
     int nExpr = p->pEList->nExpr;
     assert( nOrderBy>=nExpr || db->mallocFailed );
-    regPrev = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nExpr+1);
+    regPrev = pParse->nMem+1;
+    pParse->nMem += nExpr+1;
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regPrev);
-    pKeyDup = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db,
-                  sizeof(*pKeyDup) + nExpr*(sizeof(CollSeq*)+1) );
+    pKeyDup = sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(db, nExpr, 1);
     if( pKeyDup ){
-      pKeyDup->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pKeyDup->aColl[nExpr];
-      pKeyDup->nField = (u16)nExpr;
-      pKeyDup->enc = ENC(db);
+      assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pKeyDup) );
       for(i=0; i<nExpr; i++){
         pKeyDup->aColl[i] = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p, i);
         pKeyDup->aSortOrder[i] = 0;
@@ -96809,6 +104232,7 @@
   /* Separate the left and the right query from one another
   */
   p->pPrior = 0;
+  pPrior->pNext = 0;
   sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(pParse, p, p->pOrderBy, "ORDER");
   if( pPrior->pPrior==0 ){
     sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(pParse, pPrior, pPrior->pOrderBy, "ORDER");
@@ -96831,37 +104255,30 @@
   p->pOffset = 0;
 
   regAddrA = ++pParse->nMem;
-  regEofA = ++pParse->nMem;
   regAddrB = ++pParse->nMem;
-  regEofB = ++pParse->nMem;
   regOutA = ++pParse->nMem;
   regOutB = ++pParse->nMem;
   sqlite3SelectDestInit(&destA, SRT_Coroutine, regAddrA);
   sqlite3SelectDestInit(&destB, SRT_Coroutine, regAddrB);
 
-  /* Jump past the various subroutines and coroutines to the main
-  ** merge loop
-  */
-  j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
-  addrSelectA = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-
-
   /* Generate a coroutine to evaluate the SELECT statement to the
   ** left of the compound operator - the "A" select.
   */
-  VdbeNoopComment((v, "Begin coroutine for left SELECT"));
+  addrSelectA = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 1;
+  j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InitCoroutine, regAddrA, 0, addrSelectA);
+  VdbeComment((v, "left SELECT"));
   pPrior->iLimit = regLimitA;
   explainSetInteger(iSub1, pParse->iNextSelectId);
   sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, &destA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regEofA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
-  VdbeNoopComment((v, "End coroutine for left SELECT"));
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_EndCoroutine, regAddrA);
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
 
   /* Generate a coroutine to evaluate the SELECT statement on 
   ** the right - the "B" select
   */
-  addrSelectB = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-  VdbeNoopComment((v, "Begin coroutine for right SELECT"));
+  addrSelectB = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 1;
+  j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InitCoroutine, regAddrB, 0, addrSelectB);
+  VdbeComment((v, "right SELECT"));
   savedLimit = p->iLimit;
   savedOffset = p->iOffset;
   p->iLimit = regLimitB;
@@ -96870,9 +104287,7 @@
   sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &destB);
   p->iLimit = savedLimit;
   p->iOffset = savedOffset;
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regEofB);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB);
-  VdbeNoopComment((v, "End coroutine for right SELECT"));
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_EndCoroutine, regAddrB);
 
   /* Generate a subroutine that outputs the current row of the A
   ** select as the next output row of the compound select.
@@ -96880,7 +104295,7 @@
   VdbeNoopComment((v, "Output routine for A"));
   addrOutA = generateOutputSubroutine(pParse,
                  p, &destA, pDest, regOutA,
-                 regPrev, pKeyDup, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF, labelEnd);
+                 regPrev, pKeyDup, labelEnd);
   
   /* Generate a subroutine that outputs the current row of the B
   ** select as the next output row of the compound select.
@@ -96889,19 +104304,20 @@
     VdbeNoopComment((v, "Output routine for B"));
     addrOutB = generateOutputSubroutine(pParse,
                  p, &destB, pDest, regOutB,
-                 regPrev, pKeyDup, P4_KEYINFO_STATIC, labelEnd);
+                 regPrev, pKeyDup, labelEnd);
   }
+  sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pKeyDup);
 
   /* Generate a subroutine to run when the results from select A
   ** are exhausted and only data in select B remains.
   */
-  VdbeNoopComment((v, "eof-A subroutine"));
   if( op==TK_EXCEPT || op==TK_INTERSECT ){
-    addrEofA = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelEnd);
+    addrEofA_noB = addrEofA = labelEnd;
   }else{  
-    addrEofA = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofB, labelEnd);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutB, addrOutB);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB);
+    VdbeNoopComment((v, "eof-A subroutine"));
+    addrEofA = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutB, addrOutB);
+    addrEofA_noB = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB, labelEnd);
+                                     VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrEofA);
     p->nSelectRow += pPrior->nSelectRow;
   }
@@ -96914,9 +104330,8 @@
     if( p->nSelectRow > pPrior->nSelectRow ) p->nSelectRow = pPrior->nSelectRow;
   }else{  
     VdbeNoopComment((v, "eof-B subroutine"));
-    addrEofB = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, labelEnd);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutA, addrOutA);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
+    addrEofB = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutA, addrOutA);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA, labelEnd); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrEofB);
   }
 
@@ -96924,8 +104339,7 @@
   */
   VdbeNoopComment((v, "A-lt-B subroutine"));
   addrAltB = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutA, addrOutA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, addrEofA);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA, addrEofA); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelCmpr);
 
   /* Generate code to handle the case of A==B
@@ -96938,8 +104352,7 @@
   }else{
     VdbeNoopComment((v, "A-eq-B subroutine"));
     addrAeqB =
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, addrEofA);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA, addrEofA); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelCmpr);
   }
 
@@ -96950,33 +104363,23 @@
   if( op==TK_ALL || op==TK_UNION ){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutB, addrOutB);
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofB, addrEofB);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB, addrEofB); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelCmpr);
 
   /* This code runs once to initialize everything.
   */
   sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regEofA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regEofB);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regAddrA, addrSelectA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regAddrB, addrSelectB);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, addrEofA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofB, addrEofB);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA, addrEofA_noB); VdbeCoverage(v);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB, addrEofB); VdbeCoverage(v);
 
   /* Implement the main merge loop
   */
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, labelCmpr);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Permutation, 0, 0, 0, (char*)aPermute, P4_INTARRAY);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, destA.iMem, destB.iMem, nOrderBy,
-                         (char*)pKeyMerge, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, addrAltB, addrAeqB, addrAgtB);
-
-  /* Release temporary registers
-  */
-  if( regPrev ){
-    sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regPrev, nOrderBy+1);
-  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, destA.iSdst, destB.iSdst, nOrderBy,
+                         (char*)pKeyMerge, P4_KEYINFO);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_PERMUTE);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, addrAltB, addrAeqB, addrAgtB); VdbeCoverage(v);
 
   /* Jump to the this point in order to terminate the query.
   */
@@ -96996,6 +104399,7 @@
     sqlite3SelectDelete(db, p->pPrior);
   }
   p->pPrior = pPrior;
+  pPrior->pNext = p;
 
   /*** TBD:  Insert subroutine calls to close cursors on incomplete
   **** subqueries ****/
@@ -97037,9 +104441,6 @@
       assert( pEList!=0 && pExpr->iColumn<pEList->nExpr );
       assert( pExpr->pLeft==0 && pExpr->pRight==0 );
       pNew = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pEList->a[pExpr->iColumn].pExpr, 0);
-      if( pNew && pExpr->pColl ){
-        pNew->pColl = pExpr->pColl;
-      }
       sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr);
       pExpr = pNew;
     }
@@ -97182,6 +104583,12 @@
 **        operators have an implied DISTINCT which is disallowed by
 **        restriction (4).
 **
+**        Also, each component of the sub-query must return the same number
+**        of result columns. This is actually a requirement for any compound
+**        SELECT statement, but all the code here does is make sure that no
+**        such (illegal) sub-query is flattened. The caller will detect the
+**        syntax error and return a detailed message.
+**
 **  (18)  If the sub-query is a compound select, then all terms of the
 **        ORDER by clause of the parent must be simple references to 
 **        columns of the sub-query.
@@ -97198,6 +104605,14 @@
 **  (21)  The subquery does not use LIMIT or the outer query is not
 **        DISTINCT.  (See ticket [752e1646fc]).
 **
+**  (22)  The subquery is not a recursive CTE.
+**
+**  (23)  The parent is not a recursive CTE, or the sub-query is not a
+**        compound query. This restriction is because transforming the
+**        parent to a compound query confuses the code that handles
+**        recursive queries in multiSelect().
+**
+**
 ** In this routine, the "p" parameter is a pointer to the outer query.
 ** The subquery is p->pSrc->a[iFrom].  isAgg is true if the outer query
 ** uses aggregates and subqueryIsAgg is true if the subquery uses aggregates.
@@ -97232,7 +104647,7 @@
   */
   assert( p!=0 );
   assert( p->pPrior==0 );  /* Unable to flatten compound queries */
-  if( db->flags & SQLITE_QueryFlattener ) return 0;
+  if( OptimizationDisabled(db, SQLITE_QueryFlattener) ) return 0;
   pSrc = p->pSrc;
   assert( pSrc && iFrom>=0 && iFrom<pSrc->nSrc );
   pSubitem = &pSrc->a[iFrom];
@@ -97250,7 +104665,7 @@
   ** and (14). */
   if( pSub->pLimit && p->pLimit ) return 0;              /* Restriction (13) */
   if( pSub->pOffset ) return 0;                          /* Restriction (14) */
-  if( p->pRightmost && pSub->pLimit ){
+  if( (p->selFlags & SF_Compound)!=0 && pSub->pLimit ){
     return 0;                                            /* Restriction (15) */
   }
   if( pSubSrc->nSrc==0 ) return 0;                       /* Restriction (7)  */
@@ -97269,6 +104684,8 @@
   if( pSub->pLimit && (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0 ){
      return 0;         /* Restriction (21) */
   }
+  if( pSub->selFlags & SF_Recursive ) return 0;          /* Restriction (22)  */
+  if( (p->selFlags & SF_Recursive) && pSub->pPrior ) return 0;       /* (23)  */
 
   /* OBSOLETE COMMENT 1:
   ** Restriction 3:  If the subquery is a join, make sure the subquery is 
@@ -97325,6 +104742,7 @@
       if( (pSub1->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))!=0
        || (pSub1->pPrior && pSub1->op!=TK_ALL) 
        || pSub1->pSrc->nSrc<1
+       || pSub->pEList->nExpr!=pSub1->pEList->nExpr
       ){
         return 0;
       }
@@ -97335,7 +104753,7 @@
     if( p->pOrderBy ){
       int ii;
       for(ii=0; ii<p->pOrderBy->nExpr; ii++){
-        if( p->pOrderBy->a[ii].iOrderByCol==0 ) return 0;
+        if( p->pOrderBy->a[ii].u.x.iOrderByCol==0 ) return 0;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -97344,7 +104762,8 @@
 
   /* Authorize the subquery */
   pParse->zAuthContext = pSubitem->zName;
-  sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_SELECT, 0, 0, 0);
+  TESTONLY(i =) sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_SELECT, 0, 0, 0);
+  testcase( i==SQLITE_DENY );
   pParse->zAuthContext = zSavedAuthContext;
 
   /* If the sub-query is a compound SELECT statement, then (by restrictions
@@ -97384,24 +104803,27 @@
     Select *pNew;
     ExprList *pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
     Expr *pLimit = p->pLimit;
+    Expr *pOffset = p->pOffset;
     Select *pPrior = p->pPrior;
     p->pOrderBy = 0;
     p->pSrc = 0;
     p->pPrior = 0;
     p->pLimit = 0;
+    p->pOffset = 0;
     pNew = sqlite3SelectDup(db, p, 0);
+    p->pOffset = pOffset;
     p->pLimit = pLimit;
     p->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
     p->pSrc = pSrc;
     p->op = TK_ALL;
-    p->pRightmost = 0;
     if( pNew==0 ){
-      pNew = pPrior;
+      p->pPrior = pPrior;
     }else{
       pNew->pPrior = pPrior;
-      pNew->pRightmost = 0;
+      if( pPrior ) pPrior->pNext = pNew;
+      pNew->pNext = p;
+      p->pPrior = pNew;
     }
-    p->pPrior = pNew;
     if( db->mallocFailed ) return 1;
   }
 
@@ -97519,10 +104941,9 @@
     pList = pParent->pEList;
     for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
       if( pList->a[i].zName==0 ){
-        const char *zSpan = pList->a[i].zSpan;
-        if( ALWAYS(zSpan) ){
-          pList->a[i].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zSpan);
-        }
+        char *zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pList->a[i].zSpan);
+        sqlite3Dequote(zName);
+        pList->a[i].zName = zName;
       }
     }
     substExprList(db, pParent->pEList, iParent, pSub->pEList);
@@ -97583,34 +105004,43 @@
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) */
 
 /*
-** Analyze the SELECT statement passed as an argument to see if it
-** is a min() or max() query. Return WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN or WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX if 
-** it is, or 0 otherwise. At present, a query is considered to be
-** a min()/max() query if:
+** Based on the contents of the AggInfo structure indicated by the first
+** argument, this function checks if the following are true:
 **
-**   1. There is a single object in the FROM clause.
+**    * the query contains just a single aggregate function,
+**    * the aggregate function is either min() or max(), and
+**    * the argument to the aggregate function is a column value.
 **
-**   2. There is a single expression in the result set, and it is
-**      either min(x) or max(x), where x is a column reference.
+** If all of the above are true, then WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN or WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX
+** is returned as appropriate. Also, *ppMinMax is set to point to the 
+** list of arguments passed to the aggregate before returning.
+**
+** Or, if the conditions above are not met, *ppMinMax is set to 0 and
+** WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL is returned.
 */
-static u8 minMaxQuery(Select *p){
-  Expr *pExpr;
-  ExprList *pEList = p->pEList;
+static u8 minMaxQuery(AggInfo *pAggInfo, ExprList **ppMinMax){
+  int eRet = WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;          /* Return value */
 
-  if( pEList->nExpr!=1 ) return WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;
-  pExpr = pEList->a[0].pExpr;
-  if( pExpr->op!=TK_AGG_FUNCTION ) return 0;
-  if( NEVER(ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect)) ) return 0;
-  pEList = pExpr->x.pList;
-  if( pEList==0 || pEList->nExpr!=1 ) return 0;
-  if( pEList->a[0].pExpr->op!=TK_AGG_COLUMN ) return WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;
-  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(pExpr->u.zToken,"min")==0 ){
-    return WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN;
-  }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(pExpr->u.zToken,"max")==0 ){
-    return WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX;
+  *ppMinMax = 0;
+  if( pAggInfo->nFunc==1 ){
+    Expr *pExpr = pAggInfo->aFunc[0].pExpr; /* Aggregate function */
+    ExprList *pEList = pExpr->x.pList;      /* Arguments to agg function */
+
+    assert( pExpr->op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION );
+    if( pEList && pEList->nExpr==1 && pEList->a[0].pExpr->op==TK_AGG_COLUMN ){
+      const char *zFunc = pExpr->u.zToken;
+      if( sqlite3StrICmp(zFunc, "min")==0 ){
+        eRet = WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN;
+        *ppMinMax = pEList;
+      }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(zFunc, "max")==0 ){
+        eRet = WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX;
+        *ppMinMax = pEList;
+      }
+    }
   }
-  return WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;
+
+  assert( *ppMinMax==0 || (*ppMinMax)->nExpr==1 );
+  return eRet;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -97641,7 +105071,8 @@
 
   if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;
   if( pExpr->op!=TK_AGG_FUNCTION ) return 0;
-  if( (pAggInfo->aFunc[0].pFunc->flags&SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT)==0 ) return 0;
+  if( NEVER(pAggInfo->nFunc==0) ) return 0;
+  if( (pAggInfo->aFunc[0].pFunc->funcFlags&SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT)==0 ) return 0;
   if( pExpr->flags&EP_Distinct ) return 0;
 
   return pTab;
@@ -97672,6 +105103,265 @@
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
+/*
+** Detect compound SELECT statements that use an ORDER BY clause with 
+** an alternative collating sequence.
+**
+**    SELECT ... FROM t1 EXCEPT SELECT ... FROM t2 ORDER BY .. COLLATE ...
+**
+** These are rewritten as a subquery:
+**
+**    SELECT * FROM (SELECT ... FROM t1 EXCEPT SELECT ... FROM t2)
+**     ORDER BY ... COLLATE ...
+**
+** This transformation is necessary because the multiSelectOrderBy() routine
+** above that generates the code for a compound SELECT with an ORDER BY clause
+** uses a merge algorithm that requires the same collating sequence on the
+** result columns as on the ORDER BY clause.  See ticket
+** http://www.sqlite.org/src/info/6709574d2a
+**
+** This transformation is only needed for EXCEPT, INTERSECT, and UNION.
+** The UNION ALL operator works fine with multiSelectOrderBy() even when
+** there are COLLATE terms in the ORDER BY.
+*/
+static int convertCompoundSelectToSubquery(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
+  int i;
+  Select *pNew;
+  Select *pX;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  struct ExprList_item *a;
+  SrcList *pNewSrc;
+  Parse *pParse;
+  Token dummy;
+
+  if( p->pPrior==0 ) return WRC_Continue;
+  if( p->pOrderBy==0 ) return WRC_Continue;
+  for(pX=p; pX && (pX->op==TK_ALL || pX->op==TK_SELECT); pX=pX->pPrior){}
+  if( pX==0 ) return WRC_Continue;
+  a = p->pOrderBy->a;
+  for(i=p->pOrderBy->nExpr-1; i>=0; i--){
+    if( a[i].pExpr->flags & EP_Collate ) break;
+  }
+  if( i<0 ) return WRC_Continue;
+
+  /* If we reach this point, that means the transformation is required. */
+
+  pParse = pWalker->pParse;
+  db = pParse->db;
+  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pNew) );
+  if( pNew==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
+  memset(&dummy, 0, sizeof(dummy));
+  pNewSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,0,0,0,&dummy,pNew,0,0);
+  if( pNewSrc==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
+  *pNew = *p;
+  p->pSrc = pNewSrc;
+  p->pEList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ALL, 0));
+  p->op = TK_SELECT;
+  p->pWhere = 0;
+  pNew->pGroupBy = 0;
+  pNew->pHaving = 0;
+  pNew->pOrderBy = 0;
+  p->pPrior = 0;
+  p->pNext = 0;
+  p->selFlags &= ~SF_Compound;
+  assert( pNew->pPrior!=0 );
+  pNew->pPrior->pNext = pNew;
+  pNew->pLimit = 0;
+  pNew->pOffset = 0;
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+/*
+** Argument pWith (which may be NULL) points to a linked list of nested 
+** WITH contexts, from inner to outermost. If the table identified by 
+** FROM clause element pItem is really a common-table-expression (CTE) 
+** then return a pointer to the CTE definition for that table. Otherwise
+** return NULL.
+**
+** If a non-NULL value is returned, set *ppContext to point to the With
+** object that the returned CTE belongs to.
+*/
+static struct Cte *searchWith(
+  With *pWith,                    /* Current outermost WITH clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem,     /* FROM clause element to resolve */
+  With **ppContext                /* OUT: WITH clause return value belongs to */
+){
+  const char *zName;
+  if( pItem->zDatabase==0 && (zName = pItem->zName)!=0 ){
+    With *p;
+    for(p=pWith; p; p=p->pOuter){
+      int i;
+      for(i=0; i<p->nCte; i++){
+        if( sqlite3StrICmp(zName, p->a[i].zName)==0 ){
+          *ppContext = p;
+          return &p->a[i];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* The code generator maintains a stack of active WITH clauses
+** with the inner-most WITH clause being at the top of the stack.
+**
+** This routine pushes the WITH clause passed as the second argument
+** onto the top of the stack. If argument bFree is true, then this
+** WITH clause will never be popped from the stack. In this case it
+** should be freed along with the Parse object. In other cases, when
+** bFree==0, the With object will be freed along with the SELECT 
+** statement with which it is associated.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WithPush(Parse *pParse, With *pWith, u8 bFree){
+  assert( bFree==0 || pParse->pWith==0 );
+  if( pWith ){
+    pWith->pOuter = pParse->pWith;
+    pParse->pWith = pWith;
+    pParse->bFreeWith = bFree;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function checks if argument pFrom refers to a CTE declared by 
+** a WITH clause on the stack currently maintained by the parser. And,
+** if currently processing a CTE expression, if it is a recursive
+** reference to the current CTE.
+**
+** If pFrom falls into either of the two categories above, pFrom->pTab
+** and other fields are populated accordingly. The caller should check
+** (pFrom->pTab!=0) to determine whether or not a successful match
+** was found.
+**
+** Whether or not a match is found, SQLITE_OK is returned if no error
+** occurs. If an error does occur, an error message is stored in the
+** parser and some error code other than SQLITE_OK returned.
+*/
+static int withExpand(
+  Walker *pWalker, 
+  struct SrcList_item *pFrom
+){
+  Parse *pParse = pWalker->pParse;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  struct Cte *pCte;               /* Matched CTE (or NULL if no match) */
+  With *pWith;                    /* WITH clause that pCte belongs to */
+
+  assert( pFrom->pTab==0 );
+
+  pCte = searchWith(pParse->pWith, pFrom, &pWith);
+  if( pCte ){
+    Table *pTab;
+    ExprList *pEList;
+    Select *pSel;
+    Select *pLeft;                /* Left-most SELECT statement */
+    int bMayRecursive;            /* True if compound joined by UNION [ALL] */
+    With *pSavedWith;             /* Initial value of pParse->pWith */
+
+    /* If pCte->zErr is non-NULL at this point, then this is an illegal
+    ** recursive reference to CTE pCte. Leave an error in pParse and return
+    ** early. If pCte->zErr is NULL, then this is not a recursive reference.
+    ** In this case, proceed.  */
+    if( pCte->zErr ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, pCte->zErr, pCte->zName);
+      return SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    assert( pFrom->pTab==0 );
+    pFrom->pTab = pTab = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Table));
+    if( pTab==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
+    pTab->nRef = 1;
+    pTab->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pCte->zName);
+    pTab->iPKey = -1;
+    pTab->nRowLogEst = 200; assert( 200==sqlite3LogEst(1048576) );
+    pTab->tabFlags |= TF_Ephemeral;
+    pFrom->pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pCte->pSelect, 0);
+    if( db->mallocFailed ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    assert( pFrom->pSelect );
+
+    /* Check if this is a recursive CTE. */
+    pSel = pFrom->pSelect;
+    bMayRecursive = ( pSel->op==TK_ALL || pSel->op==TK_UNION );
+    if( bMayRecursive ){
+      int i;
+      SrcList *pSrc = pFrom->pSelect->pSrc;
+      for(i=0; i<pSrc->nSrc; i++){
+        struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pSrc->a[i];
+        if( pItem->zDatabase==0 
+         && pItem->zName!=0 
+         && 0==sqlite3StrICmp(pItem->zName, pCte->zName)
+          ){
+          pItem->pTab = pTab;
+          pItem->isRecursive = 1;
+          pTab->nRef++;
+          pSel->selFlags |= SF_Recursive;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Only one recursive reference is permitted. */ 
+    if( pTab->nRef>2 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(
+          pParse, "multiple references to recursive table: %s", pCte->zName
+      );
+      return SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+    assert( pTab->nRef==1 || ((pSel->selFlags&SF_Recursive) && pTab->nRef==2 ));
+
+    pCte->zErr = "circular reference: %s";
+    pSavedWith = pParse->pWith;
+    pParse->pWith = pWith;
+    sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, bMayRecursive ? pSel->pPrior : pSel);
+
+    for(pLeft=pSel; pLeft->pPrior; pLeft=pLeft->pPrior);
+    pEList = pLeft->pEList;
+    if( pCte->pCols ){
+      if( pEList->nExpr!=pCte->pCols->nExpr ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %s has %d values for %d columns",
+            pCte->zName, pEList->nExpr, pCte->pCols->nExpr
+        );
+        pParse->pWith = pSavedWith;
+        return SQLITE_ERROR;
+      }
+      pEList = pCte->pCols;
+    }
+
+    selectColumnsFromExprList(pParse, pEList, &pTab->nCol, &pTab->aCol);
+    if( bMayRecursive ){
+      if( pSel->selFlags & SF_Recursive ){
+        pCte->zErr = "multiple recursive references: %s";
+      }else{
+        pCte->zErr = "recursive reference in a subquery: %s";
+      }
+      sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pSel);
+    }
+    pCte->zErr = 0;
+    pParse->pWith = pSavedWith;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+/*
+** If the SELECT passed as the second argument has an associated WITH 
+** clause, pop it from the stack stored as part of the Parse object.
+**
+** This function is used as the xSelectCallback2() callback by
+** sqlite3SelectExpand() when walking a SELECT tree to resolve table
+** names and other FROM clause elements. 
+*/
+static void selectPopWith(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
+  Parse *pParse = pWalker->pParse;
+  With *pWith = findRightmost(p)->pWith;
+  if( pWith!=0 ){
+    assert( pParse->pWith==pWith );
+    pParse->pWith = pWith->pOuter;
+  }
+}
+#else
+#define selectPopWith 0
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** This routine is a Walker callback for "expanding" a SELECT statement.
@@ -97704,16 +105394,19 @@
   ExprList *pEList;
   struct SrcList_item *pFrom;
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Expr *pE, *pRight, *pExpr;
+  u16 selFlags = p->selFlags;
 
+  p->selFlags |= SF_Expanded;
   if( db->mallocFailed  ){
     return WRC_Abort;
   }
-  if( NEVER(p->pSrc==0) || (p->selFlags & SF_Expanded)!=0 ){
+  if( NEVER(p->pSrc==0) || (selFlags & SF_Expanded)!=0 ){
     return WRC_Prune;
   }
-  p->selFlags |= SF_Expanded;
   pTabList = p->pSrc;
   pEList = p->pEList;
+  sqlite3WithPush(pParse, findRightmost(p)->pWith, 0);
 
   /* Make sure cursor numbers have been assigned to all entries in
   ** the FROM clause of the SELECT statement.
@@ -97726,12 +105419,21 @@
   */
   for(i=0, pFrom=pTabList->a; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++, pFrom++){
     Table *pTab;
+    assert( pFrom->isRecursive==0 || pFrom->pTab );
+    if( pFrom->isRecursive ) continue;
     if( pFrom->pTab!=0 ){
       /* This statement has already been prepared.  There is no need
       ** to go further. */
       assert( i==0 );
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+      selectPopWith(pWalker, p);
+#endif
       return WRC_Prune;
     }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+    if( withExpand(pWalker, pFrom) ) return WRC_Abort;
+    if( pFrom->pTab ) {} else
+#endif
     if( pFrom->zName==0 ){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
       Select *pSel = pFrom->pSelect;
@@ -97742,19 +105444,24 @@
       pFrom->pTab = pTab = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Table));
       if( pTab==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
       pTab->nRef = 1;
-      pTab->zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "sqlite_subquery_%p_", (void*)pTab);
+      pTab->zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "sqlite_sq_%p", (void*)pTab);
       while( pSel->pPrior ){ pSel = pSel->pPrior; }
       selectColumnsFromExprList(pParse, pSel->pEList, &pTab->nCol, &pTab->aCol);
       pTab->iPKey = -1;
-      pTab->nRowEst = 1000000;
+      pTab->nRowLogEst = 200; assert( 200==sqlite3LogEst(1048576) );
       pTab->tabFlags |= TF_Ephemeral;
 #endif
     }else{
       /* An ordinary table or view name in the FROM clause */
       assert( pFrom->pTab==0 );
-      pFrom->pTab = pTab = 
-        sqlite3LocateTable(pParse,0,pFrom->zName,pFrom->zDatabase);
+      pFrom->pTab = pTab = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, 0, pFrom);
       if( pTab==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
+      if( pTab->nRef==0xffff ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many references to \"%s\": max 65535",
+           pTab->zName);
+        pFrom->pTab = 0;
+        return WRC_Abort;
+      }
       pTab->nRef++;
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined (SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE)
       if( pTab->pSelect || IsVirtual(pTab) ){
@@ -97790,7 +105497,7 @@
   ** that need expanding.
   */
   for(k=0; k<pEList->nExpr; k++){
-    Expr *pE = pEList->a[k].pExpr;
+    pE = pEList->a[k].pExpr;
     if( pE->op==TK_ALL ) break;
     assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || pE->pRight!=0 );
     assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || (pE->pLeft!=0 && pE->pLeft->op==TK_ID) );
@@ -97808,10 +105515,18 @@
     int longNames = (flags & SQLITE_FullColNames)!=0
                       && (flags & SQLITE_ShortColNames)==0;
 
+    /* When processing FROM-clause subqueries, it is always the case
+    ** that full_column_names=OFF and short_column_names=ON.  The
+    ** sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect() routine makes it so. */
+    assert( (p->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)==0
+          || ((flags & SQLITE_FullColNames)==0 &&
+              (flags & SQLITE_ShortColNames)!=0) );
+
     for(k=0; k<pEList->nExpr; k++){
-      Expr *pE = a[k].pExpr;
-      assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || pE->pRight!=0 );
-      if( pE->op!=TK_ALL && (pE->op!=TK_DOT || pE->pRight->op!=TK_ALL) ){
+      pE = a[k].pExpr;
+      pRight = pE->pRight;
+      assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || pRight!=0 );
+      if( pE->op!=TK_ALL && (pE->op!=TK_DOT || pRight->op!=TK_ALL) ){
         /* This particular expression does not need to be expanded.
         */
         pNew = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pNew, a[k].pExpr);
@@ -97826,32 +105541,43 @@
         /* This expression is a "*" or a "TABLE.*" and needs to be
         ** expanded. */
         int tableSeen = 0;      /* Set to 1 when TABLE matches */
-        char *zTName;            /* text of name of TABLE */
+        char *zTName = 0;       /* text of name of TABLE */
         if( pE->op==TK_DOT ){
           assert( pE->pLeft!=0 );
           assert( !ExprHasProperty(pE->pLeft, EP_IntValue) );
           zTName = pE->pLeft->u.zToken;
-        }else{
-          zTName = 0;
         }
         for(i=0, pFrom=pTabList->a; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++, pFrom++){
           Table *pTab = pFrom->pTab;
+          Select *pSub = pFrom->pSelect;
           char *zTabName = pFrom->zAlias;
+          const char *zSchemaName = 0;
+          int iDb;
           if( zTabName==0 ){
             zTabName = pTab->zName;
           }
           if( db->mallocFailed ) break;
-          if( zTName && sqlite3StrICmp(zTName, zTabName)!=0 ){
-            continue;
+          if( pSub==0 || (pSub->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)==0 ){
+            pSub = 0;
+            if( zTName && sqlite3StrICmp(zTName, zTabName)!=0 ){
+              continue;
+            }
+            iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+            zSchemaName = iDb>=0 ? db->aDb[iDb].zName : "*";
           }
-          tableSeen = 1;
           for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
-            Expr *pExpr, *pRight;
             char *zName = pTab->aCol[j].zName;
             char *zColname;  /* The computed column name */
             char *zToFree;   /* Malloced string that needs to be freed */
             Token sColname;  /* Computed column name as a token */
 
+            assert( zName );
+            if( zTName && pSub
+             && sqlite3MatchSpanName(pSub->pEList->a[j].zSpan, 0, zTName, 0)==0
+            ){
+              continue;
+            }
+
             /* If a column is marked as 'hidden' (currently only possible
             ** for virtual tables), do not include it in the expanded
             ** result-set list.
@@ -97860,6 +105586,7 @@
               assert(IsVirtual(pTab));
               continue;
             }
+            tableSeen = 1;
 
             if( i>0 && zTName==0 ){
               if( (pFrom->jointype & JT_NATURAL)!=0
@@ -97882,6 +105609,10 @@
               Expr *pLeft;
               pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ID, zTabName);
               pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, pLeft, pRight, 0);
+              if( zSchemaName ){
+                pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ID, zSchemaName);
+                pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, pLeft, pExpr, 0);
+              }
               if( longNames ){
                 zColname = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s.%s", zTabName, zName);
                 zToFree = zColname;
@@ -97893,6 +105624,18 @@
             sColname.z = zColname;
             sColname.n = sqlite3Strlen30(zColname);
             sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, pNew, &sColname, 0);
+            if( pNew && (p->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)!=0 ){
+              struct ExprList_item *pX = &pNew->a[pNew->nExpr-1];
+              if( pSub ){
+                pX->zSpan = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pSub->pEList->a[j].zSpan);
+                testcase( pX->zSpan==0 );
+              }else{
+                pX->zSpan = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s.%s.%s",
+                                           zSchemaName, zTabName, zColname);
+                testcase( pX->zSpan==0 );
+              }
+              pX->bSpanIsTab = 1;
+            }
             sqlite3DbFree(db, zToFree);
           }
         }
@@ -97945,9 +105688,15 @@
 */
 static void sqlite3SelectExpand(Parse *pParse, Select *pSelect){
   Walker w;
-  w.xSelectCallback = selectExpander;
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
   w.xExprCallback = exprWalkNoop;
   w.pParse = pParse;
+  if( pParse->hasCompound ){
+    w.xSelectCallback = convertCompoundSelectToSubquery;
+    sqlite3WalkSelect(&w, pSelect);
+  }
+  w.xSelectCallback = selectExpander;
+  w.xSelectCallback2 = selectPopWith;
   sqlite3WalkSelect(&w, pSelect);
 }
 
@@ -97966,7 +105715,7 @@
 ** at that point because identifiers had not yet been resolved.  This
 ** routine is called after identifier resolution.
 */
-static int selectAddSubqueryTypeInfo(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
+static void selectAddSubqueryTypeInfo(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
   Parse *pParse;
   int i;
   SrcList *pTabList;
@@ -97982,13 +105731,13 @@
       if( ALWAYS(pTab!=0) && (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)!=0 ){
         /* A sub-query in the FROM clause of a SELECT */
         Select *pSel = pFrom->pSelect;
-        assert( pSel );
-        while( pSel->pPrior ) pSel = pSel->pPrior;
-        selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(pParse, pTab->nCol, pTab->aCol, pSel);
+        if( pSel ){
+          while( pSel->pPrior ) pSel = pSel->pPrior;
+          selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(pParse, pTab, pSel);
+        }
       }
     }
   }
-  return WRC_Continue;
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -98003,7 +105752,8 @@
 static void sqlite3SelectAddTypeInfo(Parse *pParse, Select *pSelect){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
   Walker w;
-  w.xSelectCallback = selectAddSubqueryTypeInfo;
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
+  w.xSelectCallback2 = selectAddSubqueryTypeInfo;
   w.xExprCallback = exprWalkNoop;
   w.pParse = pParse;
   sqlite3WalkSelect(&w, pSelect);
@@ -98012,7 +105762,7 @@
 
 
 /*
-** This routine sets of a SELECT statement for processing.  The
+** This routine sets up a SELECT statement for processing.  The
 ** following is accomplished:
 **
 **     *  VDBE Cursor numbers are assigned to all FROM-clause terms.
@@ -98031,6 +105781,7 @@
   sqlite3 *db;
   if( NEVER(p==0) ) return;
   db = pParse->db;
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) return;
   if( p->selFlags & SF_HasTypeInfo ) return;
   sqlite3SelectExpand(pParse, p);
   if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ) return;
@@ -98044,20 +105795,30 @@
 **
 ** The aggregate accumulator is a set of memory cells that hold
 ** intermediate results while calculating an aggregate.  This
-** routine simply stores NULLs in all of those memory cells.
+** routine generates code that stores NULLs in all of those memory
+** cells.
 */
 static void resetAccumulator(Parse *pParse, AggInfo *pAggInfo){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
   int i;
   struct AggInfo_func *pFunc;
-  if( pAggInfo->nFunc+pAggInfo->nColumn==0 ){
-    return;
-  }
+  int nReg = pAggInfo->nFunc + pAggInfo->nColumn;
+  if( nReg==0 ) return;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* Verify that all AggInfo registers are within the range specified by
+  ** AggInfo.mnReg..AggInfo.mxReg */
+  assert( nReg==pAggInfo->mxReg-pAggInfo->mnReg+1 );
   for(i=0; i<pAggInfo->nColumn; i++){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, pAggInfo->aCol[i].iMem);
+    assert( pAggInfo->aCol[i].iMem>=pAggInfo->mnReg
+         && pAggInfo->aCol[i].iMem<=pAggInfo->mxReg );
   }
+  for(i=0; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++){
+    assert( pAggInfo->aFunc[i].iMem>=pAggInfo->mnReg
+         && pAggInfo->aFunc[i].iMem<=pAggInfo->mxReg );
+  }
+#endif
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, pAggInfo->mnReg, pAggInfo->mxReg);
   for(pFunc=pAggInfo->aFunc, i=0; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pFunc++){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, pFunc->iMem);
     if( pFunc->iDistinct>=0 ){
       Expr *pE = pFunc->pExpr;
       assert( !ExprHasProperty(pE, EP_xIsSelect) );
@@ -98066,9 +105827,9 @@
            "argument");
         pFunc->iDistinct = -1;
       }else{
-        KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pE->x.pList);
+        KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pE->x.pList, 0, 0);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pFunc->iDistinct, 0, 0,
-                          (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+                          (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -98103,7 +105864,6 @@
   struct AggInfo_col *pC;
 
   pAggInfo->directMode = 1;
-  sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
   for(i=0, pF=pAggInfo->aFunc; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pF++){
     int nArg;
     int addrNext = 0;
@@ -98113,7 +105873,7 @@
     if( pList ){
       nArg = pList->nExpr;
       regAgg = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nArg);
-      sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pList, regAgg, 1);
+      sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pList, regAgg, SQLITE_ECEL_DUP);
     }else{
       nArg = 0;
       regAgg = 0;
@@ -98123,7 +105883,7 @@
       assert( nArg==1 );
       codeDistinct(pParse, pF->iDistinct, addrNext, 1, regAgg);
     }
-    if( pF->pFunc->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+    if( pF->pFunc->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
       CollSeq *pColl = 0;
       struct ExprList_item *pItem;
       int j;
@@ -98159,7 +105919,7 @@
   ** values to an OP_Copy.
   */
   if( regHit ){
-    addrHitTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regHit);
+    addrHitTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regHit); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
   sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
   for(i=0, pC=pAggInfo->aCol; i<pAggInfo->nAccumulator; i++, pC++){
@@ -98183,11 +105943,11 @@
   Index *pIdx                     /* Index used to optimize scan, or NULL */
 ){
   if( pParse->explain==2 ){
-    char *zEqp = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "SCAN TABLE %s %s%s(~%d rows)",
-        pTab->zName, 
-        pIdx ? "USING COVERING INDEX " : "",
-        pIdx ? pIdx->zName : "",
-        pTab->nRowEst
+    int bCover = (pIdx!=0 && (HasRowid(pTab) || !IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx)));
+    char *zEqp = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "SCAN TABLE %s%s%s",
+        pTab->zName,
+        bCover ? " USING COVERING INDEX " : "",
+        bCover ? pIdx->zName : ""
     );
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(
         pParse->pVdbe, OP_Explain, pParse->iSelectId, 0, 0, zEqp, P4_DYNAMIC
@@ -98201,49 +105961,8 @@
 /*
 ** Generate code for the SELECT statement given in the p argument.  
 **
-** The results are distributed in various ways depending on the
-** contents of the SelectDest structure pointed to by argument pDest
-** as follows:
-**
-**     pDest->eDest    Result
-**     ------------    -------------------------------------------
-**     SRT_Output      Generate a row of output (using the OP_ResultRow
-**                     opcode) for each row in the result set.
-**
-**     SRT_Mem         Only valid if the result is a single column.
-**                     Store the first column of the first result row
-**                     in register pDest->iParm then abandon the rest
-**                     of the query.  This destination implies "LIMIT 1".
-**
-**     SRT_Set         The result must be a single column.  Store each
-**                     row of result as the key in table pDest->iParm. 
-**                     Apply the affinity pDest->affinity before storing
-**                     results.  Used to implement "IN (SELECT ...)".
-**
-**     SRT_Union       Store results as a key in a temporary table pDest->iParm.
-**
-**     SRT_Except      Remove results from the temporary table pDest->iParm.
-**
-**     SRT_Table       Store results in temporary table pDest->iParm.
-**                     This is like SRT_EphemTab except that the table
-**                     is assumed to already be open.
-**
-**     SRT_EphemTab    Create an temporary table pDest->iParm and store
-**                     the result there. The cursor is left open after
-**                     returning.  This is like SRT_Table except that
-**                     this destination uses OP_OpenEphemeral to create
-**                     the table first.
-**
-**     SRT_Coroutine   Generate a co-routine that returns a new row of
-**                     results each time it is invoked.  The entry point
-**                     of the co-routine is stored in register pDest->iParm.
-**
-**     SRT_Exists      Store a 1 in memory cell pDest->iParm if the result
-**                     set is not empty.
-**
-**     SRT_Discard     Throw the results away.  This is used by SELECT
-**                     statements within triggers whose only purpose is
-**                     the side-effects of functions.
+** The results are returned according to the SelectDest structure.
+** See comments in sqliteInt.h for further information.
 **
 ** This routine returns the number of errors.  If any errors are
 ** encountered, then an appropriate error message is left in
@@ -98264,14 +105983,11 @@
   ExprList *pEList;      /* List of columns to extract. */
   SrcList *pTabList;     /* List of tables to select from */
   Expr *pWhere;          /* The WHERE clause.  May be NULL */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy;    /* The ORDER BY clause.  May be NULL */
   ExprList *pGroupBy;    /* The GROUP BY clause.  May be NULL */
   Expr *pHaving;         /* The HAVING clause.  May be NULL */
-  int isDistinct;        /* True if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
-  int distinct;          /* Table to use for the distinct set */
   int rc = 1;            /* Value to return from this function */
-  int addrSortIndex;     /* Address of an OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
-  int addrDistinctIndex; /* Address of an OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
+  DistinctCtx sDistinct; /* Info on how to code the DISTINCT keyword */
+  SortCtx sSort;         /* Info on how to code the ORDER BY clause */
   AggInfo sAggInfo;      /* Information used by aggregate queries */
   int iEnd;              /* Address of the end of the query */
   sqlite3 *db;           /* The database connection */
@@ -98288,9 +106004,15 @@
   if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_SELECT, 0, 0, 0) ) return 1;
   memset(&sAggInfo, 0, sizeof(sAggInfo));
 
+  assert( p->pOrderBy==0 || pDest->eDest!=SRT_DistFifo );
+  assert( p->pOrderBy==0 || pDest->eDest!=SRT_Fifo );
+  assert( p->pOrderBy==0 || pDest->eDest!=SRT_DistQueue );
+  assert( p->pOrderBy==0 || pDest->eDest!=SRT_Queue );
   if( IgnorableOrderby(pDest) ){
     assert(pDest->eDest==SRT_Exists || pDest->eDest==SRT_Union || 
-           pDest->eDest==SRT_Except || pDest->eDest==SRT_Discard);
+           pDest->eDest==SRT_Except || pDest->eDest==SRT_Discard ||
+           pDest->eDest==SRT_Queue  || pDest->eDest==SRT_DistFifo ||
+           pDest->eDest==SRT_DistQueue || pDest->eDest==SRT_Fifo);
     /* If ORDER BY makes no difference in the output then neither does
     ** DISTINCT so it can be removed too. */
     sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, p->pOrderBy);
@@ -98298,7 +106020,8 @@
     p->selFlags &= ~SF_Distinct;
   }
   sqlite3SelectPrep(pParse, p, 0);
-  pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+  memset(&sSort, 0, sizeof(sSort));
+  sSort.pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
   pTabList = p->pSrc;
   pEList = p->pEList;
   if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ){
@@ -98331,13 +106054,22 @@
     int isAggSub;
 
     if( pSub==0 ) continue;
+
+    /* Sometimes the code for a subquery will be generated more than
+    ** once, if the subquery is part of the WHERE clause in a LEFT JOIN,
+    ** for example.  In that case, do not regenerate the code to manifest
+    ** a view or the co-routine to implement a view.  The first instance
+    ** is sufficient, though the subroutine to manifest the view does need
+    ** to be invoked again. */
     if( pItem->addrFillSub ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, pItem->regReturn, pItem->addrFillSub);
+      if( pItem->viaCoroutine==0 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, pItem->regReturn, pItem->addrFillSub);
+      }
       continue;
     }
 
     /* Increment Parse.nHeight by the height of the largest expression
-    ** tree refered to by this, the parent select. The child select
+    ** tree referred to by this, the parent select. The child select
     ** may contain expression trees of at most
     ** (SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH-Parse.nHeight) height. This is a bit
     ** more conservative than necessary, but much easier than enforcing
@@ -98353,6 +106085,26 @@
         p->selFlags |= SF_Aggregate;
       }
       i = -1;
+    }else if( pTabList->nSrc==1
+           && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_SubqCoroutine)
+    ){
+      /* Implement a co-routine that will return a single row of the result
+      ** set on each invocation.
+      */
+      int addrTop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+1;
+      pItem->regReturn = ++pParse->nMem;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InitCoroutine, pItem->regReturn, 0, addrTop);
+      VdbeComment((v, "%s", pItem->pTab->zName));
+      pItem->addrFillSub = addrTop;
+      sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Coroutine, pItem->regReturn);
+      explainSetInteger(pItem->iSelectId, (u8)pParse->iNextSelectId);
+      sqlite3Select(pParse, pSub, &dest);
+      pItem->pTab->nRowLogEst = sqlite3LogEst(pSub->nSelectRow);
+      pItem->viaCoroutine = 1;
+      pItem->regResult = dest.iSdst;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_EndCoroutine, pItem->regReturn);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrTop-1);
+      sqlite3ClearTempRegCache(pParse);
     }else{
       /* Generate a subroutine that will fill an ephemeral table with
       ** the content of this subquery.  pItem->addrFillSub will point
@@ -98366,17 +106118,19 @@
       pItem->regReturn = ++pParse->nMem;
       topAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, pItem->regReturn);
       pItem->addrFillSub = topAddr+1;
-      VdbeNoopComment((v, "materialize %s", pItem->pTab->zName));
       if( pItem->isCorrelated==0 ){
-        /* If the subquery is no correlated and if we are not inside of
+        /* If the subquery is not correlated and if we are not inside of
         ** a trigger, then we only need to compute the value of the subquery
         ** once. */
-        onceAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse);
+        onceAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        VdbeComment((v, "materialize \"%s\"", pItem->pTab->zName));
+      }else{
+        VdbeNoopComment((v, "materialize \"%s\"", pItem->pTab->zName));
       }
       sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_EphemTab, pItem->iCursor);
       explainSetInteger(pItem->iSelectId, (u8)pParse->iNextSelectId);
       sqlite3Select(pParse, pSub, &dest);
-      pItem->pTab->nRowEst = (unsigned)pSub->nSelectRow;
+      pItem->pTab->nRowLogEst = sqlite3LogEst(pSub->nSelectRow);
       if( onceAddr ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, onceAddr);
       retAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, pItem->regReturn);
       VdbeComment((v, "end %s", pItem->pTab->zName));
@@ -98389,7 +106143,7 @@
     pParse->nHeight -= sqlite3SelectExprHeight(p);
     pTabList = p->pSrc;
     if( !IgnorableOrderby(pDest) ){
-      pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+      sSort.pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
     }
   }
   pEList = p->pEList;
@@ -98397,45 +106151,18 @@
   pWhere = p->pWhere;
   pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
   pHaving = p->pHaving;
-  isDistinct = (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0;
+  sDistinct.isTnct = (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0;
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
   /* If there is are a sequence of queries, do the earlier ones first.
   */
   if( p->pPrior ){
-    if( p->pRightmost==0 ){
-      Select *pLoop, *pRight = 0;
-      int cnt = 0;
-      int mxSelect;
-      for(pLoop=p; pLoop; pLoop=pLoop->pPrior, cnt++){
-        pLoop->pRightmost = p;
-        pLoop->pNext = pRight;
-        pRight = pLoop;
-      }
-      mxSelect = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT];
-      if( mxSelect && cnt>mxSelect ){
-        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many terms in compound SELECT");
-        goto select_end;
-      }
-    }
     rc = multiSelect(pParse, p, pDest);
     explainSetInteger(pParse->iSelectId, iRestoreSelectId);
     return rc;
   }
 #endif
 
-  /* If there is both a GROUP BY and an ORDER BY clause and they are
-  ** identical, then disable the ORDER BY clause since the GROUP BY
-  ** will cause elements to come out in the correct order.  This is
-  ** an optimization - the correct answer should result regardless.
-  ** Use the SQLITE_GroupByOrder flag with SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZER
-  ** to disable this optimization for testing purposes.
-  */
-  if( sqlite3ExprListCompare(p->pGroupBy, pOrderBy)==0
-         && (db->flags & SQLITE_GroupByOrder)==0 ){
-    pOrderBy = 0;
-  }
-
   /* If the query is DISTINCT with an ORDER BY but is not an aggregate, and 
   ** if the select-list is the same as the ORDER BY list, then this query
   ** can be rewritten as a GROUP BY. In other words, this:
@@ -98452,12 +106179,16 @@
   ** BY and DISTINCT, and an index or separate temp-table for the other.
   */
   if( (p->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Distinct 
-   && sqlite3ExprListCompare(pOrderBy, p->pEList)==0
+   && sqlite3ExprListCompare(sSort.pOrderBy, p->pEList, -1)==0
   ){
     p->selFlags &= ~SF_Distinct;
     p->pGroupBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pEList, 0);
     pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
-    pOrderBy = 0;
+    sSort.pOrderBy = 0;
+    /* Notice that even thought SF_Distinct has been cleared from p->selFlags,
+    ** the sDistinct.isTnct is still set.  Hence, isTnct represents the
+    ** original setting of the SF_Distinct flag, not the current setting */
+    assert( sDistinct.isTnct );
   }
 
   /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, then this sorting
@@ -98467,118 +106198,88 @@
   ** we figure out that the sorting index is not needed.  The addrSortIndex
   ** variable is used to facilitate that change.
   */
-  if( pOrderBy ){
+  if( sSort.pOrderBy ){
     KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
-    pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pOrderBy);
-    pOrderBy->iECursor = pParse->nTab++;
-    p->addrOpenEphm[2] = addrSortIndex =
+    pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, sSort.pOrderBy, 0, 0);
+    sSort.iECursor = pParse->nTab++;
+    sSort.addrSortIndex =
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral,
-                           pOrderBy->iECursor, pOrderBy->nExpr+2, 0,
-                           (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+                           sSort.iECursor, sSort.pOrderBy->nExpr+2, 0,
+                           (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
   }else{
-    addrSortIndex = -1;
+    sSort.addrSortIndex = -1;
   }
 
   /* If the output is destined for a temporary table, open that table.
   */
   if( pDest->eDest==SRT_EphemTab ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pDest->iParm, pEList->nExpr);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pDest->iSDParm, pEList->nExpr);
   }
 
   /* Set the limiter.
   */
   iEnd = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-  p->nSelectRow = (double)LARGEST_INT64;
+  p->nSelectRow = LARGEST_INT64;
   computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iEnd);
-  if( p->iLimit==0 && addrSortIndex>=0 ){
-    sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, addrSortIndex)->opcode = OP_SorterOpen;
-    p->selFlags |= SF_UseSorter;
+  if( p->iLimit==0 && sSort.addrSortIndex>=0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, sSort.addrSortIndex)->opcode = OP_SorterOpen;
+    sSort.sortFlags |= SORTFLAG_UseSorter;
   }
 
   /* Open a virtual index to use for the distinct set.
   */
   if( p->selFlags & SF_Distinct ){
-    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
-    distinct = pParse->nTab++;
-    pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, p->pEList);
-    addrDistinctIndex = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, distinct, 0, 0,
-        (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    sDistinct.tabTnct = pParse->nTab++;
+    sDistinct.addrTnct = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral,
+                                sDistinct.tabTnct, 0, 0,
+                                (char*)keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, p->pEList,0,0),
+                                P4_KEYINFO);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
+    sDistinct.eTnctType = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNORDERED;
   }else{
-    distinct = addrDistinctIndex = -1;
+    sDistinct.eTnctType = WHERE_DISTINCT_NOOP;
   }
 
-  /* Aggregate and non-aggregate queries are handled differently */
   if( !isAgg && pGroupBy==0 ){
-    ExprList *pDist = (isDistinct ? p->pEList : 0);
+    /* No aggregate functions and no GROUP BY clause */
+    u16 wctrlFlags = (sDistinct.isTnct ? WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT : 0);
 
     /* Begin the database scan. */
-    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pOrderBy, pDist, 0);
+    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, sSort.pOrderBy,
+                               p->pEList, wctrlFlags, 0);
     if( pWInfo==0 ) goto select_end;
-    if( pWInfo->nRowOut < p->nSelectRow ) p->nSelectRow = pWInfo->nRowOut;
+    if( sqlite3WhereOutputRowCount(pWInfo) < p->nSelectRow ){
+      p->nSelectRow = sqlite3WhereOutputRowCount(pWInfo);
+    }
+    if( sDistinct.isTnct && sqlite3WhereIsDistinct(pWInfo) ){
+      sDistinct.eTnctType = sqlite3WhereIsDistinct(pWInfo);
+    }
+    if( sSort.pOrderBy ){
+      sSort.nOBSat = sqlite3WhereIsOrdered(pWInfo);
+      if( sSort.nOBSat==sSort.pOrderBy->nExpr ){
+        sSort.pOrderBy = 0;
+      }
+    }
 
     /* If sorting index that was created by a prior OP_OpenEphemeral 
     ** instruction ended up not being needed, then change the OP_OpenEphemeral
     ** into an OP_Noop.
     */
-    if( addrSortIndex>=0 && pOrderBy==0 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrSortIndex);
-      p->addrOpenEphm[2] = -1;
-    }
-
-    if( pWInfo->eDistinct ){
-      VdbeOp *pOp;                /* No longer required OpenEphemeral instr. */
-     
-      assert( addrDistinctIndex>=0 );
-      pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, addrDistinctIndex);
-
-      assert( isDistinct );
-      assert( pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED 
-           || pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE 
-      );
-      distinct = -1;
-      if( pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED ){
-        int iJump;
-        int iExpr;
-        int iFlag = ++pParse->nMem;
-        int iBase = pParse->nMem+1;
-        int iBase2 = iBase + pEList->nExpr;
-        pParse->nMem += (pEList->nExpr*2);
-
-        /* Change the OP_OpenEphemeral coded earlier to an OP_Integer. The
-        ** OP_Integer initializes the "first row" flag.  */
-        pOp->opcode = OP_Integer;
-        pOp->p1 = 1;
-        pOp->p2 = iFlag;
-
-        sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pEList, iBase, 1);
-        iJump = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 1 + pEList->nExpr + 1 + 1;
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, iFlag, iJump-1);
-        for(iExpr=0; iExpr<pEList->nExpr; iExpr++){
-          CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pEList->a[iExpr].pExpr);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, iBase+iExpr, iJump, iBase2+iExpr);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (const char *)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
-        }
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pWInfo->iContinue);
-
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iFlag);
-        assert( sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)==iJump );
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Move, iBase, iBase2, pEList->nExpr);
-      }else{
-        pOp->opcode = OP_Noop;
-      }
+    if( sSort.addrSortIndex>=0 && sSort.pOrderBy==0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, sSort.addrSortIndex);
     }
 
     /* Use the standard inner loop. */
-    selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, pEList, 0, 0, pOrderBy, distinct, pDest,
-                    pWInfo->iContinue, pWInfo->iBreak);
+    selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, pEList, -1, &sSort, &sDistinct, pDest,
+                    sqlite3WhereContinueLabel(pWInfo),
+                    sqlite3WhereBreakLabel(pWInfo));
 
     /* End the database scan loop.
     */
     sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
   }else{
-    /* This is the processing for aggregate queries */
+    /* This case when there exist aggregate functions or a GROUP BY clause
+    ** or both */
     NameContext sNC;    /* Name context for processing aggregate information */
     int iAMem;          /* First Mem address for storing current GROUP BY */
     int iBMem;          /* First Mem address for previous GROUP BY */
@@ -98590,6 +106291,7 @@
     int addrEnd;        /* End of processing for this SELECT */
     int sortPTab = 0;   /* Pseudotable used to decode sorting results */
     int sortOut = 0;    /* Output register from the sorter */
+    int orderByGrp = 0; /* True if the GROUP BY and ORDER BY are the same */
 
     /* Remove any and all aliases between the result set and the
     ** GROUP BY clause.
@@ -98599,16 +106301,28 @@
       struct ExprList_item *pItem;  /* For looping over expression in a list */
 
       for(k=p->pEList->nExpr, pItem=p->pEList->a; k>0; k--, pItem++){
-        pItem->iAlias = 0;
+        pItem->u.x.iAlias = 0;
       }
       for(k=pGroupBy->nExpr, pItem=pGroupBy->a; k>0; k--, pItem++){
-        pItem->iAlias = 0;
+        pItem->u.x.iAlias = 0;
       }
-      if( p->nSelectRow>(double)100 ) p->nSelectRow = (double)100;
+      if( p->nSelectRow>100 ) p->nSelectRow = 100;
     }else{
-      p->nSelectRow = (double)1;
+      p->nSelectRow = 1;
     }
 
+
+    /* If there is both a GROUP BY and an ORDER BY clause and they are
+    ** identical, then it may be possible to disable the ORDER BY clause 
+    ** on the grounds that the GROUP BY will cause elements to come out 
+    ** in the correct order. It also may not - the GROUP BY may use a
+    ** database index that causes rows to be grouped together as required
+    ** but not actually sorted. Either way, record the fact that the
+    ** ORDER BY and GROUP BY clauses are the same by setting the orderByGrp
+    ** variable.  */
+    if( sqlite3ExprListCompare(pGroupBy, sSort.pOrderBy, -1)==0 ){
+      orderByGrp = 1;
+    }
  
     /* Create a label to jump to when we want to abort the query */
     addrEnd = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
@@ -98621,18 +106335,22 @@
     sNC.pParse = pParse;
     sNC.pSrcList = pTabList;
     sNC.pAggInfo = &sAggInfo;
+    sAggInfo.mnReg = pParse->nMem+1;
     sAggInfo.nSortingColumn = pGroupBy ? pGroupBy->nExpr+1 : 0;
     sAggInfo.pGroupBy = pGroupBy;
     sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, pEList);
-    sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, pOrderBy);
+    sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, sSort.pOrderBy);
     if( pHaving ){
       sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates(&sNC, pHaving);
     }
     sAggInfo.nAccumulator = sAggInfo.nColumn;
     for(i=0; i<sAggInfo.nFunc; i++){
       assert( !ExprHasProperty(sAggInfo.aFunc[i].pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      sNC.ncFlags |= NC_InAggFunc;
       sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, sAggInfo.aFunc[i].pExpr->x.pList);
+      sNC.ncFlags &= ~NC_InAggFunc;
     }
+    sAggInfo.mxReg = pParse->nMem;
     if( db->mallocFailed ) goto select_end;
 
     /* Processing for aggregates with GROUP BY is very different and
@@ -98655,10 +106373,10 @@
       ** will be converted into a Noop.  
       */
       sAggInfo.sortingIdx = pParse->nTab++;
-      pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pGroupBy);
+      pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pGroupBy, 0, 0);
       addrSortingIdx = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_SorterOpen, 
           sAggInfo.sortingIdx, sAggInfo.nSortingColumn, 
-          0, (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+          0, (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
 
       /* Initialize memory locations used by GROUP BY aggregate processing
       */
@@ -98684,14 +106402,15 @@
       ** in the right order to begin with.
       */
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regReset, addrReset);
-      pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pGroupBy, 0, 0);
+      pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, pGroupBy, 0,
+          WHERE_GROUPBY | (orderByGrp ? WHERE_SORTBYGROUP : 0), 0
+      );
       if( pWInfo==0 ) goto select_end;
-      if( pGroupBy==0 ){
+      if( sqlite3WhereIsOrdered(pWInfo)==pGroupBy->nExpr ){
         /* The optimizer is able to deliver rows in group by order so
         ** we do not have to sort.  The OP_OpenEphemeral table will be
         ** cancelled later because we still need to use the pKeyInfo
         */
-        pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
         groupBySort = 0;
       }else{
         /* Rows are coming out in undetermined order.  We have to push
@@ -98705,7 +106424,8 @@
         int nGroupBy;
 
         explainTempTable(pParse, 
-            isDistinct && !(p->selFlags&SF_Distinct)?"DISTINCT":"GROUP BY");
+            (sDistinct.isTnct && (p->selFlags&SF_Distinct)==0) ?
+                    "DISTINCT" : "GROUP BY");
 
         groupBySort = 1;
         nGroupBy = pGroupBy->nExpr;
@@ -98729,7 +106449,7 @@
             int r2;
 
             r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, 
-                               pCol->pTab, pCol->iColumn, pCol->iTable, r1);
+                               pCol->pTab, pCol->iColumn, pCol->iTable, r1, 0);
             if( r1!=r2 ){
               sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, r2, r1);
             }
@@ -98746,9 +106466,24 @@
         sortOut = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenPseudo, sortPTab, sortOut, nCol);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterSort, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, addrEnd);
-        VdbeComment((v, "GROUP BY sort"));
+        VdbeComment((v, "GROUP BY sort")); VdbeCoverage(v);
         sAggInfo.useSortingIdx = 1;
         sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+
+      }
+
+      /* If the index or temporary table used by the GROUP BY sort
+      ** will naturally deliver rows in the order required by the ORDER BY
+      ** clause, cancel the ephemeral table open coded earlier.
+      **
+      ** This is an optimization - the correct answer should result regardless.
+      ** Use the SQLITE_GroupByOrder flag with SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZER to 
+      ** disable this optimization for testing purposes.  */
+      if( orderByGrp && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_GroupByOrder) 
+       && (groupBySort || sqlite3WhereIsSorted(pWInfo))
+      ){
+        sSort.pOrderBy = 0;
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, sSort.addrSortIndex);
       }
 
       /* Evaluate the current GROUP BY terms and store in b0, b1, b2...
@@ -98771,9 +106506,9 @@
         }
       }
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, iAMem, iBMem, pGroupBy->nExpr,
-                          (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
+                          (char*)sqlite3KeyInfoRef(pKeyInfo), P4_KEYINFO);
       j1 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, j1+1, 0, j1+1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, j1+1, 0, j1+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
 
       /* Generate code that runs whenever the GROUP BY changes.
       ** Changes in the GROUP BY are detected by the previous code
@@ -98787,7 +106522,7 @@
       sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, iBMem, iAMem, pGroupBy->nExpr);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutputRow, addrOutputRow);
       VdbeComment((v, "output one row"));
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, iAbortFlag, addrEnd);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, iAbortFlag, addrEnd); VdbeCoverage(v);
       VdbeComment((v, "check abort flag"));
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regReset, addrReset);
       VdbeComment((v, "reset accumulator"));
@@ -98804,6 +106539,7 @@
       */
       if( groupBySort ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, addrTopOfLoop);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
       }else{
         sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
         sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrSortingIdx);
@@ -98831,13 +106567,13 @@
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regOutputRow);
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrOutputRow);
       addrOutputRow = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, iUseFlag, addrOutputRow+2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, iUseFlag, addrOutputRow+2); VdbeCoverage(v);
       VdbeComment((v, "Groupby result generator entry point"));
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regOutputRow);
       finalizeAggFunctions(pParse, &sAggInfo);
       sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pHaving, addrOutputRow+1, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
-      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, 0, 0, pOrderBy,
-                      distinct, pDest,
+      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, -1, &sSort,
+                      &sDistinct, pDest,
                       addrOutputRow+1, addrSetAbort);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regOutputRow);
       VdbeComment((v, "end groupby result generator"));
@@ -98877,33 +106613,34 @@
         sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
         sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
 
-        /* Search for the index that has the least amount of columns. If
-        ** there is such an index, and it has less columns than the table
-        ** does, then we can assume that it consumes less space on disk and
-        ** will therefore be cheaper to scan to determine the query result.
-        ** In this case set iRoot to the root page number of the index b-tree
-        ** and pKeyInfo to the KeyInfo structure required to navigate the
-        ** index.
+        /* Search for the index that has the lowest scan cost.
         **
         ** (2011-04-15) Do not do a full scan of an unordered index.
         **
+        ** (2013-10-03) Do not count the entries in a partial index.
+        **
         ** In practice the KeyInfo structure will not be used. It is only 
         ** passed to keep OP_OpenRead happy.
         */
+        if( !HasRowid(pTab) ) pBest = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
         for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-          if( pIdx->bUnordered==0 && (!pBest || pIdx->nColumn<pBest->nColumn) ){
+          if( pIdx->bUnordered==0
+           && pIdx->szIdxRow<pTab->szTabRow
+           && pIdx->pPartIdxWhere==0
+           && (!pBest || pIdx->szIdxRow<pBest->szIdxRow)
+          ){
             pBest = pIdx;
           }
         }
-        if( pBest && pBest->nColumn<pTab->nCol ){
+        if( pBest ){
           iRoot = pBest->tnum;
-          pKeyInfo = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pBest);
+          pKeyInfo = sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(pParse, pBest);
         }
 
         /* Open a read-only cursor, execute the OP_Count, close the cursor. */
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iCsr, iRoot, iDb);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_OpenRead, iCsr, iRoot, iDb, 1);
         if( pKeyInfo ){
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
         }
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iCsr, sAggInfo.aFunc[0].iMem);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iCsr);
@@ -98925,7 +106662,7 @@
         ** value of x, the only row required).
         **
         ** A special flag must be passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() to slightly
-        ** modify behaviour as follows:
+        ** modify behavior as follows:
         **
         **   + If the query is a "SELECT min(x)", then the loop coded by
         **     where.c should not iterate over any values with a NULL value
@@ -98937,10 +106674,17 @@
         **     Refer to code and comments in where.c for details.
         */
         ExprList *pMinMax = 0;
-        u8 flag = minMaxQuery(p);
+        u8 flag = WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;
+        
+        assert( p->pGroupBy==0 );
+        assert( flag==0 );
+        if( p->pHaving==0 ){
+          flag = minMaxQuery(&sAggInfo, &pMinMax);
+        }
+        assert( flag==0 || (pMinMax!=0 && pMinMax->nExpr==1) );
+
         if( flag ){
-          assert( !ExprHasProperty(p->pEList->a[0].pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
-          pMinMax = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pEList->a[0].pExpr->x.pList,0);
+          pMinMax = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pMinMax, 0);
           pDel = pMinMax;
           if( pMinMax && !db->mallocFailed ){
             pMinMax->a[0].sortOrder = flag!=WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN ?1:0;
@@ -98953,14 +106697,15 @@
         ** of output.
         */
         resetAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
-        pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pMinMax, 0, flag);
+        pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, pMinMax,0,flag,0);
         if( pWInfo==0 ){
           sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pDel);
           goto select_end;
         }
         updateAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
-        if( !pMinMax && flag ){
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pWInfo->iBreak);
+        assert( pMinMax==0 || pMinMax->nExpr==1 );
+        if( sqlite3WhereIsOrdered(pWInfo)>0 ){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, sqlite3WhereBreakLabel(pWInfo));
           VdbeComment((v, "%s() by index",
                 (flag==WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN?"min":"max")));
         }
@@ -98968,9 +106713,9 @@
         finalizeAggFunctions(pParse, &sAggInfo);
       }
 
-      pOrderBy = 0;
+      sSort.pOrderBy = 0;
       sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pHaving, addrEnd, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
-      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, 0, 0, 0, -1, 
+      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, -1, 0, 0, 
                       pDest, addrEnd, addrEnd);
       sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pDel);
     }
@@ -98978,16 +106723,16 @@
     
   } /* endif aggregate query */
 
-  if( distinct>=0 ){
+  if( sDistinct.eTnctType==WHERE_DISTINCT_UNORDERED ){
     explainTempTable(pParse, "DISTINCT");
   }
 
   /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, then we need to sort the results
   ** and send them to the callback one by one.
   */
-  if( pOrderBy ){
-    explainTempTable(pParse, "ORDER BY");
-    generateSortTail(pParse, p, v, pEList->nExpr, pDest);
+  if( sSort.pOrderBy ){
+    explainTempTable(pParse, sSort.nOBSat>0 ? "RIGHT PART OF ORDER BY":"ORDER BY");
+    generateSortTail(pParse, p, &sSort, pEList->nExpr, pDest);
   }
 
   /* Jump here to skip this query
@@ -99095,7 +106840,6 @@
     sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pVdbe, "(null-select)");
     return;
   }
-  while( p->pPrior ) p = p->pPrior;
   sqlite3ExplainPush(pVdbe);
   while( p ){
     explainOneSelect(pVdbe, p);
@@ -99425,7 +107169,7 @@
     iDb = 1;
     pName = pName1;
   }else{
-    /* Figure out the db that the the trigger will be created in */
+    /* Figure out the db that the trigger will be created in */
     iDb = sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pName);
     if( iDb<0 ){
       goto trigger_cleanup;
@@ -99462,8 +107206,8 @@
   /* Ensure the table name matches database name and that the table exists */
   if( db->mallocFailed ) goto trigger_cleanup;
   assert( pTableName->nSrc==1 );
-  if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "trigger", pName) && 
-      sqlite3FixSrcList(&sFix, pTableName) ){
+  sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "trigger", pName);
+  if( sqlite3FixSrcList(&sFix, pTableName) ){
     goto trigger_cleanup;
   }
   pTab = sqlite3SrcListLookup(pParse, pTableName);
@@ -99605,8 +107349,10 @@
   }
   nameToken.z = pTrig->zName;
   nameToken.n = sqlite3Strlen30(nameToken.z);
-  if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "trigger", &nameToken) 
-          && sqlite3FixTriggerStep(&sFix, pTrig->step_list) ){
+  sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "trigger", &nameToken);
+  if( sqlite3FixTriggerStep(&sFix, pTrig->step_list) 
+   || sqlite3FixExpr(&sFix, pTrig->pWhen) 
+  ){
     goto triggerfinish_cleanup;
   }
 
@@ -99709,25 +107455,21 @@
   sqlite3 *db,        /* The database connection */
   Token *pTableName,  /* Name of the table into which we insert */
   IdList *pColumn,    /* List of columns in pTableName to insert into */
-  ExprList *pEList,   /* The VALUE clause: a list of values to be inserted */
   Select *pSelect,    /* A SELECT statement that supplies values */
   u8 orconf           /* The conflict algorithm (OE_Abort, OE_Replace, etc.) */
 ){
   TriggerStep *pTriggerStep;
 
-  assert(pEList == 0 || pSelect == 0);
-  assert(pEList != 0 || pSelect != 0 || db->mallocFailed);
+  assert(pSelect != 0 || db->mallocFailed);
 
   pTriggerStep = triggerStepAllocate(db, TK_INSERT, pTableName);
   if( pTriggerStep ){
     pTriggerStep->pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pSelect, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
     pTriggerStep->pIdList = pColumn;
-    pTriggerStep->pExprList = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pEList, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
     pTriggerStep->orconf = orconf;
   }else{
     sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pColumn);
   }
-  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pEList);
   sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
 
   return pTriggerStep;
@@ -99882,6 +107624,7 @@
   assert( pTable!=0 );
   if( (v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse))!=0 ){
     int base;
+    static const int iLn = VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(2);
     static const VdbeOpList dropTrigger[] = {
       { OP_Rewind,     0, ADDR(9),  0},
       { OP_String8,    0, 1,        0}, /* 1 */
@@ -99896,7 +107639,7 @@
 
     sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
     sqlite3OpenMasterTable(pParse, iDb);
-    base = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v,  ArraySize(dropTrigger), dropTrigger);
+    base = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v,  ArraySize(dropTrigger), dropTrigger, iLn);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, base+1, pTrigger->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, base+4, "trigger", P4_STATIC);
     sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
@@ -100042,6 +107785,7 @@
     **   INSERT OR IGNORE INTO t1 ... ;  -- insert into t2 uses IGNORE policy
     */
     pParse->eOrconf = (orconf==OE_Default)?pStep->orconf:(u8)orconf;
+    assert( pParse->okConstFactor==0 );
 
     switch( pStep->op ){
       case TK_UPDATE: {
@@ -100056,7 +107800,6 @@
       case TK_INSERT: {
         sqlite3Insert(pParse, 
           targetSrcList(pParse, pStep),
-          sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pStep->pExprList, 0), 
           sqlite3SelectDup(db, pStep->pSelect, 0), 
           sqlite3IdListDup(db, pStep->pIdList), 
           pParse->eOrconf
@@ -100087,7 +107830,7 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
 /*
 ** This function is used to add VdbeComment() annotations to a VDBE
 ** program. It is not used in production code, only for debugging.
@@ -100227,6 +107970,7 @@
 
   assert( !pSubParse->pAinc       && !pSubParse->pZombieTab );
   assert( !pSubParse->pTriggerPrg && !pSubParse->nMaxArg );
+  sqlite3ParserReset(pSubParse);
   sqlite3StackFree(db, pSubParse);
 
   return pPrg;
@@ -100307,7 +108051,7 @@
 /*
 ** This is called to code the required FOR EACH ROW triggers for an operation
 ** on table pTab. The operation to code triggers for (INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE)
-** is given by the op paramater. The tr_tm parameter determines whether the
+** is given by the op parameter. The tr_tm parameter determines whether the
 ** BEFORE or AFTER triggers are coded. If the operation is an UPDATE, then
 ** parameter pChanges is passed the list of columns being modified.
 **
@@ -100501,7 +108245,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ColumnDefault(Vdbe *v, Table *pTab, int i, int iReg){
   assert( pTab!=0 );
   if( !pTab->pSelect ){
-    sqlite3_value *pValue;
+    sqlite3_value *pValue = 0;
     u8 enc = ENC(sqlite3VdbeDb(v));
     Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[i];
     VdbeComment((v, "%s.%s", pTab->zName, pCol->zName));
@@ -100512,7 +108256,7 @@
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (const char *)pValue, P4_MEM);
     }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
-    if( iReg>=0 && pTab->aCol[i].affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL ){
+    if( pTab->aCol[i].affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_RealAffinity, iReg);
     }
 #endif
@@ -100535,25 +108279,32 @@
 ){
   int i, j;              /* Loop counters */
   Table *pTab;           /* The table to be updated */
-  int addr = 0;          /* VDBE instruction address of the start of the loop */
+  int addrTop = 0;       /* VDBE instruction address of the start of the loop */
   WhereInfo *pWInfo;     /* Information about the WHERE clause */
   Vdbe *v;               /* The virtual database engine */
   Index *pIdx;           /* For looping over indices */
+  Index *pPk;            /* The PRIMARY KEY index for WITHOUT ROWID tables */
   int nIdx;              /* Number of indices that need updating */
-  int iCur;              /* VDBE Cursor number of pTab */
+  int iBaseCur;          /* Base cursor number */
+  int iDataCur;          /* Cursor for the canonical data btree */
+  int iIdxCur;           /* Cursor for the first index */
   sqlite3 *db;           /* The database structure */
   int *aRegIdx = 0;      /* One register assigned to each index to be updated */
   int *aXRef = 0;        /* aXRef[i] is the index in pChanges->a[] of the
                          ** an expression for the i-th column of the table.
                          ** aXRef[i]==-1 if the i-th column is not changed. */
-  int chngRowid;         /* True if the record number is being changed */
+  u8 *aToOpen;           /* 1 for tables and indices to be opened */
+  u8 chngPk;             /* PRIMARY KEY changed in a WITHOUT ROWID table */
+  u8 chngRowid;          /* Rowid changed in a normal table */
+  u8 chngKey;            /* Either chngPk or chngRowid */
   Expr *pRowidExpr = 0;  /* Expression defining the new record number */
-  int openAll = 0;       /* True if all indices need to be opened */
   AuthContext sContext;  /* The authorization context */
   NameContext sNC;       /* The name-context to resolve expressions in */
   int iDb;               /* Database containing the table being updated */
   int okOnePass;         /* True for one-pass algorithm without the FIFO */
   int hasFK;             /* True if foreign key processing is required */
+  int labelBreak;        /* Jump here to break out of UPDATE loop */
+  int labelContinue;     /* Jump here to continue next step of UPDATE loop */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
   int isView;            /* True when updating a view (INSTEAD OF trigger) */
@@ -100561,6 +108312,9 @@
   int tmask;             /* Mask of TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER */
 #endif
   int newmask;           /* Mask of NEW.* columns accessed by BEFORE triggers */
+  int iEph = 0;          /* Ephemeral table holding all primary key values */
+  int nKey = 0;          /* Number of elements in regKey for WITHOUT ROWID */
+  int aiCurOnePass[2];   /* The write cursors opened by WHERE_ONEPASS */
 
   /* Register Allocations */
   int regRowCount = 0;   /* A count of rows changed */
@@ -100569,6 +108323,7 @@
   int regNew;            /* Content of the NEW.* table in triggers */
   int regOld = 0;        /* Content of OLD.* table in triggers */
   int regRowSet = 0;     /* Rowset of rows to be updated */
+  int regKey = 0;        /* composite PRIMARY KEY value */
 
   memset(&sContext, 0, sizeof(sContext));
   db = pParse->db;
@@ -100606,20 +108361,34 @@
   if( sqlite3IsReadOnly(pParse, pTab, tmask) ){
     goto update_cleanup;
   }
-  aXRef = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int) * pTab->nCol );
-  if( aXRef==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
-  for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++) aXRef[i] = -1;
 
   /* Allocate a cursors for the main database table and for all indices.
   ** The index cursors might not be used, but if they are used they
   ** need to occur right after the database cursor.  So go ahead and
   ** allocate enough space, just in case.
   */
-  pTabList->a[0].iCursor = iCur = pParse->nTab++;
-  for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+  pTabList->a[0].iCursor = iBaseCur = iDataCur = pParse->nTab++;
+  iIdxCur = iDataCur+1;
+  pPk = HasRowid(pTab) ? 0 : sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+  for(nIdx=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, nIdx++){
+    if( IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) && pPk!=0 ){
+      iDataCur = pParse->nTab;
+      pTabList->a[0].iCursor = iDataCur;
+    }
     pParse->nTab++;
   }
 
+  /* Allocate space for aXRef[], aRegIdx[], and aToOpen[].  
+  ** Initialize aXRef[] and aToOpen[] to their default values.
+  */
+  aXRef = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int) * (pTab->nCol+nIdx) + nIdx+2 );
+  if( aXRef==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
+  aRegIdx = aXRef+pTab->nCol;
+  aToOpen = (u8*)(aRegIdx+nIdx);
+  memset(aToOpen, 1, nIdx+1);
+  aToOpen[nIdx+1] = 0;
+  for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++) aXRef[i] = -1;
+
   /* Initialize the name-context */
   memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
   sNC.pParse = pParse;
@@ -100631,7 +108400,7 @@
   ** column to be updated, make sure we have authorization to change
   ** that column.
   */
-  chngRowid = 0;
+  chngRowid = chngPk = 0;
   for(i=0; i<pChanges->nExpr; i++){
     if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pChanges->a[i].pExpr) ){
       goto update_cleanup;
@@ -100641,13 +108410,16 @@
         if( j==pTab->iPKey ){
           chngRowid = 1;
           pRowidExpr = pChanges->a[i].pExpr;
+        }else if( pPk && (pTab->aCol[j].colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY)!=0 ){
+          chngPk = 1;
         }
         aXRef[j] = i;
         break;
       }
     }
     if( j>=pTab->nCol ){
-      if( sqlite3IsRowid(pChanges->a[i].zName) ){
+      if( pPk==0 && sqlite3IsRowid(pChanges->a[i].zName) ){
+        j = -1;
         chngRowid = 1;
         pRowidExpr = pChanges->a[i].pExpr;
       }else{
@@ -100660,7 +108432,8 @@
     {
       int rc;
       rc = sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_UPDATE, pTab->zName,
-                           pTab->aCol[j].zName, db->aDb[iDb].zName);
+                            j<0 ? "ROWID" : pTab->aCol[j].zName,
+                            db->aDb[iDb].zName);
       if( rc==SQLITE_DENY ){
         goto update_cleanup;
       }else if( rc==SQLITE_IGNORE ){
@@ -100669,32 +108442,36 @@
     }
 #endif
   }
+  assert( (chngRowid & chngPk)==0 );
+  assert( chngRowid==0 || chngRowid==1 );
+  assert( chngPk==0 || chngPk==1 );
+  chngKey = chngRowid + chngPk;
 
-  hasFK = sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, aXRef, chngRowid);
-
-  /* Allocate memory for the array aRegIdx[].  There is one entry in the
-  ** array for each index associated with table being updated.  Fill in
-  ** the value with a register number for indices that are to be used
-  ** and with zero for unused indices.
+  /* The SET expressions are not actually used inside the WHERE loop.
+  ** So reset the colUsed mask
   */
-  for(nIdx=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, nIdx++){}
-  if( nIdx>0 ){
-    aRegIdx = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Index*) * nIdx );
-    if( aRegIdx==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
-  }
+  pTabList->a[0].colUsed = 0;
+
+  hasFK = sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, aXRef, chngKey);
+
+  /* There is one entry in the aRegIdx[] array for each index on the table
+  ** being updated.  Fill in aRegIdx[] with a register number that will hold
+  ** the key for accessing each index.  
+  */
   for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
     int reg;
-    if( hasFK || chngRowid ){
+    if( chngKey || hasFK || pIdx->pPartIdxWhere || pIdx==pPk ){
       reg = ++pParse->nMem;
     }else{
       reg = 0;
-      for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+      for(i=0; i<pIdx->nKeyCol; i++){
         if( aXRef[pIdx->aiColumn[i]]>=0 ){
           reg = ++pParse->nMem;
           break;
         }
       }
     }
+    if( reg==0 ) aToOpen[j+1] = 0;
     aRegIdx[j] = reg;
   }
 
@@ -100718,11 +108495,11 @@
   /* Allocate required registers. */
   regRowSet = ++pParse->nMem;
   regOldRowid = regNewRowid = ++pParse->nMem;
-  if( pTrigger || hasFK ){
+  if( chngPk || pTrigger || hasFK ){
     regOld = pParse->nMem + 1;
     pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol;
   }
-  if( chngRowid || pTrigger || hasFK ){
+  if( chngKey || pTrigger || hasFK ){
     regNewRowid = ++pParse->nMem;
   }
   regNew = pParse->nMem + 1;
@@ -100738,7 +108515,7 @@
   */
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
   if( isView ){
-    sqlite3MaterializeView(pParse, pTab, pWhere, iCur);
+    sqlite3MaterializeView(pParse, pTab, pWhere, iDataCur);
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -100751,24 +108528,58 @@
 
   /* Begin the database scan
   */
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, regRowSet, regOldRowid);
-  pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(
-      pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0, 0, WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED
-  );
-  if( pWInfo==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
-  okOnePass = pWInfo->okOnePass;
+  if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, regRowSet, regOldRowid);
+    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(
+        pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0, 0, WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED, iIdxCur
+    );
+    if( pWInfo==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
+    okOnePass = sqlite3WhereOkOnePass(pWInfo, aiCurOnePass);
+  
+    /* Remember the rowid of every item to be updated.
+    */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iDataCur, regOldRowid);
+    if( !okOnePass ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowSetAdd, regRowSet, regOldRowid);
+    }
+  
+    /* End the database scan loop.
+    */
+    sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
+  }else{
+    int iPk;         /* First of nPk memory cells holding PRIMARY KEY value */
+    i16 nPk;         /* Number of components of the PRIMARY KEY */
+    int addrOpen;    /* Address of the OpenEphemeral instruction */
 
-  /* Remember the rowid of every item to be updated.
-  */
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iCur, regOldRowid);
-  if( !okOnePass ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowSetAdd, regRowSet, regOldRowid);
+    assert( pPk!=0 );
+    nPk = pPk->nKeyCol;
+    iPk = pParse->nMem+1;
+    pParse->nMem += nPk;
+    regKey = ++pParse->nMem;
+    iEph = pParse->nTab++;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iPk);
+    addrOpen = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iEph, nPk);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pPk);
+    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0, 0, 
+                               WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED, iIdxCur);
+    if( pWInfo==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
+    okOnePass = sqlite3WhereOkOnePass(pWInfo, aiCurOnePass);
+    for(i=0; i<nPk; i++){
+      sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, pPk->aiColumn[i],
+                                      iPk+i);
+    }
+    if( okOnePass ){
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrOpen);
+      nKey = nPk;
+      regKey = iPk;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, iPk, nPk, regKey,
+                        sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pPk), nPk);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iEph, regKey);
+    }
+    sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
   }
 
-  /* End the database scan loop.
-  */
-  sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
-
   /* Initialize the count of updated rows
   */
   if( (db->flags & SQLITE_CountRows) && !pParse->pTriggerTab ){
@@ -100776,6 +108587,7 @@
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regRowCount);
   }
 
+  labelBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
   if( !isView ){
     /* 
     ** Open every index that needs updating.  Note that if any
@@ -100783,68 +108595,78 @@
     ** action, then we need to open all indices because we might need
     ** to be deleting some records.
     */
-    if( !okOnePass ) sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iCur, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenWrite); 
     if( onError==OE_Replace ){
-      openAll = 1;
+      memset(aToOpen, 1, nIdx+1);
     }else{
-      openAll = 0;
       for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
         if( pIdx->onError==OE_Replace ){
-          openAll = 1;
+          memset(aToOpen, 1, nIdx+1);
           break;
         }
       }
     }
-    for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
-      assert( aRegIdx );
-      if( openAll || aRegIdx[i]>0 ){
-        KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenWrite, iCur+i+1, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
-                       (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
-        assert( pParse->nTab>iCur+i+1 );
-      }
+    if( okOnePass ){
+      if( aiCurOnePass[0]>=0 ) aToOpen[aiCurOnePass[0]-iBaseCur] = 0;
+      if( aiCurOnePass[1]>=0 ) aToOpen[aiCurOnePass[1]-iBaseCur] = 0;
     }
+    sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, OP_OpenWrite, iBaseCur, aToOpen,
+                               0, 0);
   }
 
   /* Top of the update loop */
   if( okOnePass ){
-    int a1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regOldRowid);
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, a1);
+    if( aToOpen[iDataCur-iBaseCur] ){
+      assert( pPk!=0 );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iDataCur, labelBreak, regKey, nKey);
+      VdbeCoverageNeverTaken(v);
+    }
+    labelContinue = labelBreak;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, pPk ? regKey : regOldRowid, labelBreak);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, pPk==0);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, pPk!=0);
+  }else if( pPk ){
+    labelContinue = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iEph, labelBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowKey, iEph, regKey);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iDataCur, labelContinue, regKey, 0);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
   }else{
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowSetRead, regRowSet, 0, regOldRowid);
+    labelContinue = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowSetRead, regRowSet, labelBreak,
+                             regOldRowid);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDataCur, labelContinue, regOldRowid);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
-  /* Make cursor iCur point to the record that is being updated. If
-  ** this record does not exist for some reason (deleted by a trigger,
-  ** for example, then jump to the next iteration of the RowSet loop.  */
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, addr, regOldRowid);
-
   /* If the record number will change, set register regNewRowid to
   ** contain the new value. If the record number is not being modified,
   ** then regNewRowid is the same register as regOldRowid, which is
   ** already populated.  */
-  assert( chngRowid || pTrigger || hasFK || regOldRowid==regNewRowid );
+  assert( chngKey || pTrigger || hasFK || regOldRowid==regNewRowid );
   if( chngRowid ){
     sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pRowidExpr, regNewRowid);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regNewRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regNewRowid); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
-  /* If there are triggers on this table, populate an array of registers 
-  ** with the required old.* column data.  */
-  if( hasFK || pTrigger ){
+  /* Compute the old pre-UPDATE content of the row being changed, if that
+  ** information is needed */
+  if( chngPk || hasFK || pTrigger ){
     u32 oldmask = (hasFK ? sqlite3FkOldmask(pParse, pTab) : 0);
     oldmask |= sqlite3TriggerColmask(pParse, 
         pTrigger, pChanges, 0, TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER, pTab, onError
     );
     for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
-      if( aXRef[i]<0 || oldmask==0xffffffff || (i<32 && (oldmask & (1<<i))) ){
-        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iCur, i, regOld+i);
+      if( oldmask==0xffffffff
+       || (i<32 && (oldmask & MASKBIT32(i))!=0)
+       || (pTab->aCol[i].colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY)!=0
+      ){
+        testcase(  oldmask!=0xffffffff && i==31 );
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, i, regOld+i);
       }else{
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regOld+i);
       }
     }
-    if( chngRowid==0 ){
+    if( chngRowid==0 && pPk==0 ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, regOldRowid, regNewRowid);
     }
   }
@@ -100865,15 +108687,15 @@
   newmask = sqlite3TriggerColmask(
       pParse, pTrigger, pChanges, 1, TRIGGER_BEFORE, pTab, onError
   );
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, regNew, regNew+pTab->nCol-1);
+  /*sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, regNew, regNew+pTab->nCol-1);*/
   for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
     if( i==pTab->iPKey ){
-      /*sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regNew+i);*/
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regNew+i);
     }else{
       j = aXRef[i];
       if( j>=0 ){
         sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pChanges->a[j].pExpr, regNew+i);
-      }else if( 0==(tmask&TRIGGER_BEFORE) || i>31 || (newmask&(1<<i)) ){
+      }else if( 0==(tmask&TRIGGER_BEFORE) || i>31 || (newmask & MASKBIT32(i)) ){
         /* This branch loads the value of a column that will not be changed 
         ** into a register. This is done if there are no BEFORE triggers, or
         ** if there are one or more BEFORE triggers that use this value via
@@ -100881,8 +108703,9 @@
         */
         testcase( i==31 );
         testcase( i==32 );
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iCur, i, regNew+i);
-        sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, i, regNew+i);
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, i, regNew+i);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regNew+i);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -100891,18 +108714,23 @@
   ** verified. One could argue that this is wrong.
   */
   if( tmask&TRIGGER_BEFORE ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Affinity, regNew, pTab->nCol);
-    sqlite3TableAffinityStr(v, pTab);
+    sqlite3TableAffinity(v, pTab, regNew);
     sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, TK_UPDATE, pChanges, 
-        TRIGGER_BEFORE, pTab, regOldRowid, onError, addr);
+        TRIGGER_BEFORE, pTab, regOldRowid, onError, labelContinue);
 
     /* The row-trigger may have deleted the row being updated. In this
     ** case, jump to the next row. No updates or AFTER triggers are 
-    ** required. This behaviour - what happens when the row being updated
+    ** required. This behavior - what happens when the row being updated
     ** is deleted or renamed by a BEFORE trigger - is left undefined in the
     ** documentation.
     */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, addr, regOldRowid);
+    if( pPk ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iDataCur, labelContinue,regKey,nKey);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDataCur, labelContinue, regOldRowid);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+    }
 
     /* If it did not delete it, the row-trigger may still have modified 
     ** some of the columns of the row being updated. Load the values for 
@@ -100911,46 +108739,57 @@
     */
     for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
       if( aXRef[i]<0 && i!=pTab->iPKey ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iCur, i, regNew+i);
-        sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, i, regNew+i);
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, i, regNew+i);
       }
     }
   }
 
   if( !isView ){
-    int j1;                       /* Address of jump instruction */
+    int j1 = 0;           /* Address of jump instruction */
+    int bReplace = 0;     /* True if REPLACE conflict resolution might happen */
 
     /* Do constraint checks. */
-    sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(pParse, pTab, iCur, regNewRowid,
-        aRegIdx, (chngRowid?regOldRowid:0), 1, onError, addr, 0);
+    assert( regOldRowid>0 );
+    sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(pParse, pTab, aRegIdx, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+        regNewRowid, regOldRowid, chngKey, onError, labelContinue, &bReplace);
 
     /* Do FK constraint checks. */
     if( hasFK ){
-      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, regOldRowid, 0);
+      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, regOldRowid, 0, aXRef, chngKey);
     }
 
     /* Delete the index entries associated with the current record.  */
-    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, 0, regOldRowid);
-    sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iCur, aRegIdx);
+    if( bReplace || chngKey ){
+      if( pPk ){
+        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iDataCur, 0, regKey, nKey);
+      }else{
+        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDataCur, 0, regOldRowid);
+      }
+      VdbeCoverageNeverTaken(v);
+    }
+    sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iDataCur, iIdxCur, aRegIdx);
   
     /* If changing the record number, delete the old record.  */
-    if( hasFK || chngRowid ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Delete, iCur, 0);
+    if( hasFK || chngKey || pPk!=0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Delete, iDataCur, 0);
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+    if( bReplace || chngKey ){
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+    }
 
     if( hasFK ){
-      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, 0, regNewRowid);
+      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, 0, regNewRowid, aXRef, chngKey);
     }
   
     /* Insert the new index entries and the new record. */
-    sqlite3CompleteInsertion(pParse, pTab, iCur, regNewRowid, aRegIdx, 1, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3CompleteInsertion(pParse, pTab, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+                             regNewRowid, aRegIdx, 1, 0, 0);
 
     /* Do any ON CASCADE, SET NULL or SET DEFAULT operations required to
     ** handle rows (possibly in other tables) that refer via a foreign key
     ** to the row just updated. */ 
     if( hasFK ){
-      sqlite3FkActions(pParse, pTab, pChanges, regOldRowid);
+      sqlite3FkActions(pParse, pTab, pChanges, regOldRowid, aXRef, chngKey);
     }
   }
 
@@ -100961,22 +108800,29 @@
   }
 
   sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, TK_UPDATE, pChanges, 
-      TRIGGER_AFTER, pTab, regOldRowid, onError, addr);
+      TRIGGER_AFTER, pTab, regOldRowid, onError, labelContinue);
 
   /* Repeat the above with the next record to be updated, until
   ** all record selected by the WHERE clause have been updated.
   */
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addr);
-  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+  if( okOnePass ){
+    /* Nothing to do at end-of-loop for a single-pass */
+  }else if( pPk ){
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, labelContinue);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iEph, addrTop); VdbeCoverage(v);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelContinue);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, labelBreak);
 
   /* Close all tables */
   for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
     assert( aRegIdx );
-    if( openAll || aRegIdx[i]>0 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iCur+i+1, 0);
+    if( aToOpen[i+1] ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iIdxCur+i, 0);
     }
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iCur, 0);
+  if( iDataCur<iIdxCur ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDataCur, 0);
 
   /* Update the sqlite_sequence table by storing the content of the
   ** maximum rowid counter values recorded while inserting into
@@ -100999,8 +108845,7 @@
 
 update_cleanup:
   sqlite3AuthContextPop(&sContext);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, aRegIdx);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, aXRef);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, aXRef); /* Also frees aRegIdx[] and aToOpen[] */
   sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pTabList);
   sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pChanges);
   sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhere);
@@ -101093,7 +108938,7 @@
   /* Generate code to scan the ephemeral table and call VUpdate. */
   iReg = ++pParse->nMem;
   pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol+1;
-  addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, ephemTab, 0);
+  addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, ephemTab, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column,  ephemTab, 0, iReg);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, ephemTab, (pRowid?1:0), iReg+1);
   for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
@@ -101103,7 +108948,7 @@
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VUpdate, 0, pTab->nCol+2, iReg, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
   sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, onError==OE_Default ? OE_Abort : onError);
   sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, ephemTab, addr+1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, ephemTab, addr+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, ephemTab, 0);
 
@@ -101186,19 +109031,40 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** The non-standard VACUUM command is used to clean up the database,
+** The VACUUM command is used to clean up the database,
 ** collapse free space, etc.  It is modelled after the VACUUM command
-** in PostgreSQL.
+** in PostgreSQL.  The VACUUM command works as follows:
 **
-** In version 1.0.x of SQLite, the VACUUM command would call
-** gdbm_reorganize() on all the database tables.  But beginning
-** with 2.0.0, SQLite no longer uses GDBM so this command has
-** become a no-op.
+**   (1)  Create a new transient database file
+**   (2)  Copy all content from the database being vacuumed into
+**        the new transient database file
+**   (3)  Copy content from the transient database back into the
+**        original database.
+**
+** The transient database requires temporary disk space approximately
+** equal to the size of the original database.  The copy operation of
+** step (3) requires additional temporary disk space approximately equal
+** to the size of the original database for the rollback journal.
+** Hence, temporary disk space that is approximately 2x the size of the
+** orginal database is required.  Every page of the database is written
+** approximately 3 times:  Once for step (2) and twice for step (3).
+** Two writes per page are required in step (3) because the original
+** database content must be written into the rollback journal prior to
+** overwriting the database with the vacuumed content.
+**
+** Only 1x temporary space and only 1x writes would be required if
+** the copy of step (3) were replace by deleting the original database
+** and renaming the transient database as the original.  But that will
+** not work if other processes are attached to the original database.
+** And a power loss in between deleting the original and renaming the
+** transient would cause the database file to appear to be deleted
+** following reboot.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Vacuum(Parse *pParse){
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   if( v ){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Vacuum, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, 0);
   }
   return;
 }
@@ -101224,7 +109090,7 @@
     sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, "cannot VACUUM from within a transaction");
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
-  if( db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+  if( db->nVdbeActive>1 ){
     sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db,"cannot VACUUM - SQL statements in progress");
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
@@ -101327,7 +109193,7 @@
   rc = execExecSql(db, pzErrMsg,
       "SELECT 'CREATE TABLE vacuum_db.' || substr(sql,14) "
       "  FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name!='sqlite_sequence'"
-      "   AND rootpage>0"
+      "   AND coalesce(rootpage,1)>0"
   );
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
   rc = execExecSql(db, pzErrMsg,
@@ -101348,7 +109214,7 @@
       "|| ' SELECT * FROM main.' || quote(name) || ';'"
       "FROM main.sqlite_master "
       "WHERE type = 'table' AND name!='sqlite_sequence' "
-      "  AND rootpage>0"
+      "  AND coalesce(rootpage,1)>0"
   );
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
 
@@ -101402,6 +109268,7 @@
        BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE, 0,  /* Preserve the default page cache size */
        BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING,      0,  /* Preserve the text encoding */
        BTREE_USER_VERSION,       0,  /* Preserve the user version */
+       BTREE_APPLICATION_ID,     0,  /* Preserve the application id */
     };
 
     assert( 1==sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pTemp) );
@@ -101453,7 +109320,7 @@
 
   /* This both clears the schemas and reduces the size of the db->aDb[]
   ** array. */ 
-  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
 
   return rc;
 }
@@ -101485,8 +109352,8 @@
 ** are invoked only from within xCreate and xConnect methods.
 */
 struct VtabCtx {
-  Table *pTab;
-  VTable *pVTable;
+  VTable *pVTable;    /* The virtual table being constructed */
+  Table *pTab;        /* The Table object to which the virtual table belongs */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -101501,33 +109368,35 @@
   void *pAux,                     /* Context pointer for xCreate/xConnect */
   void (*xDestroy)(void *)        /* Module destructor function */
 ){
-  int rc, nName;
-  Module *pMod;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nName;
 
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
   nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
-  pMod = (Module *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Module) + nName + 1);
-  if( pMod ){
-    Module *pDel;
-    char *zCopy = (char *)(&pMod[1]);
-    memcpy(zCopy, zName, nName+1);
-    pMod->zName = zCopy;
-    pMod->pModule = pModule;
-    pMod->pAux = pAux;
-    pMod->xDestroy = xDestroy;
-    pDel = (Module *)sqlite3HashInsert(&db->aModule, zCopy, nName, (void*)pMod);
-    if( pDel && pDel->xDestroy ){
-      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
-      pDel->xDestroy(pDel->pAux);
+  if( sqlite3HashFind(&db->aModule, zName, nName) ){
+    rc = SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }else{
+    Module *pMod;
+    pMod = (Module *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Module) + nName + 1);
+    if( pMod ){
+      Module *pDel;
+      char *zCopy = (char *)(&pMod[1]);
+      memcpy(zCopy, zName, nName+1);
+      pMod->zName = zCopy;
+      pMod->pModule = pModule;
+      pMod->pAux = pAux;
+      pMod->xDestroy = xDestroy;
+      pDel = (Module *)sqlite3HashInsert(&db->aModule,zCopy,nName,(void*)pMod);
+      assert( pDel==0 || pDel==pMod );
+      if( pDel ){
+        db->mallocFailed = 1;
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pDel);
+      }
     }
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, pDel);
-    if( pDel==pMod ){
-      db->mallocFailed = 1;
-    }
-  }else if( xDestroy ){
-    xDestroy(pAux);
   }
-  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, SQLITE_OK);
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && xDestroy ) xDestroy(pAux);
+
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
   return rc;
 }
@@ -101592,7 +109461,7 @@
 
   assert( db );
   assert( pVTab->nRef>0 );
-  assert( sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) );
+  assert( db->magic==SQLITE_MAGIC_OPEN || db->magic==SQLITE_MAGIC_ZOMBIE );
 
   pVTab->nRef--;
   if( pVTab->nRef==0 ){
@@ -101643,6 +109512,31 @@
   return pRet;
 }
 
+/*
+** Table *p is a virtual table. This function removes the VTable object
+** for table *p associated with database connection db from the linked
+** list in p->pVTab. It also decrements the VTable ref count. This is
+** used when closing database connection db to free all of its VTable
+** objects without disturbing the rest of the Schema object (which may
+** be being used by other shared-cache connections).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabDisconnect(sqlite3 *db, Table *p){
+  VTable **ppVTab;
+
+  assert( IsVirtual(p) );
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+
+  for(ppVTab=&p->pVTable; *ppVTab; ppVTab=&(*ppVTab)->pNext){
+    if( (*ppVTab)->db==db  ){
+      VTable *pVTab = *ppVTab;
+      *ppVTab = pVTab->pNext;
+      sqlite3VtabUnlock(pVTab);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 
 /*
 ** Disconnect all the virtual table objects in the sqlite3.pDisconnect list.
@@ -101700,7 +109594,7 @@
   if( p->azModuleArg ){
     int i;
     for(i=0; i<p->nModuleArg; i++){
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azModuleArg[i]);
+      if( i!=1 ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azModuleArg[i]);
     }
     sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azModuleArg);
   }
@@ -101760,7 +109654,7 @@
   pTable->tabFlags |= TF_Virtual;
   pTable->nModuleArg = 0;
   addModuleArgument(db, pTable, sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pModuleName));
-  addModuleArgument(db, pTable, sqlite3DbStrDup(db, db->aDb[iDb].zName));
+  addModuleArgument(db, pTable, 0);
   addModuleArgument(db, pTable, sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pTable->zName));
   pParse->sNameToken.n = (int)(&pModuleName->z[pModuleName->n] - pName1->z);
 
@@ -101910,13 +109804,14 @@
   int (*xConstruct)(sqlite3*,void*,int,const char*const*,sqlite3_vtab**,char**),
   char **pzErr
 ){
-  VtabCtx sCtx;
+  VtabCtx sCtx, *pPriorCtx;
   VTable *pVTable;
   int rc;
   const char *const*azArg = (const char *const*)pTab->azModuleArg;
   int nArg = pTab->nModuleArg;
   char *zErr = 0;
   char *zModuleName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s", pTab->zName);
+  int iDb;
 
   if( !zModuleName ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
@@ -101930,14 +109825,18 @@
   pVTable->db = db;
   pVTable->pMod = pMod;
 
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+  pTab->azModuleArg[1] = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+
   /* Invoke the virtual table constructor */
   assert( &db->pVtabCtx );
   assert( xConstruct );
   sCtx.pTab = pTab;
   sCtx.pVTable = pVTable;
+  pPriorCtx = db->pVtabCtx;
   db->pVtabCtx = &sCtx;
   rc = xConstruct(db, pMod->pAux, nArg, azArg, &pVTable->pVtab, &zErr);
-  db->pVtabCtx = 0;
+  db->pVtabCtx = pPriorCtx;
   if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ) db->mallocFailed = 1;
 
   if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
@@ -101963,7 +109862,7 @@
       /* If everything went according to plan, link the new VTable structure
       ** into the linked list headed by pTab->pVTable. Then loop through the 
       ** columns of the table to see if any of them contain the token "hidden".
-      ** If so, set the Column.isHidden flag and remove the token from
+      ** If so, set the Column COLFLAG_HIDDEN flag and remove the token from
       ** the type string.  */
       pVTable->pNext = pTab->pVTable;
       pTab->pVTable = pVTable;
@@ -101994,7 +109893,7 @@
             assert(zType[i-1]==' ');
             zType[i-1] = '\0';
           }
-          pTab->aCol[iCol].isHidden = 1;
+          pTab->aCol[iCol].colFlags |= COLFLAG_HIDDEN;
         }
       }
     }
@@ -102169,6 +110068,7 @@
       sqlite3VdbeFinalize(pParse->pVdbe);
     }
     sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pParse->pNewTable);
+    sqlite3ParserReset(pParse);
     sqlite3StackFree(db, pParse);
   }
 
@@ -102241,10 +110141,9 @@
 ** array. Return the error code for the first error that occurs, or
 ** SQLITE_OK if all xSync operations are successful.
 **
-** Set *pzErrmsg to point to a buffer that should be released using 
-** sqlite3DbFree() containing an error message, if one is available.
+** If an error message is available, leave it in p->zErrMsg.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabSync(sqlite3 *db, char **pzErrmsg){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabSync(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
   int i;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   VTable **aVTrans = db->aVTrans;
@@ -102255,9 +110154,7 @@
     sqlite3_vtab *pVtab = aVTrans[i]->pVtab;
     if( pVtab && (x = pVtab->pModule->xSync)!=0 ){
       rc = x(pVtab);
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, *pzErrmsg);
-      *pzErrmsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pVtab->zErrMsg);
-      sqlite3_free(pVtab->zErrMsg);
+      sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
     }
   }
   db->aVTrans = aVTrans;
@@ -102447,7 +110344,7 @@
   memcpy(pNew->zName, pDef->zName, sqlite3Strlen30(pDef->zName)+1);
   pNew->xFunc = xFunc;
   pNew->pUserData = pArg;
-  pNew->flags |= SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM;
+  pNew->funcFlags |= SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM;
   return pNew;
 }
 
@@ -102549,27 +110446,197 @@
 ** so is applicable.  Because this module is responsible for selecting
 ** indices, you might also think of this module as the "query optimizer".
 */
-
+/************** Include whereInt.h in the middle of where.c ******************/
+/************** Begin file whereInt.h ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2013-11-12
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains structure and macro definitions for the query
+** planner logic in "where.c".  These definitions are broken out into
+** a separate source file for easier editing.
+*/
 
 /*
 ** Trace output macros
 */
 #if defined(SQLITE_TEST) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereTrace = 0;
+/***/ int sqlite3WhereTrace = 0;
 #endif
-#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
-# define WHERETRACE(X)  if(sqlite3WhereTrace) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) \
+    && (defined(SQLITE_TEST) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_WHERETRACE))
+# define WHERETRACE(K,X)  if(sqlite3WhereTrace&(K)) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+# define WHERETRACE_ENABLED 1
 #else
-# define WHERETRACE(X)
+# define WHERETRACE(K,X)
 #endif
 
-/* Forward reference
+/* Forward references
 */
 typedef struct WhereClause WhereClause;
 typedef struct WhereMaskSet WhereMaskSet;
 typedef struct WhereOrInfo WhereOrInfo;
 typedef struct WhereAndInfo WhereAndInfo;
-typedef struct WhereCost WhereCost;
+typedef struct WhereLevel WhereLevel;
+typedef struct WhereLoop WhereLoop;
+typedef struct WherePath WherePath;
+typedef struct WhereTerm WhereTerm;
+typedef struct WhereLoopBuilder WhereLoopBuilder;
+typedef struct WhereScan WhereScan;
+typedef struct WhereOrCost WhereOrCost;
+typedef struct WhereOrSet WhereOrSet;
+
+/*
+** This object contains information needed to implement a single nested
+** loop in WHERE clause.
+**
+** Contrast this object with WhereLoop.  This object describes the
+** implementation of the loop.  WhereLoop describes the algorithm.
+** This object contains a pointer to the WhereLoop algorithm as one of
+** its elements.
+**
+** The WhereInfo object contains a single instance of this object for
+** each term in the FROM clause (which is to say, for each of the
+** nested loops as implemented).  The order of WhereLevel objects determines
+** the loop nested order, with WhereInfo.a[0] being the outer loop and
+** WhereInfo.a[WhereInfo.nLevel-1] being the inner loop.
+*/
+struct WhereLevel {
+  int iLeftJoin;        /* Memory cell used to implement LEFT OUTER JOIN */
+  int iTabCur;          /* The VDBE cursor used to access the table */
+  int iIdxCur;          /* The VDBE cursor used to access pIdx */
+  int addrBrk;          /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
+  int addrNxt;          /* Jump here to start the next IN combination */
+  int addrSkip;         /* Jump here for next iteration of skip-scan */
+  int addrCont;         /* Jump here to continue with the next loop cycle */
+  int addrFirst;        /* First instruction of interior of the loop */
+  int addrBody;         /* Beginning of the body of this loop */
+  u8 iFrom;             /* Which entry in the FROM clause */
+  u8 op, p3, p5;        /* Opcode, P3 & P5 of the opcode that ends the loop */
+  int p1, p2;           /* Operands of the opcode used to ends the loop */
+  union {               /* Information that depends on pWLoop->wsFlags */
+    struct {
+      int nIn;              /* Number of entries in aInLoop[] */
+      struct InLoop {
+        int iCur;              /* The VDBE cursor used by this IN operator */
+        int addrInTop;         /* Top of the IN loop */
+        u8 eEndLoopOp;         /* IN Loop terminator. OP_Next or OP_Prev */
+      } *aInLoop;           /* Information about each nested IN operator */
+    } in;                 /* Used when pWLoop->wsFlags&WHERE_IN_ABLE */
+    Index *pCovidx;       /* Possible covering index for WHERE_MULTI_OR */
+  } u;
+  struct WhereLoop *pWLoop;  /* The selected WhereLoop object */
+  Bitmask notReady;          /* FROM entries not usable at this level */
+};
+
+/*
+** Each instance of this object represents an algorithm for evaluating one
+** term of a join.  Every term of the FROM clause will have at least
+** one corresponding WhereLoop object (unless INDEXED BY constraints
+** prevent a query solution - which is an error) and many terms of the
+** FROM clause will have multiple WhereLoop objects, each describing a
+** potential way of implementing that FROM-clause term, together with
+** dependencies and cost estimates for using the chosen algorithm.
+**
+** Query planning consists of building up a collection of these WhereLoop
+** objects, then computing a particular sequence of WhereLoop objects, with
+** one WhereLoop object per FROM clause term, that satisfy all dependencies
+** and that minimize the overall cost.
+*/
+struct WhereLoop {
+  Bitmask prereq;       /* Bitmask of other loops that must run first */
+  Bitmask maskSelf;     /* Bitmask identifying table iTab */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  char cId;             /* Symbolic ID of this loop for debugging use */
+#endif
+  u8 iTab;              /* Position in FROM clause of table for this loop */
+  u8 iSortIdx;          /* Sorting index number.  0==None */
+  LogEst rSetup;        /* One-time setup cost (ex: create transient index) */
+  LogEst rRun;          /* Cost of running each loop */
+  LogEst nOut;          /* Estimated number of output rows */
+  union {
+    struct {               /* Information for internal btree tables */
+      u16 nEq;               /* Number of equality constraints */
+      u16 nSkip;             /* Number of initial index columns to skip */
+      Index *pIndex;         /* Index used, or NULL */
+    } btree;
+    struct {               /* Information for virtual tables */
+      int idxNum;            /* Index number */
+      u8 needFree;           /* True if sqlite3_free(idxStr) is needed */
+      i8 isOrdered;          /* True if satisfies ORDER BY */
+      u16 omitMask;          /* Terms that may be omitted */
+      char *idxStr;          /* Index identifier string */
+    } vtab;
+  } u;
+  u32 wsFlags;          /* WHERE_* flags describing the plan */
+  u16 nLTerm;           /* Number of entries in aLTerm[] */
+  /**** whereLoopXfer() copies fields above ***********************/
+# define WHERE_LOOP_XFER_SZ offsetof(WhereLoop,nLSlot)
+  u16 nLSlot;           /* Number of slots allocated for aLTerm[] */
+  WhereTerm **aLTerm;   /* WhereTerms used */
+  WhereLoop *pNextLoop; /* Next WhereLoop object in the WhereClause */
+  WhereTerm *aLTermSpace[4];  /* Initial aLTerm[] space */
+};
+
+/* This object holds the prerequisites and the cost of running a
+** subquery on one operand of an OR operator in the WHERE clause.
+** See WhereOrSet for additional information 
+*/
+struct WhereOrCost {
+  Bitmask prereq;     /* Prerequisites */
+  LogEst rRun;        /* Cost of running this subquery */
+  LogEst nOut;        /* Number of outputs for this subquery */
+};
+
+/* The WhereOrSet object holds a set of possible WhereOrCosts that
+** correspond to the subquery(s) of OR-clause processing.  Only the
+** best N_OR_COST elements are retained.
+*/
+#define N_OR_COST 3
+struct WhereOrSet {
+  u16 n;                      /* Number of valid a[] entries */
+  WhereOrCost a[N_OR_COST];   /* Set of best costs */
+};
+
+
+/* Forward declaration of methods */
+static int whereLoopResize(sqlite3*, WhereLoop*, int);
+
+/*
+** Each instance of this object holds a sequence of WhereLoop objects
+** that implement some or all of a query plan.
+**
+** Think of each WhereLoop object as a node in a graph with arcs
+** showing dependencies and costs for travelling between nodes.  (That is
+** not a completely accurate description because WhereLoop costs are a
+** vector, not a scalar, and because dependencies are many-to-one, not
+** one-to-one as are graph nodes.  But it is a useful visualization aid.)
+** Then a WherePath object is a path through the graph that visits some
+** or all of the WhereLoop objects once.
+**
+** The "solver" works by creating the N best WherePath objects of length
+** 1.  Then using those as a basis to compute the N best WherePath objects
+** of length 2.  And so forth until the length of WherePaths equals the
+** number of nodes in the FROM clause.  The best (lowest cost) WherePath
+** at the end is the choosen query plan.
+*/
+struct WherePath {
+  Bitmask maskLoop;     /* Bitmask of all WhereLoop objects in this path */
+  Bitmask revLoop;      /* aLoop[]s that should be reversed for ORDER BY */
+  LogEst nRow;          /* Estimated number of rows generated by this path */
+  LogEst rCost;         /* Total cost of this path */
+  LogEst rUnsorted;     /* Total cost of this path ignoring sorting costs */
+  i8 isOrdered;         /* No. of ORDER BY terms satisfied. -1 for unknown */
+  WhereLoop **aLoop;    /* Array of WhereLoop objects implementing this path */
+};
 
 /*
 ** The query generator uses an array of instances of this structure to
@@ -102597,9 +110664,9 @@
 **
 **         (t1.X <op> <expr>) OR (t1.Y <op> <expr>) OR ....
 **
-** In this second case, wtFlag as the TERM_ORINFO set and eOperator==WO_OR
+** In this second case, wtFlag has the TERM_ORINFO bit set and eOperator==WO_OR
 ** and the WhereTerm.u.pOrInfo field points to auxiliary information that
-** is collected about the
+** is collected about the OR clause.
 **
 ** If a term in the WHERE clause does not match either of the two previous
 ** categories, then eOperator==0.  The WhereTerm.pExpr field is still set
@@ -102622,16 +110689,16 @@
 ** in prereqRight and prereqAll.  The default is 64 bits, hence SQLite
 ** is only able to process joins with 64 or fewer tables.
 */
-typedef struct WhereTerm WhereTerm;
 struct WhereTerm {
   Expr *pExpr;            /* Pointer to the subexpression that is this term */
   int iParent;            /* Disable pWC->a[iParent] when this term disabled */
   int leftCursor;         /* Cursor number of X in "X <op> <expr>" */
   union {
     int leftColumn;         /* Column number of X in "X <op> <expr>" */
-    WhereOrInfo *pOrInfo;   /* Extra information if eOperator==WO_OR */
-    WhereAndInfo *pAndInfo; /* Extra information if eOperator==WO_AND */
+    WhereOrInfo *pOrInfo;   /* Extra information if (eOperator & WO_OR)!=0 */
+    WhereAndInfo *pAndInfo; /* Extra information if (eOperator& WO_AND)!=0 */
   } u;
+  LogEst truthProb;       /* Probability of truth for this expression */
   u16 eOperator;          /* A WO_xx value describing <op> */
   u8 wtFlags;             /* TERM_xxx bit flags.  See below */
   u8 nChild;              /* Number of children that must disable us */
@@ -102650,13 +110717,29 @@
 #define TERM_ORINFO     0x10   /* Need to free the WhereTerm.u.pOrInfo object */
 #define TERM_ANDINFO    0x20   /* Need to free the WhereTerm.u.pAndInfo obj */
 #define TERM_OR_OK      0x40   /* Used during OR-clause processing */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
 #  define TERM_VNULL    0x80   /* Manufactured x>NULL or x<=NULL term */
 #else
 #  define TERM_VNULL    0x00   /* Disabled if not using stat3 */
 #endif
 
 /*
+** An instance of the WhereScan object is used as an iterator for locating
+** terms in the WHERE clause that are useful to the query planner.
+*/
+struct WhereScan {
+  WhereClause *pOrigWC;      /* Original, innermost WhereClause */
+  WhereClause *pWC;          /* WhereClause currently being scanned */
+  char *zCollName;           /* Required collating sequence, if not NULL */
+  char idxaff;               /* Must match this affinity, if zCollName!=NULL */
+  unsigned char nEquiv;      /* Number of entries in aEquiv[] */
+  unsigned char iEquiv;      /* Next unused slot in aEquiv[] */
+  u32 opMask;                /* Acceptable operators */
+  int k;                     /* Resume scanning at this->pWC->a[this->k] */
+  int aEquiv[22];            /* Cursor,Column pairs for equivalence classes */
+};
+
+/*
 ** An instance of the following structure holds all information about a
 ** WHERE clause.  Mostly this is a container for one or more WhereTerms.
 **
@@ -102669,12 +110752,9 @@
 ** subclauses points to the WhereClause object for the whole clause.
 */
 struct WhereClause {
-  Parse *pParse;           /* The parser context */
-  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet;  /* Mapping of table cursor numbers to bitmasks */
-  Bitmask vmask;           /* Bitmask identifying virtual table cursors */
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;       /* WHERE clause processing context */
   WhereClause *pOuter;     /* Outer conjunction */
   u8 op;                   /* Split operator.  TK_AND or TK_OR */
-  u16 wctrlFlags;          /* Might include WHERE_AND_ONLY */
   int nTerm;               /* Number of terms */
   int nSlot;               /* Number of entries in a[] */
   WhereTerm *a;            /* Each a[] describes a term of the WHERE cluase */
@@ -102734,19 +110814,61 @@
 };
 
 /*
-** A WhereCost object records a lookup strategy and the estimated
-** cost of pursuing that strategy.
+** This object is a convenience wrapper holding all information needed
+** to construct WhereLoop objects for a particular query.
 */
-struct WhereCost {
-  WherePlan plan;    /* The lookup strategy */
-  double rCost;      /* Overall cost of pursuing this search strategy */
-  Bitmask used;      /* Bitmask of cursors used by this plan */
+struct WhereLoopBuilder {
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;        /* Information about this WHERE */
+  WhereClause *pWC;         /* WHERE clause terms */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;       /* ORDER BY clause */
+  WhereLoop *pNew;          /* Template WhereLoop */
+  WhereOrSet *pOrSet;       /* Record best loops here, if not NULL */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  UnpackedRecord *pRec;     /* Probe for stat4 (if required) */
+  int nRecValid;            /* Number of valid fields currently in pRec */
+#endif
 };
 
 /*
-** Bitmasks for the operators that indices are able to exploit.  An
+** The WHERE clause processing routine has two halves.  The
+** first part does the start of the WHERE loop and the second
+** half does the tail of the WHERE loop.  An instance of
+** this structure is returned by the first half and passed
+** into the second half to give some continuity.
+**
+** An instance of this object holds the complete state of the query
+** planner.
+*/
+struct WhereInfo {
+  Parse *pParse;            /* Parsing and code generating context */
+  SrcList *pTabList;        /* List of tables in the join */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;       /* The ORDER BY clause or NULL */
+  ExprList *pResultSet;     /* Result set. DISTINCT operates on these */
+  WhereLoop *pLoops;        /* List of all WhereLoop objects */
+  Bitmask revMask;          /* Mask of ORDER BY terms that need reversing */
+  LogEst nRowOut;           /* Estimated number of output rows */
+  u16 wctrlFlags;           /* Flags originally passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() */
+  i8 nOBSat;                /* Number of ORDER BY terms satisfied by indices */
+  u8 sorted;                /* True if really sorted (not just grouped) */
+  u8 okOnePass;             /* Ok to use one-pass algorithm for UPDATE/DELETE */
+  u8 untestedTerms;         /* Not all WHERE terms resolved by outer loop */
+  u8 eDistinct;             /* One of the WHERE_DISTINCT_* values below */
+  u8 nLevel;                /* Number of nested loop */
+  int iTop;                 /* The very beginning of the WHERE loop */
+  int iContinue;            /* Jump here to continue with next record */
+  int iBreak;               /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
+  int savedNQueryLoop;      /* pParse->nQueryLoop outside the WHERE loop */
+  int aiCurOnePass[2];      /* OP_OpenWrite cursors for the ONEPASS opt */
+  WhereMaskSet sMaskSet;    /* Map cursor numbers to bitmasks */
+  WhereClause sWC;          /* Decomposition of the WHERE clause */
+  WhereLevel a[1];          /* Information about each nest loop in WHERE */
+};
+
+/*
+** Bitmasks for the operators on WhereTerm objects.  These are all
+** operators that are of interest to the query planner.  An
 ** OR-ed combination of these values can be used when searching for
-** terms in the where clause.
+** particular WhereTerms within a WhereClause.
 */
 #define WO_IN     0x001
 #define WO_EQ     0x002
@@ -102758,62 +110880,159 @@
 #define WO_ISNULL 0x080
 #define WO_OR     0x100       /* Two or more OR-connected terms */
 #define WO_AND    0x200       /* Two or more AND-connected terms */
+#define WO_EQUIV  0x400       /* Of the form A==B, both columns */
 #define WO_NOOP   0x800       /* This term does not restrict search space */
 
 #define WO_ALL    0xfff       /* Mask of all possible WO_* values */
 #define WO_SINGLE 0x0ff       /* Mask of all non-compound WO_* values */
 
 /*
-** Value for wsFlags returned by bestIndex() and stored in
-** WhereLevel.wsFlags.  These flags determine which search
-** strategies are appropriate.
-**
-** The least significant 12 bits is reserved as a mask for WO_ values above.
-** The WhereLevel.wsFlags field is usually set to WO_IN|WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL.
-** But if the table is the right table of a left join, WhereLevel.wsFlags
-** is set to WO_IN|WO_EQ.  The WhereLevel.wsFlags field can then be used as
-** the "op" parameter to findTerm when we are resolving equality constraints.
-** ISNULL constraints will then not be used on the right table of a left
-** join.  Tickets #2177 and #2189.
+** These are definitions of bits in the WhereLoop.wsFlags field.
+** The particular combination of bits in each WhereLoop help to
+** determine the algorithm that WhereLoop represents.
 */
-#define WHERE_ROWID_EQ     0x00001000  /* rowid=EXPR or rowid IN (...) */
-#define WHERE_ROWID_RANGE  0x00002000  /* rowid<EXPR and/or rowid>EXPR */
-#define WHERE_COLUMN_EQ    0x00010000  /* x=EXPR or x IN (...) or x IS NULL */
-#define WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE 0x00020000  /* x<EXPR and/or x>EXPR */
-#define WHERE_COLUMN_IN    0x00040000  /* x IN (...) */
-#define WHERE_COLUMN_NULL  0x00080000  /* x IS NULL */
-#define WHERE_INDEXED      0x000f0000  /* Anything that uses an index */
-#define WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN 0x100f3000  /* Does not do a full table scan */
-#define WHERE_IN_ABLE      0x000f1000  /* Able to support an IN operator */
-#define WHERE_TOP_LIMIT    0x00100000  /* x<EXPR or x<=EXPR constraint */
-#define WHERE_BTM_LIMIT    0x00200000  /* x>EXPR or x>=EXPR constraint */
-#define WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT   0x00300000  /* Both x>EXPR and x<EXPR */
-#define WHERE_IDX_ONLY     0x00800000  /* Use index only - omit table */
-#define WHERE_ORDERBY      0x01000000  /* Output will appear in correct order */
-#define WHERE_REVERSE      0x02000000  /* Scan in reverse order */
-#define WHERE_UNIQUE       0x04000000  /* Selects no more than one row */
-#define WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE 0x08000000  /* Use virtual-table processing */
-#define WHERE_MULTI_OR     0x10000000  /* OR using multiple indices */
-#define WHERE_TEMP_INDEX   0x20000000  /* Uses an ephemeral index */
-#define WHERE_DISTINCT     0x40000000  /* Correct order for DISTINCT */
+#define WHERE_COLUMN_EQ    0x00000001  /* x=EXPR */
+#define WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE 0x00000002  /* x<EXPR and/or x>EXPR */
+#define WHERE_COLUMN_IN    0x00000004  /* x IN (...) */
+#define WHERE_COLUMN_NULL  0x00000008  /* x IS NULL */
+#define WHERE_CONSTRAINT   0x0000000f  /* Any of the WHERE_COLUMN_xxx values */
+#define WHERE_TOP_LIMIT    0x00000010  /* x<EXPR or x<=EXPR constraint */
+#define WHERE_BTM_LIMIT    0x00000020  /* x>EXPR or x>=EXPR constraint */
+#define WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT   0x00000030  /* Both x>EXPR and x<EXPR */
+#define WHERE_IDX_ONLY     0x00000040  /* Use index only - omit table */
+#define WHERE_IPK          0x00000100  /* x is the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
+#define WHERE_INDEXED      0x00000200  /* WhereLoop.u.btree.pIndex is valid */
+#define WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE 0x00000400  /* WhereLoop.u.vtab is valid */
+#define WHERE_IN_ABLE      0x00000800  /* Able to support an IN operator */
+#define WHERE_ONEROW       0x00001000  /* Selects no more than one row */
+#define WHERE_MULTI_OR     0x00002000  /* OR using multiple indices */
+#define WHERE_AUTO_INDEX   0x00004000  /* Uses an ephemeral index */
+#define WHERE_SKIPSCAN     0x00008000  /* Uses the skip-scan algorithm */
+#define WHERE_UNQ_WANTED   0x00010000  /* WHERE_ONEROW would have been helpful*/
+
+/************** End of whereInt.h ********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in where.c **********************/
+
+/*
+** Return the estimated number of output rows from a WHERE clause
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u64 sqlite3WhereOutputRowCount(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  return sqlite3LogEstToInt(pWInfo->nRowOut);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return one of the WHERE_DISTINCT_xxxxx values to indicate how this
+** WHERE clause returns outputs for DISTINCT processing.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereIsDistinct(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  return pWInfo->eDistinct;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the WHERE clause returns rows in ORDER BY order.
+** Return FALSE if the output needs to be sorted.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereIsOrdered(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  return pWInfo->nOBSat;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the VDBE address or label to jump to in order to continue
+** immediately with the next row of a WHERE clause.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereContinueLabel(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  assert( pWInfo->iContinue!=0 );
+  return pWInfo->iContinue;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the VDBE address or label to jump to in order to break
+** out of a WHERE loop.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereBreakLabel(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  return pWInfo->iBreak;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if an UPDATE or DELETE statement can operate directly on
+** the rowids returned by a WHERE clause.  Return FALSE if doing an
+** UPDATE or DELETE might change subsequent WHERE clause results.
+**
+** If the ONEPASS optimization is used (if this routine returns true)
+** then also write the indices of open cursors used by ONEPASS
+** into aiCur[0] and aiCur[1].  iaCur[0] gets the cursor of the data
+** table and iaCur[1] gets the cursor used by an auxiliary index.
+** Either value may be -1, indicating that cursor is not used.
+** Any cursors returned will have been opened for writing.
+**
+** aiCur[0] and aiCur[1] both get -1 if the where-clause logic is
+** unable to use the ONEPASS optimization.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereOkOnePass(WhereInfo *pWInfo, int *aiCur){
+  memcpy(aiCur, pWInfo->aiCurOnePass, sizeof(int)*2);
+  return pWInfo->okOnePass;
+}
+
+/*
+** Move the content of pSrc into pDest
+*/
+static void whereOrMove(WhereOrSet *pDest, WhereOrSet *pSrc){
+  pDest->n = pSrc->n;
+  memcpy(pDest->a, pSrc->a, pDest->n*sizeof(pDest->a[0]));
+}
+
+/*
+** Try to insert a new prerequisite/cost entry into the WhereOrSet pSet.
+**
+** The new entry might overwrite an existing entry, or it might be
+** appended, or it might be discarded.  Do whatever is the right thing
+** so that pSet keeps the N_OR_COST best entries seen so far.
+*/
+static int whereOrInsert(
+  WhereOrSet *pSet,      /* The WhereOrSet to be updated */
+  Bitmask prereq,        /* Prerequisites of the new entry */
+  LogEst rRun,           /* Run-cost of the new entry */
+  LogEst nOut            /* Number of outputs for the new entry */
+){
+  u16 i;
+  WhereOrCost *p;
+  for(i=pSet->n, p=pSet->a; i>0; i--, p++){
+    if( rRun<=p->rRun && (prereq & p->prereq)==prereq ){
+      goto whereOrInsert_done;
+    }
+    if( p->rRun<=rRun && (p->prereq & prereq)==p->prereq ){
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pSet->n<N_OR_COST ){
+    p = &pSet->a[pSet->n++];
+    p->nOut = nOut;
+  }else{
+    p = pSet->a;
+    for(i=1; i<pSet->n; i++){
+      if( p->rRun>pSet->a[i].rRun ) p = pSet->a + i;
+    }
+    if( p->rRun<=rRun ) return 0;
+  }
+whereOrInsert_done:
+  p->prereq = prereq;
+  p->rRun = rRun;
+  if( p->nOut>nOut ) p->nOut = nOut;
+  return 1;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Initialize a preallocated WhereClause structure.
 */
 static void whereClauseInit(
   WhereClause *pWC,        /* The WhereClause to be initialized */
-  Parse *pParse,           /* The parsing context */
-  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet,  /* Mapping from table cursor numbers to bitmasks */
-  u16 wctrlFlags           /* Might include WHERE_AND_ONLY */
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo        /* The WHERE processing context */
 ){
-  pWC->pParse = pParse;
-  pWC->pMaskSet = pMaskSet;
+  pWC->pWInfo = pWInfo;
   pWC->pOuter = 0;
   pWC->nTerm = 0;
   pWC->nSlot = ArraySize(pWC->aStatic);
   pWC->a = pWC->aStatic;
-  pWC->vmask = 0;
-  pWC->wctrlFlags = wctrlFlags;
 }
 
 /* Forward reference */
@@ -102842,7 +111061,7 @@
 static void whereClauseClear(WhereClause *pWC){
   int i;
   WhereTerm *a;
-  sqlite3 *db = pWC->pParse->db;
+  sqlite3 *db = pWC->pWInfo->pParse->db;
   for(i=pWC->nTerm-1, a=pWC->a; i>=0; i--, a++){
     if( a->wtFlags & TERM_DYNAMIC ){
       sqlite3ExprDelete(db, a->pExpr);
@@ -102880,10 +111099,10 @@
 static int whereClauseInsert(WhereClause *pWC, Expr *p, u8 wtFlags){
   WhereTerm *pTerm;
   int idx;
-  testcase( wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );  /* EV: R-00211-15100 */
+  testcase( wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
   if( pWC->nTerm>=pWC->nSlot ){
     WhereTerm *pOld = pWC->a;
-    sqlite3 *db = pWC->pParse->db;
+    sqlite3 *db = pWC->pWInfo->pParse->db;
     pWC->a = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(pWC->a[0])*pWC->nSlot*2 );
     if( pWC->a==0 ){
       if( wtFlags & TERM_DYNAMIC ){
@@ -102899,7 +111118,12 @@
     pWC->nSlot = sqlite3DbMallocSize(db, pWC->a)/sizeof(pWC->a[0]);
   }
   pTerm = &pWC->a[idx = pWC->nTerm++];
-  pTerm->pExpr = p;
+  if( p && ExprHasProperty(p, EP_Unlikely) ){
+    pTerm->truthProb = sqlite3LogEst(p->iTable) - 99;
+  }else{
+    pTerm->truthProb = 1;
+  }
+  pTerm->pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(p);
   pTerm->wtFlags = wtFlags;
   pTerm->pWC = pWC;
   pTerm->iParent = -1;
@@ -102923,8 +111147,8 @@
 ** the WhereClause.a[] array.  The slot[] array grows as needed to contain
 ** all terms of the WHERE clause.
 */
-static void whereSplit(WhereClause *pWC, Expr *pExpr, int op){
-  pWC->op = (u8)op;
+static void whereSplit(WhereClause *pWC, Expr *pExpr, u8 op){
+  pWC->op = op;
   if( pExpr==0 ) return;
   if( pExpr->op!=op ){
     whereClauseInsert(pWC, pExpr, 0);
@@ -102935,9 +111159,9 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Initialize an expression mask set (a WhereMaskSet object)
+** Initialize a WhereMaskSet object
 */
-#define initMaskSet(P)  memset(P, 0, sizeof(*P))
+#define initMaskSet(P)  (P)->n=0
 
 /*
 ** Return the bitmask for the given cursor number.  Return 0 if
@@ -102948,7 +111172,7 @@
   assert( pMaskSet->n<=(int)sizeof(Bitmask)*8 );
   for(i=0; i<pMaskSet->n; i++){
     if( pMaskSet->ix[i]==iCursor ){
-      return ((Bitmask)1)<<i;
+      return MASKBIT(i);
     }
   }
   return 0;
@@ -102968,18 +111192,9 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** This routine walks (recursively) an expression tree and generates
+** These routines walk (recursively) an expression tree and generate
 ** a bitmask indicating which tables are used in that expression
 ** tree.
-**
-** In order for this routine to work, the calling function must have
-** previously invoked sqlite3ResolveExprNames() on the expression.  See
-** the header comment on that routine for additional information.
-** The sqlite3ResolveExprNames() routines looks for column names and
-** sets their opcodes to TK_COLUMN and their Expr.iTable fields to
-** the VDBE cursor number of the table.  This routine just has to
-** translate the cursor numbers into bitmask values and OR all
-** the bitmasks together.
 */
 static Bitmask exprListTableUsage(WhereMaskSet*, ExprList*);
 static Bitmask exprSelectTableUsage(WhereMaskSet*, Select*);
@@ -103033,14 +111248,7 @@
 /*
 ** Return TRUE if the given operator is one of the operators that is
 ** allowed for an indexable WHERE clause term.  The allowed operators are
-** "=", "<", ">", "<=", ">=", and "IN".
-**
-** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-59926-26393 To be usable by an index a term must be
-** of one of the following forms: column = expression column > expression
-** column >= expression column < expression column <= expression
-** expression = column expression > column expression >= column
-** expression < column expression <= column column IN
-** (expression-list) column IN (subquery) column IS NULL
+** "=", "<", ">", "<=", ">=", "IN", and "IS NULL"
 */
 static int allowedOp(int op){
   assert( TK_GT>TK_EQ && TK_GT<TK_GE );
@@ -103059,23 +111267,31 @@
 ** Commute a comparison operator.  Expressions of the form "X op Y"
 ** are converted into "Y op X".
 **
-** If a collation sequence is associated with either the left or right
-** side of the comparison, it remains associated with the same side after
-** the commutation. So "Y collate NOCASE op X" becomes 
-** "X collate NOCASE op Y". This is because any collation sequence on
+** If left/right precedence rules come into play when determining the
+** collating sequence, then COLLATE operators are adjusted to ensure
+** that the collating sequence does not change.  For example:
+** "Y collate NOCASE op X" becomes "X op Y" because any collation sequence on
 ** the left hand side of a comparison overrides any collation sequence 
-** attached to the right. For the same reason the EP_ExpCollate flag
+** attached to the right. For the same reason the EP_Collate flag
 ** is not commuted.
 */
 static void exprCommute(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
-  u16 expRight = (pExpr->pRight->flags & EP_ExpCollate);
-  u16 expLeft = (pExpr->pLeft->flags & EP_ExpCollate);
+  u16 expRight = (pExpr->pRight->flags & EP_Collate);
+  u16 expLeft = (pExpr->pLeft->flags & EP_Collate);
   assert( allowedOp(pExpr->op) && pExpr->op!=TK_IN );
-  pExpr->pRight->pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pRight);
-  pExpr->pLeft->pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
-  SWAP(CollSeq*,pExpr->pRight->pColl,pExpr->pLeft->pColl);
-  pExpr->pRight->flags = (pExpr->pRight->flags & ~EP_ExpCollate) | expLeft;
-  pExpr->pLeft->flags = (pExpr->pLeft->flags & ~EP_ExpCollate) | expRight;
+  if( expRight==expLeft ){
+    /* Either X and Y both have COLLATE operator or neither do */
+    if( expRight ){
+      /* Both X and Y have COLLATE operators.  Make sure X is always
+      ** used by clearing the EP_Collate flag from Y. */
+      pExpr->pRight->flags &= ~EP_Collate;
+    }else if( sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft)!=0 ){
+      /* Neither X nor Y have COLLATE operators, but X has a non-default
+      ** collating sequence.  So add the EP_Collate marker on X to cause
+      ** it to be searched first. */
+      pExpr->pLeft->flags |= EP_Collate;
+    }
+  }
   SWAP(Expr*,pExpr->pRight,pExpr->pLeft);
   if( pExpr->op>=TK_GT ){
     assert( TK_LT==TK_GT+2 );
@@ -103112,10 +111328,154 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Advance to the next WhereTerm that matches according to the criteria
+** established when the pScan object was initialized by whereScanInit().
+** Return NULL if there are no more matching WhereTerms.
+*/
+static WhereTerm *whereScanNext(WhereScan *pScan){
+  int iCur;            /* The cursor on the LHS of the term */
+  int iColumn;         /* The column on the LHS of the term.  -1 for IPK */
+  Expr *pX;            /* An expression being tested */
+  WhereClause *pWC;    /* Shorthand for pScan->pWC */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;    /* The term being tested */
+  int k = pScan->k;    /* Where to start scanning */
+
+  while( pScan->iEquiv<=pScan->nEquiv ){
+    iCur = pScan->aEquiv[pScan->iEquiv-2];
+    iColumn = pScan->aEquiv[pScan->iEquiv-1];
+    while( (pWC = pScan->pWC)!=0 ){
+      for(pTerm=pWC->a+k; k<pWC->nTerm; k++, pTerm++){
+        if( pTerm->leftCursor==iCur
+         && pTerm->u.leftColumn==iColumn
+         && (pScan->iEquiv<=2 || !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin))
+        ){
+          if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_EQUIV)!=0
+           && pScan->nEquiv<ArraySize(pScan->aEquiv)
+          ){
+            int j;
+            pX = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pTerm->pExpr->pRight);
+            assert( pX->op==TK_COLUMN );
+            for(j=0; j<pScan->nEquiv; j+=2){
+              if( pScan->aEquiv[j]==pX->iTable
+               && pScan->aEquiv[j+1]==pX->iColumn ){
+                  break;
+              }
+            }
+            if( j==pScan->nEquiv ){
+              pScan->aEquiv[j] = pX->iTable;
+              pScan->aEquiv[j+1] = pX->iColumn;
+              pScan->nEquiv += 2;
+            }
+          }
+          if( (pTerm->eOperator & pScan->opMask)!=0 ){
+            /* Verify the affinity and collating sequence match */
+            if( pScan->zCollName && (pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL)==0 ){
+              CollSeq *pColl;
+              Parse *pParse = pWC->pWInfo->pParse;
+              pX = pTerm->pExpr;
+              if( !sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pX, pScan->idxaff) ){
+                continue;
+              }
+              assert(pX->pLeft);
+              pColl = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse,
+                                                  pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
+              if( pColl==0 ) pColl = pParse->db->pDfltColl;
+              if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pScan->zCollName) ){
+                continue;
+              }
+            }
+            if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_EQ)!=0
+             && (pX = pTerm->pExpr->pRight)->op==TK_COLUMN
+             && pX->iTable==pScan->aEquiv[0]
+             && pX->iColumn==pScan->aEquiv[1]
+            ){
+              continue;
+            }
+            pScan->k = k+1;
+            return pTerm;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      pScan->pWC = pScan->pWC->pOuter;
+      k = 0;
+    }
+    pScan->pWC = pScan->pOrigWC;
+    k = 0;
+    pScan->iEquiv += 2;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize a WHERE clause scanner object.  Return a pointer to the
+** first match.  Return NULL if there are no matches.
+**
+** The scanner will be searching the WHERE clause pWC.  It will look
+** for terms of the form "X <op> <expr>" where X is column iColumn of table
+** iCur.  The <op> must be one of the operators described by opMask.
+**
+** If the search is for X and the WHERE clause contains terms of the
+** form X=Y then this routine might also return terms of the form
+** "Y <op> <expr>".  The number of levels of transitivity is limited,
+** but is enough to handle most commonly occurring SQL statements.
+**
+** If X is not the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY then X must be compatible with
+** index pIdx.
+*/
+static WhereTerm *whereScanInit(
+  WhereScan *pScan,       /* The WhereScan object being initialized */
+  WhereClause *pWC,       /* The WHERE clause to be scanned */
+  int iCur,               /* Cursor to scan for */
+  int iColumn,            /* Column to scan for */
+  u32 opMask,             /* Operator(s) to scan for */
+  Index *pIdx             /* Must be compatible with this index */
+){
+  int j;
+
+  /* memset(pScan, 0, sizeof(*pScan)); */
+  pScan->pOrigWC = pWC;
+  pScan->pWC = pWC;
+  if( pIdx && iColumn>=0 ){
+    pScan->idxaff = pIdx->pTable->aCol[iColumn].affinity;
+    for(j=0; pIdx->aiColumn[j]!=iColumn; j++){
+      if( NEVER(j>pIdx->nColumn) ) return 0;
+    }
+    pScan->zCollName = pIdx->azColl[j];
+  }else{
+    pScan->idxaff = 0;
+    pScan->zCollName = 0;
+  }
+  pScan->opMask = opMask;
+  pScan->k = 0;
+  pScan->aEquiv[0] = iCur;
+  pScan->aEquiv[1] = iColumn;
+  pScan->nEquiv = 2;
+  pScan->iEquiv = 2;
+  return whereScanNext(pScan);
+}
+
+/*
 ** Search for a term in the WHERE clause that is of the form "X <op> <expr>"
 ** where X is a reference to the iColumn of table iCur and <op> is one of
 ** the WO_xx operator codes specified by the op parameter.
 ** Return a pointer to the term.  Return 0 if not found.
+**
+** The term returned might by Y=<expr> if there is another constraint in
+** the WHERE clause that specifies that X=Y.  Any such constraints will be
+** identified by the WO_EQUIV bit in the pTerm->eOperator field.  The
+** aEquiv[] array holds X and all its equivalents, with each SQL variable
+** taking up two slots in aEquiv[].  The first slot is for the cursor number
+** and the second is for the column number.  There are 22 slots in aEquiv[]
+** so that means we can look for X plus up to 10 other equivalent values.
+** Hence a search for X will return <expr> if X=A1 and A1=A2 and A2=A3
+** and ... and A9=A10 and A10=<expr>.
+**
+** If there are multiple terms in the WHERE clause of the form "X <op> <expr>"
+** then try for the one with no dependencies on <expr> - in other words where
+** <expr> is a constant expression of some kind.  Only return entries of
+** the form "X <op> Y" where Y is a column in another table if no terms of
+** the form "X <op> <const-expr>" exist.   If no terms with a constant RHS
+** exist, try to return a term that does not use WO_EQUIV.
 */
 static WhereTerm *findTerm(
   WhereClause *pWC,     /* The WHERE clause to be searched */
@@ -103125,45 +111485,21 @@
   u32 op,               /* Mask of WO_xx values describing operator */
   Index *pIdx           /* Must be compatible with this index, if not NULL */
 ){
-  WhereTerm *pTerm;
-  int k;
-  assert( iCur>=0 );
-  op &= WO_ALL;
-  for(; pWC; pWC=pWC->pOuter){
-    for(pTerm=pWC->a, k=pWC->nTerm; k; k--, pTerm++){
-      if( pTerm->leftCursor==iCur
-         && (pTerm->prereqRight & notReady)==0
-         && pTerm->u.leftColumn==iColumn
-         && (pTerm->eOperator & op)!=0
-      ){
-        if( iColumn>=0 && pIdx && pTerm->eOperator!=WO_ISNULL ){
-          Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
-          CollSeq *pColl;
-          char idxaff;
-          int j;
-          Parse *pParse = pWC->pParse;
-  
-          idxaff = pIdx->pTable->aCol[iColumn].affinity;
-          if( !sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pX, idxaff) ) continue;
-  
-          /* Figure out the collation sequence required from an index for
-          ** it to be useful for optimising expression pX. Store this
-          ** value in variable pColl.
-          */
-          assert(pX->pLeft);
-          pColl = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
-          assert(pColl || pParse->nErr);
-  
-          for(j=0; pIdx->aiColumn[j]!=iColumn; j++){
-            if( NEVER(j>=pIdx->nColumn) ) return 0;
-          }
-          if( pColl && sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pIdx->azColl[j]) ) continue;
-        }
-        return pTerm;
+  WhereTerm *pResult = 0;
+  WhereTerm *p;
+  WhereScan scan;
+
+  p = whereScanInit(&scan, pWC, iCur, iColumn, op, pIdx);
+  while( p ){
+    if( (p->prereqRight & notReady)==0 ){
+      if( p->prereqRight==0 && (p->eOperator&WO_EQ)!=0 ){
+        return p;
       }
+      if( pResult==0 ) pResult = p;
     }
+    p = whereScanNext(&scan);
   }
-  return 0;
+  return pResult;
 }
 
 /* Forward reference */
@@ -103171,8 +111507,6 @@
 
 /*
 ** Call exprAnalyze on all terms in a WHERE clause.  
-**
-**
 */
 static void exprAnalyzeAll(
   SrcList *pTabList,       /* the FROM clause */
@@ -103218,22 +111552,22 @@
 #endif
   pList = pExpr->x.pList;
   pLeft = pList->a[1].pExpr;
-  if( pLeft->op!=TK_COLUMN || sqlite3ExprAffinity(pLeft)!=SQLITE_AFF_TEXT ){
+  if( pLeft->op!=TK_COLUMN 
+   || sqlite3ExprAffinity(pLeft)!=SQLITE_AFF_TEXT 
+   || IsVirtual(pLeft->pTab)
+  ){
     /* IMP: R-02065-49465 The left-hand side of the LIKE or GLOB operator must
     ** be the name of an indexed column with TEXT affinity. */
     return 0;
   }
   assert( pLeft->iColumn!=(-1) ); /* Because IPK never has AFF_TEXT */
 
-  pRight = pList->a[0].pExpr;
+  pRight = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pList->a[0].pExpr);
   op = pRight->op;
-  if( op==TK_REGISTER ){
-    op = pRight->op2;
-  }
   if( op==TK_VARIABLE ){
     Vdbe *pReprepare = pParse->pReprepare;
     int iCol = pRight->iColumn;
-    pVal = sqlite3VdbeGetValue(pReprepare, iCol, SQLITE_AFF_NONE);
+    pVal = sqlite3VdbeGetBoundValue(pReprepare, iCol, SQLITE_AFF_NONE);
     if( pVal && sqlite3_value_type(pVal)==SQLITE_TEXT ){
       z = (char *)sqlite3_value_text(pVal);
     }
@@ -103315,8 +111649,10 @@
 ** a join, then transfer the appropriate markings over to derived.
 */
 static void transferJoinMarkings(Expr *pDerived, Expr *pBase){
-  pDerived->flags |= pBase->flags & EP_FromJoin;
-  pDerived->iRightJoinTable = pBase->iRightJoinTable;
+  if( pDerived ){
+    pDerived->flags |= pBase->flags & EP_FromJoin;
+    pDerived->iRightJoinTable = pBase->iRightJoinTable;
+  }
 }
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY)
@@ -103346,7 +111682,7 @@
 **
 ** CASE 1:
 **
-** If all subterms are of the form T.C=expr for some single column of C
+** If all subterms are of the form T.C=expr for some single column of C and
 ** a single table T (as shown in example B above) then create a new virtual
 ** term that is an equivalent IN expression.  In other words, if the term
 ** being analyzed is:
@@ -103375,10 +111711,10 @@
 ** From another point of view, "indexable" means that the subterm could
 ** potentially be used with an index if an appropriate index exists.
 ** This analysis does not consider whether or not the index exists; that
-** is something the bestIndex() routine will determine.  This analysis
-** only looks at whether subterms appropriate for indexing exist.
+** is decided elsewhere.  This analysis only looks at whether subterms
+** appropriate for indexing exist.
 **
-** All examples A through E above all satisfy case 2.  But if a term
+** All examples A through E above satisfy case 2.  But if a term
 ** also statisfies case 1 (such as B) we know that the optimizer will
 ** always prefer case 1, so in that case we pretend that case 2 is not
 ** satisfied.
@@ -103401,11 +111737,11 @@
   WhereClause *pWC,         /* the complete WHERE clause */
   int idxTerm               /* Index of the OR-term to be analyzed */
 ){
-  Parse *pParse = pWC->pParse;            /* Parser context */
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pWC->pWInfo;        /* WHERE clause processing context */
+  Parse *pParse = pWInfo->pParse;         /* Parser context */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;               /* Database connection */
   WhereTerm *pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];    /* The term to be analyzed */
   Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;             /* The expression of the term */
-  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet = pWC->pMaskSet; /* Table use masks */
   int i;                                  /* Loop counters */
   WhereClause *pOrWc;       /* Breakup of pTerm into subterms */
   WhereTerm *pOrTerm;       /* A Sub-term within the pOrWc */
@@ -103424,7 +111760,7 @@
   if( pOrInfo==0 ) return;
   pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_ORINFO;
   pOrWc = &pOrInfo->wc;
-  whereClauseInit(pOrWc, pWC->pParse, pMaskSet, pWC->wctrlFlags);
+  whereClauseInit(pOrWc, pWInfo);
   whereSplit(pOrWc, pExpr, TK_OR);
   exprAnalyzeAll(pSrc, pOrWc);
   if( db->mallocFailed ) return;
@@ -103434,11 +111770,10 @@
   ** Compute the set of tables that might satisfy cases 1 or 2.
   */
   indexable = ~(Bitmask)0;
-  chngToIN = ~(pWC->vmask);
+  chngToIN = ~(Bitmask)0;
   for(i=pOrWc->nTerm-1, pOrTerm=pOrWc->a; i>=0 && indexable; i--, pOrTerm++){
     if( (pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_SINGLE)==0 ){
       WhereAndInfo *pAndInfo;
-      assert( pOrTerm->eOperator==0 );
       assert( (pOrTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_ANDINFO|TERM_ORINFO))==0 );
       chngToIN = 0;
       pAndInfo = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(*pAndInfo));
@@ -103451,7 +111786,7 @@
         pOrTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_ANDINFO;
         pOrTerm->eOperator = WO_AND;
         pAndWC = &pAndInfo->wc;
-        whereClauseInit(pAndWC, pWC->pParse, pMaskSet, pWC->wctrlFlags);
+        whereClauseInit(pAndWC, pWC->pWInfo);
         whereSplit(pAndWC, pOrTerm->pExpr, TK_AND);
         exprAnalyzeAll(pSrc, pAndWC);
         pAndWC->pOuter = pWC;
@@ -103460,7 +111795,7 @@
           for(j=0, pAndTerm=pAndWC->a; j<pAndWC->nTerm; j++, pAndTerm++){
             assert( pAndTerm->pExpr );
             if( allowedOp(pAndTerm->pExpr->op) ){
-              b |= getMask(pMaskSet, pAndTerm->leftCursor);
+              b |= getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pAndTerm->leftCursor);
             }
           }
         }
@@ -103471,13 +111806,13 @@
       ** corresponding TERM_VIRTUAL term */
     }else{
       Bitmask b;
-      b = getMask(pMaskSet, pOrTerm->leftCursor);
+      b = getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pOrTerm->leftCursor);
       if( pOrTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ){
         WhereTerm *pOther = &pOrWc->a[pOrTerm->iParent];
-        b |= getMask(pMaskSet, pOther->leftCursor);
+        b |= getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pOther->leftCursor);
       }
       indexable &= b;
-      if( pOrTerm->eOperator!=WO_EQ ){
+      if( (pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_EQ)==0 ){
         chngToIN = 0;
       }else{
         chngToIN &= b;
@@ -103528,7 +111863,7 @@
     for(j=0; j<2 && !okToChngToIN; j++){
       pOrTerm = pOrWc->a;
       for(i=pOrWc->nTerm-1; i>=0; i--, pOrTerm++){
-        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
+        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_EQ );
         pOrTerm->wtFlags &= ~TERM_OR_OK;
         if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCursor ){
           /* This is the 2-bit case and we are on the second iteration and
@@ -103536,7 +111871,7 @@
           assert( j==1 );
           continue;
         }
-        if( (chngToIN & getMask(pMaskSet, pOrTerm->leftCursor))==0 ){
+        if( (chngToIN & getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pOrTerm->leftCursor))==0 ){
           /* This term must be of the form t1.a==t2.b where t2 is in the
           ** chngToIN set but t1 is not.  This term will be either preceeded
           ** or follwed by an inverted copy (t2.b==t1.a).  Skip this term 
@@ -103554,8 +111889,8 @@
         /* No candidate table+column was found.  This can only occur
         ** on the second iteration */
         assert( j==1 );
-        assert( (chngToIN&(chngToIN-1))==0 );
-        assert( chngToIN==getMask(pMaskSet, iCursor) );
+        assert( IsPowerOfTwo(chngToIN) );
+        assert( chngToIN==getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, iCursor) );
         break;
       }
       testcase( j==1 );
@@ -103564,7 +111899,7 @@
       ** table and column is common to every term in the OR clause */
       okToChngToIN = 1;
       for(; i>=0 && okToChngToIN; i--, pOrTerm++){
-        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
+        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_EQ );
         if( pOrTerm->leftCursor!=iCursor ){
           pOrTerm->wtFlags &= ~TERM_OR_OK;
         }else if( pOrTerm->u.leftColumn!=iColumn ){
@@ -103589,8 +111924,6 @@
     /* At this point, okToChngToIN is true if original pTerm satisfies
     ** case 1.  In that case, construct a new virtual term that is 
     ** pTerm converted into an IN operator.
-    **
-    ** EV: R-00211-15100
     */
     if( okToChngToIN ){
       Expr *pDup;            /* A transient duplicate expression */
@@ -103600,11 +111933,11 @@
 
       for(i=pOrWc->nTerm-1, pOrTerm=pOrWc->a; i>=0; i--, pOrTerm++){
         if( (pOrTerm->wtFlags & TERM_OR_OK)==0 ) continue;
-        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
+        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_EQ );
         assert( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCursor );
         assert( pOrTerm->u.leftColumn==iColumn );
         pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrTerm->pExpr->pRight, 0);
-        pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pWC->pParse, pList, pDup);
+        pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pWInfo->pParse, pList, pDup);
         pLeft = pOrTerm->pExpr->pLeft;
       }
       assert( pLeft!=0 );
@@ -103630,7 +111963,6 @@
 }
 #endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION && !SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
 
-
 /*
 ** The input to this routine is an WhereTerm structure with only the
 ** "pExpr" field filled in.  The job of this routine is to analyze the
@@ -103654,6 +111986,7 @@
   WhereClause *pWC,         /* the WHERE clause */
   int idxTerm               /* Index of the term to be analyzed */
 ){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pWC->pWInfo; /* WHERE clause processing context */
   WhereTerm *pTerm;                /* The term to be analyzed */
   WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet;          /* Set of table index masks */
   Expr *pExpr;                     /* The expression to be analyzed */
@@ -103664,15 +111997,16 @@
   int isComplete = 0;              /* RHS of LIKE/GLOB ends with wildcard */
   int noCase = 0;                  /* LIKE/GLOB distinguishes case */
   int op;                          /* Top-level operator.  pExpr->op */
-  Parse *pParse = pWC->pParse;     /* Parsing context */
+  Parse *pParse = pWInfo->pParse;  /* Parsing context */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;        /* Database connection */
 
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     return;
   }
   pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
-  pMaskSet = pWC->pMaskSet;
+  pMaskSet = &pWInfo->sMaskSet;
   pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
+  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_AS && pExpr->op!=TK_COLLATE );
   prereqLeft = exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pExpr->pLeft);
   op = pExpr->op;
   if( op==TK_IN ){
@@ -103698,17 +112032,19 @@
   pTerm->leftCursor = -1;
   pTerm->iParent = -1;
   pTerm->eOperator = 0;
-  if( allowedOp(op) && (pTerm->prereqRight & prereqLeft)==0 ){
-    Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
-    Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
+  if( allowedOp(op) ){
+    Expr *pLeft = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pExpr->pLeft);
+    Expr *pRight = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pExpr->pRight);
+    u16 opMask = (pTerm->prereqRight & prereqLeft)==0 ? WO_ALL : WO_EQUIV;
     if( pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN ){
       pTerm->leftCursor = pLeft->iTable;
       pTerm->u.leftColumn = pLeft->iColumn;
-      pTerm->eOperator = operatorMask(op);
+      pTerm->eOperator = operatorMask(op) & opMask;
     }
     if( pRight && pRight->op==TK_COLUMN ){
       WhereTerm *pNew;
       Expr *pDup;
+      u16 eExtraOp = 0;        /* Extra bits for pNew->eOperator */
       if( pTerm->leftCursor>=0 ){
         int idxNew;
         pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pExpr, 0);
@@ -103723,18 +112059,25 @@
         pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
         pTerm->nChild = 1;
         pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_COPIED;
+        if( pExpr->op==TK_EQ
+         && !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
+         && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_Transitive)
+        ){
+          pTerm->eOperator |= WO_EQUIV;
+          eExtraOp = WO_EQUIV;
+        }
       }else{
         pDup = pExpr;
         pNew = pTerm;
       }
       exprCommute(pParse, pDup);
-      pLeft = pDup->pLeft;
+      pLeft = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pDup->pLeft);
       pNew->leftCursor = pLeft->iTable;
       pNew->u.leftColumn = pLeft->iColumn;
       testcase( (prereqLeft | extraRight) != prereqLeft );
       pNew->prereqRight = prereqLeft | extraRight;
       pNew->prereqAll = prereqAll;
-      pNew->eOperator = operatorMask(pDup->op);
+      pNew->eOperator = (operatorMask(pDup->op) + eExtraOp) & opMask;
     }
   }
 
@@ -103766,6 +112109,7 @@
       pNewExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, ops[i], 
                              sqlite3ExprDup(db, pExpr->pLeft, 0),
                              sqlite3ExprDup(db, pList->a[i].pExpr, 0), 0);
+      transferJoinMarkings(pNewExpr, pExpr);
       idxNew = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
       testcase( idxNew==0 );
       exprAnalyze(pSrc, pWC, idxNew);
@@ -103807,7 +112151,7 @@
     Expr *pNewExpr2;
     int idxNew1;
     int idxNew2;
-    CollSeq *pColl;    /* Collating sequence to use */
+    Token sCollSeqName;  /* Name of collating sequence */
 
     pLeft = pExpr->x.pList->a[1].pExpr;
     pStr2 = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pStr1, 0);
@@ -103822,23 +112166,26 @@
         ** inequality.  To avoid this, make sure to also run the full
         ** LIKE on all candidate expressions by clearing the isComplete flag
         */
-        if( c=='A'-1 ) isComplete = 0;   /* EV: R-64339-08207 */
-
-
+        if( c=='A'-1 ) isComplete = 0;
         c = sqlite3UpperToLower[c];
       }
       *pC = c + 1;
     }
-    pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, SQLITE_UTF8, noCase ? "NOCASE" : "BINARY",0);
+    sCollSeqName.z = noCase ? "NOCASE" : "BINARY";
+    sCollSeqName.n = 6;
+    pNewExpr1 = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pLeft, 0);
     pNewExpr1 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_GE, 
-                     sqlite3ExprSetColl(sqlite3ExprDup(db,pLeft,0), pColl),
-                     pStr1, 0);
+           sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse,pNewExpr1,&sCollSeqName),
+           pStr1, 0);
+    transferJoinMarkings(pNewExpr1, pExpr);
     idxNew1 = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr1, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
     testcase( idxNew1==0 );
     exprAnalyze(pSrc, pWC, idxNew1);
+    pNewExpr2 = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pLeft, 0);
     pNewExpr2 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_LT,
-                     sqlite3ExprSetColl(sqlite3ExprDup(db,pLeft,0), pColl),
-                     pStr2, 0);
+           sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse,pNewExpr2,&sCollSeqName),
+           pStr2, 0);
+    transferJoinMarkings(pNewExpr2, pExpr);
     idxNew2 = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr2, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
     testcase( idxNew2==0 );
     exprAnalyze(pSrc, pWC, idxNew2);
@@ -103888,7 +112235,7 @@
   }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
   /* When sqlite_stat3 histogram data is available an operator of the
   ** form "x IS NOT NULL" can sometimes be evaluated more efficiently
   ** as "x>NULL" if x is not an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.  So construct a
@@ -103902,6 +112249,7 @@
   if( pExpr->op==TK_NOTNULL
    && pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN
    && pExpr->pLeft->iColumn>=0
+   && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_Stat3)
   ){
     Expr *pNewExpr;
     Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
@@ -103927,7 +112275,7 @@
       pNewTerm->prereqAll = pTerm->prereqAll;
     }
   }
-#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT */
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 
   /* Prevent ON clause terms of a LEFT JOIN from being used to drive
   ** an index for tables to the left of the join.
@@ -103936,30 +112284,8 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Return TRUE if any of the expressions in pList->a[iFirst...] contain
-** a reference to any table other than the iBase table.
-*/
-static int referencesOtherTables(
-  ExprList *pList,          /* Search expressions in ths list */
-  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet,   /* Mapping from tables to bitmaps */
-  int iFirst,               /* Be searching with the iFirst-th expression */
-  int iBase                 /* Ignore references to this table */
-){
-  Bitmask allowed = ~getMask(pMaskSet, iBase);
-  while( iFirst<pList->nExpr ){
-    if( (exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pList->a[iFirst++].pExpr)&allowed)!=0 ){
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/*
-** This function searches the expression list passed as the second argument
-** for an expression of type TK_COLUMN that refers to the same column and
-** uses the same collation sequence as the iCol'th column of index pIdx.
-** Argument iBase is the cursor number used for the table that pIdx refers
-** to.
+** This function searches pList for a entry that matches the iCol-th column
+** of index pIdx.
 **
 ** If such an expression is found, its index in pList->a[] is returned. If
 ** no expression is found, -1 is returned.
@@ -103975,12 +112301,12 @@
   const char *zColl = pIdx->azColl[iCol];
 
   for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
-    Expr *p = pList->a[i].pExpr;
+    Expr *p = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pList->a[i].pExpr);
     if( p->op==TK_COLUMN
      && p->iColumn==pIdx->aiColumn[iCol]
      && p->iTable==iBase
     ){
-      CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, p);
+      CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pList->a[i].pExpr);
       if( ALWAYS(pColl) && 0==sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, zColl) ){
         return i;
       }
@@ -103991,75 +112317,17 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** This routine determines if pIdx can be used to assist in processing a
-** DISTINCT qualifier. In other words, it tests whether or not using this
-** index for the outer loop guarantees that rows with equal values for
-** all expressions in the pDistinct list are delivered grouped together.
-**
-** For example, the query 
-**
-**   SELECT DISTINCT a, b, c FROM tbl WHERE a = ?
-**
-** can benefit from any index on columns "b" and "c".
-*/
-static int isDistinctIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parsing context */
-  WhereClause *pWC,               /* The WHERE clause */
-  Index *pIdx,                    /* The index being considered */
-  int base,                       /* Cursor number for the table pIdx is on */
-  ExprList *pDistinct,            /* The DISTINCT expressions */
-  int nEqCol                      /* Number of index columns with == */
-){
-  Bitmask mask = 0;               /* Mask of unaccounted for pDistinct exprs */
-  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
-
-  if( pIdx->zName==0 || pDistinct==0 || pDistinct->nExpr>=BMS ) return 0;
-  testcase( pDistinct->nExpr==BMS-1 );
-
-  /* Loop through all the expressions in the distinct list. If any of them
-  ** are not simple column references, return early. Otherwise, test if the
-  ** WHERE clause contains a "col=X" clause. If it does, the expression
-  ** can be ignored. If it does not, and the column does not belong to the
-  ** same table as index pIdx, return early. Finally, if there is no
-  ** matching "col=X" expression and the column is on the same table as pIdx,
-  ** set the corresponding bit in variable mask.
-  */
-  for(i=0; i<pDistinct->nExpr; i++){
-    WhereTerm *pTerm;
-    Expr *p = pDistinct->a[i].pExpr;
-    if( p->op!=TK_COLUMN ) return 0;
-    pTerm = findTerm(pWC, p->iTable, p->iColumn, ~(Bitmask)0, WO_EQ, 0);
-    if( pTerm ){
-      Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
-      CollSeq *p1 = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
-      CollSeq *p2 = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, p);
-      if( p1==p2 ) continue;
-    }
-    if( p->iTable!=base ) return 0;
-    mask |= (((Bitmask)1) << i);
-  }
-
-  for(i=nEqCol; mask && i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
-    int iExpr = findIndexCol(pParse, pDistinct, base, pIdx, i);
-    if( iExpr<0 ) break;
-    mask &= ~(((Bitmask)1) << iExpr);
-  }
-
-  return (mask==0);
-}
-
-
-/*
 ** Return true if the DISTINCT expression-list passed as the third argument
-** is redundant. A DISTINCT list is redundant if the database contains a
-** UNIQUE index that guarantees that the result of the query will be distinct
-** anyway.
+** is redundant.
+**
+** A DISTINCT list is redundant if the database contains some subset of
+** columns that are unique and non-null.
 */
 static int isDistinctRedundant(
-  Parse *pParse,
-  SrcList *pTabList,
-  WhereClause *pWC,
-  ExprList *pDistinct
+  Parse *pParse,            /* Parsing context */
+  SrcList *pTabList,        /* The FROM clause */
+  WhereClause *pWC,         /* The WHERE clause */
+  ExprList *pDistinct       /* The result set that needs to be DISTINCT */
 ){
   Table *pTab;
   Index *pIdx;
@@ -104078,7 +112346,7 @@
   ** current SELECT is a correlated sub-query.
   */
   for(i=0; i<pDistinct->nExpr; i++){
-    Expr *p = pDistinct->a[i].pExpr;
+    Expr *p = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pDistinct->a[i].pExpr);
     if( p->op==TK_COLUMN && p->iTable==iBase && p->iColumn<0 ) return 1;
   }
 
@@ -104091,18 +112359,22 @@
   **      list, or else the WHERE clause contains a term of the form "col=X",
   **      where X is a constant value. The collation sequences of the
   **      comparison and select-list expressions must match those of the index.
+  **
+  **   3. All of those index columns for which the WHERE clause does not
+  **      contain a "col=X" term are subject to a NOT NULL constraint.
   */
   for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-    if( pIdx->onError==OE_None ) continue;
-    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
-      int iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
-      if( 0==findTerm(pWC, iBase, iCol, ~(Bitmask)0, WO_EQ, pIdx) 
-       && 0>findIndexCol(pParse, pDistinct, iBase, pIdx, i)
-      ){
-        break;
+    if( !IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) ) continue;
+    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nKeyCol; i++){
+      i16 iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+      if( 0==findTerm(pWC, iBase, iCol, ~(Bitmask)0, WO_EQ, pIdx) ){
+        int iIdxCol = findIndexCol(pParse, pDistinct, iBase, pIdx, i);
+        if( iIdxCol<0 || pTab->aCol[iCol].notNull==0 ){
+          break;
+        }
       }
     }
-    if( i==pIdx->nColumn ){
+    if( i==pIdx->nKeyCol ){
       /* This index implies that the DISTINCT qualifier is redundant. */
       return 1;
     }
@@ -104111,169 +112383,12 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
-/*
-** This routine decides if pIdx can be used to satisfy the ORDER BY
-** clause.  If it can, it returns 1.  If pIdx cannot satisfy the
-** ORDER BY clause, this routine returns 0.
-**
-** pOrderBy is an ORDER BY clause from a SELECT statement.  pTab is the
-** left-most table in the FROM clause of that same SELECT statement and
-** the table has a cursor number of "base".  pIdx is an index on pTab.
-**
-** nEqCol is the number of columns of pIdx that are used as equality
-** constraints.  Any of these columns may be missing from the ORDER BY
-** clause and the match can still be a success.
-**
-** All terms of the ORDER BY that match against the index must be either
-** ASC or DESC.  (Terms of the ORDER BY clause past the end of a UNIQUE
-** index do not need to satisfy this constraint.)  The *pbRev value is
-** set to 1 if the ORDER BY clause is all DESC and it is set to 0 if
-** the ORDER BY clause is all ASC.
-*/
-static int isSortingIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
-  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, /* Mapping from table cursor numbers to bitmaps */
-  Index *pIdx,            /* The index we are testing */
-  int base,               /* Cursor number for the table to be sorted */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,     /* The ORDER BY clause */
-  int nEqCol,             /* Number of index columns with == constraints */
-  int wsFlags,            /* Index usages flags */
-  int *pbRev              /* Set to 1 if ORDER BY is DESC */
-){
-  int i, j;                       /* Loop counters */
-  int sortOrder = 0;              /* XOR of index and ORDER BY sort direction */
-  int nTerm;                      /* Number of ORDER BY terms */
-  struct ExprList_item *pTerm;    /* A term of the ORDER BY clause */
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-
-  if( !pOrderBy ) return 0;
-  if( wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN ) return 0;
-  if( pIdx->bUnordered ) return 0;
-
-  nTerm = pOrderBy->nExpr;
-  assert( nTerm>0 );
-
-  /* Argument pIdx must either point to a 'real' named index structure, 
-  ** or an index structure allocated on the stack by bestBtreeIndex() to
-  ** represent the rowid index that is part of every table.  */
-  assert( pIdx->zName || (pIdx->nColumn==1 && pIdx->aiColumn[0]==-1) );
-
-  /* Match terms of the ORDER BY clause against columns of
-  ** the index.
-  **
-  ** Note that indices have pIdx->nColumn regular columns plus
-  ** one additional column containing the rowid.  The rowid column
-  ** of the index is also allowed to match against the ORDER BY
-  ** clause.
-  */
-  for(i=j=0, pTerm=pOrderBy->a; j<nTerm && i<=pIdx->nColumn; i++){
-    Expr *pExpr;       /* The expression of the ORDER BY pTerm */
-    CollSeq *pColl;    /* The collating sequence of pExpr */
-    int termSortOrder; /* Sort order for this term */
-    int iColumn;       /* The i-th column of the index.  -1 for rowid */
-    int iSortOrder;    /* 1 for DESC, 0 for ASC on the i-th index term */
-    const char *zColl; /* Name of the collating sequence for i-th index term */
-
-    pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
-    if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN || pExpr->iTable!=base ){
-      /* Can not use an index sort on anything that is not a column in the
-      ** left-most table of the FROM clause */
-      break;
-    }
-    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr);
-    if( !pColl ){
-      pColl = db->pDfltColl;
-    }
-    if( pIdx->zName && i<pIdx->nColumn ){
-      iColumn = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
-      if( iColumn==pIdx->pTable->iPKey ){
-        iColumn = -1;
-      }
-      iSortOrder = pIdx->aSortOrder[i];
-      zColl = pIdx->azColl[i];
-    }else{
-      iColumn = -1;
-      iSortOrder = 0;
-      zColl = pColl->zName;
-    }
-    if( pExpr->iColumn!=iColumn || sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, zColl) ){
-      /* Term j of the ORDER BY clause does not match column i of the index */
-      if( i<nEqCol ){
-        /* If an index column that is constrained by == fails to match an
-        ** ORDER BY term, that is OK.  Just ignore that column of the index
-        */
-        continue;
-      }else if( i==pIdx->nColumn ){
-        /* Index column i is the rowid.  All other terms match. */
-        break;
-      }else{
-        /* If an index column fails to match and is not constrained by ==
-        ** then the index cannot satisfy the ORDER BY constraint.
-        */
-        return 0;
-      }
-    }
-    assert( pIdx->aSortOrder!=0 || iColumn==-1 );
-    assert( pTerm->sortOrder==0 || pTerm->sortOrder==1 );
-    assert( iSortOrder==0 || iSortOrder==1 );
-    termSortOrder = iSortOrder ^ pTerm->sortOrder;
-    if( i>nEqCol ){
-      if( termSortOrder!=sortOrder ){
-        /* Indices can only be used if all ORDER BY terms past the
-        ** equality constraints are all either DESC or ASC. */
-        return 0;
-      }
-    }else{
-      sortOrder = termSortOrder;
-    }
-    j++;
-    pTerm++;
-    if( iColumn<0 && !referencesOtherTables(pOrderBy, pMaskSet, j, base) ){
-      /* If the indexed column is the primary key and everything matches
-      ** so far and none of the ORDER BY terms to the right reference other
-      ** tables in the join, then we are assured that the index can be used 
-      ** to sort because the primary key is unique and so none of the other
-      ** columns will make any difference
-      */
-      j = nTerm;
-    }
-  }
-
-  *pbRev = sortOrder!=0;
-  if( j>=nTerm ){
-    /* All terms of the ORDER BY clause are covered by this index so
-    ** this index can be used for sorting. */
-    return 1;
-  }
-  if( pIdx->onError!=OE_None && i==pIdx->nColumn
-      && (wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_NULL)==0
-      && !referencesOtherTables(pOrderBy, pMaskSet, j, base) ){
-    /* All terms of this index match some prefix of the ORDER BY clause
-    ** and the index is UNIQUE and no terms on the tail of the ORDER BY
-    ** clause reference other tables in a join.  If this is all true then
-    ** the order by clause is superfluous.  Not that if the matching
-    ** condition is IS NULL then the result is not necessarily unique
-    ** even on a UNIQUE index, so disallow those cases. */
-    return 1;
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
 
 /*
-** Prepare a crude estimate of the logarithm of the input value.
-** The results need not be exact.  This is only used for estimating
-** the total cost of performing operations with O(logN) or O(NlogN)
-** complexity.  Because N is just a guess, it is no great tragedy if
-** logN is a little off.
+** Estimate the logarithm of the input value to base 2.
 */
-static double estLog(double N){
-  double logN = 1;
-  double x = 10;
-  while( N>x ){
-    logN += 1;
-    x *= 10;
-  }
-  return logN;
+static LogEst estLog(LogEst N){
+  return N<=10 ? 0 : sqlite3LogEst(N) - 33;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -104282,7 +112397,7 @@
 ** SQLITE_TEST or SQLITE_DEBUG are defined, then these routines
 ** are no-ops.
 */
-#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(WHERETRACE_ENABLED)
 static void TRACE_IDX_INPUTS(sqlite3_index_info *p){
   int i;
   if( !sqlite3WhereTrace ) return;
@@ -104314,115 +112429,13 @@
   sqlite3DebugPrintf("  idxStr=%s\n", p->idxStr);
   sqlite3DebugPrintf("  orderByConsumed=%d\n", p->orderByConsumed);
   sqlite3DebugPrintf("  estimatedCost=%g\n", p->estimatedCost);
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf("  estimatedRows=%lld\n", p->estimatedRows);
 }
 #else
 #define TRACE_IDX_INPUTS(A)
 #define TRACE_IDX_OUTPUTS(A)
 #endif
 
-/* 
-** Required because bestIndex() is called by bestOrClauseIndex() 
-*/
-static void bestIndex(
-    Parse*, WhereClause*, struct SrcList_item*,
-    Bitmask, Bitmask, ExprList*, WhereCost*);
-
-/*
-** This routine attempts to find an scanning strategy that can be used 
-** to optimize an 'OR' expression that is part of a WHERE clause. 
-**
-** The table associated with FROM clause term pSrc may be either a
-** regular B-Tree table or a virtual table.
-*/
-static void bestOrClauseIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
-  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
-  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors not available for indexing */
-  Bitmask notValid,           /* Cursors not available for any purpose */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,         /* The ORDER BY clause */
-  WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
-){
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION
-  const int iCur = pSrc->iCursor;   /* The cursor of the table to be accessed */
-  const Bitmask maskSrc = getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, iCur);  /* Bitmask for pSrc */
-  WhereTerm * const pWCEnd = &pWC->a[pWC->nTerm];        /* End of pWC->a[] */
-  WhereTerm *pTerm;                 /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
-
-  /* The OR-clause optimization is disallowed if the INDEXED BY or
-  ** NOT INDEXED clauses are used or if the WHERE_AND_ONLY bit is set. */
-  if( pSrc->notIndexed || pSrc->pIndex!=0 ){
-    return;
-  }
-  if( pWC->wctrlFlags & WHERE_AND_ONLY ){
-    return;
-  }
-
-  /* Search the WHERE clause terms for a usable WO_OR term. */
-  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
-    if( pTerm->eOperator==WO_OR 
-     && ((pTerm->prereqAll & ~maskSrc) & notReady)==0
-     && (pTerm->u.pOrInfo->indexable & maskSrc)!=0 
-    ){
-      WhereClause * const pOrWC = &pTerm->u.pOrInfo->wc;
-      WhereTerm * const pOrWCEnd = &pOrWC->a[pOrWC->nTerm];
-      WhereTerm *pOrTerm;
-      int flags = WHERE_MULTI_OR;
-      double rTotal = 0;
-      double nRow = 0;
-      Bitmask used = 0;
-
-      for(pOrTerm=pOrWC->a; pOrTerm<pOrWCEnd; pOrTerm++){
-        WhereCost sTermCost;
-        WHERETRACE(("... Multi-index OR testing for term %d of %d....\n", 
-          (pOrTerm - pOrWC->a), (pTerm - pWC->a)
-        ));
-        if( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_AND ){
-          WhereClause *pAndWC = &pOrTerm->u.pAndInfo->wc;
-          bestIndex(pParse, pAndWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, 0, &sTermCost);
-        }else if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur ){
-          WhereClause tempWC;
-          tempWC.pParse = pWC->pParse;
-          tempWC.pMaskSet = pWC->pMaskSet;
-          tempWC.pOuter = pWC;
-          tempWC.op = TK_AND;
-          tempWC.a = pOrTerm;
-          tempWC.wctrlFlags = 0;
-          tempWC.nTerm = 1;
-          bestIndex(pParse, &tempWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, 0, &sTermCost);
-        }else{
-          continue;
-        }
-        rTotal += sTermCost.rCost;
-        nRow += sTermCost.plan.nRow;
-        used |= sTermCost.used;
-        if( rTotal>=pCost->rCost ) break;
-      }
-
-      /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, increase the scan cost to account 
-      ** for the cost of the sort. */
-      if( pOrderBy!=0 ){
-        WHERETRACE(("... sorting increases OR cost %.9g to %.9g\n",
-                    rTotal, rTotal+nRow*estLog(nRow)));
-        rTotal += nRow*estLog(nRow);
-      }
-
-      /* If the cost of scanning using this OR term for optimization is
-      ** less than the current cost stored in pCost, replace the contents
-      ** of pCost. */
-      WHERETRACE(("... multi-index OR cost=%.9g nrow=%.9g\n", rTotal, nRow));
-      if( rTotal<pCost->rCost ){
-        pCost->rCost = rTotal;
-        pCost->used = used;
-        pCost->plan.nRow = nRow;
-        pCost->plan.wsFlags = flags;
-        pCost->plan.u.pTerm = pTerm;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION */
-}
-
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
 /*
 ** Return TRUE if the WHERE clause term pTerm is of a form where it
@@ -104436,87 +112449,15 @@
 ){
   char aff;
   if( pTerm->leftCursor!=pSrc->iCursor ) return 0;
-  if( pTerm->eOperator!=WO_EQ ) return 0;
+  if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_EQ)==0 ) return 0;
   if( (pTerm->prereqRight & notReady)!=0 ) return 0;
+  if( pTerm->u.leftColumn<0 ) return 0;
   aff = pSrc->pTab->aCol[pTerm->u.leftColumn].affinity;
   if( !sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pTerm->pExpr, aff) ) return 0;
   return 1;
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
-/*
-** If the query plan for pSrc specified in pCost is a full table scan
-** and indexing is allows (if there is no NOT INDEXED clause) and it
-** possible to construct a transient index that would perform better
-** than a full table scan even when the cost of constructing the index
-** is taken into account, then alter the query plan to use the
-** transient index.
-*/
-static void bestAutomaticIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
-  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
-  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors that are not available */
-  WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
-){
-  double nTableRow;           /* Rows in the input table */
-  double logN;                /* log(nTableRow) */
-  double costTempIdx;         /* per-query cost of the transient index */
-  WhereTerm *pTerm;           /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
-  WhereTerm *pWCEnd;          /* End of pWC->a[] */
-  Table *pTable;              /* Table tht might be indexed */
-
-  if( pParse->nQueryLoop<=(double)1 ){
-    /* There is no point in building an automatic index for a single scan */
-    return;
-  }
-  if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_AutoIndex)==0 ){
-    /* Automatic indices are disabled at run-time */
-    return;
-  }
-  if( (pCost->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)!=0 ){
-    /* We already have some kind of index in use for this query. */
-    return;
-  }
-  if( pSrc->notIndexed ){
-    /* The NOT INDEXED clause appears in the SQL. */
-    return;
-  }
-  if( pSrc->isCorrelated ){
-    /* The source is a correlated sub-query. No point in indexing it. */
-    return;
-  }
-
-  assert( pParse->nQueryLoop >= (double)1 );
-  pTable = pSrc->pTab;
-  nTableRow = pTable->nRowEst;
-  logN = estLog(nTableRow);
-  costTempIdx = 2*logN*(nTableRow/pParse->nQueryLoop + 1);
-  if( costTempIdx>=pCost->rCost ){
-    /* The cost of creating the transient table would be greater than
-    ** doing the full table scan */
-    return;
-  }
-
-  /* Search for any equality comparison term */
-  pWCEnd = &pWC->a[pWC->nTerm];
-  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
-    if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
-      WHERETRACE(("auto-index reduces cost from %.1f to %.1f\n",
-                    pCost->rCost, costTempIdx));
-      pCost->rCost = costTempIdx;
-      pCost->plan.nRow = logN + 1;
-      pCost->plan.wsFlags = WHERE_TEMP_INDEX;
-      pCost->used = pTerm->prereqRight;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-#else
-# define bestAutomaticIndex(A,B,C,D,E)  /* no-op */
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX */
-
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
 /*
@@ -104531,50 +112472,61 @@
   Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors that are not available */
   WhereLevel *pLevel          /* Write new index here */
 ){
-  int nColumn;                /* Number of columns in the constructed index */
+  int nKeyCol;                /* Number of columns in the constructed index */
   WhereTerm *pTerm;           /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
   WhereTerm *pWCEnd;          /* End of pWC->a[] */
-  int nByte;                  /* Byte of memory needed for pIdx */
   Index *pIdx;                /* Object describing the transient index */
   Vdbe *v;                    /* Prepared statement under construction */
   int addrInit;               /* Address of the initialization bypass jump */
   Table *pTable;              /* The table being indexed */
-  KeyInfo *pKeyinfo;          /* Key information for the index */   
   int addrTop;                /* Top of the index fill loop */
   int regRecord;              /* Register holding an index record */
   int n;                      /* Column counter */
   int i;                      /* Loop counter */
   int mxBitCol;               /* Maximum column in pSrc->colUsed */
   CollSeq *pColl;             /* Collating sequence to on a column */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop;           /* The Loop object */
+  char *zNotUsed;             /* Extra space on the end of pIdx */
   Bitmask idxCols;            /* Bitmap of columns used for indexing */
   Bitmask extraCols;          /* Bitmap of additional columns */
+  u8 sentWarning = 0;         /* True if a warnning has been issued */
 
   /* Generate code to skip over the creation and initialization of the
   ** transient index on 2nd and subsequent iterations of the loop. */
   v = pParse->pVdbe;
   assert( v!=0 );
-  addrInit = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse);
+  addrInit = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse); VdbeCoverage(v);
 
   /* Count the number of columns that will be added to the index
   ** and used to match WHERE clause constraints */
-  nColumn = 0;
+  nKeyCol = 0;
   pTable = pSrc->pTab;
   pWCEnd = &pWC->a[pWC->nTerm];
+  pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
   idxCols = 0;
   for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
     if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
       int iCol = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
-      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? ((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1) : ((Bitmask)1)<<iCol;
+      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? MASKBIT(BMS-1) : MASKBIT(iCol);
       testcase( iCol==BMS );
       testcase( iCol==BMS-1 );
+      if( !sentWarning ){
+        sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING_AUTOINDEX,
+            "automatic index on %s(%s)", pTable->zName,
+            pTable->aCol[iCol].zName);
+        sentWarning = 1;
+      }
       if( (idxCols & cMask)==0 ){
-        nColumn++;
+        if( whereLoopResize(pParse->db, pLoop, nKeyCol+1) ) return;
+        pLoop->aLTerm[nKeyCol++] = pTerm;
         idxCols |= cMask;
       }
     }
   }
-  assert( nColumn>0 );
-  pLevel->plan.nEq = nColumn;
+  assert( nKeyCol>0 );
+  pLoop->u.btree.nEq = pLoop->nLTerm = nKeyCol;
+  pLoop->wsFlags = WHERE_COLUMN_EQ | WHERE_IDX_ONLY | WHERE_INDEXED
+                     | WHERE_AUTO_INDEX;
 
   /* Count the number of additional columns needed to create a
   ** covering index.  A "covering index" is an index that contains all
@@ -104584,38 +112536,32 @@
   ** original table changes and the index and table cannot both be used
   ** if they go out of sync.
   */
-  extraCols = pSrc->colUsed & (~idxCols | (((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1)));
+  extraCols = pSrc->colUsed & (~idxCols | MASKBIT(BMS-1));
   mxBitCol = (pTable->nCol >= BMS-1) ? BMS-1 : pTable->nCol;
   testcase( pTable->nCol==BMS-1 );
   testcase( pTable->nCol==BMS-2 );
   for(i=0; i<mxBitCol; i++){
-    if( extraCols & (((Bitmask)1)<<i) ) nColumn++;
+    if( extraCols & MASKBIT(i) ) nKeyCol++;
   }
-  if( pSrc->colUsed & (((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1)) ){
-    nColumn += pTable->nCol - BMS + 1;
+  if( pSrc->colUsed & MASKBIT(BMS-1) ){
+    nKeyCol += pTable->nCol - BMS + 1;
   }
-  pLevel->plan.wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ | WHERE_IDX_ONLY | WO_EQ;
+  pLoop->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ | WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
 
   /* Construct the Index object to describe this index */
-  nByte = sizeof(Index);
-  nByte += nColumn*sizeof(int);     /* Index.aiColumn */
-  nByte += nColumn*sizeof(char*);   /* Index.azColl */
-  nByte += nColumn;                 /* Index.aSortOrder */
-  pIdx = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, nByte);
+  pIdx = sqlite3AllocateIndexObject(pParse->db, nKeyCol+1, 0, &zNotUsed);
   if( pIdx==0 ) return;
-  pLevel->plan.u.pIdx = pIdx;
-  pIdx->azColl = (char**)&pIdx[1];
-  pIdx->aiColumn = (int*)&pIdx->azColl[nColumn];
-  pIdx->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pIdx->aiColumn[nColumn];
+  pLoop->u.btree.pIndex = pIdx;
   pIdx->zName = "auto-index";
-  pIdx->nColumn = nColumn;
   pIdx->pTable = pTable;
   n = 0;
   idxCols = 0;
   for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
     if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
       int iCol = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
-      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? ((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1) : ((Bitmask)1)<<iCol;
+      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? MASKBIT(BMS-1) : MASKBIT(iCol);
+      testcase( iCol==BMS-1 );
+      testcase( iCol==BMS );
       if( (idxCols & cMask)==0 ){
         Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
         idxCols |= cMask;
@@ -104626,40 +112572,42 @@
       }
     }
   }
-  assert( (u32)n==pLevel->plan.nEq );
+  assert( (u32)n==pLoop->u.btree.nEq );
 
   /* Add additional columns needed to make the automatic index into
   ** a covering index */
   for(i=0; i<mxBitCol; i++){
-    if( extraCols & (((Bitmask)1)<<i) ){
+    if( extraCols & MASKBIT(i) ){
       pIdx->aiColumn[n] = i;
       pIdx->azColl[n] = "BINARY";
       n++;
     }
   }
-  if( pSrc->colUsed & (((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1)) ){
+  if( pSrc->colUsed & MASKBIT(BMS-1) ){
     for(i=BMS-1; i<pTable->nCol; i++){
       pIdx->aiColumn[n] = i;
       pIdx->azColl[n] = "BINARY";
       n++;
     }
   }
-  assert( n==nColumn );
+  assert( n==nKeyCol );
+  pIdx->aiColumn[n] = -1;
+  pIdx->azColl[n] = "BINARY";
 
   /* Create the automatic index */
-  pKeyinfo = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
   assert( pLevel->iIdxCur>=0 );
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenAutoindex, pLevel->iIdxCur, nColumn+1, 0,
-                    (char*)pKeyinfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+  pLevel->iIdxCur = pParse->nTab++;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenAutoindex, pLevel->iIdxCur, nKeyCol+1);
+  sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
   VdbeComment((v, "for %s", pTable->zName));
 
   /* Fill the automatic index with content */
-  addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, pLevel->iTabCur);
+  addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, pLevel->iTabCur); VdbeCoverage(v);
   regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-  sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, pLevel->iTabCur, regRecord, 1);
+  sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, pLevel->iTabCur, regRecord, 0, 0, 0, 0);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, pLevel->iIdxCur, regRecord);
   sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, pLevel->iTabCur, addrTop+1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, pLevel->iTabCur, addrTop+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX);
   sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrTop);
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
@@ -104676,7 +112624,7 @@
 ** by passing the pointer returned by this function to sqlite3_free().
 */
 static sqlite3_index_info *allocateIndexInfo(
-  Parse *pParse, 
+  Parse *pParse,
   WhereClause *pWC,
   struct SrcList_item *pSrc,
   ExprList *pOrderBy
@@ -104690,16 +112638,15 @@
   int nOrderBy;
   sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo;
 
-  WHERETRACE(("Recomputing index info for %s...\n", pSrc->pTab->zName));
-
   /* Count the number of possible WHERE clause constraints referring
   ** to this virtual table */
   for(i=nTerm=0, pTerm=pWC->a; i<pWC->nTerm; i++, pTerm++){
     if( pTerm->leftCursor != pSrc->iCursor ) continue;
-    assert( (pTerm->eOperator&(pTerm->eOperator-1))==0 );
-    testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_IN );
-    testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_ISNULL );
-    if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_IN|WO_ISNULL) ) continue;
+    assert( IsPowerOfTwo(pTerm->eOperator & ~WO_EQUIV) );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ALL );
+    if( (pTerm->eOperator & ~(WO_ISNULL|WO_EQUIV))==0 ) continue;
     if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL ) continue;
     nTerm++;
   }
@@ -104710,12 +112657,13 @@
   */
   nOrderBy = 0;
   if( pOrderBy ){
-    for(i=0; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++){
+    int n = pOrderBy->nExpr;
+    for(i=0; i<n; i++){
       Expr *pExpr = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
       if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN || pExpr->iTable!=pSrc->iCursor ) break;
     }
-    if( i==pOrderBy->nExpr ){
-      nOrderBy = pOrderBy->nExpr;
+    if( i==n){
+      nOrderBy = n;
     }
   }
 
@@ -104726,7 +112674,6 @@
                            + sizeof(*pIdxOrderBy)*nOrderBy );
   if( pIdxInfo==0 ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "out of memory");
-    /* (double)0 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
     return 0;
   }
 
@@ -104746,15 +112693,19 @@
                                                                    pUsage;
 
   for(i=j=0, pTerm=pWC->a; i<pWC->nTerm; i++, pTerm++){
+    u8 op;
     if( pTerm->leftCursor != pSrc->iCursor ) continue;
-    assert( (pTerm->eOperator&(pTerm->eOperator-1))==0 );
-    testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_IN );
-    testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_ISNULL );
-    if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_IN|WO_ISNULL) ) continue;
+    assert( IsPowerOfTwo(pTerm->eOperator & ~WO_EQUIV) );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ALL );
+    if( (pTerm->eOperator & ~(WO_ISNULL|WO_EQUIV))==0 ) continue;
     if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL ) continue;
     pIdxCons[j].iColumn = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
     pIdxCons[j].iTermOffset = i;
-    pIdxCons[j].op = (u8)pTerm->eOperator;
+    op = (u8)pTerm->eOperator & WO_ALL;
+    if( op==WO_IN ) op = WO_EQ;
+    pIdxCons[j].op = op;
     /* The direct assignment in the previous line is possible only because
     ** the WO_ and SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ codes are identical.  The
     ** following asserts verify this fact. */
@@ -104764,7 +112715,7 @@
     assert( WO_GT==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT );
     assert( WO_GE==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE );
     assert( WO_MATCH==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH );
-    assert( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_MATCH) );
+    assert( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_IN|WO_EQ|WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_MATCH) );
     j++;
   }
   for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
@@ -104779,8 +112730,8 @@
 /*
 ** The table object reference passed as the second argument to this function
 ** must represent a virtual table. This function invokes the xBestIndex()
-** method of the virtual table with the sqlite3_index_info pointer passed
-** as the argument.
+** method of the virtual table with the sqlite3_index_info object that
+** comes in as the 3rd argument to this function.
 **
 ** If an error occurs, pParse is populated with an error message and a
 ** non-zero value is returned. Otherwise, 0 is returned and the output
@@ -104795,7 +112746,6 @@
   int i;
   int rc;
 
-  WHERETRACE(("xBestIndex for %s\n", pTab->zName));
   TRACE_IDX_INPUTS(p);
   rc = pVtab->pModule->xBestIndex(pVtab, p);
   TRACE_IDX_OUTPUTS(p);
@@ -104821,164 +112771,10 @@
 
   return pParse->nErr;
 }
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) */
 
 
-/*
-** Compute the best index for a virtual table.
-**
-** The best index is computed by the xBestIndex method of the virtual
-** table module.  This routine is really just a wrapper that sets up
-** the sqlite3_index_info structure that is used to communicate with
-** xBestIndex.
-**
-** In a join, this routine might be called multiple times for the
-** same virtual table.  The sqlite3_index_info structure is created
-** and initialized on the first invocation and reused on all subsequent
-** invocations.  The sqlite3_index_info structure is also used when
-** code is generated to access the virtual table.  The whereInfoDelete() 
-** routine takes care of freeing the sqlite3_index_info structure after
-** everybody has finished with it.
-*/
-static void bestVirtualIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,                  /* The parsing context */
-  WhereClause *pWC,               /* The WHERE clause */
-  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,      /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,               /* Mask of cursors not available for index */
-  Bitmask notValid,               /* Cursors not valid for any purpose */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,             /* The order by clause */
-  WhereCost *pCost,               /* Lowest cost query plan */
-  sqlite3_index_info **ppIdxInfo  /* Index information passed to xBestIndex */
-){
-  Table *pTab = pSrc->pTab;
-  sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo;
-  struct sqlite3_index_constraint *pIdxCons;
-  struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage *pUsage;
-  WhereTerm *pTerm;
-  int i, j;
-  int nOrderBy;
-  double rCost;
-
-  /* Make sure wsFlags is initialized to some sane value. Otherwise, if the 
-  ** malloc in allocateIndexInfo() fails and this function returns leaving
-  ** wsFlags in an uninitialized state, the caller may behave unpredictably.
-  */
-  memset(pCost, 0, sizeof(*pCost));
-  pCost->plan.wsFlags = WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE;
-
-  /* If the sqlite3_index_info structure has not been previously
-  ** allocated and initialized, then allocate and initialize it now.
-  */
-  pIdxInfo = *ppIdxInfo;
-  if( pIdxInfo==0 ){
-    *ppIdxInfo = pIdxInfo = allocateIndexInfo(pParse, pWC, pSrc, pOrderBy);
-  }
-  if( pIdxInfo==0 ){
-    return;
-  }
-
-  /* At this point, the sqlite3_index_info structure that pIdxInfo points
-  ** to will have been initialized, either during the current invocation or
-  ** during some prior invocation.  Now we just have to customize the
-  ** details of pIdxInfo for the current invocation and pass it to
-  ** xBestIndex.
-  */
-
-  /* The module name must be defined. Also, by this point there must
-  ** be a pointer to an sqlite3_vtab structure. Otherwise
-  ** sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames() would have picked up the error. 
-  */
-  assert( pTab->azModuleArg && pTab->azModuleArg[0] );
-  assert( sqlite3GetVTable(pParse->db, pTab) );
-
-  /* Set the aConstraint[].usable fields and initialize all 
-  ** output variables to zero.
-  **
-  ** aConstraint[].usable is true for constraints where the right-hand
-  ** side contains only references to tables to the left of the current
-  ** table.  In other words, if the constraint is of the form:
-  **
-  **           column = expr
-  **
-  ** and we are evaluating a join, then the constraint on column is 
-  ** only valid if all tables referenced in expr occur to the left
-  ** of the table containing column.
-  **
-  ** The aConstraints[] array contains entries for all constraints
-  ** on the current table.  That way we only have to compute it once
-  ** even though we might try to pick the best index multiple times.
-  ** For each attempt at picking an index, the order of tables in the
-  ** join might be different so we have to recompute the usable flag
-  ** each time.
-  */
-  pIdxCons = *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint;
-  pUsage = pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage;
-  for(i=0; i<pIdxInfo->nConstraint; i++, pIdxCons++){
-    j = pIdxCons->iTermOffset;
-    pTerm = &pWC->a[j];
-    pIdxCons->usable = (pTerm->prereqRight&notReady) ? 0 : 1;
-  }
-  memset(pUsage, 0, sizeof(pUsage[0])*pIdxInfo->nConstraint);
-  if( pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr ){
-    sqlite3_free(pIdxInfo->idxStr);
-  }
-  pIdxInfo->idxStr = 0;
-  pIdxInfo->idxNum = 0;
-  pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr = 0;
-  pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed = 0;
-  /* ((double)2) In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
-  pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL / ((double)2);
-  nOrderBy = pIdxInfo->nOrderBy;
-  if( !pOrderBy ){
-    pIdxInfo->nOrderBy = 0;
-  }
-
-  if( vtabBestIndex(pParse, pTab, pIdxInfo) ){
-    return;
-  }
-
-  pIdxCons = *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint;
-  for(i=0; i<pIdxInfo->nConstraint; i++){
-    if( pUsage[i].argvIndex>0 ){
-      pCost->used |= pWC->a[pIdxCons[i].iTermOffset].prereqRight;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, and the selected virtual table index
-  ** does not satisfy it, increase the cost of the scan accordingly. This
-  ** matches the processing for non-virtual tables in bestBtreeIndex().
-  */
-  rCost = pIdxInfo->estimatedCost;
-  if( pOrderBy && pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed==0 ){
-    rCost += estLog(rCost)*rCost;
-  }
-
-  /* The cost is not allowed to be larger than SQLITE_BIG_DBL (the
-  ** inital value of lowestCost in this loop. If it is, then the
-  ** (cost<lowestCost) test below will never be true.
-  ** 
-  ** Use "(double)2" instead of "2.0" in case OMIT_FLOATING_POINT 
-  ** is defined.
-  */
-  if( (SQLITE_BIG_DBL/((double)2))<rCost ){
-    pCost->rCost = (SQLITE_BIG_DBL/((double)2));
-  }else{
-    pCost->rCost = rCost;
-  }
-  pCost->plan.u.pVtabIdx = pIdxInfo;
-  if( pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed ){
-    pCost->plan.wsFlags |= WHERE_ORDERBY;
-  }
-  pCost->plan.nEq = 0;
-  pIdxInfo->nOrderBy = nOrderBy;
-
-  /* Try to find a more efficient access pattern by using multiple indexes
-  ** to optimize an OR expression within the WHERE clause. 
-  */
-  bestOrClauseIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost);
-}
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
 /*
 ** Estimate the location of a particular key among all keys in an
 ** index.  Store the results in aStat as follows:
@@ -104988,142 +112784,76 @@
 **
 ** Return SQLITE_OK on success.
 */
-static int whereKeyStats(
+static void whereKeyStats(
   Parse *pParse,              /* Database connection */
   Index *pIdx,                /* Index to consider domain of */
-  sqlite3_value *pVal,        /* Value to consider */
+  UnpackedRecord *pRec,       /* Vector of values to consider */
   int roundUp,                /* Round up if true.  Round down if false */
   tRowcnt *aStat              /* OUT: stats written here */
 ){
-  tRowcnt n;
-  IndexSample *aSample;
-  int i, eType;
-  int isEq = 0;
-  i64 v;
-  double r, rS;
+  IndexSample *aSample = pIdx->aSample;
+  int iCol;                   /* Index of required stats in anEq[] etc. */
+  int iMin = 0;               /* Smallest sample not yet tested */
+  int i = pIdx->nSample;      /* Smallest sample larger than or equal to pRec */
+  int iTest;                  /* Next sample to test */
+  int res;                    /* Result of comparison operation */
 
-  assert( roundUp==0 || roundUp==1 );
-  assert( pIdx->nSample>0 );
-  if( pVal==0 ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
-  n = pIdx->aiRowEst[0];
-  aSample = pIdx->aSample;
-  eType = sqlite3_value_type(pVal);
-
-  if( eType==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
-    v = sqlite3_value_int64(pVal);
-    r = (i64)v;
-    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nSample; i++){
-      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_NULL ) continue;
-      if( aSample[i].eType>=SQLITE_TEXT ) break;
-      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
-        if( aSample[i].u.i>=v ){
-          isEq = aSample[i].u.i==v;
-          break;
-        }
-      }else{
-        assert( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_FLOAT );
-        if( aSample[i].u.r>=r ){
-          isEq = aSample[i].u.r==r;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }else if( eType==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
-    r = sqlite3_value_double(pVal);
-    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nSample; i++){
-      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_NULL ) continue;
-      if( aSample[i].eType>=SQLITE_TEXT ) break;
-      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
-        rS = aSample[i].u.r;
-      }else{
-        rS = aSample[i].u.i;
-      }
-      if( rS>=r ){
-        isEq = rS==r;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }else if( eType==SQLITE_NULL ){
-    i = 0;
-    if( aSample[0].eType==SQLITE_NULL ) isEq = 1;
-  }else{
-    assert( eType==SQLITE_TEXT || eType==SQLITE_BLOB );
-    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nSample; i++){
-      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_TEXT || aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    if( i<pIdx->nSample ){      
-      sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-      CollSeq *pColl;
-      const u8 *z;
-      if( eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
-        z = (const u8 *)sqlite3_value_blob(pVal);
-        pColl = db->pDfltColl;
-        assert( pColl->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 );
-      }else{
-        pColl = sqlite3GetCollSeq(db, SQLITE_UTF8, 0, *pIdx->azColl);
-        if( pColl==0 ){
-          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such collation sequence: %s",
-                          *pIdx->azColl);
-          return SQLITE_ERROR;
-        }
-        z = (const u8 *)sqlite3ValueText(pVal, pColl->enc);
-        if( !z ){
-          return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-        }
-        assert( z && pColl && pColl->xCmp );
-      }
-      n = sqlite3ValueBytes(pVal, pColl->enc);
-  
-      for(; i<pIdx->nSample; i++){
-        int c;
-        int eSampletype = aSample[i].eType;
-        if( eSampletype<eType ) continue;
-        if( eSampletype!=eType ) break;
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
-        if( pColl->enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
-          int nSample;
-          char *zSample = sqlite3Utf8to16(
-              db, pColl->enc, aSample[i].u.z, aSample[i].nByte, &nSample
-          );
-          if( !zSample ){
-            assert( db->mallocFailed );
-            return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-          }
-          c = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, nSample, zSample, n, z);
-          sqlite3DbFree(db, zSample);
-        }else
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( pParse );
 #endif
-        {
-          c = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, aSample[i].nByte, aSample[i].u.z, n, z);
-        }
-        if( c>=0 ){
-          if( c==0 ) isEq = 1;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
+  assert( pRec!=0 );
+  iCol = pRec->nField - 1;
+  assert( pIdx->nSample>0 );
+  assert( pRec->nField>0 && iCol<pIdx->nSampleCol );
+  do{
+    iTest = (iMin+i)/2;
+    res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[iTest].n, aSample[iTest].p, pRec, 0);
+    if( res<0 ){
+      iMin = iTest+1;
+    }else{
+      i = iTest;
     }
+  }while( res && iMin<i );
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* The following assert statements check that the binary search code
+  ** above found the right answer. This block serves no purpose other
+  ** than to invoke the asserts.  */
+  if( res==0 ){
+    /* If (res==0) is true, then sample $i must be equal to pRec */
+    assert( i<pIdx->nSample );
+    assert( 0==sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[i].n, aSample[i].p, pRec, 0)
+         || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+  }else{
+    /* Otherwise, pRec must be smaller than sample $i and larger than
+    ** sample ($i-1).  */
+    assert( i==pIdx->nSample 
+         || sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[i].n, aSample[i].p, pRec, 0)>0
+         || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+    assert( i==0
+         || sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[i-1].n, aSample[i-1].p, pRec, 0)<0
+         || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
   }
+#endif /* ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG */
 
   /* At this point, aSample[i] is the first sample that is greater than
   ** or equal to pVal.  Or if i==pIdx->nSample, then all samples are less
-  ** than pVal.  If aSample[i]==pVal, then isEq==1.
+  ** than pVal.  If aSample[i]==pVal, then res==0.
   */
-  if( isEq ){
-    assert( i<pIdx->nSample );
-    aStat[0] = aSample[i].nLt;
-    aStat[1] = aSample[i].nEq;
+  if( res==0 ){
+    aStat[0] = aSample[i].anLt[iCol];
+    aStat[1] = aSample[i].anEq[iCol];
   }else{
     tRowcnt iLower, iUpper, iGap;
     if( i==0 ){
       iLower = 0;
-      iUpper = aSample[0].nLt;
+      iUpper = aSample[0].anLt[iCol];
     }else{
-      iUpper = i>=pIdx->nSample ? n : aSample[i].nLt;
-      iLower = aSample[i-1].nEq + aSample[i-1].nLt;
+      i64 nRow0 = sqlite3LogEstToInt(pIdx->aiRowLogEst[0]);
+      iUpper = i>=pIdx->nSample ? nRow0 : aSample[i].anLt[iCol];
+      iLower = aSample[i-1].anEq[iCol] + aSample[i-1].anLt[iCol];
     }
-    aStat[1] = pIdx->avgEq;
+    aStat[1] = pIdx->aAvgEq[iCol];
     if( iLower>=iUpper ){
       iGap = 0;
     }else{
@@ -105136,44 +112866,140 @@
     }
     aStat[0] = iLower + iGap;
   }
-  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
-#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 
 /*
-** If expression pExpr represents a literal value, set *pp to point to
-** an sqlite3_value structure containing the same value, with affinity
-** aff applied to it, before returning. It is the responsibility of the 
-** caller to eventually release this structure by passing it to 
-** sqlite3ValueFree().
+** If it is not NULL, pTerm is a term that provides an upper or lower
+** bound on a range scan. Without considering pTerm, it is estimated 
+** that the scan will visit nNew rows. This function returns the number
+** estimated to be visited after taking pTerm into account.
 **
-** If the current parse is a recompile (sqlite3Reprepare()) and pExpr
-** is an SQL variable that currently has a non-NULL value bound to it,
-** create an sqlite3_value structure containing this value, again with
-** affinity aff applied to it, instead.
-**
-** If neither of the above apply, set *pp to NULL.
-**
-** If an error occurs, return an error code. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
+** If the user explicitly specified a likelihood() value for this term,
+** then the return value is the likelihood multiplied by the number of
+** input rows. Otherwise, this function assumes that an "IS NOT NULL" term
+** has a likelihood of 0.50, and any other term a likelihood of 0.25.
 */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-static int valueFromExpr(
-  Parse *pParse, 
-  Expr *pExpr, 
-  u8 aff, 
-  sqlite3_value **pp
-){
-  if( pExpr->op==TK_VARIABLE
-   || (pExpr->op==TK_REGISTER && pExpr->op2==TK_VARIABLE)
-  ){
-    int iVar = pExpr->iColumn;
-    sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(pParse->pVdbe, iVar);
-    *pp = sqlite3VdbeGetValue(pParse->pReprepare, iVar, aff);
-    return SQLITE_OK;
+static LogEst whereRangeAdjust(WhereTerm *pTerm, LogEst nNew){
+  LogEst nRet = nNew;
+  if( pTerm ){
+    if( pTerm->truthProb<=0 ){
+      nRet += pTerm->truthProb;
+    }else if( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ){
+      nRet -= 20;        assert( 20==sqlite3LogEst(4) );
+    }
   }
-  return sqlite3ValueFromExpr(pParse->db, pExpr, SQLITE_UTF8, aff, pp);
+  return nRet;
 }
-#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+/* 
+** This function is called to estimate the number of rows visited by a
+** range-scan on a skip-scan index. For example:
+**
+**   CREATE INDEX i1 ON t1(a, b, c);
+**   SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=? AND c BETWEEN ? AND ?;
+**
+** Value pLoop->nOut is currently set to the estimated number of rows 
+** visited for scanning (a=? AND b=?). This function reduces that estimate 
+** by some factor to account for the (c BETWEEN ? AND ?) expression based
+** on the stat4 data for the index. this scan will be peformed multiple 
+** times (once for each (a,b) combination that matches a=?) is dealt with 
+** by the caller.
+**
+** It does this by scanning through all stat4 samples, comparing values
+** extracted from pLower and pUpper with the corresponding column in each
+** sample. If L and U are the number of samples found to be less than or
+** equal to the values extracted from pLower and pUpper respectively, and
+** N is the total number of samples, the pLoop->nOut value is adjusted
+** as follows:
+**
+**   nOut = nOut * ( min(U - L, 1) / N )
+**
+** If pLower is NULL, or a value cannot be extracted from the term, L is
+** set to zero. If pUpper is NULL, or a value cannot be extracted from it,
+** U is set to N.
+**
+** Normally, this function sets *pbDone to 1 before returning. However,
+** if no value can be extracted from either pLower or pUpper (and so the
+** estimate of the number of rows delivered remains unchanged), *pbDone
+** is left as is.
+**
+** If an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned. Otherwise, 
+** SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int whereRangeSkipScanEst(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
+  WhereTerm *pLower,   /* Lower bound on the range. ex: "x>123" Might be NULL */
+  WhereTerm *pUpper,   /* Upper bound on the range. ex: "x<455" Might be NULL */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop,    /* Update the .nOut value of this loop */
+  int *pbDone          /* Set to true if at least one expr. value extracted */
+){
+  Index *p = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+  int nEq = pLoop->u.btree.nEq;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int nLower = -1;
+  int nUpper = p->nSample+1;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int iCol = p->aiColumn[nEq];
+  u8 aff = iCol>=0 ? p->pTable->aCol[iCol].affinity : SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
+  CollSeq *pColl;
+  
+  sqlite3_value *p1 = 0;          /* Value extracted from pLower */
+  sqlite3_value *p2 = 0;          /* Value extracted from pUpper */
+  sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;        /* Value extracted from record */
+
+  pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, p->azColl[nEq]);
+  if( pLower ){
+    rc = sqlite3Stat4ValueFromExpr(pParse, pLower->pExpr->pRight, aff, &p1);
+    nLower = 0;
+  }
+  if( pUpper && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3Stat4ValueFromExpr(pParse, pUpper->pExpr->pRight, aff, &p2);
+    nUpper = p2 ? 0 : p->nSample;
+  }
+
+  if( p1 || p2 ){
+    int i;
+    int nDiff;
+    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nSample; i++){
+      rc = sqlite3Stat4Column(db, p->aSample[i].p, p->aSample[i].n, nEq, &pVal);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p1 ){
+        int res = sqlite3MemCompare(p1, pVal, pColl);
+        if( res>=0 ) nLower++;
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p2 ){
+        int res = sqlite3MemCompare(p2, pVal, pColl);
+        if( res>=0 ) nUpper++;
+      }
+    }
+    nDiff = (nUpper - nLower);
+    if( nDiff<=0 ) nDiff = 1;
+
+    /* If there is both an upper and lower bound specified, and the 
+    ** comparisons indicate that they are close together, use the fallback
+    ** method (assume that the scan visits 1/64 of the rows) for estimating
+    ** the number of rows visited. Otherwise, estimate the number of rows
+    ** using the method described in the header comment for this function. */
+    if( nDiff!=1 || pUpper==0 || pLower==0 ){
+      int nAdjust = (sqlite3LogEst(p->nSample) - sqlite3LogEst(nDiff));
+      pLoop->nOut -= nAdjust;
+      *pbDone = 1;
+      WHERETRACE(0x10, ("range skip-scan regions: %u..%u  adjust=%d est=%d\n",
+                           nLower, nUpper, nAdjust*-1, pLoop->nOut));
+    }
+
+  }else{
+    assert( *pbDone==0 );
+  }
+
+  sqlite3ValueFree(p1);
+  sqlite3ValueFree(p2);
+  sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 
 /*
 ** This function is used to estimate the number of rows that will be visited
@@ -105190,97 +113016,167 @@
 ** If either of the upper or lower bound is not present, then NULL is passed in
 ** place of the corresponding WhereTerm.
 **
-** The nEq parameter is passed the index of the index column subject to the
-** range constraint. Or, equivalently, the number of equality constraints
-** optimized by the proposed index scan. For example, assuming index p is
-** on t1(a, b), and the SQL query is:
+** The value in (pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.nEq) is the index of the index
+** column subject to the range constraint. Or, equivalently, the number of
+** equality constraints optimized by the proposed index scan. For example,
+** assuming index p is on t1(a, b), and the SQL query is:
 **
 **   ... FROM t1 WHERE a = ? AND b > ? AND b < ? ...
 **
-** then nEq should be passed the value 1 (as the range restricted column,
-** b, is the second left-most column of the index). Or, if the query is:
+** then nEq is set to 1 (as the range restricted column, b, is the second 
+** left-most column of the index). Or, if the query is:
 **
 **   ... FROM t1 WHERE a > ? AND a < ? ...
 **
-** then nEq should be passed 0.
+** then nEq is set to 0.
 **
-** The returned value is an integer divisor to reduce the estimated
-** search space.  A return value of 1 means that range constraints are
-** no help at all.  A return value of 2 means range constraints are
-** expected to reduce the search space by half.  And so forth...
-**
-** In the absence of sqlite_stat3 ANALYZE data, each range inequality
-** reduces the search space by a factor of 4.  Hence a single constraint (x>?)
-** results in a return of 4 and a range constraint (x>? AND x<?) results
-** in a return of 16.
+** When this function is called, *pnOut is set to the sqlite3LogEst() of the
+** number of rows that the index scan is expected to visit without 
+** considering the range constraints. If nEq is 0, this is the number of 
+** rows in the index. Assuming no error occurs, *pnOut is adjusted (reduced)
+** to account for the range contraints pLower and pUpper.
+** 
+** In the absence of sqlite_stat4 ANALYZE data, or if such data cannot be
+** used, a single range inequality reduces the search space by a factor of 4. 
+** and a pair of constraints (x>? AND x<?) reduces the expected number of
+** rows visited by a factor of 64.
 */
 static int whereRangeScanEst(
   Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
-  Index *p,            /* The index containing the range-compared column; "x" */
-  int nEq,             /* index into p->aCol[] of the range-compared column */
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
   WhereTerm *pLower,   /* Lower bound on the range. ex: "x>123" Might be NULL */
   WhereTerm *pUpper,   /* Upper bound on the range. ex: "x<455" Might be NULL */
-  double *pRangeDiv   /* OUT: Reduce search space by this divisor */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop     /* Modify the .nOut and maybe .rRun fields */
 ){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nOut = pLoop->nOut;
+  LogEst nNew;
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  Index *p = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+  int nEq = pLoop->u.btree.nEq;
 
-  if( nEq==0 && p->nSample ){
-    sqlite3_value *pRangeVal;
-    tRowcnt iLower = 0;
-    tRowcnt iUpper = p->aiRowEst[0];
-    tRowcnt a[2];
-    u8 aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[0]].affinity;
+  if( p->nSample>0
+   && nEq<p->nSampleCol
+   && OptimizationEnabled(pParse->db, SQLITE_Stat3) 
+  ){
+    if( nEq==pBuilder->nRecValid ){
+      UnpackedRecord *pRec = pBuilder->pRec;
+      tRowcnt a[2];
+      u8 aff;
 
-    if( pLower ){
-      Expr *pExpr = pLower->pExpr->pRight;
-      rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pRangeVal);
-      assert( pLower->eOperator==WO_GT || pLower->eOperator==WO_GE );
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK
-       && whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRangeVal, 0, a)==SQLITE_OK
-      ){
-        iLower = a[0];
-        if( pLower->eOperator==WO_GT ) iLower += a[1];
-      }
-      sqlite3ValueFree(pRangeVal);
-    }
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pUpper ){
-      Expr *pExpr = pUpper->pExpr->pRight;
-      rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pRangeVal);
-      assert( pUpper->eOperator==WO_LT || pUpper->eOperator==WO_LE );
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK
-       && whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRangeVal, 1, a)==SQLITE_OK
-      ){
-        iUpper = a[0];
-        if( pUpper->eOperator==WO_LE ) iUpper += a[1];
-      }
-      sqlite3ValueFree(pRangeVal);
-    }
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      if( iUpper<=iLower ){
-        *pRangeDiv = (double)p->aiRowEst[0];
+      /* Variable iLower will be set to the estimate of the number of rows in 
+      ** the index that are less than the lower bound of the range query. The
+      ** lower bound being the concatenation of $P and $L, where $P is the
+      ** key-prefix formed by the nEq values matched against the nEq left-most
+      ** columns of the index, and $L is the value in pLower.
+      **
+      ** Or, if pLower is NULL or $L cannot be extracted from it (because it
+      ** is not a simple variable or literal value), the lower bound of the
+      ** range is $P. Due to a quirk in the way whereKeyStats() works, even
+      ** if $L is available, whereKeyStats() is called for both ($P) and 
+      ** ($P:$L) and the larger of the two returned values used.
+      **
+      ** Similarly, iUpper is to be set to the estimate of the number of rows
+      ** less than the upper bound of the range query. Where the upper bound
+      ** is either ($P) or ($P:$U). Again, even if $U is available, both values
+      ** of iUpper are requested of whereKeyStats() and the smaller used.
+      */
+      tRowcnt iLower;
+      tRowcnt iUpper;
+
+      if( nEq==p->nKeyCol ){
+        aff = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
       }else{
-        *pRangeDiv = (double)p->aiRowEst[0]/(double)(iUpper - iLower);
+        aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[nEq]].affinity;
       }
-      WHERETRACE(("range scan regions: %u..%u  div=%g\n",
-                  (u32)iLower, (u32)iUpper, *pRangeDiv));
-      return SQLITE_OK;
+      /* Determine iLower and iUpper using ($P) only. */
+      if( nEq==0 ){
+        iLower = 0;
+        iUpper = sqlite3LogEstToInt(p->aiRowLogEst[0]);
+      }else{
+        /* Note: this call could be optimized away - since the same values must 
+        ** have been requested when testing key $P in whereEqualScanEst().  */
+        whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRec, 0, a);
+        iLower = a[0];
+        iUpper = a[0] + a[1];
+      }
+
+      /* If possible, improve on the iLower estimate using ($P:$L). */
+      if( pLower ){
+        int bOk;                    /* True if value is extracted from pExpr */
+        Expr *pExpr = pLower->pExpr->pRight;
+        assert( (pLower->eOperator & (WO_GT|WO_GE))!=0 );
+        rc = sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(pParse, p, &pRec, pExpr, aff, nEq, &bOk);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bOk ){
+          tRowcnt iNew;
+          whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRec, 0, a);
+          iNew = a[0] + ((pLower->eOperator & WO_GT) ? a[1] : 0);
+          if( iNew>iLower ) iLower = iNew;
+          nOut--;
+        }
+      }
+
+      /* If possible, improve on the iUpper estimate using ($P:$U). */
+      if( pUpper ){
+        int bOk;                    /* True if value is extracted from pExpr */
+        Expr *pExpr = pUpper->pExpr->pRight;
+        assert( (pUpper->eOperator & (WO_LT|WO_LE))!=0 );
+        rc = sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(pParse, p, &pRec, pExpr, aff, nEq, &bOk);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bOk ){
+          tRowcnt iNew;
+          whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRec, 1, a);
+          iNew = a[0] + ((pUpper->eOperator & WO_LE) ? a[1] : 0);
+          if( iNew<iUpper ) iUpper = iNew;
+          nOut--;
+        }
+      }
+
+      pBuilder->pRec = pRec;
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        if( iUpper>iLower ){
+          nNew = sqlite3LogEst(iUpper - iLower);
+        }else{
+          nNew = 10;        assert( 10==sqlite3LogEst(2) );
+        }
+        if( nNew<nOut ){
+          nOut = nNew;
+        }
+        pLoop->nOut = (LogEst)nOut;
+        WHERETRACE(0x10, ("range scan regions: %u..%u  est=%d\n",
+                           (u32)iLower, (u32)iUpper, nOut));
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }else{
+      int bDone = 0;
+      rc = whereRangeSkipScanEst(pParse, pLower, pUpper, pLoop, &bDone);
+      if( bDone ) return rc;
     }
   }
 #else
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pParse);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nEq);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pBuilder);
 #endif
   assert( pLower || pUpper );
-  *pRangeDiv = (double)1;
-  if( pLower && (pLower->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ) *pRangeDiv *= (double)4;
-  if( pUpper ) *pRangeDiv *= (double)4;
+  assert( pUpper==0 || (pUpper->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 );
+  nNew = whereRangeAdjust(pLower, nOut);
+  nNew = whereRangeAdjust(pUpper, nNew);
+
+  /* TUNING: If there is both an upper and lower limit, assume the range is
+  ** reduced by an additional 75%. This means that, by default, an open-ended
+  ** range query (e.g. col > ?) is assumed to match 1/4 of the rows in the
+  ** index. While a closed range (e.g. col BETWEEN ? AND ?) is estimated to
+  ** match 1/64 of the index. */ 
+  if( pLower && pUpper ) nNew -= 20;
+
+  nOut -= (pLower!=0) + (pUpper!=0);
+  if( nNew<10 ) nNew = 10;
+  if( nNew<nOut ) nOut = nNew;
+  pLoop->nOut = (LogEst)nOut;
   return rc;
 }
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
 /*
 ** Estimate the number of rows that will be returned based on
 ** an equality constraint x=VALUE and where that VALUE occurs in
@@ -105300,37 +113196,53 @@
 */
 static int whereEqualScanEst(
   Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
-  Index *p,            /* The index whose left-most column is pTerm */
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
   Expr *pExpr,         /* Expression for VALUE in the x=VALUE constraint */
-  double *pnRow        /* Write the revised row estimate here */
+  tRowcnt *pnRow       /* Write the revised row estimate here */
 ){
-  sqlite3_value *pRhs = 0;  /* VALUE on right-hand side of pTerm */
+  Index *p = pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.pIndex;
+  int nEq = pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.nEq;
+  UnpackedRecord *pRec = pBuilder->pRec;
   u8 aff;                   /* Column affinity */
   int rc;                   /* Subfunction return code */
   tRowcnt a[2];             /* Statistics */
+  int bOk;
 
+  assert( nEq>=1 );
+  assert( nEq<=p->nColumn );
   assert( p->aSample!=0 );
   assert( p->nSample>0 );
-  aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[0]].affinity;
-  if( pExpr ){
-    rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pRhs);
-    if( rc ) goto whereEqualScanEst_cancel;
-  }else{
-    pRhs = sqlite3ValueNew(pParse->db);
+  assert( pBuilder->nRecValid<nEq );
+
+  /* If values are not available for all fields of the index to the left
+  ** of this one, no estimate can be made. Return SQLITE_NOTFOUND. */
+  if( pBuilder->nRecValid<(nEq-1) ){
+    return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
   }
-  if( pRhs==0 ) return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
-  rc = whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRhs, 0, a);
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    WHERETRACE(("equality scan regions: %d\n", (int)a[1]));
-    *pnRow = a[1];
+
+  /* This is an optimization only. The call to sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue()
+  ** below would return the same value.  */
+  if( nEq>=p->nColumn ){
+    *pnRow = 1;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
   }
-whereEqualScanEst_cancel:
-  sqlite3ValueFree(pRhs);
+
+  aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[nEq-1]].affinity;
+  rc = sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(pParse, p, &pRec, pExpr, aff, nEq-1, &bOk);
+  pBuilder->pRec = pRec;
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  if( bOk==0 ) return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
+  pBuilder->nRecValid = nEq;
+
+  whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRec, 0, a);
+  WHERETRACE(0x10,("equality scan regions: %d\n", (int)a[1]));
+  *pnRow = a[1];
+  
   return rc;
 }
-#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3) */
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
 /*
 ** Estimate the number of rows that will be returned based on
 ** an IN constraint where the right-hand side of the IN operator
@@ -105349,567 +113261,35 @@
 */
 static int whereInScanEst(
   Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
-  Index *p,            /* The index whose left-most column is pTerm */
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
   ExprList *pList,     /* The value list on the RHS of "x IN (v1,v2,v3,...)" */
-  double *pnRow        /* Write the revised row estimate here */
+  tRowcnt *pnRow       /* Write the revised row estimate here */
 ){
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;         /* Subfunction return code */
-  double nEst;                /* Number of rows for a single term */
-  double nRowEst = (double)0; /* New estimate of the number of rows */
-  int i;                      /* Loop counter */
+  Index *p = pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.pIndex;
+  i64 nRow0 = sqlite3LogEstToInt(p->aiRowLogEst[0]);
+  int nRecValid = pBuilder->nRecValid;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;     /* Subfunction return code */
+  tRowcnt nEst;           /* Number of rows for a single term */
+  tRowcnt nRowEst = 0;    /* New estimate of the number of rows */
+  int i;                  /* Loop counter */
 
   assert( p->aSample!=0 );
   for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<pList->nExpr; i++){
-    nEst = p->aiRowEst[0];
-    rc = whereEqualScanEst(pParse, p, pList->a[i].pExpr, &nEst);
+    nEst = nRow0;
+    rc = whereEqualScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pList->a[i].pExpr, &nEst);
     nRowEst += nEst;
+    pBuilder->nRecValid = nRecValid;
   }
+
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    if( nRowEst > p->aiRowEst[0] ) nRowEst = p->aiRowEst[0];
+    if( nRowEst > nRow0 ) nRowEst = nRow0;
     *pnRow = nRowEst;
-    WHERETRACE(("IN row estimate: est=%g\n", nRowEst));
+    WHERETRACE(0x10,("IN row estimate: est=%g\n", nRowEst));
   }
+  assert( pBuilder->nRecValid==nRecValid );
   return rc;
 }
-#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3) */
-
-
-/*
-** Find the best query plan for accessing a particular table.  Write the
-** best query plan and its cost into the WhereCost object supplied as the
-** last parameter.
-**
-** The lowest cost plan wins.  The cost is an estimate of the amount of
-** CPU and disk I/O needed to process the requested result.
-** Factors that influence cost include:
-**
-**    *  The estimated number of rows that will be retrieved.  (The
-**       fewer the better.)
-**
-**    *  Whether or not sorting must occur.
-**
-**    *  Whether or not there must be separate lookups in the
-**       index and in the main table.
-**
-** If there was an INDEXED BY clause (pSrc->pIndex) attached to the table in
-** the SQL statement, then this function only considers plans using the 
-** named index. If no such plan is found, then the returned cost is
-** SQLITE_BIG_DBL. If a plan is found that uses the named index, 
-** then the cost is calculated in the usual way.
-**
-** If a NOT INDEXED clause (pSrc->notIndexed!=0) was attached to the table 
-** in the SELECT statement, then no indexes are considered. However, the 
-** selected plan may still take advantage of the built-in rowid primary key
-** index.
-*/
-static void bestBtreeIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
-  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
-  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors not available for indexing */
-  Bitmask notValid,           /* Cursors not available for any purpose */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,         /* The ORDER BY clause */
-  ExprList *pDistinct,        /* The select-list if query is DISTINCT */
-  WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
-){
-  int iCur = pSrc->iCursor;   /* The cursor of the table to be accessed */
-  Index *pProbe;              /* An index we are evaluating */
-  Index *pIdx;                /* Copy of pProbe, or zero for IPK index */
-  int eqTermMask;             /* Current mask of valid equality operators */
-  int idxEqTermMask;          /* Index mask of valid equality operators */
-  Index sPk;                  /* A fake index object for the primary key */
-  tRowcnt aiRowEstPk[2];      /* The aiRowEst[] value for the sPk index */
-  int aiColumnPk = -1;        /* The aColumn[] value for the sPk index */
-  int wsFlagMask;             /* Allowed flags in pCost->plan.wsFlag */
-
-  /* Initialize the cost to a worst-case value */
-  memset(pCost, 0, sizeof(*pCost));
-  pCost->rCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL;
-
-  /* If the pSrc table is the right table of a LEFT JOIN then we may not
-  ** use an index to satisfy IS NULL constraints on that table.  This is
-  ** because columns might end up being NULL if the table does not match -
-  ** a circumstance which the index cannot help us discover.  Ticket #2177.
-  */
-  if( pSrc->jointype & JT_LEFT ){
-    idxEqTermMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN;
-  }else{
-    idxEqTermMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_ISNULL;
-  }
-
-  if( pSrc->pIndex ){
-    /* An INDEXED BY clause specifies a particular index to use */
-    pIdx = pProbe = pSrc->pIndex;
-    wsFlagMask = ~(WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE);
-    eqTermMask = idxEqTermMask;
-  }else{
-    /* There is no INDEXED BY clause.  Create a fake Index object in local
-    ** variable sPk to represent the rowid primary key index.  Make this
-    ** fake index the first in a chain of Index objects with all of the real
-    ** indices to follow */
-    Index *pFirst;                  /* First of real indices on the table */
-    memset(&sPk, 0, sizeof(Index));
-    sPk.nColumn = 1;
-    sPk.aiColumn = &aiColumnPk;
-    sPk.aiRowEst = aiRowEstPk;
-    sPk.onError = OE_Replace;
-    sPk.pTable = pSrc->pTab;
-    aiRowEstPk[0] = pSrc->pTab->nRowEst;
-    aiRowEstPk[1] = 1;
-    pFirst = pSrc->pTab->pIndex;
-    if( pSrc->notIndexed==0 ){
-      /* The real indices of the table are only considered if the
-      ** NOT INDEXED qualifier is omitted from the FROM clause */
-      sPk.pNext = pFirst;
-    }
-    pProbe = &sPk;
-    wsFlagMask = ~(
-        WHERE_COLUMN_IN|WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_COLUMN_NULL|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE
-    );
-    eqTermMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN;
-    pIdx = 0;
-  }
-
-  /* Loop over all indices looking for the best one to use
-  */
-  for(; pProbe; pIdx=pProbe=pProbe->pNext){
-    const tRowcnt * const aiRowEst = pProbe->aiRowEst;
-    double cost;                /* Cost of using pProbe */
-    double nRow;                /* Estimated number of rows in result set */
-    double log10N = (double)1;  /* base-10 logarithm of nRow (inexact) */
-    int rev;                    /* True to scan in reverse order */
-    int wsFlags = 0;
-    Bitmask used = 0;
-
-    /* The following variables are populated based on the properties of
-    ** index being evaluated. They are then used to determine the expected
-    ** cost and number of rows returned.
-    **
-    **  nEq: 
-    **    Number of equality terms that can be implemented using the index.
-    **    In other words, the number of initial fields in the index that
-    **    are used in == or IN or NOT NULL constraints of the WHERE clause.
-    **
-    **  nInMul:  
-    **    The "in-multiplier". This is an estimate of how many seek operations 
-    **    SQLite must perform on the index in question. For example, if the 
-    **    WHERE clause is:
-    **
-    **      WHERE a IN (1, 2, 3) AND b IN (4, 5, 6)
-    **
-    **    SQLite must perform 9 lookups on an index on (a, b), so nInMul is 
-    **    set to 9. Given the same schema and either of the following WHERE 
-    **    clauses:
-    **
-    **      WHERE a =  1
-    **      WHERE a >= 2
-    **
-    **    nInMul is set to 1.
-    **
-    **    If there exists a WHERE term of the form "x IN (SELECT ...)", then 
-    **    the sub-select is assumed to return 25 rows for the purposes of 
-    **    determining nInMul.
-    **
-    **  bInEst:  
-    **    Set to true if there was at least one "x IN (SELECT ...)" term used 
-    **    in determining the value of nInMul.  Note that the RHS of the
-    **    IN operator must be a SELECT, not a value list, for this variable
-    **    to be true.
-    **
-    **  rangeDiv:
-    **    An estimate of a divisor by which to reduce the search space due
-    **    to inequality constraints.  In the absence of sqlite_stat3 ANALYZE
-    **    data, a single inequality reduces the search space to 1/4rd its
-    **    original size (rangeDiv==4).  Two inequalities reduce the search
-    **    space to 1/16th of its original size (rangeDiv==16).
-    **
-    **  bSort:   
-    **    Boolean. True if there is an ORDER BY clause that will require an 
-    **    external sort (i.e. scanning the index being evaluated will not 
-    **    correctly order records).
-    **
-    **  bLookup: 
-    **    Boolean. True if a table lookup is required for each index entry
-    **    visited.  In other words, true if this is not a covering index.
-    **    This is always false for the rowid primary key index of a table.
-    **    For other indexes, it is true unless all the columns of the table
-    **    used by the SELECT statement are present in the index (such an
-    **    index is sometimes described as a covering index).
-    **    For example, given the index on (a, b), the second of the following 
-    **    two queries requires table b-tree lookups in order to find the value
-    **    of column c, but the first does not because columns a and b are
-    **    both available in the index.
-    **
-    **             SELECT a, b    FROM tbl WHERE a = 1;
-    **             SELECT a, b, c FROM tbl WHERE a = 1;
-    */
-    int nEq;                      /* Number of == or IN terms matching index */
-    int bInEst = 0;               /* True if "x IN (SELECT...)" seen */
-    int nInMul = 1;               /* Number of distinct equalities to lookup */
-    double rangeDiv = (double)1;  /* Estimated reduction in search space */
-    int nBound = 0;               /* Number of range constraints seen */
-    int bSort = !!pOrderBy;       /* True if external sort required */
-    int bDist = !!pDistinct;      /* True if index cannot help with DISTINCT */
-    int bLookup = 0;              /* True if not a covering index */
-    WhereTerm *pTerm;             /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-    WhereTerm *pFirstTerm = 0;    /* First term matching the index */
-#endif
-
-    /* Determine the values of nEq and nInMul */
-    for(nEq=0; nEq<pProbe->nColumn; nEq++){
-      int j = pProbe->aiColumn[nEq];
-      pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, eqTermMask, pIdx);
-      if( pTerm==0 ) break;
-      wsFlags |= (WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_EQ);
-      testcase( pTerm->pWC!=pWC );
-      if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN ){
-        Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
-        wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_IN;
-        if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
-          /* "x IN (SELECT ...)":  Assume the SELECT returns 25 rows */
-          nInMul *= 25;
-          bInEst = 1;
-        }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList && pExpr->x.pList->nExpr) ){
-          /* "x IN (value, value, ...)" */
-          nInMul *= pExpr->x.pList->nExpr;
-        }
-      }else if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL ){
-        wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_NULL;
-      }
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-      if( nEq==0 && pProbe->aSample ) pFirstTerm = pTerm;
-#endif
-      used |= pTerm->prereqRight;
-    }
- 
-    /* If the index being considered is UNIQUE, and there is an equality 
-    ** constraint for all columns in the index, then this search will find
-    ** at most a single row. In this case set the WHERE_UNIQUE flag to 
-    ** indicate this to the caller.
-    **
-    ** Otherwise, if the search may find more than one row, test to see if
-    ** there is a range constraint on indexed column (nEq+1) that can be 
-    ** optimized using the index. 
-    */
-    if( nEq==pProbe->nColumn && pProbe->onError!=OE_None ){
-      testcase( wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN );
-      testcase( wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_NULL );
-      if( (wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_IN|WHERE_COLUMN_NULL))==0 ){
-        wsFlags |= WHERE_UNIQUE;
-      }
-    }else if( pProbe->bUnordered==0 ){
-      int j = (nEq==pProbe->nColumn ? -1 : pProbe->aiColumn[nEq]);
-      if( findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE, pIdx) ){
-        WhereTerm *pTop = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE, pIdx);
-        WhereTerm *pBtm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_GT|WO_GE, pIdx);
-        whereRangeScanEst(pParse, pProbe, nEq, pBtm, pTop, &rangeDiv);
-        if( pTop ){
-          nBound = 1;
-          wsFlags |= WHERE_TOP_LIMIT;
-          used |= pTop->prereqRight;
-          testcase( pTop->pWC!=pWC );
-        }
-        if( pBtm ){
-          nBound++;
-          wsFlags |= WHERE_BTM_LIMIT;
-          used |= pBtm->prereqRight;
-          testcase( pBtm->pWC!=pWC );
-        }
-        wsFlags |= (WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE);
-      }
-    }
-
-    /* If there is an ORDER BY clause and the index being considered will
-    ** naturally scan rows in the required order, set the appropriate flags
-    ** in wsFlags. Otherwise, if there is an ORDER BY clause but the index
-    ** will scan rows in a different order, set the bSort variable.  */
-    if( isSortingIndex(
-          pParse, pWC->pMaskSet, pProbe, iCur, pOrderBy, nEq, wsFlags, &rev)
-    ){
-      bSort = 0;
-      wsFlags |= WHERE_ROWID_RANGE|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_ORDERBY;
-      wsFlags |= (rev ? WHERE_REVERSE : 0);
-    }
-
-    /* If there is a DISTINCT qualifier and this index will scan rows in
-    ** order of the DISTINCT expressions, clear bDist and set the appropriate
-    ** flags in wsFlags. */
-    if( isDistinctIndex(pParse, pWC, pProbe, iCur, pDistinct, nEq)
-     && (wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN)==0
-    ){
-      bDist = 0;
-      wsFlags |= WHERE_ROWID_RANGE|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_DISTINCT;
-    }
-
-    /* If currently calculating the cost of using an index (not the IPK
-    ** index), determine if all required column data may be obtained without 
-    ** using the main table (i.e. if the index is a covering
-    ** index for this query). If it is, set the WHERE_IDX_ONLY flag in
-    ** wsFlags. Otherwise, set the bLookup variable to true.  */
-    if( pIdx && wsFlags ){
-      Bitmask m = pSrc->colUsed;
-      int j;
-      for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
-        int x = pIdx->aiColumn[j];
-        if( x<BMS-1 ){
-          m &= ~(((Bitmask)1)<<x);
-        }
-      }
-      if( m==0 ){
-        wsFlags |= WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
-      }else{
-        bLookup = 1;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-    ** Estimate the number of rows of output.  For an "x IN (SELECT...)"
-    ** constraint, do not let the estimate exceed half the rows in the table.
-    */
-    nRow = (double)(aiRowEst[nEq] * nInMul);
-    if( bInEst && nRow*2>aiRowEst[0] ){
-      nRow = aiRowEst[0]/2;
-      nInMul = (int)(nRow / aiRowEst[nEq]);
-    }
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-    /* If the constraint is of the form x=VALUE or x IN (E1,E2,...)
-    ** and we do not think that values of x are unique and if histogram
-    ** data is available for column x, then it might be possible
-    ** to get a better estimate on the number of rows based on
-    ** VALUE and how common that value is according to the histogram.
-    */
-    if( nRow>(double)1 && nEq==1 && pFirstTerm!=0 && aiRowEst[1]>1 ){
-      assert( (pFirstTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL|WO_IN))!=0 );
-      if( pFirstTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL) ){
-        testcase( pFirstTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
-        testcase( pFirstTerm->eOperator==WO_ISNULL );
-        whereEqualScanEst(pParse, pProbe, pFirstTerm->pExpr->pRight, &nRow);
-      }else if( bInEst==0 ){
-        assert( pFirstTerm->eOperator==WO_IN );
-        whereInScanEst(pParse, pProbe, pFirstTerm->pExpr->x.pList, &nRow);
-      }
-    }
-#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
-
-    /* Adjust the number of output rows and downward to reflect rows
-    ** that are excluded by range constraints.
-    */
-    nRow = nRow/rangeDiv;
-    if( nRow<1 ) nRow = 1;
-
-    /* Experiments run on real SQLite databases show that the time needed
-    ** to do a binary search to locate a row in a table or index is roughly
-    ** log10(N) times the time to move from one row to the next row within
-    ** a table or index.  The actual times can vary, with the size of
-    ** records being an important factor.  Both moves and searches are
-    ** slower with larger records, presumably because fewer records fit
-    ** on one page and hence more pages have to be fetched.
-    **
-    ** The ANALYZE command and the sqlite_stat1 and sqlite_stat3 tables do
-    ** not give us data on the relative sizes of table and index records.
-    ** So this computation assumes table records are about twice as big
-    ** as index records
-    */
-    if( (wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0 ){
-      /* The cost of a full table scan is a number of move operations equal
-      ** to the number of rows in the table.
-      **
-      ** We add an additional 4x penalty to full table scans.  This causes
-      ** the cost function to err on the side of choosing an index over
-      ** choosing a full scan.  This 4x full-scan penalty is an arguable
-      ** decision and one which we expect to revisit in the future.  But
-      ** it seems to be working well enough at the moment.
-      */
-      cost = aiRowEst[0]*4;
-    }else{
-      log10N = estLog(aiRowEst[0]);
-      cost = nRow;
-      if( pIdx ){
-        if( bLookup ){
-          /* For an index lookup followed by a table lookup:
-          **    nInMul index searches to find the start of each index range
-          **  + nRow steps through the index
-          **  + nRow table searches to lookup the table entry using the rowid
-          */
-          cost += (nInMul + nRow)*log10N;
-        }else{
-          /* For a covering index:
-          **     nInMul index searches to find the initial entry 
-          **   + nRow steps through the index
-          */
-          cost += nInMul*log10N;
-        }
-      }else{
-        /* For a rowid primary key lookup:
-        **    nInMult table searches to find the initial entry for each range
-        **  + nRow steps through the table
-        */
-        cost += nInMul*log10N;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /* Add in the estimated cost of sorting the result.  Actual experimental
-    ** measurements of sorting performance in SQLite show that sorting time
-    ** adds C*N*log10(N) to the cost, where N is the number of rows to be 
-    ** sorted and C is a factor between 1.95 and 4.3.  We will split the
-    ** difference and select C of 3.0.
-    */
-    if( bSort ){
-      cost += nRow*estLog(nRow)*3;
-    }
-    if( bDist ){
-      cost += nRow*estLog(nRow)*3;
-    }
-
-    /**** Cost of using this index has now been computed ****/
-
-    /* If there are additional constraints on this table that cannot
-    ** be used with the current index, but which might lower the number
-    ** of output rows, adjust the nRow value accordingly.  This only 
-    ** matters if the current index is the least costly, so do not bother
-    ** with this step if we already know this index will not be chosen.
-    ** Also, never reduce the output row count below 2 using this step.
-    **
-    ** It is critical that the notValid mask be used here instead of
-    ** the notReady mask.  When computing an "optimal" index, the notReady
-    ** mask will only have one bit set - the bit for the current table.
-    ** The notValid mask, on the other hand, always has all bits set for
-    ** tables that are not in outer loops.  If notReady is used here instead
-    ** of notValid, then a optimal index that depends on inner joins loops
-    ** might be selected even when there exists an optimal index that has
-    ** no such dependency.
-    */
-    if( nRow>2 && cost<=pCost->rCost ){
-      int k;                       /* Loop counter */
-      int nSkipEq = nEq;           /* Number of == constraints to skip */
-      int nSkipRange = nBound;     /* Number of < constraints to skip */
-      Bitmask thisTab;             /* Bitmap for pSrc */
-
-      thisTab = getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, iCur);
-      for(pTerm=pWC->a, k=pWC->nTerm; nRow>2 && k; k--, pTerm++){
-        if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ) continue;
-        if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notValid)!=thisTab ) continue;
-        if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_ISNULL) ){
-          if( nSkipEq ){
-            /* Ignore the first nEq equality matches since the index
-            ** has already accounted for these */
-            nSkipEq--;
-          }else{
-            /* Assume each additional equality match reduces the result
-            ** set size by a factor of 10 */
-            nRow /= 10;
-          }
-        }else if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE) ){
-          if( nSkipRange ){
-            /* Ignore the first nSkipRange range constraints since the index
-            ** has already accounted for these */
-            nSkipRange--;
-          }else{
-            /* Assume each additional range constraint reduces the result
-            ** set size by a factor of 3.  Indexed range constraints reduce
-            ** the search space by a larger factor: 4.  We make indexed range
-            ** more selective intentionally because of the subjective 
-            ** observation that indexed range constraints really are more
-            ** selective in practice, on average. */
-            nRow /= 3;
-          }
-        }else if( pTerm->eOperator!=WO_NOOP ){
-          /* Any other expression lowers the output row count by half */
-          nRow /= 2;
-        }
-      }
-      if( nRow<2 ) nRow = 2;
-    }
-
-
-    WHERETRACE((
-      "%s(%s): nEq=%d nInMul=%d rangeDiv=%d bSort=%d bLookup=%d wsFlags=0x%x\n"
-      "         notReady=0x%llx log10N=%.1f nRow=%.1f cost=%.1f used=0x%llx\n",
-      pSrc->pTab->zName, (pIdx ? pIdx->zName : "ipk"), 
-      nEq, nInMul, (int)rangeDiv, bSort, bLookup, wsFlags,
-      notReady, log10N, nRow, cost, used
-    ));
-
-    /* If this index is the best we have seen so far, then record this
-    ** index and its cost in the pCost structure.
-    */
-    if( (!pIdx || wsFlags)
-     && (cost<pCost->rCost || (cost<=pCost->rCost && nRow<pCost->plan.nRow))
-    ){
-      pCost->rCost = cost;
-      pCost->used = used;
-      pCost->plan.nRow = nRow;
-      pCost->plan.wsFlags = (wsFlags&wsFlagMask);
-      pCost->plan.nEq = nEq;
-      pCost->plan.u.pIdx = pIdx;
-    }
-
-    /* If there was an INDEXED BY clause, then only that one index is
-    ** considered. */
-    if( pSrc->pIndex ) break;
-
-    /* Reset masks for the next index in the loop */
-    wsFlagMask = ~(WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE);
-    eqTermMask = idxEqTermMask;
-  }
-
-  /* If there is no ORDER BY clause and the SQLITE_ReverseOrder flag
-  ** is set, then reverse the order that the index will be scanned
-  ** in. This is used for application testing, to help find cases
-  ** where application behaviour depends on the (undefined) order that
-  ** SQLite outputs rows in in the absence of an ORDER BY clause.  */
-  if( !pOrderBy && pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_ReverseOrder ){
-    pCost->plan.wsFlags |= WHERE_REVERSE;
-  }
-
-  assert( pOrderBy || (pCost->plan.wsFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY)==0 );
-  assert( pCost->plan.u.pIdx==0 || (pCost->plan.wsFlags&WHERE_ROWID_EQ)==0 );
-  assert( pSrc->pIndex==0 
-       || pCost->plan.u.pIdx==0 
-       || pCost->plan.u.pIdx==pSrc->pIndex 
-  );
-
-  WHERETRACE(("best index is: %s\n", 
-    ((pCost->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0 ? "none" : 
-         pCost->plan.u.pIdx ? pCost->plan.u.pIdx->zName : "ipk")
-  ));
-  
-  bestOrClauseIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost);
-  bestAutomaticIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, pCost);
-  pCost->plan.wsFlags |= eqTermMask;
-}
-
-/*
-** Find the query plan for accessing table pSrc->pTab. Write the
-** best query plan and its cost into the WhereCost object supplied 
-** as the last parameter. This function may calculate the cost of
-** both real and virtual table scans.
-*/
-static void bestIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
-  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
-  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors not available for indexing */
-  Bitmask notValid,           /* Cursors not available for any purpose */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,         /* The ORDER BY clause */
-  WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
-){
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  if( IsVirtual(pSrc->pTab) ){
-    sqlite3_index_info *p = 0;
-    bestVirtualIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost,&p);
-    if( p->needToFreeIdxStr ){
-      sqlite3_free(p->idxStr);
-    }
-    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, p);
-  }else
-#endif
-  {
-    bestBtreeIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, 0, pCost);
-  }
-}
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 
 /*
 ** Disable a term in the WHERE clause.  Except, do not disable the term
@@ -105926,9 +113306,6 @@
 ** in the ON clause.  The term is disabled in (3) because it is not part
 ** of a LEFT OUTER JOIN.  In (1), the term is not disabled.
 **
-** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-24597-58655 No tests are done for terms that are
-** completely satisfied by indices.
-**
 ** Disabling a term causes that term to not be tested in the inner loop
 ** of the join.  Disabling is an optimization.  When terms are satisfied
 ** by indices, we disable them to prevent redundant tests in the inner
@@ -105941,6 +113318,7 @@
   if( pTerm
       && (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED)==0
       && (pLevel->iLeftJoin==0 || ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin))
+      && (pLevel->notReady & pTerm->prereqAll)==0
   ){
     pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
     if( pTerm->iParent>=0 ){
@@ -106006,7 +113384,9 @@
 static int codeEqualityTerm(
   Parse *pParse,      /* The parsing context */
   WhereTerm *pTerm,   /* The term of the WHERE clause to be coded */
-  WhereLevel *pLevel, /* When level of the FROM clause we are working on */
+  WhereLevel *pLevel, /* The level of the FROM clause we are working on */
+  int iEq,            /* Index of the equality term within this level */
+  int bRev,           /* True for reverse-order IN operations */
   int iTarget         /* Attempt to leave results in this register */
 ){
   Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
@@ -106024,13 +113404,29 @@
     int eType;
     int iTab;
     struct InLoop *pIn;
+    WhereLoop *pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
 
+    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0
+      && pLoop->u.btree.pIndex!=0
+      && pLoop->u.btree.pIndex->aSortOrder[iEq]
+    ){
+      testcase( iEq==0 );
+      testcase( bRev );
+      bRev = !bRev;
+    }
     assert( pX->op==TK_IN );
     iReg = iTarget;
-    eType = sqlite3FindInIndex(pParse, pX, 0);
+    eType = sqlite3FindInIndex(pParse, pX, IN_INDEX_LOOP, 0);
+    if( eType==IN_INDEX_INDEX_DESC ){
+      testcase( bRev );
+      bRev = !bRev;
+    }
     iTab = pX->iTable;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iTab, 0);
-    assert( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IN_ABLE );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, bRev ? OP_Last : OP_Rewind, iTab, 0);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, !bRev);
+    assert( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_MULTI_OR)==0 );
+    pLoop->wsFlags |= WHERE_IN_ABLE;
     if( pLevel->u.in.nIn==0 ){
       pLevel->addrNxt = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
     }
@@ -106047,7 +113443,8 @@
       }else{
         pIn->addrInTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTab, 0, iReg);
       }
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, iReg);
+      pIn->eEndLoopOp = bRev ? OP_PrevIfOpen : OP_NextIfOpen;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, iReg); VdbeCoverage(v);
     }else{
       pLevel->u.in.nIn = 0;
     }
@@ -106059,7 +113456,7 @@
 
 /*
 ** Generate code that will evaluate all == and IN constraints for an
-** index.
+** index scan.
 **
 ** For example, consider table t1(a,b,c,d,e,f) with index i1(a,b,c).
 ** Suppose the WHERE clause is this:  a==5 AND b IN (1,2,3) AND c>5 AND c<10
@@ -106074,9 +113471,15 @@
 ** The only thing it does is allocate the pLevel->iMem memory cell and
 ** compute the affinity string.
 **
-** This routine always allocates at least one memory cell and returns
-** the index of that memory cell. The code that
-** calls this routine will use that memory cell to store the termination
+** The nExtraReg parameter is 0 or 1.  It is 0 if all WHERE clause constraints
+** are == or IN and are covered by the nEq.  nExtraReg is 1 if there is
+** an inequality constraint (such as the "c>=5 AND c<10" in the example) that
+** occurs after the nEq quality constraints.
+**
+** This routine allocates a range of nEq+nExtraReg memory cells and returns
+** the index of the first memory cell in that range. The code that
+** calls this routine will use that memory range to store keys for
+** start and termination conditions of the loop.
 ** key value of the loop.  If one or more IN operators appear, then
 ** this routine allocates an additional nEq memory cells for internal
 ** use.
@@ -106099,29 +113502,33 @@
 static int codeAllEqualityTerms(
   Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
   WhereLevel *pLevel,   /* Which nested loop of the FROM we are coding */
-  WhereClause *pWC,     /* The WHERE clause */
-  Bitmask notReady,     /* Which parts of FROM have not yet been coded */
+  int bRev,             /* Reverse the order of IN operators */
   int nExtraReg,        /* Number of extra registers to allocate */
   char **pzAff          /* OUT: Set to point to affinity string */
 ){
-  int nEq = pLevel->plan.nEq;   /* The number of == or IN constraints to code */
+  u16 nEq;                      /* The number of == or IN constraints to code */
+  u16 nSkip;                    /* Number of left-most columns to skip */
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;      /* The vm under construction */
   Index *pIdx;                  /* The index being used for this loop */
-  int iCur = pLevel->iTabCur;   /* The cursor of the table */
   WhereTerm *pTerm;             /* A single constraint term */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop;             /* The WhereLoop object */
   int j;                        /* Loop counter */
   int regBase;                  /* Base register */
   int nReg;                     /* Number of registers to allocate */
   char *zAff;                   /* Affinity string to return */
 
   /* This module is only called on query plans that use an index. */
-  assert( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED );
-  pIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pIdx;
+  pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
+  assert( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 );
+  nEq = pLoop->u.btree.nEq;
+  nSkip = pLoop->u.btree.nSkip;
+  pIdx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+  assert( pIdx!=0 );
 
   /* Figure out how many memory cells we will need then allocate them.
   */
   regBase = pParse->nMem + 1;
-  nReg = pLevel->plan.nEq + nExtraReg;
+  nReg = pLoop->u.btree.nEq + nExtraReg;
   pParse->nMem += nReg;
 
   zAff = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx));
@@ -106129,19 +113536,37 @@
     pParse->db->mallocFailed = 1;
   }
 
+  if( nSkip ){
+    int iIdxCur = pLevel->iIdxCur;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, (bRev?OP_Last:OP_Rewind), iIdxCur);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev==0);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev!=0);
+    VdbeComment((v, "begin skip-scan on %s", pIdx->zName));
+    j = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+    pLevel->addrSkip = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, (bRev?OP_SeekLT:OP_SeekGT),
+                            iIdxCur, 0, regBase, nSkip);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev==0);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev!=0);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j);
+    for(j=0; j<nSkip; j++){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, j, regBase+j);
+      assert( pIdx->aiColumn[j]>=0 );
+      VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->pTable->aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[j]].zName));
+    }
+  }    
+
   /* Evaluate the equality constraints
   */
-  assert( pIdx->nColumn>=nEq );
-  for(j=0; j<nEq; j++){
+  assert( zAff==0 || (int)strlen(zAff)>=nEq );
+  for(j=nSkip; j<nEq; j++){
     int r1;
-    int k = pIdx->aiColumn[j];
-    pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, k, notReady, pLevel->plan.wsFlags, pIdx);
-    if( NEVER(pTerm==0) ) break;
-    /* The following true for indices with redundant columns. 
+    pTerm = pLoop->aLTerm[j];
+    assert( pTerm!=0 );
+    /* The following testcase is true for indices with redundant columns. 
     ** Ex: CREATE INDEX i1 ON t1(a,b,a); SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=0 AND b=0; */
     testcase( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED)!=0 );
-    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
-    r1 = codeEqualityTerm(pParse, pTerm, pLevel, regBase+j);
+    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
+    r1 = codeEqualityTerm(pParse, pTerm, pLevel, j, bRev, regBase+j);
     if( r1!=regBase+j ){
       if( nReg==1 ){
         sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regBase);
@@ -106154,7 +113579,10 @@
     testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN );
     if( (pTerm->eOperator & (WO_ISNULL|WO_IN))==0 ){
       Expr *pRight = pTerm->pExpr->pRight;
-      sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+j, pLevel->addrBrk);
+      if( sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pRight) ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regBase+j, pLevel->addrBrk);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }
       if( zAff ){
         if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, zAff[j])==SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
           zAff[j] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
@@ -106185,7 +113613,7 @@
   const char *zOp             /* Name of the operator */
 ){
   if( iTerm ) sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, " AND ", 5);
-  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, zColumn, -1);
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(pStr, zColumn);
   sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, zOp, 1);
   sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, "?", 1);
 }
@@ -106209,32 +113637,40 @@
 ** It is the responsibility of the caller to free the buffer when it is
 ** no longer required.
 */
-static char *explainIndexRange(sqlite3 *db, WhereLevel *pLevel, Table *pTab){
-  WherePlan *pPlan = &pLevel->plan;
-  Index *pIndex = pPlan->u.pIdx;
-  int nEq = pPlan->nEq;
+static char *explainIndexRange(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *pLoop, Table *pTab){
+  Index *pIndex = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+  u16 nEq = pLoop->u.btree.nEq;
+  u16 nSkip = pLoop->u.btree.nSkip;
   int i, j;
   Column *aCol = pTab->aCol;
-  int *aiColumn = pIndex->aiColumn;
+  i16 *aiColumn = pIndex->aiColumn;
   StrAccum txt;
 
-  if( nEq==0 && (pPlan->wsFlags & (WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))==0 ){
+  if( nEq==0 && (pLoop->wsFlags & (WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
   sqlite3StrAccumInit(&txt, 0, 0, SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH);
   txt.db = db;
   sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, " (", 2);
   for(i=0; i<nEq; i++){
-    explainAppendTerm(&txt, i, aCol[aiColumn[i]].zName, "=");
+    char *z = aiColumn[i] < 0 ? "rowid" : aCol[aiColumn[i]].zName;
+    if( i>=nSkip ){
+      explainAppendTerm(&txt, i, z, "=");
+    }else{
+      if( i ) sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, " AND ", 5);
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, "ANY(", 4);
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(&txt, z);
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, ")", 1);
+    }
   }
 
   j = i;
-  if( pPlan->wsFlags&WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
-    char *z = (j==pIndex->nColumn ) ? "rowid" : aCol[aiColumn[j]].zName;
+  if( pLoop->wsFlags&WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
+    char *z = aiColumn[j] < 0 ? "rowid" : aCol[aiColumn[j]].zName;
     explainAppendTerm(&txt, i++, z, ">");
   }
-  if( pPlan->wsFlags&WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
-    char *z = (j==pIndex->nColumn ) ? "rowid" : aCol[aiColumn[j]].zName;
+  if( pLoop->wsFlags&WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
+    char *z = aiColumn[j] < 0 ? "rowid" : aCol[aiColumn[j]].zName;
     explainAppendTerm(&txt, i, z, "<");
   }
   sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, ")", 1);
@@ -106255,21 +113691,26 @@
   int iFrom,                      /* Value for "from" column of output */
   u16 wctrlFlags                  /* Flags passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() */
 ){
-  if( pParse->explain==2 ){
-    u32 flags = pLevel->plan.wsFlags;
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( pParse->explain==2 )
+#endif
+  {
     struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
     Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;      /* VM being constructed */
     sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;     /* Database handle */
     char *zMsg;                   /* Text to add to EQP output */
-    sqlite3_int64 nRow;           /* Expected number of rows visited by scan */
     int iId = pParse->iSelectId;  /* Select id (left-most output column) */
     int isSearch;                 /* True for a SEARCH. False for SCAN. */
+    WhereLoop *pLoop;             /* The controlling WhereLoop object */
+    u32 flags;                    /* Flags that describe this loop */
 
+    pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
+    flags = pLoop->wsFlags;
     if( (flags&WHERE_MULTI_OR) || (wctrlFlags&WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY) ) return;
 
-    isSearch = (pLevel->plan.nEq>0)
-             || (flags&(WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))!=0
-             || (wctrlFlags&(WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN|WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX));
+    isSearch = (flags&(WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))!=0
+            || ((flags&WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 && (pLoop->u.btree.nEq>0))
+            || (wctrlFlags&(WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN|WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX));
 
     zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s", isSearch?"SEARCH":"SCAN");
     if( pItem->pSelect ){
@@ -106281,43 +113722,44 @@
     if( pItem->zAlias ){
       zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s AS %s", zMsg, pItem->zAlias);
     }
-    if( (flags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 ){
-      char *zWhere = explainIndexRange(db, pLevel, pItem->pTab);
-      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s USING %s%sINDEX%s%s%s", zMsg, 
-          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"AUTOMATIC ":""),
-          ((flags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)?"COVERING ":""),
-          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"":" "),
-          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"": pLevel->plan.u.pIdx->zName),
-          zWhere
-      );
+    if( (flags & (WHERE_IPK|WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE))==0
+     && ALWAYS(pLoop->u.btree.pIndex!=0)
+    ){
+      const char *zFmt;
+      Index *pIdx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+      char *zWhere = explainIndexRange(db, pLoop, pItem->pTab);
+      assert( !(flags&WHERE_AUTO_INDEX) || (flags&WHERE_IDX_ONLY) );
+      if( !HasRowid(pItem->pTab) && IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ){
+        zFmt = zWhere ? "%s USING PRIMARY KEY%.0s%s" : "%s%.0s%s";
+      }else if( flags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX ){
+        zFmt = "%s USING AUTOMATIC COVERING INDEX%.0s%s";
+      }else if( flags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY ){
+        zFmt = "%s USING COVERING INDEX %s%s";
+      }else{
+        zFmt = "%s USING INDEX %s%s";
+      }
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, zFmt, zMsg, pIdx->zName, zWhere);
       sqlite3DbFree(db, zWhere);
-    }else if( flags & (WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE) ){
+    }else if( (flags & WHERE_IPK)!=0 && (flags & WHERE_CONSTRAINT)!=0 ){
       zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY", zMsg);
 
-      if( flags&WHERE_ROWID_EQ ){
+      if( flags&(WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_COLUMN_IN) ){
         zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid=?)", zMsg);
       }else if( (flags&WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT)==WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT ){
         zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid>? AND rowid<?)", zMsg);
       }else if( flags&WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
         zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid>?)", zMsg);
-      }else if( flags&WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
+      }else if( ALWAYS(flags&WHERE_TOP_LIMIT) ){
         zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid<?)", zMsg);
       }
     }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
     else if( (flags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
-      sqlite3_index_info *pVtabIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pVtabIdx;
       zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s VIRTUAL TABLE INDEX %d:%s", zMsg,
-                  pVtabIdx->idxNum, pVtabIdx->idxStr);
+                  pLoop->u.vtab.idxNum, pLoop->u.vtab.idxStr);
     }
 #endif
-    if( wctrlFlags&(WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN|WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX) ){
-      testcase( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN );
-      nRow = 1;
-    }else{
-      nRow = (sqlite3_int64)pLevel->plan.nRow;
-    }
-    zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (~%lld rows)", zMsg, nRow);
+    zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s", zMsg);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, iId, iLevel, iFrom, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
   }
 }
@@ -106333,7 +113775,6 @@
 static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
   WhereInfo *pWInfo,   /* Complete information about the WHERE clause */
   int iLevel,          /* Which level of pWInfo->a[] should be coded */
-  u16 wctrlFlags,      /* One of the WHERE_* flags defined in sqliteInt.h */
   Bitmask notReady     /* Which tables are currently available */
 ){
   int j, k;            /* Loop counters */
@@ -106342,9 +113783,11 @@
   int omitTable;       /* True if we use the index only */
   int bRev;            /* True if we need to scan in reverse order */
   WhereLevel *pLevel;  /* The where level to be coded */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop;    /* The WhereLoop object being coded */
   WhereClause *pWC;    /* Decomposition of the entire WHERE clause */
   WhereTerm *pTerm;               /* A WHERE clause term */
   Parse *pParse;                  /* Parsing context */
+  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Database connection */
   Vdbe *v;                        /* The prepared stmt under constructions */
   struct SrcList_item *pTabItem;  /* FROM clause term being coded */
   int addrBrk;                    /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
@@ -106354,13 +113797,17 @@
 
   pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
   v = pParse->pVdbe;
-  pWC = pWInfo->pWC;
+  pWC = &pWInfo->sWC;
+  db = pParse->db;
   pLevel = &pWInfo->a[iLevel];
+  pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
   pTabItem = &pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
   iCur = pTabItem->iCursor;
-  bRev = (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_REVERSE)!=0;
-  omitTable = (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)!=0 
-           && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_FORCE_TABLE)==0;
+  pLevel->notReady = notReady & ~getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, iCur);
+  bRev = (pWInfo->revMask>>iLevel)&1;
+  omitTable = (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)!=0 
+           && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_FORCE_TABLE)==0;
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "Begin WHERE-loop%d: %s",iLevel,pTabItem->pTab->zName));
 
   /* Create labels for the "break" and "continue" instructions
   ** for the current loop.  Jump to addrBrk to break out of a loop.
@@ -106385,72 +113832,88 @@
     VdbeComment((v, "init LEFT JOIN no-match flag"));
   }
 
+  /* Special case of a FROM clause subquery implemented as a co-routine */
+  if( pTabItem->viaCoroutine ){
+    int regYield = pTabItem->regReturn;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InitCoroutine, regYield, 0, pTabItem->addrFillSub);
+    pLevel->p2 =  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regYield, addrBrk);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    VdbeComment((v, "next row of \"%s\"", pTabItem->pTab->zName));
+    pLevel->op = OP_Goto;
+  }else
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  if(  (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
-    /* Case 0:  The table is a virtual-table.  Use the VFilter and VNext
+  if(  (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
+    /* Case 1:  The table is a virtual-table.  Use the VFilter and VNext
     **          to access the data.
     */
     int iReg;   /* P3 Value for OP_VFilter */
-    sqlite3_index_info *pVtabIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pVtabIdx;
-    int nConstraint = pVtabIdx->nConstraint;
-    struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage *aUsage =
-                                                pVtabIdx->aConstraintUsage;
-    const struct sqlite3_index_constraint *aConstraint =
-                                                pVtabIdx->aConstraint;
+    int addrNotFound;
+    int nConstraint = pLoop->nLTerm;
 
     sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
     iReg = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nConstraint+2);
-    for(j=1; j<=nConstraint; j++){
-      for(k=0; k<nConstraint; k++){
-        if( aUsage[k].argvIndex==j ){
-          int iTerm = aConstraint[k].iTermOffset;
-          sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pWC->a[iTerm].pExpr->pRight, iReg+j+1);
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      if( k==nConstraint ) break;
-    }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pVtabIdx->idxNum, iReg);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, j-1, iReg+1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VFilter, iCur, addrBrk, iReg, pVtabIdx->idxStr,
-                      pVtabIdx->needToFreeIdxStr ? P4_MPRINTF : P4_STATIC);
-    pVtabIdx->needToFreeIdxStr = 0;
+    addrNotFound = pLevel->addrBrk;
     for(j=0; j<nConstraint; j++){
-      if( aUsage[j].omit ){
-        int iTerm = aConstraint[j].iTermOffset;
-        disableTerm(pLevel, &pWC->a[iTerm]);
+      int iTarget = iReg+j+2;
+      pTerm = pLoop->aLTerm[j];
+      if( pTerm==0 ) continue;
+      if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN ){
+        codeEqualityTerm(pParse, pTerm, pLevel, j, bRev, iTarget);
+        addrNotFound = pLevel->addrNxt;
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pTerm->pExpr->pRight, iTarget);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pLoop->u.vtab.idxNum, iReg);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, nConstraint, iReg+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VFilter, iCur, addrNotFound, iReg,
+                      pLoop->u.vtab.idxStr,
+                      pLoop->u.vtab.needFree ? P4_MPRINTF : P4_STATIC);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    pLoop->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
+    for(j=0; j<nConstraint && j<16; j++){
+      if( (pLoop->u.vtab.omitMask>>j)&1 ){
+        disableTerm(pLevel, pLoop->aLTerm[j]);
       }
     }
     pLevel->op = OP_VNext;
     pLevel->p1 = iCur;
     pLevel->p2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
     sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, iReg, nConstraint+2);
-    sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+    sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
   }else
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
 
-  if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ROWID_EQ ){
-    /* Case 1:  We can directly reference a single row using an
+  if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IPK)!=0
+   && (pLoop->wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_IN|WHERE_COLUMN_EQ))!=0
+  ){
+    /* Case 2:  We can directly reference a single row using an
     **          equality comparison against the ROWID field.  Or
     **          we reference multiple rows using a "rowid IN (...)"
     **          construct.
     */
-    iReleaseReg = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-    pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_EQ|WO_IN, 0);
+    assert( pLoop->u.btree.nEq==1 );
+    pTerm = pLoop->aLTerm[0];
     assert( pTerm!=0 );
     assert( pTerm->pExpr!=0 );
-    assert( pTerm->leftCursor==iCur );
     assert( omitTable==0 );
-    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
-    iRowidReg = codeEqualityTerm(pParse, pTerm, pLevel, iReleaseReg);
+    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
+    iReleaseReg = ++pParse->nMem;
+    iRowidReg = codeEqualityTerm(pParse, pTerm, pLevel, 0, bRev, iReleaseReg);
+    if( iRowidReg!=iReleaseReg ) sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, iReleaseReg);
     addrNxt = pLevel->addrNxt;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, iRowidReg, addrNxt);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, iRowidReg, addrNxt); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, addrNxt, iRowidReg);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, iRowidReg, 1);
     sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iCur, -1, iRowidReg);
     VdbeComment((v, "pk"));
     pLevel->op = OP_Noop;
-  }else if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ROWID_RANGE ){
-    /* Case 2:  We have an inequality comparison against the ROWID field.
+  }else if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IPK)!=0
+         && (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE)!=0
+  ){
+    /* Case 3:  We have an inequality comparison against the ROWID field.
     */
     int testOp = OP_Noop;
     int start;
@@ -106458,8 +113921,11 @@
     WhereTerm *pStart, *pEnd;
 
     assert( omitTable==0 );
-    pStart = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_GT|WO_GE, 0);
-    pEnd = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE, 0);
+    j = 0;
+    pStart = pEnd = 0;
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ) pStart = pLoop->aLTerm[j++];
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ) pEnd = pLoop->aLTerm[j++];
+    assert( pStart!=0 || pEnd!=0 );
     if( bRev ){
       pTerm = pStart;
       pStart = pEnd;
@@ -106473,34 +113939,42 @@
       ** seek opcodes.  It depends on a particular ordering of TK_xx
       */
       const u8 aMoveOp[] = {
-           /* TK_GT */  OP_SeekGt,
-           /* TK_LE */  OP_SeekLe,
-           /* TK_LT */  OP_SeekLt,
-           /* TK_GE */  OP_SeekGe
+           /* TK_GT */  OP_SeekGT,
+           /* TK_LE */  OP_SeekLE,
+           /* TK_LT */  OP_SeekLT,
+           /* TK_GE */  OP_SeekGE
       };
       assert( TK_LE==TK_GT+1 );      /* Make sure the ordering.. */
       assert( TK_LT==TK_GT+2 );      /*  ... of the TK_xx values... */
       assert( TK_GE==TK_GT+3 );      /*  ... is correcct. */
 
-      testcase( pStart->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
+      assert( (pStart->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 );
+      testcase( pStart->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
       pX = pStart->pExpr;
       assert( pX!=0 );
-      assert( pStart->leftCursor==iCur );
+      testcase( pStart->leftCursor!=iCur ); /* transitive constraints */
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pX->pRight, &rTemp);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, aMoveOp[pX->op-TK_GT], iCur, addrBrk, r1);
       VdbeComment((v, "pk"));
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pX->op==TK_GT);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pX->op==TK_LE);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pX->op==TK_LT);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pX->op==TK_GE);
       sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, r1, 1);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, rTemp);
       disableTerm(pLevel, pStart);
     }else{
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, bRev ? OP_Last : OP_Rewind, iCur, addrBrk);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev==0);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev!=0);
     }
     if( pEnd ){
       Expr *pX;
       pX = pEnd->pExpr;
       assert( pX!=0 );
-      assert( pEnd->leftCursor==iCur );
-      testcase( pEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
+      assert( (pEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 );
+      testcase( pEnd->leftCursor!=iCur ); /* Transitive constraints */
+      testcase( pEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
       memEndValue = ++pParse->nMem;
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pX->pRight, memEndValue);
       if( pX->op==TK_LT || pX->op==TK_GT ){
@@ -106514,20 +113988,20 @@
     pLevel->op = bRev ? OP_Prev : OP_Next;
     pLevel->p1 = iCur;
     pLevel->p2 = start;
-    if( pStart==0 && pEnd==0 ){
-      pLevel->p5 = SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP;
-    }else{
-      assert( pLevel->p5==0 );
-    }
+    assert( pLevel->p5==0 );
     if( testOp!=OP_Noop ){
-      iRowidReg = iReleaseReg = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      iRowidReg = ++pParse->nMem;
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iCur, iRowidReg);
       sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iCur, -1, iRowidReg);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, testOp, memEndValue, addrBrk, iRowidReg);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, testOp==OP_Le);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, testOp==OP_Lt);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, testOp==OP_Ge);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, testOp==OP_Gt);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC | SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
     }
-  }else if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_COLUMN_EQ) ){
-    /* Case 3: A scan using an index.
+  }else if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED ){
+    /* Case 4: A scan using an index.
     **
     **         The WHERE clause may contain zero or more equality 
     **         terms ("==" or "IN" operators) that refer to the N
@@ -106563,20 +114037,19 @@
       0,
       OP_Rewind,           /* 2: (!start_constraints && startEq &&  !bRev) */
       OP_Last,             /* 3: (!start_constraints && startEq &&   bRev) */
-      OP_SeekGt,           /* 4: (start_constraints  && !startEq && !bRev) */
-      OP_SeekLt,           /* 5: (start_constraints  && !startEq &&  bRev) */
-      OP_SeekGe,           /* 6: (start_constraints  &&  startEq && !bRev) */
-      OP_SeekLe            /* 7: (start_constraints  &&  startEq &&  bRev) */
+      OP_SeekGT,           /* 4: (start_constraints  && !startEq && !bRev) */
+      OP_SeekLT,           /* 5: (start_constraints  && !startEq &&  bRev) */
+      OP_SeekGE,           /* 6: (start_constraints  &&  startEq && !bRev) */
+      OP_SeekLE            /* 7: (start_constraints  &&  startEq &&  bRev) */
     };
     static const u8 aEndOp[] = {
-      OP_Noop,             /* 0: (!end_constraints) */
-      OP_IdxGE,            /* 1: (end_constraints && !bRev) */
-      OP_IdxLT             /* 2: (end_constraints && bRev) */
+      OP_IdxGE,            /* 0: (end_constraints && !bRev && !endEq) */
+      OP_IdxGT,            /* 1: (end_constraints && !bRev &&  endEq) */
+      OP_IdxLE,            /* 2: (end_constraints &&  bRev && !endEq) */
+      OP_IdxLT,            /* 3: (end_constraints &&  bRev &&  endEq) */
     };
-    int nEq = pLevel->plan.nEq;  /* Number of == or IN terms */
-    int isMinQuery = 0;          /* If this is an optimized SELECT min(x).. */
+    u16 nEq = pLoop->u.btree.nEq;     /* Number of == or IN terms */
     int regBase;                 /* Base register holding constraint values */
-    int r1;                      /* Temp register */
     WhereTerm *pRangeStart = 0;  /* Inequality constraint at range start */
     WhereTerm *pRangeEnd = 0;    /* Inequality constraint at range end */
     int startEq;                 /* True if range start uses ==, >= or <= */
@@ -106588,11 +114061,13 @@
     int nExtraReg = 0;           /* Number of extra registers needed */
     int op;                      /* Instruction opcode */
     char *zStartAff;             /* Affinity for start of range constraint */
-    char *zEndAff;               /* Affinity for end of range constraint */
+    char cEndAff = 0;            /* Affinity for end of range constraint */
+    u8 bSeekPastNull = 0;        /* True to seek past initial nulls */
+    u8 bStopAtNull = 0;          /* Add condition to terminate at NULLs */
 
-    pIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pIdx;
+    pIdx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
     iIdxCur = pLevel->iIdxCur;
-    k = (nEq==pIdx->nColumn ? -1 : pIdx->aiColumn[nEq]);
+    assert( nEq>=pLoop->u.btree.nSkip );
 
     /* If this loop satisfies a sort order (pOrderBy) request that 
     ** was passed to this function to implement a "SELECT min(x) ..." 
@@ -106602,52 +114077,62 @@
     ** the first one after the nEq equality constraints in the index,
     ** this requires some special handling.
     */
-    if( (wctrlFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN)!=0
-     && (pLevel->plan.wsFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY)
-     && (pIdx->nColumn>nEq)
+    assert( pWInfo->pOrderBy==0
+         || pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr==1
+         || (pWInfo->wctrlFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN)==0 );
+    if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN)!=0
+     && pWInfo->nOBSat>0
+     && (pIdx->nKeyCol>nEq)
     ){
-      /* assert( pOrderBy->nExpr==1 ); */
-      /* assert( pOrderBy->a[0].pExpr->iColumn==pIdx->aiColumn[nEq] ); */
-      isMinQuery = 1;
+      assert( pLoop->u.btree.nSkip==0 );
+      bSeekPastNull = 1;
       nExtraReg = 1;
     }
 
     /* Find any inequality constraint terms for the start and end 
     ** of the range. 
     */
-    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
-      pRangeEnd = findTerm(pWC, iCur, k, notReady, (WO_LT|WO_LE), pIdx);
+    j = nEq;
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
+      pRangeStart = pLoop->aLTerm[j++];
       nExtraReg = 1;
     }
-    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
-      pRangeStart = findTerm(pWC, iCur, k, notReady, (WO_GT|WO_GE), pIdx);
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
+      pRangeEnd = pLoop->aLTerm[j++];
       nExtraReg = 1;
+      if( pRangeStart==0
+       && (j = pIdx->aiColumn[nEq])>=0 
+       && pIdx->pTable->aCol[j].notNull==0
+      ){
+        bSeekPastNull = 1;
+      }
     }
+    assert( pRangeEnd==0 || (pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 );
 
     /* Generate code to evaluate all constraint terms using == or IN
     ** and store the values of those terms in an array of registers
     ** starting at regBase.
     */
-    regBase = codeAllEqualityTerms(
-        pParse, pLevel, pWC, notReady, nExtraReg, &zStartAff
-    );
-    zEndAff = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db, zStartAff);
+    regBase = codeAllEqualityTerms(pParse,pLevel,bRev,nExtraReg,&zStartAff);
+    assert( zStartAff==0 || sqlite3Strlen30(zStartAff)>=nEq );
+    if( zStartAff ) cEndAff = zStartAff[nEq];
     addrNxt = pLevel->addrNxt;
 
     /* If we are doing a reverse order scan on an ascending index, or
     ** a forward order scan on a descending index, interchange the 
     ** start and end terms (pRangeStart and pRangeEnd).
     */
-    if( (nEq<pIdx->nColumn && bRev==(pIdx->aSortOrder[nEq]==SQLITE_SO_ASC))
-     || (bRev && pIdx->nColumn==nEq)
+    if( (nEq<pIdx->nKeyCol && bRev==(pIdx->aSortOrder[nEq]==SQLITE_SO_ASC))
+     || (bRev && pIdx->nKeyCol==nEq)
     ){
       SWAP(WhereTerm *, pRangeEnd, pRangeStart);
+      SWAP(u8, bSeekPastNull, bStopAtNull);
     }
 
-    testcase( pRangeStart && pRangeStart->eOperator & WO_LE );
-    testcase( pRangeStart && pRangeStart->eOperator & WO_GE );
-    testcase( pRangeEnd && pRangeEnd->eOperator & WO_LE );
-    testcase( pRangeEnd && pRangeEnd->eOperator & WO_GE );
+    testcase( pRangeStart && (pRangeStart->eOperator & WO_LE)!=0 );
+    testcase( pRangeStart && (pRangeStart->eOperator & WO_GE)!=0 );
+    testcase( pRangeEnd && (pRangeEnd->eOperator & WO_LE)!=0 );
+    testcase( pRangeEnd && (pRangeEnd->eOperator & WO_GE)!=0 );
     startEq = !pRangeStart || pRangeStart->eOperator & (WO_LE|WO_GE);
     endEq =   !pRangeEnd || pRangeEnd->eOperator & (WO_LE|WO_GE);
     start_constraints = pRangeStart || nEq>0;
@@ -106657,8 +114142,11 @@
     if( pRangeStart ){
       Expr *pRight = pRangeStart->pExpr->pRight;
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pRight, regBase+nEq);
-      if( (pRangeStart->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ){
-        sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+      if( (pRangeStart->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0
+       && sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pRight)
+      ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
       }
       if( zStartAff ){
         if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, zStartAff[nEq])==SQLITE_AFF_NONE){
@@ -106672,23 +114160,24 @@
         }
       }  
       nConstraint++;
-      testcase( pRangeStart->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
-    }else if( isMinQuery ){
+      testcase( pRangeStart->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
+    }else if( bSeekPastNull ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regBase+nEq);
       nConstraint++;
       startEq = 0;
       start_constraints = 1;
     }
-    codeApplyAffinity(pParse, regBase, nConstraint, zStartAff);
+    codeApplyAffinity(pParse, regBase, nConstraint - bSeekPastNull, zStartAff);
     op = aStartOp[(start_constraints<<2) + (startEq<<1) + bRev];
     assert( op!=0 );
-    testcase( op==OP_Rewind );
-    testcase( op==OP_Last );
-    testcase( op==OP_SeekGt );
-    testcase( op==OP_SeekGe );
-    testcase( op==OP_SeekLe );
-    testcase( op==OP_SeekLt );
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, op, iIdxCur, addrNxt, regBase, nConstraint);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_Rewind);  testcase( op==OP_Rewind );
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_Last);    testcase( op==OP_Last );
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_SeekGT);  testcase( op==OP_SeekGT );
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_SeekGE);  testcase( op==OP_SeekGE );
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_SeekLE);  testcase( op==OP_SeekLE );
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_SeekLT);  testcase( op==OP_SeekLT );
 
     /* Load the value for the inequality constraint at the end of the
     ** range (if any).
@@ -106698,67 +114187,64 @@
       Expr *pRight = pRangeEnd->pExpr->pRight;
       sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(pParse, regBase+nEq, 1);
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pRight, regBase+nEq);
-      if( (pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ){
-        sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+      if( (pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0
+       && sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pRight)
+      ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
       }
-      if( zEndAff ){
-        if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, zEndAff[nEq])==SQLITE_AFF_NONE){
-          /* Since the comparison is to be performed with no conversions
-          ** applied to the operands, set the affinity to apply to pRight to 
-          ** SQLITE_AFF_NONE.  */
-          zEndAff[nEq] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
-        }
-        if( sqlite3ExprNeedsNoAffinityChange(pRight, zEndAff[nEq]) ){
-          zEndAff[nEq] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
-        }
-      }  
-      codeApplyAffinity(pParse, regBase, nEq+1, zEndAff);
+      if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, cEndAff)!=SQLITE_AFF_NONE
+       && !sqlite3ExprNeedsNoAffinityChange(pRight, cEndAff)
+      ){
+        codeApplyAffinity(pParse, regBase+nEq, 1, &cEndAff);
+      }
       nConstraint++;
-      testcase( pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
+      testcase( pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
+    }else if( bStopAtNull ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regBase+nEq);
+      endEq = 0;
+      nConstraint++;
     }
-    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, zStartAff);
-    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, zEndAff);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zStartAff);
 
     /* Top of the loop body */
     pLevel->p2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
 
     /* Check if the index cursor is past the end of the range. */
-    op = aEndOp[(pRangeEnd || nEq) * (1 + bRev)];
-    testcase( op==OP_Noop );
-    testcase( op==OP_IdxGE );
-    testcase( op==OP_IdxLT );
-    if( op!=OP_Noop ){
+    if( nConstraint ){
+      op = aEndOp[bRev*2 + endEq];
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, op, iIdxCur, addrNxt, regBase, nConstraint);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, endEq!=bRev ?1:0);
+      testcase( op==OP_IdxGT );  VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_IdxGT );
+      testcase( op==OP_IdxGE );  VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_IdxGE );
+      testcase( op==OP_IdxLT );  VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_IdxLT );
+      testcase( op==OP_IdxLE );  VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_IdxLE );
     }
 
-    /* If there are inequality constraints, check that the value
-    ** of the table column that the inequality contrains is not NULL.
-    ** If it is, jump to the next iteration of the loop.
-    */
-    r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-    testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT );
-    testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT );
-    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))!=0 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, nEq, r1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, r1, addrCont);
-    }
-    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
-
     /* Seek the table cursor, if required */
     disableTerm(pLevel, pRangeStart);
     disableTerm(pLevel, pRangeEnd);
-    if( !omitTable ){
-      iRowidReg = iReleaseReg = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+    if( omitTable ){
+      /* pIdx is a covering index.  No need to access the main table. */
+    }else if( HasRowid(pIdx->pTable) ){
+      iRowidReg = ++pParse->nMem;
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxRowid, iIdxCur, iRowidReg);
       sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iCur, -1, iRowidReg);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Seek, iCur, iRowidReg);  /* Deferred seek */
+    }else if( iCur!=iIdxCur ){
+      Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx->pTable);
+      iRowidReg = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pPk->nKeyCol);
+      for(j=0; j<pPk->nKeyCol; j++){
+        k = sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(pIdx, pPk->aiColumn[j]);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, k, iRowidReg+j);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iCur, addrCont,
+                           iRowidReg, pPk->nKeyCol); VdbeCoverage(v);
     }
 
     /* Record the instruction used to terminate the loop. Disable 
     ** WHERE clause terms made redundant by the index range scan.
     */
-    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_UNIQUE ){
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW ){
       pLevel->op = OP_Noop;
     }else if( bRev ){
       pLevel->op = OP_Prev;
@@ -106766,11 +114252,17 @@
       pLevel->op = OP_Next;
     }
     pLevel->p1 = iIdxCur;
+    pLevel->p3 = (pLoop->wsFlags&WHERE_UNQ_WANTED)!=0 ? 1:0;
+    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_CONSTRAINT)==0 ){
+      pLevel->p5 = SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP;
+    }else{
+      assert( pLevel->p5==0 );
+    }
   }else
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION
-  if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_MULTI_OR ){
-    /* Case 4:  Two or more separately indexed terms connected by OR
+  if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_MULTI_OR ){
+    /* Case 5:  Two or more separately indexed terms connected by OR
     **
     ** Example:
     **
@@ -106808,9 +114300,15 @@
     **
     **       B: <after the loop>
     **
+    ** Added 2014-05-26: If the table is a WITHOUT ROWID table, then
+    ** use an ephermeral index instead of a RowSet to record the primary
+    ** keys of the rows we have already seen.
+    **
     */
     WhereClause *pOrWc;    /* The OR-clause broken out into subterms */
     SrcList *pOrTab;       /* Shortened table list or OR-clause generation */
+    Index *pCov = 0;             /* Potential covering index (or NULL) */
+    int iCovCur = pParse->nTab++;  /* Cursor used for index scans (if any) */
 
     int regReturn = ++pParse->nMem;           /* Register used with OP_Gosub */
     int regRowset = 0;                        /* Register for RowSet object */
@@ -106819,17 +114317,19 @@
     int iRetInit;                             /* Address of regReturn init */
     int untestedTerms = 0;             /* Some terms not completely tested */
     int ii;                            /* Loop counter */
+    u16 wctrlFlags;                    /* Flags for sub-WHERE clause */
     Expr *pAndExpr = 0;                /* An ".. AND (...)" expression */
+    Table *pTab = pTabItem->pTab;
    
-    pTerm = pLevel->plan.u.pTerm;
+    pTerm = pLoop->aLTerm[0];
     assert( pTerm!=0 );
-    assert( pTerm->eOperator==WO_OR );
+    assert( pTerm->eOperator & WO_OR );
     assert( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_ORINFO)!=0 );
     pOrWc = &pTerm->u.pOrInfo->wc;
     pLevel->op = OP_Return;
     pLevel->p1 = regReturn;
 
-    /* Set up a new SrcList ni pOrTab containing the table being scanned
+    /* Set up a new SrcList in pOrTab containing the table being scanned
     ** by this loop in the a[0] slot and all notReady tables in a[1..] slots.
     ** This becomes the SrcList in the recursive call to sqlite3WhereBegin().
     */
@@ -106837,10 +114337,10 @@
       int nNotReady;                 /* The number of notReady tables */
       struct SrcList_item *origSrc;     /* Original list of tables */
       nNotReady = pWInfo->nLevel - iLevel - 1;
-      pOrTab = sqlite3StackAllocRaw(pParse->db,
+      pOrTab = sqlite3StackAllocRaw(db,
                             sizeof(*pOrTab)+ nNotReady*sizeof(pOrTab->a[0]));
       if( pOrTab==0 ) return notReady;
-      pOrTab->nAlloc = (i16)(nNotReady + 1);
+      pOrTab->nAlloc = (u8)(nNotReady + 1);
       pOrTab->nSrc = pOrTab->nAlloc;
       memcpy(pOrTab->a, pTabItem, sizeof(*pTabItem));
       origSrc = pWInfo->pTabList->a;
@@ -106852,7 +114352,8 @@
     }
 
     /* Initialize the rowset register to contain NULL. An SQL NULL is 
-    ** equivalent to an empty rowset.
+    ** equivalent to an empty rowset.  Or, create an ephermeral index
+    ** capable of holding primary keys in the case of a WITHOUT ROWID.
     **
     ** Also initialize regReturn to contain the address of the instruction 
     ** immediately following the OP_Return at the bottom of the loop. This
@@ -106862,10 +114363,17 @@
     ** fall through to the next instruction, just as an OP_Next does if
     ** called on an uninitialized cursor.
     */
-    if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK)==0 ){
-      regRowset = ++pParse->nMem;
+    if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK)==0 ){
+      if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+        regRowset = ++pParse->nMem;
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regRowset);
+      }else{
+        Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+        regRowset = pParse->nTab++;
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, regRowset, pPk->nKeyCol);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pPk);
+      }
       regRowid = ++pParse->nMem;
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regRowset);
     }
     iRetInit = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regReturn);
 
@@ -106878,49 +114386,111 @@
     ** the "interesting" terms of z - terms that did not originate in the
     ** ON or USING clause of a LEFT JOIN, and terms that are usable as 
     ** indices.
+    **
+    ** This optimization also only applies if the (x1 OR x2 OR ...) term
+    ** is not contained in the ON clause of a LEFT JOIN.
+    ** See ticket http://www.sqlite.org/src/info/f2369304e4
     */
     if( pWC->nTerm>1 ){
       int iTerm;
       for(iTerm=0; iTerm<pWC->nTerm; iTerm++){
         Expr *pExpr = pWC->a[iTerm].pExpr;
+        if( &pWC->a[iTerm] == pTerm ) continue;
         if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ) continue;
-        if( pWC->a[iTerm].wtFlags & (TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_ORINFO) ) continue;
+        testcase( pWC->a[iTerm].wtFlags & TERM_ORINFO );
+        testcase( pWC->a[iTerm].wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
+        if( pWC->a[iTerm].wtFlags & (TERM_ORINFO|TERM_VIRTUAL) ) continue;
         if( (pWC->a[iTerm].eOperator & WO_ALL)==0 ) continue;
-        pExpr = sqlite3ExprDup(pParse->db, pExpr, 0);
-        pAndExpr = sqlite3ExprAnd(pParse->db, pAndExpr, pExpr);
+        pExpr = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pExpr, 0);
+        pAndExpr = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pAndExpr, pExpr);
       }
       if( pAndExpr ){
         pAndExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_AND, 0, pAndExpr, 0);
       }
     }
 
+    /* Run a separate WHERE clause for each term of the OR clause.  After
+    ** eliminating duplicates from other WHERE clauses, the action for each
+    ** sub-WHERE clause is to to invoke the main loop body as a subroutine.
+    */
+    wctrlFlags =  WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE | WHERE_AND_ONLY |
+                  WHERE_FORCE_TABLE | WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY;
     for(ii=0; ii<pOrWc->nTerm; ii++){
       WhereTerm *pOrTerm = &pOrWc->a[ii];
-      if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur || pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_AND ){
-        WhereInfo *pSubWInfo;          /* Info for single OR-term scan */
-        Expr *pOrExpr = pOrTerm->pExpr;
-        if( pAndExpr ){
+      if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur || (pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_AND)!=0 ){
+        WhereInfo *pSubWInfo;           /* Info for single OR-term scan */
+        Expr *pOrExpr = pOrTerm->pExpr; /* Current OR clause term */
+        int j1 = 0;                     /* Address of jump operation */
+        if( pAndExpr && !ExprHasProperty(pOrExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
           pAndExpr->pLeft = pOrExpr;
           pOrExpr = pAndExpr;
         }
         /* Loop through table entries that match term pOrTerm. */
         pSubWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pOrTab, pOrExpr, 0, 0,
-                        WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE | WHERE_AND_ONLY |
-                        WHERE_FORCE_TABLE | WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY);
+                                      wctrlFlags, iCovCur);
+        assert( pSubWInfo || pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed );
         if( pSubWInfo ){
+          WhereLoop *pSubLoop;
           explainOneScan(
               pParse, pOrTab, &pSubWInfo->a[0], iLevel, pLevel->iFrom, 0
           );
-          if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK)==0 ){
-            int iSet = ((ii==pOrWc->nTerm-1)?-1:ii);
+          /* This is the sub-WHERE clause body.  First skip over
+          ** duplicate rows from prior sub-WHERE clauses, and record the
+          ** rowid (or PRIMARY KEY) for the current row so that the same
+          ** row will be skipped in subsequent sub-WHERE clauses.
+          */
+          if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK)==0 ){
             int r;
-            r = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTabItem->pTab, -1, iCur, 
-                                         regRowid);
-            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_RowSetTest, regRowset,
-                                 sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2, r, iSet);
+            int iSet = ((ii==pOrWc->nTerm-1)?-1:ii);
+            if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+              r = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTab, -1, iCur, regRowid, 0);
+              j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_RowSetTest, regRowset, 0, r,iSet);
+              VdbeCoverage(v);
+            }else{
+              Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+              int nPk = pPk->nKeyCol;
+              int iPk;
+
+              /* Read the PK into an array of temp registers. */
+              r = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nPk);
+              for(iPk=0; iPk<nPk; iPk++){
+                int iCol = pPk->aiColumn[iPk];
+                sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTab, iCol, iCur, r+iPk, 0);
+              }
+
+              /* Check if the temp table already contains this key. If so,
+              ** the row has already been included in the result set and
+              ** can be ignored (by jumping past the Gosub below). Otherwise,
+              ** insert the key into the temp table and proceed with processing
+              ** the row.
+              **
+              ** Use some of the same optimizations as OP_RowSetTest: If iSet
+              ** is zero, assume that the key cannot already be present in
+              ** the temp table. And if iSet is -1, assume that there is no 
+              ** need to insert the key into the temp table, as it will never 
+              ** be tested for.  */ 
+              if( iSet ){
+                j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, regRowset, 0, r, nPk);
+                VdbeCoverage(v);
+              }
+              if( iSet>=0 ){
+                sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, r, nPk, regRowid);
+                sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxInsert, regRowset, regRowid, 0);
+                if( iSet ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
+              }
+
+              /* Release the array of temp registers */
+              sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, r, nPk);
+            }
           }
+
+          /* Invoke the main loop body as a subroutine */
           sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regReturn, iLoopBody);
 
+          /* Jump here (skipping the main loop body subroutine) if the
+          ** current sub-WHERE row is a duplicate from prior sub-WHEREs. */
+          if( j1 ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+
           /* The pSubWInfo->untestedTerms flag means that this OR term
           ** contained one or more AND term from a notReady table.  The
           ** terms from the notReady table could not be tested and will
@@ -106928,52 +114498,81 @@
           */
           if( pSubWInfo->untestedTerms ) untestedTerms = 1;
 
+          /* If all of the OR-connected terms are optimized using the same
+          ** index, and the index is opened using the same cursor number
+          ** by each call to sqlite3WhereBegin() made by this loop, it may
+          ** be possible to use that index as a covering index.
+          **
+          ** If the call to sqlite3WhereBegin() above resulted in a scan that
+          ** uses an index, and this is either the first OR-connected term
+          ** processed or the index is the same as that used by all previous
+          ** terms, set pCov to the candidate covering index. Otherwise, set 
+          ** pCov to NULL to indicate that no candidate covering index will 
+          ** be available.
+          */
+          pSubLoop = pSubWInfo->a[0].pWLoop;
+          assert( (pSubLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)==0 );
+          if( (pSubLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0
+           && (ii==0 || pSubLoop->u.btree.pIndex==pCov)
+           && (HasRowid(pTab) || !IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pSubLoop->u.btree.pIndex))
+          ){
+            assert( pSubWInfo->a[0].iIdxCur==iCovCur );
+            pCov = pSubLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+            wctrlFlags |= WHERE_REOPEN_IDX;
+          }else{
+            pCov = 0;
+          }
+
           /* Finish the loop through table entries that match term pOrTerm. */
           sqlite3WhereEnd(pSubWInfo);
         }
       }
     }
+    pLevel->u.pCovidx = pCov;
+    if( pCov ) pLevel->iIdxCur = iCovCur;
     if( pAndExpr ){
       pAndExpr->pLeft = 0;
-      sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pAndExpr);
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pAndExpr);
     }
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iRetInit, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v));
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pLevel->addrBrk);
     sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iLoopBody);
 
-    if( pWInfo->nLevel>1 ) sqlite3StackFree(pParse->db, pOrTab);
+    if( pWInfo->nLevel>1 ) sqlite3StackFree(db, pOrTab);
     if( !untestedTerms ) disableTerm(pLevel, pTerm);
   }else
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION */
 
   {
-    /* Case 5:  There is no usable index.  We must do a complete
+    /* Case 6:  There is no usable index.  We must do a complete
     **          scan of the entire table.
     */
     static const u8 aStep[] = { OP_Next, OP_Prev };
     static const u8 aStart[] = { OP_Rewind, OP_Last };
     assert( bRev==0 || bRev==1 );
-    assert( omitTable==0 );
-    pLevel->op = aStep[bRev];
-    pLevel->p1 = iCur;
-    pLevel->p2 = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, aStart[bRev], iCur, addrBrk);
-    pLevel->p5 = SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP;
+    if( pTabItem->isRecursive ){
+      /* Tables marked isRecursive have only a single row that is stored in
+      ** a pseudo-cursor.  No need to Rewind or Next such cursors. */
+      pLevel->op = OP_Noop;
+    }else{
+      pLevel->op = aStep[bRev];
+      pLevel->p1 = iCur;
+      pLevel->p2 = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, aStart[bRev], iCur, addrBrk);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev==0);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev!=0);
+      pLevel->p5 = SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP;
+    }
   }
-  notReady &= ~getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, iCur);
 
   /* Insert code to test every subexpression that can be completely
   ** computed using the current set of tables.
-  **
-  ** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-49525-50935 Terms that cannot be satisfied through
-  ** the use of indices become tests that are evaluated against each row of
-  ** the relevant input tables.
   */
   for(pTerm=pWC->a, j=pWC->nTerm; j>0; j--, pTerm++){
     Expr *pE;
-    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* IMP: R-30575-11662 */
+    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
     testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED );
     if( pTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_CODED) ) continue;
-    if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notReady)!=0 ){
+    if( (pTerm->prereqAll & pLevel->notReady)!=0 ){
       testcase( pWInfo->untestedTerms==0
                && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY)!=0 );
       pWInfo->untestedTerms = 1;
@@ -106988,6 +114587,39 @@
     pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
   }
 
+  /* Insert code to test for implied constraints based on transitivity
+  ** of the "==" operator.
+  **
+  ** Example: If the WHERE clause contains "t1.a=t2.b" and "t2.b=123"
+  ** and we are coding the t1 loop and the t2 loop has not yet coded,
+  ** then we cannot use the "t1.a=t2.b" constraint, but we can code
+  ** the implied "t1.a=123" constraint.
+  */
+  for(pTerm=pWC->a, j=pWC->nTerm; j>0; j--, pTerm++){
+    Expr *pE, *pEAlt;
+    WhereTerm *pAlt;
+    if( pTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_CODED) ) continue;
+    if( pTerm->eOperator!=(WO_EQUIV|WO_EQ) ) continue;
+    if( pTerm->leftCursor!=iCur ) continue;
+    if( pLevel->iLeftJoin ) continue;
+    pE = pTerm->pExpr;
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(pE, EP_FromJoin) );
+    assert( (pTerm->prereqRight & pLevel->notReady)!=0 );
+    pAlt = findTerm(pWC, iCur, pTerm->u.leftColumn, notReady, WO_EQ|WO_IN, 0);
+    if( pAlt==0 ) continue;
+    if( pAlt->wtFlags & (TERM_CODED) ) continue;
+    testcase( pAlt->eOperator & WO_EQ );
+    testcase( pAlt->eOperator & WO_IN );
+    VdbeModuleComment((v, "begin transitive constraint"));
+    pEAlt = sqlite3StackAllocRaw(db, sizeof(*pEAlt));
+    if( pEAlt ){
+      *pEAlt = *pAlt->pExpr;
+      pEAlt->pLeft = pE->pLeft;
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pEAlt, addrCont, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      sqlite3StackFree(db, pEAlt);
+    }
+  }
+
   /* For a LEFT OUTER JOIN, generate code that will record the fact that
   ** at least one row of the right table has matched the left table.  
   */
@@ -106997,10 +114629,10 @@
     VdbeComment((v, "record LEFT JOIN hit"));
     sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
     for(pTerm=pWC->a, j=0; j<pWC->nTerm; j++, pTerm++){
-      testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );  /* IMP: R-30575-11662 */
+      testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
       testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED );
       if( pTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_CODED) ) continue;
-      if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notReady)!=0 ){
+      if( (pTerm->prereqAll & pLevel->notReady)!=0 ){
         assert( pWInfo->untestedTerms );
         continue;
       }
@@ -107009,52 +114641,2125 @@
       pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
     }
   }
-  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, iReleaseReg);
 
-  return notReady;
+  return pLevel->notReady;
 }
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+#if defined(WHERETRACE_ENABLED) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_TREE_EXPLAIN)
 /*
-** The following variable holds a text description of query plan generated
-** by the most recent call to sqlite3WhereBegin().  Each call to WhereBegin
-** overwrites the previous.  This information is used for testing and
-** analysis only.
+** Generate "Explanation" text for a WhereTerm.
 */
-SQLITE_API char sqlite3_query_plan[BMS*2*40];  /* Text of the join */
-static int nQPlan = 0;              /* Next free slow in _query_plan[] */
+static void whereExplainTerm(Vdbe *v, WhereTerm *pTerm){
+  char zType[4];
+  memcpy(zType, "...", 4);
+  if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ) zType[0] = 'V';
+  if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_EQUIV  ) zType[1] = 'E';
+  if( ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ) zType[2] = 'L';
+  sqlite3ExplainPrintf(v, "%s ", zType);
+  sqlite3ExplainExpr(v, pTerm->pExpr);
+}
+#endif /* WHERETRACE_ENABLED && SQLITE_ENABLE_TREE_EXPLAIN */
 
-#endif /* SQLITE_TEST */
 
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
+/*
+** Print a WhereLoop object for debugging purposes
+*/
+static void whereLoopPrint(WhereLoop *p, WhereClause *pWC){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pWC->pWInfo;
+  int nb = 1+(pWInfo->pTabList->nSrc+7)/8;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem = pWInfo->pTabList->a + p->iTab;
+  Table *pTab = pItem->pTab;
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf("%c%2d.%0*llx.%0*llx", p->cId,
+                     p->iTab, nb, p->maskSelf, nb, p->prereq);
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf(" %12s",
+                     pItem->zAlias ? pItem->zAlias : pTab->zName);
+  if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 ){
+     const char *zName;
+     if( p->u.btree.pIndex && (zName = p->u.btree.pIndex->zName)!=0 ){
+      if( strncmp(zName, "sqlite_autoindex_", 17)==0 ){
+        int i = sqlite3Strlen30(zName) - 1;
+        while( zName[i]!='_' ) i--;
+        zName += i;
+      }
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf(".%-16s %2d", zName, p->u.btree.nEq);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf("%20s","");
+    }
+  }else{
+    char *z;
+    if( p->u.vtab.idxStr ){
+      z = sqlite3_mprintf("(%d,\"%s\",%x)",
+                p->u.vtab.idxNum, p->u.vtab.idxStr, p->u.vtab.omitMask);
+    }else{
+      z = sqlite3_mprintf("(%d,%x)", p->u.vtab.idxNum, p->u.vtab.omitMask);
+    }
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf(" %-19s", z);
+    sqlite3_free(z);
+  }
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf(" f %05x N %d", p->wsFlags, p->nLTerm);
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf(" cost %d,%d,%d\n", p->rSetup, p->rRun, p->nOut);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_TREE_EXPLAIN
+  /* If the 0x100 bit of wheretracing is set, then show all of the constraint
+  ** expressions in the WhereLoop.aLTerm[] array.
+  */
+  if( p->nLTerm && (sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x100)!=0 ){  /* WHERETRACE 0x100 */
+    int i;
+    Vdbe *v = pWInfo->pParse->pVdbe;
+    sqlite3ExplainBegin(v);
+    for(i=0; i<p->nLTerm; i++){
+      WhereTerm *pTerm = p->aLTerm[i];
+      if( pTerm==0 ) continue;
+      sqlite3ExplainPrintf(v, "  (%d) #%-2d ", i+1, (int)(pTerm-pWC->a));
+      sqlite3ExplainPush(v);
+      whereExplainTerm(v, pTerm);
+      sqlite3ExplainPop(v);
+      sqlite3ExplainNL(v);
+    }
+    sqlite3ExplainFinish(v);
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%s", sqlite3VdbeExplanation(v));
+  }
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Convert bulk memory into a valid WhereLoop that can be passed
+** to whereLoopClear harmlessly.
+*/
+static void whereLoopInit(WhereLoop *p){
+  p->aLTerm = p->aLTermSpace;
+  p->nLTerm = 0;
+  p->nLSlot = ArraySize(p->aLTermSpace);
+  p->wsFlags = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Clear the WhereLoop.u union.  Leave WhereLoop.pLTerm intact.
+*/
+static void whereLoopClearUnion(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p){
+  if( p->wsFlags & (WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE|WHERE_AUTO_INDEX) ){
+    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 && p->u.vtab.needFree ){
+      sqlite3_free(p->u.vtab.idxStr);
+      p->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
+      p->u.vtab.idxStr = 0;
+    }else if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 && p->u.btree.pIndex!=0 ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.btree.pIndex->zColAff);
+      sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(p->u.btree.pIndex->pKeyInfo);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.btree.pIndex);
+      p->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Deallocate internal memory used by a WhereLoop object
+*/
+static void whereLoopClear(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p){
+  if( p->aLTerm!=p->aLTermSpace ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aLTerm);
+  whereLoopClearUnion(db, p);
+  whereLoopInit(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Increase the memory allocation for pLoop->aLTerm[] to be at least n.
+*/
+static int whereLoopResize(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p, int n){
+  WhereTerm **paNew;
+  if( p->nLSlot>=n ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  n = (n+7)&~7;
+  paNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(p->aLTerm[0])*n);
+  if( paNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memcpy(paNew, p->aLTerm, sizeof(p->aLTerm[0])*p->nLSlot);
+  if( p->aLTerm!=p->aLTermSpace ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aLTerm);
+  p->aLTerm = paNew;
+  p->nLSlot = n;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Transfer content from the second pLoop into the first.
+*/
+static int whereLoopXfer(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *pTo, WhereLoop *pFrom){
+  whereLoopClearUnion(db, pTo);
+  if( whereLoopResize(db, pTo, pFrom->nLTerm) ){
+    memset(&pTo->u, 0, sizeof(pTo->u));
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memcpy(pTo, pFrom, WHERE_LOOP_XFER_SZ);
+  memcpy(pTo->aLTerm, pFrom->aLTerm, pTo->nLTerm*sizeof(pTo->aLTerm[0]));
+  if( pFrom->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE ){
+    pFrom->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
+  }else if( (pFrom->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 ){
+    pFrom->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete a WhereLoop object
+*/
+static void whereLoopDelete(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p){
+  whereLoopClear(db, p);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+}
 
 /*
 ** Free a WhereInfo structure
 */
 static void whereInfoFree(sqlite3 *db, WhereInfo *pWInfo){
   if( ALWAYS(pWInfo) ){
-    int i;
-    for(i=0; i<pWInfo->nLevel; i++){
-      sqlite3_index_info *pInfo = pWInfo->a[i].pIdxInfo;
-      if( pInfo ){
-        /* assert( pInfo->needToFreeIdxStr==0 || db->mallocFailed ); */
-        if( pInfo->needToFreeIdxStr ){
-          sqlite3_free(pInfo->idxStr);
-        }
-        sqlite3DbFree(db, pInfo);
-      }
-      if( pWInfo->a[i].plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX ){
-        Index *pIdx = pWInfo->a[i].plan.u.pIdx;
-        if( pIdx ){
-          sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdx->zColAff);
-          sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdx);
-        }
-      }
+    whereClauseClear(&pWInfo->sWC);
+    while( pWInfo->pLoops ){
+      WhereLoop *p = pWInfo->pLoops;
+      pWInfo->pLoops = p->pNextLoop;
+      whereLoopDelete(db, p);
     }
-    whereClauseClear(pWInfo->pWC);
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pWInfo);
   }
 }
 
+/*
+** Return TRUE if both of the following are true:
+**
+**   (1)  X has the same or lower cost that Y
+**   (2)  X is a proper subset of Y
+**
+** By "proper subset" we mean that X uses fewer WHERE clause terms
+** than Y and that every WHERE clause term used by X is also used
+** by Y.
+**
+** If X is a proper subset of Y then Y is a better choice and ought
+** to have a lower cost.  This routine returns TRUE when that cost 
+** relationship is inverted and needs to be adjusted.
+*/
+static int whereLoopCheaperProperSubset(
+  const WhereLoop *pX,       /* First WhereLoop to compare */
+  const WhereLoop *pY        /* Compare against this WhereLoop */
+){
+  int i, j;
+  if( pX->nLTerm >= pY->nLTerm ) return 0; /* X is not a subset of Y */
+  if( pX->rRun >= pY->rRun ){
+    if( pX->rRun > pY->rRun ) return 0;    /* X costs more than Y */
+    if( pX->nOut > pY->nOut ) return 0;    /* X costs more than Y */
+  }
+  for(i=pX->nLTerm-1; i>=0; i--){
+    for(j=pY->nLTerm-1; j>=0; j--){
+      if( pY->aLTerm[j]==pX->aLTerm[i] ) break;
+    }
+    if( j<0 ) return 0;  /* X not a subset of Y since term X[i] not used by Y */
+  }
+  return 1;  /* All conditions meet */
+}
+
+/*
+** Try to adjust the cost of WhereLoop pTemplate upwards or downwards so
+** that:
+**
+**   (1) pTemplate costs less than any other WhereLoops that are a proper
+**       subset of pTemplate
+**
+**   (2) pTemplate costs more than any other WhereLoops for which pTemplate
+**       is a proper subset.
+**
+** To say "WhereLoop X is a proper subset of Y" means that X uses fewer
+** WHERE clause terms than Y and that every WHERE clause term used by X is
+** also used by Y.
+**
+** This adjustment is omitted for SKIPSCAN loops.  In a SKIPSCAN loop, the
+** WhereLoop.nLTerm field is not an accurate measure of the number of WHERE
+** clause terms covered, since some of the first nLTerm entries in aLTerm[]
+** will be NULL (because they are skipped).  That makes it more difficult
+** to compare the loops.  We could add extra code to do the comparison, and
+** perhaps we will someday.  But SKIPSCAN is sufficiently uncommon, and this
+** adjustment is sufficient minor, that it is very difficult to construct
+** a test case where the extra code would improve the query plan.  Better
+** to avoid the added complexity and just omit cost adjustments to SKIPSCAN
+** loops.
+*/
+static void whereLoopAdjustCost(const WhereLoop *p, WhereLoop *pTemplate){
+  if( (pTemplate->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)==0 ) return;
+  if( (pTemplate->wsFlags & WHERE_SKIPSCAN)!=0 ) return;
+  for(; p; p=p->pNextLoop){
+    if( p->iTab!=pTemplate->iTab ) continue;
+    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)==0 ) continue;
+    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_SKIPSCAN)!=0 ) continue;
+    if( whereLoopCheaperProperSubset(p, pTemplate) ){
+      /* Adjust pTemplate cost downward so that it is cheaper than its 
+      ** subset p */
+      pTemplate->rRun = p->rRun;
+      pTemplate->nOut = p->nOut - 1;
+    }else if( whereLoopCheaperProperSubset(pTemplate, p) ){
+      /* Adjust pTemplate cost upward so that it is costlier than p since
+      ** pTemplate is a proper subset of p */
+      pTemplate->rRun = p->rRun;
+      pTemplate->nOut = p->nOut + 1;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Search the list of WhereLoops in *ppPrev looking for one that can be
+** supplanted by pTemplate.
+**
+** Return NULL if the WhereLoop list contains an entry that can supplant
+** pTemplate, in other words if pTemplate does not belong on the list.
+**
+** If pX is a WhereLoop that pTemplate can supplant, then return the
+** link that points to pX.
+**
+** If pTemplate cannot supplant any existing element of the list but needs
+** to be added to the list, then return a pointer to the tail of the list.
+*/
+static WhereLoop **whereLoopFindLesser(
+  WhereLoop **ppPrev,
+  const WhereLoop *pTemplate
+){
+  WhereLoop *p;
+  for(p=(*ppPrev); p; ppPrev=&p->pNextLoop, p=*ppPrev){
+    if( p->iTab!=pTemplate->iTab || p->iSortIdx!=pTemplate->iSortIdx ){
+      /* If either the iTab or iSortIdx values for two WhereLoop are different
+      ** then those WhereLoops need to be considered separately.  Neither is
+      ** a candidate to replace the other. */
+      continue;
+    }
+    /* In the current implementation, the rSetup value is either zero
+    ** or the cost of building an automatic index (NlogN) and the NlogN
+    ** is the same for compatible WhereLoops. */
+    assert( p->rSetup==0 || pTemplate->rSetup==0 
+                 || p->rSetup==pTemplate->rSetup );
+
+    /* whereLoopAddBtree() always generates and inserts the automatic index
+    ** case first.  Hence compatible candidate WhereLoops never have a larger
+    ** rSetup. Call this SETUP-INVARIANT */
+    assert( p->rSetup>=pTemplate->rSetup );
+
+    /* Any loop using an appliation-defined index (or PRIMARY KEY or
+    ** UNIQUE constraint) with one or more == constraints is better
+    ** than an automatic index. */
+    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0
+     && (pTemplate->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0
+     && (pTemplate->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_EQ)!=0
+     && (p->prereq & pTemplate->prereq)==pTemplate->prereq
+    ){
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* If existing WhereLoop p is better than pTemplate, pTemplate can be
+    ** discarded.  WhereLoop p is better if:
+    **   (1)  p has no more dependencies than pTemplate, and
+    **   (2)  p has an equal or lower cost than pTemplate
+    */
+    if( (p->prereq & pTemplate->prereq)==p->prereq    /* (1)  */
+     && p->rSetup<=pTemplate->rSetup                  /* (2a) */
+     && p->rRun<=pTemplate->rRun                      /* (2b) */
+     && p->nOut<=pTemplate->nOut                      /* (2c) */
+    ){
+      return 0;  /* Discard pTemplate */
+    }
+
+    /* If pTemplate is always better than p, then cause p to be overwritten
+    ** with pTemplate.  pTemplate is better than p if:
+    **   (1)  pTemplate has no more dependences than p, and
+    **   (2)  pTemplate has an equal or lower cost than p.
+    */
+    if( (p->prereq & pTemplate->prereq)==pTemplate->prereq   /* (1)  */
+     && p->rRun>=pTemplate->rRun                             /* (2a) */
+     && p->nOut>=pTemplate->nOut                             /* (2b) */
+    ){
+      assert( p->rSetup>=pTemplate->rSetup ); /* SETUP-INVARIANT above */
+      break;   /* Cause p to be overwritten by pTemplate */
+    }
+  }
+  return ppPrev;
+}
+
+/*
+** Insert or replace a WhereLoop entry using the template supplied.
+**
+** An existing WhereLoop entry might be overwritten if the new template
+** is better and has fewer dependencies.  Or the template will be ignored
+** and no insert will occur if an existing WhereLoop is faster and has
+** fewer dependencies than the template.  Otherwise a new WhereLoop is
+** added based on the template.
+**
+** If pBuilder->pOrSet is not NULL then we care about only the
+** prerequisites and rRun and nOut costs of the N best loops.  That
+** information is gathered in the pBuilder->pOrSet object.  This special
+** processing mode is used only for OR clause processing.
+**
+** When accumulating multiple loops (when pBuilder->pOrSet is NULL) we
+** still might overwrite similar loops with the new template if the
+** new template is better.  Loops may be overwritten if the following 
+** conditions are met:
+**
+**    (1)  They have the same iTab.
+**    (2)  They have the same iSortIdx.
+**    (3)  The template has same or fewer dependencies than the current loop
+**    (4)  The template has the same or lower cost than the current loop
+*/
+static int whereLoopInsert(WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder, WhereLoop *pTemplate){
+  WhereLoop **ppPrev, *p;
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
+  sqlite3 *db = pWInfo->pParse->db;
+
+  /* If pBuilder->pOrSet is defined, then only keep track of the costs
+  ** and prereqs.
+  */
+  if( pBuilder->pOrSet!=0 ){
+#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED
+    u16 n = pBuilder->pOrSet->n;
+    int x =
+#endif
+    whereOrInsert(pBuilder->pOrSet, pTemplate->prereq, pTemplate->rRun,
+                                    pTemplate->nOut);
+#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x8 */
+    if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x8 ){
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf(x?"   or-%d:  ":"   or-X:  ", n);
+      whereLoopPrint(pTemplate, pBuilder->pWC);
+    }
+#endif
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* Look for an existing WhereLoop to replace with pTemplate
+  */
+  whereLoopAdjustCost(pWInfo->pLoops, pTemplate);
+  ppPrev = whereLoopFindLesser(&pWInfo->pLoops, pTemplate);
+
+  if( ppPrev==0 ){
+    /* There already exists a WhereLoop on the list that is better
+    ** than pTemplate, so just ignore pTemplate */
+#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x8 */
+    if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x8 ){
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf("ins-noop: ");
+      whereLoopPrint(pTemplate, pBuilder->pWC);
+    }
+#endif
+    return SQLITE_OK;  
+  }else{
+    p = *ppPrev;
+  }
+
+  /* If we reach this point it means that either p[] should be overwritten
+  ** with pTemplate[] if p[] exists, or if p==NULL then allocate a new
+  ** WhereLoop and insert it.
+  */
+#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x8 */
+  if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x8 ){
+    if( p!=0 ){
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf("ins-del:  ");
+      whereLoopPrint(p, pBuilder->pWC);
+    }
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("ins-new:  ");
+    whereLoopPrint(pTemplate, pBuilder->pWC);
+  }
+#endif
+  if( p==0 ){
+    /* Allocate a new WhereLoop to add to the end of the list */
+    *ppPrev = p = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(WhereLoop));
+    if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    whereLoopInit(p);
+    p->pNextLoop = 0;
+  }else{
+    /* We will be overwriting WhereLoop p[].  But before we do, first
+    ** go through the rest of the list and delete any other entries besides
+    ** p[] that are also supplated by pTemplate */
+    WhereLoop **ppTail = &p->pNextLoop;
+    WhereLoop *pToDel;
+    while( *ppTail ){
+      ppTail = whereLoopFindLesser(ppTail, pTemplate);
+      if( ppTail==0 ) break;
+      pToDel = *ppTail;
+      if( pToDel==0 ) break;
+      *ppTail = pToDel->pNextLoop;
+#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x8 */
+      if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x8 ){
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf("ins-del:  ");
+        whereLoopPrint(pToDel, pBuilder->pWC);
+      }
+#endif
+      whereLoopDelete(db, pToDel);
+    }
+  }
+  whereLoopXfer(db, p, pTemplate);
+  if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 ){
+    Index *pIndex = p->u.btree.pIndex;
+    if( pIndex && pIndex->tnum==0 ){
+      p->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Adjust the WhereLoop.nOut value downward to account for terms of the
+** WHERE clause that reference the loop but which are not used by an
+** index.
+**
+** In the current implementation, the first extra WHERE clause term reduces
+** the number of output rows by a factor of 10 and each additional term
+** reduces the number of output rows by sqrt(2).
+*/
+static void whereLoopOutputAdjust(WhereClause *pWC, WhereLoop *pLoop){
+  WhereTerm *pTerm, *pX;
+  Bitmask notAllowed = ~(pLoop->prereq|pLoop->maskSelf);
+  int i, j;
+
+  if( !OptimizationEnabled(pWC->pWInfo->pParse->db, SQLITE_AdjustOutEst) ){
+    return;
+  }
+  for(i=pWC->nTerm, pTerm=pWC->a; i>0; i--, pTerm++){
+    if( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL)!=0 ) break;
+    if( (pTerm->prereqAll & pLoop->maskSelf)==0 ) continue;
+    if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notAllowed)!=0 ) continue;
+    for(j=pLoop->nLTerm-1; j>=0; j--){
+      pX = pLoop->aLTerm[j];
+      if( pX==0 ) continue;
+      if( pX==pTerm ) break;
+      if( pX->iParent>=0 && (&pWC->a[pX->iParent])==pTerm ) break;
+    }
+    if( j<0 ){
+      pLoop->nOut += (pTerm->truthProb<=0 ? pTerm->truthProb : -1);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Adjust the cost C by the costMult facter T.  This only occurs if
+** compiled with -DSQLITE_ENABLE_COSTMULT
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COSTMULT
+# define ApplyCostMultiplier(C,T)  C += T
+#else
+# define ApplyCostMultiplier(C,T)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** We have so far matched pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.nEq terms of the 
+** index pIndex. Try to match one more.
+**
+** When this function is called, pBuilder->pNew->nOut contains the 
+** number of rows expected to be visited by filtering using the nEq 
+** terms only. If it is modified, this value is restored before this 
+** function returns.
+**
+** If pProbe->tnum==0, that means pIndex is a fake index used for the
+** INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.
+*/
+static int whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,     /* The WhereLoop factory */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,      /* FROM clause term being analyzed */
+  Index *pProbe,                  /* An index on pSrc */
+  LogEst nInMul                   /* log(Number of iterations due to IN) */
+){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;  /* WHERE analyse context */
+  Parse *pParse = pWInfo->pParse;        /* Parsing context */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* Database connection malloc context */
+  WhereLoop *pNew;                /* Template WhereLoop under construction */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;               /* A WhereTerm under consideration */
+  int opMask;                     /* Valid operators for constraints */
+  WhereScan scan;                 /* Iterator for WHERE terms */
+  Bitmask saved_prereq;           /* Original value of pNew->prereq */
+  u16 saved_nLTerm;               /* Original value of pNew->nLTerm */
+  u16 saved_nEq;                  /* Original value of pNew->u.btree.nEq */
+  u16 saved_nSkip;                /* Original value of pNew->u.btree.nSkip */
+  u32 saved_wsFlags;              /* Original value of pNew->wsFlags */
+  LogEst saved_nOut;              /* Original value of pNew->nOut */
+  int iCol;                       /* Index of the column in the table */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  LogEst rLogSize;                /* Logarithm of table size */
+  WhereTerm *pTop = 0, *pBtm = 0; /* Top and bottom range constraints */
+
+  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+  assert( (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 );
+  assert( (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT)==0 );
+  if( pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
+    opMask = WO_LT|WO_LE;
+  }else if( pProbe->tnum<=0 || (pSrc->jointype & JT_LEFT)!=0 ){
+    opMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_LT|WO_LE;
+  }else{
+    opMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_ISNULL|WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_LT|WO_LE;
+  }
+  if( pProbe->bUnordered ) opMask &= ~(WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_LT|WO_LE);
+
+  assert( pNew->u.btree.nEq<pProbe->nColumn );
+  iCol = pProbe->aiColumn[pNew->u.btree.nEq];
+
+  pTerm = whereScanInit(&scan, pBuilder->pWC, pSrc->iCursor, iCol,
+                        opMask, pProbe);
+  saved_nEq = pNew->u.btree.nEq;
+  saved_nSkip = pNew->u.btree.nSkip;
+  saved_nLTerm = pNew->nLTerm;
+  saved_wsFlags = pNew->wsFlags;
+  saved_prereq = pNew->prereq;
+  saved_nOut = pNew->nOut;
+  pNew->rSetup = 0;
+  rLogSize = estLog(pProbe->aiRowLogEst[0]);
+
+  /* Consider using a skip-scan if there are no WHERE clause constraints
+  ** available for the left-most terms of the index, and if the average
+  ** number of repeats in the left-most terms is at least 18. 
+  **
+  ** The magic number 18 is selected on the basis that scanning 17 rows
+  ** is almost always quicker than an index seek (even though if the index
+  ** contains fewer than 2^17 rows we assume otherwise in other parts of
+  ** the code). And, even if it is not, it should not be too much slower. 
+  ** On the other hand, the extra seeks could end up being significantly
+  ** more expensive.  */
+  assert( 42==sqlite3LogEst(18) );
+  if( pTerm==0
+   && saved_nEq==saved_nSkip
+   && saved_nEq+1<pProbe->nKeyCol
+   && pProbe->aiRowLogEst[saved_nEq+1]>=42  /* TUNING: Minimum for skip-scan */
+   && (rc = whereLoopResize(db, pNew, pNew->nLTerm+1))==SQLITE_OK
+  ){
+    LogEst nIter;
+    pNew->u.btree.nEq++;
+    pNew->u.btree.nSkip++;
+    pNew->aLTerm[pNew->nLTerm++] = 0;
+    pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_SKIPSCAN;
+    nIter = pProbe->aiRowLogEst[saved_nEq] - pProbe->aiRowLogEst[saved_nEq+1];
+    pNew->nOut -= nIter;
+    whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(pBuilder, pSrc, pProbe, nIter + nInMul);
+    pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
+  }
+  for(; rc==SQLITE_OK && pTerm!=0; pTerm = whereScanNext(&scan)){
+    u16 eOp = pTerm->eOperator;   /* Shorthand for pTerm->eOperator */
+    LogEst rCostIdx;
+    LogEst nOutUnadjusted;        /* nOut before IN() and WHERE adjustments */
+    int nIn = 0;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    int nRecValid = pBuilder->nRecValid;
+#endif
+    if( (eOp==WO_ISNULL || (pTerm->wtFlags&TERM_VNULL)!=0)
+     && (iCol<0 || pSrc->pTab->aCol[iCol].notNull)
+    ){
+      continue; /* ignore IS [NOT] NULL constraints on NOT NULL columns */
+    }
+    if( pTerm->prereqRight & pNew->maskSelf ) continue;
+
+    pNew->wsFlags = saved_wsFlags;
+    pNew->u.btree.nEq = saved_nEq;
+    pNew->nLTerm = saved_nLTerm;
+    if( whereLoopResize(db, pNew, pNew->nLTerm+1) ) break; /* OOM */
+    pNew->aLTerm[pNew->nLTerm++] = pTerm;
+    pNew->prereq = (saved_prereq | pTerm->prereqRight) & ~pNew->maskSelf;
+
+    assert( nInMul==0
+        || (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_NULL)!=0 
+        || (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN)!=0 
+        || (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_SKIPSCAN)!=0 
+    );
+
+    if( eOp & WO_IN ){
+      Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
+      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_IN;
+      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+        /* "x IN (SELECT ...)":  TUNING: the SELECT returns 25 rows */
+        nIn = 46;  assert( 46==sqlite3LogEst(25) );
+      }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList && pExpr->x.pList->nExpr) ){
+        /* "x IN (value, value, ...)" */
+        nIn = sqlite3LogEst(pExpr->x.pList->nExpr);
+      }
+      assert( nIn>0 );  /* RHS always has 2 or more terms...  The parser
+                        ** changes "x IN (?)" into "x=?". */
+
+    }else if( eOp & (WO_EQ) ){
+      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ;
+      if( iCol<0 || (nInMul==0 && pNew->u.btree.nEq==pProbe->nKeyCol-1) ){
+        if( iCol>=0 && !IsUniqueIndex(pProbe) ){
+          pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_UNQ_WANTED;
+        }else{
+          pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_ONEROW;
+        }
+      }
+    }else if( eOp & WO_ISNULL ){
+      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_NULL;
+    }else if( eOp & (WO_GT|WO_GE) ){
+      testcase( eOp & WO_GT );
+      testcase( eOp & WO_GE );
+      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_BTM_LIMIT;
+      pBtm = pTerm;
+      pTop = 0;
+    }else{
+      assert( eOp & (WO_LT|WO_LE) );
+      testcase( eOp & WO_LT );
+      testcase( eOp & WO_LE );
+      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT;
+      pTop = pTerm;
+      pBtm = (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT)!=0 ?
+                     pNew->aLTerm[pNew->nLTerm-2] : 0;
+    }
+
+    /* At this point pNew->nOut is set to the number of rows expected to
+    ** be visited by the index scan before considering term pTerm, or the
+    ** values of nIn and nInMul. In other words, assuming that all 
+    ** "x IN(...)" terms are replaced with "x = ?". This block updates
+    ** the value of pNew->nOut to account for pTerm (but not nIn/nInMul).  */
+    assert( pNew->nOut==saved_nOut );
+    if( pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE ){
+      /* Adjust nOut using stat3/stat4 data. Or, if there is no stat3/stat4
+      ** data, using some other estimate.  */
+      whereRangeScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pBtm, pTop, pNew);
+    }else{
+      int nEq = ++pNew->u.btree.nEq;
+      assert( eOp & (WO_ISNULL|WO_EQ|WO_IN) );
+
+      assert( pNew->nOut==saved_nOut );
+      if( pTerm->truthProb<=0 && iCol>=0 ){
+        assert( (eOp & WO_IN) || nIn==0 );
+        testcase( eOp & WO_IN );
+        pNew->nOut += pTerm->truthProb;
+        pNew->nOut -= nIn;
+      }else{
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+        tRowcnt nOut = 0;
+        if( nInMul==0 
+         && pProbe->nSample 
+         && pNew->u.btree.nEq<=pProbe->nSampleCol
+         && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_Stat3) 
+         && ((eOp & WO_IN)==0 || !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_xIsSelect))
+        ){
+          Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
+          if( (eOp & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL))!=0 ){
+            testcase( eOp & WO_EQ );
+            testcase( eOp & WO_ISNULL );
+            rc = whereEqualScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pExpr->pRight, &nOut);
+          }else{
+            rc = whereInScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pExpr->x.pList, &nOut);
+          }
+          if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;          /* Jump out of the pTerm loop */
+          if( nOut ){
+            pNew->nOut = sqlite3LogEst(nOut);
+            if( pNew->nOut>saved_nOut ) pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
+            pNew->nOut -= nIn;
+          }
+        }
+        if( nOut==0 )
+#endif
+        {
+          pNew->nOut += (pProbe->aiRowLogEst[nEq] - pProbe->aiRowLogEst[nEq-1]);
+          if( eOp & WO_ISNULL ){
+            /* TUNING: If there is no likelihood() value, assume that a 
+            ** "col IS NULL" expression matches twice as many rows 
+            ** as (col=?). */
+            pNew->nOut += 10;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Set rCostIdx to the cost of visiting selected rows in index. Add
+    ** it to pNew->rRun, which is currently set to the cost of the index
+    ** seek only. Then, if this is a non-covering index, add the cost of
+    ** visiting the rows in the main table.  */
+    rCostIdx = pNew->nOut + 1 + (15*pProbe->szIdxRow)/pSrc->pTab->szTabRow;
+    pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rLogSize, rCostIdx);
+    if( (pNew->wsFlags & (WHERE_IDX_ONLY|WHERE_IPK))==0 ){
+      pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstAdd(pNew->rRun, pNew->nOut + 16);
+    }
+    ApplyCostMultiplier(pNew->rRun, pProbe->pTable->costMult);
+
+    nOutUnadjusted = pNew->nOut;
+    pNew->rRun += nInMul + nIn;
+    pNew->nOut += nInMul + nIn;
+    whereLoopOutputAdjust(pBuilder->pWC, pNew);
+    rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
+
+    if( pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE ){
+      pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
+    }else{
+      pNew->nOut = nOutUnadjusted;
+    }
+
+    if( (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT)==0
+     && pNew->u.btree.nEq<pProbe->nColumn
+    ){
+      whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(pBuilder, pSrc, pProbe, nInMul+nIn);
+    }
+    pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    pBuilder->nRecValid = nRecValid;
+#endif
+  }
+  pNew->prereq = saved_prereq;
+  pNew->u.btree.nEq = saved_nEq;
+  pNew->u.btree.nSkip = saved_nSkip;
+  pNew->wsFlags = saved_wsFlags;
+  pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
+  pNew->nLTerm = saved_nLTerm;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return True if it is possible that pIndex might be useful in
+** implementing the ORDER BY clause in pBuilder.
+**
+** Return False if pBuilder does not contain an ORDER BY clause or
+** if there is no way for pIndex to be useful in implementing that
+** ORDER BY clause.
+*/
+static int indexMightHelpWithOrderBy(
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
+  Index *pIndex,
+  int iCursor
+){
+  ExprList *pOB;
+  int ii, jj;
+
+  if( pIndex->bUnordered ) return 0;
+  if( (pOB = pBuilder->pWInfo->pOrderBy)==0 ) return 0;
+  for(ii=0; ii<pOB->nExpr; ii++){
+    Expr *pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pOB->a[ii].pExpr);
+    if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) return 0;
+    if( pExpr->iTable==iCursor ){
+      for(jj=0; jj<pIndex->nKeyCol; jj++){
+        if( pExpr->iColumn==pIndex->aiColumn[jj] ) return 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a bitmask where 1s indicate that the corresponding column of
+** the table is used by an index.  Only the first 63 columns are considered.
+*/
+static Bitmask columnsInIndex(Index *pIdx){
+  Bitmask m = 0;
+  int j;
+  for(j=pIdx->nColumn-1; j>=0; j--){
+    int x = pIdx->aiColumn[j];
+    if( x>=0 ){
+      testcase( x==BMS-1 );
+      testcase( x==BMS-2 );
+      if( x<BMS-1 ) m |= MASKBIT(x);
+    }
+  }
+  return m;
+}
+
+/* Check to see if a partial index with pPartIndexWhere can be used
+** in the current query.  Return true if it can be and false if not.
+*/
+static int whereUsablePartialIndex(int iTab, WhereClause *pWC, Expr *pWhere){
+  int i;
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;
+  for(i=0, pTerm=pWC->a; i<pWC->nTerm; i++, pTerm++){
+    if( sqlite3ExprImpliesExpr(pTerm->pExpr, pWhere, iTab) ) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add all WhereLoop objects for a single table of the join where the table
+** is idenfied by pBuilder->pNew->iTab.  That table is guaranteed to be
+** a b-tree table, not a virtual table.
+**
+** The costs (WhereLoop.rRun) of the b-tree loops added by this function
+** are calculated as follows:
+**
+** For a full scan, assuming the table (or index) contains nRow rows:
+**
+**     cost = nRow * 3.0                    // full-table scan
+**     cost = nRow * K                      // scan of covering index
+**     cost = nRow * (K+3.0)                // scan of non-covering index
+**
+** where K is a value between 1.1 and 3.0 set based on the relative 
+** estimated average size of the index and table records.
+**
+** For an index scan, where nVisit is the number of index rows visited
+** by the scan, and nSeek is the number of seek operations required on 
+** the index b-tree:
+**
+**     cost = nSeek * (log(nRow) + K * nVisit)          // covering index
+**     cost = nSeek * (log(nRow) + (K+3.0) * nVisit)    // non-covering index
+**
+** Normally, nSeek is 1. nSeek values greater than 1 come about if the 
+** WHERE clause includes "x IN (....)" terms used in place of "x=?". Or when 
+** implicit "x IN (SELECT x FROM tbl)" terms are added for skip-scans.
+**
+** The estimated values (nRow, nVisit, nSeek) often contain a large amount
+** of uncertainty.  For this reason, scoring is designed to pick plans that
+** "do the least harm" if the estimates are inaccurate.  For example, a
+** log(nRow) factor is omitted from a non-covering index scan in order to
+** bias the scoring in favor of using an index, since the worst-case
+** performance of using an index is far better than the worst-case performance
+** of a full table scan.
+*/
+static int whereLoopAddBtree(
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder, /* WHERE clause information */
+  Bitmask mExtra              /* Extra prerequesites for using this table */
+){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;          /* WHERE analysis context */
+  Index *pProbe;              /* An index we are evaluating */
+  Index sPk;                  /* A fake index object for the primary key */
+  LogEst aiRowEstPk[2];       /* The aiRowLogEst[] value for the sPk index */
+  i16 aiColumnPk = -1;        /* The aColumn[] value for the sPk index */
+  SrcList *pTabList;          /* The FROM clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc;  /* The FROM clause btree term to add */
+  WhereLoop *pNew;            /* Template WhereLoop object */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;         /* Return code */
+  int iSortIdx = 1;           /* Index number */
+  int b;                      /* A boolean value */
+  LogEst rSize;               /* number of rows in the table */
+  LogEst rLogSize;            /* Logarithm of the number of rows in the table */
+  WhereClause *pWC;           /* The parsed WHERE clause */
+  Table *pTab;                /* Table being queried */
+  
+  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
+  pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
+  pTabList = pWInfo->pTabList;
+  pSrc = pTabList->a + pNew->iTab;
+  pTab = pSrc->pTab;
+  pWC = pBuilder->pWC;
+  assert( !IsVirtual(pSrc->pTab) );
+
+  if( pSrc->pIndex ){
+    /* An INDEXED BY clause specifies a particular index to use */
+    pProbe = pSrc->pIndex;
+  }else if( !HasRowid(pTab) ){
+    pProbe = pTab->pIndex;
+  }else{
+    /* There is no INDEXED BY clause.  Create a fake Index object in local
+    ** variable sPk to represent the rowid primary key index.  Make this
+    ** fake index the first in a chain of Index objects with all of the real
+    ** indices to follow */
+    Index *pFirst;                  /* First of real indices on the table */
+    memset(&sPk, 0, sizeof(Index));
+    sPk.nKeyCol = 1;
+    sPk.nColumn = 1;
+    sPk.aiColumn = &aiColumnPk;
+    sPk.aiRowLogEst = aiRowEstPk;
+    sPk.onError = OE_Replace;
+    sPk.pTable = pTab;
+    sPk.szIdxRow = pTab->szTabRow;
+    aiRowEstPk[0] = pTab->nRowLogEst;
+    aiRowEstPk[1] = 0;
+    pFirst = pSrc->pTab->pIndex;
+    if( pSrc->notIndexed==0 ){
+      /* The real indices of the table are only considered if the
+      ** NOT INDEXED qualifier is omitted from the FROM clause */
+      sPk.pNext = pFirst;
+    }
+    pProbe = &sPk;
+  }
+  rSize = pTab->nRowLogEst;
+  rLogSize = estLog(rSize);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
+  /* Automatic indexes */
+  if( !pBuilder->pOrSet
+   && (pWInfo->pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_AutoIndex)!=0
+   && pSrc->pIndex==0
+   && !pSrc->viaCoroutine
+   && !pSrc->notIndexed
+   && HasRowid(pTab)
+   && !pSrc->isCorrelated
+   && !pSrc->isRecursive
+  ){
+    /* Generate auto-index WhereLoops */
+    WhereTerm *pTerm;
+    WhereTerm *pWCEnd = pWC->a + pWC->nTerm;
+    for(pTerm=pWC->a; rc==SQLITE_OK && pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
+      if( pTerm->prereqRight & pNew->maskSelf ) continue;
+      if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, 0) ){
+        pNew->u.btree.nEq = 1;
+        pNew->u.btree.nSkip = 0;
+        pNew->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
+        pNew->nLTerm = 1;
+        pNew->aLTerm[0] = pTerm;
+        /* TUNING: One-time cost for computing the automatic index is
+        ** approximately 7*N*log2(N) where N is the number of rows in
+        ** the table being indexed. */
+        pNew->rSetup = rLogSize + rSize + 28;  assert( 28==sqlite3LogEst(7) );
+        ApplyCostMultiplier(pNew->rSetup, pTab->costMult);
+        /* TUNING: Each index lookup yields 20 rows in the table.  This
+        ** is more than the usual guess of 10 rows, since we have no way
+        ** of knowning how selective the index will ultimately be.  It would
+        ** not be unreasonable to make this value much larger. */
+        pNew->nOut = 43;  assert( 43==sqlite3LogEst(20) );
+        pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rLogSize,pNew->nOut);
+        pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_AUTO_INDEX;
+        pNew->prereq = mExtra | pTerm->prereqRight;
+        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX */
+
+  /* Loop over all indices
+  */
+  for(; rc==SQLITE_OK && pProbe; pProbe=pProbe->pNext, iSortIdx++){
+    if( pProbe->pPartIdxWhere!=0
+     && !whereUsablePartialIndex(pNew->iTab, pWC, pProbe->pPartIdxWhere) ){
+      continue;  /* Partial index inappropriate for this query */
+    }
+    rSize = pProbe->aiRowLogEst[0];
+    pNew->u.btree.nEq = 0;
+    pNew->u.btree.nSkip = 0;
+    pNew->nLTerm = 0;
+    pNew->iSortIdx = 0;
+    pNew->rSetup = 0;
+    pNew->prereq = mExtra;
+    pNew->nOut = rSize;
+    pNew->u.btree.pIndex = pProbe;
+    b = indexMightHelpWithOrderBy(pBuilder, pProbe, pSrc->iCursor);
+    /* The ONEPASS_DESIRED flags never occurs together with ORDER BY */
+    assert( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0 || b==0 );
+    if( pProbe->tnum<=0 ){
+      /* Integer primary key index */
+      pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_IPK;
+
+      /* Full table scan */
+      pNew->iSortIdx = b ? iSortIdx : 0;
+      /* TUNING: Cost of full table scan is (N*3.0). */
+      pNew->rRun = rSize + 16;
+      ApplyCostMultiplier(pNew->rRun, pTab->costMult);
+      whereLoopOutputAdjust(pWC, pNew);
+      rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
+      pNew->nOut = rSize;
+      if( rc ) break;
+    }else{
+      Bitmask m;
+      if( pProbe->isCovering ){
+        pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_IDX_ONLY | WHERE_INDEXED;
+        m = 0;
+      }else{
+        m = pSrc->colUsed & ~columnsInIndex(pProbe);
+        pNew->wsFlags = (m==0) ? (WHERE_IDX_ONLY|WHERE_INDEXED) : WHERE_INDEXED;
+      }
+
+      /* Full scan via index */
+      if( b
+       || !HasRowid(pTab)
+       || ( m==0
+         && pProbe->bUnordered==0
+         && (pProbe->szIdxRow<pTab->szTabRow)
+         && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0
+         && sqlite3GlobalConfig.bUseCis
+         && OptimizationEnabled(pWInfo->pParse->db, SQLITE_CoverIdxScan)
+          )
+      ){
+        pNew->iSortIdx = b ? iSortIdx : 0;
+
+        /* The cost of visiting the index rows is N*K, where K is
+        ** between 1.1 and 3.0, depending on the relative sizes of the
+        ** index and table rows. If this is a non-covering index scan,
+        ** also add the cost of visiting table rows (N*3.0).  */
+        pNew->rRun = rSize + 1 + (15*pProbe->szIdxRow)/pTab->szTabRow;
+        if( m!=0 ){
+          pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstAdd(pNew->rRun, rSize+16);
+        }
+        ApplyCostMultiplier(pNew->rRun, pTab->costMult);
+        whereLoopOutputAdjust(pWC, pNew);
+        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
+        pNew->nOut = rSize;
+        if( rc ) break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    rc = whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(pBuilder, pSrc, pProbe, 0);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    sqlite3Stat4ProbeFree(pBuilder->pRec);
+    pBuilder->nRecValid = 0;
+    pBuilder->pRec = 0;
+#endif
+
+    /* If there was an INDEXED BY clause, then only that one index is
+    ** considered. */
+    if( pSrc->pIndex ) break;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/*
+** Add all WhereLoop objects for a table of the join identified by
+** pBuilder->pNew->iTab.  That table is guaranteed to be a virtual table.
+*/
+static int whereLoopAddVirtual(
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,  /* WHERE clause information */
+  Bitmask mExtra
+){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;           /* WHERE analysis context */
+  Parse *pParse;               /* The parsing context */
+  WhereClause *pWC;            /* The WHERE clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc;   /* The FROM clause term to search */
+  Table *pTab;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo;
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint *pIdxCons;
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage *pUsage;
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;
+  int i, j;
+  int iTerm, mxTerm;
+  int nConstraint;
+  int seenIn = 0;              /* True if an IN operator is seen */
+  int seenVar = 0;             /* True if a non-constant constraint is seen */
+  int iPhase;                  /* 0: const w/o IN, 1: const, 2: no IN,  2: IN */
+  WhereLoop *pNew;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
+  pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
+  db = pParse->db;
+  pWC = pBuilder->pWC;
+  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
+  pSrc = &pWInfo->pTabList->a[pNew->iTab];
+  pTab = pSrc->pTab;
+  assert( IsVirtual(pTab) );
+  pIdxInfo = allocateIndexInfo(pParse, pWC, pSrc, pBuilder->pOrderBy);
+  if( pIdxInfo==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pNew->prereq = 0;
+  pNew->rSetup = 0;
+  pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE;
+  pNew->nLTerm = 0;
+  pNew->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
+  pUsage = pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage;
+  nConstraint = pIdxInfo->nConstraint;
+  if( whereLoopResize(db, pNew, nConstraint) ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdxInfo);
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  for(iPhase=0; iPhase<=3; iPhase++){
+    if( !seenIn && (iPhase&1)!=0 ){
+      iPhase++;
+      if( iPhase>3 ) break;
+    }
+    if( !seenVar && iPhase>1 ) break;
+    pIdxCons = *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint;
+    for(i=0; i<pIdxInfo->nConstraint; i++, pIdxCons++){
+      j = pIdxCons->iTermOffset;
+      pTerm = &pWC->a[j];
+      switch( iPhase ){
+        case 0:    /* Constants without IN operator */
+          pIdxCons->usable = 0;
+          if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN)!=0 ){
+            seenIn = 1;
+          }
+          if( pTerm->prereqRight!=0 ){
+            seenVar = 1;
+          }else if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN)==0 ){
+            pIdxCons->usable = 1;
+          }
+          break;
+        case 1:    /* Constants with IN operators */
+          assert( seenIn );
+          pIdxCons->usable = (pTerm->prereqRight==0);
+          break;
+        case 2:    /* Variables without IN */
+          assert( seenVar );
+          pIdxCons->usable = (pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN)==0;
+          break;
+        default:   /* Variables with IN */
+          assert( seenVar && seenIn );
+          pIdxCons->usable = 1;
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+    memset(pUsage, 0, sizeof(pUsage[0])*pIdxInfo->nConstraint);
+    if( pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr ) sqlite3_free(pIdxInfo->idxStr);
+    pIdxInfo->idxStr = 0;
+    pIdxInfo->idxNum = 0;
+    pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr = 0;
+    pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed = 0;
+    pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL / (double)2;
+    pIdxInfo->estimatedRows = 25;
+    rc = vtabBestIndex(pParse, pTab, pIdxInfo);
+    if( rc ) goto whereLoopAddVtab_exit;
+    pIdxCons = *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint;
+    pNew->prereq = mExtra;
+    mxTerm = -1;
+    assert( pNew->nLSlot>=nConstraint );
+    for(i=0; i<nConstraint; i++) pNew->aLTerm[i] = 0;
+    pNew->u.vtab.omitMask = 0;
+    for(i=0; i<nConstraint; i++, pIdxCons++){
+      if( (iTerm = pUsage[i].argvIndex - 1)>=0 ){
+        j = pIdxCons->iTermOffset;
+        if( iTerm>=nConstraint
+         || j<0
+         || j>=pWC->nTerm
+         || pNew->aLTerm[iTerm]!=0
+        ){
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s.xBestIndex() malfunction", pTab->zName);
+          goto whereLoopAddVtab_exit;
+        }
+        testcase( iTerm==nConstraint-1 );
+        testcase( j==0 );
+        testcase( j==pWC->nTerm-1 );
+        pTerm = &pWC->a[j];
+        pNew->prereq |= pTerm->prereqRight;
+        assert( iTerm<pNew->nLSlot );
+        pNew->aLTerm[iTerm] = pTerm;
+        if( iTerm>mxTerm ) mxTerm = iTerm;
+        testcase( iTerm==15 );
+        testcase( iTerm==16 );
+        if( iTerm<16 && pUsage[i].omit ) pNew->u.vtab.omitMask |= 1<<iTerm;
+        if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN)!=0 ){
+          if( pUsage[i].omit==0 ){
+            /* Do not attempt to use an IN constraint if the virtual table
+            ** says that the equivalent EQ constraint cannot be safely omitted.
+            ** If we do attempt to use such a constraint, some rows might be
+            ** repeated in the output. */
+            break;
+          }
+          /* A virtual table that is constrained by an IN clause may not
+          ** consume the ORDER BY clause because (1) the order of IN terms
+          ** is not necessarily related to the order of output terms and
+          ** (2) Multiple outputs from a single IN value will not merge
+          ** together.  */
+          pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed = 0;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if( i>=nConstraint ){
+      pNew->nLTerm = mxTerm+1;
+      assert( pNew->nLTerm<=pNew->nLSlot );
+      pNew->u.vtab.idxNum = pIdxInfo->idxNum;
+      pNew->u.vtab.needFree = pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr;
+      pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr = 0;
+      pNew->u.vtab.idxStr = pIdxInfo->idxStr;
+      pNew->u.vtab.isOrdered = (i8)(pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed ?
+                                      pIdxInfo->nOrderBy : 0);
+      pNew->rSetup = 0;
+      pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstFromDouble(pIdxInfo->estimatedCost);
+      pNew->nOut = sqlite3LogEst(pIdxInfo->estimatedRows);
+      whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
+      if( pNew->u.vtab.needFree ){
+        sqlite3_free(pNew->u.vtab.idxStr);
+        pNew->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }  
+
+whereLoopAddVtab_exit:
+  if( pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr ) sqlite3_free(pIdxInfo->idxStr);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdxInfo);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+/*
+** Add WhereLoop entries to handle OR terms.  This works for either
+** btrees or virtual tables.
+*/
+static int whereLoopAddOr(WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder, Bitmask mExtra){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
+  WhereClause *pWC;
+  WhereLoop *pNew;
+  WhereTerm *pTerm, *pWCEnd;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int iCur;
+  WhereClause tempWC;
+  WhereLoopBuilder sSubBuild;
+  WhereOrSet sSum, sCur;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+  
+  pWC = pBuilder->pWC;
+  if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_AND_ONLY ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  pWCEnd = pWC->a + pWC->nTerm;
+  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
+  memset(&sSum, 0, sizeof(sSum));
+  pItem = pWInfo->pTabList->a + pNew->iTab;
+  iCur = pItem->iCursor;
+
+  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd && rc==SQLITE_OK; pTerm++){
+    if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_OR)!=0
+     && (pTerm->u.pOrInfo->indexable & pNew->maskSelf)!=0 
+    ){
+      WhereClause * const pOrWC = &pTerm->u.pOrInfo->wc;
+      WhereTerm * const pOrWCEnd = &pOrWC->a[pOrWC->nTerm];
+      WhereTerm *pOrTerm;
+      int once = 1;
+      int i, j;
+    
+      sSubBuild = *pBuilder;
+      sSubBuild.pOrderBy = 0;
+      sSubBuild.pOrSet = &sCur;
+
+      for(pOrTerm=pOrWC->a; pOrTerm<pOrWCEnd; pOrTerm++){
+        if( (pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_AND)!=0 ){
+          sSubBuild.pWC = &pOrTerm->u.pAndInfo->wc;
+        }else if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur ){
+          tempWC.pWInfo = pWC->pWInfo;
+          tempWC.pOuter = pWC;
+          tempWC.op = TK_AND;
+          tempWC.nTerm = 1;
+          tempWC.a = pOrTerm;
+          sSubBuild.pWC = &tempWC;
+        }else{
+          continue;
+        }
+        sCur.n = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+        if( IsVirtual(pItem->pTab) ){
+          rc = whereLoopAddVirtual(&sSubBuild, mExtra);
+        }else
+#endif
+        {
+          rc = whereLoopAddBtree(&sSubBuild, mExtra);
+        }
+        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || sCur.n==0 );
+        if( sCur.n==0 ){
+          sSum.n = 0;
+          break;
+        }else if( once ){
+          whereOrMove(&sSum, &sCur);
+          once = 0;
+        }else{
+          WhereOrSet sPrev;
+          whereOrMove(&sPrev, &sSum);
+          sSum.n = 0;
+          for(i=0; i<sPrev.n; i++){
+            for(j=0; j<sCur.n; j++){
+              whereOrInsert(&sSum, sPrev.a[i].prereq | sCur.a[j].prereq,
+                            sqlite3LogEstAdd(sPrev.a[i].rRun, sCur.a[j].rRun),
+                            sqlite3LogEstAdd(sPrev.a[i].nOut, sCur.a[j].nOut));
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      pNew->nLTerm = 1;
+      pNew->aLTerm[0] = pTerm;
+      pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_MULTI_OR;
+      pNew->rSetup = 0;
+      pNew->iSortIdx = 0;
+      memset(&pNew->u, 0, sizeof(pNew->u));
+      for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<sSum.n; i++){
+        /* TUNING: Currently sSum.a[i].rRun is set to the sum of the costs
+        ** of all sub-scans required by the OR-scan. However, due to rounding
+        ** errors, it may be that the cost of the OR-scan is equal to its
+        ** most expensive sub-scan. Add the smallest possible penalty 
+        ** (equivalent to multiplying the cost by 1.07) to ensure that 
+        ** this does not happen. Otherwise, for WHERE clauses such as the
+        ** following where there is an index on "y":
+        **
+        **     WHERE likelihood(x=?, 0.99) OR y=?
+        **
+        ** the planner may elect to "OR" together a full-table scan and an
+        ** index lookup. And other similarly odd results.  */
+        pNew->rRun = sSum.a[i].rRun + 1;
+        pNew->nOut = sSum.a[i].nOut;
+        pNew->prereq = sSum.a[i].prereq;
+        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add all WhereLoop objects for all tables 
+*/
+static int whereLoopAddAll(WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
+  Bitmask mExtra = 0;
+  Bitmask mPrior = 0;
+  int iTab;
+  SrcList *pTabList = pWInfo->pTabList;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+  sqlite3 *db = pWInfo->pParse->db;
+  int nTabList = pWInfo->nLevel;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  u8 priorJoinType = 0;
+  WhereLoop *pNew;
+
+  /* Loop over the tables in the join, from left to right */
+  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
+  whereLoopInit(pNew);
+  for(iTab=0, pItem=pTabList->a; iTab<nTabList; iTab++, pItem++){
+    pNew->iTab = iTab;
+    pNew->maskSelf = getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pItem->iCursor);
+    if( ((pItem->jointype|priorJoinType) & (JT_LEFT|JT_CROSS))!=0 ){
+      mExtra = mPrior;
+    }
+    priorJoinType = pItem->jointype;
+    if( IsVirtual(pItem->pTab) ){
+      rc = whereLoopAddVirtual(pBuilder, mExtra);
+    }else{
+      rc = whereLoopAddBtree(pBuilder, mExtra);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = whereLoopAddOr(pBuilder, mExtra);
+    }
+    mPrior |= pNew->maskSelf;
+    if( rc || db->mallocFailed ) break;
+  }
+  whereLoopClear(db, pNew);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Examine a WherePath (with the addition of the extra WhereLoop of the 5th
+** parameters) to see if it outputs rows in the requested ORDER BY
+** (or GROUP BY) without requiring a separate sort operation.  Return N:
+** 
+**   N>0:   N terms of the ORDER BY clause are satisfied
+**   N==0:  No terms of the ORDER BY clause are satisfied
+**   N<0:   Unknown yet how many terms of ORDER BY might be satisfied.   
+**
+** Note that processing for WHERE_GROUPBY and WHERE_DISTINCTBY is not as
+** strict.  With GROUP BY and DISTINCT the only requirement is that
+** equivalent rows appear immediately adjacent to one another.  GROUP BY
+** and DISTINCT do not require rows to appear in any particular order as long
+** as equivelent rows are grouped together.  Thus for GROUP BY and DISTINCT
+** the pOrderBy terms can be matched in any order.  With ORDER BY, the 
+** pOrderBy terms must be matched in strict left-to-right order.
+*/
+static i8 wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo,    /* The WHERE clause */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* ORDER BY or GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause to check */
+  WherePath *pPath,     /* The WherePath to check */
+  u16 wctrlFlags,       /* Might contain WHERE_GROUPBY or WHERE_DISTINCTBY */
+  u16 nLoop,            /* Number of entries in pPath->aLoop[] */
+  WhereLoop *pLast,     /* Add this WhereLoop to the end of pPath->aLoop[] */
+  Bitmask *pRevMask     /* OUT: Mask of WhereLoops to run in reverse order */
+){
+  u8 revSet;            /* True if rev is known */
+  u8 rev;               /* Composite sort order */
+  u8 revIdx;            /* Index sort order */
+  u8 isOrderDistinct;   /* All prior WhereLoops are order-distinct */
+  u8 distinctColumns;   /* True if the loop has UNIQUE NOT NULL columns */
+  u8 isMatch;           /* iColumn matches a term of the ORDER BY clause */
+  u16 nKeyCol;          /* Number of key columns in pIndex */
+  u16 nColumn;          /* Total number of ordered columns in the index */
+  u16 nOrderBy;         /* Number terms in the ORDER BY clause */
+  int iLoop;            /* Index of WhereLoop in pPath being processed */
+  int i, j;             /* Loop counters */
+  int iCur;             /* Cursor number for current WhereLoop */
+  int iColumn;          /* A column number within table iCur */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop = 0; /* Current WhereLoop being processed. */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;     /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
+  Expr *pOBExpr;        /* An expression from the ORDER BY clause */
+  CollSeq *pColl;       /* COLLATE function from an ORDER BY clause term */
+  Index *pIndex;        /* The index associated with pLoop */
+  sqlite3 *db = pWInfo->pParse->db;  /* Database connection */
+  Bitmask obSat = 0;    /* Mask of ORDER BY terms satisfied so far */
+  Bitmask obDone;       /* Mask of all ORDER BY terms */
+  Bitmask orderDistinctMask;  /* Mask of all well-ordered loops */
+  Bitmask ready;              /* Mask of inner loops */
+
+  /*
+  ** We say the WhereLoop is "one-row" if it generates no more than one
+  ** row of output.  A WhereLoop is one-row if all of the following are true:
+  **  (a) All index columns match with WHERE_COLUMN_EQ.
+  **  (b) The index is unique
+  ** Any WhereLoop with an WHERE_COLUMN_EQ constraint on the rowid is one-row.
+  ** Every one-row WhereLoop will have the WHERE_ONEROW bit set in wsFlags.
+  **
+  ** We say the WhereLoop is "order-distinct" if the set of columns from
+  ** that WhereLoop that are in the ORDER BY clause are different for every
+  ** row of the WhereLoop.  Every one-row WhereLoop is automatically
+  ** order-distinct.   A WhereLoop that has no columns in the ORDER BY clause
+  ** is not order-distinct. To be order-distinct is not quite the same as being
+  ** UNIQUE since a UNIQUE column or index can have multiple rows that 
+  ** are NULL and NULL values are equivalent for the purpose of order-distinct.
+  ** To be order-distinct, the columns must be UNIQUE and NOT NULL.
+  **
+  ** The rowid for a table is always UNIQUE and NOT NULL so whenever the
+  ** rowid appears in the ORDER BY clause, the corresponding WhereLoop is
+  ** automatically order-distinct.
+  */
+
+  assert( pOrderBy!=0 );
+  if( nLoop && OptimizationDisabled(db, SQLITE_OrderByIdxJoin) ) return 0;
+
+  nOrderBy = pOrderBy->nExpr;
+  testcase( nOrderBy==BMS-1 );
+  if( nOrderBy>BMS-1 ) return 0;  /* Cannot optimize overly large ORDER BYs */
+  isOrderDistinct = 1;
+  obDone = MASKBIT(nOrderBy)-1;
+  orderDistinctMask = 0;
+  ready = 0;
+  for(iLoop=0; isOrderDistinct && obSat<obDone && iLoop<=nLoop; iLoop++){
+    if( iLoop>0 ) ready |= pLoop->maskSelf;
+    pLoop = iLoop<nLoop ? pPath->aLoop[iLoop] : pLast;
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE ){
+      if( pLoop->u.vtab.isOrdered ) obSat = obDone;
+      break;
+    }
+    iCur = pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLoop->iTab].iCursor;
+
+    /* Mark off any ORDER BY term X that is a column in the table of
+    ** the current loop for which there is term in the WHERE
+    ** clause of the form X IS NULL or X=? that reference only outer
+    ** loops.
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
+      if( MASKBIT(i) & obSat ) continue;
+      pOBExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
+      if( pOBExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) continue;
+      if( pOBExpr->iTable!=iCur ) continue;
+      pTerm = findTerm(&pWInfo->sWC, iCur, pOBExpr->iColumn,
+                       ~ready, WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL, 0);
+      if( pTerm==0 ) continue;
+      if( (pTerm->eOperator&WO_EQ)!=0 && pOBExpr->iColumn>=0 ){
+        const char *z1, *z2;
+        pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pWInfo->pParse, pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
+        if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+        z1 = pColl->zName;
+        pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pWInfo->pParse, pTerm->pExpr);
+        if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+        z2 = pColl->zName;
+        if( sqlite3StrICmp(z1, z2)!=0 ) continue;
+      }
+      obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
+    }
+
+    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW)==0 ){
+      if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IPK ){
+        pIndex = 0;
+        nKeyCol = 0;
+        nColumn = 1;
+      }else if( (pIndex = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex)==0 || pIndex->bUnordered ){
+        return 0;
+      }else{
+        nKeyCol = pIndex->nKeyCol;
+        nColumn = pIndex->nColumn;
+        assert( nColumn==nKeyCol+1 || !HasRowid(pIndex->pTable) );
+        assert( pIndex->aiColumn[nColumn-1]==(-1) || !HasRowid(pIndex->pTable));
+        isOrderDistinct = IsUniqueIndex(pIndex);
+      }
+
+      /* Loop through all columns of the index and deal with the ones
+      ** that are not constrained by == or IN.
+      */
+      rev = revSet = 0;
+      distinctColumns = 0;
+      for(j=0; j<nColumn; j++){
+        u8 bOnce;   /* True to run the ORDER BY search loop */
+
+        /* Skip over == and IS NULL terms */
+        if( j<pLoop->u.btree.nEq
+         && pLoop->u.btree.nSkip==0
+         && ((i = pLoop->aLTerm[j]->eOperator) & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL))!=0
+        ){
+          if( i & WO_ISNULL ){
+            testcase( isOrderDistinct );
+            isOrderDistinct = 0;
+          }
+          continue;  
+        }
+
+        /* Get the column number in the table (iColumn) and sort order
+        ** (revIdx) for the j-th column of the index.
+        */
+        if( pIndex ){
+          iColumn = pIndex->aiColumn[j];
+          revIdx = pIndex->aSortOrder[j];
+          if( iColumn==pIndex->pTable->iPKey ) iColumn = -1;
+        }else{
+          iColumn = -1;
+          revIdx = 0;
+        }
+
+        /* An unconstrained column that might be NULL means that this
+        ** WhereLoop is not well-ordered
+        */
+        if( isOrderDistinct
+         && iColumn>=0
+         && j>=pLoop->u.btree.nEq
+         && pIndex->pTable->aCol[iColumn].notNull==0
+        ){
+          isOrderDistinct = 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Find the ORDER BY term that corresponds to the j-th column
+        ** of the index and mark that ORDER BY term off 
+        */
+        bOnce = 1;
+        isMatch = 0;
+        for(i=0; bOnce && i<nOrderBy; i++){
+          if( MASKBIT(i) & obSat ) continue;
+          pOBExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
+          testcase( wctrlFlags & WHERE_GROUPBY );
+          testcase( wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY );
+          if( (wctrlFlags & (WHERE_GROUPBY|WHERE_DISTINCTBY))==0 ) bOnce = 0;
+          if( pOBExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) continue;
+          if( pOBExpr->iTable!=iCur ) continue;
+          if( pOBExpr->iColumn!=iColumn ) continue;
+          if( iColumn>=0 ){
+            pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pWInfo->pParse, pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
+            if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+            if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pIndex->azColl[j])!=0 ) continue;
+          }
+          isMatch = 1;
+          break;
+        }
+        if( isMatch && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_GROUPBY)==0 ){
+          /* Make sure the sort order is compatible in an ORDER BY clause.
+          ** Sort order is irrelevant for a GROUP BY clause. */
+          if( revSet ){
+            if( (rev ^ revIdx)!=pOrderBy->a[i].sortOrder ) isMatch = 0;
+          }else{
+            rev = revIdx ^ pOrderBy->a[i].sortOrder;
+            if( rev ) *pRevMask |= MASKBIT(iLoop);
+            revSet = 1;
+          }
+        }
+        if( isMatch ){
+          if( iColumn<0 ){
+            testcase( distinctColumns==0 );
+            distinctColumns = 1;
+          }
+          obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
+        }else{
+          /* No match found */
+          if( j==0 || j<nKeyCol ){
+            testcase( isOrderDistinct!=0 );
+            isOrderDistinct = 0;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+      } /* end Loop over all index columns */
+      if( distinctColumns ){
+        testcase( isOrderDistinct==0 );
+        isOrderDistinct = 1;
+      }
+    } /* end-if not one-row */
+
+    /* Mark off any other ORDER BY terms that reference pLoop */
+    if( isOrderDistinct ){
+      orderDistinctMask |= pLoop->maskSelf;
+      for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
+        Expr *p;
+        Bitmask mTerm;
+        if( MASKBIT(i) & obSat ) continue;
+        p = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
+        mTerm = exprTableUsage(&pWInfo->sMaskSet,p);
+        if( mTerm==0 && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(p) ) continue;
+        if( (mTerm&~orderDistinctMask)==0 ){
+          obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } /* End the loop over all WhereLoops from outer-most down to inner-most */
+  if( obSat==obDone ) return (i8)nOrderBy;
+  if( !isOrderDistinct ){
+    for(i=nOrderBy-1; i>0; i--){
+      Bitmask m = MASKBIT(i) - 1;
+      if( (obSat&m)==m ) return i;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** If the WHERE_GROUPBY flag is set in the mask passed to sqlite3WhereBegin(),
+** the planner assumes that the specified pOrderBy list is actually a GROUP
+** BY clause - and so any order that groups rows as required satisfies the
+** request.
+**
+** Normally, in this case it is not possible for the caller to determine
+** whether or not the rows are really being delivered in sorted order, or
+** just in some other order that provides the required grouping. However,
+** if the WHERE_SORTBYGROUP flag is also passed to sqlite3WhereBegin(), then
+** this function may be called on the returned WhereInfo object. It returns
+** true if the rows really will be sorted in the specified order, or false
+** otherwise.
+**
+** For example, assuming:
+**
+**   CREATE INDEX i1 ON t1(x, Y);
+**
+** then
+**
+**   SELECT * FROM t1 GROUP BY x,y ORDER BY x,y;   -- IsSorted()==1
+**   SELECT * FROM t1 GROUP BY y,x ORDER BY y,x;   -- IsSorted()==0
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereIsSorted(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  assert( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_GROUPBY );
+  assert( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_SORTBYGROUP );
+  return pWInfo->sorted;
+}
+
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
+/* For debugging use only: */
+static const char *wherePathName(WherePath *pPath, int nLoop, WhereLoop *pLast){
+  static char zName[65];
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<nLoop; i++){ zName[i] = pPath->aLoop[i]->cId; }
+  if( pLast ) zName[i++] = pLast->cId;
+  zName[i] = 0;
+  return zName;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return the cost of sorting nRow rows, assuming that the keys have 
+** nOrderby columns and that the first nSorted columns are already in
+** order.
+*/
+static LogEst whereSortingCost(
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo,
+  LogEst nRow,
+  int nOrderBy,
+  int nSorted
+){
+  /* TUNING: Estimated cost of a full external sort, where N is 
+  ** the number of rows to sort is:
+  **
+  **   cost = (3.0 * N * log(N)).
+  ** 
+  ** Or, if the order-by clause has X terms but only the last Y 
+  ** terms are out of order, then block-sorting will reduce the 
+  ** sorting cost to:
+  **
+  **   cost = (3.0 * N * log(N)) * (Y/X)
+  **
+  ** The (Y/X) term is implemented using stack variable rScale
+  ** below.  */
+  LogEst rScale, rSortCost;
+  assert( nOrderBy>0 && 66==sqlite3LogEst(100) );
+  rScale = sqlite3LogEst((nOrderBy-nSorted)*100/nOrderBy) - 66;
+  rSortCost = nRow + estLog(nRow) + rScale + 16;
+
+  /* TUNING: The cost of implementing DISTINCT using a B-TREE is
+  ** similar but with a larger constant of proportionality. 
+  ** Multiply by an additional factor of 3.0.  */
+  if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT ){
+    rSortCost += 16;
+  }
+
+  return rSortCost;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given the list of WhereLoop objects at pWInfo->pLoops, this routine
+** attempts to find the lowest cost path that visits each WhereLoop
+** once.  This path is then loaded into the pWInfo->a[].pWLoop fields.
+**
+** Assume that the total number of output rows that will need to be sorted
+** will be nRowEst (in the 10*log2 representation).  Or, ignore sorting
+** costs if nRowEst==0.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK on success or SQLITE_NOMEM of a memory allocation
+** error occurs.
+*/
+static int wherePathSolver(WhereInfo *pWInfo, LogEst nRowEst){
+  int mxChoice;             /* Maximum number of simultaneous paths tracked */
+  int nLoop;                /* Number of terms in the join */
+  Parse *pParse;            /* Parsing context */
+  sqlite3 *db;              /* The database connection */
+  int iLoop;                /* Loop counter over the terms of the join */
+  int ii, jj;               /* Loop counters */
+  int mxI = 0;              /* Index of next entry to replace */
+  int nOrderBy;             /* Number of ORDER BY clause terms */
+  LogEst mxCost = 0;        /* Maximum cost of a set of paths */
+  LogEst mxUnsorted = 0;    /* Maximum unsorted cost of a set of path */
+  int nTo, nFrom;           /* Number of valid entries in aTo[] and aFrom[] */
+  WherePath *aFrom;         /* All nFrom paths at the previous level */
+  WherePath *aTo;           /* The nTo best paths at the current level */
+  WherePath *pFrom;         /* An element of aFrom[] that we are working on */
+  WherePath *pTo;           /* An element of aTo[] that we are working on */
+  WhereLoop *pWLoop;        /* One of the WhereLoop objects */
+  WhereLoop **pX;           /* Used to divy up the pSpace memory */
+  LogEst *aSortCost = 0;    /* Sorting and partial sorting costs */
+  char *pSpace;             /* Temporary memory used by this routine */
+  int nSpace;               /* Bytes of space allocated at pSpace */
+
+  pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
+  db = pParse->db;
+  nLoop = pWInfo->nLevel;
+  /* TUNING: For simple queries, only the best path is tracked.
+  ** For 2-way joins, the 5 best paths are followed.
+  ** For joins of 3 or more tables, track the 10 best paths */
+  mxChoice = (nLoop<=1) ? 1 : (nLoop==2 ? 5 : 10);
+  assert( nLoop<=pWInfo->pTabList->nSrc );
+  WHERETRACE(0x002, ("---- begin solver.  (nRowEst=%d)\n", nRowEst));
+
+  /* If nRowEst is zero and there is an ORDER BY clause, ignore it. In this
+  ** case the purpose of this call is to estimate the number of rows returned
+  ** by the overall query. Once this estimate has been obtained, the caller
+  ** will invoke this function a second time, passing the estimate as the
+  ** nRowEst parameter.  */
+  if( pWInfo->pOrderBy==0 || nRowEst==0 ){
+    nOrderBy = 0;
+  }else{
+    nOrderBy = pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr;
+  }
+
+  /* Allocate and initialize space for aTo, aFrom and aSortCost[] */
+  nSpace = (sizeof(WherePath)+sizeof(WhereLoop*)*nLoop)*mxChoice*2;
+  nSpace += sizeof(LogEst) * nOrderBy;
+  pSpace = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, nSpace);
+  if( pSpace==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  aTo = (WherePath*)pSpace;
+  aFrom = aTo+mxChoice;
+  memset(aFrom, 0, sizeof(aFrom[0]));
+  pX = (WhereLoop**)(aFrom+mxChoice);
+  for(ii=mxChoice*2, pFrom=aTo; ii>0; ii--, pFrom++, pX += nLoop){
+    pFrom->aLoop = pX;
+  }
+  if( nOrderBy ){
+    /* If there is an ORDER BY clause and it is not being ignored, set up
+    ** space for the aSortCost[] array. Each element of the aSortCost array
+    ** is either zero - meaning it has not yet been initialized - or the
+    ** cost of sorting nRowEst rows of data where the first X terms of
+    ** the ORDER BY clause are already in order, where X is the array 
+    ** index.  */
+    aSortCost = (LogEst*)pX;
+    memset(aSortCost, 0, sizeof(LogEst) * nOrderBy);
+  }
+  assert( aSortCost==0 || &pSpace[nSpace]==(char*)&aSortCost[nOrderBy] );
+  assert( aSortCost!=0 || &pSpace[nSpace]==(char*)pX );
+
+  /* Seed the search with a single WherePath containing zero WhereLoops.
+  **
+  ** TUNING: Do not let the number of iterations go above 25.  If the cost
+  ** of computing an automatic index is not paid back within the first 25
+  ** rows, then do not use the automatic index. */
+  aFrom[0].nRow = MIN(pParse->nQueryLoop, 46);  assert( 46==sqlite3LogEst(25) );
+  nFrom = 1;
+  assert( aFrom[0].isOrdered==0 );
+  if( nOrderBy ){
+    /* If nLoop is zero, then there are no FROM terms in the query. Since
+    ** in this case the query may return a maximum of one row, the results
+    ** are already in the requested order. Set isOrdered to nOrderBy to
+    ** indicate this. Or, if nLoop is greater than zero, set isOrdered to
+    ** -1, indicating that the result set may or may not be ordered, 
+    ** depending on the loops added to the current plan.  */
+    aFrom[0].isOrdered = nLoop>0 ? -1 : nOrderBy;
+  }
+
+  /* Compute successively longer WherePaths using the previous generation
+  ** of WherePaths as the basis for the next.  Keep track of the mxChoice
+  ** best paths at each generation */
+  for(iLoop=0; iLoop<nLoop; iLoop++){
+    nTo = 0;
+    for(ii=0, pFrom=aFrom; ii<nFrom; ii++, pFrom++){
+      for(pWLoop=pWInfo->pLoops; pWLoop; pWLoop=pWLoop->pNextLoop){
+        LogEst nOut;                      /* Rows visited by (pFrom+pWLoop) */
+        LogEst rCost;                     /* Cost of path (pFrom+pWLoop) */
+        LogEst rUnsorted;                 /* Unsorted cost of (pFrom+pWLoop) */
+        i8 isOrdered = pFrom->isOrdered;  /* isOrdered for (pFrom+pWLoop) */
+        Bitmask maskNew;                  /* Mask of src visited by (..) */
+        Bitmask revMask = 0;              /* Mask of rev-order loops for (..) */
+
+        if( (pWLoop->prereq & ~pFrom->maskLoop)!=0 ) continue;
+        if( (pWLoop->maskSelf & pFrom->maskLoop)!=0 ) continue;
+        /* At this point, pWLoop is a candidate to be the next loop. 
+        ** Compute its cost */
+        rUnsorted = sqlite3LogEstAdd(pWLoop->rSetup,pWLoop->rRun + pFrom->nRow);
+        rUnsorted = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rUnsorted, pFrom->rUnsorted);
+        nOut = pFrom->nRow + pWLoop->nOut;
+        maskNew = pFrom->maskLoop | pWLoop->maskSelf;
+        if( isOrdered<0 ){
+          isOrdered = wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo,
+                       pWInfo->pOrderBy, pFrom, pWInfo->wctrlFlags,
+                       iLoop, pWLoop, &revMask);
+        }else{
+          revMask = pFrom->revLoop;
+        }
+        if( isOrdered>=0 && isOrdered<nOrderBy ){
+          if( aSortCost[isOrdered]==0 ){
+            aSortCost[isOrdered] = whereSortingCost(
+                pWInfo, nRowEst, nOrderBy, isOrdered
+            );
+          }
+          rCost = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rUnsorted, aSortCost[isOrdered]);
+
+          WHERETRACE(0x002,
+              ("---- sort cost=%-3d (%d/%d) increases cost %3d to %-3d\n",
+               aSortCost[isOrdered], (nOrderBy-isOrdered), nOrderBy, 
+               rUnsorted, rCost));
+        }else{
+          rCost = rUnsorted;
+        }
+
+        /* Check to see if pWLoop should be added to the set of
+        ** mxChoice best-so-far paths.
+        **
+        ** First look for an existing path among best-so-far paths
+        ** that covers the same set of loops and has the same isOrdered
+        ** setting as the current path candidate.
+        **
+        ** The term "((pTo->isOrdered^isOrdered)&0x80)==0" is equivalent
+        ** to (pTo->isOrdered==(-1))==(isOrdered==(-1))" for the range
+        ** of legal values for isOrdered, -1..64.
+        */
+        for(jj=0, pTo=aTo; jj<nTo; jj++, pTo++){
+          if( pTo->maskLoop==maskNew
+           && ((pTo->isOrdered^isOrdered)&0x80)==0
+          ){
+            testcase( jj==nTo-1 );
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if( jj>=nTo ){
+          /* None of the existing best-so-far paths match the candidate. */
+          if( nTo>=mxChoice
+           && (rCost>mxCost || (rCost==mxCost && rUnsorted>=mxUnsorted))
+          ){
+            /* The current candidate is no better than any of the mxChoice
+            ** paths currently in the best-so-far buffer.  So discard
+            ** this candidate as not viable. */
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
+            if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
+              sqlite3DebugPrintf("Skip   %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c\n",
+                  wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut,
+                  isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
+            }
+#endif
+            continue;
+          }
+          /* If we reach this points it means that the new candidate path
+          ** needs to be added to the set of best-so-far paths. */
+          if( nTo<mxChoice ){
+            /* Increase the size of the aTo set by one */
+            jj = nTo++;
+          }else{
+            /* New path replaces the prior worst to keep count below mxChoice */
+            jj = mxI;
+          }
+          pTo = &aTo[jj];
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
+          if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
+            sqlite3DebugPrintf("New    %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c\n",
+                wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut,
+                isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
+          }
+#endif
+        }else{
+          /* Control reaches here if best-so-far path pTo=aTo[jj] covers the
+          ** same set of loops and has the sam isOrdered setting as the
+          ** candidate path.  Check to see if the candidate should replace
+          ** pTo or if the candidate should be skipped */
+          if( pTo->rCost<rCost || (pTo->rCost==rCost && pTo->nRow<=nOut) ){
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
+            if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
+              sqlite3DebugPrintf(
+                  "Skip   %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c",
+                  wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut,
+                  isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
+              sqlite3DebugPrintf("   vs %s cost=%-3d,%d order=%c\n",
+                  wherePathName(pTo, iLoop+1, 0), pTo->rCost, pTo->nRow,
+                  pTo->isOrdered>=0 ? pTo->isOrdered+'0' : '?');
+            }
+#endif
+            /* Discard the candidate path from further consideration */
+            testcase( pTo->rCost==rCost );
+            continue;
+          }
+          testcase( pTo->rCost==rCost+1 );
+          /* Control reaches here if the candidate path is better than the
+          ** pTo path.  Replace pTo with the candidate. */
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
+          if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
+            sqlite3DebugPrintf(
+                "Update %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c",
+                wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut,
+                isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
+            sqlite3DebugPrintf("  was %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c\n",
+                wherePathName(pTo, iLoop+1, 0), pTo->rCost, pTo->nRow,
+                pTo->isOrdered>=0 ? pTo->isOrdered+'0' : '?');
+          }
+#endif
+        }
+        /* pWLoop is a winner.  Add it to the set of best so far */
+        pTo->maskLoop = pFrom->maskLoop | pWLoop->maskSelf;
+        pTo->revLoop = revMask;
+        pTo->nRow = nOut;
+        pTo->rCost = rCost;
+        pTo->rUnsorted = rUnsorted;
+        pTo->isOrdered = isOrdered;
+        memcpy(pTo->aLoop, pFrom->aLoop, sizeof(WhereLoop*)*iLoop);
+        pTo->aLoop[iLoop] = pWLoop;
+        if( nTo>=mxChoice ){
+          mxI = 0;
+          mxCost = aTo[0].rCost;
+          mxUnsorted = aTo[0].nRow;
+          for(jj=1, pTo=&aTo[1]; jj<mxChoice; jj++, pTo++){
+            if( pTo->rCost>mxCost 
+             || (pTo->rCost==mxCost && pTo->rUnsorted>mxUnsorted) 
+            ){
+              mxCost = pTo->rCost;
+              mxUnsorted = pTo->rUnsorted;
+              mxI = jj;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED  /* >=2 */
+    if( sqlite3WhereTrace>=2 ){
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf("---- after round %d ----\n", iLoop);
+      for(ii=0, pTo=aTo; ii<nTo; ii++, pTo++){
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf(" %s cost=%-3d nrow=%-3d order=%c",
+           wherePathName(pTo, iLoop+1, 0), pTo->rCost, pTo->nRow,
+           pTo->isOrdered>=0 ? (pTo->isOrdered+'0') : '?');
+        if( pTo->isOrdered>0 ){
+          sqlite3DebugPrintf(" rev=0x%llx\n", pTo->revLoop);
+        }else{
+          sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
+        }
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* Swap the roles of aFrom and aTo for the next generation */
+    pFrom = aTo;
+    aTo = aFrom;
+    aFrom = pFrom;
+    nFrom = nTo;
+  }
+
+  if( nFrom==0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no query solution");
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pSpace);
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  
+  /* Find the lowest cost path.  pFrom will be left pointing to that path */
+  pFrom = aFrom;
+  for(ii=1; ii<nFrom; ii++){
+    if( pFrom->rCost>aFrom[ii].rCost ) pFrom = &aFrom[ii];
+  }
+  assert( pWInfo->nLevel==nLoop );
+  /* Load the lowest cost path into pWInfo */
+  for(iLoop=0; iLoop<nLoop; iLoop++){
+    WhereLevel *pLevel = pWInfo->a + iLoop;
+    pLevel->pWLoop = pWLoop = pFrom->aLoop[iLoop];
+    pLevel->iFrom = pWLoop->iTab;
+    pLevel->iTabCur = pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom].iCursor;
+  }
+  if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT)!=0
+   && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY)==0
+   && pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_NOOP
+   && nRowEst
+  ){
+    Bitmask notUsed;
+    int rc = wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo, pWInfo->pResultSet, pFrom,
+                 WHERE_DISTINCTBY, nLoop-1, pFrom->aLoop[nLoop-1], &notUsed);
+    if( rc==pWInfo->pResultSet->nExpr ){
+      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pWInfo->pOrderBy ){
+    if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY ){
+      if( pFrom->isOrdered==pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr ){
+        pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED;
+      }
+    }else{
+      pWInfo->nOBSat = pFrom->isOrdered;
+      if( pWInfo->nOBSat<0 ) pWInfo->nOBSat = 0;
+      pWInfo->revMask = pFrom->revLoop;
+    }
+    if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_SORTBYGROUP)
+        && pWInfo->nOBSat==pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr
+    ){
+      Bitmask notUsed = 0;
+      int nOrder = wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo, pWInfo->pOrderBy, 
+          pFrom, 0, nLoop-1, pFrom->aLoop[nLoop-1], &notUsed
+      );
+      assert( pWInfo->sorted==0 );
+      pWInfo->sorted = (nOrder==pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  pWInfo->nRowOut = pFrom->nRow;
+
+  /* Free temporary memory and return success */
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pSpace);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Most queries use only a single table (they are not joins) and have
+** simple == constraints against indexed fields.  This routine attempts
+** to plan those simple cases using much less ceremony than the
+** general-purpose query planner, and thereby yield faster sqlite3_prepare()
+** times for the common case.
+**
+** Return non-zero on success, if this query can be handled by this
+** no-frills query planner.  Return zero if this query needs the 
+** general-purpose query planner.
+*/
+static int whereShortCut(WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+  WhereClause *pWC;
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;
+  WhereLoop *pLoop;
+  int iCur;
+  int j;
+  Table *pTab;
+  Index *pIdx;
+  
+  pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
+  if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_FORCE_TABLE ) return 0;
+  assert( pWInfo->pTabList->nSrc>=1 );
+  pItem = pWInfo->pTabList->a;
+  pTab = pItem->pTab;
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;
+  if( pItem->zIndex ) return 0;
+  iCur = pItem->iCursor;
+  pWC = &pWInfo->sWC;
+  pLoop = pBuilder->pNew;
+  pLoop->wsFlags = 0;
+  pLoop->u.btree.nSkip = 0;
+  pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, 0, WO_EQ, 0);
+  if( pTerm ){
+    pLoop->wsFlags = WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_IPK|WHERE_ONEROW;
+    pLoop->aLTerm[0] = pTerm;
+    pLoop->nLTerm = 1;
+    pLoop->u.btree.nEq = 1;
+    /* TUNING: Cost of a rowid lookup is 10 */
+    pLoop->rRun = 33;  /* 33==sqlite3LogEst(10) */
+  }else{
+    for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+      assert( pLoop->aLTermSpace==pLoop->aLTerm );
+      assert( ArraySize(pLoop->aLTermSpace)==4 );
+      if( !IsUniqueIndex(pIdx)
+       || pIdx->pPartIdxWhere!=0 
+       || pIdx->nKeyCol>ArraySize(pLoop->aLTermSpace) 
+      ) continue;
+      for(j=0; j<pIdx->nKeyCol; j++){
+        pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, pIdx->aiColumn[j], 0, WO_EQ, pIdx);
+        if( pTerm==0 ) break;
+        pLoop->aLTerm[j] = pTerm;
+      }
+      if( j!=pIdx->nKeyCol ) continue;
+      pLoop->wsFlags = WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_ONEROW|WHERE_INDEXED;
+      if( pIdx->isCovering || (pItem->colUsed & ~columnsInIndex(pIdx))==0 ){
+        pLoop->wsFlags |= WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
+      }
+      pLoop->nLTerm = j;
+      pLoop->u.btree.nEq = j;
+      pLoop->u.btree.pIndex = pIdx;
+      /* TUNING: Cost of a unique index lookup is 15 */
+      pLoop->rRun = 39;  /* 39==sqlite3LogEst(15) */
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pLoop->wsFlags ){
+    pLoop->nOut = (LogEst)1;
+    pWInfo->a[0].pWLoop = pLoop;
+    pLoop->maskSelf = getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, iCur);
+    pWInfo->a[0].iTabCur = iCur;
+    pWInfo->nRowOut = 1;
+    if( pWInfo->pOrderBy ) pWInfo->nOBSat =  pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr;
+    if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT ){
+      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE;
+    }
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    pLoop->cId = '0';
+#endif
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Generate the beginning of the loop used for WHERE clause processing.
@@ -107131,40 +116836,56 @@
 **
 ** ORDER BY CLAUSE PROCESSING
 **
-** *ppOrderBy is a pointer to the ORDER BY clause of a SELECT statement,
+** pOrderBy is a pointer to the ORDER BY clause (or the GROUP BY clause
+** if the WHERE_GROUPBY flag is set in wctrlFlags) of a SELECT statement
 ** if there is one.  If there is no ORDER BY clause or if this routine
-** is called from an UPDATE or DELETE statement, then ppOrderBy is NULL.
+** is called from an UPDATE or DELETE statement, then pOrderBy is NULL.
 **
-** If an index can be used so that the natural output order of the table
-** scan is correct for the ORDER BY clause, then that index is used and
-** *ppOrderBy is set to NULL.  This is an optimization that prevents an
-** unnecessary sort of the result set if an index appropriate for the
-** ORDER BY clause already exists.
-**
-** If the where clause loops cannot be arranged to provide the correct
-** output order, then the *ppOrderBy is unchanged.
+** The iIdxCur parameter is the cursor number of an index.  If 
+** WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY is set, iIdxCur is the cursor number of an index
+** to use for OR clause processing.  The WHERE clause should use this
+** specific cursor.  If WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED is set, then iIdxCur is
+** the first cursor in an array of cursors for all indices.  iIdxCur should
+** be used to compute the appropriate cursor depending on which index is
+** used.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
   Parse *pParse,        /* The parser context */
-  SrcList *pTabList,    /* A list of all tables to be scanned */
+  SrcList *pTabList,    /* FROM clause: A list of all tables to be scanned */
   Expr *pWhere,         /* The WHERE clause */
-  ExprList **ppOrderBy, /* An ORDER BY clause, or NULL */
-  ExprList *pDistinct,  /* The select-list for DISTINCT queries - or NULL */
-  u16 wctrlFlags        /* One of the WHERE_* flags defined in sqliteInt.h */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* An ORDER BY (or GROUP BY) clause, or NULL */
+  ExprList *pResultSet, /* Result set of the query */
+  u16 wctrlFlags,       /* One of the WHERE_* flags defined in sqliteInt.h */
+  int iIdxCur           /* If WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY is set, index cursor number */
 ){
-  int i;                     /* Loop counter */
   int nByteWInfo;            /* Num. bytes allocated for WhereInfo struct */
   int nTabList;              /* Number of elements in pTabList */
   WhereInfo *pWInfo;         /* Will become the return value of this function */
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;   /* The virtual database engine */
   Bitmask notReady;          /* Cursors that are not yet positioned */
+  WhereLoopBuilder sWLB;     /* The WhereLoop builder */
   WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet;    /* The expression mask set */
-  WhereClause *pWC;               /* Decomposition of the WHERE clause */
-  struct SrcList_item *pTabItem;  /* A single entry from pTabList */
-  WhereLevel *pLevel;             /* A single level in the pWInfo list */
-  int iFrom;                      /* First unused FROM clause element */
-  int andFlags;              /* AND-ed combination of all pWC->a[].wtFlags */
+  WhereLevel *pLevel;        /* A single level in pWInfo->a[] */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop;          /* Pointer to a single WhereLoop object */
+  int ii;                    /* Loop counter */
   sqlite3 *db;               /* Database connection */
+  int rc;                    /* Return code */
+
+
+  /* Variable initialization */
+  db = pParse->db;
+  memset(&sWLB, 0, sizeof(sWLB));
+
+  /* An ORDER/GROUP BY clause of more than 63 terms cannot be optimized */
+  testcase( pOrderBy && pOrderBy->nExpr==BMS-1 );
+  if( pOrderBy && pOrderBy->nExpr>=BMS ) pOrderBy = 0;
+  sWLB.pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
+
+  /* Disable the DISTINCT optimization if SQLITE_DistinctOpt is set via
+  ** sqlite3_test_ctrl(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) */
+  if( OptimizationDisabled(db, SQLITE_DistinctOpt) ){
+    wctrlFlags &= ~WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT;
+  }
 
   /* The number of tables in the FROM clause is limited by the number of
   ** bits in a Bitmask 
@@ -107189,45 +116910,57 @@
   ** field (type Bitmask) it must be aligned on an 8-byte boundary on
   ** some architectures. Hence the ROUND8() below.
   */
-  db = pParse->db;
   nByteWInfo = ROUND8(sizeof(WhereInfo)+(nTabList-1)*sizeof(WhereLevel));
-  pWInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, 
-      nByteWInfo + 
-      sizeof(WhereClause) +
-      sizeof(WhereMaskSet)
-  );
+  pWInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByteWInfo + sizeof(WhereLoop));
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pWInfo);
     pWInfo = 0;
     goto whereBeginError;
   }
+  pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[0] = pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[1] = -1;
   pWInfo->nLevel = nTabList;
   pWInfo->pParse = pParse;
   pWInfo->pTabList = pTabList;
-  pWInfo->iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-  pWInfo->pWC = pWC = (WhereClause *)&((u8 *)pWInfo)[nByteWInfo];
+  pWInfo->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
+  pWInfo->pResultSet = pResultSet;
+  pWInfo->iBreak = pWInfo->iContinue = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
   pWInfo->wctrlFlags = wctrlFlags;
   pWInfo->savedNQueryLoop = pParse->nQueryLoop;
-  pMaskSet = (WhereMaskSet*)&pWC[1];
-
-  /* Disable the DISTINCT optimization if SQLITE_DistinctOpt is set via
-  ** sqlite3_test_ctrl(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) */
-  if( db->flags & SQLITE_DistinctOpt ) pDistinct = 0;
+  pMaskSet = &pWInfo->sMaskSet;
+  sWLB.pWInfo = pWInfo;
+  sWLB.pWC = &pWInfo->sWC;
+  sWLB.pNew = (WhereLoop*)(((char*)pWInfo)+nByteWInfo);
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(sWLB.pNew) );
+  whereLoopInit(sWLB.pNew);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  sWLB.pNew->cId = '*';
+#endif
 
   /* Split the WHERE clause into separate subexpressions where each
   ** subexpression is separated by an AND operator.
   */
   initMaskSet(pMaskSet);
-  whereClauseInit(pWC, pParse, pMaskSet, wctrlFlags);
-  sqlite3ExprCodeConstants(pParse, pWhere);
-  whereSplit(pWC, pWhere, TK_AND);   /* IMP: R-15842-53296 */
+  whereClauseInit(&pWInfo->sWC, pWInfo);
+  whereSplit(&pWInfo->sWC, pWhere, TK_AND);
     
   /* Special case: a WHERE clause that is constant.  Evaluate the
   ** expression and either jump over all of the code or fall thru.
   */
-  if( pWhere && (nTabList==0 || sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pWhere)) ){
-    sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pWhere, pWInfo->iBreak, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
-    pWhere = 0;
+  for(ii=0; ii<sWLB.pWC->nTerm; ii++){
+    if( nTabList==0 || sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(sWLB.pWC->a[ii].pExpr) ){
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, sWLB.pWC->a[ii].pExpr, pWInfo->iBreak,
+                         SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      sWLB.pWC->a[ii].wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Special case: No FROM clause
+  */
+  if( nTabList==0 ){
+    if( pOrderBy ) pWInfo->nOBSat = pOrderBy->nExpr;
+    if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT ){
+      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE;
+    }
   }
 
   /* Assign a bit from the bitmask to every term in the FROM clause.
@@ -107241,30 +116974,19 @@
   ** bitmask for all tables to the left of the join.  Knowing the bitmask
   ** for all tables to the left of a left join is important.  Ticket #3015.
   **
-  ** Configure the WhereClause.vmask variable so that bits that correspond
-  ** to virtual table cursors are set. This is used to selectively disable 
-  ** the OR-to-IN transformation in exprAnalyzeOrTerm(). It is not helpful 
-  ** with virtual tables.
-  **
   ** Note that bitmasks are created for all pTabList->nSrc tables in
   ** pTabList, not just the first nTabList tables.  nTabList is normally
   ** equal to pTabList->nSrc but might be shortened to 1 if the
   ** WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY flag is set.
   */
-  assert( pWC->vmask==0 && pMaskSet->n==0 );
-  for(i=0; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++){
-    createMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[i].iCursor);
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-    if( ALWAYS(pTabList->a[i].pTab) && IsVirtual(pTabList->a[i].pTab) ){
-      pWC->vmask |= ((Bitmask)1 << i);
-    }
-#endif
+  for(ii=0; ii<pTabList->nSrc; ii++){
+    createMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[ii].iCursor);
   }
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   {
     Bitmask toTheLeft = 0;
-    for(i=0; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++){
-      Bitmask m = getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[i].iCursor);
+    for(ii=0; ii<pTabList->nSrc; ii++){
+      Bitmask m = getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[ii].iCursor);
       assert( (m-1)==toTheLeft );
       toTheLeft |= m;
     }
@@ -107276,283 +116998,184 @@
   ** want to analyze these virtual terms, so start analyzing at the end
   ** and work forward so that the added virtual terms are never processed.
   */
-  exprAnalyzeAll(pTabList, pWC);
+  exprAnalyzeAll(pTabList, &pWInfo->sWC);
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     goto whereBeginError;
   }
 
-  /* Check if the DISTINCT qualifier, if there is one, is redundant. 
-  ** If it is, then set pDistinct to NULL and WhereInfo.eDistinct to
-  ** WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE to tell the caller to ignore the DISTINCT.
-  */
-  if( pDistinct && isDistinctRedundant(pParse, pTabList, pWC, pDistinct) ){
-    pDistinct = 0;
-    pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE;
+  if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT ){
+    if( isDistinctRedundant(pParse, pTabList, &pWInfo->sWC, pResultSet) ){
+      /* The DISTINCT marking is pointless.  Ignore it. */
+      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE;
+    }else if( pOrderBy==0 ){
+      /* Try to ORDER BY the result set to make distinct processing easier */
+      pWInfo->wctrlFlags |= WHERE_DISTINCTBY;
+      pWInfo->pOrderBy = pResultSet;
+    }
   }
 
-  /* Chose the best index to use for each table in the FROM clause.
-  **
-  ** This loop fills in the following fields:
-  **
-  **   pWInfo->a[].pIdx      The index to use for this level of the loop.
-  **   pWInfo->a[].wsFlags   WHERE_xxx flags associated with pIdx
-  **   pWInfo->a[].nEq       The number of == and IN constraints
-  **   pWInfo->a[].iFrom     Which term of the FROM clause is being coded
-  **   pWInfo->a[].iTabCur   The VDBE cursor for the database table
-  **   pWInfo->a[].iIdxCur   The VDBE cursor for the index
-  **   pWInfo->a[].pTerm     When wsFlags==WO_OR, the OR-clause term
-  **
-  ** This loop also figures out the nesting order of tables in the FROM
-  ** clause.
-  */
-  notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
-  andFlags = ~0;
-  WHERETRACE(("*** Optimizer Start ***\n"));
-  for(i=iFrom=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; i<nTabList; i++, pLevel++){
-    WhereCost bestPlan;         /* Most efficient plan seen so far */
-    Index *pIdx;                /* Index for FROM table at pTabItem */
-    int j;                      /* For looping over FROM tables */
-    int bestJ = -1;             /* The value of j */
-    Bitmask m;                  /* Bitmask value for j or bestJ */
-    int isOptimal;              /* Iterator for optimal/non-optimal search */
-    int nUnconstrained;         /* Number tables without INDEXED BY */
-    Bitmask notIndexed;         /* Mask of tables that cannot use an index */
-
-    memset(&bestPlan, 0, sizeof(bestPlan));
-    bestPlan.rCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL;
-    WHERETRACE(("*** Begin search for loop %d ***\n", i));
-
-    /* Loop through the remaining entries in the FROM clause to find the
-    ** next nested loop. The loop tests all FROM clause entries
-    ** either once or twice. 
-    **
-    ** The first test is always performed if there are two or more entries
-    ** remaining and never performed if there is only one FROM clause entry
-    ** to choose from.  The first test looks for an "optimal" scan.  In
-    ** this context an optimal scan is one that uses the same strategy
-    ** for the given FROM clause entry as would be selected if the entry
-    ** were used as the innermost nested loop.  In other words, a table
-    ** is chosen such that the cost of running that table cannot be reduced
-    ** by waiting for other tables to run first.  This "optimal" test works
-    ** by first assuming that the FROM clause is on the inner loop and finding
-    ** its query plan, then checking to see if that query plan uses any
-    ** other FROM clause terms that are notReady.  If no notReady terms are
-    ** used then the "optimal" query plan works.
-    **
-    ** Note that the WhereCost.nRow parameter for an optimal scan might
-    ** not be as small as it would be if the table really were the innermost
-    ** join.  The nRow value can be reduced by WHERE clause constraints
-    ** that do not use indices.  But this nRow reduction only happens if the
-    ** table really is the innermost join.  
-    **
-    ** The second loop iteration is only performed if no optimal scan
-    ** strategies were found by the first iteration. This second iteration
-    ** is used to search for the lowest cost scan overall.
-    **
-    ** Previous versions of SQLite performed only the second iteration -
-    ** the next outermost loop was always that with the lowest overall
-    ** cost. However, this meant that SQLite could select the wrong plan
-    ** for scripts such as the following:
-    **   
-    **   CREATE TABLE t1(a, b); 
-    **   CREATE TABLE t2(c, d);
-    **   SELECT * FROM t2, t1 WHERE t2.rowid = t1.a;
-    **
-    ** The best strategy is to iterate through table t1 first. However it
-    ** is not possible to determine this with a simple greedy algorithm.
-    ** Since the cost of a linear scan through table t2 is the same 
-    ** as the cost of a linear scan through table t1, a simple greedy 
-    ** algorithm may choose to use t2 for the outer loop, which is a much
-    ** costlier approach.
-    */
-    nUnconstrained = 0;
-    notIndexed = 0;
-    for(isOptimal=(iFrom<nTabList-1); isOptimal>=0 && bestJ<0; isOptimal--){
-      Bitmask mask;             /* Mask of tables not yet ready */
-      for(j=iFrom, pTabItem=&pTabList->a[j]; j<nTabList; j++, pTabItem++){
-        int doNotReorder;    /* True if this table should not be reordered */
-        WhereCost sCost;     /* Cost information from best[Virtual]Index() */
-        ExprList *pOrderBy;  /* ORDER BY clause for index to optimize */
-        ExprList *pDist;     /* DISTINCT clause for index to optimize */
-  
-        doNotReorder =  (pTabItem->jointype & (JT_LEFT|JT_CROSS))!=0;
-        if( j!=iFrom && doNotReorder ) break;
-        m = getMask(pMaskSet, pTabItem->iCursor);
-        if( (m & notReady)==0 ){
-          if( j==iFrom ) iFrom++;
-          continue;
-        }
-        mask = (isOptimal ? m : notReady);
-        pOrderBy = ((i==0 && ppOrderBy )?*ppOrderBy:0);
-        pDist = (i==0 ? pDistinct : 0);
-        if( pTabItem->pIndex==0 ) nUnconstrained++;
-  
-        WHERETRACE(("=== trying table %d with isOptimal=%d ===\n",
-                    j, isOptimal));
-        assert( pTabItem->pTab );
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-        if( IsVirtual(pTabItem->pTab) ){
-          sqlite3_index_info **pp = &pWInfo->a[j].pIdxInfo;
-          bestVirtualIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, mask, notReady, pOrderBy,
-                           &sCost, pp);
-        }else 
+  /* Construct the WhereLoop objects */
+  WHERETRACE(0xffff,("*** Optimizer Start ***\n"));
+  /* Display all terms of the WHERE clause */
+#if defined(WHERETRACE_ENABLED) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_TREE_EXPLAIN)
+  if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x100 ){
+    int i;
+    Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+    sqlite3ExplainBegin(v);
+    for(i=0; i<sWLB.pWC->nTerm; i++){
+      sqlite3ExplainPrintf(v, "#%-2d ", i);
+      sqlite3ExplainPush(v);
+      whereExplainTerm(v, &sWLB.pWC->a[i]);
+      sqlite3ExplainPop(v);
+      sqlite3ExplainNL(v);
+    }
+    sqlite3ExplainFinish(v);
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%s", sqlite3VdbeExplanation(v));
+  }
 #endif
-        {
-          bestBtreeIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, mask, notReady, pOrderBy,
-              pDist, &sCost);
-        }
-        assert( isOptimal || (sCost.used&notReady)==0 );
-
-        /* If an INDEXED BY clause is present, then the plan must use that
-        ** index if it uses any index at all */
-        assert( pTabItem->pIndex==0 
-                  || (sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0
-                  || sCost.plan.u.pIdx==pTabItem->pIndex );
-
-        if( isOptimal && (sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0 ){
-          notIndexed |= m;
-        }
-
-        /* Conditions under which this table becomes the best so far:
-        **
-        **   (1) The table must not depend on other tables that have not
-        **       yet run.
-        **
-        **   (2) A full-table-scan plan cannot supercede indexed plan unless
-        **       the full-table-scan is an "optimal" plan as defined above.
-        **
-        **   (3) All tables have an INDEXED BY clause or this table lacks an
-        **       INDEXED BY clause or this table uses the specific
-        **       index specified by its INDEXED BY clause.  This rule ensures
-        **       that a best-so-far is always selected even if an impossible
-        **       combination of INDEXED BY clauses are given.  The error
-        **       will be detected and relayed back to the application later.
-        **       The NEVER() comes about because rule (2) above prevents
-        **       An indexable full-table-scan from reaching rule (3).
-        **
-        **   (4) The plan cost must be lower than prior plans or else the
-        **       cost must be the same and the number of rows must be lower.
-        */
-        if( (sCost.used&notReady)==0                       /* (1) */
-            && (bestJ<0 || (notIndexed&m)!=0               /* (2) */
-                || (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0
-                || (sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)!=0)
-            && (nUnconstrained==0 || pTabItem->pIndex==0   /* (3) */
-                || NEVER((sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)!=0))
-            && (bestJ<0 || sCost.rCost<bestPlan.rCost      /* (4) */
-                || (sCost.rCost<=bestPlan.rCost 
-                 && sCost.plan.nRow<bestPlan.plan.nRow))
-        ){
-          WHERETRACE(("=== table %d is best so far"
-                      " with cost=%g and nRow=%g\n",
-                      j, sCost.rCost, sCost.plan.nRow));
-          bestPlan = sCost;
-          bestJ = j;
-        }
-        if( doNotReorder ) break;
+  if( nTabList!=1 || whereShortCut(&sWLB)==0 ){
+    rc = whereLoopAddAll(&sWLB);
+    if( rc ) goto whereBeginError;
+  
+    /* Display all of the WhereLoop objects if wheretrace is enabled */
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* !=0 */
+    if( sqlite3WhereTrace ){
+      WhereLoop *p;
+      int i;
+      static char zLabel[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwyxz"
+                                       "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYXZ";
+      for(p=pWInfo->pLoops, i=0; p; p=p->pNextLoop, i++){
+        p->cId = zLabel[i%sizeof(zLabel)];
+        whereLoopPrint(p, sWLB.pWC);
       }
     }
-    assert( bestJ>=0 );
-    assert( notReady & getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[bestJ].iCursor) );
-    WHERETRACE(("*** Optimizer selects table %d for loop %d"
-                " with cost=%g and nRow=%g\n",
-                bestJ, pLevel-pWInfo->a, bestPlan.rCost, bestPlan.plan.nRow));
-    /* The ALWAYS() that follows was added to hush up clang scan-build */
-    if( (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY)!=0 && ALWAYS(ppOrderBy) ){
-      *ppOrderBy = 0;
-    }
-    if( (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_DISTINCT)!=0 ){
-      assert( pWInfo->eDistinct==0 );
-      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED;
-    }
-    andFlags &= bestPlan.plan.wsFlags;
-    pLevel->plan = bestPlan.plan;
-    testcase( bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED );
-    testcase( bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX );
-    if( bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_INDEXED|WHERE_TEMP_INDEX) ){
-      pLevel->iIdxCur = pParse->nTab++;
-    }else{
-      pLevel->iIdxCur = -1;
-    }
-    notReady &= ~getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[bestJ].iCursor);
-    pLevel->iFrom = (u8)bestJ;
-    if( bestPlan.plan.nRow>=(double)1 ){
-      pParse->nQueryLoop *= bestPlan.plan.nRow;
-    }
-
-    /* Check that if the table scanned by this loop iteration had an
-    ** INDEXED BY clause attached to it, that the named index is being
-    ** used for the scan. If not, then query compilation has failed.
-    ** Return an error.
-    */
-    pIdx = pTabList->a[bestJ].pIndex;
-    if( pIdx ){
-      if( (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)==0 ){
-        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot use index: %s", pIdx->zName);
-        goto whereBeginError;
-      }else{
-        /* If an INDEXED BY clause is used, the bestIndex() function is
-        ** guaranteed to find the index specified in the INDEXED BY clause
-        ** if it find an index at all. */
-        assert( bestPlan.plan.u.pIdx==pIdx );
-      }
+#endif
+  
+    wherePathSolver(pWInfo, 0);
+    if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
+    if( pWInfo->pOrderBy ){
+       wherePathSolver(pWInfo, pWInfo->nRowOut+1);
+       if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
     }
   }
-  WHERETRACE(("*** Optimizer Finished ***\n"));
-  if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ){
+  if( pWInfo->pOrderBy==0 && (db->flags & SQLITE_ReverseOrder)!=0 ){
+     pWInfo->revMask = (Bitmask)(-1);
+  }
+  if( pParse->nErr || NEVER(db->mallocFailed) ){
     goto whereBeginError;
   }
-
-  /* If the total query only selects a single row, then the ORDER BY
-  ** clause is irrelevant.
-  */
-  if( (andFlags & WHERE_UNIQUE)!=0 && ppOrderBy ){
-    *ppOrderBy = 0;
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* !=0 */
+  if( sqlite3WhereTrace ){
+    int ii;
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("---- Solution nRow=%d", pWInfo->nRowOut);
+    if( pWInfo->nOBSat>0 ){
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf(" ORDERBY=%d,0x%llx", pWInfo->nOBSat, pWInfo->revMask);
+    }
+    switch( pWInfo->eDistinct ){
+      case WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE: {
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf("  DISTINCT=unique");
+        break;
+      }
+      case WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED: {
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf("  DISTINCT=ordered");
+        break;
+      }
+      case WHERE_DISTINCT_UNORDERED: {
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf("  DISTINCT=unordered");
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
+    for(ii=0; ii<pWInfo->nLevel; ii++){
+      whereLoopPrint(pWInfo->a[ii].pWLoop, sWLB.pWC);
+    }
   }
+#endif
+  /* Attempt to omit tables from the join that do not effect the result */
+  if( pWInfo->nLevel>=2
+   && pResultSet!=0
+   && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_OmitNoopJoin)
+  ){
+    Bitmask tabUsed = exprListTableUsage(pMaskSet, pResultSet);
+    if( sWLB.pOrderBy ) tabUsed |= exprListTableUsage(pMaskSet, sWLB.pOrderBy);
+    while( pWInfo->nLevel>=2 ){
+      WhereTerm *pTerm, *pEnd;
+      pLoop = pWInfo->a[pWInfo->nLevel-1].pWLoop;
+      if( (pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLoop->iTab].jointype & JT_LEFT)==0 ) break;
+      if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT)==0
+       && (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW)==0
+      ){
+        break;
+      }
+      if( (tabUsed & pLoop->maskSelf)!=0 ) break;
+      pEnd = sWLB.pWC->a + sWLB.pWC->nTerm;
+      for(pTerm=sWLB.pWC->a; pTerm<pEnd; pTerm++){
+        if( (pTerm->prereqAll & pLoop->maskSelf)!=0
+         && !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
+        ){
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( pTerm<pEnd ) break;
+      WHERETRACE(0xffff, ("-> drop loop %c not used\n", pLoop->cId));
+      pWInfo->nLevel--;
+      nTabList--;
+    }
+  }
+  WHERETRACE(0xffff,("*** Optimizer Finished ***\n"));
+  pWInfo->pParse->nQueryLoop += pWInfo->nRowOut;
 
   /* If the caller is an UPDATE or DELETE statement that is requesting
   ** to use a one-pass algorithm, determine if this is appropriate.
-  ** The one-pass algorithm only works if the WHERE clause constraints
+  ** The one-pass algorithm only works if the WHERE clause constrains
   ** the statement to update a single row.
   */
   assert( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0 || pWInfo->nLevel==1 );
-  if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)!=0 && (andFlags & WHERE_UNIQUE)!=0 ){
+  if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)!=0 
+   && (pWInfo->a[0].pWLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW)!=0 ){
     pWInfo->okOnePass = 1;
-    pWInfo->a[0].plan.wsFlags &= ~WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
+    if( HasRowid(pTabList->a[0].pTab) ){
+      pWInfo->a[0].pWLoop->wsFlags &= ~WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
+    }
   }
 
   /* Open all tables in the pTabList and any indices selected for
   ** searching those tables.
   */
-  sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, -1); /* Insert the cookie verifier Goto */
   notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
-  pWInfo->nRowOut = (double)1;
-  for(i=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; i<nTabList; i++, pLevel++){
+  for(ii=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; ii<nTabList; ii++, pLevel++){
     Table *pTab;     /* Table to open */
     int iDb;         /* Index of database containing table/index */
+    struct SrcList_item *pTabItem;
 
     pTabItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
     pTab = pTabItem->pTab;
-    pLevel->iTabCur = pTabItem->iCursor;
-    pWInfo->nRowOut *= pLevel->plan.nRow;
     iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+    pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
     if( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)!=0 || pTab->pSelect ){
       /* Do nothing */
     }else
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
+    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
       const char *pVTab = (const char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab);
       int iCur = pTabItem->iCursor;
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VOpen, iCur, 0, 0, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
+    }else if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+      /* noop */
     }else
 #endif
-    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
+    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
          && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE)==0 ){
-      int op = pWInfo->okOnePass ? OP_OpenWrite : OP_OpenRead;
+      int op = OP_OpenRead;
+      if( pWInfo->okOnePass ){
+        op = OP_OpenWrite;
+        pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[0] = pTabItem->iCursor;
+      };
       sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, pTabItem->iCursor, iDb, pTab, op);
-      testcase( pTab->nCol==BMS-1 );
-      testcase( pTab->nCol==BMS );
-      if( !pWInfo->okOnePass && pTab->nCol<BMS ){
+      assert( pTabItem->iCursor==pLevel->iTabCur );
+      testcase( !pWInfo->okOnePass && pTab->nCol==BMS-1 );
+      testcase( !pWInfo->okOnePass && pTab->nCol==BMS );
+      if( !pWInfo->okOnePass && pTab->nCol<BMS && HasRowid(pTab) ){
         Bitmask b = pTabItem->colUsed;
         int n = 0;
         for(; b; b=b>>1, n++){}
@@ -107563,23 +117186,46 @@
     }else{
       sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
     }
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
-    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)!=0 ){
-      constructAutomaticIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, notReady, pLevel);
-    }else
-#endif
-    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 ){
-      Index *pIx = pLevel->plan.u.pIdx;
-      KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIx);
-      int iIdxCur = pLevel->iIdxCur;
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED ){
+      Index *pIx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+      int iIndexCur;
+      int op = OP_OpenRead;
+      /* iIdxCur is always set if to a positive value if ONEPASS is possible */
+      assert( iIdxCur!=0 || (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0 );
+      if( !HasRowid(pTab) && IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIx)
+       && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY)!=0
+      ){
+        /* This is one term of an OR-optimization using the PRIMARY KEY of a
+        ** WITHOUT ROWID table.  No need for a separate index */
+        iIndexCur = pLevel->iTabCur;
+        op = 0;
+      }else if( pWInfo->okOnePass ){
+        Index *pJ = pTabItem->pTab->pIndex;
+        iIndexCur = iIdxCur;
+        assert( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED );
+        while( ALWAYS(pJ) && pJ!=pIx ){
+          iIndexCur++;
+          pJ = pJ->pNext;
+        }
+        op = OP_OpenWrite;
+        pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[1] = iIndexCur;
+      }else if( iIdxCur && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY)!=0 ){
+        iIndexCur = iIdxCur;
+        if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_REOPEN_IDX ) op = OP_ReopenIdx;
+      }else{
+        iIndexCur = pParse->nTab++;
+      }
+      pLevel->iIdxCur = iIndexCur;
       assert( pIx->pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
-      assert( iIdxCur>=0 );
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdxCur, pIx->tnum, iDb,
-                        (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
-      VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIx->zName));
+      assert( iIndexCur>=0 );
+      if( op ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, iIndexCur, pIx->tnum, iDb);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIx);
+        VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIx->zName));
+      }
     }
-    sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
-    notReady &= ~getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, pTabItem->iCursor);
+    if( iDb>=0 ) sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+    notReady &= ~getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pTabItem->iCursor);
   }
   pWInfo->iTop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
   if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
@@ -107589,65 +117235,23 @@
   ** program.
   */
   notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
-  for(i=0; i<nTabList; i++){
-    pLevel = &pWInfo->a[i];
-    explainOneScan(pParse, pTabList, pLevel, i, pLevel->iFrom, wctrlFlags);
-    notReady = codeOneLoopStart(pWInfo, i, wctrlFlags, notReady);
+  for(ii=0; ii<nTabList; ii++){
+    pLevel = &pWInfo->a[ii];
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
+    if( (pLevel->pWLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 ){
+      constructAutomaticIndex(pParse, &pWInfo->sWC,
+                &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom], notReady, pLevel);
+      if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
+    }
+#endif
+    explainOneScan(pParse, pTabList, pLevel, ii, pLevel->iFrom, wctrlFlags);
+    pLevel->addrBody = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+    notReady = codeOneLoopStart(pWInfo, ii, notReady);
     pWInfo->iContinue = pLevel->addrCont;
   }
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST  /* For testing and debugging use only */
-  /* Record in the query plan information about the current table
-  ** and the index used to access it (if any).  If the table itself
-  ** is not used, its name is just '{}'.  If no index is used
-  ** the index is listed as "{}".  If the primary key is used the
-  ** index name is '*'.
-  */
-  for(i=0; i<nTabList; i++){
-    char *z;
-    int n;
-    pLevel = &pWInfo->a[i];
-    pTabItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
-    z = pTabItem->zAlias;
-    if( z==0 ) z = pTabItem->pTab->zName;
-    n = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
-    if( n+nQPlan < sizeof(sqlite3_query_plan)-10 ){
-      if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY ){
-        memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], "{}", 2);
-        nQPlan += 2;
-      }else{
-        memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], z, n);
-        nQPlan += n;
-      }
-      sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan++] = ' ';
-    }
-    testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ROWID_EQ );
-    testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ROWID_RANGE );
-    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE) ){
-      memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], "* ", 2);
-      nQPlan += 2;
-    }else if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 ){
-      n = sqlite3Strlen30(pLevel->plan.u.pIdx->zName);
-      if( n+nQPlan < sizeof(sqlite3_query_plan)-2 ){
-        memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], pLevel->plan.u.pIdx->zName, n);
-        nQPlan += n;
-        sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan++] = ' ';
-      }
-    }else{
-      memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], "{} ", 3);
-      nQPlan += 3;
-    }
-  }
-  while( nQPlan>0 && sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan-1]==' ' ){
-    sqlite3_query_plan[--nQPlan] = 0;
-  }
-  sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan] = 0;
-  nQPlan = 0;
-#endif /* SQLITE_TEST // Testing and debugging use only */
-
-  /* Record the continuation address in the WhereInfo structure.  Then
-  ** clean up and return.
-  */
+  /* Done. */
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "Begin WHERE-core"));
   return pWInfo;
 
   /* Jump here if malloc fails */
@@ -107668,40 +117272,56 @@
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
   int i;
   WhereLevel *pLevel;
+  WhereLoop *pLoop;
   SrcList *pTabList = pWInfo->pTabList;
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
 
   /* Generate loop termination code.
   */
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "End WHERE-core"));
   sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
   for(i=pWInfo->nLevel-1; i>=0; i--){
+    int addr;
     pLevel = &pWInfo->a[i];
+    pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
     sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrCont);
     if( pLevel->op!=OP_Noop ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, pLevel->op, pLevel->p1, pLevel->p2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, pLevel->op, pLevel->p1, pLevel->p2, pLevel->p3);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, pLevel->p5);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pLevel->op==OP_Next);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pLevel->op==OP_Prev);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pLevel->op==OP_VNext);
     }
-    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IN_ABLE && pLevel->u.in.nIn>0 ){
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IN_ABLE && pLevel->u.in.nIn>0 ){
       struct InLoop *pIn;
       int j;
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrNxt);
       for(j=pLevel->u.in.nIn, pIn=&pLevel->u.in.aInLoop[j-1]; j>0; j--, pIn--){
         sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pIn->addrInTop+1);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, pIn->iCur, pIn->addrInTop);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp, pIn->iCur, pIn->addrInTop);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+        VdbeCoverageIf(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp==OP_PrevIfOpen);
+        VdbeCoverageIf(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp==OP_NextIfOpen);
         sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pIn->addrInTop-1);
       }
       sqlite3DbFree(db, pLevel->u.in.aInLoop);
     }
     sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrBrk);
+    if( pLevel->addrSkip ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pLevel->addrSkip);
+      VdbeComment((v, "next skip-scan on %s", pLoop->u.btree.pIndex->zName));
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pLevel->addrSkip);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pLevel->addrSkip-2);
+    }
     if( pLevel->iLeftJoin ){
-      int addr;
-      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, pLevel->iLeftJoin);
-      assert( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
-           || (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 );
-      if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, pLevel->iLeftJoin); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      assert( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
+           || (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 );
+      if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NullRow, pTabList->a[i].iCursor);
       }
-      if( pLevel->iIdxCur>=0 ){
+      if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NullRow, pLevel->iIdxCur);
       }
       if( pLevel->op==OP_Return ){
@@ -107711,6 +117331,8 @@
       }
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
     }
+    VdbeModuleComment((v, "End WHERE-loop%d: %s", i,
+                     pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom].pTab->zName));
   }
 
   /* The "break" point is here, just past the end of the outer loop.
@@ -107718,32 +117340,65 @@
   */
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pWInfo->iBreak);
 
-  /* Close all of the cursors that were opened by sqlite3WhereBegin.
-  */
-  assert( pWInfo->nLevel==1 || pWInfo->nLevel==pTabList->nSrc );
+  assert( pWInfo->nLevel<=pTabList->nSrc );
   for(i=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; i<pWInfo->nLevel; i++, pLevel++){
+    int k, last;
+    VdbeOp *pOp;
+    Index *pIdx = 0;
     struct SrcList_item *pTabItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
     Table *pTab = pTabItem->pTab;
     assert( pTab!=0 );
+    pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
+
+    /* For a co-routine, change all OP_Column references to the table of
+    ** the co-routine into OP_SCopy of result contained in a register.
+    ** OP_Rowid becomes OP_Null.
+    */
+    if( pTabItem->viaCoroutine && !db->mallocFailed ){
+      last = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+      k = pLevel->addrBody;
+      pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, k);
+      for(; k<last; k++, pOp++){
+        if( pOp->p1!=pLevel->iTabCur ) continue;
+        if( pOp->opcode==OP_Column ){
+          pOp->opcode = OP_Copy;
+          pOp->p1 = pOp->p2 + pTabItem->regResult;
+          pOp->p2 = pOp->p3;
+          pOp->p3 = 0;
+        }else if( pOp->opcode==OP_Rowid ){
+          pOp->opcode = OP_Null;
+          pOp->p1 = 0;
+          pOp->p3 = 0;
+        }
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    /* Close all of the cursors that were opened by sqlite3WhereBegin.
+    ** Except, do not close cursors that will be reused by the OR optimization
+    ** (WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE).  And do not close the OP_OpenWrite cursors
+    ** created for the ONEPASS optimization.
+    */
     if( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)==0
      && pTab->pSelect==0
      && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE)==0
     ){
-      int ws = pLevel->plan.wsFlags;
+      int ws = pLoop->wsFlags;
       if( !pWInfo->okOnePass && (ws & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, pTabItem->iCursor);
       }
-      if( (ws & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 && (ws & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)==0 ){
+      if( (ws & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0
+       && (ws & (WHERE_IPK|WHERE_AUTO_INDEX))==0 
+       && pLevel->iIdxCur!=pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[1]
+      ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, pLevel->iIdxCur);
       }
     }
 
-    /* If this scan uses an index, make code substitutions to read data
-    ** from the index in preference to the table. Sometimes, this means
-    ** the table need never be read from. This is a performance boost,
-    ** as the vdbe level waits until the table is read before actually
-    ** seeking the table cursor to the record corresponding to the current
-    ** position in the index.
+    /* If this scan uses an index, make VDBE code substitutions to read data
+    ** from the index instead of from the table where possible.  In some cases
+    ** this optimization prevents the table from ever being read, which can
+    ** yield a significant performance boost.
     ** 
     ** Calls to the code generator in between sqlite3WhereBegin and
     ** sqlite3WhereEnd will have created code that references the table
@@ -107751,26 +117406,30 @@
     ** that reference the table and converts them into opcodes that
     ** reference the index.
     */
-    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 && !db->mallocFailed){
-      int k, j, last;
-      VdbeOp *pOp;
-      Index *pIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pIdx;
-
-      assert( pIdx!=0 );
-      pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, pWInfo->iTop);
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & (WHERE_INDEXED|WHERE_IDX_ONLY) ){
+      pIdx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+    }else if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_MULTI_OR ){
+      pIdx = pLevel->u.pCovidx;
+    }
+    if( pIdx && !db->mallocFailed ){
       last = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-      for(k=pWInfo->iTop; k<last; k++, pOp++){
+      k = pLevel->addrBody;
+      pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, k);
+      for(; k<last; k++, pOp++){
         if( pOp->p1!=pLevel->iTabCur ) continue;
         if( pOp->opcode==OP_Column ){
-          for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
-            if( pOp->p2==pIdx->aiColumn[j] ){
-              pOp->p2 = j;
-              pOp->p1 = pLevel->iIdxCur;
-              break;
-            }
+          int x = pOp->p2;
+          assert( pIdx->pTable==pTab );
+          if( !HasRowid(pTab) ){
+            Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+            x = pPk->aiColumn[x];
           }
-          assert( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
-               || j<pIdx->nColumn );
+          x = sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(pIdx, x);
+          if( x>=0 ){
+            pOp->p2 = x;
+            pOp->p1 = pLevel->iIdxCur;
+          }
+          assert( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 || x>=0 );
         }else if( pOp->opcode==OP_Rowid ){
           pOp->p1 = pLevel->iIdxCur;
           pOp->opcode = OP_IdxRowid;
@@ -107828,7 +117487,7 @@
 */
 struct LikeOp {
   Token eOperator;  /* "like" or "glob" or "regexp" */
-  int not;         /* True if the NOT keyword is present */
+  int bNot;         /* True if the NOT keyword is present */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -107847,14 +117506,6 @@
 */
 struct AttachKey { int type;  Token key; };
 
-/*
-** One or more VALUES claues
-*/
-struct ValueList {
-  ExprList *pList;
-  Select *pSelect;
-};
-
 
   /* This is a utility routine used to set the ExprSpan.zStart and
   ** ExprSpan.zEnd values of pOut so that the span covers the complete
@@ -107978,27 +117629,28 @@
 **                       defined, then do no error processing.
 */
 #define YYCODETYPE unsigned char
-#define YYNOCODE 251
+#define YYNOCODE 254
 #define YYACTIONTYPE unsigned short int
-#define YYWILDCARD 67
+#define YYWILDCARD 70
 #define sqlite3ParserTOKENTYPE Token
 typedef union {
   int yyinit;
   sqlite3ParserTOKENTYPE yy0;
-  struct LimitVal yy64;
-  Expr* yy122;
-  Select* yy159;
-  IdList* yy180;
-  struct {int value; int mask;} yy207;
-  u8 yy258;
-  struct LikeOp yy318;
-  TriggerStep* yy327;
-  ExprSpan yy342;
-  SrcList* yy347;
-  int yy392;
-  struct TrigEvent yy410;
-  ExprList* yy442;
-  struct ValueList yy487;
+  Select* yy3;
+  ExprList* yy14;
+  With* yy59;
+  SrcList* yy65;
+  struct LikeOp yy96;
+  Expr* yy132;
+  u8 yy186;
+  int yy328;
+  ExprSpan yy346;
+  struct TrigEvent yy378;
+  u16 yy381;
+  IdList* yy408;
+  struct {int value; int mask;} yy429;
+  TriggerStep* yy473;
+  struct LimitVal yy476;
 } YYMINORTYPE;
 #ifndef YYSTACKDEPTH
 #define YYSTACKDEPTH 100
@@ -108007,7 +117659,7 @@
 #define sqlite3ParserARG_PDECL ,Parse *pParse
 #define sqlite3ParserARG_FETCH Parse *pParse = yypParser->pParse
 #define sqlite3ParserARG_STORE yypParser->pParse = pParse
-#define YYNSTATE 629
+#define YYNSTATE 642
 #define YYNRULE 327
 #define YYFALLBACK 1
 #define YY_NO_ACTION      (YYNSTATE+YYNRULE+2)
@@ -108078,476 +117730,463 @@
 **                     shifting non-terminals after a reduce.
 **  yy_default[]       Default action for each state.
 */
-#define YY_ACTTAB_COUNT (1580)
+#define YY_ACTTAB_COUNT (1497)
 static const YYACTIONTYPE yy_action[] = {
- /*     0 */   310,  328,  574,  573,   15,  172,  187,  596,   56,   56,
- /*    10 */    56,   56,   49,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,
- /*    20 */    52,   52,   51,  234,  622,  621,  626,  622,  621,  299,
- /*    30 */   589,  583,   56,   56,   56,   56,  236,   54,   54,   54,
- /*    40 */    54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  351,   57,
- /*    50 */    58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,
- /*    60 */    56,   56,  570,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,
- /*    70 */    52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  596,  326,  607,  233,  232,
- /*    80 */    33,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,
- /*    90 */    51,  234,  619,  618,  326,  619,  618,  166,  605,  492,
- /*   100 */   381,  378,  377,  235,  589,  583,  554,  495,    1,   59,
- /*   110 */    19,  376,  622,  621,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,
- /*   120 */   234,  571,  571,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,
- /*   130 */    55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,  215,   54,   54,   54,
- /*   140 */    54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  224,
- /*   150 */    50,   47,  147,  177,  139,  281,  384,  276,  383,  169,
- /*   160 */   408,  553,  578,  578,  622,  621,  272,  224,  439,  550,
- /*   170 */   552,  410,  139,  281,  384,  276,  383,  169,  589,  583,
- /*   180 */   619,  618,  280,  620,  272,  195,  413,  309,  440,  441,
- /*   190 */   567,  491,  214,  279,  560,  600,   92,   57,   58,   48,
- /*   200 */   581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,
- /*   210 */   559,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,
- /*   220 */    51,  234,  310,  464,  233,  232,  558,  133,  519,   50,
- /*   230 */    47,  147,  619,  618,  565,  436,  397,  515,  514,  518,
- /*   240 */   410,  387,  438,  389,  437,  622,  621,  442,  570,  433,
- /*   250 */   203,  390,  589,  583,    6,  413,  166,  670,  250,  381,
- /*   260 */   378,  377,  525,  190,  600,   92,  594,  571,  571,  465,
- /*   270 */   376,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,
- /*   280 */    56,   56,   56,   56,  599,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,
- /*   290 */    53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  592,  592,  592,
- /*   300 */   490,  182,  247,  548,  249,  397,  273,  410,    7,  439,
- /*   310 */   398,  606,   67,  619,  618,  620,  472,  256,  347,  255,
- /*   320 */   473,  620,  413,  576,  620,   65,  589,  583,  236,  440,
- /*   330 */   336,  600,   92,   68,  364,  192,  481,  622,  621,  547,
- /*   340 */   622,  621,  560,  323,  207,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,
- /*   350 */   582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,  559,   54,
- /*   360 */    54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,
- /*   370 */   310,  410,  397,  146,  558,  531,  401,  348,  599,  166,
- /*   380 */   248,  204,  381,  378,  377,  541,  413,  171,  337,  570,
- /*   390 */   622,  621,   40,  376,   38,  600,   74,  465,  548,  490,
- /*   400 */   589,  583,  532,  350,  579,  619,  618,  297,  619,  618,
- /*   410 */   480,   67,  470,   39,  620,  599,  406,  574,  573,   57,
- /*   420 */    58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,
- /*   430 */    56,   56,  577,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,
- /*   440 */    52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  256,  347,  255,  530,   52,
- /*   450 */    52,   52,   51,  234,  345,  564,  236,  386,  619,  618,
- /*   460 */   957,  185,  418,    2,  408,  410,  578,  578,  198,  197,
- /*   470 */   196,  499,  183,  167,  589,  583,  671,  570,  505,  506,
- /*   480 */   413,  267,  601,  672,  546,  208,  602,   36,  601,  600,
- /*   490 */    91,  468,  602,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,
- /*   500 */    55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,  202,   54,   54,   54,
- /*   510 */    54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  599,
- /*   520 */   157,  408,  527,  578,  578,  263,  490,  265,  410,  873,
- /*   530 */   410,  474,  474,  366,  373,  410,  504,  428,   67,  290,
- /*   540 */   599,  620,  352,  413,  408,  413,  578,  578,  589,  583,
- /*   550 */   413,  382,  600,   92,  600,   16,  543,   62,  503,  600,
- /*   560 */    92,  408,  346,  578,  578,  168,   45,   57,   58,   48,
- /*   570 */   581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,
- /*   580 */   200,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,
- /*   590 */    51,  234,  310,  393,  395,  534,  510,  617,  616,  615,
- /*   600 */   318,  314,  172,   66,  596,  410,  338,  596,  324,  571,
- /*   610 */   571,   50,   47,  147,  599,  629,  627,  330,  539,  315,
- /*   620 */   413,   30,  589,  583,  272,  236,  199,  144,  176,  600,
- /*   630 */    73,  420,  947,  620,  947,  420,  946,  351,  946,  175,
- /*   640 */   596,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,
- /*   650 */    56,   56,   56,   56,  410,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,
- /*   660 */    53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  261,  410,  413,
- /*   670 */   269,  208,  596,  363,  410,  596,  424,  360,  600,   69,
- /*   680 */   424,  327,  620,  413,   50,   47,  147,  410,  358,  413,
- /*   690 */   575,  553,  600,   94,  483,  509,  589,  583,  600,   97,
- /*   700 */   552,  484,  413,  620,  188,  599,  551,  563,  596,  566,
- /*   710 */   334,  600,   95,  205,  201,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,
- /*   720 */   582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,  352,   54,
- /*   730 */    54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,
- /*   740 */   310,  410,  261,  410,  167,   22,  356,  599,  359,  623,
- /*   750 */    50,   47,  147,  548,  357,  562,  413,  620,  413,  332,
- /*   760 */   523,  270,  410,  167,  620,  600,  104,  600,  103,  603,
- /*   770 */   589,  583,  339,  539,  304,  423,  222,  413,  174,  304,
- /*   780 */   422,  561,  567,  405,  214,  260,  600,  106,  620,   57,
- /*   790 */    58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,
- /*   800 */    56,   56,  410,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,
- /*   810 */    52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  410,  557,  413,  410,  421,
- /*   820 */   273,   35,  512,  146,  421,   12,  600,  107,  213,  144,
- /*   830 */   413,  410,   32,  413,  410,  620,  365,  353,  358,  600,
- /*   840 */   134,   11,  600,  135,  589,  583,  413,   21,  548,  413,
- /*   850 */   316,  148,  620,  620,  170,  600,   98,  223,  600,  102,
- /*   860 */   374,  168,  167,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,
- /*   870 */    55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,  410,   54,   54,   54,
- /*   880 */    54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  410,
- /*   890 */   273,  413,  410,  273,  212,  469,  410,  167,  628,    2,
- /*   900 */   600,  101,  545,  221,  413,  620,  130,  413,  620,  410,
- /*   910 */   539,  413,  537,  600,   93,  315,  600,  100,  589,  583,
- /*   920 */   600,   77,  425,  305,  413,  620,  254,  322,  599,  458,
- /*   930 */   320,  171,  543,  600,   96,  521,  520,   57,   58,   48,
- /*   940 */   581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,
- /*   950 */   410,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,
- /*   960 */    51,  234,  310,  410,  273,  413,  410,  457,  358,   35,
- /*   970 */   426,  230,  306,  319,  600,  138,  467,  520,  413,  620,
- /*   980 */   143,  413,  410,  620,  410,  353,  529,  600,  137,  142,
- /*   990 */   600,  136,  589,  583,  604,  261,  528,  413,  229,  413,
- /*  1000 */   620,  321,  495,   28,  543,  543,  600,   76,  600,   90,
- /*  1010 */   620,   57,   46,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,
- /*  1020 */    56,   56,   56,   56,  410,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,
- /*  1030 */    53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  261,  451,  413,
- /*  1040 */   410,  211,  611,  285,  283,  610,  609,  502,  600,   89,
- /*  1050 */   380,  217,  620,  128,  140,  413,  220,  620,  410,  409,
- /*  1060 */   620,  620,  588,  587,  600,   75,  589,  583,  271,  620,
- /*  1070 */    51,  234,  127,  413,  620,  599,  627,  330,   27,  375,
- /*  1080 */   449,  279,  600,   88,  585,  584,   58,   48,  581,  580,
- /*  1090 */   582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,  410,   54,
- /*  1100 */    54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,
- /*  1110 */   310,  586,  410,  413,  410,  261,  593,  165,  399,  556,
- /*  1120 */   126,  371,  600,   87,  478,  186,  123,  413,  367,  413,
- /*  1130 */   620,  620,  410,  620,  620,  410,  600,   99,  600,   86,
- /*  1140 */   589,  583,  475,  122,  258,  171,  471,  413,  160,  121,
- /*  1150 */   413,   14,  159,  463,   25,   24,  600,   17,  448,  600,
- /*  1160 */    85,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,
- /*  1170 */    56,   56,  158,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,
- /*  1180 */    52,   52,   51,  234,   44,  404,  261,    3,  544,  261,
- /*  1190 */   540,  414,  621,  460,  119,  118,  538,  275,   10,  349,
- /*  1200 */     4,  620,  407,  620,  620,  620,  116,   44,  404,  410,
- /*  1210 */     3,  620,  620,  410,  414,  621,  456,  454,  252,  450,
- /*  1220 */   508,  402,  111,  109,  413,  407,  155,  444,  413,  447,
- /*  1230 */   435,  565,  219,  600,   84,  620,  108,  600,   83,   64,
- /*  1240 */   434,  417,  625,  150,  402,  333,  410,  237,  238,  124,
- /*  1250 */   274,   41,   42,  533,  565,  206,  189,  261,   43,  412,
- /*  1260 */   411,  413,  261,  594,  488,  620,  329,  149,  419,  268,
- /*  1270 */   600,   72,  620,  266,   41,   42,  181,  620,  410,  620,
- /*  1280 */   105,   43,  412,  411,  620,  624,  594,  614,  620,  599,
- /*  1290 */   228,  125,  313,  413,  592,  592,  592,  591,  590,   13,
- /*  1300 */   218,  410,  600,   71,  236,  244,   44,  404,  264,    3,
- /*  1310 */   312,  613,  340,  414,  621,  180,  413,  592,  592,  592,
- /*  1320 */   591,  590,   13,  620,  407,  600,   82,  410,  416,   34,
- /*  1330 */   404,  410,    3,  410,  262,  410,  414,  621,  612,  331,
- /*  1340 */   178,  415,  413,  402,    8,  236,  413,  407,  413,  620,
- /*  1350 */   413,  600,   81,  565,  257,  600,   80,  600,   70,  600,
- /*  1360 */    18,  598,  361,  462,  461,   30,  402,  294,   31,  620,
- /*  1370 */   293,  354,  251,   41,   42,  410,  565,  620,  620,  620,
- /*  1380 */    43,  412,  411,  453,  396,  594,  620,  620,  394,   61,
- /*  1390 */   413,  292,  443,  622,  621,  243,   41,   42,  620,  600,
- /*  1400 */    79,  597,  291,   43,  412,  411,   60,  620,  594,  240,
- /*  1410 */   620,  410,  231,   37,  555,  173,  592,  592,  592,  591,
- /*  1420 */   590,   13,  216,  239,  620,  184,  413,  302,  301,  300,
- /*  1430 */   179,  298,  388,  565,  452,  600,   78,  286,  620,  592,
- /*  1440 */   592,  592,  591,  590,   13,  429,   29,  413,  151,  289,
- /*  1450 */   242,  145,  392,  194,  193,  288,  600,    9,  542,  241,
- /*  1460 */   620,  525,  391,  284,  620,  594,  620,  620,  522,  536,
- /*  1470 */   620,  535,  153,  385,  465,  516,  282,  325,  154,  517,
- /*  1480 */   277,  152,  512,  511,  513,  129,  226,  308,  487,  486,
- /*  1490 */   485,  164,  372,  493,  307,  227,  592,  592,  592,  225,
- /*  1500 */   479,  163,  368,  370,  162,  476,  210,  477,   26,  259,
- /*  1510 */   161,  466,  362,  141,  132,  120,  117,  455,  156,  115,
- /*  1520 */   344,  343,  256,  342,  245,  114,  113,  446,  311,  112,
- /*  1530 */    23,  317,  432,  236,  131,  431,  110,  430,   20,  427,
- /*  1540 */   608,  595,  295,   63,  379,  287,  509,  191,  278,  403,
- /*  1550 */   572,  569,  497,  498,  496,  494,  335,  459,  445,  303,
- /*  1560 */   296,  246,  341,  355,    5,  568,  369,  507,  253,  549,
- /*  1570 */   526,  209,  400,  501,  500,  524,  234,  958,  489,  482,
+ /*     0 */   306,  212,  432,  955,  639,  191,  955,  295,  559,   88,
+ /*    10 */    88,   88,   88,   81,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,
+ /*    20 */    84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  185,  184,  183,  635,  635,
+ /*    30 */   292,  606,  606,   88,   88,   88,   88,  683,   86,   86,
+ /*    40 */    86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,   16,
+ /*    50 */   436,  597,   89,   90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,
+ /*    60 */    87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  684,   86,   86,   86,   86,
+ /*    70 */    85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  306,  559,   84,
+ /*    80 */    84,   84,   83,  330,   65,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,
+ /*    90 */    85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  635,  635,  634,  633,
+ /*   100 */   182,  682,  550,  379,  376,  375,   17,  322,  606,  606,
+ /*   110 */   371,  198,  479,   91,  374,   82,   79,  165,   85,   85,
+ /*   120 */    84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  598,  635,  635,  107,   89,
+ /*   130 */    90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,
+ /*   140 */    88,   88,  186,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,
+ /*   150 */    84,   84,   83,  330,  306,  594,  594,  142,  328,  327,
+ /*   160 */   484,  249,  344,  238,  635,  635,  634,  633,  585,  448,
+ /*   170 */   526,  525,  229,  388,    1,  394,  450,  584,  449,  635,
+ /*   180 */   635,  635,  635,  319,  395,  606,  606,  199,  157,  273,
+ /*   190 */   382,  268,  381,  187,  635,  635,  634,  633,  311,  555,
+ /*   200 */   266,  593,  593,  266,  347,  588,   89,   90,   80,  600,
+ /*   210 */   599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  478,
+ /*   220 */    86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,
+ /*   230 */   330,  306,  272,  536,  634,  633,  146,  610,  197,  310,
+ /*   240 */   575,  182,  482,  271,  379,  376,  375,  506,   21,  634,
+ /*   250 */   633,  634,  633,  635,  635,  374,  611,  574,  548,  440,
+ /*   260 */   111,  563,  606,  606,  634,  633,  324,  479,  608,  608,
+ /*   270 */   608,  300,  435,  573,  119,  407,  210,  162,  562,  883,
+ /*   280 */   592,  592,  306,   89,   90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,
+ /*   290 */    87,   87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  506,   86,   86,   86,
+ /*   300 */    86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  620,  111,
+ /*   310 */   635,  635,  361,  606,  606,  358,  249,  349,  248,  433,
+ /*   320 */   243,  479,  586,  634,  633,  195,  611,   93,  119,  221,
+ /*   330 */   575,  497,  534,  534,   89,   90,   80,  600,  599,  601,
+ /*   340 */   601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  574,   86,   86,
+ /*   350 */    86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  306,
+ /*   360 */    77,  429,  638,  573,  589,  530,  240,  230,  242,  105,
+ /*   370 */   249,  349,  248,  515,  588,  208,  460,  529,  564,  173,
+ /*   380 */   634,  633,  970,  144,  430,    2,  424,  228,  380,  557,
+ /*   390 */   606,  606,  190,  153,  159,  158,  514,   51,  632,  631,
+ /*   400 */   630,   71,  536,  432,  954,  196,  610,  954,  614,   45,
+ /*   410 */    18,   89,   90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,
+ /*   420 */    88,   88,   88,   88,  261,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,
+ /*   430 */    85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  306,  608,  608,  608,
+ /*   440 */   542,  424,  402,  385,  241,  506,  451,  320,  211,  543,
+ /*   450 */   164,  436,  386,  293,  451,  587,  108,  496,  111,  334,
+ /*   460 */   391,  591,  424,  614,   27,  452,  453,  606,  606,   72,
+ /*   470 */   257,   70,  259,  452,  339,  342,  564,  582,   68,  415,
+ /*   480 */   469,  328,  327,   62,  614,   45,  110,  393,   89,   90,
+ /*   490 */    80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,
+ /*   500 */    88,  152,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,
+ /*   510 */    84,   83,  330,  306,  110,  499,  520,  538,  402,  389,
+ /*   520 */   424,  110,  566,  500,  593,  593,  454,   82,   79,  165,
+ /*   530 */   424,  591,  384,  564,  340,  615,  188,  162,  424,  350,
+ /*   540 */   616,  424,  614,   44,  606,  606,  445,  582,  300,  434,
+ /*   550 */   151,   19,  614,    9,  568,  580,  348,  615,  469,  567,
+ /*   560 */   614,   26,  616,  614,   45,   89,   90,   80,  600,  599,
+ /*   570 */   601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  411,   86,
+ /*   580 */    86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,
+ /*   590 */   306,  579,  110,  578,  521,  282,  433,  398,  400,  255,
+ /*   600 */   486,   82,   79,  165,  487,  164,   82,   79,  165,  488,
+ /*   610 */   488,  364,  387,  424,  544,  544,  509,  350,  362,  155,
+ /*   620 */   191,  606,  606,  559,  642,  640,  333,   82,   79,  165,
+ /*   630 */   305,  564,  507,  312,  357,  614,   45,  329,  596,  595,
+ /*   640 */   194,  337,   89,   90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,
+ /*   650 */    87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  424,   86,   86,   86,   86,
+ /*   660 */    85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  306,   20,  323,
+ /*   670 */   150,  263,  211,  543,  421,  596,  595,  614,   22,  424,
+ /*   680 */   193,  424,  284,  424,  391,  424,  509,  424,  577,  424,
+ /*   690 */   186,  335,  424,  559,  424,  313,  120,  546,  606,  606,
+ /*   700 */    67,  614,   47,  614,   50,  614,   48,  614,  100,  614,
+ /*   710 */    99,  614,  101,  576,  614,  102,  614,  109,  326,   89,
+ /*   720 */    90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,
+ /*   730 */    88,   88,  424,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,
+ /*   740 */    84,   84,   83,  330,  306,  424,  311,  424,  585,   54,
+ /*   750 */   424,  516,  517,  590,  614,  112,  424,  584,  424,  572,
+ /*   760 */   424,  195,  424,  571,  424,   67,  424,  614,   94,  614,
+ /*   770 */    98,  424,  614,   97,  264,  606,  606,  195,  614,   46,
+ /*   780 */   614,   96,  614,   30,  614,   49,  614,  115,  614,  114,
+ /*   790 */   418,  229,  388,  614,  113,  306,   89,   90,   80,  600,
+ /*   800 */   599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  424,
+ /*   810 */    86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,
+ /*   820 */   330,  119,  424,  590,  110,  372,  606,  606,  195,   53,
+ /*   830 */   250,  614,   29,  195,  472,  438,  729,  190,  302,  498,
+ /*   840 */    14,  523,  641,    2,  614,   43,  306,   89,   90,   80,
+ /*   850 */   600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,   88,
+ /*   860 */   424,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,
+ /*   870 */    83,  330,  424,  613,  964,  964,  354,  606,  606,  420,
+ /*   880 */   312,   64,  614,   42,  391,  355,  283,  437,  301,  255,
+ /*   890 */   414,  410,  495,  492,  614,   28,  471,  306,   89,   90,
+ /*   900 */    80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,
+ /*   910 */    88,  424,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,
+ /*   920 */    84,   83,  330,  424,  110,  110,  110,  110,  606,  606,
+ /*   930 */   110,  254,   13,  614,   41,  532,  531,  283,  481,  531,
+ /*   940 */   457,  284,  119,  561,  356,  614,   40,  284,  306,   89,
+ /*   950 */    78,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,
+ /*   960 */    88,   88,  424,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,
+ /*   970 */    84,   84,   83,  330,  110,  424,  341,  220,  555,  606,
+ /*   980 */   606,  351,  555,  318,  614,   95,  413,  255,   83,  330,
+ /*   990 */   284,  284,  255,  640,  333,  356,  255,  614,   39,  306,
+ /*  1000 */   356,   90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,
+ /*  1010 */    88,   88,   88,  424,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,
+ /*  1020 */    84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  424,  317,  316,  141,  465,
+ /*  1030 */   606,  606,  219,  619,  463,  614,   10,  417,  462,  255,
+ /*  1040 */   189,  510,  553,  351,  207,  363,  161,  614,   38,  315,
+ /*  1050 */   218,  255,  255,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,
+ /*  1060 */    88,   88,   88,   88,  424,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,
+ /*  1070 */    85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,   76,  419,  255,    3,
+ /*  1080 */   878,  461,  424,  247,  331,  331,  614,   37,  217,   76,
+ /*  1090 */   419,  390,    3,  216,  215,  422,    4,  331,  331,  424,
+ /*  1100 */   547,   12,  424,  545,  614,   36,  424,  541,  422,  424,
+ /*  1110 */   540,  424,  214,  424,  408,  424,  539,  403,  605,  605,
+ /*  1120 */   237,  614,   25,  119,  614,   24,  588,  408,  614,   45,
+ /*  1130 */   118,  614,   35,  614,   34,  614,   33,  614,   23,  588,
+ /*  1140 */    60,  223,  603,  602,  513,  378,   73,   74,  140,  139,
+ /*  1150 */   424,  110,  265,   75,  426,  425,   59,  424,  610,   73,
+ /*  1160 */    74,  549,  402,  404,  424,  373,   75,  426,  425,  604,
+ /*  1170 */   138,  610,  614,   11,  392,   76,  419,  181,    3,  614,
+ /*  1180 */    32,  271,  369,  331,  331,  493,  614,   31,  149,  608,
+ /*  1190 */   608,  608,  607,   15,  422,  365,  614,    8,  137,  489,
+ /*  1200 */   136,  190,  608,  608,  608,  607,   15,  485,  176,  135,
+ /*  1210 */     7,  252,  477,  408,  174,  133,  175,  474,   57,   56,
+ /*  1220 */   132,  130,  119,   76,  419,  588,    3,  468,  245,  464,
+ /*  1230 */   171,  331,  331,  125,  123,  456,  447,  122,  446,  104,
+ /*  1240 */   336,  231,  422,  166,  154,   73,   74,  332,  116,  431,
+ /*  1250 */   121,  309,   75,  426,  425,  222,  106,  610,  308,  637,
+ /*  1260 */   204,  408,  629,  627,  628,    6,  200,  428,  427,  290,
+ /*  1270 */   203,  622,  201,  588,   62,   63,  289,   66,  419,  399,
+ /*  1280 */     3,  401,  288,   92,  143,  331,  331,  287,  608,  608,
+ /*  1290 */   608,  607,   15,   73,   74,  227,  422,  325,   69,  416,
+ /*  1300 */    75,  426,  425,  612,  412,  610,  192,   61,  569,  209,
+ /*  1310 */   396,  226,  278,  225,  383,  408,  527,  558,  276,  533,
+ /*  1320 */   552,  528,  321,  523,  370,  508,  180,  588,  494,  179,
+ /*  1330 */   366,  117,  253,  269,  522,  503,  608,  608,  608,  607,
+ /*  1340 */    15,  551,  502,   58,  274,  524,  178,   73,   74,  304,
+ /*  1350 */   501,  368,  303,  206,   75,  426,  425,  491,  360,  610,
+ /*  1360 */   213,  177,  483,  131,  345,  298,  297,  296,  202,  294,
+ /*  1370 */   480,  490,  466,  134,  172,  129,  444,  346,  470,  128,
+ /*  1380 */   314,  459,  103,  127,  126,  148,  124,  167,  443,  235,
+ /*  1390 */   608,  608,  608,  607,   15,  442,  439,  623,  234,  299,
+ /*  1400 */   145,  583,  291,  377,  581,  160,  119,  156,  270,  636,
+ /*  1410 */   971,  169,  279,  626,  520,  625,  473,  624,  170,  621,
+ /*  1420 */   618,  119,  168,   55,  409,  423,  537,  609,  286,  285,
+ /*  1430 */   405,  570,  560,  556,    5,   52,  458,  554,  147,  267,
+ /*  1440 */   519,  504,  518,  406,  262,  239,  260,  512,  343,  511,
+ /*  1450 */   258,  353,  565,  256,  224,  251,  359,  277,  275,  476,
+ /*  1460 */   475,  246,  352,  244,  467,  455,  236,  233,  232,  307,
+ /*  1470 */   441,  281,  205,  163,  397,  280,  535,  505,  330,  617,
+ /*  1480 */   971,  971,  971,  971,  367,  971,  971,  971,  971,  971,
+ /*  1490 */   971,  971,  971,  971,  971,  971,  338,
 };
 static const YYCODETYPE yy_lookahead[] = {
- /*     0 */    19,  169,  170,  171,   22,   24,   24,   26,   77,   78,
- /*    10 */    79,   80,   81,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
- /*    20 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   26,   27,    1,   26,   27,   15,
- /*    30 */    49,   50,   77,   78,   79,   80,  116,   82,   83,   84,
- /*    40 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,  128,   68,
- /*    50 */    69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
- /*    60 */    79,   80,  230,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
- /*    70 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   19,   94,   19,   23,   86,   87,
- /*    80 */    25,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
- /*    90 */    91,   92,   94,   95,   19,   94,   95,   96,  172,  173,
- /*   100 */    99,  100,  101,  197,   49,   50,  177,  181,   22,   54,
- /*   110 */   204,  110,   26,   27,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,
- /*   120 */    92,  129,  130,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,
- /*   130 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   22,   82,   83,   84,
- /*   140 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,   92,
- /*   150 */   221,  222,  223,   96,   97,   98,   99,  100,  101,  102,
- /*   160 */   112,   32,  114,  115,   26,   27,  109,   92,  150,   25,
- /*   170 */    41,  150,   97,   98,   99,  100,  101,  102,   49,   50,
- /*   180 */    94,   95,   98,  165,  109,   25,  165,  163,  170,  171,
- /*   190 */   166,  167,  168,  109,   12,  174,  175,   68,   69,   70,
- /*   200 */    71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,
- /*   210 */    28,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
- /*   220 */    91,   92,   19,   11,   86,   87,   44,   24,   46,  221,
- /*   230 */   222,  223,   94,   95,   66,   97,  215,    7,    8,   57,
- /*   240 */   150,  220,  104,   19,  106,   26,   27,  229,  230,  241,
- /*   250 */   160,   27,   49,   50,   22,  165,   96,  118,   16,   99,
- /*   260 */   100,  101,   94,  119,  174,  175,   98,  129,  130,   57,
- /*   270 */   110,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,
- /*   280 */    77,   78,   79,   80,  194,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,
- /*   290 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  129,  130,  131,
- /*   300 */   150,   23,   60,   25,   62,  215,  150,  150,   76,  150,
- /*   310 */   220,  161,  162,   94,   95,  165,   30,  105,  106,  107,
- /*   320 */    34,  165,  165,   23,  165,   25,   49,   50,  116,  170,
- /*   330 */   171,  174,  175,   22,   48,  185,  186,   26,   27,  120,
- /*   340 */    26,   27,   12,  187,  160,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,
- /*   350 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   28,   82,
- /*   360 */    83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
- /*   370 */    19,  150,  215,   95,   44,   23,   46,  220,  194,   96,
- /*   380 */   138,  160,   99,  100,  101,   23,  165,   25,  229,  230,
- /*   390 */    26,   27,  135,  110,  137,  174,  175,   57,  120,  150,
- /*   400 */    49,   50,   88,  219,  113,   94,   95,  158,   94,   95,
- /*   410 */   161,  162,   21,  136,  165,  194,  169,  170,  171,   68,
- /*   420 */    69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
- /*   430 */    79,   80,   23,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
- /*   440 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  105,  106,  107,   23,   88,
- /*   450 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   63,   23,  116,   88,   94,   95,
- /*   460 */   142,  143,  144,  145,  112,  150,  114,  115,  105,  106,
- /*   470 */   107,   23,   23,   25,   49,   50,  118,  230,   97,   98,
- /*   480 */   165,   16,  113,  118,  120,  160,  117,  136,  113,  174,
- /*   490 */   175,  100,  117,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,
- /*   500 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  160,   82,   83,   84,
- /*   510 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  194,
- /*   520 */    25,  112,   23,  114,  115,   60,  150,   62,  150,  138,
- /*   530 */   150,  105,  106,  107,   19,  150,   36,  161,  162,  224,
- /*   540 */   194,  165,  217,  165,  112,  165,  114,  115,   49,   50,
- /*   550 */   165,   51,  174,  175,  174,  175,  166,  232,   58,  174,
- /*   560 */   175,  112,  237,  114,  115,   50,   22,   68,   69,   70,
- /*   570 */    71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,
- /*   580 */   160,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
- /*   590 */    91,   92,   19,  215,  214,  205,   23,    7,    8,    9,
- /*   600 */   215,  155,   24,   22,   26,  150,   97,   26,  108,  129,
- /*   610 */   130,  221,  222,  223,  194,    0,    1,    2,  150,  104,
- /*   620 */   165,  126,   49,   50,  109,  116,  206,  207,  118,  174,
- /*   630 */   175,   22,   23,  165,   25,   22,   23,  128,   25,  118,
- /*   640 */    26,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,
- /*   650 */    77,   78,   79,   80,  150,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,
- /*   660 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  150,  150,  165,
- /*   670 */    23,  160,   94,  227,  150,   94,   67,  231,  174,  175,
- /*   680 */    67,  213,  165,  165,  221,  222,  223,  150,  150,  165,
- /*   690 */    23,   32,  174,  175,  181,  182,   49,   50,  174,  175,
- /*   700 */    41,  188,  165,  165,   22,  194,  177,   11,   94,   23,
- /*   710 */   193,  174,  175,  160,   22,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,
- /*   720 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  217,   82,
- /*   730 */    83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
- /*   740 */    19,  150,  150,  150,   25,   24,   19,  194,  237,  150,
- /*   750 */   221,  222,  223,   25,   27,   23,  165,  165,  165,  242,
- /*   760 */   165,   23,  150,   25,  165,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,
- /*   770 */    49,   50,  219,  150,   22,   23,  238,  165,   25,   22,
- /*   780 */    23,   23,  166,  167,  168,  193,  174,  175,  165,   68,
- /*   790 */    69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
- /*   800 */    79,   80,  150,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
- /*   810 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  150,   23,  165,  150,   67,
- /*   820 */   150,   25,  103,   95,   67,   35,  174,  175,  206,  207,
- /*   830 */   165,  150,   25,  165,  150,  165,  213,  150,  150,  174,
- /*   840 */   175,   35,  174,  175,   49,   50,  165,   52,  120,  165,
- /*   850 */   245,  246,  165,  165,   35,  174,  175,  187,  174,  175,
- /*   860 */    23,   50,   25,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,
- /*   870 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  150,   82,   83,   84,
- /*   880 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  150,
- /*   890 */   150,  165,  150,  150,  160,   23,  150,   25,  144,  145,
- /*   900 */   174,  175,  120,  216,  165,  165,   22,  165,  165,  150,
- /*   910 */   150,  165,   27,  174,  175,  104,  174,  175,   49,   50,
- /*   920 */   174,  175,  247,  248,  165,  165,  238,  187,  194,   23,
- /*   930 */   187,   25,  166,  174,  175,  190,  191,   68,   69,   70,
- /*   940 */    71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,
- /*   950 */   150,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
- /*   960 */    91,   92,   19,  150,  150,  165,  150,   23,  150,   25,
- /*   970 */    23,  205,   25,  213,  174,  175,  190,  191,  165,  165,
- /*   980 */   118,  165,  150,  165,  150,  150,   23,  174,  175,   39,
- /*   990 */   174,  175,   49,   50,  173,  150,   23,  165,   52,  165,
- /*  1000 */   165,  187,  181,   22,  166,  166,  174,  175,  174,  175,
- /*  1010 */   165,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,
- /*  1020 */    77,   78,   79,   80,  150,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,
- /*  1030 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  150,  193,  165,
- /*  1040 */   150,  160,  150,  205,  205,  150,  150,   29,  174,  175,
- /*  1050 */    52,  216,  165,   22,  150,  165,  238,  165,  150,  150,
- /*  1060 */   165,  165,   49,   50,  174,  175,   49,   50,   23,  165,
- /*  1070 */    91,   92,   22,  165,  165,  194,    1,    2,   22,   52,
- /*  1080 */   193,  109,  174,  175,   71,   72,   69,   70,   71,   72,
- /*  1090 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  150,   82,
- /*  1100 */    83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
- /*  1110 */    19,   98,  150,  165,  150,  150,  150,  102,  150,  150,
- /*  1120 */    22,   19,  174,  175,   20,   24,  104,  165,   43,  165,
- /*  1130 */   165,  165,  150,  165,  165,  150,  174,  175,  174,  175,
- /*  1140 */    49,   50,   59,   53,  138,   25,   53,  165,  104,   22,
- /*  1150 */   165,    5,  118,    1,   76,   76,  174,  175,  193,  174,
- /*  1160 */   175,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
- /*  1170 */    79,   80,   35,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
- /*  1180 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   19,   20,  150,   22,  150,  150,
- /*  1190 */   150,   26,   27,   27,  108,  127,  150,  150,   22,   25,
- /*  1200 */    22,  165,   37,  165,  165,  165,  119,   19,   20,  150,
- /*  1210 */    22,  165,  165,  150,   26,   27,   23,    1,   16,   20,
- /*  1220 */   150,   56,  119,  108,  165,   37,  121,  128,  165,  193,
- /*  1230 */    23,   66,  193,  174,  175,  165,  127,  174,  175,   16,
- /*  1240 */    23,  146,  147,   15,   56,   65,  150,  152,  140,  154,
- /*  1250 */   150,   86,   87,   88,   66,  160,   22,  150,   93,   94,
- /*  1260 */    95,  165,  150,   98,  150,  165,    3,  246,    4,  150,
- /*  1270 */   174,  175,  165,  150,   86,   87,    6,  165,  150,  165,
- /*  1280 */   164,   93,   94,   95,  165,  149,   98,  149,  165,  194,
- /*  1290 */   180,  180,  249,  165,  129,  130,  131,  132,  133,  134,
- /*  1300 */   193,  150,  174,  175,  116,  193,   19,   20,  150,   22,
- /*  1310 */   249,  149,  217,   26,   27,  151,  165,  129,  130,  131,
- /*  1320 */   132,  133,  134,  165,   37,  174,  175,  150,  149,   19,
- /*  1330 */    20,  150,   22,  150,  150,  150,   26,   27,   13,  244,
- /*  1340 */   151,  159,  165,   56,   25,  116,  165,   37,  165,  165,
- /*  1350 */   165,  174,  175,   66,  150,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,
- /*  1360 */   175,  194,  150,  150,  150,  126,   56,  199,  124,  165,
- /*  1370 */   200,  150,  150,   86,   87,  150,   66,  165,  165,  165,
- /*  1380 */    93,   94,   95,  150,  122,   98,  165,  165,  123,   22,
- /*  1390 */   165,  201,  150,   26,   27,  150,   86,   87,  165,  174,
- /*  1400 */   175,  203,  202,   93,   94,   95,  125,  165,   98,  150,
- /*  1410 */   165,  150,  225,  135,  157,  118,  129,  130,  131,  132,
- /*  1420 */   133,  134,    5,  150,  165,  157,  165,   10,   11,   12,
- /*  1430 */    13,   14,  150,   66,   17,  174,  175,  210,  165,  129,
- /*  1440 */   130,  131,  132,  133,  134,  150,  104,  165,   31,  150,
- /*  1450 */    33,  150,  150,   86,   87,  150,  174,  175,  211,   42,
- /*  1460 */   165,   94,  121,  210,  165,   98,  165,  165,  176,  211,
- /*  1470 */   165,  211,   55,  104,   57,  184,  210,   47,   61,  176,
- /*  1480 */   176,   64,  103,  176,  178,   22,   92,  179,  176,  176,
- /*  1490 */   176,  156,   18,  184,  179,  228,  129,  130,  131,  228,
- /*  1500 */   157,  156,   45,  157,  156,  236,  157,  157,  135,  235,
- /*  1510 */   156,  189,  157,   68,  218,  189,   22,  199,  156,  192,
- /*  1520 */   157,   18,  105,  106,  107,  192,  192,  199,  111,  192,
- /*  1530 */   240,  157,   40,  116,  218,  157,  189,  157,  240,   38,
- /*  1540 */   153,  166,  198,  243,  178,  209,  182,  196,  177,  226,
- /*  1550 */   230,  230,  166,  177,  177,  166,  139,  199,  199,  148,
- /*  1560 */   195,  209,  209,  239,  196,  166,  234,  183,  239,  208,
- /*  1570 */   174,  233,  191,  183,  183,  174,   92,  250,  186,  186,
+ /*     0 */    19,   22,   22,   23,    1,   24,   26,   15,   27,   80,
+ /*    10 */    81,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
+ /*    20 */    91,   92,   93,   94,   95,  108,  109,  110,   27,   28,
+ /*    30 */    23,   50,   51,   80,   81,   82,   83,  122,   85,   86,
+ /*    40 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   22,
+ /*    50 */    70,   23,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
+ /*    60 */    79,   80,   81,   82,   83,  122,   85,   86,   87,   88,
+ /*    70 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   19,   97,   91,
+ /*    80 */    92,   93,   94,   95,   26,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,
+ /*    90 */    90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   27,   28,   97,   98,
+ /*   100 */    99,  122,  211,  102,  103,  104,   79,   19,   50,   51,
+ /*   110 */    19,  122,   59,   55,  113,  224,  225,  226,   89,   90,
+ /*   120 */    91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   23,   27,   28,   26,   71,
+ /*   130 */    72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,
+ /*   140 */    82,   83,   51,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,
+ /*   150 */    92,   93,   94,   95,   19,  132,  133,   58,   89,   90,
+ /*   160 */    21,  108,  109,  110,   27,   28,   97,   98,   33,  100,
+ /*   170 */     7,    8,  119,  120,   22,   19,  107,   42,  109,   27,
+ /*   180 */    28,   27,   28,   95,   28,   50,   51,   99,  100,  101,
+ /*   190 */   102,  103,  104,  105,   27,   28,   97,   98,  107,  152,
+ /*   200 */   112,  132,  133,  112,   65,   69,   71,   72,   73,   74,
+ /*   210 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,   83,   11,
+ /*   220 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,
+ /*   230 */    95,   19,  101,   97,   97,   98,   24,  101,  122,  157,
+ /*   240 */    12,   99,  103,  112,  102,  103,  104,  152,   22,   97,
+ /*   250 */    98,   97,   98,   27,   28,  113,   27,   29,   91,  164,
+ /*   260 */   165,  124,   50,   51,   97,   98,  219,   59,  132,  133,
+ /*   270 */   134,   22,   23,   45,   66,   47,  212,  213,  124,  140,
+ /*   280 */   132,  133,   19,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,
+ /*   290 */    78,   79,   80,   81,   82,   83,  152,   85,   86,   87,
+ /*   300 */    88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,  164,  165,
+ /*   310 */    27,   28,  230,   50,   51,  233,  108,  109,  110,   70,
+ /*   320 */    16,   59,   23,   97,   98,   26,   97,   22,   66,  185,
+ /*   330 */    12,  187,   27,   28,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,
+ /*   340 */    77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,   83,   29,   85,   86,
+ /*   350 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   19,
+ /*   360 */    22,  148,  149,   45,   23,   47,   62,  154,   64,  156,
+ /*   370 */   108,  109,  110,   37,   69,   23,  163,   59,   26,   26,
+ /*   380 */    97,   98,  144,  145,  146,  147,  152,  200,   52,   23,
+ /*   390 */    50,   51,   26,   22,   89,   90,   60,  210,    7,    8,
+ /*   400 */     9,  138,   97,   22,   23,   26,  101,   26,  174,  175,
+ /*   410 */   197,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,
+ /*   420 */    80,   81,   82,   83,   16,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,
+ /*   430 */    90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   19,  132,  133,  134,
+ /*   440 */    23,  152,  208,  209,  140,  152,  152,  111,  195,  196,
+ /*   450 */    98,   70,  163,  160,  152,   23,   22,  164,  165,  246,
+ /*   460 */   207,   27,  152,  174,  175,  171,  172,   50,   51,  137,
+ /*   470 */    62,  139,   64,  171,  172,  222,  124,   27,  138,   24,
+ /*   480 */   163,   89,   90,  130,  174,  175,  197,  163,   71,   72,
+ /*   490 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,
+ /*   500 */    83,   22,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
+ /*   510 */    93,   94,   95,   19,  197,  181,  182,   23,  208,  209,
+ /*   520 */   152,  197,   26,  189,  132,  133,  232,  224,  225,  226,
+ /*   530 */   152,   97,   91,   26,  232,  116,  212,  213,  152,  222,
+ /*   540 */   121,  152,  174,  175,   50,   51,  243,   97,   22,   23,
+ /*   550 */    22,  234,  174,  175,  177,   23,  239,  116,  163,  177,
+ /*   560 */   174,  175,  121,  174,  175,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,
+ /*   570 */    76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,   83,   24,   85,
+ /*   580 */    86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,
+ /*   590 */    19,   23,  197,   11,   23,  227,   70,  208,  220,  152,
+ /*   600 */    31,  224,  225,  226,   35,   98,  224,  225,  226,  108,
+ /*   610 */   109,  110,  115,  152,  117,  118,   27,  222,   49,  123,
+ /*   620 */    24,   50,   51,   27,    0,    1,    2,  224,  225,  226,
+ /*   630 */   166,  124,  168,  169,  239,  174,  175,  170,  171,  172,
+ /*   640 */    22,  194,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
+ /*   650 */    79,   80,   81,   82,   83,  152,   85,   86,   87,   88,
+ /*   660 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   19,   22,  208,
+ /*   670 */    24,   23,  195,  196,  170,  171,  172,  174,  175,  152,
+ /*   680 */    26,  152,  152,  152,  207,  152,   97,  152,   23,  152,
+ /*   690 */    51,  244,  152,   97,  152,  247,  248,   23,   50,   51,
+ /*   700 */    26,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,
+ /*   710 */   175,  174,  175,   23,  174,  175,  174,  175,  188,   71,
+ /*   720 */    72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,
+ /*   730 */    82,   83,  152,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,
+ /*   740 */    92,   93,   94,   95,   19,  152,  107,  152,   33,   24,
+ /*   750 */   152,  100,  101,   27,  174,  175,  152,   42,  152,   23,
+ /*   760 */   152,   26,  152,   23,  152,   26,  152,  174,  175,  174,
+ /*   770 */   175,  152,  174,  175,   23,   50,   51,   26,  174,  175,
+ /*   780 */   174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,
+ /*   790 */   163,  119,  120,  174,  175,   19,   71,   72,   73,   74,
+ /*   800 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,   83,  152,
+ /*   810 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,
+ /*   820 */    95,   66,  152,   97,  197,   23,   50,   51,   26,   53,
+ /*   830 */    23,  174,  175,   26,   23,   23,   23,   26,   26,   26,
+ /*   840 */    36,  106,  146,  147,  174,  175,   19,   71,   72,   73,
+ /*   850 */    74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,   83,
+ /*   860 */   152,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,
+ /*   870 */    94,   95,  152,  196,  119,  120,   19,   50,   51,  168,
+ /*   880 */   169,   26,  174,  175,  207,   28,  152,  249,  250,  152,
+ /*   890 */   163,  163,  163,  163,  174,  175,  163,   19,   71,   72,
+ /*   900 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,
+ /*   910 */    83,  152,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
+ /*   920 */    93,   94,   95,  152,  197,  197,  197,  197,   50,   51,
+ /*   930 */   197,  194,   36,  174,  175,  191,  192,  152,  191,  192,
+ /*   940 */   163,  152,   66,  124,  152,  174,  175,  152,   19,   71,
+ /*   950 */    72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,
+ /*   960 */    82,   83,  152,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,
+ /*   970 */    92,   93,   94,   95,  197,  152,  100,  188,  152,   50,
+ /*   980 */    51,  152,  152,  188,  174,  175,  252,  152,   94,   95,
+ /*   990 */   152,  152,  152,    1,    2,  152,  152,  174,  175,   19,
+ /*  1000 */   152,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,
+ /*  1010 */    81,   82,   83,  152,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
+ /*  1020 */    91,   92,   93,   94,   95,  152,  188,  188,   22,  194,
+ /*  1030 */    50,   51,  240,  173,  194,  174,  175,  252,  194,  152,
+ /*  1040 */    36,  181,   28,  152,   23,  219,  122,  174,  175,  219,
+ /*  1050 */   221,  152,  152,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,
+ /*  1060 */    80,   81,   82,   83,  152,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,
+ /*  1070 */    90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   19,   20,  152,   22,
+ /*  1080 */    23,  194,  152,  240,   27,   28,  174,  175,  240,   19,
+ /*  1090 */    20,   26,   22,  194,  194,   38,   22,   27,   28,  152,
+ /*  1100 */    23,   22,  152,  116,  174,  175,  152,   23,   38,  152,
+ /*  1110 */    23,  152,  221,  152,   57,  152,   23,  163,   50,   51,
+ /*  1120 */   194,  174,  175,   66,  174,  175,   69,   57,  174,  175,
+ /*  1130 */    40,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,   69,
+ /*  1140 */    22,   53,   74,   75,   30,   53,   89,   90,   22,   22,
+ /*  1150 */   152,  197,   23,   96,   97,   98,   22,  152,  101,   89,
+ /*  1160 */    90,   91,  208,  209,  152,   53,   96,   97,   98,  101,
+ /*  1170 */    22,  101,  174,  175,  152,   19,   20,  105,   22,  174,
+ /*  1180 */   175,  112,   19,   27,   28,   20,  174,  175,   24,  132,
+ /*  1190 */   133,  134,  135,  136,   38,   44,  174,  175,  107,   61,
+ /*  1200 */    54,   26,  132,  133,  134,  135,  136,   54,  107,   22,
+ /*  1210 */     5,  140,    1,   57,   36,  111,  122,   28,   79,   79,
+ /*  1220 */   131,  123,   66,   19,   20,   69,   22,    1,   16,   20,
+ /*  1230 */   125,   27,   28,  123,  111,  120,   23,  131,   23,   16,
+ /*  1240 */    68,  142,   38,   15,   22,   89,   90,    3,  167,    4,
+ /*  1250 */   248,  251,   96,   97,   98,  180,  180,  101,  251,  151,
+ /*  1260 */     6,   57,  151,   13,  151,   26,   25,  151,  161,  202,
+ /*  1270 */   153,  162,  153,   69,  130,  128,  203,   19,   20,  127,
+ /*  1280 */    22,  126,  204,  129,   22,   27,   28,  205,  132,  133,
+ /*  1290 */   134,  135,  136,   89,   90,  231,   38,   95,  137,  179,
+ /*  1300 */    96,   97,   98,  206,  179,  101,  122,  107,  159,  159,
+ /*  1310 */   125,  231,  216,  228,  107,   57,  184,  217,  216,  176,
+ /*  1320 */   217,  176,   48,  106,   18,  184,  158,   69,  159,  158,
+ /*  1330 */    46,   71,  237,  176,  176,  176,  132,  133,  134,  135,
+ /*  1340 */   136,  217,  176,  137,  216,  178,  158,   89,   90,  179,
+ /*  1350 */   176,  159,  179,  159,   96,   97,   98,  159,  159,  101,
+ /*  1360 */     5,  158,  202,   22,   18,   10,   11,   12,   13,   14,
+ /*  1370 */   190,  238,   17,  190,  158,  193,   41,  159,  202,  193,
+ /*  1380 */   159,  202,  245,  193,  193,  223,  190,   32,  159,   34,
+ /*  1390 */   132,  133,  134,  135,  136,  159,   39,  155,   43,  150,
+ /*  1400 */   223,  177,  201,  178,  177,  186,   66,  199,  177,  152,
+ /*  1410 */   253,   56,  215,  152,  182,  152,  202,  152,   63,  152,
+ /*  1420 */   152,   66,   67,  242,  229,  152,  174,  152,  152,  152,
+ /*  1430 */   152,  152,  152,  152,  199,  242,  202,  152,  198,  152,
+ /*  1440 */   152,  152,  183,  192,  152,  215,  152,  183,  215,  183,
+ /*  1450 */   152,  241,  214,  152,  211,  152,  152,  211,  211,  152,
+ /*  1460 */   152,  241,  152,  152,  152,  152,  152,  152,  152,  114,
+ /*  1470 */   152,  152,  235,  152,  152,  152,  174,  187,   95,  174,
+ /*  1480 */   253,  253,  253,  253,  236,  253,  253,  253,  253,  253,
+ /*  1490 */   253,  253,  253,  253,  253,  253,  141,
 };
-#define YY_SHIFT_USE_DFLT (-81)
-#define YY_SHIFT_COUNT (417)
-#define YY_SHIFT_MIN   (-80)
-#define YY_SHIFT_MAX   (1503)
+#define YY_SHIFT_USE_DFLT (-86)
+#define YY_SHIFT_COUNT (429)
+#define YY_SHIFT_MIN   (-85)
+#define YY_SHIFT_MAX   (1383)
 static const short yy_shift_ofst[] = {
- /*     0 */  1075, 1188, 1417, 1188, 1287, 1287,  138,  138,    1,  -19,
- /*    10 */  1287, 1287, 1287, 1287,  340,   -2,  129,  129,  795, 1165,
- /*    20 */  1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287,
- /*    30 */  1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287,
- /*    40 */  1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1310, 1287,
- /*    50 */  1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287,
- /*    60 */  1287, 1287,  212,   -2,   -2,   -8,   -8,  614, 1229,   55,
- /*    70 */   721,  647,  573,  499,  425,  351,  277,  203,  869,  869,
- /*    80 */   869,  869,  869,  869,  869,  869,  869,  869,  869,  869,
- /*    90 */   869,  869,  869,  943,  869, 1017, 1091, 1091,  -69,  -45,
- /*   100 */   -45,  -45,  -45,  -45,   -1,   57,   28,  361,   -2,   -2,
- /*   110 */    -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,
- /*   120 */    -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,  391,  515,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,
- /*   130 */    -2,  509,  -80,  614,  979, 1484,  -81,  -81,  -81, 1367,
- /*   140 */    75,  182,  182,  314,  311,  364,  219,   86,  613,  609,
- /*   150 */    -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,
- /*   160 */    -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,
- /*   170 */    -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,
- /*   180 */    -2,   -2,  578,  578,  578,  615, 1229, 1229, 1229,  -81,
- /*   190 */   -81,  -81,  160,  168,  168,  283,  500,  500,  500,  278,
- /*   200 */   449,  330,  432,  409,  352,   48,   48,   48,   48,  426,
- /*   210 */   286,   48,   48,  728,  581,  369,  590,  495,  224,  224,
- /*   220 */   727,  495,  727,  719,  614,  659,  614,  659,  811,  659,
- /*   230 */   224,  257,  480,  480,  614,  144,  375,  -18, 1501, 1297,
- /*   240 */  1297, 1492, 1492, 1297, 1494, 1445, 1239, 1503, 1503, 1503,
- /*   250 */  1503, 1297, 1474, 1239, 1494, 1445, 1445, 1297, 1474, 1373,
- /*   260 */  1457, 1297, 1297, 1474, 1297, 1474, 1297, 1474, 1463, 1369,
- /*   270 */  1369, 1369, 1430, 1394, 1394, 1463, 1369, 1379, 1369, 1430,
- /*   280 */  1369, 1369, 1341, 1342, 1341, 1342, 1341, 1342, 1297, 1297,
- /*   290 */  1278, 1281, 1262, 1244, 1265, 1239, 1229, 1319, 1325, 1325,
- /*   300 */  1270, 1270, 1270, 1270,  -81,  -81,  -81,  -81,  -81,  -81,
- /*   310 */  1013,  242,  757,  752,  465,  363,  947,  232,  944,  906,
- /*   320 */   872,  837,  738,  448,  381,  230,   84,  362,  300, 1264,
- /*   330 */  1263, 1234, 1108, 1228, 1180, 1223, 1217, 1207, 1099, 1174,
- /*   340 */  1109, 1115, 1103, 1199, 1105, 1202, 1216, 1087, 1193, 1178,
- /*   350 */  1174, 1176, 1068, 1079, 1078, 1086, 1166, 1137, 1034, 1152,
- /*   360 */  1146, 1127, 1044, 1006, 1093, 1120, 1090, 1083, 1085, 1022,
- /*   370 */  1101, 1104, 1102,  972, 1015, 1098, 1027, 1056, 1050, 1045,
- /*   380 */  1031,  998, 1018,  981,  946,  950,  973,  963,  862,  885,
- /*   390 */   819,  884,  782,  796,  806,  807,  790,  796,  793,  758,
- /*   400 */   753,  732,  692,  696,  682,  686,  667,  544,  291,  521,
- /*   410 */   510,  365,  358,  139,  114,   54,   14,   25,
+ /*     0 */   992, 1057, 1355, 1156, 1204, 1204,    1,  262,  -19,  135,
+ /*    10 */   135,  776, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204,   69,   69,   53,  208,
+ /*    20 */   283,  755,   58,  725,  648,  571,  494,  417,  340,  263,
+ /*    30 */   212,  827,  827,  827,  827,  827,  827,  827,  827,  827,
+ /*    40 */   827,  827,  827,  827,  827,  827,  878,  827,  929,  980,
+ /*    50 */   980, 1070, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204,
+ /*    60 */  1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204,
+ /*    70 */  1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204,
+ /*    80 */  1258, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204,
+ /*    90 */  1204, 1204, 1204, 1204,  -71,  -47,  -47,  -47,  -47,  -47,
+ /*   100 */     0,   29,  -12,  283,  283,  139,   91,  392,  392,  894,
+ /*   110 */   672,  726, 1383,  -86,  -86,  -86,   88,  318,  318,   99,
+ /*   120 */   381,  -20,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,
+ /*   130 */   283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,
+ /*   140 */   283,  283,  283,  283,  624,  876,  726,  672, 1340, 1340,
+ /*   150 */  1340, 1340, 1340, 1340,  -86,  -86,  -86,  305,  136,  136,
+ /*   160 */   142,  167,  226,  154,  137,  152,  283,  283,  283,  283,
+ /*   170 */   283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,
+ /*   180 */   283,  283,  283,  336,  336,  336,  283,  283,  352,  283,
+ /*   190 */   283,  283,  283,  283,  228,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,
+ /*   200 */   283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  501,  569,  596,  596,  596,
+ /*   210 */   507,  497,  441,  391,  353,  156,  156,  857,  353,  857,
+ /*   220 */   735,  813,  639,  715,  156,  332,  715,  715,  496,  419,
+ /*   230 */   646, 1357, 1184, 1184, 1335, 1335, 1184, 1341, 1260, 1144,
+ /*   240 */  1346, 1346, 1346, 1346, 1184, 1306, 1144, 1341, 1260, 1260,
+ /*   250 */  1144, 1184, 1306, 1206, 1284, 1184, 1184, 1306, 1184, 1306,
+ /*   260 */  1184, 1306, 1262, 1207, 1207, 1207, 1274, 1262, 1207, 1217,
+ /*   270 */  1207, 1274, 1207, 1207, 1185, 1200, 1185, 1200, 1185, 1200,
+ /*   280 */  1184, 1184, 1161, 1262, 1202, 1202, 1262, 1154, 1155, 1147,
+ /*   290 */  1152, 1144, 1241, 1239, 1250, 1250, 1254, 1254, 1254, 1254,
+ /*   300 */   -86,  -86,  -86,  -86,  -86,  -86, 1068,  304,  526,  249,
+ /*   310 */   408,  -83,  434,  812,   27,  811,  807,  802,  751,  589,
+ /*   320 */   651,  163,  131,  674,  366,  450,  299,  148,   23,  102,
+ /*   330 */   229,  -21, 1245, 1244, 1222, 1099, 1228, 1172, 1223, 1215,
+ /*   340 */  1213, 1115, 1106, 1123, 1110, 1209, 1105, 1212, 1226, 1098,
+ /*   350 */  1089, 1140, 1139, 1104, 1189, 1178, 1094, 1211, 1205, 1187,
+ /*   360 */  1101, 1071, 1153, 1175, 1146, 1138, 1151, 1091, 1164, 1165,
+ /*   370 */  1163, 1069, 1072, 1148, 1112, 1134, 1127, 1129, 1126, 1092,
+ /*   380 */  1114, 1118, 1088, 1090, 1093, 1087, 1084,  987, 1079, 1077,
+ /*   390 */  1074, 1065,  924, 1021, 1014, 1004, 1006,  819,  739,  896,
+ /*   400 */   855,  804,  739,  740,  736,  690,  654,  665,  618,  582,
+ /*   410 */   568,  528,  554,  379,  532,  479,  455,  379,  432,  371,
+ /*   420 */   341,   28,  338,  116,  -11,  -57,  -85,    7,   -8,    3,
 };
-#define YY_REDUCE_USE_DFLT (-169)
-#define YY_REDUCE_COUNT (309)
-#define YY_REDUCE_MIN   (-168)
-#define YY_REDUCE_MAX   (1411)
+#define YY_REDUCE_USE_DFLT (-110)
+#define YY_REDUCE_COUNT (305)
+#define YY_REDUCE_MIN   (-109)
+#define YY_REDUCE_MAX   (1323)
 static const short yy_reduce_ofst[] = {
- /*     0 */   318,   90, 1095,  221,  157,   21,  159,   18,  150,  390,
- /*    10 */   385,  378,  380,  315,  325,  249,  529,  -71,    8, 1282,
- /*    20 */  1261, 1225, 1185, 1183, 1181, 1177, 1151, 1128, 1096, 1063,
- /*    30 */  1059,  985,  982,  964,  962,  948,  908,  890,  874,  834,
- /*    40 */   832,  816,  813,  800,  759,  746,  742,  739,  726,  684,
- /*    50 */   681,  668,  665,  652,  612,  593,  591,  537,  524,  518,
- /*    60 */   504,  455,  511,  376,  517,  247, -168,   24,  420,  463,
- /*    70 */   463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,
- /*    80 */   463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,
- /*    90 */   463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,
- /*   100 */   463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  -74,  463,  463, 1112,  835,
- /*   110 */  1107, 1039, 1036,  965,  887,  845,  818,  760,  688,  687,
- /*   120 */   538,  743,  623,  592,  446,  513,  814,  740,  670,  156,
- /*   130 */   468,  553,  184,  616,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  595,
- /*   140 */   821,  786,  745,  909, 1305, 1302, 1301, 1299,  675,  675,
- /*   150 */  1295, 1273, 1259, 1245, 1242, 1233, 1222, 1221, 1214, 1213,
- /*   160 */  1212, 1204, 1184, 1158, 1123, 1119, 1114, 1100, 1070, 1047,
- /*   170 */  1046, 1040, 1038,  969,  968,  966,  909,  904,  896,  895,
- /*   180 */   892,  599,  839,  838,  766,  754,  881,  734,  346,  605,
- /*   190 */   622,  -94, 1393, 1401, 1396, 1392, 1391, 1390, 1384, 1361,
- /*   200 */  1365, 1381, 1365, 1365, 1365, 1365, 1365, 1365, 1365, 1332,
- /*   210 */  1338, 1365, 1365, 1361, 1399, 1368, 1411, 1359, 1353, 1352,
- /*   220 */  1329, 1358, 1324, 1366, 1389, 1377, 1386, 1376, 1364, 1371,
- /*   230 */  1336, 1323, 1321, 1320, 1375, 1344, 1351, 1387, 1300, 1380,
- /*   240 */  1378, 1298, 1290, 1374, 1316, 1347, 1328, 1337, 1334, 1333,
- /*   250 */  1327, 1363, 1362, 1318, 1296, 1326, 1322, 1355, 1354, 1269,
- /*   260 */  1274, 1350, 1349, 1348, 1346, 1345, 1343, 1335, 1315, 1314,
- /*   270 */  1313, 1312, 1309, 1271, 1267, 1308, 1307, 1306, 1304, 1291,
- /*   280 */  1303, 1292, 1260, 1266, 1258, 1253, 1247, 1227, 1268, 1257,
- /*   290 */  1187, 1198, 1200, 1190, 1170, 1168, 1167, 1182, 1189, 1164,
- /*   300 */  1179, 1162, 1138, 1136, 1061, 1043, 1021, 1111, 1110, 1116,
+ /*     0 */   238,  954,  213,  289,  310,  234,  144,  317, -109,  382,
+ /*    10 */   377,  303,  461,  389,  378,  368,  302,  294,  253,  395,
+ /*    20 */   293,  324,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,
+ /*    30 */   403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,
+ /*    40 */   403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,
+ /*    50 */   403, 1022, 1012, 1005,  998,  963,  961,  959,  957,  950,
+ /*    60 */   947,  930,  912,  873,  861,  823,  810,  771,  759,  720,
+ /*    70 */   708,  670,  657,  619,  614,  612,  610,  608,  606,  604,
+ /*    80 */   598,  595,  593,  580,  542,  540,  537,  535,  533,  531,
+ /*    90 */   529,  527,  503,  386,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,
+ /*   100 */   403,  403,  403,   95,  447,   82,  334,  504,  467,  403,
+ /*   110 */   477,  464,  403,  403,  403,  403,  860,  747,  744,  785,
+ /*   120 */   638,  638,  926,  891,  900,  899,  887,  844,  840,  835,
+ /*   130 */   848,  830,  843,  829,  792,  839,  826,  737,  838,  795,
+ /*   140 */   789,   47,  734,  530,  696,  777,  711,  677,  733,  730,
+ /*   150 */   729,  728,  727,  627,  448,   64,  187, 1305, 1302, 1252,
+ /*   160 */  1290, 1273, 1323, 1322, 1321, 1319, 1318, 1316, 1315, 1314,
+ /*   170 */  1313, 1312, 1311, 1310, 1308, 1307, 1304, 1303, 1301, 1298,
+ /*   180 */  1294, 1292, 1289, 1266, 1264, 1259, 1288, 1287, 1238, 1285,
+ /*   190 */  1281, 1280, 1279, 1278, 1251, 1277, 1276, 1275, 1273, 1268,
+ /*   200 */  1267, 1265, 1263, 1261, 1257, 1248, 1237, 1247, 1246, 1243,
+ /*   210 */  1238, 1240, 1235, 1249, 1234, 1233, 1230, 1220, 1214, 1210,
+ /*   220 */  1225, 1219, 1232, 1231, 1197, 1195, 1227, 1224, 1201, 1208,
+ /*   230 */  1242, 1137, 1236, 1229, 1193, 1181, 1221, 1177, 1196, 1179,
+ /*   240 */  1191, 1190, 1186, 1182, 1218, 1216, 1176, 1162, 1183, 1180,
+ /*   250 */  1160, 1199, 1203, 1133, 1095, 1198, 1194, 1188, 1192, 1171,
+ /*   260 */  1169, 1168, 1173, 1174, 1166, 1159, 1141, 1170, 1158, 1167,
+ /*   270 */  1157, 1132, 1145, 1143, 1124, 1128, 1103, 1102, 1100, 1096,
+ /*   280 */  1150, 1149, 1085, 1125, 1080, 1064, 1120, 1097, 1082, 1078,
+ /*   290 */  1073, 1067, 1109, 1107, 1119, 1117, 1116, 1113, 1111, 1108,
+ /*   300 */  1007, 1000, 1002, 1076, 1075, 1081,
 };
 static const YYACTIONTYPE yy_default[] = {
- /*     0 */   634,  868,  956,  956,  868,  868,  956,  956,  956,  758,
- /*    10 */   956,  956,  956,  866,  956,  956,  786,  786,  930,  956,
- /*    20 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*    30 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*    40 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*    50 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*    60 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  673,  762,  792,
- /*    70 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  929,  931,
- /*    80 */   800,  799,  909,  773,  797,  790,  794,  869,  862,  863,
- /*    90 */   861,  865,  870,  956,  793,  829,  846,  828,  840,  845,
- /*   100 */   852,  844,  841,  831,  830,  665,  832,  833,  956,  956,
- /*   110 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   120 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  660,  727,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   130 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  834,  835,  849,  848,  847,  956,
- /*   140 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   150 */   956,  936,  934,  956,  881,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   160 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   170 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   180 */   956,  640,  758,  758,  758,  634,  956,  956,  956,  948,
- /*   190 */   762,  752,  718,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   200 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  802,  741,  919,  921,  956,
- /*   210 */   902,  739,  662,  760,  675,  750,  642,  796,  775,  775,
- /*   220 */   914,  796,  914,  699,  956,  786,  956,  786,  696,  786,
- /*   230 */   775,  864,  956,  956,  956,  759,  750,  956,  941,  766,
- /*   240 */   766,  933,  933,  766,  808,  731,  796,  738,  738,  738,
- /*   250 */   738,  766,  657,  796,  808,  731,  731,  766,  657,  908,
- /*   260 */   906,  766,  766,  657,  766,  657,  766,  657,  874,  729,
- /*   270 */   729,  729,  714,  878,  878,  874,  729,  699,  729,  714,
- /*   280 */   729,  729,  779,  774,  779,  774,  779,  774,  766,  766,
- /*   290 */   956,  791,  780,  789,  787,  796,  956,  717,  650,  650,
- /*   300 */   639,  639,  639,  639,  953,  953,  948,  701,  701,  683,
- /*   310 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  883,  956,  956,
- /*   320 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   330 */   635,  943,  956,  956,  940,  956,  956,  956,  956,  801,
- /*   340 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   350 */   918,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  912,  956,
- /*   360 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  905,  904,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   370 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   380 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   390 */   956,  956,  956,  788,  956,  781,  956,  867,  956,  956,
- /*   400 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  744,  817,
- /*   410 */   956,  816,  820,  815,  667,  956,  648,  956,  631,  636,
- /*   420 */   952,  955,  954,  951,  950,  949,  944,  942,  939,  938,
- /*   430 */   937,  935,  932,  928,  887,  885,  892,  891,  890,  889,
- /*   440 */   888,  886,  884,  882,  803,  798,  795,  927,  880,  740,
- /*   450 */   737,  736,  656,  945,  911,  920,  807,  806,  809,  917,
- /*   460 */   916,  915,  913,  910,  897,  805,  804,  732,  872,  871,
- /*   470 */   659,  901,  900,  899,  903,  907,  898,  768,  658,  655,
- /*   480 */   664,  721,  720,  728,  726,  725,  724,  723,  722,  719,
- /*   490 */   666,  674,  685,  713,  698,  697,  877,  879,  876,  875,
- /*   500 */   706,  705,  711,  710,  709,  708,  707,  704,  703,  702,
- /*   510 */   695,  694,  700,  693,  716,  715,  712,  692,  735,  734,
- /*   520 */   733,  730,  691,  690,  689,  820,  688,  687,  826,  825,
- /*   530 */   813,  856,  755,  754,  753,  765,  764,  777,  776,  811,
- /*   540 */   810,  778,  763,  757,  756,  772,  771,  770,  769,  761,
- /*   550 */   751,  783,  785,  784,  782,  858,  767,  855,  926,  925,
- /*   560 */   924,  923,  922,  860,  859,  827,  824,  678,  679,  895,
- /*   570 */   894,  896,  893,  681,  680,  677,  676,  857,  746,  745,
- /*   580 */   853,  850,  842,  838,  854,  851,  843,  839,  837,  836,
- /*   590 */   822,  821,  819,  818,  814,  823,  669,  747,  743,  742,
- /*   600 */   812,  749,  748,  686,  684,  682,  663,  661,  654,  652,
- /*   610 */   651,  653,  649,  647,  646,  645,  644,  643,  672,  671,
- /*   620 */   670,  668,  667,  641,  638,  637,  633,  632,  630,
+ /*     0 */   647,  964,  964,  964,  878,  878,  969,  964,  774,  802,
+ /*    10 */   802,  938,  969,  969,  969,  876,  969,  969,  969,  964,
+ /*    20 */   969,  778,  808,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*    30 */   969,  937,  939,  816,  815,  918,  789,  813,  806,  810,
+ /*    40 */   879,  872,  873,  871,  875,  880,  969,  809,  841,  856,
+ /*    50 */   840,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*    60 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*    70 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*    80 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*    90 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  850,  855,  862,  854,  851,  843,
+ /*   100 */   842,  844,  845,  969,  969,  673,  739,  969,  969,  846,
+ /*   110 */   969,  685,  847,  859,  858,  857,  680,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   120 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   130 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   140 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  647,  964,  969,  969,  964,  964,
+ /*   150 */   964,  964,  964,  964,  956,  778,  768,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   160 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  944,  942,  969,
+ /*   170 */   891,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   180 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   190 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   200 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  653,  969,  911,  774,  774,  774,
+ /*   210 */   776,  754,  766,  655,  812,  791,  791,  923,  812,  923,
+ /*   220 */   710,  733,  707,  802,  791,  874,  802,  802,  775,  766,
+ /*   230 */   969,  949,  782,  782,  941,  941,  782,  821,  743,  812,
+ /*   240 */   750,  750,  750,  750,  782,  670,  812,  821,  743,  743,
+ /*   250 */   812,  782,  670,  917,  915,  782,  782,  670,  782,  670,
+ /*   260 */   782,  670,  884,  741,  741,  741,  725,  884,  741,  710,
+ /*   270 */   741,  725,  741,  741,  795,  790,  795,  790,  795,  790,
+ /*   280 */   782,  782,  969,  884,  888,  888,  884,  807,  796,  805,
+ /*   290 */   803,  812,  676,  728,  663,  663,  652,  652,  652,  652,
+ /*   300 */   961,  961,  956,  712,  712,  695,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   310 */   969,  969,  687,  969,  893,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   320 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   330 */   969,  828,  969,  648,  951,  969,  969,  948,  969,  969,
+ /*   340 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   350 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  921,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   360 */   969,  969,  969,  914,  913,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   370 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   380 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  757,  969,  969,
+ /*   390 */   969,  761,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  804,  969,
+ /*   400 */   797,  969,  877,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   410 */   969,  969,  969,  966,  969,  969,  969,  965,  969,  969,
+ /*   420 */   969,  969,  969,  830,  969,  829,  833,  969,  661,  969,
+ /*   430 */   644,  649,  960,  963,  962,  959,  958,  957,  952,  950,
+ /*   440 */   947,  946,  945,  943,  940,  936,  897,  895,  902,  901,
+ /*   450 */   900,  899,  898,  896,  894,  892,  818,  817,  814,  811,
+ /*   460 */   753,  935,  890,  752,  749,  748,  669,  953,  920,  929,
+ /*   470 */   928,  927,  822,  926,  925,  924,  922,  919,  906,  820,
+ /*   480 */   819,  744,  882,  881,  672,  910,  909,  908,  912,  916,
+ /*   490 */   907,  784,  751,  671,  668,  675,  679,  731,  732,  740,
+ /*   500 */   738,  737,  736,  735,  734,  730,  681,  686,  724,  709,
+ /*   510 */   708,  717,  716,  722,  721,  720,  719,  718,  715,  714,
+ /*   520 */   713,  706,  705,  711,  704,  727,  726,  723,  703,  747,
+ /*   530 */   746,  745,  742,  702,  701,  700,  833,  699,  698,  838,
+ /*   540 */   837,  866,  826,  755,  759,  758,  762,  763,  771,  770,
+ /*   550 */   769,  780,  781,  793,  792,  824,  823,  794,  779,  773,
+ /*   560 */   772,  788,  787,  786,  785,  777,  767,  799,  798,  868,
+ /*   570 */   783,  867,  865,  934,  933,  932,  931,  930,  870,  967,
+ /*   580 */   968,  887,  889,  886,  801,  800,  885,  869,  839,  836,
+ /*   590 */   690,  691,  905,  904,  903,  693,  692,  689,  688,  863,
+ /*   600 */   860,  852,  864,  861,  853,  849,  848,  834,  832,  831,
+ /*   610 */   827,  835,  760,  756,  825,  765,  764,  697,  696,  694,
+ /*   620 */   678,  677,  674,  667,  665,  664,  666,  662,  660,  659,
+ /*   630 */   658,  657,  656,  684,  683,  682,  654,  651,  650,  646,
+ /*   640 */   645,  643,
 };
 
 /* The next table maps tokens into fallback tokens.  If a construct
@@ -108564,71 +118203,74 @@
 static const YYCODETYPE yyFallback[] = {
     0,  /*          $ => nothing */
     0,  /*       SEMI => nothing */
-   26,  /*    EXPLAIN => ID */
-   26,  /*      QUERY => ID */
-   26,  /*       PLAN => ID */
-   26,  /*      BEGIN => ID */
+   27,  /*    EXPLAIN => ID */
+   27,  /*      QUERY => ID */
+   27,  /*       PLAN => ID */
+   27,  /*      BEGIN => ID */
     0,  /* TRANSACTION => nothing */
-   26,  /*   DEFERRED => ID */
-   26,  /*  IMMEDIATE => ID */
-   26,  /*  EXCLUSIVE => ID */
+   27,  /*   DEFERRED => ID */
+   27,  /*  IMMEDIATE => ID */
+   27,  /*  EXCLUSIVE => ID */
     0,  /*     COMMIT => nothing */
-   26,  /*        END => ID */
-   26,  /*   ROLLBACK => ID */
-   26,  /*  SAVEPOINT => ID */
-   26,  /*    RELEASE => ID */
+   27,  /*        END => ID */
+   27,  /*   ROLLBACK => ID */
+   27,  /*  SAVEPOINT => ID */
+   27,  /*    RELEASE => ID */
     0,  /*         TO => nothing */
     0,  /*      TABLE => nothing */
     0,  /*     CREATE => nothing */
-   26,  /*         IF => ID */
+   27,  /*         IF => ID */
     0,  /*        NOT => nothing */
     0,  /*     EXISTS => nothing */
-   26,  /*       TEMP => ID */
+   27,  /*       TEMP => ID */
     0,  /*         LP => nothing */
     0,  /*         RP => nothing */
     0,  /*         AS => nothing */
+   27,  /*    WITHOUT => ID */
     0,  /*      COMMA => nothing */
     0,  /*         ID => nothing */
     0,  /*    INDEXED => nothing */
-   26,  /*      ABORT => ID */
-   26,  /*     ACTION => ID */
-   26,  /*      AFTER => ID */
-   26,  /*    ANALYZE => ID */
-   26,  /*        ASC => ID */
-   26,  /*     ATTACH => ID */
-   26,  /*     BEFORE => ID */
-   26,  /*         BY => ID */
-   26,  /*    CASCADE => ID */
-   26,  /*       CAST => ID */
-   26,  /*   COLUMNKW => ID */
-   26,  /*   CONFLICT => ID */
-   26,  /*   DATABASE => ID */
-   26,  /*       DESC => ID */
-   26,  /*     DETACH => ID */
-   26,  /*       EACH => ID */
-   26,  /*       FAIL => ID */
-   26,  /*        FOR => ID */
-   26,  /*     IGNORE => ID */
-   26,  /*  INITIALLY => ID */
-   26,  /*    INSTEAD => ID */
-   26,  /*    LIKE_KW => ID */
-   26,  /*      MATCH => ID */
-   26,  /*         NO => ID */
-   26,  /*        KEY => ID */
-   26,  /*         OF => ID */
-   26,  /*     OFFSET => ID */
-   26,  /*     PRAGMA => ID */
-   26,  /*      RAISE => ID */
-   26,  /*    REPLACE => ID */
-   26,  /*   RESTRICT => ID */
-   26,  /*        ROW => ID */
-   26,  /*    TRIGGER => ID */
-   26,  /*     VACUUM => ID */
-   26,  /*       VIEW => ID */
-   26,  /*    VIRTUAL => ID */
-   26,  /*    REINDEX => ID */
-   26,  /*     RENAME => ID */
-   26,  /*   CTIME_KW => ID */
+   27,  /*      ABORT => ID */
+   27,  /*     ACTION => ID */
+   27,  /*      AFTER => ID */
+   27,  /*    ANALYZE => ID */
+   27,  /*        ASC => ID */
+   27,  /*     ATTACH => ID */
+   27,  /*     BEFORE => ID */
+   27,  /*         BY => ID */
+   27,  /*    CASCADE => ID */
+   27,  /*       CAST => ID */
+   27,  /*   COLUMNKW => ID */
+   27,  /*   CONFLICT => ID */
+   27,  /*   DATABASE => ID */
+   27,  /*       DESC => ID */
+   27,  /*     DETACH => ID */
+   27,  /*       EACH => ID */
+   27,  /*       FAIL => ID */
+   27,  /*        FOR => ID */
+   27,  /*     IGNORE => ID */
+   27,  /*  INITIALLY => ID */
+   27,  /*    INSTEAD => ID */
+   27,  /*    LIKE_KW => ID */
+   27,  /*      MATCH => ID */
+   27,  /*         NO => ID */
+   27,  /*        KEY => ID */
+   27,  /*         OF => ID */
+   27,  /*     OFFSET => ID */
+   27,  /*     PRAGMA => ID */
+   27,  /*      RAISE => ID */
+   27,  /*  RECURSIVE => ID */
+   27,  /*    REPLACE => ID */
+   27,  /*   RESTRICT => ID */
+   27,  /*        ROW => ID */
+   27,  /*    TRIGGER => ID */
+   27,  /*     VACUUM => ID */
+   27,  /*       VIEW => ID */
+   27,  /*    VIRTUAL => ID */
+   27,  /*       WITH => ID */
+   27,  /*    REINDEX => ID */
+   27,  /*     RENAME => ID */
+   27,  /*   CTIME_KW => ID */
 };
 #endif /* YYFALLBACK */
 
@@ -108713,63 +118355,64 @@
   "ROLLBACK",      "SAVEPOINT",     "RELEASE",       "TO",          
   "TABLE",         "CREATE",        "IF",            "NOT",         
   "EXISTS",        "TEMP",          "LP",            "RP",          
-  "AS",            "COMMA",         "ID",            "INDEXED",     
-  "ABORT",         "ACTION",        "AFTER",         "ANALYZE",     
-  "ASC",           "ATTACH",        "BEFORE",        "BY",          
-  "CASCADE",       "CAST",          "COLUMNKW",      "CONFLICT",    
-  "DATABASE",      "DESC",          "DETACH",        "EACH",        
-  "FAIL",          "FOR",           "IGNORE",        "INITIALLY",   
-  "INSTEAD",       "LIKE_KW",       "MATCH",         "NO",          
-  "KEY",           "OF",            "OFFSET",        "PRAGMA",      
-  "RAISE",         "REPLACE",       "RESTRICT",      "ROW",         
-  "TRIGGER",       "VACUUM",        "VIEW",          "VIRTUAL",     
-  "REINDEX",       "RENAME",        "CTIME_KW",      "ANY",         
-  "OR",            "AND",           "IS",            "BETWEEN",     
-  "IN",            "ISNULL",        "NOTNULL",       "NE",          
-  "EQ",            "GT",            "LE",            "LT",          
-  "GE",            "ESCAPE",        "BITAND",        "BITOR",       
-  "LSHIFT",        "RSHIFT",        "PLUS",          "MINUS",       
-  "STAR",          "SLASH",         "REM",           "CONCAT",      
-  "COLLATE",       "BITNOT",        "STRING",        "JOIN_KW",     
-  "CONSTRAINT",    "DEFAULT",       "NULL",          "PRIMARY",     
-  "UNIQUE",        "CHECK",         "REFERENCES",    "AUTOINCR",    
-  "ON",            "INSERT",        "DELETE",        "UPDATE",      
-  "SET",           "DEFERRABLE",    "FOREIGN",       "DROP",        
-  "UNION",         "ALL",           "EXCEPT",        "INTERSECT",   
-  "SELECT",        "DISTINCT",      "DOT",           "FROM",        
+  "AS",            "WITHOUT",       "COMMA",         "ID",          
+  "INDEXED",       "ABORT",         "ACTION",        "AFTER",       
+  "ANALYZE",       "ASC",           "ATTACH",        "BEFORE",      
+  "BY",            "CASCADE",       "CAST",          "COLUMNKW",    
+  "CONFLICT",      "DATABASE",      "DESC",          "DETACH",      
+  "EACH",          "FAIL",          "FOR",           "IGNORE",      
+  "INITIALLY",     "INSTEAD",       "LIKE_KW",       "MATCH",       
+  "NO",            "KEY",           "OF",            "OFFSET",      
+  "PRAGMA",        "RAISE",         "RECURSIVE",     "REPLACE",     
+  "RESTRICT",      "ROW",           "TRIGGER",       "VACUUM",      
+  "VIEW",          "VIRTUAL",       "WITH",          "REINDEX",     
+  "RENAME",        "CTIME_KW",      "ANY",           "OR",          
+  "AND",           "IS",            "BETWEEN",       "IN",          
+  "ISNULL",        "NOTNULL",       "NE",            "EQ",          
+  "GT",            "LE",            "LT",            "GE",          
+  "ESCAPE",        "BITAND",        "BITOR",         "LSHIFT",      
+  "RSHIFT",        "PLUS",          "MINUS",         "STAR",        
+  "SLASH",         "REM",           "CONCAT",        "COLLATE",     
+  "BITNOT",        "STRING",        "JOIN_KW",       "CONSTRAINT",  
+  "DEFAULT",       "NULL",          "PRIMARY",       "UNIQUE",      
+  "CHECK",         "REFERENCES",    "AUTOINCR",      "ON",          
+  "INSERT",        "DELETE",        "UPDATE",        "SET",         
+  "DEFERRABLE",    "FOREIGN",       "DROP",          "UNION",       
+  "ALL",           "EXCEPT",        "INTERSECT",     "SELECT",      
+  "VALUES",        "DISTINCT",      "DOT",           "FROM",        
   "JOIN",          "USING",         "ORDER",         "GROUP",       
   "HAVING",        "LIMIT",         "WHERE",         "INTO",        
-  "VALUES",        "INTEGER",       "FLOAT",         "BLOB",        
-  "REGISTER",      "VARIABLE",      "CASE",          "WHEN",        
-  "THEN",          "ELSE",          "INDEX",         "ALTER",       
-  "ADD",           "error",         "input",         "cmdlist",     
-  "ecmd",          "explain",       "cmdx",          "cmd",         
-  "transtype",     "trans_opt",     "nm",            "savepoint_opt",
-  "create_table",  "create_table_args",  "createkw",      "temp",        
-  "ifnotexists",   "dbnm",          "columnlist",    "conslist_opt",
-  "select",        "column",        "columnid",      "type",        
-  "carglist",      "id",            "ids",           "typetoken",   
-  "typename",      "signed",        "plus_num",      "minus_num",   
-  "carg",          "ccons",         "term",          "expr",        
+  "INTEGER",       "FLOAT",         "BLOB",          "VARIABLE",    
+  "CASE",          "WHEN",          "THEN",          "ELSE",        
+  "INDEX",         "ALTER",         "ADD",           "error",       
+  "input",         "cmdlist",       "ecmd",          "explain",     
+  "cmdx",          "cmd",           "transtype",     "trans_opt",   
+  "nm",            "savepoint_opt",  "create_table",  "create_table_args",
+  "createkw",      "temp",          "ifnotexists",   "dbnm",        
+  "columnlist",    "conslist_opt",  "table_options",  "select",      
+  "column",        "columnid",      "type",          "carglist",    
+  "typetoken",     "typename",      "signed",        "plus_num",    
+  "minus_num",     "ccons",         "term",          "expr",        
   "onconf",        "sortorder",     "autoinc",       "idxlist_opt", 
   "refargs",       "defer_subclause",  "refarg",        "refact",      
-  "init_deferred_pred_opt",  "conslist",      "tcons",         "idxlist",     
-  "defer_subclause_opt",  "orconf",        "resolvetype",   "raisetype",   
-  "ifexists",      "fullname",      "oneselect",     "multiselect_op",
-  "distinct",      "selcollist",    "from",          "where_opt",   
-  "groupby_opt",   "having_opt",    "orderby_opt",   "limit_opt",   
-  "sclp",          "as",            "seltablist",    "stl_prefix",  
-  "joinop",        "indexed_opt",   "on_opt",        "using_opt",   
-  "joinop2",       "inscollist",    "sortlist",      "nexprlist",   
-  "setlist",       "insert_cmd",    "inscollist_opt",  "valuelist",   
-  "exprlist",      "likeop",        "between_op",    "in_op",       
-  "case_operand",  "case_exprlist",  "case_else",     "uniqueflag",  
-  "collate",       "nmnum",         "number",        "trigger_decl",
-  "trigger_cmd_list",  "trigger_time",  "trigger_event",  "foreach_clause",
-  "when_clause",   "trigger_cmd",   "trnm",          "tridxby",     
-  "database_kw_opt",  "key_opt",       "add_column_fullname",  "kwcolumn_opt",
-  "create_vtab",   "vtabarglist",   "vtabarg",       "vtabargtoken",
-  "lp",            "anylist",     
+  "init_deferred_pred_opt",  "conslist",      "tconscomma",    "tcons",       
+  "idxlist",       "defer_subclause_opt",  "orconf",        "resolvetype", 
+  "raisetype",     "ifexists",      "fullname",      "selectnowith",
+  "oneselect",     "with",          "multiselect_op",  "distinct",    
+  "selcollist",    "from",          "where_opt",     "groupby_opt", 
+  "having_opt",    "orderby_opt",   "limit_opt",     "values",      
+  "nexprlist",     "exprlist",      "sclp",          "as",          
+  "seltablist",    "stl_prefix",    "joinop",        "indexed_opt", 
+  "on_opt",        "using_opt",     "joinop2",       "idlist",      
+  "sortlist",      "setlist",       "insert_cmd",    "inscollist_opt",
+  "likeop",        "between_op",    "in_op",         "case_operand",
+  "case_exprlist",  "case_else",     "uniqueflag",    "collate",     
+  "nmnum",         "trigger_decl",  "trigger_cmd_list",  "trigger_time",
+  "trigger_event",  "foreach_clause",  "when_clause",   "trigger_cmd", 
+  "trnm",          "tridxby",       "database_kw_opt",  "key_opt",     
+  "add_column_fullname",  "kwcolumn_opt",  "create_vtab",   "vtabarglist", 
+  "vtabarg",       "vtabargtoken",  "lp",            "anylist",     
+  "wqlist",      
 };
 #endif /* NDEBUG */
 
@@ -108809,301 +118452,301 @@
  /*  29 */ "ifnotexists ::= IF NOT EXISTS",
  /*  30 */ "temp ::= TEMP",
  /*  31 */ "temp ::=",
- /*  32 */ "create_table_args ::= LP columnlist conslist_opt RP",
+ /*  32 */ "create_table_args ::= LP columnlist conslist_opt RP table_options",
  /*  33 */ "create_table_args ::= AS select",
- /*  34 */ "columnlist ::= columnlist COMMA column",
- /*  35 */ "columnlist ::= column",
- /*  36 */ "column ::= columnid type carglist",
- /*  37 */ "columnid ::= nm",
- /*  38 */ "id ::= ID",
- /*  39 */ "id ::= INDEXED",
- /*  40 */ "ids ::= ID|STRING",
- /*  41 */ "nm ::= id",
- /*  42 */ "nm ::= STRING",
- /*  43 */ "nm ::= JOIN_KW",
- /*  44 */ "type ::=",
- /*  45 */ "type ::= typetoken",
- /*  46 */ "typetoken ::= typename",
- /*  47 */ "typetoken ::= typename LP signed RP",
- /*  48 */ "typetoken ::= typename LP signed COMMA signed RP",
- /*  49 */ "typename ::= ids",
- /*  50 */ "typename ::= typename ids",
- /*  51 */ "signed ::= plus_num",
- /*  52 */ "signed ::= minus_num",
- /*  53 */ "carglist ::= carglist carg",
- /*  54 */ "carglist ::=",
- /*  55 */ "carg ::= CONSTRAINT nm ccons",
- /*  56 */ "carg ::= ccons",
- /*  57 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT term",
- /*  58 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT LP expr RP",
- /*  59 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT PLUS term",
- /*  60 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT MINUS term",
- /*  61 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT id",
- /*  62 */ "ccons ::= NULL onconf",
- /*  63 */ "ccons ::= NOT NULL onconf",
- /*  64 */ "ccons ::= PRIMARY KEY sortorder onconf autoinc",
- /*  65 */ "ccons ::= UNIQUE onconf",
- /*  66 */ "ccons ::= CHECK LP expr RP",
- /*  67 */ "ccons ::= REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs",
- /*  68 */ "ccons ::= defer_subclause",
- /*  69 */ "ccons ::= COLLATE ids",
- /*  70 */ "autoinc ::=",
- /*  71 */ "autoinc ::= AUTOINCR",
- /*  72 */ "refargs ::=",
- /*  73 */ "refargs ::= refargs refarg",
- /*  74 */ "refarg ::= MATCH nm",
- /*  75 */ "refarg ::= ON INSERT refact",
- /*  76 */ "refarg ::= ON DELETE refact",
- /*  77 */ "refarg ::= ON UPDATE refact",
- /*  78 */ "refact ::= SET NULL",
- /*  79 */ "refact ::= SET DEFAULT",
- /*  80 */ "refact ::= CASCADE",
- /*  81 */ "refact ::= RESTRICT",
- /*  82 */ "refact ::= NO ACTION",
- /*  83 */ "defer_subclause ::= NOT DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt",
- /*  84 */ "defer_subclause ::= DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt",
- /*  85 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::=",
- /*  86 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED",
- /*  87 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY IMMEDIATE",
- /*  88 */ "conslist_opt ::=",
- /*  89 */ "conslist_opt ::= COMMA conslist",
- /*  90 */ "conslist ::= conslist COMMA tcons",
- /*  91 */ "conslist ::= conslist tcons",
- /*  92 */ "conslist ::= tcons",
- /*  93 */ "tcons ::= CONSTRAINT nm",
- /*  94 */ "tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP idxlist autoinc RP onconf",
- /*  95 */ "tcons ::= UNIQUE LP idxlist RP onconf",
- /*  96 */ "tcons ::= CHECK LP expr RP onconf",
- /*  97 */ "tcons ::= FOREIGN KEY LP idxlist RP REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs defer_subclause_opt",
- /*  98 */ "defer_subclause_opt ::=",
- /*  99 */ "defer_subclause_opt ::= defer_subclause",
- /* 100 */ "onconf ::=",
- /* 101 */ "onconf ::= ON CONFLICT resolvetype",
- /* 102 */ "orconf ::=",
- /* 103 */ "orconf ::= OR resolvetype",
- /* 104 */ "resolvetype ::= raisetype",
- /* 105 */ "resolvetype ::= IGNORE",
- /* 106 */ "resolvetype ::= REPLACE",
- /* 107 */ "cmd ::= DROP TABLE ifexists fullname",
- /* 108 */ "ifexists ::= IF EXISTS",
- /* 109 */ "ifexists ::=",
- /* 110 */ "cmd ::= createkw temp VIEW ifnotexists nm dbnm AS select",
- /* 111 */ "cmd ::= DROP VIEW ifexists fullname",
- /* 112 */ "cmd ::= select",
- /* 113 */ "select ::= oneselect",
- /* 114 */ "select ::= select multiselect_op oneselect",
+ /*  34 */ "table_options ::=",
+ /*  35 */ "table_options ::= WITHOUT nm",
+ /*  36 */ "columnlist ::= columnlist COMMA column",
+ /*  37 */ "columnlist ::= column",
+ /*  38 */ "column ::= columnid type carglist",
+ /*  39 */ "columnid ::= nm",
+ /*  40 */ "nm ::= ID|INDEXED",
+ /*  41 */ "nm ::= STRING",
+ /*  42 */ "nm ::= JOIN_KW",
+ /*  43 */ "type ::=",
+ /*  44 */ "type ::= typetoken",
+ /*  45 */ "typetoken ::= typename",
+ /*  46 */ "typetoken ::= typename LP signed RP",
+ /*  47 */ "typetoken ::= typename LP signed COMMA signed RP",
+ /*  48 */ "typename ::= ID|STRING",
+ /*  49 */ "typename ::= typename ID|STRING",
+ /*  50 */ "signed ::= plus_num",
+ /*  51 */ "signed ::= minus_num",
+ /*  52 */ "carglist ::= carglist ccons",
+ /*  53 */ "carglist ::=",
+ /*  54 */ "ccons ::= CONSTRAINT nm",
+ /*  55 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT term",
+ /*  56 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT LP expr RP",
+ /*  57 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT PLUS term",
+ /*  58 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT MINUS term",
+ /*  59 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT ID|INDEXED",
+ /*  60 */ "ccons ::= NULL onconf",
+ /*  61 */ "ccons ::= NOT NULL onconf",
+ /*  62 */ "ccons ::= PRIMARY KEY sortorder onconf autoinc",
+ /*  63 */ "ccons ::= UNIQUE onconf",
+ /*  64 */ "ccons ::= CHECK LP expr RP",
+ /*  65 */ "ccons ::= REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs",
+ /*  66 */ "ccons ::= defer_subclause",
+ /*  67 */ "ccons ::= COLLATE ID|STRING",
+ /*  68 */ "autoinc ::=",
+ /*  69 */ "autoinc ::= AUTOINCR",
+ /*  70 */ "refargs ::=",
+ /*  71 */ "refargs ::= refargs refarg",
+ /*  72 */ "refarg ::= MATCH nm",
+ /*  73 */ "refarg ::= ON INSERT refact",
+ /*  74 */ "refarg ::= ON DELETE refact",
+ /*  75 */ "refarg ::= ON UPDATE refact",
+ /*  76 */ "refact ::= SET NULL",
+ /*  77 */ "refact ::= SET DEFAULT",
+ /*  78 */ "refact ::= CASCADE",
+ /*  79 */ "refact ::= RESTRICT",
+ /*  80 */ "refact ::= NO ACTION",
+ /*  81 */ "defer_subclause ::= NOT DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt",
+ /*  82 */ "defer_subclause ::= DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt",
+ /*  83 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::=",
+ /*  84 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED",
+ /*  85 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY IMMEDIATE",
+ /*  86 */ "conslist_opt ::=",
+ /*  87 */ "conslist_opt ::= COMMA conslist",
+ /*  88 */ "conslist ::= conslist tconscomma tcons",
+ /*  89 */ "conslist ::= tcons",
+ /*  90 */ "tconscomma ::= COMMA",
+ /*  91 */ "tconscomma ::=",
+ /*  92 */ "tcons ::= CONSTRAINT nm",
+ /*  93 */ "tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP idxlist autoinc RP onconf",
+ /*  94 */ "tcons ::= UNIQUE LP idxlist RP onconf",
+ /*  95 */ "tcons ::= CHECK LP expr RP onconf",
+ /*  96 */ "tcons ::= FOREIGN KEY LP idxlist RP REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs defer_subclause_opt",
+ /*  97 */ "defer_subclause_opt ::=",
+ /*  98 */ "defer_subclause_opt ::= defer_subclause",
+ /*  99 */ "onconf ::=",
+ /* 100 */ "onconf ::= ON CONFLICT resolvetype",
+ /* 101 */ "orconf ::=",
+ /* 102 */ "orconf ::= OR resolvetype",
+ /* 103 */ "resolvetype ::= raisetype",
+ /* 104 */ "resolvetype ::= IGNORE",
+ /* 105 */ "resolvetype ::= REPLACE",
+ /* 106 */ "cmd ::= DROP TABLE ifexists fullname",
+ /* 107 */ "ifexists ::= IF EXISTS",
+ /* 108 */ "ifexists ::=",
+ /* 109 */ "cmd ::= createkw temp VIEW ifnotexists nm dbnm AS select",
+ /* 110 */ "cmd ::= DROP VIEW ifexists fullname",
+ /* 111 */ "cmd ::= select",
+ /* 112 */ "select ::= with selectnowith",
+ /* 113 */ "selectnowith ::= oneselect",
+ /* 114 */ "selectnowith ::= selectnowith multiselect_op oneselect",
  /* 115 */ "multiselect_op ::= UNION",
  /* 116 */ "multiselect_op ::= UNION ALL",
  /* 117 */ "multiselect_op ::= EXCEPT|INTERSECT",
  /* 118 */ "oneselect ::= SELECT distinct selcollist from where_opt groupby_opt having_opt orderby_opt limit_opt",
- /* 119 */ "distinct ::= DISTINCT",
- /* 120 */ "distinct ::= ALL",
- /* 121 */ "distinct ::=",
- /* 122 */ "sclp ::= selcollist COMMA",
- /* 123 */ "sclp ::=",
- /* 124 */ "selcollist ::= sclp expr as",
- /* 125 */ "selcollist ::= sclp STAR",
- /* 126 */ "selcollist ::= sclp nm DOT STAR",
- /* 127 */ "as ::= AS nm",
- /* 128 */ "as ::= ids",
- /* 129 */ "as ::=",
- /* 130 */ "from ::=",
- /* 131 */ "from ::= FROM seltablist",
- /* 132 */ "stl_prefix ::= seltablist joinop",
- /* 133 */ "stl_prefix ::=",
- /* 134 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix nm dbnm as indexed_opt on_opt using_opt",
- /* 135 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP select RP as on_opt using_opt",
- /* 136 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP seltablist RP as on_opt using_opt",
- /* 137 */ "dbnm ::=",
- /* 138 */ "dbnm ::= DOT nm",
- /* 139 */ "fullname ::= nm dbnm",
- /* 140 */ "joinop ::= COMMA|JOIN",
- /* 141 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN",
- /* 142 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm JOIN",
- /* 143 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm nm JOIN",
- /* 144 */ "on_opt ::= ON expr",
- /* 145 */ "on_opt ::=",
- /* 146 */ "indexed_opt ::=",
- /* 147 */ "indexed_opt ::= INDEXED BY nm",
- /* 148 */ "indexed_opt ::= NOT INDEXED",
- /* 149 */ "using_opt ::= USING LP inscollist RP",
- /* 150 */ "using_opt ::=",
- /* 151 */ "orderby_opt ::=",
- /* 152 */ "orderby_opt ::= ORDER BY sortlist",
- /* 153 */ "sortlist ::= sortlist COMMA expr sortorder",
- /* 154 */ "sortlist ::= expr sortorder",
- /* 155 */ "sortorder ::= ASC",
- /* 156 */ "sortorder ::= DESC",
- /* 157 */ "sortorder ::=",
- /* 158 */ "groupby_opt ::=",
- /* 159 */ "groupby_opt ::= GROUP BY nexprlist",
- /* 160 */ "having_opt ::=",
- /* 161 */ "having_opt ::= HAVING expr",
- /* 162 */ "limit_opt ::=",
- /* 163 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr",
- /* 164 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr OFFSET expr",
- /* 165 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr COMMA expr",
- /* 166 */ "cmd ::= DELETE FROM fullname indexed_opt where_opt",
- /* 167 */ "where_opt ::=",
- /* 168 */ "where_opt ::= WHERE expr",
- /* 169 */ "cmd ::= UPDATE orconf fullname indexed_opt SET setlist where_opt",
- /* 170 */ "setlist ::= setlist COMMA nm EQ expr",
- /* 171 */ "setlist ::= nm EQ expr",
- /* 172 */ "cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt valuelist",
- /* 173 */ "cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt select",
- /* 174 */ "cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt DEFAULT VALUES",
- /* 175 */ "insert_cmd ::= INSERT orconf",
- /* 176 */ "insert_cmd ::= REPLACE",
- /* 177 */ "valuelist ::= VALUES LP nexprlist RP",
- /* 178 */ "valuelist ::= valuelist COMMA LP exprlist RP",
+ /* 119 */ "oneselect ::= values",
+ /* 120 */ "values ::= VALUES LP nexprlist RP",
+ /* 121 */ "values ::= values COMMA LP exprlist RP",
+ /* 122 */ "distinct ::= DISTINCT",
+ /* 123 */ "distinct ::= ALL",
+ /* 124 */ "distinct ::=",
+ /* 125 */ "sclp ::= selcollist COMMA",
+ /* 126 */ "sclp ::=",
+ /* 127 */ "selcollist ::= sclp expr as",
+ /* 128 */ "selcollist ::= sclp STAR",
+ /* 129 */ "selcollist ::= sclp nm DOT STAR",
+ /* 130 */ "as ::= AS nm",
+ /* 131 */ "as ::= ID|STRING",
+ /* 132 */ "as ::=",
+ /* 133 */ "from ::=",
+ /* 134 */ "from ::= FROM seltablist",
+ /* 135 */ "stl_prefix ::= seltablist joinop",
+ /* 136 */ "stl_prefix ::=",
+ /* 137 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix nm dbnm as indexed_opt on_opt using_opt",
+ /* 138 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP select RP as on_opt using_opt",
+ /* 139 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP seltablist RP as on_opt using_opt",
+ /* 140 */ "dbnm ::=",
+ /* 141 */ "dbnm ::= DOT nm",
+ /* 142 */ "fullname ::= nm dbnm",
+ /* 143 */ "joinop ::= COMMA|JOIN",
+ /* 144 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN",
+ /* 145 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm JOIN",
+ /* 146 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm nm JOIN",
+ /* 147 */ "on_opt ::= ON expr",
+ /* 148 */ "on_opt ::=",
+ /* 149 */ "indexed_opt ::=",
+ /* 150 */ "indexed_opt ::= INDEXED BY nm",
+ /* 151 */ "indexed_opt ::= NOT INDEXED",
+ /* 152 */ "using_opt ::= USING LP idlist RP",
+ /* 153 */ "using_opt ::=",
+ /* 154 */ "orderby_opt ::=",
+ /* 155 */ "orderby_opt ::= ORDER BY sortlist",
+ /* 156 */ "sortlist ::= sortlist COMMA expr sortorder",
+ /* 157 */ "sortlist ::= expr sortorder",
+ /* 158 */ "sortorder ::= ASC",
+ /* 159 */ "sortorder ::= DESC",
+ /* 160 */ "sortorder ::=",
+ /* 161 */ "groupby_opt ::=",
+ /* 162 */ "groupby_opt ::= GROUP BY nexprlist",
+ /* 163 */ "having_opt ::=",
+ /* 164 */ "having_opt ::= HAVING expr",
+ /* 165 */ "limit_opt ::=",
+ /* 166 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr",
+ /* 167 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr OFFSET expr",
+ /* 168 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr COMMA expr",
+ /* 169 */ "cmd ::= with DELETE FROM fullname indexed_opt where_opt",
+ /* 170 */ "where_opt ::=",
+ /* 171 */ "where_opt ::= WHERE expr",
+ /* 172 */ "cmd ::= with UPDATE orconf fullname indexed_opt SET setlist where_opt",
+ /* 173 */ "setlist ::= setlist COMMA nm EQ expr",
+ /* 174 */ "setlist ::= nm EQ expr",
+ /* 175 */ "cmd ::= with insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt select",
+ /* 176 */ "cmd ::= with insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt DEFAULT VALUES",
+ /* 177 */ "insert_cmd ::= INSERT orconf",
+ /* 178 */ "insert_cmd ::= REPLACE",
  /* 179 */ "inscollist_opt ::=",
- /* 180 */ "inscollist_opt ::= LP inscollist RP",
- /* 181 */ "inscollist ::= inscollist COMMA nm",
- /* 182 */ "inscollist ::= nm",
+ /* 180 */ "inscollist_opt ::= LP idlist RP",
+ /* 181 */ "idlist ::= idlist COMMA nm",
+ /* 182 */ "idlist ::= nm",
  /* 183 */ "expr ::= term",
  /* 184 */ "expr ::= LP expr RP",
  /* 185 */ "term ::= NULL",
- /* 186 */ "expr ::= id",
+ /* 186 */ "expr ::= ID|INDEXED",
  /* 187 */ "expr ::= JOIN_KW",
  /* 188 */ "expr ::= nm DOT nm",
  /* 189 */ "expr ::= nm DOT nm DOT nm",
  /* 190 */ "term ::= INTEGER|FLOAT|BLOB",
  /* 191 */ "term ::= STRING",
- /* 192 */ "expr ::= REGISTER",
- /* 193 */ "expr ::= VARIABLE",
- /* 194 */ "expr ::= expr COLLATE ids",
- /* 195 */ "expr ::= CAST LP expr AS typetoken RP",
- /* 196 */ "expr ::= ID LP distinct exprlist RP",
- /* 197 */ "expr ::= ID LP STAR RP",
- /* 198 */ "term ::= CTIME_KW",
- /* 199 */ "expr ::= expr AND expr",
- /* 200 */ "expr ::= expr OR expr",
- /* 201 */ "expr ::= expr LT|GT|GE|LE expr",
- /* 202 */ "expr ::= expr EQ|NE expr",
- /* 203 */ "expr ::= expr BITAND|BITOR|LSHIFT|RSHIFT expr",
- /* 204 */ "expr ::= expr PLUS|MINUS expr",
- /* 205 */ "expr ::= expr STAR|SLASH|REM expr",
- /* 206 */ "expr ::= expr CONCAT expr",
- /* 207 */ "likeop ::= LIKE_KW",
- /* 208 */ "likeop ::= NOT LIKE_KW",
- /* 209 */ "likeop ::= MATCH",
- /* 210 */ "likeop ::= NOT MATCH",
- /* 211 */ "expr ::= expr likeop expr",
- /* 212 */ "expr ::= expr likeop expr ESCAPE expr",
- /* 213 */ "expr ::= expr ISNULL|NOTNULL",
- /* 214 */ "expr ::= expr NOT NULL",
- /* 215 */ "expr ::= expr IS expr",
- /* 216 */ "expr ::= expr IS NOT expr",
- /* 217 */ "expr ::= NOT expr",
- /* 218 */ "expr ::= BITNOT expr",
- /* 219 */ "expr ::= MINUS expr",
- /* 220 */ "expr ::= PLUS expr",
- /* 221 */ "between_op ::= BETWEEN",
- /* 222 */ "between_op ::= NOT BETWEEN",
- /* 223 */ "expr ::= expr between_op expr AND expr",
- /* 224 */ "in_op ::= IN",
- /* 225 */ "in_op ::= NOT IN",
- /* 226 */ "expr ::= expr in_op LP exprlist RP",
- /* 227 */ "expr ::= LP select RP",
- /* 228 */ "expr ::= expr in_op LP select RP",
- /* 229 */ "expr ::= expr in_op nm dbnm",
- /* 230 */ "expr ::= EXISTS LP select RP",
- /* 231 */ "expr ::= CASE case_operand case_exprlist case_else END",
- /* 232 */ "case_exprlist ::= case_exprlist WHEN expr THEN expr",
- /* 233 */ "case_exprlist ::= WHEN expr THEN expr",
- /* 234 */ "case_else ::= ELSE expr",
- /* 235 */ "case_else ::=",
- /* 236 */ "case_operand ::= expr",
- /* 237 */ "case_operand ::=",
- /* 238 */ "exprlist ::= nexprlist",
- /* 239 */ "exprlist ::=",
- /* 240 */ "nexprlist ::= nexprlist COMMA expr",
- /* 241 */ "nexprlist ::= expr",
- /* 242 */ "cmd ::= createkw uniqueflag INDEX ifnotexists nm dbnm ON nm LP idxlist RP",
- /* 243 */ "uniqueflag ::= UNIQUE",
- /* 244 */ "uniqueflag ::=",
- /* 245 */ "idxlist_opt ::=",
- /* 246 */ "idxlist_opt ::= LP idxlist RP",
- /* 247 */ "idxlist ::= idxlist COMMA nm collate sortorder",
- /* 248 */ "idxlist ::= nm collate sortorder",
- /* 249 */ "collate ::=",
- /* 250 */ "collate ::= COLLATE ids",
- /* 251 */ "cmd ::= DROP INDEX ifexists fullname",
- /* 252 */ "cmd ::= VACUUM",
- /* 253 */ "cmd ::= VACUUM nm",
- /* 254 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm",
- /* 255 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ nmnum",
- /* 256 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP nmnum RP",
- /* 257 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ minus_num",
- /* 258 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP minus_num RP",
- /* 259 */ "nmnum ::= plus_num",
- /* 260 */ "nmnum ::= nm",
- /* 261 */ "nmnum ::= ON",
- /* 262 */ "nmnum ::= DELETE",
- /* 263 */ "nmnum ::= DEFAULT",
- /* 264 */ "plus_num ::= PLUS number",
- /* 265 */ "plus_num ::= number",
- /* 266 */ "minus_num ::= MINUS number",
- /* 267 */ "number ::= INTEGER|FLOAT",
- /* 268 */ "cmd ::= createkw trigger_decl BEGIN trigger_cmd_list END",
- /* 269 */ "trigger_decl ::= temp TRIGGER ifnotexists nm dbnm trigger_time trigger_event ON fullname foreach_clause when_clause",
- /* 270 */ "trigger_time ::= BEFORE",
- /* 271 */ "trigger_time ::= AFTER",
- /* 272 */ "trigger_time ::= INSTEAD OF",
- /* 273 */ "trigger_time ::=",
- /* 274 */ "trigger_event ::= DELETE|INSERT",
- /* 275 */ "trigger_event ::= UPDATE",
- /* 276 */ "trigger_event ::= UPDATE OF inscollist",
- /* 277 */ "foreach_clause ::=",
- /* 278 */ "foreach_clause ::= FOR EACH ROW",
- /* 279 */ "when_clause ::=",
- /* 280 */ "when_clause ::= WHEN expr",
- /* 281 */ "trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd_list trigger_cmd SEMI",
- /* 282 */ "trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd SEMI",
- /* 283 */ "trnm ::= nm",
- /* 284 */ "trnm ::= nm DOT nm",
- /* 285 */ "tridxby ::=",
- /* 286 */ "tridxby ::= INDEXED BY nm",
- /* 287 */ "tridxby ::= NOT INDEXED",
- /* 288 */ "trigger_cmd ::= UPDATE orconf trnm tridxby SET setlist where_opt",
- /* 289 */ "trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt valuelist",
- /* 290 */ "trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt select",
- /* 291 */ "trigger_cmd ::= DELETE FROM trnm tridxby where_opt",
- /* 292 */ "trigger_cmd ::= select",
- /* 293 */ "expr ::= RAISE LP IGNORE RP",
- /* 294 */ "expr ::= RAISE LP raisetype COMMA nm RP",
- /* 295 */ "raisetype ::= ROLLBACK",
- /* 296 */ "raisetype ::= ABORT",
- /* 297 */ "raisetype ::= FAIL",
- /* 298 */ "cmd ::= DROP TRIGGER ifexists fullname",
- /* 299 */ "cmd ::= ATTACH database_kw_opt expr AS expr key_opt",
- /* 300 */ "cmd ::= DETACH database_kw_opt expr",
- /* 301 */ "key_opt ::=",
- /* 302 */ "key_opt ::= KEY expr",
- /* 303 */ "database_kw_opt ::= DATABASE",
- /* 304 */ "database_kw_opt ::=",
- /* 305 */ "cmd ::= REINDEX",
- /* 306 */ "cmd ::= REINDEX nm dbnm",
- /* 307 */ "cmd ::= ANALYZE",
- /* 308 */ "cmd ::= ANALYZE nm dbnm",
- /* 309 */ "cmd ::= ALTER TABLE fullname RENAME TO nm",
- /* 310 */ "cmd ::= ALTER TABLE add_column_fullname ADD kwcolumn_opt column",
- /* 311 */ "add_column_fullname ::= fullname",
- /* 312 */ "kwcolumn_opt ::=",
- /* 313 */ "kwcolumn_opt ::= COLUMNKW",
- /* 314 */ "cmd ::= create_vtab",
- /* 315 */ "cmd ::= create_vtab LP vtabarglist RP",
- /* 316 */ "create_vtab ::= createkw VIRTUAL TABLE ifnotexists nm dbnm USING nm",
- /* 317 */ "vtabarglist ::= vtabarg",
- /* 318 */ "vtabarglist ::= vtabarglist COMMA vtabarg",
- /* 319 */ "vtabarg ::=",
- /* 320 */ "vtabarg ::= vtabarg vtabargtoken",
- /* 321 */ "vtabargtoken ::= ANY",
- /* 322 */ "vtabargtoken ::= lp anylist RP",
- /* 323 */ "lp ::= LP",
- /* 324 */ "anylist ::=",
- /* 325 */ "anylist ::= anylist LP anylist RP",
- /* 326 */ "anylist ::= anylist ANY",
+ /* 192 */ "expr ::= VARIABLE",
+ /* 193 */ "expr ::= expr COLLATE ID|STRING",
+ /* 194 */ "expr ::= CAST LP expr AS typetoken RP",
+ /* 195 */ "expr ::= ID|INDEXED LP distinct exprlist RP",
+ /* 196 */ "expr ::= ID|INDEXED LP STAR RP",
+ /* 197 */ "term ::= CTIME_KW",
+ /* 198 */ "expr ::= expr AND expr",
+ /* 199 */ "expr ::= expr OR expr",
+ /* 200 */ "expr ::= expr LT|GT|GE|LE expr",
+ /* 201 */ "expr ::= expr EQ|NE expr",
+ /* 202 */ "expr ::= expr BITAND|BITOR|LSHIFT|RSHIFT expr",
+ /* 203 */ "expr ::= expr PLUS|MINUS expr",
+ /* 204 */ "expr ::= expr STAR|SLASH|REM expr",
+ /* 205 */ "expr ::= expr CONCAT expr",
+ /* 206 */ "likeop ::= LIKE_KW|MATCH",
+ /* 207 */ "likeop ::= NOT LIKE_KW|MATCH",
+ /* 208 */ "expr ::= expr likeop expr",
+ /* 209 */ "expr ::= expr likeop expr ESCAPE expr",
+ /* 210 */ "expr ::= expr ISNULL|NOTNULL",
+ /* 211 */ "expr ::= expr NOT NULL",
+ /* 212 */ "expr ::= expr IS expr",
+ /* 213 */ "expr ::= expr IS NOT expr",
+ /* 214 */ "expr ::= NOT expr",
+ /* 215 */ "expr ::= BITNOT expr",
+ /* 216 */ "expr ::= MINUS expr",
+ /* 217 */ "expr ::= PLUS expr",
+ /* 218 */ "between_op ::= BETWEEN",
+ /* 219 */ "between_op ::= NOT BETWEEN",
+ /* 220 */ "expr ::= expr between_op expr AND expr",
+ /* 221 */ "in_op ::= IN",
+ /* 222 */ "in_op ::= NOT IN",
+ /* 223 */ "expr ::= expr in_op LP exprlist RP",
+ /* 224 */ "expr ::= LP select RP",
+ /* 225 */ "expr ::= expr in_op LP select RP",
+ /* 226 */ "expr ::= expr in_op nm dbnm",
+ /* 227 */ "expr ::= EXISTS LP select RP",
+ /* 228 */ "expr ::= CASE case_operand case_exprlist case_else END",
+ /* 229 */ "case_exprlist ::= case_exprlist WHEN expr THEN expr",
+ /* 230 */ "case_exprlist ::= WHEN expr THEN expr",
+ /* 231 */ "case_else ::= ELSE expr",
+ /* 232 */ "case_else ::=",
+ /* 233 */ "case_operand ::= expr",
+ /* 234 */ "case_operand ::=",
+ /* 235 */ "exprlist ::= nexprlist",
+ /* 236 */ "exprlist ::=",
+ /* 237 */ "nexprlist ::= nexprlist COMMA expr",
+ /* 238 */ "nexprlist ::= expr",
+ /* 239 */ "cmd ::= createkw uniqueflag INDEX ifnotexists nm dbnm ON nm LP idxlist RP where_opt",
+ /* 240 */ "uniqueflag ::= UNIQUE",
+ /* 241 */ "uniqueflag ::=",
+ /* 242 */ "idxlist_opt ::=",
+ /* 243 */ "idxlist_opt ::= LP idxlist RP",
+ /* 244 */ "idxlist ::= idxlist COMMA nm collate sortorder",
+ /* 245 */ "idxlist ::= nm collate sortorder",
+ /* 246 */ "collate ::=",
+ /* 247 */ "collate ::= COLLATE ID|STRING",
+ /* 248 */ "cmd ::= DROP INDEX ifexists fullname",
+ /* 249 */ "cmd ::= VACUUM",
+ /* 250 */ "cmd ::= VACUUM nm",
+ /* 251 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm",
+ /* 252 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ nmnum",
+ /* 253 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP nmnum RP",
+ /* 254 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ minus_num",
+ /* 255 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP minus_num RP",
+ /* 256 */ "nmnum ::= plus_num",
+ /* 257 */ "nmnum ::= nm",
+ /* 258 */ "nmnum ::= ON",
+ /* 259 */ "nmnum ::= DELETE",
+ /* 260 */ "nmnum ::= DEFAULT",
+ /* 261 */ "plus_num ::= PLUS INTEGER|FLOAT",
+ /* 262 */ "plus_num ::= INTEGER|FLOAT",
+ /* 263 */ "minus_num ::= MINUS INTEGER|FLOAT",
+ /* 264 */ "cmd ::= createkw trigger_decl BEGIN trigger_cmd_list END",
+ /* 265 */ "trigger_decl ::= temp TRIGGER ifnotexists nm dbnm trigger_time trigger_event ON fullname foreach_clause when_clause",
+ /* 266 */ "trigger_time ::= BEFORE",
+ /* 267 */ "trigger_time ::= AFTER",
+ /* 268 */ "trigger_time ::= INSTEAD OF",
+ /* 269 */ "trigger_time ::=",
+ /* 270 */ "trigger_event ::= DELETE|INSERT",
+ /* 271 */ "trigger_event ::= UPDATE",
+ /* 272 */ "trigger_event ::= UPDATE OF idlist",
+ /* 273 */ "foreach_clause ::=",
+ /* 274 */ "foreach_clause ::= FOR EACH ROW",
+ /* 275 */ "when_clause ::=",
+ /* 276 */ "when_clause ::= WHEN expr",
+ /* 277 */ "trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd_list trigger_cmd SEMI",
+ /* 278 */ "trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd SEMI",
+ /* 279 */ "trnm ::= nm",
+ /* 280 */ "trnm ::= nm DOT nm",
+ /* 281 */ "tridxby ::=",
+ /* 282 */ "tridxby ::= INDEXED BY nm",
+ /* 283 */ "tridxby ::= NOT INDEXED",
+ /* 284 */ "trigger_cmd ::= UPDATE orconf trnm tridxby SET setlist where_opt",
+ /* 285 */ "trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt select",
+ /* 286 */ "trigger_cmd ::= DELETE FROM trnm tridxby where_opt",
+ /* 287 */ "trigger_cmd ::= select",
+ /* 288 */ "expr ::= RAISE LP IGNORE RP",
+ /* 289 */ "expr ::= RAISE LP raisetype COMMA nm RP",
+ /* 290 */ "raisetype ::= ROLLBACK",
+ /* 291 */ "raisetype ::= ABORT",
+ /* 292 */ "raisetype ::= FAIL",
+ /* 293 */ "cmd ::= DROP TRIGGER ifexists fullname",
+ /* 294 */ "cmd ::= ATTACH database_kw_opt expr AS expr key_opt",
+ /* 295 */ "cmd ::= DETACH database_kw_opt expr",
+ /* 296 */ "key_opt ::=",
+ /* 297 */ "key_opt ::= KEY expr",
+ /* 298 */ "database_kw_opt ::= DATABASE",
+ /* 299 */ "database_kw_opt ::=",
+ /* 300 */ "cmd ::= REINDEX",
+ /* 301 */ "cmd ::= REINDEX nm dbnm",
+ /* 302 */ "cmd ::= ANALYZE",
+ /* 303 */ "cmd ::= ANALYZE nm dbnm",
+ /* 304 */ "cmd ::= ALTER TABLE fullname RENAME TO nm",
+ /* 305 */ "cmd ::= ALTER TABLE add_column_fullname ADD kwcolumn_opt column",
+ /* 306 */ "add_column_fullname ::= fullname",
+ /* 307 */ "kwcolumn_opt ::=",
+ /* 308 */ "kwcolumn_opt ::= COLUMNKW",
+ /* 309 */ "cmd ::= create_vtab",
+ /* 310 */ "cmd ::= create_vtab LP vtabarglist RP",
+ /* 311 */ "create_vtab ::= createkw VIRTUAL TABLE ifnotexists nm dbnm USING nm",
+ /* 312 */ "vtabarglist ::= vtabarg",
+ /* 313 */ "vtabarglist ::= vtabarglist COMMA vtabarg",
+ /* 314 */ "vtabarg ::=",
+ /* 315 */ "vtabarg ::= vtabarg vtabargtoken",
+ /* 316 */ "vtabargtoken ::= ANY",
+ /* 317 */ "vtabargtoken ::= lp anylist RP",
+ /* 318 */ "lp ::= LP",
+ /* 319 */ "anylist ::=",
+ /* 320 */ "anylist ::= anylist LP anylist RP",
+ /* 321 */ "anylist ::= anylist ANY",
+ /* 322 */ "with ::=",
+ /* 323 */ "with ::= WITH wqlist",
+ /* 324 */ "with ::= WITH RECURSIVE wqlist",
+ /* 325 */ "wqlist ::= nm idxlist_opt AS LP select RP",
+ /* 326 */ "wqlist ::= wqlist COMMA nm idxlist_opt AS LP select RP",
 };
 #endif /* NDEBUG */
 
@@ -109182,76 +118825,76 @@
     ** which appear on the RHS of the rule, but which are not used
     ** inside the C code.
     */
-    case 160: /* select */
-    case 194: /* oneselect */
+    case 163: /* select */
+    case 195: /* selectnowith */
+    case 196: /* oneselect */
+    case 207: /* values */
 {
-sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy159));
+sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy3));
 }
       break;
     case 174: /* term */
     case 175: /* expr */
 {
-sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy342).pExpr);
+sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy346).pExpr);
 }
       break;
     case 179: /* idxlist_opt */
-    case 187: /* idxlist */
-    case 197: /* selcollist */
-    case 200: /* groupby_opt */
-    case 202: /* orderby_opt */
-    case 204: /* sclp */
-    case 214: /* sortlist */
-    case 215: /* nexprlist */
-    case 216: /* setlist */
-    case 220: /* exprlist */
-    case 225: /* case_exprlist */
+    case 188: /* idxlist */
+    case 200: /* selcollist */
+    case 203: /* groupby_opt */
+    case 205: /* orderby_opt */
+    case 208: /* nexprlist */
+    case 209: /* exprlist */
+    case 210: /* sclp */
+    case 220: /* sortlist */
+    case 221: /* setlist */
+    case 228: /* case_exprlist */
 {
-sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy442));
+sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy14));
 }
       break;
-    case 193: /* fullname */
-    case 198: /* from */
-    case 206: /* seltablist */
-    case 207: /* stl_prefix */
+    case 194: /* fullname */
+    case 201: /* from */
+    case 212: /* seltablist */
+    case 213: /* stl_prefix */
 {
-sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy347));
+sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy65));
 }
       break;
-    case 199: /* where_opt */
-    case 201: /* having_opt */
-    case 210: /* on_opt */
-    case 224: /* case_operand */
-    case 226: /* case_else */
-    case 236: /* when_clause */
-    case 241: /* key_opt */
+    case 197: /* with */
+    case 252: /* wqlist */
 {
-sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy122));
+sqlite3WithDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy59));
 }
       break;
-    case 211: /* using_opt */
-    case 213: /* inscollist */
-    case 218: /* inscollist_opt */
+    case 202: /* where_opt */
+    case 204: /* having_opt */
+    case 216: /* on_opt */
+    case 227: /* case_operand */
+    case 229: /* case_else */
+    case 238: /* when_clause */
+    case 243: /* key_opt */
 {
-sqlite3IdListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy180));
+sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy132));
 }
       break;
-    case 219: /* valuelist */
+    case 217: /* using_opt */
+    case 219: /* idlist */
+    case 223: /* inscollist_opt */
 {
-
-  sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy487).pList);
-  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy487).pSelect);
-
+sqlite3IdListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy408));
 }
       break;
-    case 232: /* trigger_cmd_list */
-    case 237: /* trigger_cmd */
+    case 234: /* trigger_cmd_list */
+    case 239: /* trigger_cmd */
 {
-sqlite3DeleteTriggerStep(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy327));
+sqlite3DeleteTriggerStep(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy473));
 }
       break;
-    case 234: /* trigger_event */
+    case 236: /* trigger_event */
 {
-sqlite3IdListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy410).b);
+sqlite3IdListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy378).b);
 }
       break;
     default:  break;   /* If no destructor action specified: do nothing */
@@ -109496,63 +119139,61 @@
   YYCODETYPE lhs;         /* Symbol on the left-hand side of the rule */
   unsigned char nrhs;     /* Number of right-hand side symbols in the rule */
 } yyRuleInfo[] = {
-  { 142, 1 },
-  { 143, 2 },
-  { 143, 1 },
   { 144, 1 },
-  { 144, 3 },
-  { 145, 0 },
+  { 145, 2 },
   { 145, 1 },
-  { 145, 3 },
   { 146, 1 },
+  { 146, 3 },
+  { 147, 0 },
+  { 147, 1 },
   { 147, 3 },
-  { 149, 0 },
-  { 149, 1 },
-  { 149, 2 },
-  { 148, 0 },
   { 148, 1 },
-  { 148, 1 },
-  { 148, 1 },
-  { 147, 2 },
-  { 147, 2 },
-  { 147, 2 },
-  { 151, 1 },
+  { 149, 3 },
   { 151, 0 },
-  { 147, 2 },
-  { 147, 3 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 147, 2 },
-  { 152, 6 },
-  { 154, 1 },
-  { 156, 0 },
-  { 156, 3 },
-  { 155, 1 },
-  { 155, 0 },
-  { 153, 4 },
-  { 153, 2 },
+  { 151, 1 },
+  { 151, 2 },
+  { 150, 0 },
+  { 150, 1 },
+  { 150, 1 },
+  { 150, 1 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 153, 1 },
+  { 153, 0 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 149, 3 },
+  { 149, 5 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 154, 6 },
+  { 156, 1 },
+  { 158, 0 },
   { 158, 3 },
-  { 158, 1 },
-  { 161, 3 },
-  { 162, 1 },
+  { 157, 1 },
+  { 157, 0 },
+  { 155, 5 },
+  { 155, 2 },
+  { 162, 0 },
+  { 162, 2 },
+  { 160, 3 },
+  { 160, 1 },
+  { 164, 3 },
   { 165, 1 },
-  { 165, 1 },
+  { 152, 1 },
+  { 152, 1 },
+  { 152, 1 },
+  { 166, 0 },
   { 166, 1 },
-  { 150, 1 },
-  { 150, 1 },
-  { 150, 1 },
-  { 163, 0 },
-  { 163, 1 },
-  { 167, 1 },
-  { 167, 4 },
-  { 167, 6 },
   { 168, 1 },
-  { 168, 2 },
+  { 168, 4 },
+  { 168, 6 },
   { 169, 1 },
-  { 169, 1 },
-  { 164, 2 },
-  { 164, 0 },
-  { 172, 3 },
-  { 172, 1 },
+  { 169, 2 },
+  { 170, 1 },
+  { 170, 1 },
+  { 167, 2 },
+  { 167, 0 },
+  { 173, 2 },
   { 173, 2 },
   { 173, 4 },
   { 173, 3 },
@@ -109584,101 +119225,103 @@
   { 184, 0 },
   { 184, 2 },
   { 184, 2 },
-  { 159, 0 },
-  { 159, 2 },
+  { 161, 0 },
+  { 161, 2 },
   { 185, 3 },
-  { 185, 2 },
   { 185, 1 },
-  { 186, 2 },
-  { 186, 7 },
-  { 186, 5 },
-  { 186, 5 },
-  { 186, 10 },
-  { 188, 0 },
-  { 188, 1 },
+  { 186, 1 },
+  { 186, 0 },
+  { 187, 2 },
+  { 187, 7 },
+  { 187, 5 },
+  { 187, 5 },
+  { 187, 10 },
+  { 189, 0 },
+  { 189, 1 },
   { 176, 0 },
   { 176, 3 },
-  { 189, 0 },
-  { 189, 2 },
-  { 190, 1 },
-  { 190, 1 },
-  { 190, 1 },
-  { 147, 4 },
-  { 192, 2 },
-  { 192, 0 },
-  { 147, 8 },
-  { 147, 4 },
-  { 147, 1 },
-  { 160, 1 },
-  { 160, 3 },
-  { 195, 1 },
-  { 195, 2 },
-  { 195, 1 },
-  { 194, 9 },
-  { 196, 1 },
-  { 196, 1 },
-  { 196, 0 },
-  { 204, 2 },
-  { 204, 0 },
-  { 197, 3 },
-  { 197, 2 },
-  { 197, 4 },
-  { 205, 2 },
-  { 205, 1 },
-  { 205, 0 },
-  { 198, 0 },
-  { 198, 2 },
-  { 207, 2 },
-  { 207, 0 },
-  { 206, 7 },
-  { 206, 7 },
-  { 206, 7 },
-  { 157, 0 },
-  { 157, 2 },
+  { 190, 0 },
+  { 190, 2 },
+  { 191, 1 },
+  { 191, 1 },
+  { 191, 1 },
+  { 149, 4 },
   { 193, 2 },
-  { 208, 1 },
-  { 208, 2 },
-  { 208, 3 },
-  { 208, 4 },
+  { 193, 0 },
+  { 149, 8 },
+  { 149, 4 },
+  { 149, 1 },
+  { 163, 2 },
+  { 195, 1 },
+  { 195, 3 },
+  { 198, 1 },
+  { 198, 2 },
+  { 198, 1 },
+  { 196, 9 },
+  { 196, 1 },
+  { 207, 4 },
+  { 207, 5 },
+  { 199, 1 },
+  { 199, 1 },
+  { 199, 0 },
   { 210, 2 },
   { 210, 0 },
-  { 209, 0 },
-  { 209, 3 },
-  { 209, 2 },
-  { 211, 4 },
+  { 200, 3 },
+  { 200, 2 },
+  { 200, 4 },
+  { 211, 2 },
+  { 211, 1 },
   { 211, 0 },
-  { 202, 0 },
-  { 202, 3 },
-  { 214, 4 },
+  { 201, 0 },
+  { 201, 2 },
+  { 213, 2 },
+  { 213, 0 },
+  { 212, 7 },
+  { 212, 7 },
+  { 212, 7 },
+  { 159, 0 },
+  { 159, 2 },
+  { 194, 2 },
+  { 214, 1 },
   { 214, 2 },
+  { 214, 3 },
+  { 214, 4 },
+  { 216, 2 },
+  { 216, 0 },
+  { 215, 0 },
+  { 215, 3 },
+  { 215, 2 },
+  { 217, 4 },
+  { 217, 0 },
+  { 205, 0 },
+  { 205, 3 },
+  { 220, 4 },
+  { 220, 2 },
   { 177, 1 },
   { 177, 1 },
   { 177, 0 },
-  { 200, 0 },
-  { 200, 3 },
-  { 201, 0 },
-  { 201, 2 },
   { 203, 0 },
-  { 203, 2 },
-  { 203, 4 },
-  { 203, 4 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 199, 0 },
-  { 199, 2 },
-  { 147, 7 },
-  { 216, 5 },
-  { 216, 3 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 147, 6 },
-  { 217, 2 },
-  { 217, 1 },
-  { 219, 4 },
-  { 219, 5 },
-  { 218, 0 },
-  { 218, 3 },
-  { 213, 3 },
-  { 213, 1 },
+  { 203, 3 },
+  { 204, 0 },
+  { 204, 2 },
+  { 206, 0 },
+  { 206, 2 },
+  { 206, 4 },
+  { 206, 4 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 202, 0 },
+  { 202, 2 },
+  { 149, 8 },
+  { 221, 5 },
+  { 221, 3 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 149, 7 },
+  { 222, 2 },
+  { 222, 1 },
+  { 223, 0 },
+  { 223, 3 },
+  { 219, 3 },
+  { 219, 1 },
   { 175, 1 },
   { 175, 3 },
   { 174, 1 },
@@ -109689,7 +119332,6 @@
   { 174, 1 },
   { 174, 1 },
   { 175, 1 },
-  { 175, 1 },
   { 175, 3 },
   { 175, 6 },
   { 175, 5 },
@@ -109703,126 +119345,127 @@
   { 175, 3 },
   { 175, 3 },
   { 175, 3 },
-  { 221, 1 },
-  { 221, 2 },
-  { 221, 1 },
-  { 221, 2 },
-  { 175, 3 },
-  { 175, 5 },
-  { 175, 2 },
-  { 175, 3 },
-  { 175, 3 },
-  { 175, 4 },
-  { 175, 2 },
-  { 175, 2 },
-  { 175, 2 },
-  { 175, 2 },
-  { 222, 1 },
-  { 222, 2 },
-  { 175, 5 },
-  { 223, 1 },
-  { 223, 2 },
-  { 175, 5 },
-  { 175, 3 },
-  { 175, 5 },
-  { 175, 4 },
-  { 175, 4 },
-  { 175, 5 },
-  { 225, 5 },
-  { 225, 4 },
-  { 226, 2 },
-  { 226, 0 },
   { 224, 1 },
-  { 224, 0 },
-  { 220, 1 },
-  { 220, 0 },
-  { 215, 3 },
-  { 215, 1 },
-  { 147, 11 },
+  { 224, 2 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 4 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 225, 1 },
+  { 225, 2 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 226, 1 },
+  { 226, 2 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 175, 4 },
+  { 175, 4 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 228, 5 },
+  { 228, 4 },
+  { 229, 2 },
+  { 229, 0 },
   { 227, 1 },
   { 227, 0 },
+  { 209, 1 },
+  { 209, 0 },
+  { 208, 3 },
+  { 208, 1 },
+  { 149, 12 },
+  { 230, 1 },
+  { 230, 0 },
   { 179, 0 },
   { 179, 3 },
-  { 187, 5 },
-  { 187, 3 },
-  { 228, 0 },
-  { 228, 2 },
-  { 147, 4 },
-  { 147, 1 },
-  { 147, 2 },
-  { 147, 3 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 147, 6 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 147, 6 },
-  { 229, 1 },
-  { 229, 1 },
-  { 229, 1 },
-  { 229, 1 },
-  { 229, 1 },
-  { 170, 2 },
-  { 170, 1 },
+  { 188, 5 },
+  { 188, 3 },
+  { 231, 0 },
+  { 231, 2 },
+  { 149, 4 },
+  { 149, 1 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 149, 3 },
+  { 149, 5 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 149, 5 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 232, 1 },
+  { 232, 1 },
+  { 232, 1 },
+  { 232, 1 },
+  { 232, 1 },
   { 171, 2 },
-  { 230, 1 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 231, 11 },
-  { 233, 1 },
-  { 233, 1 },
-  { 233, 2 },
-  { 233, 0 },
-  { 234, 1 },
-  { 234, 1 },
-  { 234, 3 },
+  { 171, 1 },
+  { 172, 2 },
+  { 149, 5 },
+  { 233, 11 },
+  { 235, 1 },
+  { 235, 1 },
+  { 235, 2 },
   { 235, 0 },
-  { 235, 3 },
-  { 236, 0 },
-  { 236, 2 },
-  { 232, 3 },
-  { 232, 2 },
-  { 238, 1 },
-  { 238, 3 },
-  { 239, 0 },
-  { 239, 3 },
-  { 239, 2 },
-  { 237, 7 },
-  { 237, 5 },
-  { 237, 5 },
-  { 237, 5 },
-  { 237, 1 },
+  { 236, 1 },
+  { 236, 1 },
+  { 236, 3 },
+  { 237, 0 },
+  { 237, 3 },
+  { 238, 0 },
+  { 238, 2 },
+  { 234, 3 },
+  { 234, 2 },
+  { 240, 1 },
+  { 240, 3 },
+  { 241, 0 },
+  { 241, 3 },
+  { 241, 2 },
+  { 239, 7 },
+  { 239, 5 },
+  { 239, 5 },
+  { 239, 1 },
   { 175, 4 },
   { 175, 6 },
-  { 191, 1 },
-  { 191, 1 },
-  { 191, 1 },
-  { 147, 4 },
-  { 147, 6 },
-  { 147, 3 },
-  { 241, 0 },
-  { 241, 2 },
-  { 240, 1 },
-  { 240, 0 },
-  { 147, 1 },
-  { 147, 3 },
-  { 147, 1 },
-  { 147, 3 },
-  { 147, 6 },
-  { 147, 6 },
-  { 242, 1 },
+  { 192, 1 },
+  { 192, 1 },
+  { 192, 1 },
+  { 149, 4 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 149, 3 },
   { 243, 0 },
-  { 243, 1 },
-  { 147, 1 },
-  { 147, 4 },
-  { 244, 8 },
+  { 243, 2 },
+  { 242, 1 },
+  { 242, 0 },
+  { 149, 1 },
+  { 149, 3 },
+  { 149, 1 },
+  { 149, 3 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 244, 1 },
+  { 245, 0 },
   { 245, 1 },
-  { 245, 3 },
-  { 246, 0 },
-  { 246, 2 },
+  { 149, 1 },
+  { 149, 4 },
+  { 246, 8 },
   { 247, 1 },
   { 247, 3 },
-  { 248, 1 },
-  { 249, 0 },
-  { 249, 4 },
-  { 249, 2 },
+  { 248, 0 },
+  { 248, 2 },
+  { 249, 1 },
+  { 249, 3 },
+  { 250, 1 },
+  { 251, 0 },
+  { 251, 4 },
+  { 251, 2 },
+  { 197, 0 },
+  { 197, 2 },
+  { 197, 3 },
+  { 252, 6 },
+  { 252, 8 },
 };
 
 static void yy_accept(yyParser*);  /* Forward Declaration */
@@ -109890,17 +119533,17 @@
 { sqlite3FinishCoding(pParse); }
         break;
       case 9: /* cmd ::= BEGIN transtype trans_opt */
-{sqlite3BeginTransaction(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy392);}
+{sqlite3BeginTransaction(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy328);}
         break;
       case 13: /* transtype ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = TK_DEFERRED;}
+{yygotominor.yy328 = TK_DEFERRED;}
         break;
       case 14: /* transtype ::= DEFERRED */
       case 15: /* transtype ::= IMMEDIATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==15);
       case 16: /* transtype ::= EXCLUSIVE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==16);
       case 115: /* multiselect_op ::= UNION */ yytestcase(yyruleno==115);
       case 117: /* multiselect_op ::= EXCEPT|INTERSECT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==117);
-{yygotominor.yy392 = yymsp[0].major;}
+{yygotominor.yy328 = yymsp[0].major;}
         break;
       case 17: /* cmd ::= COMMIT trans_opt */
       case 18: /* cmd ::= END trans_opt */ yytestcase(yyruleno==18);
@@ -109926,7 +119569,7 @@
         break;
       case 26: /* create_table ::= createkw temp TABLE ifnotexists nm dbnm */
 {
-   sqlite3StartTable(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy392,0,0,yymsp[-2].minor.yy392);
+   sqlite3StartTable(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy328,0,0,yymsp[-2].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
       case 27: /* createkw ::= CREATE */
@@ -109937,508 +119580,569 @@
         break;
       case 28: /* ifnotexists ::= */
       case 31: /* temp ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==31);
-      case 70: /* autoinc ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==70);
-      case 83: /* defer_subclause ::= NOT DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt */ yytestcase(yyruleno==83);
-      case 85: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==85);
-      case 87: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY IMMEDIATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==87);
-      case 98: /* defer_subclause_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==98);
-      case 109: /* ifexists ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==109);
-      case 120: /* distinct ::= ALL */ yytestcase(yyruleno==120);
-      case 121: /* distinct ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==121);
-      case 221: /* between_op ::= BETWEEN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==221);
-      case 224: /* in_op ::= IN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==224);
-{yygotominor.yy392 = 0;}
+      case 68: /* autoinc ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==68);
+      case 81: /* defer_subclause ::= NOT DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt */ yytestcase(yyruleno==81);
+      case 83: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==83);
+      case 85: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY IMMEDIATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==85);
+      case 97: /* defer_subclause_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==97);
+      case 108: /* ifexists ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==108);
+      case 218: /* between_op ::= BETWEEN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==218);
+      case 221: /* in_op ::= IN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==221);
+{yygotominor.yy328 = 0;}
         break;
       case 29: /* ifnotexists ::= IF NOT EXISTS */
       case 30: /* temp ::= TEMP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==30);
-      case 71: /* autoinc ::= AUTOINCR */ yytestcase(yyruleno==71);
-      case 86: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED */ yytestcase(yyruleno==86);
-      case 108: /* ifexists ::= IF EXISTS */ yytestcase(yyruleno==108);
-      case 119: /* distinct ::= DISTINCT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==119);
-      case 222: /* between_op ::= NOT BETWEEN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==222);
-      case 225: /* in_op ::= NOT IN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==225);
-{yygotominor.yy392 = 1;}
+      case 69: /* autoinc ::= AUTOINCR */ yytestcase(yyruleno==69);
+      case 84: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED */ yytestcase(yyruleno==84);
+      case 107: /* ifexists ::= IF EXISTS */ yytestcase(yyruleno==107);
+      case 219: /* between_op ::= NOT BETWEEN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==219);
+      case 222: /* in_op ::= NOT IN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==222);
+{yygotominor.yy328 = 1;}
         break;
-      case 32: /* create_table_args ::= LP columnlist conslist_opt RP */
+      case 32: /* create_table_args ::= LP columnlist conslist_opt RP table_options */
 {
-  sqlite3EndTable(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,0);
+  sqlite3EndTable(pParse,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,yymsp[0].minor.yy186,0);
 }
         break;
       case 33: /* create_table_args ::= AS select */
 {
-  sqlite3EndTable(pParse,0,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy159);
-  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy159);
+  sqlite3EndTable(pParse,0,0,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy3);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy3);
 }
         break;
-      case 36: /* column ::= columnid type carglist */
+      case 34: /* table_options ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy186 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 35: /* table_options ::= WITHOUT nm */
+{
+  if( yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n==5 && sqlite3_strnicmp(yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z,"rowid",5)==0 ){
+    yygotominor.yy186 = TF_WithoutRowid;
+  }else{
+    yygotominor.yy186 = 0;
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unknown table option: %.*s", yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n, yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z);
+  }
+}
+        break;
+      case 38: /* column ::= columnid type carglist */
 {
   yygotominor.yy0.z = yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.z;
   yygotominor.yy0.n = (int)(pParse->sLastToken.z-yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.z) + pParse->sLastToken.n;
 }
         break;
-      case 37: /* columnid ::= nm */
+      case 39: /* columnid ::= nm */
 {
   sqlite3AddColumn(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
   yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[0].minor.yy0;
+  pParse->constraintName.n = 0;
 }
         break;
-      case 38: /* id ::= ID */
-      case 39: /* id ::= INDEXED */ yytestcase(yyruleno==39);
-      case 40: /* ids ::= ID|STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==40);
-      case 41: /* nm ::= id */ yytestcase(yyruleno==41);
-      case 42: /* nm ::= STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==42);
-      case 43: /* nm ::= JOIN_KW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==43);
-      case 46: /* typetoken ::= typename */ yytestcase(yyruleno==46);
-      case 49: /* typename ::= ids */ yytestcase(yyruleno==49);
-      case 127: /* as ::= AS nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==127);
-      case 128: /* as ::= ids */ yytestcase(yyruleno==128);
-      case 138: /* dbnm ::= DOT nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==138);
-      case 147: /* indexed_opt ::= INDEXED BY nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==147);
-      case 250: /* collate ::= COLLATE ids */ yytestcase(yyruleno==250);
-      case 259: /* nmnum ::= plus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==259);
-      case 260: /* nmnum ::= nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==260);
-      case 261: /* nmnum ::= ON */ yytestcase(yyruleno==261);
-      case 262: /* nmnum ::= DELETE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==262);
-      case 263: /* nmnum ::= DEFAULT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==263);
-      case 264: /* plus_num ::= PLUS number */ yytestcase(yyruleno==264);
-      case 265: /* plus_num ::= number */ yytestcase(yyruleno==265);
-      case 266: /* minus_num ::= MINUS number */ yytestcase(yyruleno==266);
-      case 267: /* number ::= INTEGER|FLOAT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==267);
-      case 283: /* trnm ::= nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==283);
+      case 40: /* nm ::= ID|INDEXED */
+      case 41: /* nm ::= STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==41);
+      case 42: /* nm ::= JOIN_KW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==42);
+      case 45: /* typetoken ::= typename */ yytestcase(yyruleno==45);
+      case 48: /* typename ::= ID|STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==48);
+      case 130: /* as ::= AS nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==130);
+      case 131: /* as ::= ID|STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==131);
+      case 141: /* dbnm ::= DOT nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==141);
+      case 150: /* indexed_opt ::= INDEXED BY nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==150);
+      case 247: /* collate ::= COLLATE ID|STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==247);
+      case 256: /* nmnum ::= plus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==256);
+      case 257: /* nmnum ::= nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==257);
+      case 258: /* nmnum ::= ON */ yytestcase(yyruleno==258);
+      case 259: /* nmnum ::= DELETE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==259);
+      case 260: /* nmnum ::= DEFAULT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==260);
+      case 261: /* plus_num ::= PLUS INTEGER|FLOAT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==261);
+      case 262: /* plus_num ::= INTEGER|FLOAT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==262);
+      case 263: /* minus_num ::= MINUS INTEGER|FLOAT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==263);
+      case 279: /* trnm ::= nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==279);
 {yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[0].minor.yy0;}
         break;
-      case 45: /* type ::= typetoken */
+      case 44: /* type ::= typetoken */
 {sqlite3AddColumnType(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 47: /* typetoken ::= typename LP signed RP */
+      case 46: /* typetoken ::= typename LP signed RP */
 {
   yygotominor.yy0.z = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
   yygotominor.yy0.n = (int)(&yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n] - yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z);
 }
         break;
-      case 48: /* typetoken ::= typename LP signed COMMA signed RP */
+      case 47: /* typetoken ::= typename LP signed COMMA signed RP */
 {
   yygotominor.yy0.z = yymsp[-5].minor.yy0.z;
   yygotominor.yy0.n = (int)(&yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n] - yymsp[-5].minor.yy0.z);
 }
         break;
-      case 50: /* typename ::= typename ids */
+      case 49: /* typename ::= typename ID|STRING */
 {yygotominor.yy0.z=yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z; yygotominor.yy0.n=yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n+(int)(yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z-yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z);}
         break;
-      case 57: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT term */
-      case 59: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT PLUS term */ yytestcase(yyruleno==59);
-{sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342);}
+      case 54: /* ccons ::= CONSTRAINT nm */
+      case 92: /* tcons ::= CONSTRAINT nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==92);
+{pParse->constraintName = yymsp[0].minor.yy0;}
         break;
-      case 58: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT LP expr RP */
-{sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy342);}
+      case 55: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT term */
+      case 57: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT PLUS term */ yytestcase(yyruleno==57);
+{sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346);}
         break;
-      case 60: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT MINUS term */
+      case 56: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT LP expr RP */
+{sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy346);}
+        break;
+      case 58: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT MINUS term */
 {
   ExprSpan v;
-  v.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_UMINUS, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  v.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_UMINUS, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
   v.zStart = yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z;
-  v.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.zEnd;
+  v.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.zEnd;
   sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&v);
 }
         break;
-      case 61: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT id */
+      case 59: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT ID|INDEXED */
 {
   ExprSpan v;
   spanExpr(&v, pParse, TK_STRING, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
   sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&v);
 }
         break;
-      case 63: /* ccons ::= NOT NULL onconf */
-{sqlite3AddNotNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy392);}
+      case 61: /* ccons ::= NOT NULL onconf */
+{sqlite3AddNotNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy328);}
         break;
-      case 64: /* ccons ::= PRIMARY KEY sortorder onconf autoinc */
-{sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(pParse,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy392,yymsp[0].minor.yy392,yymsp[-2].minor.yy392);}
+      case 62: /* ccons ::= PRIMARY KEY sortorder onconf autoinc */
+{sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(pParse,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy328,yymsp[0].minor.yy328,yymsp[-2].minor.yy328);}
         break;
-      case 65: /* ccons ::= UNIQUE onconf */
-{sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse,0,0,0,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy392,0,0,0,0);}
+      case 63: /* ccons ::= UNIQUE onconf */
+{sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse,0,0,0,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy328,0,0,0,0);}
         break;
-      case 66: /* ccons ::= CHECK LP expr RP */
-{sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.pExpr);}
+      case 64: /* ccons ::= CHECK LP expr RP */
+{sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy346.pExpr);}
         break;
-      case 67: /* ccons ::= REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs */
-{sqlite3CreateForeignKey(pParse,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy442,yymsp[0].minor.yy392);}
+      case 65: /* ccons ::= REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs */
+{sqlite3CreateForeignKey(pParse,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy14,yymsp[0].minor.yy328);}
         break;
-      case 68: /* ccons ::= defer_subclause */
-{sqlite3DeferForeignKey(pParse,yymsp[0].minor.yy392);}
+      case 66: /* ccons ::= defer_subclause */
+{sqlite3DeferForeignKey(pParse,yymsp[0].minor.yy328);}
         break;
-      case 69: /* ccons ::= COLLATE ids */
+      case 67: /* ccons ::= COLLATE ID|STRING */
 {sqlite3AddCollateType(pParse, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 72: /* refargs ::= */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = OE_None*0x0101; /* EV: R-19803-45884 */}
+      case 70: /* refargs ::= */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = OE_None*0x0101; /* EV: R-19803-45884 */}
         break;
-      case 73: /* refargs ::= refargs refarg */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = (yymsp[-1].minor.yy392 & ~yymsp[0].minor.yy207.mask) | yymsp[0].minor.yy207.value; }
+      case 71: /* refargs ::= refargs refarg */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = (yymsp[-1].minor.yy328 & ~yymsp[0].minor.yy429.mask) | yymsp[0].minor.yy429.value; }
         break;
-      case 74: /* refarg ::= MATCH nm */
-      case 75: /* refarg ::= ON INSERT refact */ yytestcase(yyruleno==75);
-{ yygotominor.yy207.value = 0;     yygotominor.yy207.mask = 0x000000; }
+      case 72: /* refarg ::= MATCH nm */
+      case 73: /* refarg ::= ON INSERT refact */ yytestcase(yyruleno==73);
+{ yygotominor.yy429.value = 0;     yygotominor.yy429.mask = 0x000000; }
         break;
-      case 76: /* refarg ::= ON DELETE refact */
-{ yygotominor.yy207.value = yymsp[0].minor.yy392;     yygotominor.yy207.mask = 0x0000ff; }
+      case 74: /* refarg ::= ON DELETE refact */
+{ yygotominor.yy429.value = yymsp[0].minor.yy328;     yygotominor.yy429.mask = 0x0000ff; }
         break;
-      case 77: /* refarg ::= ON UPDATE refact */
-{ yygotominor.yy207.value = yymsp[0].minor.yy392<<8;  yygotominor.yy207.mask = 0x00ff00; }
+      case 75: /* refarg ::= ON UPDATE refact */
+{ yygotominor.yy429.value = yymsp[0].minor.yy328<<8;  yygotominor.yy429.mask = 0x00ff00; }
         break;
-      case 78: /* refact ::= SET NULL */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = OE_SetNull;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+      case 76: /* refact ::= SET NULL */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = OE_SetNull;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
         break;
-      case 79: /* refact ::= SET DEFAULT */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = OE_SetDflt;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+      case 77: /* refact ::= SET DEFAULT */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = OE_SetDflt;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
         break;
-      case 80: /* refact ::= CASCADE */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Cascade;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+      case 78: /* refact ::= CASCADE */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Cascade;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
         break;
-      case 81: /* refact ::= RESTRICT */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Restrict; /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+      case 79: /* refact ::= RESTRICT */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Restrict; /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
         break;
-      case 82: /* refact ::= NO ACTION */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = OE_None;     /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+      case 80: /* refact ::= NO ACTION */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = OE_None;     /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
         break;
-      case 84: /* defer_subclause ::= DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt */
-      case 99: /* defer_subclause_opt ::= defer_subclause */ yytestcase(yyruleno==99);
-      case 101: /* onconf ::= ON CONFLICT resolvetype */ yytestcase(yyruleno==101);
-      case 104: /* resolvetype ::= raisetype */ yytestcase(yyruleno==104);
-{yygotominor.yy392 = yymsp[0].minor.yy392;}
+      case 82: /* defer_subclause ::= DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt */
+      case 98: /* defer_subclause_opt ::= defer_subclause */ yytestcase(yyruleno==98);
+      case 100: /* onconf ::= ON CONFLICT resolvetype */ yytestcase(yyruleno==100);
+      case 103: /* resolvetype ::= raisetype */ yytestcase(yyruleno==103);
+{yygotominor.yy328 = yymsp[0].minor.yy328;}
         break;
-      case 88: /* conslist_opt ::= */
+      case 86: /* conslist_opt ::= */
 {yygotominor.yy0.n = 0; yygotominor.yy0.z = 0;}
         break;
-      case 89: /* conslist_opt ::= COMMA conslist */
+      case 87: /* conslist_opt ::= COMMA conslist */
 {yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy0;}
         break;
-      case 94: /* tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP idxlist autoinc RP onconf */
-{sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy442,yymsp[0].minor.yy392,yymsp[-2].minor.yy392,0);}
+      case 90: /* tconscomma ::= COMMA */
+{pParse->constraintName.n = 0;}
         break;
-      case 95: /* tcons ::= UNIQUE LP idxlist RP onconf */
-{sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse,0,0,0,yymsp[-2].minor.yy442,yymsp[0].minor.yy392,0,0,0,0);}
+      case 93: /* tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP idxlist autoinc RP onconf */
+{sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy14,yymsp[0].minor.yy328,yymsp[-2].minor.yy328,0);}
         break;
-      case 96: /* tcons ::= CHECK LP expr RP onconf */
-{sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr);}
+      case 94: /* tcons ::= UNIQUE LP idxlist RP onconf */
+{sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse,0,0,0,yymsp[-2].minor.yy14,yymsp[0].minor.yy328,0,0,0,0);}
         break;
-      case 97: /* tcons ::= FOREIGN KEY LP idxlist RP REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs defer_subclause_opt */
+      case 95: /* tcons ::= CHECK LP expr RP onconf */
+{sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr);}
+        break;
+      case 96: /* tcons ::= FOREIGN KEY LP idxlist RP REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs defer_subclause_opt */
 {
-    sqlite3CreateForeignKey(pParse, yymsp[-6].minor.yy442, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy442, yymsp[-1].minor.yy392);
-    sqlite3DeferForeignKey(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy392);
+    sqlite3CreateForeignKey(pParse, yymsp[-6].minor.yy14, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy14, yymsp[-1].minor.yy328);
+    sqlite3DeferForeignKey(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 100: /* onconf ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Default;}
+      case 99: /* onconf ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Default;}
         break;
-      case 102: /* orconf ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy258 = OE_Default;}
+      case 101: /* orconf ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy186 = OE_Default;}
         break;
-      case 103: /* orconf ::= OR resolvetype */
-{yygotominor.yy258 = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy392;}
+      case 102: /* orconf ::= OR resolvetype */
+{yygotominor.yy186 = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy328;}
         break;
-      case 105: /* resolvetype ::= IGNORE */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Ignore;}
+      case 104: /* resolvetype ::= IGNORE */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Ignore;}
         break;
-      case 106: /* resolvetype ::= REPLACE */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Replace;}
+      case 105: /* resolvetype ::= REPLACE */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Replace;}
         break;
-      case 107: /* cmd ::= DROP TABLE ifexists fullname */
+      case 106: /* cmd ::= DROP TABLE ifexists fullname */
 {
-  sqlite3DropTable(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy347, 0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy392);
+  sqlite3DropTable(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy65, 0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 110: /* cmd ::= createkw temp VIEW ifnotexists nm dbnm AS select */
+      case 109: /* cmd ::= createkw temp VIEW ifnotexists nm dbnm AS select */
 {
-  sqlite3CreateView(pParse, &yymsp[-7].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[0].minor.yy159, yymsp[-6].minor.yy392, yymsp[-4].minor.yy392);
+  sqlite3CreateView(pParse, &yymsp[-7].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[0].minor.yy3, yymsp[-6].minor.yy328, yymsp[-4].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 111: /* cmd ::= DROP VIEW ifexists fullname */
+      case 110: /* cmd ::= DROP VIEW ifexists fullname */
 {
-  sqlite3DropTable(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy347, 1, yymsp[-1].minor.yy392);
+  sqlite3DropTable(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy65, 1, yymsp[-1].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 112: /* cmd ::= select */
+      case 111: /* cmd ::= select */
 {
-  SelectDest dest = {SRT_Output, 0, 0, 0, 0};
-  sqlite3Select(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy159, &dest);
+  SelectDest dest = {SRT_Output, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+  sqlite3Select(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy3, &dest);
   sqlite3ExplainBegin(pParse->pVdbe);
-  sqlite3ExplainSelect(pParse->pVdbe, yymsp[0].minor.yy159);
+  sqlite3ExplainSelect(pParse->pVdbe, yymsp[0].minor.yy3);
   sqlite3ExplainFinish(pParse->pVdbe);
-  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy159);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy3);
 }
         break;
-      case 113: /* select ::= oneselect */
-{yygotominor.yy159 = yymsp[0].minor.yy159;}
-        break;
-      case 114: /* select ::= select multiselect_op oneselect */
+      case 112: /* select ::= with selectnowith */
 {
-  if( yymsp[0].minor.yy159 ){
-    yymsp[0].minor.yy159->op = (u8)yymsp[-1].minor.yy392;
-    yymsp[0].minor.yy159->pPrior = yymsp[-2].minor.yy159;
+  Select *p = yymsp[0].minor.yy3, *pNext, *pLoop;
+  if( p ){
+    int cnt = 0, mxSelect;
+    p->pWith = yymsp[-1].minor.yy59;
+    if( p->pPrior ){
+      pNext = 0;
+      for(pLoop=p; pLoop; pNext=pLoop, pLoop=pLoop->pPrior, cnt++){
+        pLoop->pNext = pNext;
+        pLoop->selFlags |= SF_Compound;
+      }
+      mxSelect = pParse->db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT];
+      if( mxSelect && cnt>mxSelect ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many terms in compound SELECT");
+      }
+    }
   }else{
-    sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-2].minor.yy159);
+    sqlite3WithDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy59);
   }
-  yygotominor.yy159 = yymsp[0].minor.yy159;
+  yygotominor.yy3 = p;
+}
+        break;
+      case 113: /* selectnowith ::= oneselect */
+      case 119: /* oneselect ::= values */ yytestcase(yyruleno==119);
+{yygotominor.yy3 = yymsp[0].minor.yy3;}
+        break;
+      case 114: /* selectnowith ::= selectnowith multiselect_op oneselect */
+{
+  Select *pRhs = yymsp[0].minor.yy3;
+  if( pRhs && pRhs->pPrior ){
+    SrcList *pFrom;
+    Token x;
+    x.n = 0;
+    pFrom = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,0,0,0,&x,pRhs,0,0);
+    pRhs = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,0,pFrom,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
+  }
+  if( pRhs ){
+    pRhs->op = (u8)yymsp[-1].minor.yy328;
+    pRhs->pPrior = yymsp[-2].minor.yy3;
+    if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy328!=TK_ALL ) pParse->hasCompound = 1;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-2].minor.yy3);
+  }
+  yygotominor.yy3 = pRhs;
 }
         break;
       case 116: /* multiselect_op ::= UNION ALL */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = TK_ALL;}
+{yygotominor.yy328 = TK_ALL;}
         break;
       case 118: /* oneselect ::= SELECT distinct selcollist from where_opt groupby_opt having_opt orderby_opt limit_opt */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy159 = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy442,yymsp[-5].minor.yy347,yymsp[-4].minor.yy122,yymsp[-3].minor.yy442,yymsp[-2].minor.yy122,yymsp[-1].minor.yy442,yymsp[-7].minor.yy392,yymsp[0].minor.yy64.pLimit,yymsp[0].minor.yy64.pOffset);
+  yygotominor.yy3 = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy14,yymsp[-5].minor.yy65,yymsp[-4].minor.yy132,yymsp[-3].minor.yy14,yymsp[-2].minor.yy132,yymsp[-1].minor.yy14,yymsp[-7].minor.yy381,yymsp[0].minor.yy476.pLimit,yymsp[0].minor.yy476.pOffset);
 }
         break;
-      case 122: /* sclp ::= selcollist COMMA */
-      case 246: /* idxlist_opt ::= LP idxlist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==246);
-{yygotominor.yy442 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy442;}
-        break;
-      case 123: /* sclp ::= */
-      case 151: /* orderby_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==151);
-      case 158: /* groupby_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==158);
-      case 239: /* exprlist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==239);
-      case 245: /* idxlist_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==245);
-{yygotominor.yy442 = 0;}
-        break;
-      case 124: /* selcollist ::= sclp expr as */
+      case 120: /* values ::= VALUES LP nexprlist RP */
 {
-   yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy442, yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-   if( yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n>0 ) sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy442, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, 1);
-   sqlite3ExprListSetSpan(pParse,yygotominor.yy442,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy342);
+  yygotominor.yy3 = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy14,0,0,0,0,0,SF_Values,0,0);
 }
         break;
-      case 125: /* selcollist ::= sclp STAR */
+      case 121: /* values ::= values COMMA LP exprlist RP */
+{
+  Select *pRight = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy14,0,0,0,0,0,SF_Values,0,0);
+  if( pRight ){
+    pRight->op = TK_ALL;
+    pRight->pPrior = yymsp[-4].minor.yy3;
+    yygotominor.yy3 = pRight;
+  }else{
+    yygotominor.yy3 = yymsp[-4].minor.yy3;
+  }
+}
+        break;
+      case 122: /* distinct ::= DISTINCT */
+{yygotominor.yy381 = SF_Distinct;}
+        break;
+      case 123: /* distinct ::= ALL */
+      case 124: /* distinct ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==124);
+{yygotominor.yy381 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 125: /* sclp ::= selcollist COMMA */
+      case 243: /* idxlist_opt ::= LP idxlist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==243);
+{yygotominor.yy14 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy14;}
+        break;
+      case 126: /* sclp ::= */
+      case 154: /* orderby_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==154);
+      case 161: /* groupby_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==161);
+      case 236: /* exprlist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==236);
+      case 242: /* idxlist_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==242);
+{yygotominor.yy14 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 127: /* selcollist ::= sclp expr as */
+{
+   yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy14, yymsp[-1].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+   if( yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n>0 ) sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy14, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, 1);
+   sqlite3ExprListSetSpan(pParse,yygotominor.yy14,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy346);
+}
+        break;
+      case 128: /* selcollist ::= sclp STAR */
 {
   Expr *p = sqlite3Expr(pParse->db, TK_ALL, 0);
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy442, p);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy14, p);
 }
         break;
-      case 126: /* selcollist ::= sclp nm DOT STAR */
+      case 129: /* selcollist ::= sclp nm DOT STAR */
 {
   Expr *pRight = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ALL, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
   Expr *pLeft = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
   Expr *pDot = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, pLeft, pRight, 0);
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy442, pDot);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy14, pDot);
 }
         break;
-      case 129: /* as ::= */
+      case 132: /* as ::= */
 {yygotominor.yy0.n = 0;}
         break;
-      case 130: /* from ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy347 = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, sizeof(*yygotominor.yy347));}
+      case 133: /* from ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy65 = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, sizeof(*yygotominor.yy65));}
         break;
-      case 131: /* from ::= FROM seltablist */
+      case 134: /* from ::= FROM seltablist */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy347 = yymsp[0].minor.yy347;
-  sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(yygotominor.yy347);
+  yygotominor.yy65 = yymsp[0].minor.yy65;
+  sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(yygotominor.yy65);
 }
         break;
-      case 132: /* stl_prefix ::= seltablist joinop */
+      case 135: /* stl_prefix ::= seltablist joinop */
 {
-   yygotominor.yy347 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy347;
-   if( ALWAYS(yygotominor.yy347 && yygotominor.yy347->nSrc>0) ) yygotominor.yy347->a[yygotominor.yy347->nSrc-1].jointype = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy392;
+   yygotominor.yy65 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy65;
+   if( ALWAYS(yygotominor.yy65 && yygotominor.yy65->nSrc>0) ) yygotominor.yy65->a[yygotominor.yy65->nSrc-1].jointype = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy328;
 }
         break;
-      case 133: /* stl_prefix ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy347 = 0;}
+      case 136: /* stl_prefix ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy65 = 0;}
         break;
-      case 134: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix nm dbnm as indexed_opt on_opt using_opt */
+      case 137: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix nm dbnm as indexed_opt on_opt using_opt */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy347 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy347,&yymsp[-5].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy122,yymsp[0].minor.yy180);
-  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yygotominor.yy347, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy65 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy65,&yymsp[-5].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy132,yymsp[0].minor.yy408);
+  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yygotominor.yy65, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 135: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP select RP as on_opt using_opt */
+      case 138: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP select RP as on_opt using_opt */
 {
-    yygotominor.yy347 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy347,0,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy159,yymsp[-1].minor.yy122,yymsp[0].minor.yy180);
+    yygotominor.yy65 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy65,0,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy3,yymsp[-1].minor.yy132,yymsp[0].minor.yy408);
   }
         break;
-      case 136: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP seltablist RP as on_opt using_opt */
+      case 139: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP seltablist RP as on_opt using_opt */
 {
-    if( yymsp[-6].minor.yy347==0 && yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.n==0 && yymsp[-1].minor.yy122==0 && yymsp[0].minor.yy180==0 ){
-      yygotominor.yy347 = yymsp[-4].minor.yy347;
+    if( yymsp[-6].minor.yy65==0 && yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.n==0 && yymsp[-1].minor.yy132==0 && yymsp[0].minor.yy408==0 ){
+      yygotominor.yy65 = yymsp[-4].minor.yy65;
+    }else if( yymsp[-4].minor.yy65->nSrc==1 ){
+      yygotominor.yy65 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy65,0,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy132,yymsp[0].minor.yy408);
+      if( yygotominor.yy65 ){
+        struct SrcList_item *pNew = &yygotominor.yy65->a[yygotominor.yy65->nSrc-1];
+        struct SrcList_item *pOld = yymsp[-4].minor.yy65->a;
+        pNew->zName = pOld->zName;
+        pNew->zDatabase = pOld->zDatabase;
+        pNew->pSelect = pOld->pSelect;
+        pOld->zName = pOld->zDatabase = 0;
+        pOld->pSelect = 0;
+      }
+      sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-4].minor.yy65);
     }else{
       Select *pSubquery;
-      sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(yymsp[-4].minor.yy347);
-      pSubquery = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy347,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
-      yygotominor.yy347 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy347,0,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,pSubquery,yymsp[-1].minor.yy122,yymsp[0].minor.yy180);
+      sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(yymsp[-4].minor.yy65);
+      pSubquery = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy65,0,0,0,0,SF_NestedFrom,0,0);
+      yygotominor.yy65 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy65,0,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,pSubquery,yymsp[-1].minor.yy132,yymsp[0].minor.yy408);
     }
   }
         break;
-      case 137: /* dbnm ::= */
-      case 146: /* indexed_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==146);
+      case 140: /* dbnm ::= */
+      case 149: /* indexed_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==149);
 {yygotominor.yy0.z=0; yygotominor.yy0.n=0;}
         break;
-      case 139: /* fullname ::= nm dbnm */
-{yygotominor.yy347 = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+      case 142: /* fullname ::= nm dbnm */
+{yygotominor.yy65 = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 140: /* joinop ::= COMMA|JOIN */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = JT_INNER; }
+      case 143: /* joinop ::= COMMA|JOIN */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = JT_INNER; }
         break;
-      case 141: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0,0); }
+      case 144: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0,0); }
         break;
-      case 142: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm JOIN */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0); }
+      case 145: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm JOIN */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0); }
         break;
-      case 143: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm nm JOIN */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0); }
+      case 146: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm nm JOIN */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0); }
         break;
-      case 144: /* on_opt ::= ON expr */
-      case 161: /* having_opt ::= HAVING expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==161);
-      case 168: /* where_opt ::= WHERE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==168);
-      case 234: /* case_else ::= ELSE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==234);
-      case 236: /* case_operand ::= expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==236);
-{yygotominor.yy122 = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr;}
+      case 147: /* on_opt ::= ON expr */
+      case 164: /* having_opt ::= HAVING expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==164);
+      case 171: /* where_opt ::= WHERE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==171);
+      case 231: /* case_else ::= ELSE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==231);
+      case 233: /* case_operand ::= expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==233);
+{yygotominor.yy132 = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr;}
         break;
-      case 145: /* on_opt ::= */
-      case 160: /* having_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==160);
-      case 167: /* where_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==167);
-      case 235: /* case_else ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==235);
-      case 237: /* case_operand ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==237);
-{yygotominor.yy122 = 0;}
+      case 148: /* on_opt ::= */
+      case 163: /* having_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==163);
+      case 170: /* where_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==170);
+      case 232: /* case_else ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==232);
+      case 234: /* case_operand ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==234);
+{yygotominor.yy132 = 0;}
         break;
-      case 148: /* indexed_opt ::= NOT INDEXED */
+      case 151: /* indexed_opt ::= NOT INDEXED */
 {yygotominor.yy0.z=0; yygotominor.yy0.n=1;}
         break;
-      case 149: /* using_opt ::= USING LP inscollist RP */
-      case 180: /* inscollist_opt ::= LP inscollist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==180);
-{yygotominor.yy180 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy180;}
+      case 152: /* using_opt ::= USING LP idlist RP */
+      case 180: /* inscollist_opt ::= LP idlist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==180);
+{yygotominor.yy408 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy408;}
         break;
-      case 150: /* using_opt ::= */
+      case 153: /* using_opt ::= */
       case 179: /* inscollist_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==179);
-{yygotominor.yy180 = 0;}
+{yygotominor.yy408 = 0;}
         break;
-      case 152: /* orderby_opt ::= ORDER BY sortlist */
-      case 159: /* groupby_opt ::= GROUP BY nexprlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==159);
-      case 238: /* exprlist ::= nexprlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==238);
-{yygotominor.yy442 = yymsp[0].minor.yy442;}
+      case 155: /* orderby_opt ::= ORDER BY sortlist */
+      case 162: /* groupby_opt ::= GROUP BY nexprlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==162);
+      case 235: /* exprlist ::= nexprlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==235);
+{yygotominor.yy14 = yymsp[0].minor.yy14;}
         break;
-      case 153: /* sortlist ::= sortlist COMMA expr sortorder */
+      case 156: /* sortlist ::= sortlist COMMA expr sortorder */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy442,yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  if( yygotominor.yy442 ) yygotominor.yy442->a[yygotominor.yy442->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy392;
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy14,yymsp[-1].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  if( yygotominor.yy14 ) yygotominor.yy14->a[yygotominor.yy14->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy328;
 }
         break;
-      case 154: /* sortlist ::= expr sortorder */
+      case 157: /* sortlist ::= expr sortorder */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  if( yygotominor.yy442 && ALWAYS(yygotominor.yy442->a) ) yygotominor.yy442->a[0].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy392;
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  if( yygotominor.yy14 && ALWAYS(yygotominor.yy14->a) ) yygotominor.yy14->a[0].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy328;
 }
         break;
-      case 155: /* sortorder ::= ASC */
-      case 157: /* sortorder ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==157);
-{yygotominor.yy392 = SQLITE_SO_ASC;}
+      case 158: /* sortorder ::= ASC */
+      case 160: /* sortorder ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==160);
+{yygotominor.yy328 = SQLITE_SO_ASC;}
         break;
-      case 156: /* sortorder ::= DESC */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = SQLITE_SO_DESC;}
+      case 159: /* sortorder ::= DESC */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = SQLITE_SO_DESC;}
         break;
-      case 162: /* limit_opt ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy64.pLimit = 0; yygotominor.yy64.pOffset = 0;}
+      case 165: /* limit_opt ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy476.pLimit = 0; yygotominor.yy476.pOffset = 0;}
         break;
-      case 163: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr */
-{yygotominor.yy64.pLimit = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr; yygotominor.yy64.pOffset = 0;}
+      case 166: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr */
+{yygotominor.yy476.pLimit = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr; yygotominor.yy476.pOffset = 0;}
         break;
-      case 164: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr OFFSET expr */
-{yygotominor.yy64.pLimit = yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr; yygotominor.yy64.pOffset = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr;}
+      case 167: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr OFFSET expr */
+{yygotominor.yy476.pLimit = yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr; yygotominor.yy476.pOffset = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr;}
         break;
-      case 165: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr COMMA expr */
-{yygotominor.yy64.pOffset = yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr; yygotominor.yy64.pLimit = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr;}
+      case 168: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr COMMA expr */
+{yygotominor.yy476.pOffset = yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr; yygotominor.yy476.pLimit = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr;}
         break;
-      case 166: /* cmd ::= DELETE FROM fullname indexed_opt where_opt */
+      case 169: /* cmd ::= with DELETE FROM fullname indexed_opt where_opt */
 {
-  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy347, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
-  sqlite3DeleteFrom(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy347,yymsp[0].minor.yy122);
+  sqlite3WithPush(pParse, yymsp[-5].minor.yy59, 1);
+  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy65, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
+  sqlite3DeleteFrom(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy65,yymsp[0].minor.yy132);
 }
         break;
-      case 169: /* cmd ::= UPDATE orconf fullname indexed_opt SET setlist where_opt */
+      case 172: /* cmd ::= with UPDATE orconf fullname indexed_opt SET setlist where_opt */
 {
-  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy347, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0);
-  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy442,"set list"); 
-  sqlite3Update(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy347,yymsp[-1].minor.yy442,yymsp[0].minor.yy122,yymsp[-5].minor.yy258);
+  sqlite3WithPush(pParse, yymsp[-7].minor.yy59, 1);
+  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy65, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0);
+  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy14,"set list"); 
+  sqlite3Update(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy65,yymsp[-1].minor.yy14,yymsp[0].minor.yy132,yymsp[-5].minor.yy186);
 }
         break;
-      case 170: /* setlist ::= setlist COMMA nm EQ expr */
+      case 173: /* setlist ::= setlist COMMA nm EQ expr */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy442, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy442, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy14, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy14, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
 }
         break;
-      case 171: /* setlist ::= nm EQ expr */
+      case 174: /* setlist ::= nm EQ expr */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy442, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy14, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
 }
         break;
-      case 172: /* cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt valuelist */
-{sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy347, yymsp[0].minor.yy487.pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy487.pSelect, yymsp[-1].minor.yy180, yymsp[-4].minor.yy258);}
-        break;
-      case 173: /* cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt select */
-{sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy347, 0, yymsp[0].minor.yy159, yymsp[-1].minor.yy180, yymsp[-4].minor.yy258);}
-        break;
-      case 174: /* cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt DEFAULT VALUES */
-{sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-3].minor.yy347, 0, 0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy180, yymsp[-5].minor.yy258);}
-        break;
-      case 175: /* insert_cmd ::= INSERT orconf */
-{yygotominor.yy258 = yymsp[0].minor.yy258;}
-        break;
-      case 176: /* insert_cmd ::= REPLACE */
-{yygotominor.yy258 = OE_Replace;}
-        break;
-      case 177: /* valuelist ::= VALUES LP nexprlist RP */
+      case 175: /* cmd ::= with insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt select */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy487.pList = yymsp[-1].minor.yy442;
-  yygotominor.yy487.pSelect = 0;
+  sqlite3WithPush(pParse, yymsp[-5].minor.yy59, 1);
+  sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy65, yymsp[0].minor.yy3, yymsp[-1].minor.yy408, yymsp[-4].minor.yy186);
 }
         break;
-      case 178: /* valuelist ::= valuelist COMMA LP exprlist RP */
+      case 176: /* cmd ::= with insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt DEFAULT VALUES */
 {
-  Select *pRight = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy442, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-  if( yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pList ){
-    yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pSelect = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pList, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-    yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pList = 0;
-  }
-  yygotominor.yy487.pList = 0;
-  if( yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pSelect==0 || pRight==0 ){
-    sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, pRight);
-    sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pSelect);
-    yygotominor.yy487.pSelect = 0;
-  }else{
-    pRight->op = TK_ALL;
-    pRight->pPrior = yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pSelect;
-    pRight->selFlags |= SF_Values;
-    pRight->pPrior->selFlags |= SF_Values;
-    yygotominor.yy487.pSelect = pRight;
-  }
+  sqlite3WithPush(pParse, yymsp[-6].minor.yy59, 1);
+  sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-3].minor.yy65, 0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy408, yymsp[-5].minor.yy186);
 }
         break;
-      case 181: /* inscollist ::= inscollist COMMA nm */
-{yygotominor.yy180 = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse->db,yymsp[-2].minor.yy180,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+      case 177: /* insert_cmd ::= INSERT orconf */
+{yygotominor.yy186 = yymsp[0].minor.yy186;}
         break;
-      case 182: /* inscollist ::= nm */
-{yygotominor.yy180 = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+      case 178: /* insert_cmd ::= REPLACE */
+{yygotominor.yy186 = OE_Replace;}
+        break;
+      case 181: /* idlist ::= idlist COMMA nm */
+{yygotominor.yy408 = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse->db,yymsp[-2].minor.yy408,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 182: /* idlist ::= nm */
+{yygotominor.yy408 = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
       case 183: /* expr ::= term */
-{yygotominor.yy342 = yymsp[0].minor.yy342;}
+{yygotominor.yy346 = yymsp[0].minor.yy346;}
         break;
       case 184: /* expr ::= LP expr RP */
-{yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.pExpr; spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+{yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = yymsp[-1].minor.yy346.pExpr; spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
       case 185: /* term ::= NULL */
       case 190: /* term ::= INTEGER|FLOAT|BLOB */ yytestcase(yyruleno==190);
       case 191: /* term ::= STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==191);
-{spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy342, pParse, yymsp[0].major, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+{spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy346, pParse, yymsp[0].major, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 186: /* expr ::= id */
+      case 186: /* expr ::= ID|INDEXED */
       case 187: /* expr ::= JOIN_KW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==187);
-{spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy342, pParse, TK_ID, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+{spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy346, pParse, TK_ID, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
       case 188: /* expr ::= nm DOT nm */
 {
   Expr *temp1 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
   Expr *temp2 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp1, temp2, 0);
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp1, temp2, 0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
       case 189: /* expr ::= nm DOT nm DOT nm */
@@ -110447,163 +120151,154 @@
   Expr *temp2 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
   Expr *temp3 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
   Expr *temp4 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp2, temp3, 0);
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp1, temp4, 0);
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp1, temp4, 0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 192: /* expr ::= REGISTER */
+      case 192: /* expr ::= VARIABLE */
 {
-  /* When doing a nested parse, one can include terms in an expression
-  ** that look like this:   #1 #2 ...  These terms refer to registers
-  ** in the virtual machine.  #N is the N-th register. */
-  if( pParse->nested==0 ){
-    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "near \"%T\": syntax error", &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = 0;
+  if( yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n>=2 && yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[0]=='#' && sqlite3Isdigit(yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[1]) ){
+    /* When doing a nested parse, one can include terms in an expression
+    ** that look like this:   #1 #2 ...  These terms refer to registers
+    ** in the virtual machine.  #N is the N-th register. */
+    if( pParse->nested==0 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "near \"%T\": syntax error", &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = 0;
+    }else{
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_REGISTER, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+      if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ) sqlite3GetInt32(&yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[1], &yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->iTable);
+    }
   }else{
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_REGISTER, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-    if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ) sqlite3GetInt32(&yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[1], &yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->iTable);
+    spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy346, pParse, TK_VARIABLE, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+    sqlite3ExprAssignVarNumber(pParse, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr);
   }
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 193: /* expr ::= VARIABLE */
+      case 193: /* expr ::= expr COLLATE ID|STRING */
 {
-  spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy342, pParse, TK_VARIABLE, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-  sqlite3ExprAssignVarNumber(pParse, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr);
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.zStart;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
 }
         break;
-      case 194: /* expr ::= expr COLLATE ids */
+      case 194: /* expr ::= CAST LP expr AS typetoken RP */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.zStart;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_CAST, yymsp[-3].minor.yy346.pExpr, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346,&yymsp[-5].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 195: /* expr ::= CAST LP expr AS typetoken RP */
+      case 195: /* expr ::= ID|INDEXED LP distinct exprlist RP */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_CAST, yymsp[-3].minor.yy342.pExpr, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342,&yymsp[-5].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-}
-        break;
-      case 196: /* expr ::= ID LP distinct exprlist RP */
-{
-  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy442 && yymsp[-1].minor.yy442->nExpr>pParse->db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG] ){
+  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy14 && yymsp[-1].minor.yy14->nExpr>pParse->db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG] ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many arguments on function %T", &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0);
   }
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy442, &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0);
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-  if( yymsp[-2].minor.yy392 && yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->flags |= EP_Distinct;
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy14, &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  if( yymsp[-2].minor.yy381 && yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->flags |= EP_Distinct;
   }
 }
         break;
-      case 197: /* expr ::= ID LP STAR RP */
+      case 196: /* expr ::= ID|INDEXED LP STAR RP */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, 0, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0);
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, 0, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 198: /* term ::= CTIME_KW */
+      case 197: /* term ::= CTIME_KW */
 {
-  /* The CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE, and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP values are
-  ** treated as functions that return constants */
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, 0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->op = TK_CONST_FUNC;  
-  }
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 199: /* expr ::= expr AND expr */
-      case 200: /* expr ::= expr OR expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==200);
-      case 201: /* expr ::= expr LT|GT|GE|LE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==201);
-      case 202: /* expr ::= expr EQ|NE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==202);
-      case 203: /* expr ::= expr BITAND|BITOR|LSHIFT|RSHIFT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==203);
-      case 204: /* expr ::= expr PLUS|MINUS expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==204);
-      case 205: /* expr ::= expr STAR|SLASH|REM expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==205);
-      case 206: /* expr ::= expr CONCAT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==206);
-{spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,yymsp[-1].major,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy342,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342);}
+      case 198: /* expr ::= expr AND expr */
+      case 199: /* expr ::= expr OR expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==199);
+      case 200: /* expr ::= expr LT|GT|GE|LE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==200);
+      case 201: /* expr ::= expr EQ|NE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==201);
+      case 202: /* expr ::= expr BITAND|BITOR|LSHIFT|RSHIFT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==202);
+      case 203: /* expr ::= expr PLUS|MINUS expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==203);
+      case 204: /* expr ::= expr STAR|SLASH|REM expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==204);
+      case 205: /* expr ::= expr CONCAT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==205);
+{spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,yymsp[-1].major,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy346,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346);}
         break;
-      case 207: /* likeop ::= LIKE_KW */
-      case 209: /* likeop ::= MATCH */ yytestcase(yyruleno==209);
-{yygotominor.yy318.eOperator = yymsp[0].minor.yy0; yygotominor.yy318.not = 0;}
+      case 206: /* likeop ::= LIKE_KW|MATCH */
+{yygotominor.yy96.eOperator = yymsp[0].minor.yy0; yygotominor.yy96.bNot = 0;}
         break;
-      case 208: /* likeop ::= NOT LIKE_KW */
-      case 210: /* likeop ::= NOT MATCH */ yytestcase(yyruleno==210);
-{yygotominor.yy318.eOperator = yymsp[0].minor.yy0; yygotominor.yy318.not = 1;}
+      case 207: /* likeop ::= NOT LIKE_KW|MATCH */
+{yygotominor.yy96.eOperator = yymsp[0].minor.yy0; yygotominor.yy96.bNot = 1;}
         break;
-      case 211: /* expr ::= expr likeop expr */
+      case 208: /* expr ::= expr likeop expr */
 {
   ExprList *pList;
-  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pList, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy318.eOperator);
-  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy318.not ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.zStart;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.zEnd;
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->flags |= EP_InfixFunc;
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pList, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy96.eOperator);
+  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy96.bNot ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.zStart;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.zEnd;
+  if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->flags |= EP_InfixFunc;
 }
         break;
-      case 212: /* expr ::= expr likeop expr ESCAPE expr */
+      case 209: /* expr ::= expr likeop expr ESCAPE expr */
 {
   ExprList *pList;
-  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pList, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy318.eOperator);
-  if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy318.not ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.zStart;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.zEnd;
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->flags |= EP_InfixFunc;
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pList, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy96.eOperator);
+  if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy96.bNot ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.zStart;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.zEnd;
+  if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->flags |= EP_InfixFunc;
 }
         break;
-      case 213: /* expr ::= expr ISNULL|NOTNULL */
-{spanUnaryPostfix(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,yymsp[0].major,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy342,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+      case 210: /* expr ::= expr ISNULL|NOTNULL */
+{spanUnaryPostfix(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,yymsp[0].major,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy346,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 214: /* expr ::= expr NOT NULL */
-{spanUnaryPostfix(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,TK_NOTNULL,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy342,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+      case 211: /* expr ::= expr NOT NULL */
+{spanUnaryPostfix(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,TK_NOTNULL,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy346,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 215: /* expr ::= expr IS expr */
+      case 212: /* expr ::= expr IS expr */
 {
-  spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,TK_IS,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy342,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342);
-  binaryToUnaryIfNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, TK_ISNULL);
+  spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,TK_IS,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy346,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346);
+  binaryToUnaryIfNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, TK_ISNULL);
 }
         break;
-      case 216: /* expr ::= expr IS NOT expr */
+      case 213: /* expr ::= expr IS NOT expr */
 {
-  spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,TK_ISNOT,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy342,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342);
-  binaryToUnaryIfNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, TK_NOTNULL);
+  spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,TK_ISNOT,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy346,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346);
+  binaryToUnaryIfNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, TK_NOTNULL);
 }
         break;
-      case 217: /* expr ::= NOT expr */
-      case 218: /* expr ::= BITNOT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==218);
-{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,yymsp[-1].major,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
+      case 214: /* expr ::= NOT expr */
+      case 215: /* expr ::= BITNOT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==215);
+{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,yymsp[-1].major,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 219: /* expr ::= MINUS expr */
-{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,TK_UMINUS,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
+      case 216: /* expr ::= MINUS expr */
+{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,TK_UMINUS,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 220: /* expr ::= PLUS expr */
-{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,TK_UPLUS,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
+      case 217: /* expr ::= PLUS expr */
+{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,TK_UPLUS,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 223: /* expr ::= expr between_op expr AND expr */
+      case 220: /* expr ::= expr between_op expr AND expr */
 {
-  ExprList *pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_BETWEEN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->x.pList = pList;
+  ExprList *pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_BETWEEN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->x.pList = pList;
   }else{
     sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, pList);
   } 
-  if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy392 ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.zStart;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.zEnd;
+  if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy328 ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.zStart;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.zEnd;
 }
         break;
-      case 226: /* expr ::= expr in_op LP exprlist RP */
+      case 223: /* expr ::= expr in_op LP exprlist RP */
 {
-    if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy442==0 ){
+    if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy14==0 ){
       /* Expressions of the form
       **
       **      expr1 IN ()
@@ -110612,232 +120307,252 @@
       ** simplify to constants 0 (false) and 1 (true), respectively,
       ** regardless of the value of expr1.
       */
-      yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_INTEGER, 0, 0, &sqlite3IntTokens[yymsp[-3].minor.yy392]);
-      sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-    }else{
-      yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-      if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-        yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->x.pList = yymsp[-1].minor.yy442;
-        sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr);
-      }else{
-        sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy442);
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_INTEGER, 0, 0, &sqlite3IntTokens[yymsp[-3].minor.yy328]);
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+    }else if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy14->nExpr==1 ){
+      /* Expressions of the form:
+      **
+      **      expr1 IN (?1)
+      **      expr1 NOT IN (?2)
+      **
+      ** with exactly one value on the RHS can be simplified to something
+      ** like this:
+      **
+      **      expr1 == ?1
+      **      expr1 <> ?2
+      **
+      ** But, the RHS of the == or <> is marked with the EP_Generic flag
+      ** so that it may not contribute to the computation of comparison
+      ** affinity or the collating sequence to use for comparison.  Otherwise,
+      ** the semantics would be subtly different from IN or NOT IN.
+      */
+      Expr *pRHS = yymsp[-1].minor.yy14->a[0].pExpr;
+      yymsp[-1].minor.yy14->a[0].pExpr = 0;
+      sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy14);
+      /* pRHS cannot be NULL because a malloc error would have been detected
+      ** before now and control would have never reached this point */
+      if( ALWAYS(pRHS) ){
+        pRHS->flags &= ~EP_Collate;
+        pRHS->flags |= EP_Generic;
       }
-      if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy392 ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-    }
-    yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.zStart;
-    yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
-  }
-        break;
-      case 227: /* expr ::= LP select RP */
-{
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_SELECT, 0, 0, 0);
-    if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-      yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy159;
-      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
-      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr);
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, yymsp[-3].minor.yy328 ? TK_NE : TK_EQ, yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.pExpr, pRHS, 0);
     }else{
-      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy159);
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+      if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+        yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->x.pList = yymsp[-1].minor.yy14;
+        sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy14);
+      }
+      if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy328 ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
     }
-    yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.z;
-    yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+    yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.zStart;
+    yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
   }
         break;
-      case 228: /* expr ::= expr in_op LP select RP */
+      case 224: /* expr ::= LP select RP */
 {
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-    if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-      yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy159;
-      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
-      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr);
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_SELECT, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy3;
+      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
+      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr);
     }else{
-      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy159);
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy3);
     }
-    if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy392 ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-    yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.zStart;
-    yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+    yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.z;
+    yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
   }
         break;
-      case 229: /* expr ::= expr in_op nm dbnm */
+      case 225: /* expr ::= expr in_op LP select RP */
+{
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy3;
+      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
+      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy3);
+    }
+    if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy328 ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.zStart;
+    yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  }
+        break;
+      case 226: /* expr ::= expr in_op nm dbnm */
 {
     SrcList *pSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db, 0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-3].minor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-    if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-      yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->x.pSelect = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 0,pSrc,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
-      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
-      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr);
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-3].minor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->x.pSelect = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 0,pSrc,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
+      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
+      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr);
     }else{
       sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, pSrc);
     }
-    if( yymsp[-2].minor.yy392 ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-    yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy342.zStart;
-    yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z ? &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n] : &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.n];
+    if( yymsp[-2].minor.yy328 ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy346.zStart;
+    yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z ? &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n] : &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.n];
   }
         break;
-      case 230: /* expr ::= EXISTS LP select RP */
+      case 227: /* expr ::= EXISTS LP select RP */
 {
-    Expr *p = yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EXISTS, 0, 0, 0);
+    Expr *p = yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EXISTS, 0, 0, 0);
     if( p ){
-      p->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy159;
+      p->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy3;
       ExprSetProperty(p, EP_xIsSelect);
       sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, p);
     }else{
-      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy159);
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy3);
     }
-    yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
-    yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+    yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
+    yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
   }
         break;
-      case 231: /* expr ::= CASE case_operand case_exprlist case_else END */
+      case 228: /* expr ::= CASE case_operand case_exprlist case_else END */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_CASE, yymsp[-3].minor.yy122, yymsp[-1].minor.yy122, 0);
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->x.pList = yymsp[-2].minor.yy442;
-    sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_CASE, yymsp[-3].minor.yy132, 0, 0);
+  if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->x.pList = yymsp[-1].minor.yy132 ? sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy14,yymsp[-1].minor.yy132) : yymsp[-2].minor.yy14;
+    sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr);
   }else{
-    sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-2].minor.yy442);
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-2].minor.yy14);
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy132);
   }
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy0.z;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy0.z;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
 }
         break;
-      case 232: /* case_exprlist ::= case_exprlist WHEN expr THEN expr */
+      case 229: /* case_exprlist ::= case_exprlist WHEN expr THEN expr */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy442, yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yygotominor.yy442, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy14, yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yygotominor.yy14, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
 }
         break;
-      case 233: /* case_exprlist ::= WHEN expr THEN expr */
+      case 230: /* case_exprlist ::= WHEN expr THEN expr */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yygotominor.yy442, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yygotominor.yy14, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
 }
         break;
-      case 240: /* nexprlist ::= nexprlist COMMA expr */
-{yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy442,yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);}
+      case 237: /* nexprlist ::= nexprlist COMMA expr */
+{yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy14,yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);}
         break;
-      case 241: /* nexprlist ::= expr */
-{yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);}
+      case 238: /* nexprlist ::= expr */
+{yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);}
         break;
-      case 242: /* cmd ::= createkw uniqueflag INDEX ifnotexists nm dbnm ON nm LP idxlist RP */
+      case 239: /* cmd ::= createkw uniqueflag INDEX ifnotexists nm dbnm ON nm LP idxlist RP where_opt */
 {
-  sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse, &yymsp[-6].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-5].minor.yy0, 
-                     sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,0), yymsp[-1].minor.yy442, yymsp[-9].minor.yy392,
-                      &yymsp[-10].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, SQLITE_SO_ASC, yymsp[-7].minor.yy392);
+  sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse, &yymsp[-7].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-6].minor.yy0, 
+                     sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,0), yymsp[-2].minor.yy14, yymsp[-10].minor.yy328,
+                      &yymsp[-11].minor.yy0, yymsp[0].minor.yy132, SQLITE_SO_ASC, yymsp[-8].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 243: /* uniqueflag ::= UNIQUE */
-      case 296: /* raisetype ::= ABORT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==296);
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Abort;}
+      case 240: /* uniqueflag ::= UNIQUE */
+      case 291: /* raisetype ::= ABORT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==291);
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Abort;}
         break;
-      case 244: /* uniqueflag ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_None;}
+      case 241: /* uniqueflag ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_None;}
         break;
-      case 247: /* idxlist ::= idxlist COMMA nm collate sortorder */
+      case 244: /* idxlist ::= idxlist COMMA nm collate sortorder */
 {
-  Expr *p = 0;
-  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.n>0 ){
-    p = sqlite3Expr(pParse->db, TK_COLUMN, 0);
-    sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(pParse, p, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
-  }
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy442, p);
-  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse,yygotominor.yy442,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,1);
-  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, yygotominor.yy442, "index");
-  if( yygotominor.yy442 ) yygotominor.yy442->a[yygotominor.yy442->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy392;
+  Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy14, p);
+  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse,yygotominor.yy14,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,1);
+  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, yygotominor.yy14, "index");
+  if( yygotominor.yy14 ) yygotominor.yy14->a[yygotominor.yy14->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy328;
 }
         break;
-      case 248: /* idxlist ::= nm collate sortorder */
+      case 245: /* idxlist ::= nm collate sortorder */
 {
-  Expr *p = 0;
-  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.n>0 ){
-    p = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_COLUMN, 0, 0, 0);
-    sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(pParse, p, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
-  }
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, p);
-  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy442, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
-  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, yygotominor.yy442, "index");
-  if( yygotominor.yy442 ) yygotominor.yy442->a[yygotominor.yy442->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy392;
+  Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, p);
+  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy14, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
+  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, yygotominor.yy14, "index");
+  if( yygotominor.yy14 ) yygotominor.yy14->a[yygotominor.yy14->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy328;
 }
         break;
-      case 249: /* collate ::= */
+      case 246: /* collate ::= */
 {yygotominor.yy0.z = 0; yygotominor.yy0.n = 0;}
         break;
-      case 251: /* cmd ::= DROP INDEX ifexists fullname */
-{sqlite3DropIndex(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy347, yymsp[-1].minor.yy392);}
+      case 248: /* cmd ::= DROP INDEX ifexists fullname */
+{sqlite3DropIndex(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy65, yymsp[-1].minor.yy328);}
         break;
-      case 252: /* cmd ::= VACUUM */
-      case 253: /* cmd ::= VACUUM nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==253);
+      case 249: /* cmd ::= VACUUM */
+      case 250: /* cmd ::= VACUUM nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==250);
 {sqlite3Vacuum(pParse);}
         break;
-      case 254: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm */
+      case 251: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm */
 {sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,0,0);}
         break;
-      case 255: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ nmnum */
+      case 252: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ nmnum */
 {sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,0);}
         break;
-      case 256: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP nmnum RP */
+      case 253: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP nmnum RP */
 {sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0);}
         break;
-      case 257: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ minus_num */
+      case 254: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ minus_num */
 {sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,1);}
         break;
-      case 258: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP minus_num RP */
+      case 255: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP minus_num RP */
 {sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,1);}
         break;
-      case 268: /* cmd ::= createkw trigger_decl BEGIN trigger_cmd_list END */
+      case 264: /* cmd ::= createkw trigger_decl BEGIN trigger_cmd_list END */
 {
   Token all;
   all.z = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
   all.n = (int)(yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z - yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z) + yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n;
-  sqlite3FinishTrigger(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy327, &all);
+  sqlite3FinishTrigger(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy473, &all);
 }
         break;
-      case 269: /* trigger_decl ::= temp TRIGGER ifnotexists nm dbnm trigger_time trigger_event ON fullname foreach_clause when_clause */
+      case 265: /* trigger_decl ::= temp TRIGGER ifnotexists nm dbnm trigger_time trigger_event ON fullname foreach_clause when_clause */
 {
-  sqlite3BeginTrigger(pParse, &yymsp[-7].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-6].minor.yy0, yymsp[-5].minor.yy392, yymsp[-4].minor.yy410.a, yymsp[-4].minor.yy410.b, yymsp[-2].minor.yy347, yymsp[0].minor.yy122, yymsp[-10].minor.yy392, yymsp[-8].minor.yy392);
+  sqlite3BeginTrigger(pParse, &yymsp[-7].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-6].minor.yy0, yymsp[-5].minor.yy328, yymsp[-4].minor.yy378.a, yymsp[-4].minor.yy378.b, yymsp[-2].minor.yy65, yymsp[0].minor.yy132, yymsp[-10].minor.yy328, yymsp[-8].minor.yy328);
   yygotominor.yy0 = (yymsp[-6].minor.yy0.n==0?yymsp[-7].minor.yy0:yymsp[-6].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 270: /* trigger_time ::= BEFORE */
-      case 273: /* trigger_time ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==273);
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = TK_BEFORE; }
+      case 266: /* trigger_time ::= BEFORE */
+      case 269: /* trigger_time ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==269);
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = TK_BEFORE; }
         break;
-      case 271: /* trigger_time ::= AFTER */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = TK_AFTER;  }
+      case 267: /* trigger_time ::= AFTER */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = TK_AFTER;  }
         break;
-      case 272: /* trigger_time ::= INSTEAD OF */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = TK_INSTEAD;}
+      case 268: /* trigger_time ::= INSTEAD OF */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = TK_INSTEAD;}
         break;
-      case 274: /* trigger_event ::= DELETE|INSERT */
-      case 275: /* trigger_event ::= UPDATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==275);
-{yygotominor.yy410.a = yymsp[0].major; yygotominor.yy410.b = 0;}
+      case 270: /* trigger_event ::= DELETE|INSERT */
+      case 271: /* trigger_event ::= UPDATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==271);
+{yygotominor.yy378.a = yymsp[0].major; yygotominor.yy378.b = 0;}
         break;
-      case 276: /* trigger_event ::= UPDATE OF inscollist */
-{yygotominor.yy410.a = TK_UPDATE; yygotominor.yy410.b = yymsp[0].minor.yy180;}
+      case 272: /* trigger_event ::= UPDATE OF idlist */
+{yygotominor.yy378.a = TK_UPDATE; yygotominor.yy378.b = yymsp[0].minor.yy408;}
         break;
-      case 279: /* when_clause ::= */
-      case 301: /* key_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==301);
-{ yygotominor.yy122 = 0; }
+      case 275: /* when_clause ::= */
+      case 296: /* key_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==296);
+{ yygotominor.yy132 = 0; }
         break;
-      case 280: /* when_clause ::= WHEN expr */
-      case 302: /* key_opt ::= KEY expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==302);
-{ yygotominor.yy122 = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr; }
+      case 276: /* when_clause ::= WHEN expr */
+      case 297: /* key_opt ::= KEY expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==297);
+{ yygotominor.yy132 = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr; }
         break;
-      case 281: /* trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd_list trigger_cmd SEMI */
+      case 277: /* trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd_list trigger_cmd SEMI */
 {
-  assert( yymsp[-2].minor.yy327!=0 );
-  yymsp[-2].minor.yy327->pLast->pNext = yymsp[-1].minor.yy327;
-  yymsp[-2].minor.yy327->pLast = yymsp[-1].minor.yy327;
-  yygotominor.yy327 = yymsp[-2].minor.yy327;
+  assert( yymsp[-2].minor.yy473!=0 );
+  yymsp[-2].minor.yy473->pLast->pNext = yymsp[-1].minor.yy473;
+  yymsp[-2].minor.yy473->pLast = yymsp[-1].minor.yy473;
+  yygotominor.yy473 = yymsp[-2].minor.yy473;
 }
         break;
-      case 282: /* trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd SEMI */
+      case 278: /* trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd SEMI */
 { 
-  assert( yymsp[-1].minor.yy327!=0 );
-  yymsp[-1].minor.yy327->pLast = yymsp[-1].minor.yy327;
-  yygotominor.yy327 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy327;
+  assert( yymsp[-1].minor.yy473!=0 );
+  yymsp[-1].minor.yy473->pLast = yymsp[-1].minor.yy473;
+  yygotominor.yy473 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy473;
 }
         break;
-      case 284: /* trnm ::= nm DOT nm */
+      case 280: /* trnm ::= nm DOT nm */
 {
   yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[0].minor.yy0;
   sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
@@ -110845,123 +120560,137 @@
         "statements within triggers");
 }
         break;
-      case 286: /* tridxby ::= INDEXED BY nm */
+      case 282: /* tridxby ::= INDEXED BY nm */
 {
   sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
         "the INDEXED BY clause is not allowed on UPDATE or DELETE statements "
         "within triggers");
 }
         break;
-      case 287: /* tridxby ::= NOT INDEXED */
+      case 283: /* tridxby ::= NOT INDEXED */
 {
   sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
         "the NOT INDEXED clause is not allowed on UPDATE or DELETE statements "
         "within triggers");
 }
         break;
-      case 288: /* trigger_cmd ::= UPDATE orconf trnm tridxby SET setlist where_opt */
-{ yygotominor.yy327 = sqlite3TriggerUpdateStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy442, yymsp[0].minor.yy122, yymsp[-5].minor.yy258); }
+      case 284: /* trigger_cmd ::= UPDATE orconf trnm tridxby SET setlist where_opt */
+{ yygotominor.yy473 = sqlite3TriggerUpdateStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy14, yymsp[0].minor.yy132, yymsp[-5].minor.yy186); }
         break;
-      case 289: /* trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt valuelist */
-{yygotominor.yy327 = sqlite3TriggerInsertStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy180, yymsp[0].minor.yy487.pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy487.pSelect, yymsp[-4].minor.yy258);}
+      case 285: /* trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt select */
+{yygotominor.yy473 = sqlite3TriggerInsertStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy408, yymsp[0].minor.yy3, yymsp[-4].minor.yy186);}
         break;
-      case 290: /* trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt select */
-{yygotominor.yy327 = sqlite3TriggerInsertStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy180, 0, yymsp[0].minor.yy159, yymsp[-4].minor.yy258);}
+      case 286: /* trigger_cmd ::= DELETE FROM trnm tridxby where_opt */
+{yygotominor.yy473 = sqlite3TriggerDeleteStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[0].minor.yy132);}
         break;
-      case 291: /* trigger_cmd ::= DELETE FROM trnm tridxby where_opt */
-{yygotominor.yy327 = sqlite3TriggerDeleteStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[0].minor.yy122);}
+      case 287: /* trigger_cmd ::= select */
+{yygotominor.yy473 = sqlite3TriggerSelectStep(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy3); }
         break;
-      case 292: /* trigger_cmd ::= select */
-{yygotominor.yy327 = sqlite3TriggerSelectStep(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy159); }
-        break;
-      case 293: /* expr ::= RAISE LP IGNORE RP */
+      case 288: /* expr ::= RAISE LP IGNORE RP */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_RAISE, 0, 0, 0); 
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->affinity = OE_Ignore;
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_RAISE, 0, 0, 0); 
+  if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->affinity = OE_Ignore;
   }
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
 }
         break;
-      case 294: /* expr ::= RAISE LP raisetype COMMA nm RP */
+      case 289: /* expr ::= RAISE LP raisetype COMMA nm RP */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_RAISE, 0, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0); 
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ) {
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->affinity = (char)yymsp[-3].minor.yy392;
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_RAISE, 0, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0); 
+  if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ) {
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->affinity = (char)yymsp[-3].minor.yy328;
   }
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-5].minor.yy0.z;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-5].minor.yy0.z;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
 }
         break;
-      case 295: /* raisetype ::= ROLLBACK */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Rollback;}
+      case 290: /* raisetype ::= ROLLBACK */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Rollback;}
         break;
-      case 297: /* raisetype ::= FAIL */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Fail;}
+      case 292: /* raisetype ::= FAIL */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Fail;}
         break;
-      case 298: /* cmd ::= DROP TRIGGER ifexists fullname */
+      case 293: /* cmd ::= DROP TRIGGER ifexists fullname */
 {
-  sqlite3DropTrigger(pParse,yymsp[0].minor.yy347,yymsp[-1].minor.yy392);
+  sqlite3DropTrigger(pParse,yymsp[0].minor.yy65,yymsp[-1].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 299: /* cmd ::= ATTACH database_kw_opt expr AS expr key_opt */
+      case 294: /* cmd ::= ATTACH database_kw_opt expr AS expr key_opt */
 {
-  sqlite3Attach(pParse, yymsp[-3].minor.yy342.pExpr, yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.pExpr, yymsp[0].minor.yy122);
+  sqlite3Attach(pParse, yymsp[-3].minor.yy346.pExpr, yymsp[-1].minor.yy346.pExpr, yymsp[0].minor.yy132);
 }
         break;
-      case 300: /* cmd ::= DETACH database_kw_opt expr */
+      case 295: /* cmd ::= DETACH database_kw_opt expr */
 {
-  sqlite3Detach(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
+  sqlite3Detach(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
 }
         break;
-      case 305: /* cmd ::= REINDEX */
+      case 300: /* cmd ::= REINDEX */
 {sqlite3Reindex(pParse, 0, 0);}
         break;
-      case 306: /* cmd ::= REINDEX nm dbnm */
+      case 301: /* cmd ::= REINDEX nm dbnm */
 {sqlite3Reindex(pParse, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 307: /* cmd ::= ANALYZE */
+      case 302: /* cmd ::= ANALYZE */
 {sqlite3Analyze(pParse, 0, 0);}
         break;
-      case 308: /* cmd ::= ANALYZE nm dbnm */
+      case 303: /* cmd ::= ANALYZE nm dbnm */
 {sqlite3Analyze(pParse, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 309: /* cmd ::= ALTER TABLE fullname RENAME TO nm */
+      case 304: /* cmd ::= ALTER TABLE fullname RENAME TO nm */
 {
-  sqlite3AlterRenameTable(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy347,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  sqlite3AlterRenameTable(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy65,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 310: /* cmd ::= ALTER TABLE add_column_fullname ADD kwcolumn_opt column */
+      case 305: /* cmd ::= ALTER TABLE add_column_fullname ADD kwcolumn_opt column */
 {
   sqlite3AlterFinishAddColumn(pParse, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 311: /* add_column_fullname ::= fullname */
+      case 306: /* add_column_fullname ::= fullname */
 {
   pParse->db->lookaside.bEnabled = 0;
-  sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy347);
+  sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy65);
 }
         break;
-      case 314: /* cmd ::= create_vtab */
+      case 309: /* cmd ::= create_vtab */
 {sqlite3VtabFinishParse(pParse,0);}
         break;
-      case 315: /* cmd ::= create_vtab LP vtabarglist RP */
+      case 310: /* cmd ::= create_vtab LP vtabarglist RP */
 {sqlite3VtabFinishParse(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 316: /* create_vtab ::= createkw VIRTUAL TABLE ifnotexists nm dbnm USING nm */
+      case 311: /* create_vtab ::= createkw VIRTUAL TABLE ifnotexists nm dbnm USING nm */
 {
-    sqlite3VtabBeginParse(pParse, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, yymsp[-4].minor.yy392);
+    sqlite3VtabBeginParse(pParse, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, yymsp[-4].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 319: /* vtabarg ::= */
+      case 314: /* vtabarg ::= */
 {sqlite3VtabArgInit(pParse);}
         break;
-      case 321: /* vtabargtoken ::= ANY */
-      case 322: /* vtabargtoken ::= lp anylist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==322);
-      case 323: /* lp ::= LP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==323);
+      case 316: /* vtabargtoken ::= ANY */
+      case 317: /* vtabargtoken ::= lp anylist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==317);
+      case 318: /* lp ::= LP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==318);
 {sqlite3VtabArgExtend(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
+      case 322: /* with ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy59 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 323: /* with ::= WITH wqlist */
+      case 324: /* with ::= WITH RECURSIVE wqlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==324);
+{ yygotominor.yy59 = yymsp[0].minor.yy59; }
+        break;
+      case 325: /* wqlist ::= nm idxlist_opt AS LP select RP */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy59 = sqlite3WithAdd(pParse, 0, &yymsp[-5].minor.yy0, yymsp[-4].minor.yy14, yymsp[-1].minor.yy3);
+}
+        break;
+      case 326: /* wqlist ::= wqlist COMMA nm idxlist_opt AS LP select RP */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy59 = sqlite3WithAdd(pParse, yymsp[-7].minor.yy59, &yymsp[-5].minor.yy0, yymsp[-4].minor.yy14, yymsp[-1].minor.yy3);
+}
+        break;
       default:
       /* (0) input ::= cmdlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==0);
       /* (1) cmdlist ::= cmdlist ecmd */ yytestcase(yyruleno==1);
@@ -110974,35 +120703,33 @@
       /* (20) savepoint_opt ::= SAVEPOINT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==20);
       /* (21) savepoint_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==21);
       /* (25) cmd ::= create_table create_table_args */ yytestcase(yyruleno==25);
-      /* (34) columnlist ::= columnlist COMMA column */ yytestcase(yyruleno==34);
-      /* (35) columnlist ::= column */ yytestcase(yyruleno==35);
-      /* (44) type ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==44);
-      /* (51) signed ::= plus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==51);
-      /* (52) signed ::= minus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==52);
-      /* (53) carglist ::= carglist carg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==53);
-      /* (54) carglist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==54);
-      /* (55) carg ::= CONSTRAINT nm ccons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==55);
-      /* (56) carg ::= ccons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==56);
-      /* (62) ccons ::= NULL onconf */ yytestcase(yyruleno==62);
-      /* (90) conslist ::= conslist COMMA tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==90);
-      /* (91) conslist ::= conslist tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==91);
-      /* (92) conslist ::= tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==92);
-      /* (93) tcons ::= CONSTRAINT nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==93);
-      /* (277) foreach_clause ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==277);
-      /* (278) foreach_clause ::= FOR EACH ROW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==278);
-      /* (285) tridxby ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==285);
-      /* (303) database_kw_opt ::= DATABASE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==303);
-      /* (304) database_kw_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==304);
-      /* (312) kwcolumn_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==312);
-      /* (313) kwcolumn_opt ::= COLUMNKW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==313);
-      /* (317) vtabarglist ::= vtabarg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==317);
-      /* (318) vtabarglist ::= vtabarglist COMMA vtabarg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==318);
-      /* (320) vtabarg ::= vtabarg vtabargtoken */ yytestcase(yyruleno==320);
-      /* (324) anylist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==324);
-      /* (325) anylist ::= anylist LP anylist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==325);
-      /* (326) anylist ::= anylist ANY */ yytestcase(yyruleno==326);
+      /* (36) columnlist ::= columnlist COMMA column */ yytestcase(yyruleno==36);
+      /* (37) columnlist ::= column */ yytestcase(yyruleno==37);
+      /* (43) type ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==43);
+      /* (50) signed ::= plus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==50);
+      /* (51) signed ::= minus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==51);
+      /* (52) carglist ::= carglist ccons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==52);
+      /* (53) carglist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==53);
+      /* (60) ccons ::= NULL onconf */ yytestcase(yyruleno==60);
+      /* (88) conslist ::= conslist tconscomma tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==88);
+      /* (89) conslist ::= tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==89);
+      /* (91) tconscomma ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==91);
+      /* (273) foreach_clause ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==273);
+      /* (274) foreach_clause ::= FOR EACH ROW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==274);
+      /* (281) tridxby ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==281);
+      /* (298) database_kw_opt ::= DATABASE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==298);
+      /* (299) database_kw_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==299);
+      /* (307) kwcolumn_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==307);
+      /* (308) kwcolumn_opt ::= COLUMNKW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==308);
+      /* (312) vtabarglist ::= vtabarg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==312);
+      /* (313) vtabarglist ::= vtabarglist COMMA vtabarg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==313);
+      /* (315) vtabarg ::= vtabarg vtabargtoken */ yytestcase(yyruleno==315);
+      /* (319) anylist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==319);
+      /* (320) anylist ::= anylist LP anylist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==320);
+      /* (321) anylist ::= anylist ANY */ yytestcase(yyruleno==321);
         break;
   };
+  assert( yyruleno>=0 && yyruleno<sizeof(yyRuleInfo)/sizeof(yyRuleInfo[0]) );
   yygoto = yyRuleInfo[yyruleno].lhs;
   yysize = yyRuleInfo[yyruleno].nrhs;
   yypParser->yyidx -= yysize;
@@ -111338,20 +121065,20 @@
 ** is substantially reduced.  This is important for embedded applications
 ** on platforms with limited memory.
 */
-/* Hash score: 175 */
+/* Hash score: 182 */
 static int keywordCode(const char *z, int n){
-  /* zText[] encodes 811 bytes of keywords in 541 bytes */
+  /* zText[] encodes 834 bytes of keywords in 554 bytes */
   /*   REINDEXEDESCAPEACHECKEYBEFOREIGNOREGEXPLAINSTEADDATABASELECT       */
   /*   ABLEFTHENDEFERRABLELSEXCEPTRANSACTIONATURALTERAISEXCLUSIVE         */
   /*   XISTSAVEPOINTERSECTRIGGEREFERENCESCONSTRAINTOFFSETEMPORARY         */
-  /*   UNIQUERYATTACHAVINGROUPDATEBEGINNERELEASEBETWEENOTNULLIKE          */
-  /*   CASCADELETECASECOLLATECREATECURRENT_DATEDETACHIMMEDIATEJOIN        */
-  /*   SERTMATCHPLANALYZEPRAGMABORTVALUESVIRTUALIMITWHENWHERENAME         */
-  /*   AFTEREPLACEANDEFAULTAUTOINCREMENTCASTCOLUMNCOMMITCONFLICTCROSS     */
-  /*   CURRENT_TIMESTAMPRIMARYDEFERREDISTINCTDROPFAILFROMFULLGLOBYIF      */
-  /*   ISNULLORDERESTRICTOUTERIGHTROLLBACKROWUNIONUSINGVACUUMVIEW         */
-  /*   INITIALLY                                                          */
-  static const char zText[540] = {
+  /*   UNIQUERYWITHOUTERELEASEATTACHAVINGROUPDATEBEGINNERECURSIVE         */
+  /*   BETWEENOTNULLIKECASCADELETECASECOLLATECREATECURRENT_DATEDETACH     */
+  /*   IMMEDIATEJOINSERTMATCHPLANALYZEPRAGMABORTVALUESVIRTUALIMITWHEN     */
+  /*   WHERENAMEAFTEREPLACEANDEFAULTAUTOINCREMENTCASTCOLUMNCOMMIT         */
+  /*   CONFLICTCROSSCURRENT_TIMESTAMPRIMARYDEFERREDISTINCTDROPFAIL        */
+  /*   FROMFULLGLOBYIFISNULLORDERESTRICTRIGHTROLLBACKROWUNIONUSING        */
+  /*   VACUUMVIEWINITIALLY                                                */
+  static const char zText[553] = {
     'R','E','I','N','D','E','X','E','D','E','S','C','A','P','E','A','C','H',
     'E','C','K','E','Y','B','E','F','O','R','E','I','G','N','O','R','E','G',
     'E','X','P','L','A','I','N','S','T','E','A','D','D','A','T','A','B','A',
@@ -111362,76 +121089,77 @@
     'P','O','I','N','T','E','R','S','E','C','T','R','I','G','G','E','R','E',
     'F','E','R','E','N','C','E','S','C','O','N','S','T','R','A','I','N','T',
     'O','F','F','S','E','T','E','M','P','O','R','A','R','Y','U','N','I','Q',
-    'U','E','R','Y','A','T','T','A','C','H','A','V','I','N','G','R','O','U',
-    'P','D','A','T','E','B','E','G','I','N','N','E','R','E','L','E','A','S',
-    'E','B','E','T','W','E','E','N','O','T','N','U','L','L','I','K','E','C',
-    'A','S','C','A','D','E','L','E','T','E','C','A','S','E','C','O','L','L',
-    'A','T','E','C','R','E','A','T','E','C','U','R','R','E','N','T','_','D',
-    'A','T','E','D','E','T','A','C','H','I','M','M','E','D','I','A','T','E',
-    'J','O','I','N','S','E','R','T','M','A','T','C','H','P','L','A','N','A',
-    'L','Y','Z','E','P','R','A','G','M','A','B','O','R','T','V','A','L','U',
-    'E','S','V','I','R','T','U','A','L','I','M','I','T','W','H','E','N','W',
-    'H','E','R','E','N','A','M','E','A','F','T','E','R','E','P','L','A','C',
-    'E','A','N','D','E','F','A','U','L','T','A','U','T','O','I','N','C','R',
-    'E','M','E','N','T','C','A','S','T','C','O','L','U','M','N','C','O','M',
-    'M','I','T','C','O','N','F','L','I','C','T','C','R','O','S','S','C','U',
-    'R','R','E','N','T','_','T','I','M','E','S','T','A','M','P','R','I','M',
-    'A','R','Y','D','E','F','E','R','R','E','D','I','S','T','I','N','C','T',
-    'D','R','O','P','F','A','I','L','F','R','O','M','F','U','L','L','G','L',
-    'O','B','Y','I','F','I','S','N','U','L','L','O','R','D','E','R','E','S',
-    'T','R','I','C','T','O','U','T','E','R','I','G','H','T','R','O','L','L',
-    'B','A','C','K','R','O','W','U','N','I','O','N','U','S','I','N','G','V',
-    'A','C','U','U','M','V','I','E','W','I','N','I','T','I','A','L','L','Y',
+    'U','E','R','Y','W','I','T','H','O','U','T','E','R','E','L','E','A','S',
+    'E','A','T','T','A','C','H','A','V','I','N','G','R','O','U','P','D','A',
+    'T','E','B','E','G','I','N','N','E','R','E','C','U','R','S','I','V','E',
+    'B','E','T','W','E','E','N','O','T','N','U','L','L','I','K','E','C','A',
+    'S','C','A','D','E','L','E','T','E','C','A','S','E','C','O','L','L','A',
+    'T','E','C','R','E','A','T','E','C','U','R','R','E','N','T','_','D','A',
+    'T','E','D','E','T','A','C','H','I','M','M','E','D','I','A','T','E','J',
+    'O','I','N','S','E','R','T','M','A','T','C','H','P','L','A','N','A','L',
+    'Y','Z','E','P','R','A','G','M','A','B','O','R','T','V','A','L','U','E',
+    'S','V','I','R','T','U','A','L','I','M','I','T','W','H','E','N','W','H',
+    'E','R','E','N','A','M','E','A','F','T','E','R','E','P','L','A','C','E',
+    'A','N','D','E','F','A','U','L','T','A','U','T','O','I','N','C','R','E',
+    'M','E','N','T','C','A','S','T','C','O','L','U','M','N','C','O','M','M',
+    'I','T','C','O','N','F','L','I','C','T','C','R','O','S','S','C','U','R',
+    'R','E','N','T','_','T','I','M','E','S','T','A','M','P','R','I','M','A',
+    'R','Y','D','E','F','E','R','R','E','D','I','S','T','I','N','C','T','D',
+    'R','O','P','F','A','I','L','F','R','O','M','F','U','L','L','G','L','O',
+    'B','Y','I','F','I','S','N','U','L','L','O','R','D','E','R','E','S','T',
+    'R','I','C','T','R','I','G','H','T','R','O','L','L','B','A','C','K','R',
+    'O','W','U','N','I','O','N','U','S','I','N','G','V','A','C','U','U','M',
+    'V','I','E','W','I','N','I','T','I','A','L','L','Y',
   };
   static const unsigned char aHash[127] = {
-      72, 101, 114,  70,   0,  45,   0,   0,  78,   0,  73,   0,   0,
-      42,  12,  74,  15,   0, 113,  81,  50, 108,   0,  19,   0,   0,
-     118,   0, 116, 111,   0,  22,  89,   0,   9,   0,   0,  66,  67,
-       0,  65,   6,   0,  48,  86,  98,   0, 115,  97,   0,   0,  44,
-       0,  99,  24,   0,  17,   0, 119,  49,  23,   0,   5, 106,  25,
-      92,   0,   0, 121, 102,  56, 120,  53,  28,  51,   0,  87,   0,
-      96,  26,   0,  95,   0,   0,   0,  91,  88,  93,  84, 105,  14,
-      39, 104,   0,  77,   0,  18,  85, 107,  32,   0, 117,  76, 109,
-      58,  46,  80,   0,   0,  90,  40,   0, 112,   0,  36,   0,   0,
-      29,   0,  82,  59,  60,   0,  20,  57,   0,  52,
+      76, 105, 117,  74,   0,  45,   0,   0,  82,   0,  77,   0,   0,
+      42,  12,  78,  15,   0, 116,  85,  54, 112,   0,  19,   0,   0,
+     121,   0, 119, 115,   0,  22,  93,   0,   9,   0,   0,  70,  71,
+       0,  69,   6,   0,  48,  90, 102,   0, 118, 101,   0,   0,  44,
+       0, 103,  24,   0,  17,   0, 122,  53,  23,   0,   5, 110,  25,
+      96,   0,   0, 124, 106,  60, 123,  57,  28,  55,   0,  91,   0,
+     100,  26,   0,  99,   0,   0,   0,  95,  92,  97,  88, 109,  14,
+      39, 108,   0,  81,   0,  18,  89, 111,  32,   0, 120,  80, 113,
+      62,  46,  84,   0,   0,  94,  40,  59, 114,   0,  36,   0,   0,
+      29,   0,  86,  63,  64,   0,  20,  61,   0,  56,
   };
-  static const unsigned char aNext[121] = {
+  static const unsigned char aNext[124] = {
        0,   0,   0,   0,   4,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
        0,   2,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  13,   0,   0,   0,   0,
        0,   7,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
-       0,   0,   0,   0,  33,   0,  21,   0,   0,   0,  43,   3,  47,
-       0,   0,   0,   0,  30,   0,  54,   0,  38,   0,   0,   0,   1,
-      62,   0,   0,  63,   0,  41,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
-      61,   0,   0,   0,   0,  31,  55,  16,  34,  10,   0,   0,   0,
-       0,   0,   0,   0,  11,  68,  75,   0,   8,   0, 100,  94,   0,
-     103,   0,  83,   0,  71,   0,   0, 110,  27,  37,  69,  79,   0,
-      35,  64,   0,   0,
+       0,   0,   0,   0,  33,   0,  21,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  50,
+       0,  43,   3,  47,   0,   0,   0,   0,  30,   0,  58,   0,  38,
+       0,   0,   0,   1,  66,   0,   0,  67,   0,  41,   0,   0,   0,
+       0,   0,   0,  49,  65,   0,   0,   0,   0,  31,  52,  16,  34,
+      10,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  11,  72,  79,   0,   8,
+       0, 104,  98,   0, 107,   0,  87,   0,  75,  51,   0,  27,  37,
+      73,  83,   0,  35,  68,   0,   0,
   };
-  static const unsigned char aLen[121] = {
+  static const unsigned char aLen[124] = {
        7,   7,   5,   4,   6,   4,   5,   3,   6,   7,   3,   6,   6,
        7,   7,   3,   8,   2,   6,   5,   4,   4,   3,  10,   4,   6,
       11,   6,   2,   7,   5,   5,   9,   6,   9,   9,   7,  10,  10,
-       4,   6,   2,   3,   9,   4,   2,   6,   5,   6,   6,   5,   6,
-       5,   5,   7,   7,   7,   3,   2,   4,   4,   7,   3,   6,   4,
-       7,   6,  12,   6,   9,   4,   6,   5,   4,   7,   6,   5,   6,
-       7,   5,   4,   5,   6,   5,   7,   3,   7,  13,   2,   2,   4,
-       6,   6,   8,   5,  17,  12,   7,   8,   8,   2,   4,   4,   4,
-       4,   4,   2,   2,   6,   5,   8,   5,   5,   8,   3,   5,   5,
-       6,   4,   9,   3,
+       4,   6,   2,   3,   9,   4,   2,   6,   5,   7,   4,   5,   7,
+       6,   6,   5,   6,   5,   5,   9,   7,   7,   3,   2,   4,   4,
+       7,   3,   6,   4,   7,   6,  12,   6,   9,   4,   6,   5,   4,
+       7,   6,   5,   6,   7,   5,   4,   5,   6,   5,   7,   3,   7,
+      13,   2,   2,   4,   6,   6,   8,   5,  17,  12,   7,   8,   8,
+       2,   4,   4,   4,   4,   4,   2,   2,   6,   5,   8,   5,   8,
+       3,   5,   5,   6,   4,   9,   3,
   };
-  static const unsigned short int aOffset[121] = {
+  static const unsigned short int aOffset[124] = {
        0,   2,   2,   8,   9,  14,  16,  20,  23,  25,  25,  29,  33,
       36,  41,  46,  48,  53,  54,  59,  62,  65,  67,  69,  78,  81,
       86,  91,  95,  96, 101, 105, 109, 117, 122, 128, 136, 142, 152,
-     159, 162, 162, 165, 167, 167, 171, 176, 179, 184, 189, 194, 197,
-     203, 206, 210, 217, 223, 223, 223, 226, 229, 233, 234, 238, 244,
-     248, 255, 261, 273, 279, 288, 290, 296, 301, 303, 310, 315, 320,
-     326, 332, 337, 341, 344, 350, 354, 361, 363, 370, 372, 374, 383,
-     387, 393, 399, 407, 412, 412, 428, 435, 442, 443, 450, 454, 458,
-     462, 466, 469, 471, 473, 479, 483, 491, 495, 500, 508, 511, 516,
-     521, 527, 531, 536,
+     159, 162, 162, 165, 167, 167, 171, 176, 179, 184, 184, 188, 192,
+     199, 204, 209, 212, 218, 221, 225, 234, 240, 240, 240, 243, 246,
+     250, 251, 255, 261, 265, 272, 278, 290, 296, 305, 307, 313, 318,
+     320, 327, 332, 337, 343, 349, 354, 358, 361, 367, 371, 378, 380,
+     387, 389, 391, 400, 404, 410, 416, 424, 429, 429, 445, 452, 459,
+     460, 467, 471, 475, 479, 483, 486, 488, 490, 496, 500, 508, 513,
+     521, 524, 529, 534, 540, 544, 549,
   };
-  static const unsigned char aCode[121] = {
+  static const unsigned char aCode[124] = {
     TK_REINDEX,    TK_INDEXED,    TK_INDEX,      TK_DESC,       TK_ESCAPE,     
     TK_EACH,       TK_CHECK,      TK_KEY,        TK_BEFORE,     TK_FOREIGN,    
     TK_FOR,        TK_IGNORE,     TK_LIKE_KW,    TK_EXPLAIN,    TK_INSTEAD,    
@@ -111441,22 +121169,22 @@
     TK_ALTER,      TK_RAISE,      TK_EXCLUSIVE,  TK_EXISTS,     TK_SAVEPOINT,  
     TK_INTERSECT,  TK_TRIGGER,    TK_REFERENCES, TK_CONSTRAINT, TK_INTO,       
     TK_OFFSET,     TK_OF,         TK_SET,        TK_TEMP,       TK_TEMP,       
-    TK_OR,         TK_UNIQUE,     TK_QUERY,      TK_ATTACH,     TK_HAVING,     
-    TK_GROUP,      TK_UPDATE,     TK_BEGIN,      TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_RELEASE,    
-    TK_BETWEEN,    TK_NOTNULL,    TK_NOT,        TK_NO,         TK_NULL,       
-    TK_LIKE_KW,    TK_CASCADE,    TK_ASC,        TK_DELETE,     TK_CASE,       
-    TK_COLLATE,    TK_CREATE,     TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_DETACH,     TK_IMMEDIATE,  
-    TK_JOIN,       TK_INSERT,     TK_MATCH,      TK_PLAN,       TK_ANALYZE,    
-    TK_PRAGMA,     TK_ABORT,      TK_VALUES,     TK_VIRTUAL,    TK_LIMIT,      
-    TK_WHEN,       TK_WHERE,      TK_RENAME,     TK_AFTER,      TK_REPLACE,    
-    TK_AND,        TK_DEFAULT,    TK_AUTOINCR,   TK_TO,         TK_IN,         
-    TK_CAST,       TK_COLUMNKW,   TK_COMMIT,     TK_CONFLICT,   TK_JOIN_KW,    
-    TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_PRIMARY,    TK_DEFERRED,   TK_DISTINCT,   
-    TK_IS,         TK_DROP,       TK_FAIL,       TK_FROM,       TK_JOIN_KW,    
-    TK_LIKE_KW,    TK_BY,         TK_IF,         TK_ISNULL,     TK_ORDER,      
-    TK_RESTRICT,   TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_ROLLBACK,   TK_ROW,        
-    TK_UNION,      TK_USING,      TK_VACUUM,     TK_VIEW,       TK_INITIALLY,  
-    TK_ALL,        
+    TK_OR,         TK_UNIQUE,     TK_QUERY,      TK_WITHOUT,    TK_WITH,       
+    TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_RELEASE,    TK_ATTACH,     TK_HAVING,     TK_GROUP,      
+    TK_UPDATE,     TK_BEGIN,      TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_RECURSIVE,  TK_BETWEEN,    
+    TK_NOTNULL,    TK_NOT,        TK_NO,         TK_NULL,       TK_LIKE_KW,    
+    TK_CASCADE,    TK_ASC,        TK_DELETE,     TK_CASE,       TK_COLLATE,    
+    TK_CREATE,     TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_DETACH,     TK_IMMEDIATE,  TK_JOIN,       
+    TK_INSERT,     TK_MATCH,      TK_PLAN,       TK_ANALYZE,    TK_PRAGMA,     
+    TK_ABORT,      TK_VALUES,     TK_VIRTUAL,    TK_LIMIT,      TK_WHEN,       
+    TK_WHERE,      TK_RENAME,     TK_AFTER,      TK_REPLACE,    TK_AND,        
+    TK_DEFAULT,    TK_AUTOINCR,   TK_TO,         TK_IN,         TK_CAST,       
+    TK_COLUMNKW,   TK_COMMIT,     TK_CONFLICT,   TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_CTIME_KW,   
+    TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_PRIMARY,    TK_DEFERRED,   TK_DISTINCT,   TK_IS,         
+    TK_DROP,       TK_FAIL,       TK_FROM,       TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_LIKE_KW,    
+    TK_BY,         TK_IF,         TK_ISNULL,     TK_ORDER,      TK_RESTRICT,   
+    TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_ROLLBACK,   TK_ROW,        TK_UNION,      TK_USING,      
+    TK_VACUUM,     TK_VIEW,       TK_INITIALLY,  TK_ALL,        
   };
   int h, i;
   if( n<2 ) return TK_ID;
@@ -111513,79 +121241,82 @@
       testcase( i==45 ); /* OR */
       testcase( i==46 ); /* UNIQUE */
       testcase( i==47 ); /* QUERY */
-      testcase( i==48 ); /* ATTACH */
-      testcase( i==49 ); /* HAVING */
-      testcase( i==50 ); /* GROUP */
-      testcase( i==51 ); /* UPDATE */
-      testcase( i==52 ); /* BEGIN */
-      testcase( i==53 ); /* INNER */
-      testcase( i==54 ); /* RELEASE */
-      testcase( i==55 ); /* BETWEEN */
-      testcase( i==56 ); /* NOTNULL */
-      testcase( i==57 ); /* NOT */
-      testcase( i==58 ); /* NO */
-      testcase( i==59 ); /* NULL */
-      testcase( i==60 ); /* LIKE */
-      testcase( i==61 ); /* CASCADE */
-      testcase( i==62 ); /* ASC */
-      testcase( i==63 ); /* DELETE */
-      testcase( i==64 ); /* CASE */
-      testcase( i==65 ); /* COLLATE */
-      testcase( i==66 ); /* CREATE */
-      testcase( i==67 ); /* CURRENT_DATE */
-      testcase( i==68 ); /* DETACH */
-      testcase( i==69 ); /* IMMEDIATE */
-      testcase( i==70 ); /* JOIN */
-      testcase( i==71 ); /* INSERT */
-      testcase( i==72 ); /* MATCH */
-      testcase( i==73 ); /* PLAN */
-      testcase( i==74 ); /* ANALYZE */
-      testcase( i==75 ); /* PRAGMA */
-      testcase( i==76 ); /* ABORT */
-      testcase( i==77 ); /* VALUES */
-      testcase( i==78 ); /* VIRTUAL */
-      testcase( i==79 ); /* LIMIT */
-      testcase( i==80 ); /* WHEN */
-      testcase( i==81 ); /* WHERE */
-      testcase( i==82 ); /* RENAME */
-      testcase( i==83 ); /* AFTER */
-      testcase( i==84 ); /* REPLACE */
-      testcase( i==85 ); /* AND */
-      testcase( i==86 ); /* DEFAULT */
-      testcase( i==87 ); /* AUTOINCREMENT */
-      testcase( i==88 ); /* TO */
-      testcase( i==89 ); /* IN */
-      testcase( i==90 ); /* CAST */
-      testcase( i==91 ); /* COLUMN */
-      testcase( i==92 ); /* COMMIT */
-      testcase( i==93 ); /* CONFLICT */
-      testcase( i==94 ); /* CROSS */
-      testcase( i==95 ); /* CURRENT_TIMESTAMP */
-      testcase( i==96 ); /* CURRENT_TIME */
-      testcase( i==97 ); /* PRIMARY */
-      testcase( i==98 ); /* DEFERRED */
-      testcase( i==99 ); /* DISTINCT */
-      testcase( i==100 ); /* IS */
-      testcase( i==101 ); /* DROP */
-      testcase( i==102 ); /* FAIL */
-      testcase( i==103 ); /* FROM */
-      testcase( i==104 ); /* FULL */
-      testcase( i==105 ); /* GLOB */
-      testcase( i==106 ); /* BY */
-      testcase( i==107 ); /* IF */
-      testcase( i==108 ); /* ISNULL */
-      testcase( i==109 ); /* ORDER */
-      testcase( i==110 ); /* RESTRICT */
-      testcase( i==111 ); /* OUTER */
-      testcase( i==112 ); /* RIGHT */
-      testcase( i==113 ); /* ROLLBACK */
-      testcase( i==114 ); /* ROW */
-      testcase( i==115 ); /* UNION */
-      testcase( i==116 ); /* USING */
-      testcase( i==117 ); /* VACUUM */
-      testcase( i==118 ); /* VIEW */
-      testcase( i==119 ); /* INITIALLY */
-      testcase( i==120 ); /* ALL */
+      testcase( i==48 ); /* WITHOUT */
+      testcase( i==49 ); /* WITH */
+      testcase( i==50 ); /* OUTER */
+      testcase( i==51 ); /* RELEASE */
+      testcase( i==52 ); /* ATTACH */
+      testcase( i==53 ); /* HAVING */
+      testcase( i==54 ); /* GROUP */
+      testcase( i==55 ); /* UPDATE */
+      testcase( i==56 ); /* BEGIN */
+      testcase( i==57 ); /* INNER */
+      testcase( i==58 ); /* RECURSIVE */
+      testcase( i==59 ); /* BETWEEN */
+      testcase( i==60 ); /* NOTNULL */
+      testcase( i==61 ); /* NOT */
+      testcase( i==62 ); /* NO */
+      testcase( i==63 ); /* NULL */
+      testcase( i==64 ); /* LIKE */
+      testcase( i==65 ); /* CASCADE */
+      testcase( i==66 ); /* ASC */
+      testcase( i==67 ); /* DELETE */
+      testcase( i==68 ); /* CASE */
+      testcase( i==69 ); /* COLLATE */
+      testcase( i==70 ); /* CREATE */
+      testcase( i==71 ); /* CURRENT_DATE */
+      testcase( i==72 ); /* DETACH */
+      testcase( i==73 ); /* IMMEDIATE */
+      testcase( i==74 ); /* JOIN */
+      testcase( i==75 ); /* INSERT */
+      testcase( i==76 ); /* MATCH */
+      testcase( i==77 ); /* PLAN */
+      testcase( i==78 ); /* ANALYZE */
+      testcase( i==79 ); /* PRAGMA */
+      testcase( i==80 ); /* ABORT */
+      testcase( i==81 ); /* VALUES */
+      testcase( i==82 ); /* VIRTUAL */
+      testcase( i==83 ); /* LIMIT */
+      testcase( i==84 ); /* WHEN */
+      testcase( i==85 ); /* WHERE */
+      testcase( i==86 ); /* RENAME */
+      testcase( i==87 ); /* AFTER */
+      testcase( i==88 ); /* REPLACE */
+      testcase( i==89 ); /* AND */
+      testcase( i==90 ); /* DEFAULT */
+      testcase( i==91 ); /* AUTOINCREMENT */
+      testcase( i==92 ); /* TO */
+      testcase( i==93 ); /* IN */
+      testcase( i==94 ); /* CAST */
+      testcase( i==95 ); /* COLUMN */
+      testcase( i==96 ); /* COMMIT */
+      testcase( i==97 ); /* CONFLICT */
+      testcase( i==98 ); /* CROSS */
+      testcase( i==99 ); /* CURRENT_TIMESTAMP */
+      testcase( i==100 ); /* CURRENT_TIME */
+      testcase( i==101 ); /* PRIMARY */
+      testcase( i==102 ); /* DEFERRED */
+      testcase( i==103 ); /* DISTINCT */
+      testcase( i==104 ); /* IS */
+      testcase( i==105 ); /* DROP */
+      testcase( i==106 ); /* FAIL */
+      testcase( i==107 ); /* FROM */
+      testcase( i==108 ); /* FULL */
+      testcase( i==109 ); /* GLOB */
+      testcase( i==110 ); /* BY */
+      testcase( i==111 ); /* IF */
+      testcase( i==112 ); /* ISNULL */
+      testcase( i==113 ); /* ORDER */
+      testcase( i==114 ); /* RESTRICT */
+      testcase( i==115 ); /* RIGHT */
+      testcase( i==116 ); /* ROLLBACK */
+      testcase( i==117 ); /* ROW */
+      testcase( i==118 ); /* UNION */
+      testcase( i==119 ); /* USING */
+      testcase( i==120 ); /* VACUUM */
+      testcase( i==121 ); /* VIEW */
+      testcase( i==122 ); /* INITIALLY */
+      testcase( i==123 ); /* ALL */
       return aCode[i];
     }
   }
@@ -111594,7 +121325,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3KeywordCode(const unsigned char *z, int n){
   return keywordCode((char*)z, n);
 }
-#define SQLITE_N_KEYWORD 121
+#define SQLITE_N_KEYWORD 124
 
 /************** End of keywordhash.h *****************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in tokenize.c *******************/
@@ -111658,7 +121389,6 @@
     }
     case '-': {
       if( z[1]=='-' ){
-        /* IMP: R-50417-27976 -- syntax diagram for comments */
         for(i=2; (c=z[i])!=0 && c!='\n'; i++){}
         *tokenType = TK_SPACE;   /* IMP: R-22934-25134 */
         return i;
@@ -111691,7 +121421,6 @@
         *tokenType = TK_SLASH;
         return 1;
       }
-      /* IMP: R-50417-27976 -- syntax diagram for comments */
       for(i=3, c=z[2]; (c!='*' || z[i]!='/') && (c=z[i])!=0; i++){}
       if( c ) i++;
       *tokenType = TK_SPACE;   /* IMP: R-22934-25134 */
@@ -111807,6 +121536,12 @@
       testcase( z[0]=='6' );  testcase( z[0]=='7' );  testcase( z[0]=='8' );
       testcase( z[0]=='9' );
       *tokenType = TK_INTEGER;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_HEX_INTEGER
+      if( z[0]=='0' && (z[1]=='x' || z[1]=='X') && sqlite3Isxdigit(z[2]) ){
+        for(i=3; sqlite3Isxdigit(z[i]); i++){}
+        return i;
+      }
+#endif
       for(i=0; sqlite3Isdigit(z[i]); i++){}
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
       if( z[i]=='.' ){
@@ -111840,24 +121575,15 @@
       for(i=1; sqlite3Isdigit(z[i]); i++){}
       return i;
     }
-    case '#': {
-      for(i=1; sqlite3Isdigit(z[i]); i++){}
-      if( i>1 ){
-        /* Parameters of the form #NNN (where NNN is a number) are used
-        ** internally by sqlite3NestedParse.  */
-        *tokenType = TK_REGISTER;
-        return i;
-      }
-      /* Fall through into the next case if the '#' is not followed by
-      ** a digit. Try to match #AAAA where AAAA is a parameter name. */
-    }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TCL_VARIABLE
     case '$':
 #endif
     case '@':  /* For compatibility with MS SQL Server */
+    case '#':
     case ':': {
       int n = 0;
-      testcase( z[0]=='$' );  testcase( z[0]=='@' );  testcase( z[0]==':' );
+      testcase( z[0]=='$' );  testcase( z[0]=='@' );
+      testcase( z[0]==':' );  testcase( z[0]=='#' );
       *tokenType = TK_VARIABLE;
       for(i=1; (c=z[i])!=0; i++){
         if( IdChar(c) ){
@@ -111931,7 +121657,7 @@
 
 
   mxSqlLen = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH];
-  if( db->activeVdbeCnt==0 ){
+  if( db->nVdbeActive==0 ){
     db->u1.isInterrupted = 0;
   }
   pParse->rc = SQLITE_OK;
@@ -112040,10 +121766,10 @@
     sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pParse->pNewTable);
   }
 
+  if( pParse->bFreeWith ) sqlite3WithDelete(db, pParse->pWith);
   sqlite3DeleteTrigger(db, pParse->pNewTrigger);
   for(i=pParse->nzVar-1; i>=0; i--) sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->azVar[i]);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->azVar);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->aAlias);
   while( pParse->pAinc ){
     AutoincInfo *p = pParse->pAinc;
     pParse->pAinc = p->pNext;
@@ -112511,6 +122237,15 @@
 SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_temp_directory = 0;
 
 /*
+** If the following global variable points to a string which is the
+** name of a directory, then that directory will be used to store
+** all database files specified with a relative pathname.
+**
+** See also the "PRAGMA data_store_directory" SQL command.
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_data_directory = 0;
+
+/*
 ** Initialize SQLite.  
 **
 ** This routine must be called to initialize the memory allocation,
@@ -112544,6 +122279,9 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_initialize(void){
   MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *pMaster; )       /* The main static mutex */
   int rc;                                      /* Result code */
+#ifdef SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT
+  int bRunExtraInit = 0;                       /* Extra initialization needed */
+#endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
   rc = sqlite3_wsd_init(4096, 24);
@@ -112634,6 +122372,9 @@
       sqlite3PCacheBufferSetup( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage, 
           sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage, sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage);
       sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit = 1;
+#ifdef SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT
+      bRunExtraInit = 1;
+#endif
     }
     sqlite3GlobalConfig.inProgress = 0;
   }
@@ -112674,7 +122415,7 @@
   ** compile-time option.
   */
 #ifdef SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit ){
+  if( bRunExtraInit ){
     int SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT(const char*);
     rc = SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT(0);
   }
@@ -112708,6 +122449,18 @@
   if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMallocInit ){
     sqlite3MallocEnd();
     sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMallocInit = 0;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHUTDOWN_DIRECTORIES
+    /* The heap subsystem has now been shutdown and these values are supposed
+    ** to be NULL or point to memory that was obtained from sqlite3_malloc(),
+    ** which would rely on that heap subsystem; therefore, make sure these
+    ** values cannot refer to heap memory that was just invalidated when the
+    ** heap subsystem was shutdown.  This is only done if the current call to
+    ** this function resulted in the heap subsystem actually being shutdown.
+    */
+    sqlite3_data_directory = 0;
+    sqlite3_temp_directory = 0;
+#endif
   }
   if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMutexInit ){
     sqlite3MutexEnd();
@@ -112850,8 +122603,8 @@
         memset(&sqlite3GlobalConfig.m, 0, sizeof(sqlite3GlobalConfig.m));
       }else{
         /* The heap pointer is not NULL, then install one of the
-        ** mem5.c/mem3.c methods. If neither ENABLE_MEMSYS3 nor
-        ** ENABLE_MEMSYS5 is defined, return an error.
+        ** mem5.c/mem3.c methods.  The enclosing #if guarantees at
+        ** least one of these methods is currently enabled.
         */
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3
         sqlite3GlobalConfig.m = *sqlite3MemGetMemsys3();
@@ -112870,7 +122623,7 @@
       break;
     }
     
-    /* Record a pointer to the logger funcction and its first argument.
+    /* Record a pointer to the logger function and its first argument.
     ** The default is NULL.  Logging is disabled if the function pointer is
     ** NULL.
     */
@@ -112890,6 +122643,40 @@
       break;
     }
 
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN: {
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bUseCis = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG: {
+      typedef void(*SQLLOGFUNC_t)(void*, sqlite3*, const char*, int);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog = va_arg(ap, SQLLOGFUNC_t);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.pSqllogArg = va_arg(ap, void *);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE: {
+      sqlite3_int64 szMmap = va_arg(ap, sqlite3_int64);
+      sqlite3_int64 mxMmap = va_arg(ap, sqlite3_int64);
+      if( mxMmap<0 || mxMmap>SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE ){
+        mxMmap = SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE;
+      }
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.mxMmap = mxMmap;
+      if( szMmap<0 ) szMmap = SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE;
+      if( szMmap>mxMmap) szMmap = mxMmap;
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.szMmap = szMmap;
+      break;
+    }
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC)
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE: {
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.nHeap = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+
     default: {
       rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
       break;
@@ -112956,7 +122743,8 @@
     db->lookaside.bEnabled = 1;
     db->lookaside.bMalloced = pBuf==0 ?1:0;
   }else{
-    db->lookaside.pEnd = 0;
+    db->lookaside.pStart = db;
+    db->lookaside.pEnd = db;
     db->lookaside.bEnabled = 0;
     db->lookaside.bMalloced = 0;
   }
@@ -113082,7 +122870,7 @@
 /*
 ** Another built-in collating sequence: NOCASE. 
 **
-** This collating sequence is intended to be used for "case independant
+** This collating sequence is intended to be used for "case independent
 ** comparison". SQLite's knowledge of upper and lower case equivalents
 ** extends only to the 26 characters used in the English language.
 **
@@ -113157,13 +122945,52 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Disconnect all sqlite3_vtab objects that belong to database connection
+** db. This is called when db is being closed.
+*/
+static void disconnectAllVtab(sqlite3 *db){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  int i;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    Schema *pSchema = db->aDb[i].pSchema;
+    if( db->aDb[i].pSchema ){
+      HashElem *p;
+      for(p=sqliteHashFirst(&pSchema->tblHash); p; p=sqliteHashNext(p)){
+        Table *pTab = (Table *)sqliteHashData(p);
+        if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) sqlite3VtabDisconnect(db, pTab);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(db);
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if database connection db has unfinalized prepared
+** statements or unfinished sqlite3_backup objects.  
+*/
+static int connectionIsBusy(sqlite3 *db){
+  int j;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( db->pVdbe ) return 1;
+  for(j=0; j<db->nDb; j++){
+    Btree *pBt = db->aDb[j].pBt;
+    if( pBt && sqlite3BtreeIsInBackup(pBt) ) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Close an existing SQLite database
 */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *db){
-  HashElem *i;                    /* Hash table iterator */
-  int j;
-
+static int sqlite3Close(sqlite3 *db, int forceZombie){
   if( !db ){
+    /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-63257-11740 Calling sqlite3_close() or
+    ** sqlite3_close_v2() with a NULL pointer argument is a harmless no-op. */
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
   if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(db) ){
@@ -113171,10 +122998,10 @@
   }
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
 
-  /* Force xDestroy calls on all virtual tables */
-  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  /* Force xDisconnect calls on all virtual tables */
+  disconnectAllVtab(db);
 
-  /* If a transaction is open, the ResetInternalSchema() call above
+  /* If a transaction is open, the disconnectAllVtab() call above
   ** will not have called the xDisconnect() method on any virtual
   ** tables in the db->aVTrans[] array. The following sqlite3VtabRollback()
   ** call will do so. We need to do this before the check for active
@@ -113183,28 +123010,80 @@
   */
   sqlite3VtabRollback(db);
 
-  /* If there are any outstanding VMs, return SQLITE_BUSY. */
-  if( db->pVdbe ){
-    sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, 
-        "unable to close due to unfinalised statements");
+  /* Legacy behavior (sqlite3_close() behavior) is to return
+  ** SQLITE_BUSY if the connection can not be closed immediately.
+  */
+  if( !forceZombie && connectionIsBusy(db) ){
+    sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, "unable to close due to unfinalized "
+       "statements or unfinished backups");
     sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
     return SQLITE_BUSY;
   }
-  assert( sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(db) );
 
-  for(j=0; j<db->nDb; j++){
-    Btree *pBt = db->aDb[j].pBt;
-    if( pBt && sqlite3BtreeIsInBackup(pBt) ){
-      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, 
-          "unable to close due to unfinished backup operation");
-      sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
-      return SQLITE_BUSY;
-    }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog ){
+    /* Closing the handle. Fourth parameter is passed the value 2. */
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pSqllogArg, db, 0, 2);
   }
+#endif
+
+  /* Convert the connection into a zombie and then close it.
+  */
+  db->magic = SQLITE_MAGIC_ZOMBIE;
+  sqlite3LeaveMutexAndCloseZombie(db);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Two variations on the public interface for closing a database
+** connection. The sqlite3_close() version returns SQLITE_BUSY and
+** leaves the connection option if there are unfinalized prepared
+** statements or unfinished sqlite3_backups.  The sqlite3_close_v2()
+** version forces the connection to become a zombie if there are
+** unclosed resources, and arranges for deallocation when the last
+** prepare statement or sqlite3_backup closes.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *db){ return sqlite3Close(db,0); }
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close_v2(sqlite3 *db){ return sqlite3Close(db,1); }
+
+
+/*
+** Close the mutex on database connection db.
+**
+** Furthermore, if database connection db is a zombie (meaning that there
+** has been a prior call to sqlite3_close(db) or sqlite3_close_v2(db)) and
+** every sqlite3_stmt has now been finalized and every sqlite3_backup has
+** finished, then free all resources.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3LeaveMutexAndCloseZombie(sqlite3 *db){
+  HashElem *i;                    /* Hash table iterator */
+  int j;
+
+  /* If there are outstanding sqlite3_stmt or sqlite3_backup objects
+  ** or if the connection has not yet been closed by sqlite3_close_v2(),
+  ** then just leave the mutex and return.
+  */
+  if( db->magic!=SQLITE_MAGIC_ZOMBIE || connectionIsBusy(db) ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* If we reach this point, it means that the database connection has
+  ** closed all sqlite3_stmt and sqlite3_backup objects and has been
+  ** passed to sqlite3_close (meaning that it is a zombie).  Therefore,
+  ** go ahead and free all resources.
+  */
+
+  /* If a transaction is open, roll it back. This also ensures that if
+  ** any database schemas have been modified by an uncommitted transaction
+  ** they are reset. And that the required b-tree mutex is held to make
+  ** the pager rollback and schema reset an atomic operation. */
+  sqlite3RollbackAll(db, SQLITE_OK);
 
   /* Free any outstanding Savepoint structures. */
   sqlite3CloseSavepoints(db);
 
+  /* Close all database connections */
   for(j=0; j<db->nDb; j++){
     struct Db *pDb = &db->aDb[j];
     if( pDb->pBt ){
@@ -113215,15 +123094,22 @@
       }
     }
   }
-  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  /* Clear the TEMP schema separately and last */
+  if( db->aDb[1].pSchema ){
+    sqlite3SchemaClear(db->aDb[1].pSchema);
+  }
+  sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
+
+  /* Free up the array of auxiliary databases */
+  sqlite3CollapseDatabaseArray(db);
+  assert( db->nDb<=2 );
+  assert( db->aDb==db->aDbStatic );
 
   /* Tell the code in notify.c that the connection no longer holds any
   ** locks and does not require any further unlock-notify callbacks.
   */
   sqlite3ConnectionClosed(db);
 
-  assert( db->nDb<=2 );
-  assert( db->aDb==db->aDbStatic );
   for(j=0; j<ArraySize(db->aFunc.a); j++){
     FuncDef *pNext, *pHash, *p;
     for(p=db->aFunc.a[j]; p; p=pHash){
@@ -113259,9 +123145,7 @@
 #endif
 
   sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK, 0); /* Deallocates any cached error strings. */
-  if( db->pErr ){
-    sqlite3ValueFree(db->pErr);
-  }
+  sqlite3ValueFree(db->pErr);
   sqlite3CloseExtensions(db);
 
   db->magic = SQLITE_MAGIC_ERROR;
@@ -113281,7 +123165,6 @@
     sqlite3_free(db->lookaside.pStart);
   }
   sqlite3_free(db);
-  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -113295,6 +123178,15 @@
   int inTrans = 0;
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
   sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+
+  /* Obtain all b-tree mutexes before making any calls to BtreeRollback(). 
+  ** This is important in case the transaction being rolled back has
+  ** modified the database schema. If the b-tree mutexes are not taken
+  ** here, then another shared-cache connection might sneak in between
+  ** the database rollback and schema reset, which can cause false
+  ** corruption reports in some cases.  */
+  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+
   for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
     Btree *p = db->aDb[i].pBt;
     if( p ){
@@ -113302,19 +123194,21 @@
         inTrans = 1;
       }
       sqlite3BtreeRollback(p, tripCode);
-      db->aDb[i].inTrans = 0;
     }
   }
   sqlite3VtabRollback(db);
   sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
 
-  if( db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges ){
+  if( (db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges)!=0 && db->init.busy==0 ){
     sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+    sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
   }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
 
   /* Any deferred constraint violations have now been resolved. */
   db->nDeferredCons = 0;
+  db->nDeferredImmCons = 0;
+  db->flags &= ~SQLITE_DeferFKs;
 
   /* If one has been configured, invoke the rollback-hook callback */
   if( db->xRollbackCallback && (inTrans || !db->autoCommit) ){
@@ -113323,6 +123217,115 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Return a static string containing the name corresponding to the error code
+** specified in the argument.
+*/
+#if (defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) && SQLITE_OS_WIN) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3ErrName(int rc){
+  const char *zName = 0;
+  int i, origRc = rc;
+  for(i=0; i<2 && zName==0; i++, rc &= 0xff){
+    switch( rc ){
+      case SQLITE_OK:                 zName = "SQLITE_OK";                break;
+      case SQLITE_ERROR:              zName = "SQLITE_ERROR";             break;
+      case SQLITE_INTERNAL:           zName = "SQLITE_INTERNAL";          break;
+      case SQLITE_PERM:               zName = "SQLITE_PERM";              break;
+      case SQLITE_ABORT:              zName = "SQLITE_ABORT";             break;
+      case SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK:     zName = "SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK";    break;
+      case SQLITE_BUSY:               zName = "SQLITE_BUSY";              break;
+      case SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY:      zName = "SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY";     break;
+      case SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT:      zName = "SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT";     break;
+      case SQLITE_LOCKED:             zName = "SQLITE_LOCKED";            break;
+      case SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE: zName = "SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE";break;
+      case SQLITE_NOMEM:              zName = "SQLITE_NOMEM";             break;
+      case SQLITE_READONLY:           zName = "SQLITE_READONLY";          break;
+      case SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY:  zName = "SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY"; break;
+      case SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK:  zName = "SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK"; break;
+      case SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK:  zName = "SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK"; break;
+      case SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED:   zName = "SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED";  break;
+      case SQLITE_INTERRUPT:          zName = "SQLITE_INTERRUPT";         break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR:              zName = "SQLITE_IOERR";             break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_READ:         zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_READ";        break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ:   zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ";  break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE:        zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE";       break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC:        zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC";       break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_FSYNC:    zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_FSYNC";   break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE:     zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE";    break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT:        zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT";       break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK:       zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK";      break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK:       zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK";      break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE:       zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE";      break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM:        zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM";       break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS:       zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS";      break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK:
+                                zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK"; break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK:         zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK";        break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE:        zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE";       break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_CLOSE:    zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_CLOSE";   break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN:      zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN";     break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE:      zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE";     break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_SHMLOCK:      zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_SHMLOCK";     break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP:       zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP";      break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK:         zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK";        break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT: zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT";break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP:         zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP";        break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH:  zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH"; break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH:     zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH";    break;
+      case SQLITE_CORRUPT:            zName = "SQLITE_CORRUPT";           break;
+      case SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB:       zName = "SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB";      break;
+      case SQLITE_NOTFOUND:           zName = "SQLITE_NOTFOUND";          break;
+      case SQLITE_FULL:               zName = "SQLITE_FULL";              break;
+      case SQLITE_CANTOPEN:           zName = "SQLITE_CANTOPEN";          break;
+      case SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR: zName = "SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR";break;
+      case SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR:     zName = "SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR";    break;
+      case SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH:  zName = "SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH"; break;
+      case SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH:  zName = "SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH"; break;
+      case SQLITE_PROTOCOL:           zName = "SQLITE_PROTOCOL";          break;
+      case SQLITE_EMPTY:              zName = "SQLITE_EMPTY";             break;
+      case SQLITE_SCHEMA:             zName = "SQLITE_SCHEMA";            break;
+      case SQLITE_TOOBIG:             zName = "SQLITE_TOOBIG";            break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT:         zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT";        break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE:  zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE"; break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_TRIGGER: zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_TRIGGER";break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY:
+                                zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY";   break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_CHECK:   zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_CHECK";  break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY:
+                                zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY";   break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_NOTNULL: zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_NOTNULL";break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_COMMITHOOK:
+                                zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_COMMITHOOK";   break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_VTAB:    zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_VTAB";   break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION:
+                                zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION";     break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_ROWID:   zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_ROWID";  break;
+      case SQLITE_MISMATCH:           zName = "SQLITE_MISMATCH";          break;
+      case SQLITE_MISUSE:             zName = "SQLITE_MISUSE";            break;
+      case SQLITE_NOLFS:              zName = "SQLITE_NOLFS";             break;
+      case SQLITE_AUTH:               zName = "SQLITE_AUTH";              break;
+      case SQLITE_FORMAT:             zName = "SQLITE_FORMAT";            break;
+      case SQLITE_RANGE:              zName = "SQLITE_RANGE";             break;
+      case SQLITE_NOTADB:             zName = "SQLITE_NOTADB";            break;
+      case SQLITE_ROW:                zName = "SQLITE_ROW";               break;
+      case SQLITE_NOTICE:             zName = "SQLITE_NOTICE";            break;
+      case SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_WAL: zName = "SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_WAL";break;
+      case SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_ROLLBACK:
+                                zName = "SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_ROLLBACK"; break;
+      case SQLITE_WARNING:            zName = "SQLITE_WARNING";           break;
+      case SQLITE_WARNING_AUTOINDEX:  zName = "SQLITE_WARNING_AUTOINDEX"; break;
+      case SQLITE_DONE:               zName = "SQLITE_DONE";              break;
+    }
+  }
+  if( zName==0 ){
+    static char zBuf[50];
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf), zBuf, "SQLITE_UNKNOWN(%d)", origRc);
+    zName = zBuf;
+  }
+  return zName;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** Return a static string that describes the kind of error specified in the
 ** argument.
 */
@@ -113450,6 +123453,7 @@
   db->busyHandler.xFunc = xBusy;
   db->busyHandler.pArg = pArg;
   db->busyHandler.nBusy = 0;
+  db->busyTimeout = 0;
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -113469,7 +123473,7 @@
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
   if( nOps>0 ){
     db->xProgress = xProgress;
-    db->nProgressOps = nOps;
+    db->nProgressOps = (unsigned)nOps;
     db->pProgressArg = pArg;
   }else{
     db->xProgress = 0;
@@ -113487,8 +123491,8 @@
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3 *db, int ms){
   if( ms>0 ){
-    db->busyTimeout = ms;
     sqlite3_busy_handler(db, sqliteDefaultBusyCallback, (void*)db);
+    db->busyTimeout = ms;
   }else{
     sqlite3_busy_handler(db, 0, 0);
   }
@@ -113522,6 +123526,7 @@
 ){
   FuncDef *p;
   int nName;
+  int extraFlags;
 
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
   if( zFunctionName==0 ||
@@ -113532,6 +123537,10 @@
       (255<(nName = sqlite3Strlen30( zFunctionName))) ){
     return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
   }
+
+  assert( SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT==SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC );
+  extraFlags = enc &  SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC;
+  enc &= (SQLITE_FUNC_ENCMASK|SQLITE_ANY);
   
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
   /* If SQLITE_UTF16 is specified as the encoding type, transform this
@@ -113545,10 +123554,10 @@
     enc = SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE;
   }else if( enc==SQLITE_ANY ){
     int rc;
-    rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8,
+    rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8|extraFlags,
          pUserData, xFunc, xStep, xFinal, pDestructor);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF16LE,
+      rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF16LE|extraFlags,
           pUserData, xFunc, xStep, xFinal, pDestructor);
     }
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -113566,8 +123575,8 @@
   ** operation to continue but invalidate all precompiled statements.
   */
   p = sqlite3FindFunction(db, zFunctionName, nName, nArg, (u8)enc, 0);
-  if( p && p->iPrefEnc==enc && p->nArg==nArg ){
-    if( db->activeVdbeCnt ){
+  if( p && (p->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_ENCMASK)==enc && p->nArg==nArg ){
+    if( db->nVdbeActive ){
       sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, 
         "unable to delete/modify user-function due to active statements");
       assert( !db->mallocFailed );
@@ -113591,7 +123600,8 @@
     pDestructor->nRef++;
   }
   p->pDestructor = pDestructor;
-  p->flags = 0;
+  p->funcFlags = (p->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_ENCMASK) | extraFlags;
+  testcase( p->funcFlags & SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC );
   p->xFunc = xFunc;
   p->xStep = xStep;
   p->xFinalize = xFinal;
@@ -114021,6 +124031,7 @@
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     z = sqlite3ErrStr(SQLITE_NOMEM);
   }else{
+    testcase( db->pErr==0 );
     z = (char*)sqlite3_value_text(db->pErr);
     assert( !db->mallocFailed );
     if( z==0 ){
@@ -114062,8 +124073,7 @@
   }else{
     z = sqlite3_value_text16(db->pErr);
     if( z==0 ){
-      sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, sqlite3ErrStr(db->errCode),
-           SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3Error(db, db->errCode, sqlite3ErrStr(db->errCode));
       z = sqlite3_value_text16(db->pErr);
     }
     /* A malloc() may have failed within the call to sqlite3_value_text16()
@@ -114102,6 +124112,41 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Return a string that describes the kind of error specified in the
+** argument.  For now, this simply calls the internal sqlite3ErrStr()
+** function.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errstr(int rc){
+  return sqlite3ErrStr(rc);
+}
+
+/*
+** Invalidate all cached KeyInfo objects for database connection "db"
+*/
+static void invalidateCachedKeyInfo(sqlite3 *db){
+  Db *pDb;                    /* A single database */
+  int iDb;                    /* The database index number */
+  HashElem *k;                /* For looping over tables in pDb */
+  Table *pTab;                /* A table in the database */
+  Index *pIdx;                /* Each index */
+
+  for(iDb=0, pDb=db->aDb; iDb<db->nDb; iDb++, pDb++){
+    if( pDb->pBt==0 ) continue;
+    sqlite3BtreeEnter(pDb->pBt);
+    for(k=sqliteHashFirst(&pDb->pSchema->tblHash);  k; k=sqliteHashNext(k)){
+      pTab = (Table*)sqliteHashData(k);
+      for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+        if( pIdx->pKeyInfo && pIdx->pKeyInfo->db==db ){
+          sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pIdx->pKeyInfo);
+          pIdx->pKeyInfo = 0;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3BtreeLeave(pDb->pBt);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** Create a new collating function for database "db".  The name is zName
 ** and the encoding is enc.
 */
@@ -114139,12 +124184,13 @@
   */
   pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, (u8)enc2, zName, 0);
   if( pColl && pColl->xCmp ){
-    if( db->activeVdbeCnt ){
+    if( db->nVdbeActive ){
       sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, 
         "unable to delete/modify collation sequence due to active statements");
       return SQLITE_BUSY;
     }
     sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+    invalidateCachedKeyInfo(db);
 
     /* If collation sequence pColl was created directly by a call to
     ** sqlite3_create_collation, and not generated by synthCollSeq(),
@@ -114193,7 +124239,7 @@
   SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG,
   SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED,
   SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH,
-  SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER,
+  SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER,      /* IMP: R-38091-32352 */
   SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH,
 };
 
@@ -114218,8 +124264,8 @@
 #if SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG<0 || SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG>1000
 # error SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG must be between 0 and 1000
 #endif
-#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED<0 || SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>62
-# error SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED must be between 0 and 62
+#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED<0 || SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>125
+# error SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED must be between 0 and 125
 #endif
 #if SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH<1
 # error SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH must be at least 1
@@ -114337,20 +124383,20 @@
     zFile = sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
     if( !zFile ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
 
+    iIn = 5;
+#ifndef SQLITE_ALLOW_URI_AUTHORITY
     /* Discard the scheme and authority segments of the URI. */
     if( zUri[5]=='/' && zUri[6]=='/' ){
       iIn = 7;
       while( zUri[iIn] && zUri[iIn]!='/' ) iIn++;
-
       if( iIn!=7 && (iIn!=16 || memcmp("localhost", &zUri[7], 9)) ){
         *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("invalid uri authority: %.*s", 
             iIn-7, &zUri[7]);
         rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
         goto parse_uri_out;
       }
-    }else{
-      iIn = 5;
     }
+#endif
 
     /* Copy the filename and any query parameters into the zFile buffer. 
     ** Decode %HH escape codes along the way. 
@@ -114448,10 +124494,12 @@
             { "ro",  SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY },
             { "rw",  SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE }, 
             { "rwc", SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE },
+            { "memory", SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY },
             { 0, 0 }
           };
 
-          mask = SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE;
+          mask = SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY | SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE
+                   | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE | SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY;
           aMode = aOpenMode;
           limit = mask & flags;
           zModeType = "access";
@@ -114472,7 +124520,7 @@
             rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
             goto parse_uri_out;
           }
-          if( mode>limit ){
+          if( (mode & ~SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY)>limit ){
             *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("%s mode not allowed: %s",
                                         zModeType, zVal);
             rc = SQLITE_PERM;
@@ -114491,6 +124539,7 @@
     memcpy(zFile, zUri, nUri);
     zFile[nUri] = '\0';
     zFile[nUri+1] = '\0';
+    flags &= ~SQLITE_OPEN_URI;
   }
 
   *ppVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(zVfs);
@@ -114609,8 +124658,12 @@
   memcpy(db->aLimit, aHardLimit, sizeof(db->aLimit));
   db->autoCommit = 1;
   db->nextAutovac = -1;
+  db->szMmap = sqlite3GlobalConfig.szMmap;
   db->nextPagesize = 0;
-  db->flags |= SQLITE_ShortColNames | SQLITE_AutoIndex | SQLITE_EnableTrigger
+  db->flags |= SQLITE_ShortColNames | SQLITE_EnableTrigger | SQLITE_CacheSpill
+#if !defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX) || SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
+                 | SQLITE_AutoIndex
+#endif
 #if SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_FORMAT<4
                  | SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt
 #endif
@@ -114734,8 +124787,6 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-  sqlite3Error(db, rc, 0);
-
   /* -DSQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE=1 makes EXCLUSIVE the default locking
   ** mode.  -DSQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE=0 make NORMAL the default locking
   ** mode.  Doing nothing at all also makes NORMAL the default.
@@ -114746,6 +124797,8 @@
                           SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE);
 #endif
 
+  if( rc ) sqlite3Error(db, rc, 0);
+
   /* Enable the lookaside-malloc subsystem */
   setupLookaside(db, 0, sqlite3GlobalConfig.szLookaside,
                         sqlite3GlobalConfig.nLookaside);
@@ -114767,6 +124820,13 @@
     db->magic = SQLITE_MAGIC_SICK;
   }
   *ppDb = db;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog ){
+    /* Opening a db handle. Fourth parameter is passed 0. */
+    void *pArg = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pSqllogArg;
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog(pArg, db, zFilename, 0);
+  }
+#endif
   return sqlite3ApiExit(0, rc);
 }
 
@@ -114943,8 +125003,6 @@
 ** mode.  Return TRUE if it is and FALSE if not.  Autocommit mode is on
 ** by default.  Autocommit is disabled by a BEGIN statement and reenabled
 ** by the next COMMIT or ROLLBACK.
-**
-******* THIS IS AN EXPERIMENTAL API AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE ******
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_autocommit(sqlite3 *db){
   return db->autoCommit;
@@ -115072,7 +125130,7 @@
     zDataType = pCol->zType;
     zCollSeq = pCol->zColl;
     notnull = pCol->notNull!=0;
-    primarykey  = pCol->isPrimKey!=0;
+    primarykey  = (pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY)!=0;
     autoinc = pTab->iPKey==iCol && (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement)!=0;
   }else{
     zDataType = "INTEGER";
@@ -115200,7 +125258,7 @@
     ** to the xRandomness method of the default VFS.
     */
     case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESET: {
-      sqlite3PrngResetState();
+      sqlite3_randomness(0,0);
       break;
     }
 
@@ -115220,6 +125278,28 @@
     }
 
     /*
+    **  sqlite3_test_control(FAULT_INSTALL, xCallback)
+    **
+    ** Arrange to invoke xCallback() whenever sqlite3FaultSim() is called,
+    ** if xCallback is not NULL.
+    **
+    ** As a test of the fault simulator mechanism itself, sqlite3FaultSim(0)
+    ** is called immediately after installing the new callback and the return
+    ** value from sqlite3FaultSim(0) becomes the return from
+    ** sqlite3_test_control().
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FAULT_INSTALL: {
+      /* MSVC is picky about pulling func ptrs from va lists.
+      ** http://support.microsoft.com/kb/47961
+      ** sqlite3GlobalConfig.xTestCallback = va_arg(ap, int(*)(int));
+      */
+      typedef int(*TESTCALLBACKFUNC_t)(int);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.xTestCallback = va_arg(ap, TESTCALLBACKFUNC_t);
+      rc = sqlite3FaultSim(0);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*
     **  sqlite3_test_control(BENIGN_MALLOC_HOOKS, xBegin, xEnd)
     **
     ** Register hooks to call to indicate which malloc() failures 
@@ -115310,6 +125390,22 @@
       break;
     }
 
+    /*
+    **   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER);
+    **
+    ** The integer returned reveals the byte-order of the computer on which
+    ** SQLite is running:
+    **
+    **       1     big-endian,    determined at run-time
+    **      10     little-endian, determined at run-time
+    **  432101     big-endian,    determined at compile-time
+    **  123410     little-endian, determined at compile-time
+    */ 
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER: {
+      rc = SQLITE_BYTEORDER*100 + SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN*10 + SQLITE_BIGENDIAN;
+      break;
+    }
+
     /*   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_RESERVE, sqlite3 *db, int N)
     **
     ** Set the nReserve size to N for the main database on the database
@@ -115335,8 +125431,7 @@
     */
     case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS: {
       sqlite3 *db = va_arg(ap, sqlite3*);
-      int x = va_arg(ap,int);
-      db->flags = (x & SQLITE_OptMask) | (db->flags & ~SQLITE_OptMask);
+      db->dbOptFlags = (u16)(va_arg(ap, int) & 0xffff);
       break;
     }
 
@@ -115401,6 +125496,44 @@
     }
 #endif
 
+    /*   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_NEVER_CORRUPT, int);
+    **
+    ** Set or clear a flag that indicates that the database file is always well-
+    ** formed and never corrupt.  This flag is clear by default, indicating that
+    ** database files might have arbitrary corruption.  Setting the flag during
+    ** testing causes certain assert() statements in the code to be activated
+    ** that demonstrat invariants on well-formed database files.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_NEVER_CORRUPT: {
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.neverCorrupt = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+
+
+    /*   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_VDBE_COVERAGE, xCallback, ptr);
+    **
+    ** Set the VDBE coverage callback function to xCallback with context 
+    ** pointer ptr.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_VDBE_COVERAGE: {
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+      typedef void (*branch_callback)(void*,int,u8,u8);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.xVdbeBranch = va_arg(ap,branch_callback);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.pVdbeBranchArg = va_arg(ap,void*);
+#endif
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISINIT);
+    **
+    ** Return SQLITE_OK if SQLite has been initialized and SQLITE_ERROR if
+    ** not.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISINIT: {
+      if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit==0 ) rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+      break;
+    }
+
   }
   va_end(ap);
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST */
@@ -115449,7 +125582,7 @@
 ){
   const char *z = sqlite3_uri_parameter(zFilename, zParam);
   sqlite3_int64 v;
-  if( z && sqlite3Atoi64(z, &v, sqlite3Strlen30(z), SQLITE_UTF8)==SQLITE_OK ){
+  if( z && sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(z, &v)==SQLITE_OK ){
     bDflt = v;
   }
   return bDflt;
@@ -115485,7 +125618,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_readonly(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDbName){
   Btree *pBt = sqlite3DbNameToBtree(db, zDbName);
-  return pBt ? sqlite3PagerIsreadonly(sqlite3BtreePager(pBt)) : -1;
+  return pBt ? sqlite3BtreeIsReadonly(pBt) : -1;
 }
 
 /************** End of main.c ************************************************/
@@ -115895,7 +126028,7 @@
 ** A doclist is stored like this:
 **
 ** array {
-**   varint docid;
+**   varint docid;          (delta from previous doclist)
 **   array {                (position list for column 0)
 **     varint position;     (2 more than the delta from previous position)
 **   }
@@ -115926,8 +126059,8 @@
 ** at D signals the start of a new column; the 1 at E indicates that the
 ** new column is column number 1.  There are two positions at 12 and 45
 ** (14-2 and 35-2+12).  The 0 at H indicate the end-of-document.  The
-** 234 at I is the next docid.  It has one position 72 (72-2) and then
-** terminates with the 0 at K.
+** 234 at I is the delta to next docid (357).  It has one position 70
+** (72-2) and then terminates with the 0 at K.
 **
 ** A "position-list" is the list of positions for multiple columns for
 ** a single docid.  A "column-list" is the set of positions for a single
@@ -116148,7 +126281,7 @@
 
 /* If not building as part of the core, include sqlite3ext.h. */
 #ifndef SQLITE_CORE
-SQLITE_API extern const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api;
+SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT3
 #endif
 
 /************** Include fts3_tokenizer.h in the middle of fts3Int.h **********/
@@ -116224,7 +126357,7 @@
   ** This method should return either SQLITE_OK (0), or an SQLite error 
   ** code. If SQLITE_OK is returned, then *ppTokenizer should be set
   ** to point at the newly created tokenizer structure. The generic
-  ** sqlite3_tokenizer.pModule variable should not be initialised by
+  ** sqlite3_tokenizer.pModule variable should not be initialized by
   ** this callback. The caller will do so.
   */
   int (*xCreate)(
@@ -116329,7 +126462,7 @@
 **    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
 **
 *************************************************************************
-** This is the header file for the generic hash-table implemenation
+** This is the header file for the generic hash-table implementation
 ** used in SQLite.  We've modified it slightly to serve as a standalone
 ** hash table implementation for the full-text indexing module.
 **
@@ -116435,6 +126568,18 @@
 /************** Continuing where we left off in fts3Int.h ********************/
 
 /*
+** This constant determines the maximum depth of an FTS expression tree
+** that the library will create and use. FTS uses recursion to perform 
+** various operations on the query tree, so the disadvantage of a large
+** limit is that it may allow very large queries to use large amounts
+** of stack space (perhaps causing a stack overflow).
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_FTS3_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH
+# define SQLITE_FTS3_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH 12
+#endif
+
+
+/*
 ** This constant controls how often segments are merged. Once there are
 ** FTS3_MERGE_COUNT segments of level N, they are merged into a single
 ** segment of level N+1.
@@ -116462,6 +126607,9 @@
 #ifndef MIN
 # define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
 #endif
+#ifndef MAX
+# define MAX(x,y) ((x)>(y)?(x):(y))
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** Maximum length of a varint encoded integer. The varint format is different
@@ -116516,7 +126664,7 @@
 # define NEVER(X)  (0)
 #else
 # define ALWAYS(x) (x)
-# define NEVER(X)  (x)
+# define NEVER(x)  (x)
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -116526,6 +126674,7 @@
 typedef short int i16;            /* 2-byte (or larger) signed integer */
 typedef unsigned int u32;         /* 4-byte unsigned integer */
 typedef sqlite3_uint64 u64;       /* 8-byte unsigned integer */
+typedef sqlite3_int64 i64;        /* 8-byte signed integer */
 
 /*
 ** Macro used to suppress compiler warnings for unused parameters.
@@ -116585,39 +126734,47 @@
   const char *zName;              /* virtual table name */
   int nColumn;                    /* number of named columns in virtual table */
   char **azColumn;                /* column names.  malloced */
+  u8 *abNotindexed;               /* True for 'notindexed' columns */
   sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer;  /* tokenizer for inserts and queries */
   char *zContentTbl;              /* content=xxx option, or NULL */
   char *zLanguageid;              /* languageid=xxx option, or NULL */
+  int nAutoincrmerge;             /* Value configured by 'automerge' */
+  u32 nLeafAdd;                   /* Number of leaf blocks added this trans */
 
   /* Precompiled statements used by the implementation. Each of these 
   ** statements is run and reset within a single virtual table API call. 
   */
-  sqlite3_stmt *aStmt[28];
+  sqlite3_stmt *aStmt[40];
 
   char *zReadExprlist;
   char *zWriteExprlist;
 
   int nNodeSize;                  /* Soft limit for node size */
-  u8 bHasStat;                    /* True if %_stat table exists */
+  u8 bFts4;                       /* True for FTS4, false for FTS3 */
+  u8 bHasStat;                    /* True if %_stat table exists (2==unknown) */
   u8 bHasDocsize;                 /* True if %_docsize table exists */
   u8 bDescIdx;                    /* True if doclists are in reverse order */
+  u8 bIgnoreSavepoint;            /* True to ignore xSavepoint invocations */
   int nPgsz;                      /* Page size for host database */
   char *zSegmentsTbl;             /* Name of %_segments table */
   sqlite3_blob *pSegments;        /* Blob handle open on %_segments table */
 
-  /* TODO: Fix the first paragraph of this comment.
-  **
+  /* 
   ** The following array of hash tables is used to buffer pending index 
-  ** updates during transactions. Variable nPendingData estimates the memory 
-  ** size of the pending data, including hash table overhead, not including
-  ** malloc overhead.  When nPendingData exceeds nMaxPendingData, the buffer 
-  ** is flushed automatically. Variable iPrevDocid is the docid of the most 
-  ** recently inserted record.
+  ** updates during transactions. All pending updates buffered at any one
+  ** time must share a common language-id (see the FTS4 langid= feature).
+  ** The current language id is stored in variable iPrevLangid.
   **
   ** A single FTS4 table may have multiple full-text indexes. For each index
   ** there is an entry in the aIndex[] array. Index 0 is an index of all the
   ** terms that appear in the document set. Each subsequent index in aIndex[]
   ** is an index of prefixes of a specific length.
+  **
+  ** Variable nPendingData contains an estimate the memory consumed by the 
+  ** pending data structures, including hash table overhead, but not including
+  ** malloc overhead.  When nPendingData exceeds nMaxPendingData, all hash
+  ** tables are flushed to disk. Variable iPrevDocid is the docid of the most 
+  ** recently inserted record.
   */
   int nIndex;                     /* Size of aIndex[] */
   struct Fts3Index {
@@ -116638,6 +126795,12 @@
   int inTransaction;     /* True after xBegin but before xCommit/xRollback */
   int mxSavepoint;       /* Largest valid xSavepoint integer */
 #endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  /* True to disable the incremental doclist optimization. This is controled
+  ** by special insert command 'test-no-incr-doclist'.  */
+  int bNoIncrDoclist;
+#endif
 };
 
 /*
@@ -116663,7 +126826,8 @@
   int eEvalmode;                  /* An FTS3_EVAL_XX constant */
   int nRowAvg;                    /* Average size of database rows, in pages */
   sqlite3_int64 nDoc;             /* Documents in table */
-
+  i64 iMinDocid;                  /* Minimum docid to return */
+  i64 iMaxDocid;                  /* Maximum docid to return */
   int isMatchinfoNeeded;          /* True when aMatchinfo[] needs filling in */
   u32 *aMatchinfo;                /* Information about most recent match */
   int nMatchinfo;                 /* Number of elements in aMatchinfo[] */
@@ -116693,6 +126857,15 @@
 #define FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH    1    /* Lookup by rowid on %_content table */
 #define FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH 2    /* Full-text index search */
 
+/*
+** The lower 16-bits of the sqlite3_index_info.idxNum value set by
+** the xBestIndex() method contains the Fts3Cursor.eSearch value described
+** above. The upper 16-bits contain a combination of the following
+** bits, used to describe extra constraints on full-text searches.
+*/
+#define FTS3_HAVE_LANGID    0x00010000      /* languageid=? */
+#define FTS3_HAVE_DOCID_GE  0x00020000      /* docid>=? */
+#define FTS3_HAVE_DOCID_LE  0x00040000      /* docid<=? */
 
 struct Fts3Doclist {
   char *aAll;                    /* Array containing doclist (or NULL) */
@@ -116805,17 +126978,27 @@
   Fts3Table*,int,const char*,int,int,Fts3SegReader**);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(Fts3SegReader *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3AllSegdirs(Fts3Table*, int, int, int, sqlite3_stmt **);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadLock(Fts3Table *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(Fts3Table*, sqlite3_int64, char **, int*, int*);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDoctotal(Fts3Table *, sqlite3_stmt **);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDocsize(Fts3Table *, sqlite3_int64, sqlite3_stmt **);
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS4_DEFERRED
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredTokens(Fts3Cursor *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferToken(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3PhraseToken *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists(Fts3Cursor *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredDoclists(Fts3Cursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferredTokenList(Fts3DeferredToken *, char **, int *);
+#else
+# define sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredTokens(x)
+# define sqlite3Fts3DeferToken(x,y,z) SQLITE_OK
+# define sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists(x) SQLITE_OK
+# define sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredDoclists(x)
+# define sqlite3Fts3DeferredTokenList(x,y,z) SQLITE_OK
+#endif
+
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(Fts3Table *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MaxLevel(Fts3Table *, int *);
 
 /* Special values interpreted by sqlite3SegReaderCursor() */
 #define FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING        -1
@@ -116867,6 +127050,12 @@
   int nDoclist;                   /* Size of aDoclist[] in bytes */
 };
 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Incrmerge(Fts3Table*,int,int);
+
+#define fts3GetVarint32(p, piVal) (                                           \
+  (*(u8*)(p)&0x80) ? sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p, piVal) : (*piVal=*(u8*)(p), 1) \
+)
+
 /* fts3.c */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(char *, sqlite3_int64);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(const char *, sqlite_int64 *);
@@ -116876,6 +127065,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(int,char*,int,char**,sqlite3_int64*,int*,u8*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseStats(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, u32 *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3FirstFilter(sqlite3_int64, char *, int, char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3CreateStatTable(int*, Fts3Table*);
 
 /* fts3_tokenizer.c */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3Fts3NextToken(const char *, int *);
@@ -116894,7 +127084,7 @@
 
 /* fts3_expr.c */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(sqlite3_tokenizer *, int,
-  char **, int, int, int, const char *, int, Fts3Expr **
+  char **, int, int, int, const char *, int, Fts3Expr **, char **
 );
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(Fts3Expr *);
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
@@ -116915,11 +127105,19 @@
     Fts3Table*, Fts3MultiSegReader*, int, const char*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(
     Fts3Table *, Fts3MultiSegReader *, sqlite3_int64 *, char **, int *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, int iCol); 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, int iCol, char **); 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrOvfl(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3MultiSegReader *, int *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrRestart(Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr);
 
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferredTokenList(Fts3DeferredToken *, char **, int *);
+/* fts3_tokenize_vtab.c */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTok(sqlite3*, Fts3Hash *);
+
+/* fts3_unicode2.c (functions generated by parsing unicode text files) */
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FtsUnicodeFold(int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsdiacritic(int);
+#endif
 
 #endif /* !SQLITE_CORE || SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 */
 #endif /* _FTSINT_H */
@@ -116965,21 +127163,37 @@
   return (int) (q - (unsigned char *)p);
 }
 
+#define GETVARINT_STEP(v, ptr, shift, mask1, mask2, var, ret) \
+  v = (v & mask1) | ( (*ptr++) << shift );                    \
+  if( (v & mask2)==0 ){ var = v; return ret; }
+#define GETVARINT_INIT(v, ptr, shift, mask1, mask2, var, ret) \
+  v = (*ptr++);                                               \
+  if( (v & mask2)==0 ){ var = v; return ret; }
+
 /* 
 ** Read a 64-bit variable-length integer from memory starting at p[0].
 ** Return the number of bytes read, or 0 on error.
 ** The value is stored in *v.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(const char *p, sqlite_int64 *v){
-  const unsigned char *q = (const unsigned char *) p;
-  sqlite_uint64 x = 0, y = 1;
-  while( (*q&0x80)==0x80 && q-(unsigned char *)p<FTS3_VARINT_MAX ){
-    x += y * (*q++ & 0x7f);
-    y <<= 7;
+  const char *pStart = p;
+  u32 a;
+  u64 b;
+  int shift;
+
+  GETVARINT_INIT(a, p, 0,  0x00,     0x80, *v, 1);
+  GETVARINT_STEP(a, p, 7,  0x7F,     0x4000, *v, 2);
+  GETVARINT_STEP(a, p, 14, 0x3FFF,   0x200000, *v, 3);
+  GETVARINT_STEP(a, p, 21, 0x1FFFFF, 0x10000000, *v, 4);
+  b = (a & 0x0FFFFFFF );
+
+  for(shift=28; shift<=63; shift+=7){
+    u64 c = *p++;
+    b += (c&0x7F) << shift;
+    if( (c & 0x80)==0 ) break;
   }
-  x += y * (*q++);
-  *v = (sqlite_int64) x;
-  return (int) (q - (unsigned char *)p);
+  *v = b;
+  return (int)(p - pStart);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -116987,10 +127201,21 @@
 ** 32-bit integer before it is returned.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(const char *p, int *pi){
- sqlite_int64 i;
- int ret = sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, &i);
- *pi = (int) i;
- return ret;
+  u32 a;
+
+#ifndef fts3GetVarint32
+  GETVARINT_INIT(a, p, 0,  0x00,     0x80, *pi, 1);
+#else
+  a = (*p++);
+  assert( a & 0x80 );
+#endif
+
+  GETVARINT_STEP(a, p, 7,  0x7F,     0x4000, *pi, 2);
+  GETVARINT_STEP(a, p, 14, 0x3FFF,   0x200000, *pi, 3);
+  GETVARINT_STEP(a, p, 21, 0x1FFFFF, 0x10000000, *pi, 4);
+  a = (a & 0x0FFFFFFF );
+  *pi = (int)(a | ((u32)(*p & 0x0F) << 28));
+  return 5;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -117206,6 +127431,18 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Create the %_stat table if it does not already exist.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3CreateStatTable(int *pRc, Fts3Table *p){
+  fts3DbExec(pRc, p->db, 
+      "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS %Q.'%q_stat'"
+          "(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, value BLOB);",
+      p->zDb, p->zName
+  );
+  if( (*pRc)==SQLITE_OK ) p->bHasStat = 1;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Create the backing store tables (%_content, %_segments and %_segdir)
 ** required by the FTS3 table passed as the only argument. This is done
 ** as part of the vtab xCreate() method.
@@ -117265,11 +127502,9 @@
         p->zDb, p->zName
     );
   }
+  assert( p->bHasStat==p->bFts4 );
   if( p->bHasStat ){
-    fts3DbExec(&rc, db, 
-        "CREATE TABLE %Q.'%q_stat'(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, value BLOB);",
-        p->zDb, p->zName
-    );
+    sqlite3Fts3CreateStatTable(&rc, p);
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -117706,6 +127941,8 @@
   char *zUncompress = 0;          /* uncompress=? parameter (or NULL) */
   char *zContent = 0;             /* content=? parameter (or NULL) */
   char *zLanguageid = 0;          /* languageid=? parameter (or NULL) */
+  char **azNotindexed = 0;        /* The set of notindexed= columns */
+  int nNotindexed = 0;            /* Size of azNotindexed[] array */
 
   assert( strlen(argv[0])==4 );
   assert( (sqlite3_strnicmp(argv[0], "fts4", 4)==0 && isFts4)
@@ -117715,9 +127952,19 @@
   nDb = (int)strlen(argv[1]) + 1;
   nName = (int)strlen(argv[2]) + 1;
 
-  aCol = (const char **)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(const char *) * (argc-2) );
-  if( !aCol ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-  memset((void *)aCol, 0, sizeof(const char *) * (argc-2));
+  nByte = sizeof(const char *) * (argc-2);
+  aCol = (const char **)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+  if( aCol ){
+    memset((void*)aCol, 0, nByte);
+    azNotindexed = (char **)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+  }
+  if( azNotindexed ){
+    memset(azNotindexed, 0, nByte);
+  }
+  if( !aCol || !azNotindexed ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto fts3_init_out;
+  }
 
   /* Loop through all of the arguments passed by the user to the FTS3/4
   ** module (i.e. all the column names and special arguments). This loop
@@ -117756,7 +128003,8 @@
         { "uncompress", 10 },     /* 3 -> UNCOMPRESS */
         { "order",       5 },     /* 4 -> ORDER */
         { "content",     7 },     /* 5 -> CONTENT */
-        { "languageid", 10 }      /* 6 -> LANGUAGEID */
+        { "languageid", 10 },     /* 6 -> LANGUAGEID */
+        { "notindexed", 10 }      /* 7 -> NOTINDEXED */
       };
 
       int iOpt;
@@ -117822,6 +128070,11 @@
               zLanguageid = zVal;
               zVal = 0;
               break;
+
+            case 7:              /* NOTINDEXED */
+              azNotindexed[nNotindexed++] = zVal;
+              zVal = 0;
+              break;
           }
         }
         sqlite3_free(zVal);
@@ -117893,6 +128146,7 @@
   nByte = sizeof(Fts3Table) +                  /* Fts3Table */
           nCol * sizeof(char *) +              /* azColumn */
           nIndex * sizeof(struct Fts3Index) +  /* aIndex */
+          nCol * sizeof(u8) +                  /* abNotindexed */
           nName +                              /* zName */
           nDb +                                /* zDb */
           nString;                             /* Space for azColumn strings */
@@ -117910,7 +128164,9 @@
   p->nMaxPendingData = FTS3_MAX_PENDING_DATA;
   p->bHasDocsize = (isFts4 && bNoDocsize==0);
   p->bHasStat = isFts4;
+  p->bFts4 = isFts4;
   p->bDescIdx = bDescIdx;
+  p->nAutoincrmerge = 0xff;   /* 0xff means setting unknown */
   p->zContentTbl = zContent;
   p->zLanguageid = zLanguageid;
   zContent = 0;
@@ -117924,9 +128180,10 @@
   for(i=0; i<nIndex; i++){
     fts3HashInit(&p->aIndex[i].hPending, FTS3_HASH_STRING, 1);
   }
+  p->abNotindexed = (u8 *)&p->aIndex[nIndex];
 
   /* Fill in the zName and zDb fields of the vtab structure. */
-  zCsr = (char *)&p->aIndex[nIndex];
+  zCsr = (char *)&p->abNotindexed[nCol];
   p->zName = zCsr;
   memcpy(zCsr, argv[2], nName);
   zCsr += nName;
@@ -117947,7 +128204,28 @@
     assert( zCsr <= &((char *)p)[nByte] );
   }
 
-  if( (zCompress==0)!=(zUncompress==0) ){
+  /* Fill in the abNotindexed array */
+  for(iCol=0; iCol<nCol; iCol++){
+    int n = (int)strlen(p->azColumn[iCol]);
+    for(i=0; i<nNotindexed; i++){
+      char *zNot = azNotindexed[i];
+      if( zNot && n==(int)strlen(zNot)
+       && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(p->azColumn[iCol], zNot, n) 
+      ){
+        p->abNotindexed[iCol] = 1;
+        sqlite3_free(zNot);
+        azNotindexed[i] = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<nNotindexed; i++){
+    if( azNotindexed[i] ){
+      *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("no such column: %s", azNotindexed[i]);
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (zCompress==0)!=(zUncompress==0) ){
     char const *zMiss = (zCompress==0 ? "compress" : "uncompress");
     rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
     *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("missing %s parameter in fts4 constructor", zMiss);
@@ -117963,6 +128241,13 @@
     rc = fts3CreateTables(p);
   }
 
+  /* Check to see if a legacy fts3 table has been "upgraded" by the
+  ** addition of a %_stat table so that it can use incremental merge.
+  */
+  if( !isFts4 && !isCreate ){
+    p->bHasStat = 2;
+  }
+
   /* Figure out the page-size for the database. This is required in order to
   ** estimate the cost of loading large doclists from the database.  */
   fts3DatabasePageSize(&rc, p);
@@ -117978,7 +128263,9 @@
   sqlite3_free(zUncompress);
   sqlite3_free(zContent);
   sqlite3_free(zLanguageid);
+  for(i=0; i<nNotindexed; i++) sqlite3_free(azNotindexed[i]);
   sqlite3_free((void *)aCol);
+  sqlite3_free((void *)azNotindexed);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     if( p ){
       fts3DisconnectMethod((sqlite3_vtab *)p);
@@ -118017,6 +128304,19 @@
   return fts3InitVtab(1, db, pAux, argc, argv, ppVtab, pzErr);
 }
 
+/*
+** Set the pIdxInfo->estimatedRows variable to nRow. Unless this
+** extension is currently being used by a version of SQLite too old to
+** support estimatedRows. In that case this function is a no-op.
+*/
+static void fts3SetEstimatedRows(sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo, i64 nRow){
+#if SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER>=3008002
+  if( sqlite3_libversion_number()>=3008002 ){
+    pIdxInfo->estimatedRows = nRow;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
 /* 
 ** Implementation of the xBestIndex method for FTS3 tables. There
 ** are three possible strategies, in order of preference:
@@ -118029,23 +128329,40 @@
   Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pVTab;
   int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
   int iCons = -1;                 /* Index of constraint to use */
+
   int iLangidCons = -1;           /* Index of langid=x constraint, if present */
+  int iDocidGe = -1;              /* Index of docid>=x constraint, if present */
+  int iDocidLe = -1;              /* Index of docid<=x constraint, if present */
+  int iIdx;
 
   /* By default use a full table scan. This is an expensive option,
   ** so search through the constraints to see if a more efficient 
   ** strategy is possible.
   */
   pInfo->idxNum = FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH;
-  pInfo->estimatedCost = 500000;
+  pInfo->estimatedCost = 5000000;
   for(i=0; i<pInfo->nConstraint; i++){
+    int bDocid;                 /* True if this constraint is on docid */
     struct sqlite3_index_constraint *pCons = &pInfo->aConstraint[i];
-    if( pCons->usable==0 ) continue;
+    if( pCons->usable==0 ){
+      if( pCons->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH ){
+        /* There exists an unusable MATCH constraint. This means that if
+        ** the planner does elect to use the results of this call as part
+        ** of the overall query plan the user will see an "unable to use
+        ** function MATCH in the requested context" error. To discourage
+        ** this, return a very high cost here.  */
+        pInfo->idxNum = FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH;
+        pInfo->estimatedCost = 1e50;
+        fts3SetEstimatedRows(pInfo, ((sqlite3_int64)1) << 50);
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    bDocid = (pCons->iColumn<0 || pCons->iColumn==p->nColumn+1);
 
     /* A direct lookup on the rowid or docid column. Assign a cost of 1.0. */
-    if( iCons<0 
-     && pCons->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ 
-     && (pCons->iColumn<0 || pCons->iColumn==p->nColumn+1 )
-    ){
+    if( iCons<0 && pCons->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ && bDocid ){
       pInfo->idxNum = FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH;
       pInfo->estimatedCost = 1.0;
       iCons = i;
@@ -118074,14 +128391,38 @@
     ){
       iLangidCons = i;
     }
+
+    if( bDocid ){
+      switch( pCons->op ){
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE:
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT:
+          iDocidGe = i;
+          break;
+
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE:
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT:
+          iDocidLe = i;
+          break;
+      }
+    }
   }
 
+  iIdx = 1;
   if( iCons>=0 ){
-    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iCons].argvIndex = 1;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iCons].argvIndex = iIdx++;
     pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iCons].omit = 1;
   } 
   if( iLangidCons>=0 ){
-    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iLangidCons].argvIndex = 2;
+    pInfo->idxNum |= FTS3_HAVE_LANGID;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iLangidCons].argvIndex = iIdx++;
+  } 
+  if( iDocidGe>=0 ){
+    pInfo->idxNum |= FTS3_HAVE_DOCID_GE;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iDocidGe].argvIndex = iIdx++;
+  } 
+  if( iDocidLe>=0 ){
+    pInfo->idxNum |= FTS3_HAVE_DOCID_LE;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iDocidLe].argvIndex = iIdx++;
   } 
 
   /* Regardless of the strategy selected, FTS can deliver rows in rowid (or
@@ -118184,7 +128525,7 @@
       }else{
         rc = sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK && ((Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab)->zContentTbl==0 ){
-          /* If no row was found and no error has occured, then the %_content
+          /* If no row was found and no error has occurred, then the %_content
           ** table is missing a row that is present in the full-text index.
           ** The data structures are corrupt.  */
           rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
@@ -118259,10 +128600,10 @@
     /* Load the next term on the node into zBuffer. Use realloc() to expand
     ** the size of zBuffer if required.  */
     if( !isFirstTerm ){
-      zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nPrefix);
+      zCsr += fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nPrefix);
     }
     isFirstTerm = 0;
-    zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nSuffix);
+    zCsr += fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nSuffix);
     
     if( nPrefix<0 || nSuffix<0 || &zCsr[nSuffix]>zEnd ){
       rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
@@ -118350,7 +128691,7 @@
 
   assert( piLeaf || piLeaf2 );
 
-  sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zNode, &iHeight);
+  fts3GetVarint32(zNode, &iHeight);
   rc = fts3ScanInteriorNode(zTerm, nTerm, zNode, nNode, piLeaf, piLeaf2);
   assert( !piLeaf2 || !piLeaf || rc!=SQLITE_OK || (*piLeaf<=*piLeaf2) );
 
@@ -118552,11 +128893,11 @@
     int iCol1;         /* The current column index in pp1 */
     int iCol2;         /* The current column index in pp2 */
 
-    if( *p1==POS_COLUMN ) sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(&p1[1], &iCol1);
+    if( *p1==POS_COLUMN ) fts3GetVarint32(&p1[1], &iCol1);
     else if( *p1==POS_END ) iCol1 = POSITION_LIST_END;
     else iCol1 = 0;
 
-    if( *p2==POS_COLUMN ) sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(&p2[1], &iCol2);
+    if( *p2==POS_COLUMN ) fts3GetVarint32(&p2[1], &iCol2);
     else if( *p2==POS_END ) iCol2 = POSITION_LIST_END;
     else iCol2 = 0;
 
@@ -118649,11 +128990,11 @@
   assert( p!=0 && *p1!=0 && *p2!=0 );
   if( *p1==POS_COLUMN ){ 
     p1++;
-    p1 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
+    p1 += fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
   }
   if( *p2==POS_COLUMN ){ 
     p2++;
-    p2 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
+    p2 += fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
   }
 
   while( 1 ){
@@ -118703,9 +129044,9 @@
       if( 0==*p1 || 0==*p2 ) break;
 
       p1++;
-      p1 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
+      p1 += fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
       p2++;
-      p2 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
+      p2 += fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
     }
 
     /* Advance pointer p1 or p2 (whichever corresponds to the smaller of
@@ -118717,12 +129058,12 @@
       fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &p1);
       if( 0==*p1 ) break;
       p1++;
-      p1 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
+      p1 += fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
     }else{
       fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &p2);
       if( 0==*p2 ) break;
       p2++;
-      p2 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
+      p2 += fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
     }
   }
 
@@ -119306,7 +129647,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
   Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
-  int iLangid,
+  int iLangid,                    /* Language-id to search */
   int iIndex,                     /* Index to search (from 0 to p->nIndex-1) */
   int iLevel,                     /* Level of segments to scan */
   const char *zTerm,              /* Term to query for */
@@ -119324,12 +129665,7 @@
   assert( FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL<0 && FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING<0 );
   assert( isPrefix==0 || isScan==0 );
 
-  /* "isScan" is only set to true by the ft4aux module, an ordinary
-  ** full-text tables. */
-  assert( isScan==0 || p->aIndex==0 );
-
   memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(Fts3MultiSegReader));
-
   return fts3SegReaderCursor(
       p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel, zTerm, nTerm, isPrefix, isScan, pCsr
   );
@@ -119429,7 +129765,7 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** This function retreives the doclist for the specified term (or term
+** This function retrieves the doclist for the specified term (or term
 ** prefix) from the database.
 */
 static int fts3TermSelect(
@@ -119534,6 +129870,33 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** The following are copied from sqliteInt.h.
+**
+** Constants for the largest and smallest possible 64-bit signed integers.
+** These macros are designed to work correctly on both 32-bit and 64-bit
+** compilers.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+# define LARGEST_INT64  (0xffffffff|(((sqlite3_int64)0x7fffffff)<<32))
+# define SMALLEST_INT64 (((sqlite3_int64)-1) - LARGEST_INT64)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If the numeric type of argument pVal is "integer", then return it
+** converted to a 64-bit signed integer. Otherwise, return a copy of
+** the second parameter, iDefault.
+*/
+static sqlite3_int64 fts3DocidRange(sqlite3_value *pVal, i64 iDefault){
+  if( pVal ){
+    int eType = sqlite3_value_numeric_type(pVal);
+    if( eType==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
+      return sqlite3_value_int64(pVal);
+    }
+  }
+  return iDefault;
+}
+
+/*
 ** This is the xFilter interface for the virtual table.  See
 ** the virtual table xFilter method documentation for additional
 ** information.
@@ -119558,57 +129921,69 @@
 ){
   int rc;
   char *zSql;                     /* SQL statement used to access %_content */
+  int eSearch;
   Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pCursor->pVtab;
   Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *)pCursor;
 
+  sqlite3_value *pCons = 0;       /* The MATCH or rowid constraint, if any */
+  sqlite3_value *pLangid = 0;     /* The "langid = ?" constraint, if any */
+  sqlite3_value *pDocidGe = 0;    /* The "docid >= ?" constraint, if any */
+  sqlite3_value *pDocidLe = 0;    /* The "docid <= ?" constraint, if any */
+  int iIdx;
+
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(idxStr);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
 
-  assert( idxNum>=0 && idxNum<=(FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH+p->nColumn) );
-  assert( nVal==0 || nVal==1 || nVal==2 );
-  assert( (nVal==0)==(idxNum==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH) );
+  eSearch = (idxNum & 0x0000FFFF);
+  assert( eSearch>=0 && eSearch<=(FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH+p->nColumn) );
   assert( p->pSegments==0 );
 
+  /* Collect arguments into local variables */
+  iIdx = 0;
+  if( eSearch!=FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ) pCons = apVal[iIdx++];
+  if( idxNum & FTS3_HAVE_LANGID ) pLangid = apVal[iIdx++];
+  if( idxNum & FTS3_HAVE_DOCID_GE ) pDocidGe = apVal[iIdx++];
+  if( idxNum & FTS3_HAVE_DOCID_LE ) pDocidLe = apVal[iIdx++];
+  assert( iIdx==nVal );
+
   /* In case the cursor has been used before, clear it now. */
   sqlite3_finalize(pCsr->pStmt);
   sqlite3_free(pCsr->aDoclist);
   sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pCsr->pExpr);
   memset(&pCursor[1], 0, sizeof(Fts3Cursor)-sizeof(sqlite3_vtab_cursor));
 
+  /* Set the lower and upper bounds on docids to return */
+  pCsr->iMinDocid = fts3DocidRange(pDocidGe, SMALLEST_INT64);
+  pCsr->iMaxDocid = fts3DocidRange(pDocidLe, LARGEST_INT64);
+
   if( idxStr ){
     pCsr->bDesc = (idxStr[0]=='D');
   }else{
     pCsr->bDesc = p->bDescIdx;
   }
-  pCsr->eSearch = (i16)idxNum;
+  pCsr->eSearch = (i16)eSearch;
 
-  if( idxNum!=FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH && idxNum!=FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
-    int iCol = idxNum-FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH;
-    const char *zQuery = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
+  if( eSearch!=FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH && eSearch!=FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
+    int iCol = eSearch-FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH;
+    const char *zQuery = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(pCons);
 
-    if( zQuery==0 && sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])!=SQLITE_NULL ){
+    if( zQuery==0 && sqlite3_value_type(pCons)!=SQLITE_NULL ){
       return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
 
     pCsr->iLangid = 0;
-    if( nVal==2 ) pCsr->iLangid = sqlite3_value_int(apVal[1]);
+    if( pLangid ) pCsr->iLangid = sqlite3_value_int(pLangid);
 
+    assert( p->base.zErrMsg==0 );
     rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(p->pTokenizer, pCsr->iLangid,
-        p->azColumn, p->bHasStat, p->nColumn, iCol, zQuery, -1, &pCsr->pExpr
+        p->azColumn, p->bFts4, p->nColumn, iCol, zQuery, -1, &pCsr->pExpr, 
+        &p->base.zErrMsg
     );
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ){
-        static const char *zErr = "malformed MATCH expression: [%s]";
-        p->base.zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf(zErr, zQuery);
-      }
       return rc;
     }
 
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadLock(p);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
-
     rc = fts3EvalStart(pCsr);
-
     sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
     pCsr->pNextId = pCsr->aDoclist;
@@ -119620,7 +129995,7 @@
   ** full-text query or docid lookup, the statement retrieves a single
   ** row by docid.
   */
-  if( idxNum==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
+  if( eSearch==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
     zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
         "SELECT %s ORDER BY rowid %s",
         p->zReadExprlist, (pCsr->bDesc ? "DESC" : "ASC")
@@ -119631,10 +130006,10 @@
     }else{
       rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
-  }else if( idxNum==FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH ){
+  }else if( eSearch==FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH ){
     rc = fts3CursorSeekStmt(pCsr, &pCsr->pStmt);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = sqlite3_bind_value(pCsr->pStmt, 1, apVal[0]);
+      rc = sqlite3_bind_value(pCsr->pStmt, 1, pCons);
     }
   }
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
@@ -119737,23 +130112,88 @@
 ** hash-table to the database.
 */
 static int fts3SyncMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
-  int rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush((Fts3Table *)pVtab);
-  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose((Fts3Table *)pVtab);
+
+  /* Following an incremental-merge operation, assuming that the input
+  ** segments are not completely consumed (the usual case), they are updated
+  ** in place to remove the entries that have already been merged. This
+  ** involves updating the leaf block that contains the smallest unmerged
+  ** entry and each block (if any) between the leaf and the root node. So
+  ** if the height of the input segment b-trees is N, and input segments
+  ** are merged eight at a time, updating the input segments at the end
+  ** of an incremental-merge requires writing (8*(1+N)) blocks. N is usually
+  ** small - often between 0 and 2. So the overhead of the incremental
+  ** merge is somewhere between 8 and 24 blocks. To avoid this overhead
+  ** dwarfing the actual productive work accomplished, the incremental merge
+  ** is only attempted if it will write at least 64 leaf blocks. Hence
+  ** nMinMerge.
+  **
+  ** Of course, updating the input segments also involves deleting a bunch
+  ** of blocks from the segments table. But this is not considered overhead
+  ** as it would also be required by a crisis-merge that used the same input 
+  ** segments.
+  */
+  const u32 nMinMerge = 64;       /* Minimum amount of incr-merge work to do */
+
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab;
+  int rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(p);
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK 
+   && p->nLeafAdd>(nMinMerge/16) 
+   && p->nAutoincrmerge && p->nAutoincrmerge!=0xff
+  ){
+    int mxLevel = 0;              /* Maximum relative level value in db */
+    int A;                        /* Incr-merge parameter A */
+
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3MaxLevel(p, &mxLevel);
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || mxLevel==0 );
+    A = p->nLeafAdd * mxLevel;
+    A += (A/2);
+    if( A>(int)nMinMerge ) rc = sqlite3Fts3Incrmerge(p, A, p->nAutoincrmerge);
+  }
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
-** Implementation of xBegin() method. This is a no-op.
+** If it is currently unknown whether or not the FTS table has an %_stat
+** table (if p->bHasStat==2), attempt to determine this (set p->bHasStat
+** to 0 or 1). Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code
+** if an error occurs.
+*/
+static int fts3SetHasStat(Fts3Table *p){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( p->bHasStat==2 ){
+    const char *zFmt ="SELECT 1 FROM %Q.sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='%q_stat'";
+    char *zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(zFmt, p->zDb, p->zName);
+    if( zSql ){
+      sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        int bHasStat = (sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW);
+        rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) p->bHasStat = bHasStat;
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of xBegin() method. 
 */
 static int fts3BeginMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
-  TESTONLY( Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab );
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVtab);
   assert( p->pSegments==0 );
   assert( p->nPendingData==0 );
   assert( p->inTransaction!=1 );
   TESTONLY( p->inTransaction = 1 );
   TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = -1; );
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  p->nLeafAdd = 0;
+  return fts3SetHasStat(p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -120002,6 +130442,10 @@
   sqlite3 *db = p->db;            /* Database connection */
   int rc;                         /* Return Code */
 
+  /* At this point it must be known if the %_stat table exists or not.
+  ** So bHasStat may not be 2.  */
+  rc = fts3SetHasStat(p);
+  
   /* As it happens, the pending terms table is always empty here. This is
   ** because an "ALTER TABLE RENAME TABLE" statement inside a transaction 
   ** always opens a savepoint transaction. And the xSavepoint() method 
@@ -120009,7 +130453,9 @@
   ** PendingTermsFlush() in in case that changes.
   */
   assert( p->nPendingData==0 );
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(p);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(p);
+  }
 
   if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
     fts3DbExec(&rc, db,
@@ -120047,11 +130493,15 @@
 ** Flush the contents of the pending-terms table to disk.
 */
 static int fts3SavepointMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int iSavepoint){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(iSavepoint);
   assert( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->inTransaction );
   assert( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->mxSavepoint < iSavepoint );
   TESTONLY( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->mxSavepoint = iSavepoint );
-  return fts3SyncMethod(pVtab);
+  if( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->bIgnoreSavepoint==0 ){
+    rc = fts3SyncMethod(pVtab);
+  }
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -120133,12 +130583,15 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3PorterTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3UnicodeTokenizer(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3IcuTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
 #endif
 
 /*
-** Initialise the fts3 extension. If this extension is built as part
+** Initialize the fts3 extension. If this extension is built as part
 ** of the sqlite library, then this function is called directly by
 ** SQLite. If fts3 is built as a dynamically loadable extension, this
 ** function is called by the sqlite3_extension_init() entry point.
@@ -120148,12 +130601,19 @@
   Fts3Hash *pHash = 0;
   const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pSimple = 0;
   const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pPorter = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pUnicode = 0;
+#endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
   const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pIcu = 0;
   sqlite3Fts3IcuTokenizerModule(&pIcu);
 #endif
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+  sqlite3Fts3UnicodeTokenizer(&pUnicode);
+#endif
+
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   rc = sqlite3Fts3InitTerm(db);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
@@ -120165,7 +130625,7 @@
   sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule(&pSimple);
   sqlite3Fts3PorterTokenizerModule(&pPorter);
 
-  /* Allocate and initialise the hash-table used to store tokenizers. */
+  /* Allocate and initialize the hash-table used to store tokenizers. */
   pHash = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3Hash));
   if( !pHash ){
     rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
@@ -120177,6 +130637,10 @@
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     if( sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(pHash, "simple", 7, (void *)pSimple)
      || sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(pHash, "porter", 7, (void *)pPorter) 
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+     || sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(pHash, "unicode61", 10, (void *)pUnicode) 
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
      || (pIcu && sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(pHash, "icu", 4, (void *)pIcu))
 #endif
@@ -120211,9 +130675,13 @@
           db, "fts4", &fts3Module, (void *)pHash, 0
       );
     }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3InitTok(db, (void *)pHash);
+    }
     return rc;
   }
 
+
   /* An error has occurred. Delete the hash table and return the error code. */
   assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
   if( pHash ){
@@ -120469,6 +130937,12 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Maximum number of tokens a phrase may have to be considered for the
+** incremental doclists strategy.
+*/
+#define MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS 4
+
+/*
 ** This function is called for each Fts3Phrase in a full-text query 
 ** expression to initialize the mechanism for returning rows. Once this
 ** function has been called successfully on an Fts3Phrase, it may be
@@ -120481,23 +130955,43 @@
 ** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error occurs, otherwise an SQLite error code.
 */
 static int fts3EvalPhraseStart(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, int bOptOk, Fts3Phrase *p){
-  int rc;                         /* Error code */
-  Fts3PhraseToken *pFirst = &p->aToken[0];
   Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Error code */
+  int i;
 
-  if( pCsr->bDesc==pTab->bDescIdx 
-   && bOptOk==1 
-   && p->nToken==1 
-   && pFirst->pSegcsr 
-   && pFirst->pSegcsr->bLookup 
-   && pFirst->bFirst==0
-  ){
+  /* Determine if doclists may be loaded from disk incrementally. This is
+  ** possible if the bOptOk argument is true, the FTS doclists will be
+  ** scanned in forward order, and the phrase consists of 
+  ** MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS or fewer tokens, none of which are are "^first"
+  ** tokens or prefix tokens that cannot use a prefix-index.  */
+  int bHaveIncr = 0;
+  int bIncrOk = (bOptOk 
+   && pCsr->bDesc==pTab->bDescIdx 
+   && p->nToken<=MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS && p->nToken>0
+   && p->nToken<=MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS && p->nToken>0
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+   && pTab->bNoIncrDoclist==0
+#endif
+  );
+  for(i=0; bIncrOk==1 && i<p->nToken; i++){
+    Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &p->aToken[i];
+    if( pToken->bFirst || (pToken->pSegcsr!=0 && !pToken->pSegcsr->bLookup) ){
+      bIncrOk = 0;
+    }
+    if( pToken->pSegcsr ) bHaveIncr = 1;
+  }
+
+  if( bIncrOk && bHaveIncr ){
     /* Use the incremental approach. */
     int iCol = (p->iColumn >= pTab->nColumn ? -1 : p->iColumn);
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrStart(
-        pTab, pFirst->pSegcsr, iCol, pFirst->z, pFirst->n);
+    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nToken; i++){
+      Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &p->aToken[i];
+      Fts3MultiSegReader *pSegcsr = pToken->pSegcsr;
+      if( pSegcsr ){
+        rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrStart(pTab, pSegcsr, iCol, pToken->z, pToken->n);
+      }
+    }
     p->bIncr = 1;
-
   }else{
     /* Load the full doclist for the phrase into memory. */
     rc = fts3EvalPhraseLoad(pCsr, p);
@@ -120524,7 +131018,7 @@
   int nDoclist,                   /* Length of aDoclist in bytes */
   char **ppIter,                  /* IN/OUT: Iterator pointer */
   sqlite3_int64 *piDocid,         /* IN/OUT: Docid pointer */
-  int *pnList,                    /* IN/OUT: List length pointer */
+  int *pnList,                    /* OUT: List length pointer */
   u8 *pbEof                       /* OUT: End-of-file flag */
 ){
   char *p = *ppIter;
@@ -120572,6 +131066,251 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Iterate forwards through a doclist.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3DoclistNext(
+  int bDescIdx,                   /* True if the doclist is desc */
+  char *aDoclist,                 /* Pointer to entire doclist */
+  int nDoclist,                   /* Length of aDoclist in bytes */
+  char **ppIter,                  /* IN/OUT: Iterator pointer */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piDocid,         /* IN/OUT: Docid pointer */
+  u8 *pbEof                       /* OUT: End-of-file flag */
+){
+  char *p = *ppIter;
+
+  assert( nDoclist>0 );
+  assert( *pbEof==0 );
+  assert( p || *piDocid==0 );
+  assert( !p || (p>=aDoclist && p<=&aDoclist[nDoclist]) );
+
+  if( p==0 ){
+    p = aDoclist;
+    p += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, piDocid);
+  }else{
+    fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p);
+    if( p>=&aDoclist[nDoclist] ){
+      *pbEof = 1;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_int64 iVar;
+      p += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, &iVar);
+      *piDocid += ((bDescIdx ? -1 : 1) * iVar);
+    }
+  }
+
+  *ppIter = p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Advance the iterator pDL to the next entry in pDL->aAll/nAll. Set *pbEof
+** to true if EOF is reached.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalDlPhraseNext(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,
+  Fts3Doclist *pDL,
+  u8 *pbEof
+){
+  char *pIter;                            /* Used to iterate through aAll */
+  char *pEnd = &pDL->aAll[pDL->nAll];     /* 1 byte past end of aAll */
+ 
+  if( pDL->pNextDocid ){
+    pIter = pDL->pNextDocid;
+  }else{
+    pIter = pDL->aAll;
+  }
+
+  if( pIter>=pEnd ){
+    /* We have already reached the end of this doclist. EOF. */
+    *pbEof = 1;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
+    pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pIter, &iDelta);
+    if( pTab->bDescIdx==0 || pDL->pNextDocid==0 ){
+      pDL->iDocid += iDelta;
+    }else{
+      pDL->iDocid -= iDelta;
+    }
+    pDL->pList = pIter;
+    fts3PoslistCopy(0, &pIter);
+    pDL->nList = (int)(pIter - pDL->pList);
+
+    /* pIter now points just past the 0x00 that terminates the position-
+    ** list for document pDL->iDocid. However, if this position-list was
+    ** edited in place by fts3EvalNearTrim(), then pIter may not actually
+    ** point to the start of the next docid value. The following line deals
+    ** with this case by advancing pIter past the zero-padding added by
+    ** fts3EvalNearTrim().  */
+    while( pIter<pEnd && *pIter==0 ) pIter++;
+
+    pDL->pNextDocid = pIter;
+    assert( pIter>=&pDL->aAll[pDL->nAll] || *pIter );
+    *pbEof = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Helper type used by fts3EvalIncrPhraseNext() and incrPhraseTokenNext().
+*/
+typedef struct TokenDoclist TokenDoclist;
+struct TokenDoclist {
+  int bIgnore;
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid;
+  char *pList;
+  int nList;
+};
+
+/*
+** Token pToken is an incrementally loaded token that is part of a 
+** multi-token phrase. Advance it to the next matching document in the
+** database and populate output variable *p with the details of the new
+** entry. Or, if the iterator has reached EOF, set *pbEof to true.
+**
+** If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code. Otherwise, return 
+** SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int incrPhraseTokenNext(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,                /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3Phrase *pPhrase,            /* Phrase to advance token of */
+  int iToken,                     /* Specific token to advance */
+  TokenDoclist *p,                /* OUT: Docid and doclist for new entry */
+  u8 *pbEof                       /* OUT: True if iterator is at EOF */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( pPhrase->iDoclistToken==iToken ){
+    assert( p->bIgnore==0 );
+    assert( pPhrase->aToken[iToken].pSegcsr==0 );
+    fts3EvalDlPhraseNext(pTab, &pPhrase->doclist, pbEof);
+    p->pList = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+    p->nList = pPhrase->doclist.nList;
+    p->iDocid = pPhrase->doclist.iDocid;
+  }else{
+    Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &pPhrase->aToken[iToken];
+    assert( pToken->pDeferred==0 );
+    assert( pToken->pSegcsr || pPhrase->iDoclistToken>=0 );
+    if( pToken->pSegcsr ){
+      assert( p->bIgnore==0 );
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(
+          pTab, pToken->pSegcsr, &p->iDocid, &p->pList, &p->nList
+      );
+      if( p->pList==0 ) *pbEof = 1;
+    }else{
+      p->bIgnore = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** The phrase iterator passed as the second argument:
+**
+**   * features at least one token that uses an incremental doclist, and 
+**
+**   * does not contain any deferred tokens.
+**
+** Advance it to the next matching documnent in the database and populate
+** the Fts3Doclist.pList and nList fields. 
+**
+** If there is no "next" entry and no error occurs, then *pbEof is set to
+** 1 before returning. Otherwise, if no error occurs and the iterator is
+** successfully advanced, *pbEof is set to 0.
+**
+** If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code. Otherwise, return 
+** SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalIncrPhraseNext(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS Cursor handle */
+  Fts3Phrase *p,                  /* Phrase object to advance to next docid */
+  u8 *pbEof                       /* OUT: Set to 1 if EOF */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Fts3Doclist *pDL = &p->doclist;
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  u8 bEof = 0;
+
+  /* This is only called if it is guaranteed that the phrase has at least
+  ** one incremental token. In which case the bIncr flag is set. */
+  assert( p->bIncr==1 );
+
+  if( p->nToken==1 && p->bIncr ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(pTab, p->aToken[0].pSegcsr, 
+        &pDL->iDocid, &pDL->pList, &pDL->nList
+    );
+    if( pDL->pList==0 ) bEof = 1;
+  }else{
+    int bDescDoclist = pCsr->bDesc;
+    struct TokenDoclist a[MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS];
+
+    memset(a, 0, sizeof(a));
+    assert( p->nToken<=MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS );
+    assert( p->iDoclistToken<MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS );
+
+    while( bEof==0 ){
+      int bMaxSet = 0;
+      sqlite3_int64 iMax = 0;     /* Largest docid for all iterators */
+      int i;                      /* Used to iterate through tokens */
+
+      /* Advance the iterator for each token in the phrase once. */
+      for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nToken && bEof==0; i++){
+        rc = incrPhraseTokenNext(pTab, p, i, &a[i], &bEof);
+        if( a[i].bIgnore==0 && (bMaxSet==0 || DOCID_CMP(iMax, a[i].iDocid)<0) ){
+          iMax = a[i].iDocid;
+          bMaxSet = 1;
+        }
+      }
+      assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || a[p->nToken-1].bIgnore==0 );
+      assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || bMaxSet );
+
+      /* Keep advancing iterators until they all point to the same document */
+      for(i=0; i<p->nToken; i++){
+        while( rc==SQLITE_OK && bEof==0 
+            && a[i].bIgnore==0 && DOCID_CMP(a[i].iDocid, iMax)<0 
+        ){
+          rc = incrPhraseTokenNext(pTab, p, i, &a[i], &bEof);
+          if( DOCID_CMP(a[i].iDocid, iMax)>0 ){
+            iMax = a[i].iDocid;
+            i = 0;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      /* Check if the current entries really are a phrase match */
+      if( bEof==0 ){
+        int nList = 0;
+        int nByte = a[p->nToken-1].nList;
+        char *aDoclist = sqlite3_malloc(nByte+1);
+        if( !aDoclist ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        memcpy(aDoclist, a[p->nToken-1].pList, nByte+1);
+
+        for(i=0; i<(p->nToken-1); i++){
+          if( a[i].bIgnore==0 ){
+            char *pL = a[i].pList;
+            char *pR = aDoclist;
+            char *pOut = aDoclist;
+            int nDist = p->nToken-1-i;
+            int res = fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&pOut, nDist, 0, 1, &pL, &pR);
+            if( res==0 ) break;
+            nList = (int)(pOut - aDoclist);
+          }
+        }
+        if( i==(p->nToken-1) ){
+          pDL->iDocid = iMax;
+          pDL->pList = aDoclist;
+          pDL->nList = nList;
+          pDL->bFreeList = 1;
+          break;
+        }
+        sqlite3_free(aDoclist);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  *pbEof = bEof;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Attempt to move the phrase iterator to point to the next matching docid. 
 ** If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code. Otherwise, return 
 ** SQLITE_OK.
@@ -120590,55 +131329,14 @@
   Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
 
   if( p->bIncr ){
-    assert( p->nToken==1 );
-    assert( pDL->pNextDocid==0 );
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(pTab, p->aToken[0].pSegcsr, 
-        &pDL->iDocid, &pDL->pList, &pDL->nList
-    );
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pDL->pList ){
-      *pbEof = 1;
-    }
+    rc = fts3EvalIncrPhraseNext(pCsr, p, pbEof);
   }else if( pCsr->bDesc!=pTab->bDescIdx && pDL->nAll ){
     sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(pTab->bDescIdx, pDL->aAll, pDL->nAll, 
         &pDL->pNextDocid, &pDL->iDocid, &pDL->nList, pbEof
     );
     pDL->pList = pDL->pNextDocid;
   }else{
-    char *pIter;                            /* Used to iterate through aAll */
-    char *pEnd = &pDL->aAll[pDL->nAll];     /* 1 byte past end of aAll */
-    if( pDL->pNextDocid ){
-      pIter = pDL->pNextDocid;
-    }else{
-      pIter = pDL->aAll;
-    }
-
-    if( pIter>=pEnd ){
-      /* We have already reached the end of this doclist. EOF. */
-      *pbEof = 1;
-    }else{
-      sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
-      pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pIter, &iDelta);
-      if( pTab->bDescIdx==0 || pDL->pNextDocid==0 ){
-        pDL->iDocid += iDelta;
-      }else{
-        pDL->iDocid -= iDelta;
-      }
-      pDL->pList = pIter;
-      fts3PoslistCopy(0, &pIter);
-      pDL->nList = (int)(pIter - pDL->pList);
-
-      /* pIter now points just past the 0x00 that terminates the position-
-      ** list for document pDL->iDocid. However, if this position-list was
-      ** edited in place by fts3EvalNearTrim(), then pIter may not actually
-      ** point to the start of the next docid value. The following line deals
-      ** with this case by advancing pIter past the zero-padding added by
-      ** fts3EvalNearTrim().  */
-      while( pIter<pEnd && *pIter==0 ) pIter++;
-
-      pDL->pNextDocid = pIter;
-      assert( pIter>=&pDL->aAll[pDL->nAll] || *pIter );
-      *pbEof = 0;
-    }
+    fts3EvalDlPhraseNext(pTab, pDL, pbEof);
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -120663,7 +131361,6 @@
 static void fts3EvalStartReaders(
   Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS Cursor handle */
   Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Expression to initialize phrases in */
-  int bOptOk,                     /* True to enable incremental loading */
   int *pRc                        /* IN/OUT: Error code */
 ){
   if( pExpr && SQLITE_OK==*pRc ){
@@ -120674,10 +131371,10 @@
         if( pExpr->pPhrase->aToken[i].pDeferred==0 ) break;
       }
       pExpr->bDeferred = (i==nToken);
-      *pRc = fts3EvalPhraseStart(pCsr, bOptOk, pExpr->pPhrase);
+      *pRc = fts3EvalPhraseStart(pCsr, 1, pExpr->pPhrase);
     }else{
-      fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, bOptOk, pRc);
-      fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, bOptOk, pRc);
+      fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, pRc);
+      fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, pRc);
       pExpr->bDeferred = (pExpr->pLeft->bDeferred && pExpr->pRight->bDeferred);
     }
   }
@@ -120919,7 +131616,7 @@
       ** overflowing the 32-bit integer it is stored in. */
       if( ii<12 ) nLoad4 = nLoad4*4;
 
-      if( ii==0 || pTC->pPhrase->nToken>1 ){
+      if( ii==0 || (pTC->pPhrase->nToken>1 && ii!=nToken-1) ){
         /* Either this is the cheapest token in the entire query, or it is
         ** part of a multi-token phrase. Either way, the entire doclist will
         ** (eventually) be loaded into memory. It may as well be now. */
@@ -120966,7 +131663,8 @@
   fts3EvalAllocateReaders(pCsr, pCsr->pExpr, &nToken, &nOr, &rc);
 
   /* Determine which, if any, tokens in the expression should be deferred. */
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nToken>1 && pTab->bHasStat ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS4_DEFERRED
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nToken>1 && pTab->bFts4 ){
     Fts3TokenAndCost *aTC;
     Fts3Expr **apOr;
     aTC = (Fts3TokenAndCost *)sqlite3_malloc(
@@ -120996,8 +131694,9 @@
       sqlite3_free(aTC);
     }
   }
+#endif
 
-  fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pCsr->pExpr, 1, &rc);
+  fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pCsr->pExpr, &rc);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -121271,35 +131970,39 @@
       nTmp += p->pRight->pPhrase->doclist.nList;
     }
     nTmp += p->pPhrase->doclist.nList;
-    aTmp = sqlite3_malloc(nTmp*2);
-    if( !aTmp ){
-      *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    if( nTmp==0 ){
       res = 0;
     }else{
-      char *aPoslist = p->pPhrase->doclist.pList;
-      int nToken = p->pPhrase->nToken;
+      aTmp = sqlite3_malloc(nTmp*2);
+      if( !aTmp ){
+        *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        res = 0;
+      }else{
+        char *aPoslist = p->pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+        int nToken = p->pPhrase->nToken;
 
-      for(p=p->pParent;res && p && p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR; p=p->pParent){
-        Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = p->pRight->pPhrase;
-        int nNear = p->nNear;
-        res = fts3EvalNearTrim(nNear, aTmp, &aPoslist, &nToken, pPhrase);
+        for(p=p->pParent;res && p && p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR; p=p->pParent){
+          Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = p->pRight->pPhrase;
+          int nNear = p->nNear;
+          res = fts3EvalNearTrim(nNear, aTmp, &aPoslist, &nToken, pPhrase);
+        }
+
+        aPoslist = pExpr->pRight->pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+        nToken = pExpr->pRight->pPhrase->nToken;
+        for(p=pExpr->pLeft; p && res; p=p->pLeft){
+          int nNear;
+          Fts3Phrase *pPhrase;
+          assert( p->pParent && p->pParent->pLeft==p );
+          nNear = p->pParent->nNear;
+          pPhrase = (
+              p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ? p->pRight->pPhrase : p->pPhrase
+              );
+          res = fts3EvalNearTrim(nNear, aTmp, &aPoslist, &nToken, pPhrase);
+        }
       }
-  
-      aPoslist = pExpr->pRight->pPhrase->doclist.pList;
-      nToken = pExpr->pRight->pPhrase->nToken;
-      for(p=pExpr->pLeft; p && res; p=p->pLeft){
-        int nNear;
-        Fts3Phrase *pPhrase;
-        assert( p->pParent && p->pParent->pLeft==p );
-        nNear = p->pParent->nNear;
-        pPhrase = (
-            p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ? p->pRight->pPhrase : p->pPhrase
-        );
-        res = fts3EvalNearTrim(nNear, aTmp, &aPoslist, &nToken, pPhrase);
-      }
+
+      sqlite3_free(aTmp);
     }
-
-    sqlite3_free(aTmp);
   }
 
   return res;
@@ -121379,6 +132082,7 @@
         break;
 
       default: {
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS4_DEFERRED
         if( pCsr->pDeferred 
          && (pExpr->iDocid==pCsr->iPrevId || pExpr->bDeferred)
         ){
@@ -121390,7 +132094,9 @@
           *pRc = fts3EvalDeferredPhrase(pCsr, pPhrase);
           bHit = (pPhrase->doclist.pList!=0);
           pExpr->iDocid = pCsr->iPrevId;
-        }else{
+        }else
+#endif
+        {
           bHit = (pExpr->bEof==0 && pExpr->iDocid==pCsr->iPrevId);
         }
         break;
@@ -121473,6 +132179,16 @@
       pCsr->iPrevId = pExpr->iDocid;
     }while( pCsr->isEof==0 && fts3EvalTestDeferredAndNear(pCsr, &rc) );
   }
+
+  /* Check if the cursor is past the end of the docid range specified
+  ** by Fts3Cursor.iMinDocid/iMaxDocid. If so, set the EOF flag.  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (
+        (pCsr->bDesc==0 && pCsr->iPrevId>pCsr->iMaxDocid)
+     || (pCsr->bDesc!=0 && pCsr->iPrevId<pCsr->iMinDocid)
+  )){
+    pCsr->isEof = 1;
+  }
+
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -121496,12 +132212,16 @@
     if( pPhrase ){
       fts3EvalInvalidatePoslist(pPhrase);
       if( pPhrase->bIncr ){
-        assert( pPhrase->nToken==1 );
-        assert( pPhrase->aToken[0].pSegcsr );
-        sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrRestart(pPhrase->aToken[0].pSegcsr);
+        int i;
+        for(i=0; i<pPhrase->nToken; i++){
+          Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &pPhrase->aToken[i];
+          assert( pToken->pDeferred==0 );
+          if( pToken->pSegcsr ){
+            sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrRestart(pToken->pSegcsr);
+          }
+        }
         *pRc = fts3EvalPhraseStart(pCsr, 0, pPhrase);
       }
-
       pPhrase->doclist.pNextDocid = 0;
       pPhrase->doclist.iDocid = 0;
     }
@@ -121546,7 +132266,7 @@
         pExpr->aMI[iCol*3 + 2] += (iCnt>0);
         if( *p==0x00 ) break;
         p++;
-        p += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p, &iCol);
+        p += fts3GetVarint32(p, &iCol);
       }
     }
 
@@ -121716,7 +132436,7 @@
 ** of the current row. 
 **
 ** More specifically, the returned buffer contains 1 varint for each 
-** occurence of the phrase in the column, stored using the normal (delta+2) 
+** occurrence of the phrase in the column, stored using the normal (delta+2) 
 ** compression and is terminated by either an 0x01 or 0x00 byte. For example,
 ** if the requested column contains "a b X c d X X" and the position-list
 ** for 'X' is requested, the buffer returned may contain:
@@ -121726,29 +132446,128 @@
 ** This function works regardless of whether or not the phrase is deferred,
 ** incremental, or neither.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(
   Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS3 cursor object */
   Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Phrase to return doclist for */
-  int iCol                        /* Column to return position list for */
+  int iCol,                       /* Column to return position list for */
+  char **ppOut                    /* OUT: Pointer to position list */
 ){
   Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
   Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
-  char *pIter = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+  char *pIter;
   int iThis;
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid;
 
+  /* If this phrase is applies specifically to some column other than 
+  ** column iCol, return a NULL pointer.  */
+  *ppOut = 0;
   assert( iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nColumn );
-  if( !pIter 
-   || pExpr->bEof 
-   || pExpr->iDocid!=pCsr->iPrevId
-   || (pPhrase->iColumn<pTab->nColumn && pPhrase->iColumn!=iCol) 
-  ){
-    return 0;
+  if( (pPhrase->iColumn<pTab->nColumn && pPhrase->iColumn!=iCol) ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
-  assert( pPhrase->doclist.nList>0 );
+  iDocid = pExpr->iDocid;
+  pIter = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+  if( iDocid!=pCsr->iPrevId || pExpr->bEof ){
+    int bDescDoclist = pTab->bDescIdx;      /* For DOCID_CMP macro */
+    int iMul;                     /* +1 if csr dir matches index dir, else -1 */
+    int bOr = 0;
+    u8 bEof = 0;
+    u8 bTreeEof = 0;
+    Fts3Expr *p;                  /* Used to iterate from pExpr to root */
+    Fts3Expr *pNear;              /* Most senior NEAR ancestor (or pExpr) */
+
+    /* Check if this phrase descends from an OR expression node. If not, 
+    ** return NULL. Otherwise, the entry that corresponds to docid 
+    ** pCsr->iPrevId may lie earlier in the doclist buffer. Or, if the
+    ** tree that the node is part of has been marked as EOF, but the node
+    ** itself is not EOF, then it may point to an earlier entry. */
+    pNear = pExpr;
+    for(p=pExpr->pParent; p; p=p->pParent){
+      if( p->eType==FTSQUERY_OR ) bOr = 1;
+      if( p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ) pNear = p;
+      if( p->bEof ) bTreeEof = 1;
+    }
+    if( bOr==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+    /* This is the descendent of an OR node. In this case we cannot use
+    ** an incremental phrase. Load the entire doclist for the phrase
+    ** into memory in this case.  */
+    if( pPhrase->bIncr ){
+      int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      int bEofSave = pExpr->bEof;
+      fts3EvalRestart(pCsr, pExpr, &rc);
+      while( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pExpr->bEof ){
+        fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pExpr, &rc);
+        if( bEofSave==0 && pExpr->iDocid==iDocid ) break;
+      }
+      pIter = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+      assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pPhrase->bIncr==0 );
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    }
+    
+    iMul = ((pCsr->bDesc==bDescDoclist) ? 1 : -1);
+    while( bTreeEof==1 
+        && pNear->bEof==0
+        && (DOCID_CMP(pNear->iDocid, pCsr->iPrevId) * iMul)<0
+    ){
+      int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pExpr, &rc);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+      iDocid = pExpr->iDocid;
+      pIter = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+    }
+
+    bEof = (pPhrase->doclist.nAll==0);
+    assert( bDescDoclist==0 || bDescDoclist==1 );
+    assert( pCsr->bDesc==0 || pCsr->bDesc==1 );
+
+    if( bEof==0 ){
+      if( pCsr->bDesc==bDescDoclist ){
+        int dummy;
+        if( pNear->bEof ){
+          /* This expression is already at EOF. So position it to point to the
+          ** last entry in the doclist at pPhrase->doclist.aAll[]. Variable
+          ** iDocid is already set for this entry, so all that is required is
+          ** to set pIter to point to the first byte of the last position-list
+          ** in the doclist. 
+          **
+          ** It would also be correct to set pIter and iDocid to zero. In
+          ** this case, the first call to sqltie3Fts4DoclistPrev() below
+          ** would also move the iterator to point to the last entry in the 
+          ** doclist. However, this is expensive, as to do so it has to 
+          ** iterate through the entire doclist from start to finish (since
+          ** it does not know the docid for the last entry).  */
+          pIter = &pPhrase->doclist.aAll[pPhrase->doclist.nAll-1];
+          fts3ReversePoslist(pPhrase->doclist.aAll, &pIter);
+        }
+        while( (pIter==0 || DOCID_CMP(iDocid, pCsr->iPrevId)>0 ) && bEof==0 ){
+          sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(
+              bDescDoclist, pPhrase->doclist.aAll, pPhrase->doclist.nAll, 
+              &pIter, &iDocid, &dummy, &bEof
+          );
+        }
+      }else{
+        if( pNear->bEof ){
+          pIter = 0;
+          iDocid = 0;
+        }
+        while( (pIter==0 || DOCID_CMP(iDocid, pCsr->iPrevId)<0 ) && bEof==0 ){
+          sqlite3Fts3DoclistNext(
+              bDescDoclist, pPhrase->doclist.aAll, pPhrase->doclist.nAll, 
+              &pIter, &iDocid, &bEof
+          );
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( bEof || iDocid!=pCsr->iPrevId ) pIter = 0;
+  }
+  if( pIter==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
   if( *pIter==0x01 ){
     pIter++;
-    pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pIter, &iThis);
+    pIter += fts3GetVarint32(pIter, &iThis);
   }else{
     iThis = 0;
   }
@@ -121756,10 +132575,11 @@
     fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &pIter);
     if( *pIter==0x00 ) return 0;
     pIter++;
-    pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pIter, &iThis);
+    pIter += fts3GetVarint32(pIter, &iThis);
   }
 
-  return ((iCol==iThis)?pIter:0);
+  *ppOut = ((iCol==iThis)?pIter:0);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -121782,6 +132602,7 @@
   }
 }
 
+
 /*
 ** Return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB.
 */
@@ -121795,7 +132616,10 @@
 /*
 ** Initialize API pointer table, if required.
 */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
+#ifdef _WIN32
+__declspec(dllexport)
+#endif
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_fts3_init(
   sqlite3 *db, 
   char **pzErrMsg,
   const sqlite3_api_routines *pApi
@@ -121841,6 +132665,7 @@
   Fts3SegFilter filter;
   char *zStop;
   int nStop;                      /* Byte-length of string zStop */
+  int iLangid;                    /* Language id to query */
   int isEof;                      /* True if cursor is at EOF */
   sqlite3_int64 iRowid;           /* Current rowid */
 
@@ -121855,7 +132680,8 @@
 /*
 ** Schema of the terms table.
 */
-#define FTS3_TERMS_SCHEMA "CREATE TABLE x(term, col, documents, occurrences)"
+#define FTS3_AUX_SCHEMA \
+  "CREATE TABLE x(term, col, documents, occurrences, languageid HIDDEN)"
 
 /*
 ** This function does all the work for both the xConnect and xCreate methods.
@@ -121880,20 +132706,29 @@
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pUnused);
 
-  /* The user should specify a single argument - the name of an fts3 table. */
-  if( argc!=4 ){
-    *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf(
-        "wrong number of arguments to fts4aux constructor"
-    );
-    return SQLITE_ERROR;
-  }
+  /* The user should invoke this in one of two forms:
+  **
+  **     CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE xxx USING fts4aux(fts4-table);
+  **     CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE xxx USING fts4aux(fts4-table-db, fts4-table);
+  */
+  if( argc!=4 && argc!=5 ) goto bad_args;
 
   zDb = argv[1]; 
   nDb = (int)strlen(zDb);
-  zFts3 = argv[3];
+  if( argc==5 ){
+    if( nDb==4 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp("temp", zDb, 4) ){
+      zDb = argv[3]; 
+      nDb = (int)strlen(zDb);
+      zFts3 = argv[4];
+    }else{
+      goto bad_args;
+    }
+  }else{
+    zFts3 = argv[3];
+  }
   nFts3 = (int)strlen(zFts3);
 
-  rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(db, FTS3_TERMS_SCHEMA);
+  rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(db, FTS3_AUX_SCHEMA);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
 
   nByte = sizeof(Fts3auxTable) + sizeof(Fts3Table) + nDb + nFts3 + 2;
@@ -121913,6 +132748,10 @@
 
   *ppVtab = (sqlite3_vtab *)p;
   return SQLITE_OK;
+
+ bad_args:
+  *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("invalid arguments to fts4aux constructor");
+  return SQLITE_ERROR;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -121949,6 +132788,8 @@
   int iEq = -1;
   int iGe = -1;
   int iLe = -1;
+  int iLangid = -1;
+  int iNext = 1;                  /* Next free argvIndex value */
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVTab);
 
@@ -121960,36 +132801,48 @@
     pInfo->orderByConsumed = 1;
   }
 
-  /* Search for equality and range constraints on the "term" column. */
+  /* Search for equality and range constraints on the "term" column. 
+  ** And equality constraints on the hidden "languageid" column. */
   for(i=0; i<pInfo->nConstraint; i++){
-    if( pInfo->aConstraint[i].usable && pInfo->aConstraint[i].iColumn==0 ){
+    if( pInfo->aConstraint[i].usable ){
       int op = pInfo->aConstraint[i].op;
-      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ ) iEq = i;
-      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT ) iLe = i;
-      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE ) iLe = i;
-      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT ) iGe = i;
-      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE ) iGe = i;
+      int iCol = pInfo->aConstraint[i].iColumn;
+
+      if( iCol==0 ){
+        if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ ) iEq = i;
+        if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT ) iLe = i;
+        if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE ) iLe = i;
+        if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT ) iGe = i;
+        if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE ) iGe = i;
+      }
+      if( iCol==4 ){
+        if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ ) iLangid = i;
+      }
     }
   }
 
   if( iEq>=0 ){
     pInfo->idxNum = FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT;
-    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iEq].argvIndex = 1;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iEq].argvIndex = iNext++;
     pInfo->estimatedCost = 5;
   }else{
     pInfo->idxNum = 0;
     pInfo->estimatedCost = 20000;
     if( iGe>=0 ){
       pInfo->idxNum += FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT;
-      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iGe].argvIndex = 1;
+      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iGe].argvIndex = iNext++;
       pInfo->estimatedCost /= 2;
     }
     if( iLe>=0 ){
       pInfo->idxNum += FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT;
-      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iLe].argvIndex = 1 + (iGe>=0);
+      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iLe].argvIndex = iNext++;
       pInfo->estimatedCost /= 2;
     }
   }
+  if( iLangid>=0 ){
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iLangid].argvIndex = iNext++;
+    pInfo->estimatedCost--;
+  }
 
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -122149,7 +133002,14 @@
   Fts3auxCursor *pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
   Fts3Table *pFts3 = ((Fts3auxTable *)pCursor->pVtab)->pFts3Tab;
   int rc;
-  int isScan;
+  int isScan = 0;
+  int iLangVal = 0;               /* Language id to query */
+
+  int iEq = -1;                   /* Index of term=? value in apVal */
+  int iGe = -1;                   /* Index of term>=? value in apVal */
+  int iLe = -1;                   /* Index of term<=? value in apVal */
+  int iLangid = -1;               /* Index of languageid=? value in apVal */
+  int iNext = 0;
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(idxStr);
@@ -122159,7 +133019,21 @@
        || idxNum==FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT || idxNum==FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT
        || idxNum==(FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT|FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT)
   );
-  isScan = (idxNum!=FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT);
+
+  if( idxNum==FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT ){
+    iEq = iNext++;
+  }else{
+    isScan = 1;
+    if( idxNum & FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT ){
+      iGe = iNext++;
+    }
+    if( idxNum & FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT ){
+      iLe = iNext++;
+    }
+  }
+  if( iNext<nVal ){
+    iLangid = iNext++;
+  }
 
   /* In case this cursor is being reused, close and zero it. */
   testcase(pCsr->filter.zTerm);
@@ -122171,22 +133045,35 @@
   pCsr->filter.flags = FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS|FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY;
   if( isScan ) pCsr->filter.flags |= FTS3_SEGMENT_SCAN;
 
-  if( idxNum&(FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT|FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT) ){
+  if( iEq>=0 || iGe>=0 ){
     const unsigned char *zStr = sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
+    assert( (iEq==0 && iGe==-1) || (iEq==-1 && iGe==0) );
     if( zStr ){
       pCsr->filter.zTerm = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zStr);
       pCsr->filter.nTerm = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[0]);
       if( pCsr->filter.zTerm==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
   }
-  if( idxNum&FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT ){
-    int iIdx = (idxNum&FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT) ? 1 : 0;
-    pCsr->zStop = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_value_text(apVal[iIdx]));
-    pCsr->nStop = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[iIdx]);
+
+  if( iLe>=0 ){
+    pCsr->zStop = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_value_text(apVal[iLe]));
+    pCsr->nStop = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[iLe]);
     if( pCsr->zStop==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
+  
+  if( iLangid>=0 ){
+    iLangVal = sqlite3_value_int(apVal[iLangid]);
 
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(pFts3, 0, 0, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL,
+    /* If the user specified a negative value for the languageid, use zero
+    ** instead. This works, as the "languageid=?" constraint will also
+    ** be tested by the VDBE layer. The test will always be false (since
+    ** this module will not return a row with a negative languageid), and
+    ** so the overall query will return zero rows.  */
+    if( iLangVal<0 ) iLangVal = 0;
+  }
+  pCsr->iLangid = iLangVal;
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(pFts3, iLangVal, 0, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL,
       pCsr->filter.zTerm, pCsr->filter.nTerm, 0, isScan, &pCsr->csr
   );
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -122210,24 +133097,37 @@
 */
 static int fts3auxColumnMethod(
   sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* Cursor to retrieve value from */
-  sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* Context for sqlite3_result_xxx() calls */
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx,          /* Context for sqlite3_result_xxx() calls */
   int iCol                        /* Index of column to read value from */
 ){
   Fts3auxCursor *p = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
 
   assert( p->isEof==0 );
-  if( iCol==0 ){        /* Column "term" */
-    sqlite3_result_text(pContext, p->csr.zTerm, p->csr.nTerm, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
-  }else if( iCol==1 ){  /* Column "col" */
-    if( p->iCol ){
-      sqlite3_result_int(pContext, p->iCol-1);
-    }else{
-      sqlite3_result_text(pContext, "*", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
-    }
-  }else if( iCol==2 ){  /* Column "documents" */
-    sqlite3_result_int64(pContext, p->aStat[p->iCol].nDoc);
-  }else{                /* Column "occurrences" */
-    sqlite3_result_int64(pContext, p->aStat[p->iCol].nOcc);
+  switch( iCol ){
+    case 0: /* term */
+      sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, p->csr.zTerm, p->csr.nTerm, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      break;
+
+    case 1: /* col */
+      if( p->iCol ){
+        sqlite3_result_int(pCtx, p->iCol-1);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, "*", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 2: /* documents */
+      sqlite3_result_int64(pCtx, p->aStat[p->iCol].nDoc);
+      break;
+
+    case 3: /* occurrences */
+      sqlite3_result_int64(pCtx, p->aStat[p->iCol].nOcc);
+      break;
+
+    default: /* languageid */
+      assert( iCol==4 );
+      sqlite3_result_int(pCtx, p->iLangid);
+      break;
   }
 
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -122392,7 +133292,7 @@
 ** This function is equivalent to the standard isspace() function. 
 **
 ** The standard isspace() can be awkward to use safely, because although it
-** is defined to accept an argument of type int, its behaviour when passed
+** is defined to accept an argument of type int, its behavior when passed
 ** an integer that falls outside of the range of the unsigned char type
 ** is undefined (and sometimes, "undefined" means segfault). This wrapper
 ** is defined to accept an argument of type char, and always returns 0 for
@@ -122441,6 +133341,11 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** Function getNextNode(), which is called by fts3ExprParse(), may itself
+** call fts3ExprParse(). So this forward declaration is required.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprParse(ParseContext *, const char *, int, Fts3Expr **, int *);
 
 /*
 ** Extract the next token from buffer z (length n) using the tokenizer
@@ -122466,12 +133371,19 @@
   int rc;
   sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor;
   Fts3Expr *pRet = 0;
-  int nConsumed = 0;
+  int i = 0;
 
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3OpenTokenizer(pTokenizer, pParse->iLangid, z, n, &pCursor);
+  /* Set variable i to the maximum number of bytes of input to tokenize. */
+  for(i=0; i<n; i++){
+    if( sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses && (z[i]=='(' || z[i]==')') ) break;
+    if( z[i]=='*' || z[i]=='"' ) break;
+  }
+
+  *pnConsumed = i;
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3OpenTokenizer(pTokenizer, pParse->iLangid, z, i, &pCursor);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     const char *zToken;
-    int nToken, iStart, iEnd, iPosition;
+    int nToken = 0, iStart = 0, iEnd = 0, iPosition = 0;
     int nByte;                               /* total space to allocate */
 
     rc = pModule->xNext(pCursor, &zToken, &nToken, &iStart, &iEnd, &iPosition);
@@ -122509,13 +133421,14 @@
         }
 
       }
-      nConsumed = iEnd;
+      *pnConsumed = iEnd;
+    }else if( i && rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
     }
 
     pModule->xClose(pCursor);
   }
   
-  *pnConsumed = nConsumed;
   *ppExpr = pRet;
   return rc;
 }
@@ -122586,7 +133499,7 @@
     int ii;
     for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK; ii++){
       const char *zByte;
-      int nByte, iBegin, iEnd, iPos;
+      int nByte = 0, iBegin = 0, iEnd = 0, iPos = 0;
       rc = pModule->xNext(pCursor, &zByte, &nByte, &iBegin, &iEnd, &iPos);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         Fts3PhraseToken *pToken;
@@ -122656,12 +133569,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Function getNextNode(), which is called by fts3ExprParse(), may itself
-** call fts3ExprParse(). So this forward declaration is required.
-*/
-static int fts3ExprParse(ParseContext *, const char *, int, Fts3Expr **, int *);
-
-/*
 ** The output variable *ppExpr is populated with an allocated Fts3Expr 
 ** structure, or set to 0 if the end of the input buffer is reached.
 **
@@ -122757,27 +133664,6 @@
     }
   }
 
-  /* Check for an open bracket. */
-  if( sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses ){
-    if( *zInput=='(' ){
-      int nConsumed;
-      pParse->nNest++;
-      rc = fts3ExprParse(pParse, &zInput[1], nInput-1, ppExpr, &nConsumed);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !*ppExpr ){
-        rc = SQLITE_DONE;
-      }
-      *pnConsumed = (int)((zInput - z) + 1 + nConsumed);
-      return rc;
-    }
-  
-    /* Check for a close bracket. */
-    if( *zInput==')' ){
-      pParse->nNest--;
-      *pnConsumed = (int)((zInput - z) + 1);
-      return SQLITE_DONE;
-    }
-  }
-
   /* See if we are dealing with a quoted phrase. If this is the case, then
   ** search for the closing quote and pass the whole string to getNextString()
   ** for processing. This is easy to do, as fts3 has no syntax for escaping
@@ -122792,6 +133678,21 @@
     return getNextString(pParse, &zInput[1], ii-1, ppExpr);
   }
 
+  if( sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses ){
+    if( *zInput=='(' ){
+      int nConsumed = 0;
+      pParse->nNest++;
+      rc = fts3ExprParse(pParse, zInput+1, nInput-1, ppExpr, &nConsumed);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !*ppExpr ){ rc = SQLITE_DONE; }
+      *pnConsumed = (int)(zInput - z) + 1 + nConsumed;
+      return rc;
+    }else if( *zInput==')' ){
+      pParse->nNest--;
+      *pnConsumed = (int)((zInput - z) + 1);
+      *ppExpr = 0;
+      return SQLITE_DONE;
+    }
+  }
 
   /* If control flows to this point, this must be a regular token, or 
   ** the end of the input. Read a regular token using the sqlite3_tokenizer
@@ -122910,94 +133811,100 @@
   while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     Fts3Expr *p = 0;
     int nByte = 0;
+
     rc = getNextNode(pParse, zIn, nIn, &p, &nByte);
+    assert( nByte>0 || (rc!=SQLITE_OK && p==0) );
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      int isPhrase;
+      if( p ){
+        int isPhrase;
 
-      if( !sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses 
-       && p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE && pParse->isNot 
-      ){
-        /* Create an implicit NOT operator. */
-        Fts3Expr *pNot = fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
-        if( !pNot ){
-          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
-          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-          goto exprparse_out;
-        }
-        pNot->eType = FTSQUERY_NOT;
-        pNot->pRight = p;
-        if( pNotBranch ){
-          pNot->pLeft = pNotBranch;
-        }
-        pNotBranch = pNot;
-        p = pPrev;
-      }else{
-        int eType = p->eType;
-        isPhrase = (eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE || p->pLeft);
-
-        /* The isRequirePhrase variable is set to true if a phrase or
-        ** an expression contained in parenthesis is required. If a
-        ** binary operator (AND, OR, NOT or NEAR) is encounted when
-        ** isRequirePhrase is set, this is a syntax error.
-        */
-        if( !isPhrase && isRequirePhrase ){
-          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
-          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-          goto exprparse_out;
-        }
-  
-        if( isPhrase && !isRequirePhrase ){
-          /* Insert an implicit AND operator. */
-          Fts3Expr *pAnd;
-          assert( pRet && pPrev );
-          pAnd = fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
-          if( !pAnd ){
+        if( !sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses 
+            && p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE && pParse->isNot 
+        ){
+          /* Create an implicit NOT operator. */
+          Fts3Expr *pNot = fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
+          if( !pNot ){
             sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
             rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
             goto exprparse_out;
           }
-          pAnd->eType = FTSQUERY_AND;
-          insertBinaryOperator(&pRet, pPrev, pAnd);
-          pPrev = pAnd;
-        }
+          pNot->eType = FTSQUERY_NOT;
+          pNot->pRight = p;
+          p->pParent = pNot;
+          if( pNotBranch ){
+            pNot->pLeft = pNotBranch;
+            pNotBranch->pParent = pNot;
+          }
+          pNotBranch = pNot;
+          p = pPrev;
+        }else{
+          int eType = p->eType;
+          isPhrase = (eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE || p->pLeft);
 
-        /* This test catches attempts to make either operand of a NEAR
-        ** operator something other than a phrase. For example, either of
-        ** the following:
-        **
-        **    (bracketed expression) NEAR phrase
-        **    phrase NEAR (bracketed expression)
-        **
-        ** Return an error in either case.
-        */
-        if( pPrev && (
+          /* The isRequirePhrase variable is set to true if a phrase or
+          ** an expression contained in parenthesis is required. If a
+          ** binary operator (AND, OR, NOT or NEAR) is encounted when
+          ** isRequirePhrase is set, this is a syntax error.
+          */
+          if( !isPhrase && isRequirePhrase ){
+            sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
+            rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+            goto exprparse_out;
+          }
+
+          if( isPhrase && !isRequirePhrase ){
+            /* Insert an implicit AND operator. */
+            Fts3Expr *pAnd;
+            assert( pRet && pPrev );
+            pAnd = fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
+            if( !pAnd ){
+              sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
+              rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+              goto exprparse_out;
+            }
+            pAnd->eType = FTSQUERY_AND;
+            insertBinaryOperator(&pRet, pPrev, pAnd);
+            pPrev = pAnd;
+          }
+
+          /* This test catches attempts to make either operand of a NEAR
+           ** operator something other than a phrase. For example, either of
+           ** the following:
+           **
+           **    (bracketed expression) NEAR phrase
+           **    phrase NEAR (bracketed expression)
+           **
+           ** Return an error in either case.
+           */
+          if( pPrev && (
             (eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR && !isPhrase && pPrev->eType!=FTSQUERY_PHRASE)
          || (eType!=FTSQUERY_PHRASE && isPhrase && pPrev->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR)
-        )){
-          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
-          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-          goto exprparse_out;
-        }
-  
-        if( isPhrase ){
-          if( pRet ){
-            assert( pPrev && pPrev->pLeft && pPrev->pRight==0 );
-            pPrev->pRight = p;
-            p->pParent = pPrev;
-          }else{
-            pRet = p;
+          )){
+            sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
+            rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+            goto exprparse_out;
           }
-        }else{
-          insertBinaryOperator(&pRet, pPrev, p);
+
+          if( isPhrase ){
+            if( pRet ){
+              assert( pPrev && pPrev->pLeft && pPrev->pRight==0 );
+              pPrev->pRight = p;
+              p->pParent = pPrev;
+            }else{
+              pRet = p;
+            }
+          }else{
+            insertBinaryOperator(&pRet, pPrev, p);
+          }
+          isRequirePhrase = !isPhrase;
         }
-        isRequirePhrase = !isPhrase;
+        pPrev = p;
       }
       assert( nByte>0 );
     }
     assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || (nByte>0 && nByte<=nIn) );
     nIn -= nByte;
     zIn += nByte;
-    pPrev = p;
   }
 
   if( rc==SQLITE_DONE && pRet && isRequirePhrase ){
@@ -123015,6 +133922,7 @@
           pIter = pIter->pLeft;
         }
         pIter->pLeft = pRet;
+        pRet->pParent = pIter;
         pRet = pNotBranch;
       }
     }
@@ -123032,6 +133940,223 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Return SQLITE_ERROR if the maximum depth of the expression tree passed 
+** as the only argument is more than nMaxDepth.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprCheckDepth(Fts3Expr *p, int nMaxDepth){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( p ){
+    if( nMaxDepth<0 ){ 
+      rc = SQLITE_TOOBIG;
+    }else{
+      rc = fts3ExprCheckDepth(p->pLeft, nMaxDepth-1);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = fts3ExprCheckDepth(p->pRight, nMaxDepth-1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function attempts to transform the expression tree at (*pp) to
+** an equivalent but more balanced form. The tree is modified in place.
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned and (*pp) set to point to the 
+** new root expression node. 
+**
+** nMaxDepth is the maximum allowable depth of the balanced sub-tree.
+**
+** Otherwise, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned and 
+** expression (*pp) freed.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprBalance(Fts3Expr **pp, int nMaxDepth){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  Fts3Expr *pRoot = *pp;          /* Initial root node */
+  Fts3Expr *pFree = 0;            /* List of free nodes. Linked by pParent. */
+  int eType = pRoot->eType;       /* Type of node in this tree */
+
+  if( nMaxDepth==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (eType==FTSQUERY_AND || eType==FTSQUERY_OR) ){
+    Fts3Expr **apLeaf;
+    apLeaf = (Fts3Expr **)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3Expr *) * nMaxDepth);
+    if( 0==apLeaf ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      memset(apLeaf, 0, sizeof(Fts3Expr *) * nMaxDepth);
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int i;
+      Fts3Expr *p;
+
+      /* Set $p to point to the left-most leaf in the tree of eType nodes. */
+      for(p=pRoot; p->eType==eType; p=p->pLeft){
+        assert( p->pParent==0 || p->pParent->pLeft==p );
+        assert( p->pLeft && p->pRight );
+      }
+
+      /* This loop runs once for each leaf in the tree of eType nodes. */
+      while( 1 ){
+        int iLvl;
+        Fts3Expr *pParent = p->pParent;     /* Current parent of p */
+
+        assert( pParent==0 || pParent->pLeft==p );
+        p->pParent = 0;
+        if( pParent ){
+          pParent->pLeft = 0;
+        }else{
+          pRoot = 0;
+        }
+        rc = fts3ExprBalance(&p, nMaxDepth-1);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+
+        for(iLvl=0; p && iLvl<nMaxDepth; iLvl++){
+          if( apLeaf[iLvl]==0 ){
+            apLeaf[iLvl] = p;
+            p = 0;
+          }else{
+            assert( pFree );
+            pFree->pLeft = apLeaf[iLvl];
+            pFree->pRight = p;
+            pFree->pLeft->pParent = pFree;
+            pFree->pRight->pParent = pFree;
+
+            p = pFree;
+            pFree = pFree->pParent;
+            p->pParent = 0;
+            apLeaf[iLvl] = 0;
+          }
+        }
+        if( p ){
+          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
+          rc = SQLITE_TOOBIG;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        /* If that was the last leaf node, break out of the loop */
+        if( pParent==0 ) break;
+
+        /* Set $p to point to the next leaf in the tree of eType nodes */
+        for(p=pParent->pRight; p->eType==eType; p=p->pLeft);
+
+        /* Remove pParent from the original tree. */
+        assert( pParent->pParent==0 || pParent->pParent->pLeft==pParent );
+        pParent->pRight->pParent = pParent->pParent;
+        if( pParent->pParent ){
+          pParent->pParent->pLeft = pParent->pRight;
+        }else{
+          assert( pParent==pRoot );
+          pRoot = pParent->pRight;
+        }
+
+        /* Link pParent into the free node list. It will be used as an
+        ** internal node of the new tree.  */
+        pParent->pParent = pFree;
+        pFree = pParent;
+      }
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        p = 0;
+        for(i=0; i<nMaxDepth; i++){
+          if( apLeaf[i] ){
+            if( p==0 ){
+              p = apLeaf[i];
+              p->pParent = 0;
+            }else{
+              assert( pFree!=0 );
+              pFree->pRight = p;
+              pFree->pLeft = apLeaf[i];
+              pFree->pLeft->pParent = pFree;
+              pFree->pRight->pParent = pFree;
+
+              p = pFree;
+              pFree = pFree->pParent;
+              p->pParent = 0;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        pRoot = p;
+      }else{
+        /* An error occurred. Delete the contents of the apLeaf[] array 
+        ** and pFree list. Everything else is cleaned up by the call to
+        ** sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pRoot) below.  */
+        Fts3Expr *pDel;
+        for(i=0; i<nMaxDepth; i++){
+          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(apLeaf[i]);
+        }
+        while( (pDel=pFree)!=0 ){
+          pFree = pDel->pParent;
+          sqlite3_free(pDel);
+        }
+      }
+
+      assert( pFree==0 );
+      sqlite3_free( apLeaf );
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pRoot);
+    pRoot = 0;
+  }
+  *pp = pRoot;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is similar to sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(), with the following
+** differences:
+**
+**   1. It does not do expression rebalancing.
+**   2. It does not check that the expression does not exceed the 
+**      maximum allowable depth.
+**   3. Even if it fails, *ppExpr may still be set to point to an 
+**      expression tree. It should be deleted using sqlite3Fts3ExprFree()
+**      in this case.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprParseUnbalanced(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer,      /* Tokenizer module */
+  int iLangid,                        /* Language id for tokenizer */
+  char **azCol,                       /* Array of column names for fts3 table */
+  int bFts4,                          /* True to allow FTS4-only syntax */
+  int nCol,                           /* Number of entries in azCol[] */
+  int iDefaultCol,                    /* Default column to query */
+  const char *z, int n,               /* Text of MATCH query */
+  Fts3Expr **ppExpr                   /* OUT: Parsed query structure */
+){
+  int nParsed;
+  int rc;
+  ParseContext sParse;
+
+  memset(&sParse, 0, sizeof(ParseContext));
+  sParse.pTokenizer = pTokenizer;
+  sParse.iLangid = iLangid;
+  sParse.azCol = (const char **)azCol;
+  sParse.nCol = nCol;
+  sParse.iDefaultCol = iDefaultCol;
+  sParse.bFts4 = bFts4;
+  if( z==0 ){
+    *ppExpr = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  if( n<0 ){
+    n = (int)strlen(z);
+  }
+  rc = fts3ExprParse(&sParse, z, n, ppExpr, &nParsed);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || *ppExpr==0 );
+
+  /* Check for mismatched parenthesis */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sParse.nNest ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Parameters z and n contain a pointer to and length of a buffer containing
 ** an fts3 query expression, respectively. This function attempts to parse the
 ** query expression and create a tree of Fts3Expr structures representing the
@@ -123063,49 +134188,74 @@
   int nCol,                           /* Number of entries in azCol[] */
   int iDefaultCol,                    /* Default column to query */
   const char *z, int n,               /* Text of MATCH query */
-  Fts3Expr **ppExpr                   /* OUT: Parsed query structure */
+  Fts3Expr **ppExpr,                  /* OUT: Parsed query structure */
+  char **pzErr                        /* OUT: Error message (sqlite3_malloc) */
 ){
-  int nParsed;
-  int rc;
-  ParseContext sParse;
-
-  memset(&sParse, 0, sizeof(ParseContext));
-  sParse.pTokenizer = pTokenizer;
-  sParse.iLangid = iLangid;
-  sParse.azCol = (const char **)azCol;
-  sParse.nCol = nCol;
-  sParse.iDefaultCol = iDefaultCol;
-  sParse.bFts4 = bFts4;
-  if( z==0 ){
-    *ppExpr = 0;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
+  int rc = fts3ExprParseUnbalanced(
+      pTokenizer, iLangid, azCol, bFts4, nCol, iDefaultCol, z, n, ppExpr
+  );
+  
+  /* Rebalance the expression. And check that its depth does not exceed
+  ** SQLITE_FTS3_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH.  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && *ppExpr ){
+    rc = fts3ExprBalance(ppExpr, SQLITE_FTS3_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3ExprCheckDepth(*ppExpr, SQLITE_FTS3_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH);
+    }
   }
-  if( n<0 ){
-    n = (int)strlen(z);
-  }
-  rc = fts3ExprParse(&sParse, z, n, ppExpr, &nParsed);
 
-  /* Check for mismatched parenthesis */
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sParse.nNest ){
-    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(*ppExpr);
     *ppExpr = 0;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_TOOBIG ){
+      *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf(
+          "FTS expression tree is too large (maximum depth %d)", 
+          SQLITE_FTS3_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH
+      );
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }else if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ){
+      *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("malformed MATCH expression: [%s]", z);
+    }
   }
 
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
-** Free a parsed fts3 query expression allocated by sqlite3Fts3ExprParse().
+** Free a single node of an expression tree.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(Fts3Expr *p){
-  if( p ){
-    assert( p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE || p->pPhrase==0 );
-    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p->pLeft);
-    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p->pRight);
-    sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseCleanup(p->pPhrase);
-    sqlite3_free(p->aMI);
-    sqlite3_free(p);
+static void fts3FreeExprNode(Fts3Expr *p){
+  assert( p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE || p->pPhrase==0 );
+  sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseCleanup(p->pPhrase);
+  sqlite3_free(p->aMI);
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Free a parsed fts3 query expression allocated by sqlite3Fts3ExprParse().
+**
+** This function would be simpler if it recursively called itself. But
+** that would mean passing a sufficiently large expression to ExprParse()
+** could cause a stack overflow.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(Fts3Expr *pDel){
+  Fts3Expr *p;
+  assert( pDel==0 || pDel->pParent==0 );
+  for(p=pDel; p && (p->pLeft||p->pRight); p=(p->pLeft ? p->pLeft : p->pRight)){
+    assert( p->pParent==0 || p==p->pParent->pRight || p==p->pParent->pLeft );
+  }
+  while( p ){
+    Fts3Expr *pParent = p->pParent;
+    fts3FreeExprNode(p);
+    if( pParent && p==pParent->pLeft && pParent->pRight ){
+      p = pParent->pRight;
+      while( p && (p->pLeft || p->pRight) ){
+        assert( p==p->pParent->pRight || p==p->pParent->pLeft );
+        p = (p->pLeft ? p->pLeft : p->pRight);
+      }
+    }else{
+      p = pParent;
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -123157,6 +134307,9 @@
 ** the returned expression text and then freed using sqlite3_free().
 */
 static char *exprToString(Fts3Expr *pExpr, char *zBuf){
+  if( pExpr==0 ){
+    return sqlite3_mprintf("");
+  }
   switch( pExpr->eType ){
     case FTSQUERY_PHRASE: {
       Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
@@ -123264,10 +134417,21 @@
     azCol[ii] = (char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[ii+2]);
   }
 
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(
-      pTokenizer, 0, azCol, 0, nCol, nCol, zExpr, nExpr, &pExpr
-  );
+  if( sqlite3_user_data(context) ){
+    char *zDummy = 0;
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(
+        pTokenizer, 0, azCol, 0, nCol, nCol, zExpr, nExpr, &pExpr, &zDummy
+    );
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pExpr==0 );
+    sqlite3_free(zDummy);
+  }else{
+    rc = fts3ExprParseUnbalanced(
+        pTokenizer, 0, azCol, 0, nCol, nCol, zExpr, nExpr, &pExpr
+    );
+  }
+
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pExpr);
     sqlite3_result_error(context, "Error parsing expression", -1);
   }else if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || !(zBuf = exprToString(pExpr, 0)) ){
     sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
@@ -123290,9 +134454,15 @@
 ** with database connection db. 
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprInitTestInterface(sqlite3* db){
-  return sqlite3_create_function(
+  int rc = sqlite3_create_function(
       db, "fts3_exprtest", -1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0, fts3ExprTest, 0, 0
   );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, "fts3_exprtest_rebalance", 
+        -1, SQLITE_UTF8, (void *)1, fts3ExprTest, 0, 0
+    );
+  }
+  return rc;
 }
 
 #endif
@@ -123396,13 +134566,13 @@
 */
 static int fts3StrHash(const void *pKey, int nKey){
   const char *z = (const char *)pKey;
-  int h = 0;
+  unsigned h = 0;
   if( nKey<=0 ) nKey = (int) strlen(z);
   while( nKey > 0  ){
     h = (h<<3) ^ h ^ *z++;
     nKey--;
   }
-  return h & 0x7fffffff;
+  return (int)(h & 0x7fffffff);
 }
 static int fts3StrCompare(const void *pKey1, int n1, const void *pKey2, int n2){
   if( n1!=n2 ) return 1;
@@ -124087,12 +135257,14 @@
   /* Step 2 */
   switch( z[1] ){
    case 'a':
-     stem(&z, "lanoita", "ate", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "lanoit", "tion", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "lanoita", "ate", m_gt_0) ){
+       stem(&z, "lanoit", "tion", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 'c':
-     stem(&z, "icne", "ence", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "icna", "ance", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "icne", "ence", m_gt_0) ){
+       stem(&z, "icna", "ance", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 'e':
      stem(&z, "rezi", "ize", m_gt_0);
@@ -124101,43 +135273,54 @@
      stem(&z, "igol", "log", m_gt_0);
      break;
    case 'l':
-     stem(&z, "ilb", "ble", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "illa", "al", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "iltne", "ent", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "ile", "e", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "ilsuo", "ous", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "ilb", "ble", m_gt_0) 
+      && !stem(&z, "illa", "al", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "iltne", "ent", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "ile", "e", m_gt_0)
+     ){
+       stem(&z, "ilsuo", "ous", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 'o':
-     stem(&z, "noitazi", "ize", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "noita", "ate", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "rota", "ate", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "noitazi", "ize", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "noita", "ate", m_gt_0)
+     ){
+       stem(&z, "rota", "ate", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 's':
-     stem(&z, "msila", "al", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "ssenevi", "ive", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "ssenluf", "ful", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "ssensuo", "ous", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "msila", "al", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "ssenevi", "ive", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "ssenluf", "ful", m_gt_0)
+     ){
+       stem(&z, "ssensuo", "ous", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 't':
-     stem(&z, "itila", "al", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "itivi", "ive", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "itilib", "ble", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "itila", "al", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "itivi", "ive", m_gt_0)
+     ){
+       stem(&z, "itilib", "ble", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
   }
 
   /* Step 3 */
   switch( z[0] ){
    case 'e':
-     stem(&z, "etaci", "ic", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "evita", "", m_gt_0)   ||
-     stem(&z, "ezila", "al", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "etaci", "ic", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "evita", "", m_gt_0)
+     ){
+       stem(&z, "ezila", "al", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 'i':
      stem(&z, "itici", "ic", m_gt_0);
      break;
    case 'l':
-     stem(&z, "laci", "ic", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "luf", "", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "laci", "ic", m_gt_0) ){
+       stem(&z, "luf", "", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 's':
      stem(&z, "ssen", "", m_gt_0);
@@ -124178,9 +135361,11 @@
            z += 3;
          }
        }else if( z[2]=='e' ){
-         stem(&z, "tneme", "", m_gt_1) ||
-         stem(&z, "tnem", "", m_gt_1) ||
-         stem(&z, "tne", "", m_gt_1);
+         if( !stem(&z, "tneme", "", m_gt_1)
+          && !stem(&z, "tnem", "", m_gt_1)
+         ){
+           stem(&z, "tne", "", m_gt_1);
+         }
        }
      }
      break;
@@ -124199,8 +135384,9 @@
      }
      break;
    case 't':
-     stem(&z, "eta", "", m_gt_1) ||
-     stem(&z, "iti", "", m_gt_1);
+     if( !stem(&z, "eta", "", m_gt_1) ){
+       stem(&z, "iti", "", m_gt_1);
+     }
      break;
    case 'u':
      if( z[0]=='s' && z[2]=='o' && m_gt_1(z+3) ){
@@ -124535,16 +135721,15 @@
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
 
-/* #include <tcl.h> */
+#include <tcl.h>
 /* #include <string.h> */
 
 /*
 ** Implementation of a special SQL scalar function for testing tokenizers 
 ** designed to be used in concert with the Tcl testing framework. This
-** function must be called with two arguments:
+** function must be called with two or more arguments:
 **
-**   SELECT <function-name>(<key-name>, <input-string>);
-**   SELECT <function-name>(<key-name>, <pointer>);
+**   SELECT <function-name>(<key-name>, ..., <input-string>);
 **
 ** where <function-name> is the name passed as the second argument
 ** to the sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable() function (e.g. 'fts3_tokenizer')
@@ -124581,27 +135766,27 @@
   const char *zInput;
   int nInput;
 
-  const char *zArg = 0;
+  const char *azArg[64];
 
   const char *zToken;
-  int nToken;
-  int iStart;
-  int iEnd;
-  int iPos;
+  int nToken = 0;
+  int iStart = 0;
+  int iEnd = 0;
+  int iPos = 0;
+  int i;
 
   Tcl_Obj *pRet;
 
-  assert( argc==2 || argc==3 );
+  if( argc<2 ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, "insufficient arguments", -1);
+    return;
+  }
 
   nName = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
   zName = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
   nInput = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[argc-1]);
   zInput = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[argc-1]);
 
-  if( argc==3 ){
-    zArg = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
-  }
-
   pHash = (Fts3Hash *)sqlite3_user_data(context);
   p = (sqlite3_tokenizer_module *)sqlite3Fts3HashFind(pHash, zName, nName+1);
 
@@ -124615,7 +135800,11 @@
   pRet = Tcl_NewObj();
   Tcl_IncrRefCount(pRet);
 
-  if( SQLITE_OK!=p->xCreate(zArg ? 1 : 0, &zArg, &pTokenizer) ){
+  for(i=1; i<argc-1; i++){
+    azArg[i-1] = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[i]);
+  }
+
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=p->xCreate(argc-2, azArg, &pTokenizer) ){
     zErr = "error in xCreate()";
     goto finish;
   }
@@ -124757,7 +135946,7 @@
 /*
 ** Set up SQL objects in database db used to access the contents of
 ** the hash table pointed to by argument pHash. The hash table must
-** been initialised to use string keys, and to take a private copy 
+** been initialized to use string keys, and to take a private copy 
 ** of the key when a value is inserted. i.e. by a call similar to:
 **
 **    sqlite3Fts3HashInit(pHash, FTS3_HASH_STRING, 1);
@@ -124799,10 +135988,7 @@
   }
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
-    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest, 2, any, p, testFunc, 0, 0);
-  }
-  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
-    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest, 3, any, p, testFunc, 0, 0);
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest, -1, any, p, testFunc, 0, 0);
   }
   if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
     rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest2, 0, any, pdb, intTestFunc, 0, 0);
@@ -125055,6 +136241,462 @@
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
 
 /************** End of fts3_tokenizer1.c *************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_tokenize_vtab.c ******************************/
+/*
+** 2013 Apr 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code for the "fts3tokenize" virtual table module.
+** An fts3tokenize virtual table is created as follows:
+**
+**   CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE <tbl> USING fts3tokenize(
+**       <tokenizer-name>, <arg-1>, ...
+**   );
+**
+** The table created has the following schema:
+**
+**   CREATE TABLE <tbl>(input, token, start, end, position)
+**
+** When queried, the query must include a WHERE clause of type:
+**
+**   input = <string>
+**
+** The virtual table module tokenizes this <string>, using the FTS3 
+** tokenizer specified by the arguments to the CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE 
+** statement and returns one row for each token in the result. With
+** fields set as follows:
+**
+**   input:   Always set to a copy of <string>
+**   token:   A token from the input.
+**   start:   Byte offset of the token within the input <string>.
+**   end:     Byte offset of the byte immediately following the end of the
+**            token within the input string.
+**   pos:     Token offset of token within input.
+**
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+/* #include <string.h> */
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+
+typedef struct Fts3tokTable Fts3tokTable;
+typedef struct Fts3tokCursor Fts3tokCursor;
+
+/*
+** Virtual table structure.
+*/
+struct Fts3tokTable {
+  sqlite3_vtab base;              /* Base class used by SQLite core */
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pMod;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTok;
+};
+
+/*
+** Virtual table cursor structure.
+*/
+struct Fts3tokCursor {
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;       /* Base class used by SQLite core */
+  char *zInput;                   /* Input string */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCsr; /* Cursor to iterate through zInput */
+  int iRowid;                     /* Current 'rowid' value */
+  const char *zToken;             /* Current 'token' value */
+  int nToken;                     /* Size of zToken in bytes */
+  int iStart;                     /* Current 'start' value */
+  int iEnd;                       /* Current 'end' value */
+  int iPos;                       /* Current 'pos' value */
+};
+
+/*
+** Query FTS for the tokenizer implementation named zName.
+*/
+static int fts3tokQueryTokenizer(
+  Fts3Hash *pHash,
+  const char *zName,
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module **pp,
+  char **pzErr
+){
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module *p;
+  int nName = (int)strlen(zName);
+
+  p = (sqlite3_tokenizer_module *)sqlite3Fts3HashFind(pHash, zName, nName+1);
+  if( !p ){
+    *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unknown tokenizer: %s", zName);
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  *pp = p;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** The second argument, argv[], is an array of pointers to nul-terminated
+** strings. This function makes a copy of the array and strings into a 
+** single block of memory. It then dequotes any of the strings that appear
+** to be quoted.
+**
+** If successful, output parameter *pazDequote is set to point at the
+** array of dequoted strings and SQLITE_OK is returned. The caller is
+** responsible for eventually calling sqlite3_free() to free the array
+** in this case. Or, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned.
+** The final value of *pazDequote is undefined in this case.
+*/
+static int fts3tokDequoteArray(
+  int argc,                       /* Number of elements in argv[] */
+  const char * const *argv,       /* Input array */
+  char ***pazDequote              /* Output array */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  if( argc==0 ){
+    *pazDequote = 0;
+  }else{
+    int i;
+    int nByte = 0;
+    char **azDequote;
+
+    for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
+      nByte += (int)(strlen(argv[i]) + 1);
+    }
+
+    *pazDequote = azDequote = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(char *)*argc + nByte);
+    if( azDequote==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      char *pSpace = (char *)&azDequote[argc];
+      for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
+        int n = (int)strlen(argv[i]);
+        azDequote[i] = pSpace;
+        memcpy(pSpace, argv[i], n+1);
+        sqlite3Fts3Dequote(pSpace);
+        pSpace += (n+1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Schema of the tokenizer table.
+*/
+#define FTS3_TOK_SCHEMA "CREATE TABLE x(input, token, start, end, position)"
+
+/*
+** This function does all the work for both the xConnect and xCreate methods.
+** These tables have no persistent representation of their own, so xConnect
+** and xCreate are identical operations.
+**
+**   argv[0]: module name
+**   argv[1]: database name 
+**   argv[2]: table name
+**   argv[3]: first argument (tokenizer name)
+*/
+static int fts3tokConnectMethod(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database connection */
+  void *pHash,                    /* Hash table of tokenizers */
+  int argc,                       /* Number of elements in argv array */
+  const char * const *argv,       /* xCreate/xConnect argument array */
+  sqlite3_vtab **ppVtab,          /* OUT: New sqlite3_vtab object */
+  char **pzErr                    /* OUT: sqlite3_malloc'd error message */
+){
+  Fts3tokTable *pTab;
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pMod = 0;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTok = 0;
+  int rc;
+  char **azDequote = 0;
+  int nDequote;
+
+  rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(db, FTS3_TOK_SCHEMA);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  nDequote = argc-3;
+  rc = fts3tokDequoteArray(nDequote, &argv[3], &azDequote);
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    const char *zModule;
+    if( nDequote<1 ){
+      zModule = "simple";
+    }else{
+      zModule = azDequote[0];
+    }
+    rc = fts3tokQueryTokenizer((Fts3Hash*)pHash, zModule, &pMod, pzErr);
+  }
+
+  assert( (rc==SQLITE_OK)==(pMod!=0) );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    const char * const *azArg = (const char * const *)&azDequote[1];
+    rc = pMod->xCreate((nDequote>1 ? nDequote-1 : 0), azArg, &pTok);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pTab = (Fts3tokTable *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3tokTable));
+    if( pTab==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    memset(pTab, 0, sizeof(Fts3tokTable));
+    pTab->pMod = pMod;
+    pTab->pTok = pTok;
+    *ppVtab = &pTab->base;
+  }else{
+    if( pTok ){
+      pMod->xDestroy(pTok);
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(azDequote);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function does the work for both the xDisconnect and xDestroy methods.
+** These tables have no persistent representation of their own, so xDisconnect
+** and xDestroy are identical operations.
+*/
+static int fts3tokDisconnectMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  Fts3tokTable *pTab = (Fts3tokTable *)pVtab;
+
+  pTab->pMod->xDestroy(pTab->pTok);
+  sqlite3_free(pTab);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xBestIndex - Analyze a WHERE and ORDER BY clause.
+*/
+static int fts3tokBestIndexMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, 
+  sqlite3_index_info *pInfo
+){
+  int i;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVTab);
+
+  for(i=0; i<pInfo->nConstraint; i++){
+    if( pInfo->aConstraint[i].usable 
+     && pInfo->aConstraint[i].iColumn==0 
+     && pInfo->aConstraint[i].op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ 
+    ){
+      pInfo->idxNum = 1;
+      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[i].argvIndex = 1;
+      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[i].omit = 1;
+      pInfo->estimatedCost = 1;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+
+  pInfo->idxNum = 0;
+  assert( pInfo->estimatedCost>1000000.0 );
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xOpen - Open a cursor.
+*/
+static int fts3tokOpenMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCsr){
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVTab);
+
+  pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3tokCursor));
+  if( pCsr==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(Fts3tokCursor));
+
+  *ppCsr = (sqlite3_vtab_cursor *)pCsr;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Reset the tokenizer cursor passed as the only argument. As if it had
+** just been returned by fts3tokOpenMethod().
+*/
+static void fts3tokResetCursor(Fts3tokCursor *pCsr){
+  if( pCsr->pCsr ){
+    Fts3tokTable *pTab = (Fts3tokTable *)(pCsr->base.pVtab);
+    pTab->pMod->xClose(pCsr->pCsr);
+    pCsr->pCsr = 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->zInput);
+  pCsr->zInput = 0;
+  pCsr->zToken = 0;
+  pCsr->nToken = 0;
+  pCsr->iStart = 0;
+  pCsr->iEnd = 0;
+  pCsr->iPos = 0;
+  pCsr->iRowid = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** xClose - Close a cursor.
+*/
+static int fts3tokCloseMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)pCursor;
+
+  fts3tokResetCursor(pCsr);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xNext - Advance the cursor to the next row, if any.
+*/
+static int fts3tokNextMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)pCursor;
+  Fts3tokTable *pTab = (Fts3tokTable *)(pCursor->pVtab);
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  pCsr->iRowid++;
+  rc = pTab->pMod->xNext(pCsr->pCsr,
+      &pCsr->zToken, &pCsr->nToken,
+      &pCsr->iStart, &pCsr->iEnd, &pCsr->iPos
+  );
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    fts3tokResetCursor(pCsr);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** xFilter - Initialize a cursor to point at the start of its data.
+*/
+static int fts3tokFilterMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* The cursor used for this query */
+  int idxNum,                     /* Strategy index */
+  const char *idxStr,             /* Unused */
+  int nVal,                       /* Number of elements in apVal */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal           /* Arguments for the indexing scheme */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)pCursor;
+  Fts3tokTable *pTab = (Fts3tokTable *)(pCursor->pVtab);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(idxStr);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
+
+  fts3tokResetCursor(pCsr);
+  if( idxNum==1 ){
+    const char *zByte = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
+    int nByte = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[0]);
+    pCsr->zInput = sqlite3_malloc(nByte+1);
+    if( pCsr->zInput==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      memcpy(pCsr->zInput, zByte, nByte);
+      pCsr->zInput[nByte] = 0;
+      rc = pTab->pMod->xOpen(pTab->pTok, pCsr->zInput, nByte, &pCsr->pCsr);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        pCsr->pCsr->pTokenizer = pTab->pTok;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  return fts3tokNextMethod(pCursor);
+}
+
+/*
+** xEof - Return true if the cursor is at EOF, or false otherwise.
+*/
+static int fts3tokEofMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)pCursor;
+  return (pCsr->zToken==0);
+}
+
+/*
+** xColumn - Return a column value.
+*/
+static int fts3tokColumnMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* Cursor to retrieve value from */
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx,          /* Context for sqlite3_result_xxx() calls */
+  int iCol                        /* Index of column to read value from */
+){
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)pCursor;
+
+  /* CREATE TABLE x(input, token, start, end, position) */
+  switch( iCol ){
+    case 0:
+      sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, pCsr->zInput, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      break;
+    case 1:
+      sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, pCsr->zToken, pCsr->nToken, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      break;
+    case 2:
+      sqlite3_result_int(pCtx, pCsr->iStart);
+      break;
+    case 3:
+      sqlite3_result_int(pCtx, pCsr->iEnd);
+      break;
+    default:
+      assert( iCol==4 );
+      sqlite3_result_int(pCtx, pCsr->iPos);
+      break;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xRowid - Return the current rowid for the cursor.
+*/
+static int fts3tokRowidMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* Cursor to retrieve value from */
+  sqlite_int64 *pRowid            /* OUT: Rowid value */
+){
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)pCursor;
+  *pRowid = (sqlite3_int64)pCsr->iRowid;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Register the fts3tok module with database connection db. Return SQLITE_OK
+** if successful or an error code if sqlite3_create_module() fails.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTok(sqlite3 *db, Fts3Hash *pHash){
+  static const sqlite3_module fts3tok_module = {
+     0,                           /* iVersion      */
+     fts3tokConnectMethod,        /* xCreate       */
+     fts3tokConnectMethod,        /* xConnect      */
+     fts3tokBestIndexMethod,      /* xBestIndex    */
+     fts3tokDisconnectMethod,     /* xDisconnect   */
+     fts3tokDisconnectMethod,     /* xDestroy      */
+     fts3tokOpenMethod,           /* xOpen         */
+     fts3tokCloseMethod,          /* xClose        */
+     fts3tokFilterMethod,         /* xFilter       */
+     fts3tokNextMethod,           /* xNext         */
+     fts3tokEofMethod,            /* xEof          */
+     fts3tokColumnMethod,         /* xColumn       */
+     fts3tokRowidMethod,          /* xRowid        */
+     0,                           /* xUpdate       */
+     0,                           /* xBegin        */
+     0,                           /* xSync         */
+     0,                           /* xCommit       */
+     0,                           /* xRollback     */
+     0,                           /* xFindFunction */
+     0,                           /* xRename       */
+     0,                           /* xSavepoint    */
+     0,                           /* xRelease      */
+     0                            /* xRollbackTo   */
+  };
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  rc = sqlite3_create_module(db, "fts3tokenize", &fts3tok_module, (void*)pHash);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
+
+/************** End of fts3_tokenize_vtab.c **********************************/
 /************** Begin file fts3_write.c **************************************/
 /*
 ** 2009 Oct 23
@@ -125081,6 +136723,9 @@
 /* #include <assert.h> */
 /* #include <stdlib.h> */
 
+
+#define FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT 16
+
 /*
 ** When full-text index nodes are loaded from disk, the buffer that they
 ** are loaded into has the following number of bytes of padding at the end 
@@ -125120,6 +136765,29 @@
 # define FTS3_NODE_CHUNK_THRESHOLD (FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE*4)
 #endif
 
+/*
+** The two values that may be meaningfully bound to the :1 parameter in
+** statements SQL_REPLACE_STAT and SQL_SELECT_STAT.
+*/
+#define FTS_STAT_DOCTOTAL      0
+#define FTS_STAT_INCRMERGEHINT 1
+#define FTS_STAT_AUTOINCRMERGE 2
+
+/*
+** If FTS_LOG_MERGES is defined, call sqlite3_log() to report each automatic
+** and incremental merge operation that takes place. This is used for 
+** debugging FTS only, it should not usually be turned on in production
+** systems.
+*/
+#ifdef FTS3_LOG_MERGES
+static void fts3LogMerge(int nMerge, sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel){
+  sqlite3_log(SQLITE_OK, "%d-way merge from level %d", nMerge, (int)iAbsLevel);
+}
+#else
+#define fts3LogMerge(x, y)
+#endif
+
+
 typedef struct PendingList PendingList;
 typedef struct SegmentNode SegmentNode;
 typedef struct SegmentWriter SegmentWriter;
@@ -125167,7 +136835,8 @@
 */
 struct Fts3SegReader {
   int iIdx;                       /* Index within level, or 0x7FFFFFFF for PT */
-  int bLookup;                    /* True for a lookup only */
+  u8 bLookup;                     /* True for a lookup only */
+  u8 rootOnly;                    /* True for a root-only reader */
 
   sqlite3_int64 iStartBlock;      /* Rowid of first leaf block to traverse */
   sqlite3_int64 iLeafEndBlock;    /* Rowid of final leaf block to traverse */
@@ -125201,7 +136870,7 @@
 };
 
 #define fts3SegReaderIsPending(p) ((p)->ppNextElem!=0)
-#define fts3SegReaderIsRootOnly(p) ((p)->aNode==(char *)&(p)[1])
+#define fts3SegReaderIsRootOnly(p) ((p)->rootOnly!=0)
 
 /*
 ** An instance of this structure is used to create a segment b-tree in the
@@ -125223,6 +136892,7 @@
   int nSize;                      /* Size of allocation at aData */
   int nData;                      /* Bytes of data in aData */
   char *aData;                    /* Pointer to block from malloc() */
+  i64 nLeafData;                  /* Number of bytes of leaf data written */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -125281,15 +136951,26 @@
 #define SQL_DELETE_DOCSIZE            19
 #define SQL_REPLACE_DOCSIZE           20
 #define SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE            21
-#define SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL           22
-#define SQL_REPLACE_DOCTOTAL          23
+#define SQL_SELECT_STAT               22
+#define SQL_REPLACE_STAT              23
 
 #define SQL_SELECT_ALL_PREFIX_LEVEL   24
 #define SQL_DELETE_ALL_TERMS_SEGDIR   25
-
 #define SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_RANGE       26
-
 #define SQL_SELECT_ALL_LANGID         27
+#define SQL_FIND_MERGE_LEVEL          28
+#define SQL_MAX_LEAF_NODE_ESTIMATE    29
+#define SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_ENTRY       30
+#define SQL_SHIFT_SEGDIR_ENTRY        31
+#define SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR             32
+#define SQL_CHOMP_SEGDIR              33
+#define SQL_SEGMENT_IS_APPENDABLE     34
+#define SQL_SELECT_INDEXES            35
+#define SQL_SELECT_MXLEVEL            36
+
+#define SQL_SELECT_LEVEL_RANGE2       37
+#define SQL_UPDATE_LEVEL_IDX          38
+#define SQL_UPDATE_LEVEL              39
 
 /*
 ** This function is used to obtain an SQLite prepared statement handle
@@ -125318,9 +136999,9 @@
 /* 6  */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_stat'",
 /* 7  */  "SELECT %s WHERE rowid=?",
 /* 8  */  "SELECT (SELECT max(idx) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ?) + 1",
-/* 9  */  "INSERT INTO %Q.'%q_segments'(blockid, block) VALUES(?, ?)",
+/* 9  */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_segments'(blockid, block) VALUES(?, ?)",
 /* 10 */  "SELECT coalesce((SELECT max(blockid) FROM %Q.'%q_segments') + 1, 1)",
-/* 11 */  "INSERT INTO %Q.'%q_segdir' VALUES(?,?,?,?,?,?)",
+/* 11 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_segdir' VALUES(?,?,?,?,?,?)",
 
           /* Return segments in order from oldest to newest.*/ 
 /* 12 */  "SELECT idx, start_block, leaves_end_block, end_block, root "
@@ -125338,14 +137019,72 @@
 /* 19 */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_docsize' WHERE docid = ?",
 /* 20 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_docsize' VALUES(?,?)",
 /* 21 */  "SELECT size FROM %Q.'%q_docsize' WHERE docid=?",
-/* 22 */  "SELECT value FROM %Q.'%q_stat' WHERE id=0",
-/* 23 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_stat' VALUES(0,?)",
+/* 22 */  "SELECT value FROM %Q.'%q_stat' WHERE id=?",
+/* 23 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_stat' VALUES(?,?)",
 /* 24 */  "",
 /* 25 */  "",
 
 /* 26 */ "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ?",
 /* 27 */ "SELECT DISTINCT level / (1024 * ?) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir'",
 
+/* This statement is used to determine which level to read the input from
+** when performing an incremental merge. It returns the absolute level number
+** of the oldest level in the db that contains at least ? segments. Or,
+** if no level in the FTS index contains more than ? segments, the statement
+** returns zero rows.  */
+/* 28 */ "SELECT level FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' GROUP BY level HAVING count(*)>=?"
+         "  ORDER BY (level %% 1024) ASC LIMIT 1",
+
+/* Estimate the upper limit on the number of leaf nodes in a new segment
+** created by merging the oldest :2 segments from absolute level :1. See 
+** function sqlite3Fts3Incrmerge() for details.  */
+/* 29 */ "SELECT 2 * total(1 + leaves_end_block - start_block) "
+         "  FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ? AND idx < ?",
+
+/* SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_ENTRY
+**   Delete the %_segdir entry on absolute level :1 with index :2.  */
+/* 30 */ "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ? AND idx = ?",
+
+/* SQL_SHIFT_SEGDIR_ENTRY
+**   Modify the idx value for the segment with idx=:3 on absolute level :2
+**   to :1.  */
+/* 31 */ "UPDATE %Q.'%q_segdir' SET idx = ? WHERE level=? AND idx=?",
+
+/* SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR
+**   Read a single entry from the %_segdir table. The entry from absolute 
+**   level :1 with index value :2.  */
+/* 32 */  "SELECT idx, start_block, leaves_end_block, end_block, root "
+            "FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ? AND idx = ?",
+
+/* SQL_CHOMP_SEGDIR
+**   Update the start_block (:1) and root (:2) fields of the %_segdir
+**   entry located on absolute level :3 with index :4.  */
+/* 33 */  "UPDATE %Q.'%q_segdir' SET start_block = ?, root = ?"
+            "WHERE level = ? AND idx = ?",
+
+/* SQL_SEGMENT_IS_APPENDABLE
+**   Return a single row if the segment with end_block=? is appendable. Or
+**   no rows otherwise.  */
+/* 34 */  "SELECT 1 FROM %Q.'%q_segments' WHERE blockid=? AND block IS NULL",
+
+/* SQL_SELECT_INDEXES
+**   Return the list of valid segment indexes for absolute level ?  */
+/* 35 */  "SELECT idx FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level=? ORDER BY 1 ASC",
+
+/* SQL_SELECT_MXLEVEL
+**   Return the largest relative level in the FTS index or indexes.  */
+/* 36 */  "SELECT max( level %% 1024 ) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir'",
+
+          /* Return segments in order from oldest to newest.*/ 
+/* 37 */  "SELECT level, idx, end_block "
+            "FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ? "
+            "ORDER BY level DESC, idx ASC",
+
+          /* Update statements used while promoting segments */
+/* 38 */  "UPDATE OR FAIL %Q.'%q_segdir' SET level=-1,idx=? "
+            "WHERE level=? AND idx=?",
+/* 39 */  "UPDATE OR FAIL %Q.'%q_segdir' SET level=? WHERE level=-1"
+
   };
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
@@ -125383,22 +137122,18 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+
 static int fts3SelectDocsize(
   Fts3Table *pTab,                /* FTS3 table handle */
-  int eStmt,                      /* Either SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE or DOCTOTAL */
   sqlite3_int64 iDocid,           /* Docid to bind for SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE */
   sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Statement handle */
 ){
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;        /* Statement requested from fts3SqlStmt() */
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
 
-  assert( eStmt==SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE || eStmt==SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL );
-
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(pTab, eStmt, &pStmt, 0);
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(pTab, SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE, &pStmt, 0);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    if( eStmt==SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE ){
-      sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iDocid);
-    }
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iDocid);
     rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW || sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)!=SQLITE_BLOB ){
       rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
@@ -125417,7 +137152,21 @@
   Fts3Table *pTab,                /* Fts3 table handle */
   sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Statement handle */
 ){
-  return fts3SelectDocsize(pTab, SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL, 0, ppStmt);
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+  int rc;
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(pTab, SQL_SELECT_STAT, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, FTS_STAT_DOCTOTAL);
+    if( sqlite3_step(pStmt)!=SQLITE_ROW
+     || sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)!=SQLITE_BLOB
+    ){
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+      pStmt = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  *ppStmt = pStmt;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDocsize(
@@ -125425,7 +137174,7 @@
   sqlite3_int64 iDocid,           /* Docid to read size data for */
   sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Statement handle */
 ){
-  return fts3SelectDocsize(pTab, SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE, iDocid, ppStmt);
+  return fts3SelectDocsize(pTab, iDocid, ppStmt);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -125455,37 +137204,30 @@
 
 
 /*
-** This function ensures that the caller has obtained a shared-cache
-** table-lock on the %_content table. This is required before reading
-** data from the fts3 table. If this lock is not acquired first, then
-** the caller may end up holding read-locks on the %_segments and %_segdir
-** tables, but no read-lock on the %_content table. If this happens 
-** a second connection will be able to write to the fts3 table, but
-** attempting to commit those writes might return SQLITE_LOCKED or
-** SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE (because the commit attempts to obtain 
-** write-locks on the %_segments and %_segdir ** tables). 
+** This function ensures that the caller has obtained an exclusive 
+** shared-cache table-lock on the %_segdir table. This is required before 
+** writing data to the fts3 table. If this lock is not acquired first, then
+** the caller may end up attempting to take this lock as part of committing
+** a transaction, causing SQLite to return SQLITE_LOCKED or 
+** LOCKED_SHAREDCACHEto a COMMIT command.
 **
-** We try to avoid this because if FTS3 returns any error when committing
-** a transaction, the whole transaction will be rolled back. And this is
-** not what users expect when they get SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE. It can
-** still happen if the user reads data directly from the %_segments or
-** %_segdir tables instead of going through FTS3 though.
-**
-** This reasoning does not apply to a content=xxx table.
+** It is best to avoid this because if FTS3 returns any error when 
+** committing a transaction, the whole transaction will be rolled back. 
+** And this is not what users expect when they get SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE. 
+** It can still happen if the user locks the underlying tables directly 
+** instead of accessing them via FTS.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadLock(Fts3Table *p){
-  int rc;                         /* Return code */
-  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;            /* Statement used to obtain lock */
-
-  if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
-    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_CONTENT_BY_ROWID, &pStmt, 0);
+static int fts3Writelock(Fts3Table *p){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  
+  if( p->nPendingData==0 ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_LEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       sqlite3_bind_null(pStmt, 1);
       sqlite3_step(pStmt);
       rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
     }
-  }else{
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -125515,10 +137257,10 @@
 ** iIndex starts at absolute level ((iLangid * (nPrefix+1) + iIndex) * 1024).
 */
 static sqlite3_int64 getAbsoluteLevel(
-  Fts3Table *p, 
-  int iLangid, 
-  int iIndex, 
-  int iLevel
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  int iLangid,                    /* Language id */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index in p->aIndex[] */
+  int iLevel                      /* Level of segments */
 ){
   sqlite3_int64 iBase;            /* First absolute level for iLangid/iIndex */
   assert( iLangid>=0 );
@@ -125529,7 +137271,6 @@
   return iBase + iLevel;
 }
 
-
 /*
 ** Set *ppStmt to a statement handle that may be used to iterate through
 ** all rows in the %_segdir table, from oldest to newest. If successful,
@@ -125743,16 +137484,16 @@
   int iLangid,                    /* Language id to use */
   const char *zText,              /* Text of document to be inserted */
   int iCol,                       /* Column into which text is being inserted */
-  u32 *pnWord                     /* OUT: Number of tokens inserted */
+  u32 *pnWord                     /* IN/OUT: Incr. by number tokens inserted */
 ){
   int rc;
-  int iStart;
-  int iEnd;
-  int iPos;
+  int iStart = 0;
+  int iEnd = 0;
+  int iPos = 0;
   int nWord = 0;
 
   char const *zToken;
-  int nToken;
+  int nToken = 0;
 
   sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer = p->pTokenizer;
   sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pModule = pTokenizer->pModule;
@@ -125807,7 +137548,7 @@
   }
 
   pModule->xClose(pCsr);
-  *pnWord = nWord;
+  *pnWord += nWord;
   return (rc==SQLITE_DONE ? SQLITE_OK : rc);
 }
 
@@ -125874,12 +137615,15 @@
 ){
   int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
   for(i=2; i<p->nColumn+2; i++){
-    const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[i]);
-    int rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, iLangid, zText, i-2, &aSz[i-2]);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      return rc;
+    int iCol = i-2;
+    if( p->abNotindexed[iCol]==0 ){
+      const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[i]);
+      int rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, iLangid, zText, iCol, &aSz[iCol]);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+      aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[i]);
     }
-    aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[i]);
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -126011,11 +137755,13 @@
   int *pRC,               /* Result code */
   Fts3Table *p,           /* The FTS table to delete from */
   sqlite3_value *pRowid,  /* The docid to be deleted */
-  u32 *aSz                /* Sizes of deleted document written here */
+  u32 *aSz,               /* Sizes of deleted document written here */
+  int *pbFound            /* OUT: Set to true if row really does exist */
 ){
   int rc;
   sqlite3_stmt *pSelect;
 
+  assert( *pbFound==0 );
   if( *pRC ) return;
   rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_CONTENT_BY_ROWID, &pSelect, &pRowid);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -126024,15 +137770,19 @@
       int iLangid = langidFromSelect(p, pSelect);
       rc = fts3PendingTermsDocid(p, iLangid, sqlite3_column_int64(pSelect, 0));
       for(i=1; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<=p->nColumn; i++){
-        const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pSelect, i);
-        rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, iLangid, zText, -1, &aSz[i-1]);
-        aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_column_bytes(pSelect, i);
+        int iCol = i-1;
+        if( p->abNotindexed[iCol]==0 ){
+          const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pSelect, i);
+          rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, iLangid, zText, -1, &aSz[iCol]);
+          aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_column_bytes(pSelect, i);
+        }
       }
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
         *pRC = rc;
         return;
       }
+      *pbFound = 1;
     }
     rc = sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
   }else{
@@ -126095,6 +137845,7 @@
     ** if iNext is less than FTS3_MERGE_COUNT, allocate index iNext.
     */
     if( iNext>=FTS3_MERGE_COUNT ){
+      fts3LogMerge(16, getAbsoluteLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel));
       rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel);
       *piIdx = 0;
     }else{
@@ -126142,7 +137893,7 @@
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
 
   /* pnBlob must be non-NULL. paBlob may be NULL or non-NULL. */
-  assert( pnBlob);
+  assert( pnBlob );
 
   if( p->pSegments ){
     rc = sqlite3_blob_reopen(p->pSegments, iBlockid);
@@ -126308,8 +138059,8 @@
   
   /* Because of the FTS3_NODE_PADDING bytes of padding, the following is 
   ** safe (no risk of overread) even if the node data is corrupted. */
-  pNext += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &nPrefix);
-  pNext += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &nSuffix);
+  pNext += fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &nPrefix);
+  pNext += fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &nSuffix);
   if( nPrefix<0 || nSuffix<=0 
    || &pNext[nSuffix]>&pReader->aNode[pReader->nNode] 
   ){
@@ -126332,7 +138083,7 @@
   memcpy(&pReader->zTerm[nPrefix], pNext, nSuffix);
   pReader->nTerm = nPrefix+nSuffix;
   pNext += nSuffix;
-  pNext += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &pReader->nDoclist);
+  pNext += fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &pReader->nDoclist);
   pReader->aDoclist = pNext;
   pReader->pOffsetList = 0;
 
@@ -126425,7 +138176,7 @@
       /* The following line of code (and the "p++" below the while() loop) is
       ** normally all that is required to move pointer p to the desired 
       ** position. The exception is if this node is being loaded from disk
-      ** incrementally and pointer "p" now points to the first byte passed
+      ** incrementally and pointer "p" now points to the first byte past
       ** the populated part of pReader->aNode[].
       */
       while( *p | c ) c = *p++ & 0x80;
@@ -126445,6 +138196,7 @@
       *pnOffsetList = (int)(p - pReader->pOffsetList - 1);
     }
 
+    /* List may have been edited in place by fts3EvalNearTrim() */
     while( p<pEnd && *p==0 ) p++;
   
     /* If there are no more entries in the doclist, set pOffsetList to
@@ -126483,7 +138235,7 @@
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   int pgsz = p->nPgsz;
 
-  assert( p->bHasStat );
+  assert( p->bFts4 );
   assert( pgsz>0 );
 
   for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<pMsr->nSegment; ii++){
@@ -126548,7 +138300,7 @@
   }
   memset(pReader, 0, sizeof(Fts3SegReader));
   pReader->iIdx = iAge;
-  pReader->bLookup = bLookup;
+  pReader->bLookup = bLookup!=0;
   pReader->iStartBlock = iStartLeaf;
   pReader->iLeafEndBlock = iEndLeaf;
   pReader->iEndBlock = iEndBlock;
@@ -126556,6 +138308,7 @@
   if( nExtra ){
     /* The entire segment is stored in the root node. */
     pReader->aNode = (char *)&pReader[1];
+    pReader->rootOnly = 1;
     pReader->nNode = nRoot;
     memcpy(pReader->aNode, zRoot, nRoot);
     memset(&pReader->aNode[nRoot], 0, FTS3_NODE_PADDING);
@@ -126841,6 +138594,27 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** Find the largest relative level number in the table. If successful, set
+** *pnMax to this value and return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, if an error occurs,
+** set *pnMax to zero and return an SQLite error code.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MaxLevel(Fts3Table *p, int *pnMax){
+  int rc;
+  int mxLevel = 0;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_MXLEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+      mxLevel = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  }
+  *pnMax = mxLevel;
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /* 
 ** Insert a record into the %_segdir table.
 */
@@ -126851,6 +138625,7 @@
   sqlite3_int64 iStartBlock,      /* Value for "start_block" field */
   sqlite3_int64 iLeafEndBlock,    /* Value for "leaves_end_block" field */
   sqlite3_int64 iEndBlock,        /* Value for "end_block" field */
+  sqlite3_int64 nLeafData,        /* Bytes of leaf data in segment */
   char *zRoot,                    /* Blob value for "root" field */
   int nRoot                       /* Number of bytes in buffer zRoot */
 ){
@@ -126861,7 +138636,13 @@
     sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 2, iIdx);
     sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 3, iStartBlock);
     sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 4, iLeafEndBlock);
-    sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 5, iEndBlock);
+    if( nLeafData==0 ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 5, iEndBlock);
+    }else{
+      char *zEnd = sqlite3_mprintf("%lld %lld", iEndBlock, nLeafData);
+      if( !zEnd ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, 5, zEnd, -1, sqlite3_free);
+    }
     sqlite3_bind_blob(pStmt, 6, zRoot, nRoot, SQLITE_STATIC);
     sqlite3_step(pStmt);
     rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
@@ -127157,6 +138938,7 @@
     /* The current leaf node is full. Write it out to the database. */
     rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, pWriter->iFree++, pWriter->aData, nData);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    p->nLeafAdd++;
 
     /* Add the current term to the interior node tree. The term added to
     ** the interior tree must:
@@ -127186,6 +138968,9 @@
       nDoclist;                             /* Doclist data */
   }
 
+  /* Increase the total number of bytes written to account for the new entry. */
+  pWriter->nLeafData += nReq;
+
   /* If the buffer currently allocated is too small for this entry, realloc
   ** the buffer to make it large enough.
   */
@@ -127257,14 +139042,15 @@
           pWriter->iFirst, pWriter->iFree, &iLast, &zRoot, &nRoot);
     }
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = fts3WriteSegdir(
-          p, iLevel, iIdx, pWriter->iFirst, iLastLeaf, iLast, zRoot, nRoot);
+      rc = fts3WriteSegdir(p, iLevel, iIdx, 
+          pWriter->iFirst, iLastLeaf, iLast, pWriter->nLeafData, zRoot, nRoot);
     }
   }else{
     /* The entire tree fits on the root node. Write it to the segdir table. */
-    rc = fts3WriteSegdir(
-        p, iLevel, iIdx, 0, 0, 0, pWriter->aData, pWriter->nData);
+    rc = fts3WriteSegdir(p, iLevel, iIdx, 
+        0, 0, 0, pWriter->nLeafData, pWriter->aData, pWriter->nData);
   }
+  p->nLeafAdd++;
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -127347,6 +139133,60 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** iAbsLevel is an absolute level that may be assumed to exist within
+** the database. This function checks if it is the largest level number
+** within its index. Assuming no error occurs, *pbMax is set to 1 if
+** iAbsLevel is indeed the largest level, or 0 otherwise, and SQLITE_OK
+** is returned. If an error occurs, an error code is returned and the
+** final value of *pbMax is undefined.
+*/
+static int fts3SegmentIsMaxLevel(Fts3Table *p, i64 iAbsLevel, int *pbMax){
+
+  /* Set pStmt to the compiled version of:
+  **
+  **   SELECT max(level) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ?
+  **
+  ** (1024 is actually the value of macro FTS3_SEGDIR_PREFIXLEVEL_STR).
+  */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  int rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR_MAX_LEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iAbsLevel+1);
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 2, 
+      ((iAbsLevel/FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL)+1) * FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL
+  );
+
+  *pbMax = 0;
+  if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+    *pbMax = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)==SQLITE_NULL;
+  }
+  return sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete all entries in the %_segments table associated with the segment
+** opened with seg-reader pSeg. This function does not affect the contents
+** of the %_segdir table.
+*/
+static int fts3DeleteSegment(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS table handle */
+  Fts3SegReader *pSeg             /* Segment to delete */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  if( pSeg->iStartBlock ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pDelete;        /* SQL statement to delete rows */
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGMENTS_RANGE, &pDelete, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDelete, 1, pSeg->iStartBlock);
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDelete, 2, pSeg->iEndBlock);
+      sqlite3_step(pDelete);
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pDelete);
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
 ** This function is used after merging multiple segments into a single large
 ** segment to delete the old, now redundant, segment b-trees. Specifically,
 ** it:
@@ -127368,19 +139208,12 @@
   Fts3SegReader **apSegment,      /* Array of SegReader objects */
   int nReader                     /* Size of array apSegment */
 ){
-  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
   int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
-  sqlite3_stmt *pDelete;          /* SQL statement to delete rows */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pDelete = 0;      /* SQL statement to delete rows */
 
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGMENTS_RANGE, &pDelete, 0);
   for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<nReader; i++){
-    Fts3SegReader *pSegment = apSegment[i];
-    if( pSegment->iStartBlock ){
-      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDelete, 1, pSegment->iStartBlock);
-      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDelete, 2, pSegment->iEndBlock);
-      sqlite3_step(pDelete);
-      rc = sqlite3_reset(pDelete);
-    }
+    rc = fts3DeleteSegment(p, apSegment[i]);
   }
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     return rc;
@@ -127420,9 +139253,13 @@
 **
 ** If there are no entries in the input position list for column iCol, then
 ** *pnList is set to zero before returning.
+**
+** If parameter bZero is non-zero, then any part of the input list following
+** the end of the output list is zeroed before returning.
 */
 static void fts3ColumnFilter(
   int iCol,                       /* Column to filter on */
+  int bZero,                      /* Zero out anything following *ppList */
   char **ppList,                  /* IN/OUT: Pointer to position list */
   int *pnList                     /* IN/OUT: Size of buffer *ppList in bytes */
 ){
@@ -127448,9 +139285,12 @@
       break;
     }
     p = &pList[1];
-    p += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p, &iCurrent);
+    p += fts3GetVarint32(p, &iCurrent);
   }
 
+  if( bZero && &pList[nList]!=pEnd ){
+    memset(&pList[nList], 0, pEnd - &pList[nList]);
+  }
   *ppList = pList;
   *pnList = nList;
 }
@@ -127524,19 +139364,19 @@
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
       fts3SegReaderSort(pMsr->apSegment, nMerge, j, xCmp);
 
+      if( nList>0 && fts3SegReaderIsPending(apSegment[0]) ){
+        rc = fts3MsrBufferData(pMsr, pList, nList+1);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+        assert( (pMsr->aBuffer[nList] & 0xFE)==0x00 );
+        pList = pMsr->aBuffer;
+      }
+
       if( pMsr->iColFilter>=0 ){
-        fts3ColumnFilter(pMsr->iColFilter, &pList, &nList);
+        fts3ColumnFilter(pMsr->iColFilter, 1, &pList, &nList);
       }
 
       if( nList>0 ){
-        if( fts3SegReaderIsPending(apSegment[0]) ){
-          rc = fts3MsrBufferData(pMsr, pList, nList+1);
-          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
-          *paPoslist = pMsr->aBuffer;
-          assert( (pMsr->aBuffer[nList] & 0xFE)==0x00 );
-        }else{
-          *paPoslist = pList;
-        }
+        *paPoslist = pList;
         *piDocid = iDocid;
         *pnPoslist = nList;
         break;
@@ -127764,8 +139604,8 @@
       fts3SegReaderSort(apSegment, nMerge, nMerge, xCmp);
       while( apSegment[0]->pOffsetList ){
         int j;                    /* Number of segments that share a docid */
-        char *pList;
-        int nList;
+        char *pList = 0;
+        int nList = 0;
         int nByte;
         sqlite3_int64 iDocid = apSegment[0]->iDocid;
         fts3SegReaderNextDocid(p, apSegment[0], &pList, &nList);
@@ -127779,7 +139619,7 @@
         }
 
         if( isColFilter ){
-          fts3ColumnFilter(pFilter->iCol, &pList, &nList);
+          fts3ColumnFilter(pFilter->iCol, 0, &pList, &nList);
         }
 
         if( !isIgnoreEmpty || nList>0 ){
@@ -127859,6 +139699,140 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Decode the "end_block" field, selected by column iCol of the SELECT 
+** statement passed as the first argument. 
+**
+** The "end_block" field may contain either an integer, or a text field
+** containing the text representation of two non-negative integers separated 
+** by one or more space (0x20) characters. In the first case, set *piEndBlock 
+** to the integer value and *pnByte to zero before returning. In the second, 
+** set *piEndBlock to the first value and *pnByte to the second.
+*/
+static void fts3ReadEndBlockField(
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, 
+  int iCol, 
+  i64 *piEndBlock,
+  i64 *pnByte
+){
+  const unsigned char *zText = sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, iCol);
+  if( zText ){
+    int i;
+    int iMul = 1;
+    i64 iVal = 0;
+    for(i=0; zText[i]>='0' && zText[i]<='9'; i++){
+      iVal = iVal*10 + (zText[i] - '0');
+    }
+    *piEndBlock = iVal;
+    while( zText[i]==' ' ) i++;
+    iVal = 0;
+    if( zText[i]=='-' ){
+      i++;
+      iMul = -1;
+    }
+    for(/* no-op */; zText[i]>='0' && zText[i]<='9'; i++){
+      iVal = iVal*10 + (zText[i] - '0');
+    }
+    *pnByte = (iVal * (i64)iMul);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** A segment of size nByte bytes has just been written to absolute level
+** iAbsLevel. Promote any segments that should be promoted as a result.
+*/
+static int fts3PromoteSegments(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level just updated */
+  sqlite3_int64 nByte             /* Size of new segment at iAbsLevel */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pRange;
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_LEVEL_RANGE2, &pRange, 0);
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int bOk = 0;
+    i64 iLast = (iAbsLevel/FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL + 1) * FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL - 1;
+    i64 nLimit = (nByte*3)/2;
+
+    /* Loop through all entries in the %_segdir table corresponding to 
+    ** segments in this index on levels greater than iAbsLevel. If there is
+    ** at least one such segment, and it is possible to determine that all 
+    ** such segments are smaller than nLimit bytes in size, they will be 
+    ** promoted to level iAbsLevel.  */
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pRange, 1, iAbsLevel+1);
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pRange, 2, iLast);
+    while( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pRange) ){
+      i64 nSize = 0, dummy;
+      fts3ReadEndBlockField(pRange, 2, &dummy, &nSize);
+      if( nSize<=0 || nSize>nLimit ){
+        /* If nSize==0, then the %_segdir.end_block field does not not 
+        ** contain a size value. This happens if it was written by an
+        ** old version of FTS. In this case it is not possible to determine
+        ** the size of the segment, and so segment promotion does not
+        ** take place.  */
+        bOk = 0;
+        break;
+      }
+      bOk = 1;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pRange);
+
+    if( bOk ){
+      int iIdx = 0;
+      sqlite3_stmt *pUpdate1;
+      sqlite3_stmt *pUpdate2;
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_UPDATE_LEVEL_IDX, &pUpdate1, 0);
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_UPDATE_LEVEL, &pUpdate2, 0);
+      }
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+
+        /* Loop through all %_segdir entries for segments in this index with
+        ** levels equal to or greater than iAbsLevel. As each entry is visited,
+        ** updated it to set (level = -1) and (idx = N), where N is 0 for the
+        ** oldest segment in the range, 1 for the next oldest, and so on.
+        **
+        ** In other words, move all segments being promoted to level -1,
+        ** setting the "idx" fields as appropriate to keep them in the same
+        ** order. The contents of level -1 (which is never used, except
+        ** transiently here), will be moved back to level iAbsLevel below.  */
+        sqlite3_bind_int64(pRange, 1, iAbsLevel);
+        while( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pRange) ){
+          sqlite3_bind_int(pUpdate1, 1, iIdx++);
+          sqlite3_bind_int(pUpdate1, 2, sqlite3_column_int(pRange, 0));
+          sqlite3_bind_int(pUpdate1, 3, sqlite3_column_int(pRange, 1));
+          sqlite3_step(pUpdate1);
+          rc = sqlite3_reset(pUpdate1);
+          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+            sqlite3_reset(pRange);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3_reset(pRange);
+      }
+
+      /* Move level -1 to level iAbsLevel */
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        sqlite3_bind_int64(pUpdate2, 1, iAbsLevel);
+        sqlite3_step(pUpdate2);
+        rc = sqlite3_reset(pUpdate2);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Merge all level iLevel segments in the database into a single 
 ** iLevel+1 segment. Or, if iLevel<0, merge all segments into a
 ** single segment with a level equal to the numerically largest level 
@@ -127882,6 +139856,7 @@
   Fts3SegFilter filter;           /* Segment term filter condition */
   Fts3MultiSegReader csr;         /* Cursor to iterate through level(s) */
   int bIgnoreEmpty = 0;           /* True to ignore empty segments */
+  i64 iMaxLevel = 0;              /* Max level number for this index/langid */
 
   assert( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL
        || iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING
@@ -127893,30 +139868,35 @@
   rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel, 0, 0, 1, 0, &csr);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || csr.nSegment==0 ) goto finished;
 
+  if( iLevel!=FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING ){
+    rc = fts3SegmentMaxLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex, &iMaxLevel);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+  }
+
   if( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL ){
     /* This call is to merge all segments in the database to a single
-    ** segment. The level of the new segment is equal to the the numerically 
+    ** segment. The level of the new segment is equal to the numerically
     ** greatest segment level currently present in the database for this
     ** index. The idx of the new segment is always 0.  */
     if( csr.nSegment==1 ){
       rc = SQLITE_DONE;
       goto finished;
     }
-    rc = fts3SegmentMaxLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex, &iNewLevel);
+    iNewLevel = iMaxLevel;
     bIgnoreEmpty = 1;
 
-  }else if( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING ){
-    iNewLevel = getAbsoluteLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex, 0);
-    rc = fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(p, iLangid, iIndex, 0, &iIdx);
   }else{
     /* This call is to merge all segments at level iLevel. find the next
     ** available segment index at level iLevel+1. The call to
     ** fts3AllocateSegdirIdx() will merge the segments at level iLevel+1 to 
     ** a single iLevel+2 segment if necessary.  */
-    rc = fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel+1, &iIdx);
+    assert( FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING==-1 );
     iNewLevel = getAbsoluteLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel+1);
+    rc = fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel+1, &iIdx);
+    bIgnoreEmpty = (iLevel!=FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING) && (iNewLevel>iMaxLevel);
   }
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+
   assert( csr.nSegment>0 );
   assert( iNewLevel>=getAbsoluteLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex, 0) );
   assert( iNewLevel<getAbsoluteLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex,FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL) );
@@ -127933,7 +139913,7 @@
         csr.zTerm, csr.nTerm, csr.aDoclist, csr.nDoclist);
   }
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
-  assert( pWriter );
+  assert( pWriter || bIgnoreEmpty );
 
   if( iLevel!=FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING ){
     rc = fts3DeleteSegdir(
@@ -127941,7 +139921,14 @@
     );
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
   }
-  rc = fts3SegWriterFlush(p, pWriter, iNewLevel, iIdx);
+  if( pWriter ){
+    rc = fts3SegWriterFlush(p, pWriter, iNewLevel, iIdx);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING || iNewLevel<iMaxLevel ){
+        rc = fts3PromoteSegments(p, iNewLevel, pWriter->nLeafData);
+      }
+    }
+  }
 
  finished:
   fts3SegWriterFree(pWriter);
@@ -127951,16 +139938,38 @@
 
 
 /* 
-** Flush the contents of pendingTerms to level 0 segments.
+** Flush the contents of pendingTerms to level 0 segments. 
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(Fts3Table *p){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   int i;
+        
   for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nIndex; i++){
     rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, p->iPrevLangid, i, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING);
     if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }
   sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
+
+  /* Determine the auto-incr-merge setting if unknown.  If enabled,
+  ** estimate the number of leaf blocks of content to be written
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p->bHasStat
+   && p->nAutoincrmerge==0xff && p->nLeafAdd>0
+  ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_STAT, &pStmt, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, FTS_STAT_AUTOINCRMERGE);
+      rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
+        p->nAutoincrmerge = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
+        if( p->nAutoincrmerge==1 ) p->nAutoincrmerge = 8;
+      }else if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+        p->nAutoincrmerge = 0;
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+    }
+  }
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -128071,12 +140080,13 @@
     return;
   }
   pBlob = (char*)&a[nStat];
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL, &pStmt, 0);
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_STAT, &pStmt, 0);
   if( rc ){
     sqlite3_free(a);
     *pRC = rc;
     return;
   }
+  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, FTS_STAT_DOCTOTAL);
   if( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
     fts3DecodeIntArray(nStat, a,
          sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0),
@@ -128084,7 +140094,12 @@
   }else{
     memset(a, 0, sizeof(u32)*(nStat) );
   }
-  sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_free(a);
+    *pRC = rc;
+    return;
+  }
   if( nChng<0 && a[0]<(u32)(-nChng) ){
     a[0] = 0;
   }else{
@@ -128100,13 +140115,14 @@
     a[i+1] = x;
   }
   fts3EncodeIntArray(nStat, a, pBlob, &nBlob);
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_REPLACE_DOCTOTAL, &pStmt, 0);
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_REPLACE_STAT, &pStmt, 0);
   if( rc ){
     sqlite3_free(a);
     *pRC = rc;
     return;
   }
-  sqlite3_bind_blob(pStmt, 1, pBlob, nBlob, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, FTS_STAT_DOCTOTAL);
+  sqlite3_bind_blob(pStmt, 2, pBlob, nBlob, SQLITE_STATIC);
   sqlite3_step(pStmt);
   *pRC = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
   sqlite3_free(a);
@@ -128192,11 +140208,13 @@
       int iCol;
       int iLangid = langidFromSelect(p, pStmt);
       rc = fts3PendingTermsDocid(p, iLangid, sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 0));
-      aSz[p->nColumn] = 0;
+      memset(aSz, 0, sizeof(aSz[0]) * (p->nColumn+1));
       for(iCol=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && iCol<p->nColumn; iCol++){
-        const char *z = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, iCol+1);
-        rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, iLangid, z, iCol, &aSz[iCol]);
-        aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, iCol+1);
+        if( p->abNotindexed[iCol]==0 ){
+          const char *z = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, iCol+1);
+          rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, iLangid, z, iCol, &aSz[iCol]);
+          aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, iCol+1);
+        }
       }
       if( p->bHasDocsize ){
         fts3InsertDocsize(&rc, p, aSz);
@@ -128211,7 +140229,7 @@
         }
       }
     }
-    if( p->bHasStat ){
+    if( p->bFts4 ){
       fts3UpdateDocTotals(&rc, p, aSzIns, aSzDel, nEntry);
     }
     sqlite3_free(aSz);
@@ -128227,6 +140245,1715 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+
+/*
+** This function opens a cursor used to read the input data for an 
+** incremental merge operation. Specifically, it opens a cursor to scan
+** the oldest nSeg segments (idx=0 through idx=(nSeg-1)) in absolute 
+** level iAbsLevel.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeCsr(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level to open */
+  int nSeg,                       /* Number of segments to merge */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr        /* Cursor object to populate */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;        /* Statement used to read %_segdir entry */  
+  int nByte;                      /* Bytes allocated at pCsr->apSegment[] */
+
+  /* Allocate space for the Fts3MultiSegReader.aCsr[] array */
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(*pCsr));
+  nByte = sizeof(Fts3SegReader *) * nSeg;
+  pCsr->apSegment = (Fts3SegReader **)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+
+  if( pCsr->apSegment==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    memset(pCsr->apSegment, 0, nByte);
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_LEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int i;
+    int rc2;
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iAbsLevel);
+    assert( pCsr->nSegment==0 );
+    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW && i<nSeg; i++){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(i, 0,
+          sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 1),        /* segdir.start_block */
+          sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 2),        /* segdir.leaves_end_block */
+          sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 3),        /* segdir.end_block */
+          sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 4),         /* segdir.root */
+          sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 4),        /* segdir.root */
+          &pCsr->apSegment[i]
+      );
+      pCsr->nSegment++;
+    }
+    rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+typedef struct IncrmergeWriter IncrmergeWriter;
+typedef struct NodeWriter NodeWriter;
+typedef struct Blob Blob;
+typedef struct NodeReader NodeReader;
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure is used as a dynamic buffer
+** to build up nodes or other blobs of data in.
+**
+** The function blobGrowBuffer() is used to extend the allocation.
+*/
+struct Blob {
+  char *a;                        /* Pointer to allocation */
+  int n;                          /* Number of valid bytes of data in a[] */
+  int nAlloc;                     /* Allocated size of a[] (nAlloc>=n) */
+};
+
+/*
+** This structure is used to build up buffers containing segment b-tree 
+** nodes (blocks).
+*/
+struct NodeWriter {
+  sqlite3_int64 iBlock;           /* Current block id */
+  Blob key;                       /* Last key written to the current block */
+  Blob block;                     /* Current block image */
+};
+
+/*
+** An object of this type contains the state required to create or append
+** to an appendable b-tree segment.
+*/
+struct IncrmergeWriter {
+  int nLeafEst;                   /* Space allocated for leaf blocks */
+  int nWork;                      /* Number of leaf pages flushed */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel;        /* Absolute level of input segments */
+  int iIdx;                       /* Index of *output* segment in iAbsLevel+1 */
+  sqlite3_int64 iStart;           /* Block number of first allocated block */
+  sqlite3_int64 iEnd;             /* Block number of last allocated block */
+  sqlite3_int64 nLeafData;        /* Bytes of leaf page data so far */
+  u8 bNoLeafData;                 /* If true, store 0 for segment size */
+  NodeWriter aNodeWriter[FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT];
+};
+
+/*
+** An object of the following type is used to read data from a single
+** FTS segment node. See the following functions:
+**
+**     nodeReaderInit()
+**     nodeReaderNext()
+**     nodeReaderRelease()
+*/
+struct NodeReader {
+  const char *aNode;
+  int nNode;
+  int iOff;                       /* Current offset within aNode[] */
+
+  /* Output variables. Containing the current node entry. */
+  sqlite3_int64 iChild;           /* Pointer to child node */
+  Blob term;                      /* Current term */
+  const char *aDoclist;           /* Pointer to doclist */
+  int nDoclist;                   /* Size of doclist in bytes */
+};
+
+/*
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op.
+** Otherwise, if the allocation at pBlob->a is not already at least nMin
+** bytes in size, extend (realloc) it to be so.
+**
+** If an OOM error occurs, set *pRc to SQLITE_NOMEM and leave pBlob->a
+** unmodified. Otherwise, if the allocation succeeds, update pBlob->nAlloc
+** to reflect the new size of the pBlob->a[] buffer.
+*/
+static void blobGrowBuffer(Blob *pBlob, int nMin, int *pRc){
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK && nMin>pBlob->nAlloc ){
+    int nAlloc = nMin;
+    char *a = (char *)sqlite3_realloc(pBlob->a, nAlloc);
+    if( a ){
+      pBlob->nAlloc = nAlloc;
+      pBlob->a = a;
+    }else{
+      *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to advance the node-reader object passed as the first argument to
+** the next entry on the node. 
+**
+** Return an error code if an error occurs (SQLITE_NOMEM is possible). 
+** Otherwise return SQLITE_OK. If there is no next entry on the node
+** (e.g. because the current entry is the last) set NodeReader->aNode to
+** NULL to indicate EOF. Otherwise, populate the NodeReader structure output 
+** variables for the new entry.
+*/
+static int nodeReaderNext(NodeReader *p){
+  int bFirst = (p->term.n==0);    /* True for first term on the node */
+  int nPrefix = 0;                /* Bytes to copy from previous term */
+  int nSuffix = 0;                /* Bytes to append to the prefix */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+
+  assert( p->aNode );
+  if( p->iChild && bFirst==0 ) p->iChild++;
+  if( p->iOff>=p->nNode ){
+    /* EOF */
+    p->aNode = 0;
+  }else{
+    if( bFirst==0 ){
+      p->iOff += fts3GetVarint32(&p->aNode[p->iOff], &nPrefix);
+    }
+    p->iOff += fts3GetVarint32(&p->aNode[p->iOff], &nSuffix);
+
+    blobGrowBuffer(&p->term, nPrefix+nSuffix, &rc);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      memcpy(&p->term.a[nPrefix], &p->aNode[p->iOff], nSuffix);
+      p->term.n = nPrefix+nSuffix;
+      p->iOff += nSuffix;
+      if( p->iChild==0 ){
+        p->iOff += fts3GetVarint32(&p->aNode[p->iOff], &p->nDoclist);
+        p->aDoclist = &p->aNode[p->iOff];
+        p->iOff += p->nDoclist;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert( p->iOff<=p->nNode );
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Release all dynamic resources held by node-reader object *p.
+*/
+static void nodeReaderRelease(NodeReader *p){
+  sqlite3_free(p->term.a);
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize a node-reader object to read the node in buffer aNode/nNode.
+**
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned and the NodeReader object set to 
+** point to the first entry on the node (if any). Otherwise, an SQLite
+** error code is returned.
+*/
+static int nodeReaderInit(NodeReader *p, const char *aNode, int nNode){
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(NodeReader));
+  p->aNode = aNode;
+  p->nNode = nNode;
+
+  /* Figure out if this is a leaf or an internal node. */
+  if( p->aNode[0] ){
+    /* An internal node. */
+    p->iOff = 1 + sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(&p->aNode[1], &p->iChild);
+  }else{
+    p->iOff = 1;
+  }
+
+  return nodeReaderNext(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called while writing an FTS segment each time a leaf o
+** node is finished and written to disk. The key (zTerm/nTerm) is guaranteed
+** to be greater than the largest key on the node just written, but smaller
+** than or equal to the first key that will be written to the next leaf
+** node.
+**
+** The block id of the leaf node just written to disk may be found in
+** (pWriter->aNodeWriter[0].iBlock) when this function is called.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergePush(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Fts3 table handle */
+  IncrmergeWriter *pWriter,       /* Writer object */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to write to internal node */
+  int nTerm                       /* Bytes at zTerm */
+){
+  sqlite3_int64 iPtr = pWriter->aNodeWriter[0].iBlock;
+  int iLayer;
+
+  assert( nTerm>0 );
+  for(iLayer=1; ALWAYS(iLayer<FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT); iLayer++){
+    sqlite3_int64 iNextPtr = 0;
+    NodeWriter *pNode = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[iLayer];
+    int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    int nPrefix;
+    int nSuffix;
+    int nSpace;
+
+    /* Figure out how much space the key will consume if it is written to
+    ** the current node of layer iLayer. Due to the prefix compression, 
+    ** the space required changes depending on which node the key is to
+    ** be added to.  */
+    nPrefix = fts3PrefixCompress(pNode->key.a, pNode->key.n, zTerm, nTerm);
+    nSuffix = nTerm - nPrefix;
+    nSpace  = sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nPrefix);
+    nSpace += sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nSuffix) + nSuffix;
+
+    if( pNode->key.n==0 || (pNode->block.n + nSpace)<=p->nNodeSize ){ 
+      /* If the current node of layer iLayer contains zero keys, or if adding
+      ** the key to it will not cause it to grow to larger than nNodeSize 
+      ** bytes in size, write the key here.  */
+
+      Blob *pBlk = &pNode->block;
+      if( pBlk->n==0 ){
+        blobGrowBuffer(pBlk, p->nNodeSize, &rc);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          pBlk->a[0] = (char)iLayer;
+          pBlk->n = 1 + sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pBlk->a[1], iPtr);
+        }
+      }
+      blobGrowBuffer(pBlk, pBlk->n + nSpace, &rc);
+      blobGrowBuffer(&pNode->key, nTerm, &rc);
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        if( pNode->key.n ){
+          pBlk->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pBlk->a[pBlk->n], nPrefix);
+        }
+        pBlk->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pBlk->a[pBlk->n], nSuffix);
+        memcpy(&pBlk->a[pBlk->n], &zTerm[nPrefix], nSuffix);
+        pBlk->n += nSuffix;
+
+        memcpy(pNode->key.a, zTerm, nTerm);
+        pNode->key.n = nTerm;
+      }
+    }else{
+      /* Otherwise, flush the current node of layer iLayer to disk.
+      ** Then allocate a new, empty sibling node. The key will be written
+      ** into the parent of this node. */
+      rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, pNode->iBlock, pNode->block.a, pNode->block.n);
+
+      assert( pNode->block.nAlloc>=p->nNodeSize );
+      pNode->block.a[0] = (char)iLayer;
+      pNode->block.n = 1 + sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pNode->block.a[1], iPtr+1);
+
+      iNextPtr = pNode->iBlock;
+      pNode->iBlock++;
+      pNode->key.n = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || iNextPtr==0 ) return rc;
+    iPtr = iNextPtr;
+  }
+
+  assert( 0 );
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Append a term and (optionally) doclist to the FTS segment node currently
+** stored in blob *pNode. The node need not contain any terms, but the
+** header must be written before this function is called.
+**
+** A node header is a single 0x00 byte for a leaf node, or a height varint
+** followed by the left-hand-child varint for an internal node.
+**
+** The term to be appended is passed via arguments zTerm/nTerm. For a 
+** leaf node, the doclist is passed as aDoclist/nDoclist. For an internal
+** node, both aDoclist and nDoclist must be passed 0.
+**
+** If the size of the value in blob pPrev is zero, then this is the first
+** term written to the node. Otherwise, pPrev contains a copy of the 
+** previous term. Before this function returns, it is updated to contain a
+** copy of zTerm/nTerm.
+**
+** It is assumed that the buffer associated with pNode is already large
+** enough to accommodate the new entry. The buffer associated with pPrev
+** is extended by this function if requrired.
+**
+** If an error (i.e. OOM condition) occurs, an SQLite error code is
+** returned. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int fts3AppendToNode(
+  Blob *pNode,                    /* Current node image to append to */
+  Blob *pPrev,                    /* Buffer containing previous term written */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* New term to write */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  const char *aDoclist,           /* Doclist (or NULL) to write */
+  int nDoclist                    /* Size of aDoclist in bytes */ 
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  int bFirst = (pPrev->n==0);     /* True if this is the first term written */
+  int nPrefix;                    /* Size of term prefix in bytes */
+  int nSuffix;                    /* Size of term suffix in bytes */
+
+  /* Node must have already been started. There must be a doclist for a
+  ** leaf node, and there must not be a doclist for an internal node.  */
+  assert( pNode->n>0 );
+  assert( (pNode->a[0]=='\0')==(aDoclist!=0) );
+
+  blobGrowBuffer(pPrev, nTerm, &rc);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  nPrefix = fts3PrefixCompress(pPrev->a, pPrev->n, zTerm, nTerm);
+  nSuffix = nTerm - nPrefix;
+  memcpy(pPrev->a, zTerm, nTerm);
+  pPrev->n = nTerm;
+
+  if( bFirst==0 ){
+    pNode->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pNode->a[pNode->n], nPrefix);
+  }
+  pNode->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pNode->a[pNode->n], nSuffix);
+  memcpy(&pNode->a[pNode->n], &zTerm[nPrefix], nSuffix);
+  pNode->n += nSuffix;
+
+  if( aDoclist ){
+    pNode->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pNode->a[pNode->n], nDoclist);
+    memcpy(&pNode->a[pNode->n], aDoclist, nDoclist);
+    pNode->n += nDoclist;
+  }
+
+  assert( pNode->n<=pNode->nAlloc );
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Append the current term and doclist pointed to by cursor pCsr to the
+** appendable b-tree segment opened for writing by pWriter.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code otherwise.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeAppend(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Fts3 table handle */
+  IncrmergeWriter *pWriter,       /* Writer object */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr        /* Cursor containing term and doclist */
+){
+  const char *zTerm = pCsr->zTerm;
+  int nTerm = pCsr->nTerm;
+  const char *aDoclist = pCsr->aDoclist;
+  int nDoclist = pCsr->nDoclist;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;           /* Return code */
+  int nSpace;                   /* Total space in bytes required on leaf */
+  int nPrefix;                  /* Size of prefix shared with previous term */
+  int nSuffix;                  /* Size of suffix (nTerm - nPrefix) */
+  NodeWriter *pLeaf;            /* Object used to write leaf nodes */
+
+  pLeaf = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[0];
+  nPrefix = fts3PrefixCompress(pLeaf->key.a, pLeaf->key.n, zTerm, nTerm);
+  nSuffix = nTerm - nPrefix;
+
+  nSpace  = sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nPrefix);
+  nSpace += sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nSuffix) + nSuffix;
+  nSpace += sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nDoclist) + nDoclist;
+
+  /* If the current block is not empty, and if adding this term/doclist
+  ** to the current block would make it larger than Fts3Table.nNodeSize
+  ** bytes, write this block out to the database. */
+  if( pLeaf->block.n>0 && (pLeaf->block.n + nSpace)>p->nNodeSize ){
+    rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, pLeaf->iBlock, pLeaf->block.a, pLeaf->block.n);
+    pWriter->nWork++;
+
+    /* Add the current term to the parent node. The term added to the 
+    ** parent must:
+    **
+    **   a) be greater than the largest term on the leaf node just written
+    **      to the database (still available in pLeaf->key), and
+    **
+    **   b) be less than or equal to the term about to be added to the new
+    **      leaf node (zTerm/nTerm).
+    **
+    ** In other words, it must be the prefix of zTerm 1 byte longer than
+    ** the common prefix (if any) of zTerm and pWriter->zTerm.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3IncrmergePush(p, pWriter, zTerm, nPrefix+1);
+    }
+
+    /* Advance to the next output block */
+    pLeaf->iBlock++;
+    pLeaf->key.n = 0;
+    pLeaf->block.n = 0;
+
+    nSuffix = nTerm;
+    nSpace  = 1;
+    nSpace += sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nSuffix) + nSuffix;
+    nSpace += sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nDoclist) + nDoclist;
+  }
+
+  pWriter->nLeafData += nSpace;
+  blobGrowBuffer(&pLeaf->block, pLeaf->block.n + nSpace, &rc);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( pLeaf->block.n==0 ){
+      pLeaf->block.n = 1;
+      pLeaf->block.a[0] = '\0';
+    }
+    rc = fts3AppendToNode(
+        &pLeaf->block, &pLeaf->key, zTerm, nTerm, aDoclist, nDoclist
+    );
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to release all dynamic resources held by the
+** merge-writer object pWriter, and if no error has occurred, to flush
+** all outstanding node buffers held by pWriter to disk.
+**
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, then no attempt
+** is made to write any data to disk. Instead, this function serves only
+** to release outstanding resources.
+**
+** Otherwise, if *pRc is initially SQLITE_OK and an error occurs while
+** flushing buffers to disk, *pRc is set to an SQLite error code before
+** returning.
+*/
+static void fts3IncrmergeRelease(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  IncrmergeWriter *pWriter,       /* Merge-writer object */
+  int *pRc                        /* IN/OUT: Error code */
+){
+  int i;                          /* Used to iterate through non-root layers */
+  int iRoot;                      /* Index of root in pWriter->aNodeWriter */
+  NodeWriter *pRoot;              /* NodeWriter for root node */
+  int rc = *pRc;                  /* Error code */
+
+  /* Set iRoot to the index in pWriter->aNodeWriter[] of the output segment 
+  ** root node. If the segment fits entirely on a single leaf node, iRoot
+  ** will be set to 0. If the root node is the parent of the leaves, iRoot
+  ** will be 1. And so on.  */
+  for(iRoot=FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT-1; iRoot>=0; iRoot--){
+    NodeWriter *pNode = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[iRoot];
+    if( pNode->block.n>0 ) break;
+    assert( *pRc || pNode->block.nAlloc==0 );
+    assert( *pRc || pNode->key.nAlloc==0 );
+    sqlite3_free(pNode->block.a);
+    sqlite3_free(pNode->key.a);
+  }
+
+  /* Empty output segment. This is a no-op. */
+  if( iRoot<0 ) return;
+
+  /* The entire output segment fits on a single node. Normally, this means
+  ** the node would be stored as a blob in the "root" column of the %_segdir
+  ** table. However, this is not permitted in this case. The problem is that 
+  ** space has already been reserved in the %_segments table, and so the 
+  ** start_block and end_block fields of the %_segdir table must be populated. 
+  ** And, by design or by accident, released versions of FTS cannot handle 
+  ** segments that fit entirely on the root node with start_block!=0.
+  **
+  ** Instead, create a synthetic root node that contains nothing but a 
+  ** pointer to the single content node. So that the segment consists of a
+  ** single leaf and a single interior (root) node.
+  **
+  ** Todo: Better might be to defer allocating space in the %_segments 
+  ** table until we are sure it is needed.
+  */
+  if( iRoot==0 ){
+    Blob *pBlock = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[1].block;
+    blobGrowBuffer(pBlock, 1 + FTS3_VARINT_MAX, &rc);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pBlock->a[0] = 0x01;
+      pBlock->n = 1 + sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(
+          &pBlock->a[1], pWriter->aNodeWriter[0].iBlock
+      );
+    }
+    iRoot = 1;
+  }
+  pRoot = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[iRoot];
+
+  /* Flush all currently outstanding nodes to disk. */
+  for(i=0; i<iRoot; i++){
+    NodeWriter *pNode = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[i];
+    if( pNode->block.n>0 && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, pNode->iBlock, pNode->block.a, pNode->block.n);
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(pNode->block.a);
+    sqlite3_free(pNode->key.a);
+  }
+
+  /* Write the %_segdir record. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = fts3WriteSegdir(p, 
+        pWriter->iAbsLevel+1,               /* level */
+        pWriter->iIdx,                      /* idx */
+        pWriter->iStart,                    /* start_block */
+        pWriter->aNodeWriter[0].iBlock,     /* leaves_end_block */
+        pWriter->iEnd,                      /* end_block */
+        (pWriter->bNoLeafData==0 ? pWriter->nLeafData : 0),   /* end_block */
+        pRoot->block.a, pRoot->block.n      /* root */
+    );
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(pRoot->block.a);
+  sqlite3_free(pRoot->key.a);
+
+  *pRc = rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compare the term in buffer zLhs (size in bytes nLhs) with that in
+** zRhs (size in bytes nRhs) using memcmp. If one term is a prefix of
+** the other, it is considered to be smaller than the other.
+**
+** Return -ve if zLhs is smaller than zRhs, 0 if it is equal, or +ve
+** if it is greater.
+*/
+static int fts3TermCmp(
+  const char *zLhs, int nLhs,     /* LHS of comparison */
+  const char *zRhs, int nRhs      /* RHS of comparison */
+){
+  int nCmp = MIN(nLhs, nRhs);
+  int res;
+
+  res = memcmp(zLhs, zRhs, nCmp);
+  if( res==0 ) res = nLhs - nRhs;
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Query to see if the entry in the %_segments table with blockid iEnd is 
+** NULL. If no error occurs and the entry is NULL, set *pbRes 1 before
+** returning. Otherwise, set *pbRes to 0. 
+**
+** Or, if an error occurs while querying the database, return an SQLite 
+** error code. The final value of *pbRes is undefined in this case.
+**
+** This is used to test if a segment is an "appendable" segment. If it
+** is, then a NULL entry has been inserted into the %_segments table
+** with blockid %_segdir.end_block.
+*/
+static int fts3IsAppendable(Fts3Table *p, sqlite3_int64 iEnd, int *pbRes){
+  int bRes = 0;                   /* Result to set *pbRes to */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pCheck = 0;       /* Statement to query database with */
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SEGMENT_IS_APPENDABLE, &pCheck, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pCheck, 1, iEnd);
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pCheck) ) bRes = 1;
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pCheck);
+  }
+  
+  *pbRes = bRes;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called when initializing an incremental-merge operation.
+** It checks if the existing segment with index value iIdx at absolute level 
+** (iAbsLevel+1) can be appended to by the incremental merge. If it can, the
+** merge-writer object *pWriter is initialized to write to it.
+**
+** An existing segment can be appended to by an incremental merge if:
+**
+**   * It was initially created as an appendable segment (with all required
+**     space pre-allocated), and
+**
+**   * The first key read from the input (arguments zKey and nKey) is 
+**     greater than the largest key currently stored in the potential
+**     output segment.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeLoad(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Fts3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level of input segments */
+  int iIdx,                       /* Index of candidate output segment */
+  const char *zKey,               /* First key to write */
+  int nKey,                       /* Number of bytes in nKey */
+  IncrmergeWriter *pWriter        /* Populate this object */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pSelect = 0;      /* SELECT to read %_segdir entry */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR, &pSelect, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iStart = 0;     /* Value of %_segdir.start_block */
+    sqlite3_int64 iLeafEnd = 0;   /* Value of %_segdir.leaves_end_block */
+    sqlite3_int64 iEnd = 0;       /* Value of %_segdir.end_block */
+    const char *aRoot = 0;        /* Pointer to %_segdir.root buffer */
+    int nRoot = 0;                /* Size of aRoot[] in bytes */
+    int rc2;                      /* Return code from sqlite3_reset() */
+    int bAppendable = 0;          /* Set to true if segment is appendable */
+
+    /* Read the %_segdir entry for index iIdx absolute level (iAbsLevel+1) */
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pSelect, 1, iAbsLevel+1);
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pSelect, 2, iIdx);
+    if( sqlite3_step(pSelect)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      iStart = sqlite3_column_int64(pSelect, 1);
+      iLeafEnd = sqlite3_column_int64(pSelect, 2);
+      fts3ReadEndBlockField(pSelect, 3, &iEnd, &pWriter->nLeafData);
+      if( pWriter->nLeafData<0 ){
+        pWriter->nLeafData = pWriter->nLeafData * -1;
+      }
+      pWriter->bNoLeafData = (pWriter->nLeafData==0);
+      nRoot = sqlite3_column_bytes(pSelect, 4);
+      aRoot = sqlite3_column_blob(pSelect, 4);
+    }else{
+      return sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+    }
+
+    /* Check for the zero-length marker in the %_segments table */
+    rc = fts3IsAppendable(p, iEnd, &bAppendable);
+
+    /* Check that zKey/nKey is larger than the largest key the candidate */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bAppendable ){
+      char *aLeaf = 0;
+      int nLeaf = 0;
+
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, iLeafEnd, &aLeaf, &nLeaf, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        NodeReader reader;
+        for(rc = nodeReaderInit(&reader, aLeaf, nLeaf);
+            rc==SQLITE_OK && reader.aNode;
+            rc = nodeReaderNext(&reader)
+        ){
+          assert( reader.aNode );
+        }
+        if( fts3TermCmp(zKey, nKey, reader.term.a, reader.term.n)<=0 ){
+          bAppendable = 0;
+        }
+        nodeReaderRelease(&reader);
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(aLeaf);
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bAppendable ){
+      /* It is possible to append to this segment. Set up the IncrmergeWriter
+      ** object to do so.  */
+      int i;
+      int nHeight = (int)aRoot[0];
+      NodeWriter *pNode;
+
+      pWriter->nLeafEst = (int)((iEnd - iStart) + 1)/FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT;
+      pWriter->iStart = iStart;
+      pWriter->iEnd = iEnd;
+      pWriter->iAbsLevel = iAbsLevel;
+      pWriter->iIdx = iIdx;
+
+      for(i=nHeight+1; i<FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT; i++){
+        pWriter->aNodeWriter[i].iBlock = pWriter->iStart + i*pWriter->nLeafEst;
+      }
+
+      pNode = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[nHeight];
+      pNode->iBlock = pWriter->iStart + pWriter->nLeafEst*nHeight;
+      blobGrowBuffer(&pNode->block, MAX(nRoot, p->nNodeSize), &rc);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        memcpy(pNode->block.a, aRoot, nRoot);
+        pNode->block.n = nRoot;
+      }
+
+      for(i=nHeight; i>=0 && rc==SQLITE_OK; i--){
+        NodeReader reader;
+        pNode = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[i];
+
+        rc = nodeReaderInit(&reader, pNode->block.a, pNode->block.n);
+        while( reader.aNode && rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = nodeReaderNext(&reader);
+        blobGrowBuffer(&pNode->key, reader.term.n, &rc);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          memcpy(pNode->key.a, reader.term.a, reader.term.n);
+          pNode->key.n = reader.term.n;
+          if( i>0 ){
+            char *aBlock = 0;
+            int nBlock = 0;
+            pNode = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[i-1];
+            pNode->iBlock = reader.iChild;
+            rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, reader.iChild, &aBlock, &nBlock, 0);
+            blobGrowBuffer(&pNode->block, MAX(nBlock, p->nNodeSize), &rc);
+            if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+              memcpy(pNode->block.a, aBlock, nBlock);
+              pNode->block.n = nBlock;
+            }
+            sqlite3_free(aBlock);
+          }
+        }
+        nodeReaderRelease(&reader);
+      }
+    }
+
+    rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Determine the largest segment index value that exists within absolute
+** level iAbsLevel+1. If no error occurs, set *piIdx to this value plus
+** one before returning SQLITE_OK. Or, if there are no segments at all 
+** within level iAbsLevel, set *piIdx to zero.
+**
+** If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code. The final value of
+** *piIdx is undefined in this case.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeOutputIdx( 
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS Table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute index of input segments */
+  int *piIdx                      /* OUT: Next free index at iAbsLevel+1 */
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pOutputIdx = 0;   /* SQL used to find output index */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_NEXT_SEGMENT_INDEX, &pOutputIdx, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pOutputIdx, 1, iAbsLevel+1);
+    sqlite3_step(pOutputIdx);
+    *piIdx = sqlite3_column_int(pOutputIdx, 0);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pOutputIdx);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Allocate an appendable output segment on absolute level iAbsLevel+1
+** with idx value iIdx.
+**
+** In the %_segdir table, a segment is defined by the values in three
+** columns:
+**
+**     start_block
+**     leaves_end_block
+**     end_block
+**
+** When an appendable segment is allocated, it is estimated that the
+** maximum number of leaf blocks that may be required is the sum of the
+** number of leaf blocks consumed by the input segments, plus the number
+** of input segments, multiplied by two. This value is stored in stack 
+** variable nLeafEst.
+**
+** A total of 16*nLeafEst blocks are allocated when an appendable segment
+** is created ((1 + end_block - start_block)==16*nLeafEst). The contiguous
+** array of leaf nodes starts at the first block allocated. The array
+** of interior nodes that are parents of the leaf nodes start at block
+** (start_block + (1 + end_block - start_block) / 16). And so on.
+**
+** In the actual code below, the value "16" is replaced with the 
+** pre-processor macro FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeWriter( 
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Fts3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level of input segments */
+  int iIdx,                       /* Index of new output segment */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr,       /* Cursor that data will be read from */
+  IncrmergeWriter *pWriter        /* Populate this object */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+  int nLeafEst = 0;               /* Blocks allocated for leaf nodes */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pLeafEst = 0;     /* SQL used to determine nLeafEst */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pFirstBlock = 0;  /* SQL used to determine first block */
+
+  /* Calculate nLeafEst. */
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_MAX_LEAF_NODE_ESTIMATE, &pLeafEst, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pLeafEst, 1, iAbsLevel);
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pLeafEst, 2, pCsr->nSegment);
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pLeafEst) ){
+      nLeafEst = sqlite3_column_int(pLeafEst, 0);
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pLeafEst);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  /* Calculate the first block to use in the output segment */
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_NEXT_SEGMENTS_ID, &pFirstBlock, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pFirstBlock) ){
+      pWriter->iStart = sqlite3_column_int64(pFirstBlock, 0);
+      pWriter->iEnd = pWriter->iStart - 1;
+      pWriter->iEnd += nLeafEst * FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pFirstBlock);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  /* Insert the marker in the %_segments table to make sure nobody tries
+  ** to steal the space just allocated. This is also used to identify 
+  ** appendable segments.  */
+  rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, pWriter->iEnd, 0, 0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  pWriter->iAbsLevel = iAbsLevel;
+  pWriter->nLeafEst = nLeafEst;
+  pWriter->iIdx = iIdx;
+
+  /* Set up the array of NodeWriter objects */
+  for(i=0; i<FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT; i++){
+    pWriter->aNodeWriter[i].iBlock = pWriter->iStart + i*pWriter->nLeafEst;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove an entry from the %_segdir table. This involves running the 
+** following two statements:
+**
+**   DELETE FROM %_segdir WHERE level = :iAbsLevel AND idx = :iIdx
+**   UPDATE %_segdir SET idx = idx - 1 WHERE level = :iAbsLevel AND idx > :iIdx
+**
+** The DELETE statement removes the specific %_segdir level. The UPDATE 
+** statement ensures that the remaining segments have contiguously allocated
+** idx values.
+*/
+static int fts3RemoveSegdirEntry(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level to delete from */
+  int iIdx                        /* Index of %_segdir entry to delete */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pDelete = 0;      /* DELETE statement */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_ENTRY, &pDelete, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pDelete, 1, iAbsLevel);
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pDelete, 2, iIdx);
+    sqlite3_step(pDelete);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pDelete);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** One or more segments have just been removed from absolute level iAbsLevel.
+** Update the 'idx' values of the remaining segments in the level so that
+** the idx values are a contiguous sequence starting from 0.
+*/
+static int fts3RepackSegdirLevel(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel         /* Absolute level to repack */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int *aIdx = 0;                  /* Array of remaining idx values */
+  int nIdx = 0;                   /* Valid entries in aIdx[] */
+  int nAlloc = 0;                 /* Allocated size of aIdx[] */
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pSelect = 0;      /* Select statement to read idx values */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pUpdate = 0;      /* Update statement to modify idx values */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_INDEXES, &pSelect, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int rc2;
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pSelect, 1, iAbsLevel);
+    while( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pSelect) ){
+      if( nIdx>=nAlloc ){
+        int *aNew;
+        nAlloc += 16;
+        aNew = sqlite3_realloc(aIdx, nAlloc*sizeof(int));
+        if( !aNew ){
+          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          break;
+        }
+        aIdx = aNew;
+      }
+      aIdx[nIdx++] = sqlite3_column_int(pSelect, 0);
+    }
+    rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SHIFT_SEGDIR_ENTRY, &pUpdate, 0);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pUpdate, 2, iAbsLevel);
+  }
+
+  assert( p->bIgnoreSavepoint==0 );
+  p->bIgnoreSavepoint = 1;
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<nIdx; i++){
+    if( aIdx[i]!=i ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pUpdate, 3, aIdx[i]);
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pUpdate, 1, i);
+      sqlite3_step(pUpdate);
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pUpdate);
+    }
+  }
+  p->bIgnoreSavepoint = 0;
+
+  sqlite3_free(aIdx);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static void fts3StartNode(Blob *pNode, int iHeight, sqlite3_int64 iChild){
+  pNode->a[0] = (char)iHeight;
+  if( iChild ){
+    assert( pNode->nAlloc>=1+sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(iChild) );
+    pNode->n = 1 + sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pNode->a[1], iChild);
+  }else{
+    assert( pNode->nAlloc>=1 );
+    pNode->n = 1;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** The first two arguments are a pointer to and the size of a segment b-tree
+** node. The node may be a leaf or an internal node.
+**
+** This function creates a new node image in blob object *pNew by copying
+** all terms that are greater than or equal to zTerm/nTerm (for leaf nodes)
+** or greater than zTerm/nTerm (for internal nodes) from aNode/nNode.
+*/
+static int fts3TruncateNode(
+  const char *aNode,              /* Current node image */
+  int nNode,                      /* Size of aNode in bytes */
+  Blob *pNew,                     /* OUT: Write new node image here */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Omit all terms smaller than this */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piBlock          /* OUT: Block number in next layer down */
+){
+  NodeReader reader;              /* Reader object */
+  Blob prev = {0, 0, 0};          /* Previous term written to new node */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  int bLeaf = aNode[0]=='\0';     /* True for a leaf node */
+
+  /* Allocate required output space */
+  blobGrowBuffer(pNew, nNode, &rc);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  pNew->n = 0;
+
+  /* Populate new node buffer */
+  for(rc = nodeReaderInit(&reader, aNode, nNode); 
+      rc==SQLITE_OK && reader.aNode; 
+      rc = nodeReaderNext(&reader)
+  ){
+    if( pNew->n==0 ){
+      int res = fts3TermCmp(reader.term.a, reader.term.n, zTerm, nTerm);
+      if( res<0 || (bLeaf==0 && res==0) ) continue;
+      fts3StartNode(pNew, (int)aNode[0], reader.iChild);
+      *piBlock = reader.iChild;
+    }
+    rc = fts3AppendToNode(
+        pNew, &prev, reader.term.a, reader.term.n,
+        reader.aDoclist, reader.nDoclist
+    );
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+  }
+  if( pNew->n==0 ){
+    fts3StartNode(pNew, (int)aNode[0], reader.iChild);
+    *piBlock = reader.iChild;
+  }
+  assert( pNew->n<=pNew->nAlloc );
+
+  nodeReaderRelease(&reader);
+  sqlite3_free(prev.a);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove all terms smaller than zTerm/nTerm from segment iIdx in absolute 
+** level iAbsLevel. This may involve deleting entries from the %_segments
+** table, and modifying existing entries in both the %_segments and %_segdir
+** tables.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if the segment is updated successfully. Or an
+** SQLite error code otherwise.
+*/
+static int fts3TruncateSegment(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level of segment to modify */
+  int iIdx,                       /* Index within level of segment to modify */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Remove terms smaller than this */
+  int nTerm                      /* Number of bytes in buffer zTerm */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  Blob root = {0,0,0};            /* New root page image */
+  Blob block = {0,0,0};           /* Buffer used for any other block */
+  sqlite3_int64 iBlock = 0;       /* Block id */
+  sqlite3_int64 iNewStart = 0;    /* New value for iStartBlock */
+  sqlite3_int64 iOldStart = 0;    /* Old value for iStartBlock */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pFetch = 0;       /* Statement used to fetch segdir */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR, &pFetch, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int rc2;                      /* sqlite3_reset() return code */
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pFetch, 1, iAbsLevel);
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pFetch, 2, iIdx);
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pFetch) ){
+      const char *aRoot = sqlite3_column_blob(pFetch, 4);
+      int nRoot = sqlite3_column_bytes(pFetch, 4);
+      iOldStart = sqlite3_column_int64(pFetch, 1);
+      rc = fts3TruncateNode(aRoot, nRoot, &root, zTerm, nTerm, &iBlock);
+    }
+    rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pFetch);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }
+
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && iBlock ){
+    char *aBlock = 0;
+    int nBlock = 0;
+    iNewStart = iBlock;
+
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, iBlock, &aBlock, &nBlock, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3TruncateNode(aBlock, nBlock, &block, zTerm, nTerm, &iBlock);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, iNewStart, block.a, block.n);
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(aBlock);
+  }
+
+  /* Variable iNewStart now contains the first valid leaf node. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && iNewStart ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pDel = 0;
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGMENTS_RANGE, &pDel, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDel, 1, iOldStart);
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDel, 2, iNewStart-1);
+      sqlite3_step(pDel);
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pDel);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pChomp = 0;
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_CHOMP_SEGDIR, &pChomp, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pChomp, 1, iNewStart);
+      sqlite3_bind_blob(pChomp, 2, root.a, root.n, SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pChomp, 3, iAbsLevel);
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pChomp, 4, iIdx);
+      sqlite3_step(pChomp);
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pChomp);
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(root.a);
+  sqlite3_free(block.a);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called after an incrmental-merge operation has run to
+** merge (or partially merge) two or more segments from absolute level
+** iAbsLevel.
+**
+** Each input segment is either removed from the db completely (if all of
+** its data was copied to the output segment by the incrmerge operation)
+** or modified in place so that it no longer contains those entries that
+** have been duplicated in the output segment.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeChomp(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level containing segments */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr,       /* Chomp all segments opened by this cursor */
+  int *pnRem                      /* Number of segments not deleted */
+){
+  int i;
+  int nRem = 0;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  for(i=pCsr->nSegment-1; i>=0 && rc==SQLITE_OK; i--){
+    Fts3SegReader *pSeg = 0;
+    int j;
+
+    /* Find the Fts3SegReader object with Fts3SegReader.iIdx==i. It is hiding
+    ** somewhere in the pCsr->apSegment[] array.  */
+    for(j=0; ALWAYS(j<pCsr->nSegment); j++){
+      pSeg = pCsr->apSegment[j];
+      if( pSeg->iIdx==i ) break;
+    }
+    assert( j<pCsr->nSegment && pSeg->iIdx==i );
+
+    if( pSeg->aNode==0 ){
+      /* Seg-reader is at EOF. Remove the entire input segment. */
+      rc = fts3DeleteSegment(p, pSeg);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = fts3RemoveSegdirEntry(p, iAbsLevel, pSeg->iIdx);
+      }
+      *pnRem = 0;
+    }else{
+      /* The incremental merge did not copy all the data from this 
+      ** segment to the upper level. The segment is modified in place
+      ** so that it contains no keys smaller than zTerm/nTerm. */ 
+      const char *zTerm = pSeg->zTerm;
+      int nTerm = pSeg->nTerm;
+      rc = fts3TruncateSegment(p, iAbsLevel, pSeg->iIdx, zTerm, nTerm);
+      nRem++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nRem!=pCsr->nSegment ){
+    rc = fts3RepackSegdirLevel(p, iAbsLevel);
+  }
+
+  *pnRem = nRem;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Store an incr-merge hint in the database.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeHintStore(Fts3Table *p, Blob *pHint){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pReplace = 0;
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_REPLACE_STAT, &pReplace, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pReplace, 1, FTS_STAT_INCRMERGEHINT);
+    sqlite3_bind_blob(pReplace, 2, pHint->a, pHint->n, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3_step(pReplace);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pReplace);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Load an incr-merge hint from the database. The incr-merge hint, if one 
+** exists, is stored in the rowid==1 row of the %_stat table.
+**
+** If successful, populate blob *pHint with the value read from the %_stat
+** table and return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, if an error occurs, return an
+** SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeHintLoad(Fts3Table *p, Blob *pHint){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pSelect = 0;
+  int rc;
+
+  pHint->n = 0;
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_STAT, &pSelect, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int rc2;
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pSelect, 1, FTS_STAT_INCRMERGEHINT);
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pSelect) ){
+      const char *aHint = sqlite3_column_blob(pSelect, 0);
+      int nHint = sqlite3_column_bytes(pSelect, 0);
+      if( aHint ){
+        blobGrowBuffer(pHint, nHint, &rc);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          memcpy(pHint->a, aHint, nHint);
+          pHint->n = nHint;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op.
+** Otherwise, append an entry to the hint stored in blob *pHint. Each entry
+** consists of two varints, the absolute level number of the input segments 
+** and the number of input segments.
+**
+** If successful, leave *pRc set to SQLITE_OK and return. If an error occurs,
+** set *pRc to an SQLite error code before returning.
+*/
+static void fts3IncrmergeHintPush(
+  Blob *pHint,                    /* Hint blob to append to */
+  i64 iAbsLevel,                  /* First varint to store in hint */
+  int nInput,                     /* Second varint to store in hint */
+  int *pRc                        /* IN/OUT: Error code */
+){
+  blobGrowBuffer(pHint, pHint->n + 2*FTS3_VARINT_MAX, pRc);
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pHint->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pHint->a[pHint->n], iAbsLevel);
+    pHint->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pHint->a[pHint->n], (i64)nInput);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Read the last entry (most recently pushed) from the hint blob *pHint
+** and then remove the entry. Write the two values read to *piAbsLevel and 
+** *pnInput before returning.
+**
+** If no error occurs, return SQLITE_OK. If the hint blob in *pHint does
+** not contain at least two valid varints, return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeHintPop(Blob *pHint, i64 *piAbsLevel, int *pnInput){
+  const int nHint = pHint->n;
+  int i;
+
+  i = pHint->n-2;
+  while( i>0 && (pHint->a[i-1] & 0x80) ) i--;
+  while( i>0 && (pHint->a[i-1] & 0x80) ) i--;
+
+  pHint->n = i;
+  i += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(&pHint->a[i], piAbsLevel);
+  i += fts3GetVarint32(&pHint->a[i], pnInput);
+  if( i!=nHint ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Attempt an incremental merge that writes nMerge leaf blocks.
+**
+** Incremental merges happen nMin segments at a time. The segments 
+** to be merged are the nMin oldest segments (the ones with the smallest 
+** values for the _segdir.idx field) in the highest level that contains 
+** at least nMin segments. Multiple merges might occur in an attempt to 
+** write the quota of nMerge leaf blocks.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Incrmerge(Fts3Table *p, int nMerge, int nMin){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int nRem = nMerge;              /* Number of leaf pages yet to  be written */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr;       /* Cursor used to read input data */
+  Fts3SegFilter *pFilter;         /* Filter used with cursor pCsr */
+  IncrmergeWriter *pWriter;       /* Writer object */
+  int nSeg = 0;                   /* Number of input segments */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel = 0;    /* Absolute level number to work on */
+  Blob hint = {0, 0, 0};          /* Hint read from %_stat table */
+  int bDirtyHint = 0;             /* True if blob 'hint' has been modified */
+
+  /* Allocate space for the cursor, filter and writer objects */
+  const int nAlloc = sizeof(*pCsr) + sizeof(*pFilter) + sizeof(*pWriter);
+  pWriter = (IncrmergeWriter *)sqlite3_malloc(nAlloc);
+  if( !pWriter ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pFilter = (Fts3SegFilter *)&pWriter[1];
+  pCsr = (Fts3MultiSegReader *)&pFilter[1];
+
+  rc = fts3IncrmergeHintLoad(p, &hint);
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && nRem>0 ){
+    const i64 nMod = FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL * p->nIndex;
+    sqlite3_stmt *pFindLevel = 0; /* SQL used to determine iAbsLevel */
+    int bUseHint = 0;             /* True if attempting to append */
+    int iIdx = 0;                 /* Largest idx in level (iAbsLevel+1) */
+
+    /* Search the %_segdir table for the absolute level with the smallest
+    ** relative level number that contains at least nMin segments, if any.
+    ** If one is found, set iAbsLevel to the absolute level number and
+    ** nSeg to nMin. If no level with at least nMin segments can be found, 
+    ** set nSeg to -1.
+    */
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_FIND_MERGE_LEVEL, &pFindLevel, 0);
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pFindLevel, 1, nMin);
+    if( sqlite3_step(pFindLevel)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      iAbsLevel = sqlite3_column_int64(pFindLevel, 0);
+      nSeg = nMin;
+    }else{
+      nSeg = -1;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pFindLevel);
+
+    /* If the hint read from the %_stat table is not empty, check if the
+    ** last entry in it specifies a relative level smaller than or equal
+    ** to the level identified by the block above (if any). If so, this 
+    ** iteration of the loop will work on merging at the hinted level.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && hint.n ){
+      int nHint = hint.n;
+      sqlite3_int64 iHintAbsLevel = 0;      /* Hint level */
+      int nHintSeg = 0;                     /* Hint number of segments */
+
+      rc = fts3IncrmergeHintPop(&hint, &iHintAbsLevel, &nHintSeg);
+      if( nSeg<0 || (iAbsLevel % nMod) >= (iHintAbsLevel % nMod) ){
+        iAbsLevel = iHintAbsLevel;
+        nSeg = nHintSeg;
+        bUseHint = 1;
+        bDirtyHint = 1;
+      }else{
+        /* This undoes the effect of the HintPop() above - so that no entry
+        ** is removed from the hint blob.  */
+        hint.n = nHint;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If nSeg is less that zero, then there is no level with at least
+    ** nMin segments and no hint in the %_stat table. No work to do.
+    ** Exit early in this case.  */
+    if( nSeg<0 ) break;
+
+    /* Open a cursor to iterate through the contents of the oldest nSeg 
+    ** indexes of absolute level iAbsLevel. If this cursor is opened using 
+    ** the 'hint' parameters, it is possible that there are less than nSeg
+    ** segments available in level iAbsLevel. In this case, no work is
+    ** done on iAbsLevel - fall through to the next iteration of the loop 
+    ** to start work on some other level.  */
+    memset(pWriter, 0, nAlloc);
+    pFilter->flags = FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS;
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3IncrmergeOutputIdx(p, iAbsLevel, &iIdx);
+      assert( bUseHint==1 || bUseHint==0 );
+      if( iIdx==0 || (bUseHint && iIdx==1) ){
+        int bIgnore = 0;
+        rc = fts3SegmentIsMaxLevel(p, iAbsLevel+1, &bIgnore);
+        if( bIgnore ){
+          pFilter->flags |= FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3IncrmergeCsr(p, iAbsLevel, nSeg, pCsr);
+    }
+    if( SQLITE_OK==rc && pCsr->nSegment==nSeg
+     && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(p, pCsr, pFilter))
+     && SQLITE_ROW==(rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(p, pCsr))
+    ){
+      if( bUseHint && iIdx>0 ){
+        const char *zKey = pCsr->zTerm;
+        int nKey = pCsr->nTerm;
+        rc = fts3IncrmergeLoad(p, iAbsLevel, iIdx-1, zKey, nKey, pWriter);
+      }else{
+        rc = fts3IncrmergeWriter(p, iAbsLevel, iIdx, pCsr, pWriter);
+      }
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pWriter->nLeafEst ){
+        fts3LogMerge(nSeg, iAbsLevel);
+        do {
+          rc = fts3IncrmergeAppend(p, pWriter, pCsr);
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(p, pCsr);
+          if( pWriter->nWork>=nRem && rc==SQLITE_ROW ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+        }while( rc==SQLITE_ROW );
+
+        /* Update or delete the input segments */
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          nRem -= (1 + pWriter->nWork);
+          rc = fts3IncrmergeChomp(p, iAbsLevel, pCsr, &nSeg);
+          if( nSeg!=0 ){
+            bDirtyHint = 1;
+            fts3IncrmergeHintPush(&hint, iAbsLevel, nSeg, &rc);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if( nSeg!=0 ){
+        pWriter->nLeafData = pWriter->nLeafData * -1;
+      }
+      fts3IncrmergeRelease(p, pWriter, &rc);
+      if( nSeg==0 && pWriter->bNoLeafData==0 ){
+        fts3PromoteSegments(p, iAbsLevel+1, pWriter->nLeafData);
+      }
+    }
+
+    sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(pCsr);
+  }
+
+  /* Write the hint values into the %_stat table for the next incr-merger */
+  if( bDirtyHint && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = fts3IncrmergeHintStore(p, &hint);
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(pWriter);
+  sqlite3_free(hint.a);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert the text beginning at *pz into an integer and return
+** its value.  Advance *pz to point to the first character past
+** the integer.
+*/
+static int fts3Getint(const char **pz){
+  const char *z = *pz;
+  int i = 0;
+  while( (*z)>='0' && (*z)<='9' ) i = 10*i + *(z++) - '0';
+  *pz = z;
+  return i;
+}
+
+/*
+** Process statements of the form:
+**
+**    INSERT INTO table(table) VALUES('merge=A,B');
+**
+** A and B are integers that decode to be the number of leaf pages
+** written for the merge, and the minimum number of segments on a level
+** before it will be selected for a merge, respectively.
+*/
+static int fts3DoIncrmerge(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  const char *zParam              /* Nul-terminated string containing "A,B" */
+){
+  int rc;
+  int nMin = (FTS3_MERGE_COUNT / 2);
+  int nMerge = 0;
+  const char *z = zParam;
+
+  /* Read the first integer value */
+  nMerge = fts3Getint(&z);
+
+  /* If the first integer value is followed by a ',',  read the second
+  ** integer value. */
+  if( z[0]==',' && z[1]!='\0' ){
+    z++;
+    nMin = fts3Getint(&z);
+  }
+
+  if( z[0]!='\0' || nMin<2 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }else{
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    if( !p->bHasStat ){
+      assert( p->bFts4==0 );
+      sqlite3Fts3CreateStatTable(&rc, p);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3Incrmerge(p, nMerge, nMin);
+    }
+    sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Process statements of the form:
+**
+**    INSERT INTO table(table) VALUES('automerge=X');
+**
+** where X is an integer.  X==0 means to turn automerge off.  X!=0 means
+** turn it on.  The setting is persistent.
+*/
+static int fts3DoAutoincrmerge(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  const char *zParam              /* Nul-terminated string containing boolean */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+  p->nAutoincrmerge = fts3Getint(&zParam);
+  if( p->nAutoincrmerge==1 || p->nAutoincrmerge>FTS3_MERGE_COUNT ){
+    p->nAutoincrmerge = 8;
+  }
+  if( !p->bHasStat ){
+    assert( p->bFts4==0 );
+    sqlite3Fts3CreateStatTable(&rc, p);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+  }
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_REPLACE_STAT, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, FTS_STAT_AUTOINCRMERGE);
+  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 2, p->nAutoincrmerge);
+  sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+  rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a 64-bit checksum for the FTS index entry specified by the
+** arguments to this function.
+*/
+static u64 fts3ChecksumEntry(
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Pointer to buffer containing term */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  int iLangid,                    /* Language id for current row */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index (0..Fts3Table.nIndex-1) */
+  i64 iDocid,                     /* Docid for current row. */
+  int iCol,                       /* Column number */
+  int iPos                        /* Position */
+){
+  int i;
+  u64 ret = (u64)iDocid;
+
+  ret += (ret<<3) + iLangid;
+  ret += (ret<<3) + iIndex;
+  ret += (ret<<3) + iCol;
+  ret += (ret<<3) + iPos;
+  for(i=0; i<nTerm; i++) ret += (ret<<3) + zTerm[i];
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a checksum of all entries in the FTS index that correspond to
+** language id iLangid. The checksum is calculated by XORing the checksums
+** of each individual entry (see fts3ChecksumEntry()) together.
+**
+** If successful, the checksum value is returned and *pRc set to SQLITE_OK.
+** Otherwise, if an error occurs, *pRc is set to an SQLite error code. The
+** return value is undefined in this case.
+*/
+static u64 fts3ChecksumIndex(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  int iLangid,                    /* Language id to return cksum for */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index to cksum (0..p->nIndex-1) */
+  int *pRc                        /* OUT: Return code */
+){
+  Fts3SegFilter filter;
+  Fts3MultiSegReader csr;
+  int rc;
+  u64 cksum = 0;
+
+  assert( *pRc==SQLITE_OK );
+
+  memset(&filter, 0, sizeof(filter));
+  memset(&csr, 0, sizeof(csr));
+  filter.flags =  FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS|FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY;
+  filter.flags |= FTS3_SEGMENT_SCAN;
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
+      p, iLangid, iIndex, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL, 0, 0, 0, 1,&csr
+  );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(p, &csr, &filter);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    while( SQLITE_ROW==(rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(p, &csr)) ){
+      char *pCsr = csr.aDoclist;
+      char *pEnd = &pCsr[csr.nDoclist];
+
+      i64 iDocid = 0;
+      i64 iCol = 0;
+      i64 iPos = 0;
+
+      pCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pCsr, &iDocid);
+      while( pCsr<pEnd ){
+        i64 iVal = 0;
+        pCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pCsr, &iVal);
+        if( pCsr<pEnd ){
+          if( iVal==0 || iVal==1 ){
+            iCol = 0;
+            iPos = 0;
+            if( iVal ){
+              pCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pCsr, &iCol);
+            }else{
+              pCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pCsr, &iVal);
+              iDocid += iVal;
+            }
+          }else{
+            iPos += (iVal - 2);
+            cksum = cksum ^ fts3ChecksumEntry(
+                csr.zTerm, csr.nTerm, iLangid, iIndex, iDocid,
+                (int)iCol, (int)iPos
+            );
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(&csr);
+
+  *pRc = rc;
+  return cksum;
+}
+
+/*
+** Check if the contents of the FTS index match the current contents of the
+** content table. If no error occurs and the contents do match, set *pbOk
+** to true and return SQLITE_OK. Or if the contents do not match, set *pbOk
+** to false before returning.
+**
+** If an error occurs (e.g. an OOM or IO error), return an SQLite error 
+** code. The final value of *pbOk is undefined in this case.
+*/
+static int fts3IntegrityCheck(Fts3Table *p, int *pbOk){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  u64 cksum1 = 0;                 /* Checksum based on FTS index contents */
+  u64 cksum2 = 0;                 /* Checksum based on %_content contents */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pAllLangid = 0;   /* Statement to return all language-ids */
+
+  /* This block calculates the checksum according to the FTS index. */
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_ALL_LANGID, &pAllLangid, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int rc2;
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pAllLangid, 1, p->nIndex);
+    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3_step(pAllLangid)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      int iLangid = sqlite3_column_int(pAllLangid, 0);
+      int i;
+      for(i=0; i<p->nIndex; i++){
+        cksum1 = cksum1 ^ fts3ChecksumIndex(p, iLangid, i, &rc);
+      }
+    }
+    rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pAllLangid);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }
+
+  /* This block calculates the checksum according to the %_content table */
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_ALL_LANGID, &pAllLangid, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pModule = p->pTokenizer->pModule;
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+    char *zSql;
+   
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT %s" , p->zReadExprlist);
+    if( !zSql ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+      sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    }
+
+    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+      i64 iDocid = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 0);
+      int iLang = langidFromSelect(p, pStmt);
+      int iCol;
+
+      for(iCol=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && iCol<p->nColumn; iCol++){
+        if( p->abNotindexed[iCol]==0 ){
+          const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, iCol+1);
+          int nText = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, iCol+1);
+          sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pT = 0;
+
+          rc = sqlite3Fts3OpenTokenizer(p->pTokenizer, iLang, zText, nText,&pT);
+          while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            char const *zToken;       /* Buffer containing token */
+            int nToken = 0;           /* Number of bytes in token */
+            int iDum1 = 0, iDum2 = 0; /* Dummy variables */
+            int iPos = 0;             /* Position of token in zText */
+
+            rc = pModule->xNext(pT, &zToken, &nToken, &iDum1, &iDum2, &iPos);
+            if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+              int i;
+              cksum2 = cksum2 ^ fts3ChecksumEntry(
+                  zToken, nToken, iLang, 0, iDocid, iCol, iPos
+              );
+              for(i=1; i<p->nIndex; i++){
+                if( p->aIndex[i].nPrefix<=nToken ){
+                  cksum2 = cksum2 ^ fts3ChecksumEntry(
+                      zToken, p->aIndex[i].nPrefix, iLang, i, iDocid, iCol, iPos
+                  );
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          if( pT ) pModule->xClose(pT);
+          if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+  }
+
+  *pbOk = (cksum1==cksum2);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Run the integrity-check. If no error occurs and the current contents of
+** the FTS index are correct, return SQLITE_OK. Or, if the contents of the
+** FTS index are incorrect, return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB.
+**
+** Or, if an error (e.g. an OOM or IO error) occurs, return an SQLite 
+** error code.
+**
+** The integrity-check works as follows. For each token and indexed token
+** prefix in the document set, a 64-bit checksum is calculated (by code
+** in fts3ChecksumEntry()) based on the following:
+**
+**     + The index number (0 for the main index, 1 for the first prefix
+**       index etc.),
+**     + The token (or token prefix) text itself, 
+**     + The language-id of the row it appears in,
+**     + The docid of the row it appears in,
+**     + The column it appears in, and
+**     + The tokens position within that column.
+**
+** The checksums for all entries in the index are XORed together to create
+** a single checksum for the entire index.
+**
+** The integrity-check code calculates the same checksum in two ways:
+**
+**     1. By scanning the contents of the FTS index, and 
+**     2. By scanning and tokenizing the content table.
+**
+** If the two checksums are identical, the integrity-check is deemed to have
+** passed.
+*/
+static int fts3DoIntegrityCheck(
+  Fts3Table *p                    /* FTS3 table handle */
+){
+  int rc;
+  int bOk = 0;
+  rc = fts3IntegrityCheck(p, &bOk);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bOk==0 ) rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Handle a 'special' INSERT of the form:
 **
@@ -128246,6 +141973,12 @@
     rc = fts3DoOptimize(p, 0);
   }else if( nVal==7 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "rebuild", 7) ){
     rc = fts3DoRebuild(p);
+  }else if( nVal==15 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "integrity-check", 15) ){
+    rc = fts3DoIntegrityCheck(p);
+  }else if( nVal>6 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "merge=", 6) ){
+    rc = fts3DoIncrmerge(p, &zVal[6]);
+  }else if( nVal>10 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "automerge=", 10) ){
+    rc = fts3DoAutoincrmerge(p, &zVal[10]);
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   }else if( nVal>9 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "nodesize=", 9) ){
     p->nNodeSize = atoi(&zVal[9]);
@@ -128253,6 +141986,9 @@
   }else if( nVal>11 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "maxpending=", 9) ){
     p->nMaxPendingData = atoi(&zVal[11]);
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else if( nVal>21 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "test-no-incr-doclist=", 21) ){
+    p->bNoIncrDoclist = atoi(&zVal[21]);
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
 #endif
   }else{
     rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
@@ -128261,6 +141997,7 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS4_DEFERRED
 /*
 ** Delete all cached deferred doclists. Deferred doclists are cached
 ** (allocated) by the sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists() function.
@@ -128311,32 +142048,34 @@
     iDocid = sqlite3_column_int64(pCsr->pStmt, 0);
   
     for(i=0; i<p->nColumn && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
-      const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pCsr->pStmt, i+1);
-      sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pTC = 0;
-  
-      rc = sqlite3Fts3OpenTokenizer(pT, pCsr->iLangid, zText, -1, &pTC);
-      while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        char const *zToken;       /* Buffer containing token */
-        int nToken;               /* Number of bytes in token */
-        int iDum1, iDum2;         /* Dummy variables */
-        int iPos;                 /* Position of token in zText */
-  
-        rc = pModule->xNext(pTC, &zToken, &nToken, &iDum1, &iDum2, &iPos);
-        for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef && rc==SQLITE_OK; pDef=pDef->pNext){
-          Fts3PhraseToken *pPT = pDef->pToken;
-          if( (pDef->iCol>=p->nColumn || pDef->iCol==i)
-           && (pPT->bFirst==0 || iPos==0)
-           && (pPT->n==nToken || (pPT->isPrefix && pPT->n<nToken))
-           && (0==memcmp(zToken, pPT->z, pPT->n))
-          ){
-            fts3PendingListAppend(&pDef->pList, iDocid, i, iPos, &rc);
+      if( p->abNotindexed[i]==0 ){
+        const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pCsr->pStmt, i+1);
+        sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pTC = 0;
+
+        rc = sqlite3Fts3OpenTokenizer(pT, pCsr->iLangid, zText, -1, &pTC);
+        while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          char const *zToken;       /* Buffer containing token */
+          int nToken = 0;           /* Number of bytes in token */
+          int iDum1 = 0, iDum2 = 0; /* Dummy variables */
+          int iPos = 0;             /* Position of token in zText */
+
+          rc = pModule->xNext(pTC, &zToken, &nToken, &iDum1, &iDum2, &iPos);
+          for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef && rc==SQLITE_OK; pDef=pDef->pNext){
+            Fts3PhraseToken *pPT = pDef->pToken;
+            if( (pDef->iCol>=p->nColumn || pDef->iCol==i)
+                && (pPT->bFirst==0 || iPos==0)
+                && (pPT->n==nToken || (pPT->isPrefix && pPT->n<nToken))
+                && (0==memcmp(zToken, pPT->z, pPT->n))
+              ){
+              fts3PendingListAppend(&pDef->pList, iDocid, i, iPos, &rc);
+            }
           }
         }
+        if( pTC ) pModule->xClose(pTC);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
       }
-      if( pTC ) pModule->xClose(pTC);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
     }
-  
+
     for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef && rc==SQLITE_OK; pDef=pDef->pNext){
       if( pDef->pList ){
         rc = fts3PendingListAppendVarint(&pDef->pList, 0);
@@ -128398,6 +142137,7 @@
 
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** SQLite value pRowid contains the rowid of a row that may or may not be
@@ -128407,28 +142147,32 @@
 static int fts3DeleteByRowid(
   Fts3Table *p, 
   sqlite3_value *pRowid, 
-  int *pnDoc,
+  int *pnChng,                    /* IN/OUT: Decrement if row is deleted */
   u32 *aSzDel
 ){
-  int isEmpty = 0;
-  int rc = fts3IsEmpty(p, pRowid, &isEmpty);
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    if( isEmpty ){
-      /* Deleting this row means the whole table is empty. In this case
-      ** delete the contents of all three tables and throw away any
-      ** data in the pendingTerms hash table.  */
-      rc = fts3DeleteAll(p, 1);
-      *pnDoc = *pnDoc - 1;
-    }else{
-      fts3DeleteTerms(&rc, p, pRowid, aSzDel);
-      if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
-        fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_CONTENT, &pRowid);
-        if( sqlite3_changes(p->db) ) *pnDoc = *pnDoc - 1;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  int bFound = 0;                 /* True if *pRowid really is in the table */
+
+  fts3DeleteTerms(&rc, p, pRowid, aSzDel, &bFound);
+  if( bFound && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int isEmpty = 0;              /* Deleting *pRowid leaves the table empty */
+    rc = fts3IsEmpty(p, pRowid, &isEmpty);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( isEmpty ){
+        /* Deleting this row means the whole table is empty. In this case
+        ** delete the contents of all three tables and throw away any
+        ** data in the pendingTerms hash table.  */
+        rc = fts3DeleteAll(p, 1);
+        *pnChng = 0;
+        memset(aSzDel, 0, sizeof(u32) * (p->nColumn+1) * 2);
       }else{
-        *pnDoc = *pnDoc - 1;
-      }
-      if( p->bHasDocsize ){
-        fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_DOCSIZE, &pRowid);
+        *pnChng = *pnChng - 1;
+        if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
+          fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_CONTENT, &pRowid);
+        }
+        if( p->bHasDocsize ){
+          fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_DOCSIZE, &pRowid);
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -128441,7 +142185,7 @@
 ** tables. The schema of the virtual table being:
 **
 **     CREATE TABLE <table name>( 
-**       <user COLUMns>,
+**       <user columns>,
 **       <table name> HIDDEN, 
 **       docid HIDDEN, 
 **       <langid> HIDDEN
@@ -128459,10 +142203,14 @@
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
   int isRemove = 0;               /* True for an UPDATE or DELETE */
   u32 *aSzIns = 0;                /* Sizes of inserted documents */
-  u32 *aSzDel;                    /* Sizes of deleted documents */
+  u32 *aSzDel = 0;                /* Sizes of deleted documents */
   int nChng = 0;                  /* Net change in number of documents */
   int bInsertDone = 0;
 
+  /* At this point it must be known if the %_stat table exists or not.
+  ** So bHasStat may not be 2.  */
+  assert( p->bHasStat==0 || p->bHasStat==1 );
+
   assert( p->pSegments==0 );
   assert( 
       nArg==1                     /* DELETE operations */
@@ -128487,13 +142235,16 @@
   }
 
   /* Allocate space to hold the change in document sizes */
-  aSzIns = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(aSzIns[0])*(p->nColumn+1)*2 );
-  if( aSzIns==0 ){
+  aSzDel = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(aSzDel[0])*(p->nColumn+1)*2 );
+  if( aSzDel==0 ){
     rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
     goto update_out;
   }
-  aSzDel = &aSzIns[p->nColumn+1];
-  memset(aSzIns, 0, sizeof(aSzIns[0])*(p->nColumn+1)*2);
+  aSzIns = &aSzDel[p->nColumn+1];
+  memset(aSzDel, 0, sizeof(aSzDel[0])*(p->nColumn+1)*2);
+
+  rc = fts3Writelock(p);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto update_out;
 
   /* If this is an INSERT operation, or an UPDATE that modifies the rowid
   ** value, then this operation requires constraint handling.
@@ -128573,12 +142324,12 @@
     nChng++;
   }
 
-  if( p->bHasStat ){
+  if( p->bFts4 ){
     fts3UpdateDocTotals(&rc, p, aSzIns, aSzDel, nChng);
   }
 
  update_out:
-  sqlite3_free(aSzIns);
+  sqlite3_free(aSzDel);
   sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
   return rc;
 }
@@ -128738,7 +142489,7 @@
 */
 static void fts3GetDeltaPosition(char **pp, int *piPos){
   int iVal;
-  *pp += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(*pp, &iVal);
+  *pp += fts3GetVarint32(*pp, &iVal);
   *piPos += (iVal-2);
 }
 
@@ -128970,10 +142721,11 @@
   SnippetIter *p = (SnippetIter *)ctx;
   SnippetPhrase *pPhrase = &p->aPhrase[iPhrase];
   char *pCsr;
+  int rc;
 
   pPhrase->nToken = pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
-
-  pCsr = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCsr, pExpr, p->iCol);
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCsr, pExpr, p->iCol, &pCsr);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pCsr==0 );
   if( pCsr ){
     int iFirst = 0;
     pPhrase->pList = pCsr;
@@ -128984,10 +142736,12 @@
     pPhrase->iHead = iFirst;
     pPhrase->iTail = iFirst;
   }else{
-    assert( pPhrase->pList==0 && pPhrase->pHead==0 && pPhrase->pTail==0 );
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || (
+       pPhrase->pList==0 && pPhrase->pHead==0 && pPhrase->pTail==0 
+    ));
   }
 
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -128996,9 +142750,9 @@
 ** is the snippet with the highest score, where scores are calculated
 ** by adding:
 **
-**   (a) +1 point for each occurence of a matchable phrase in the snippet.
+**   (a) +1 point for each occurrence of a matchable phrase in the snippet.
 **
-**   (b) +1000 points for the first occurence of each matchable phrase in 
+**   (b) +1000 points for the first occurrence of each matchable phrase in 
 **       the snippet for which the corresponding mCovered bit is not set.
 **
 ** The selected snippet parameters are stored in structure *pFragment before
@@ -129111,6 +142865,7 @@
     pStr->z = zNew;
     pStr->nAlloc = nAlloc;
   }
+  assert( pStr->z!=0 && (pStr->nAlloc >= pStr->n+nAppend+1) );
 
   /* Append the data to the string buffer. */
   memcpy(&pStr->z[pStr->n], zAppend, nAppend);
@@ -129183,7 +142938,7 @@
         return rc;
       }
       while( rc==SQLITE_OK && iCurrent<(nSnippet+nDesired) ){
-        const char *ZDUMMY; int DUMMY1, DUMMY2, DUMMY3;
+        const char *ZDUMMY; int DUMMY1 = 0, DUMMY2 = 0, DUMMY3 = 0;
         rc = pMod->xNext(pC, &ZDUMMY, &DUMMY1, &DUMMY2, &DUMMY3, &iCurrent);
       }
       pMod->xClose(pC);
@@ -129227,8 +142982,6 @@
   int iCol = pFragment->iCol+1;   /* Query column to extract text from */
   sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pMod; /* Tokenizer module methods object */
   sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pC;   /* Tokenizer cursor open on zDoc/nDoc */
-  const char *ZDUMMY;             /* Dummy argument used with tokenizer */
-  int DUMMY1;                     /* Dummy argument used with tokenizer */
   
   zDoc = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pCsr->pStmt, iCol);
   if( zDoc==0 ){
@@ -129247,10 +143000,23 @@
   }
 
   while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    int iBegin;                   /* Offset in zDoc of start of token */
-    int iFin;                     /* Offset in zDoc of end of token */
-    int isHighlight;              /* True for highlighted terms */
+    const char *ZDUMMY;           /* Dummy argument used with tokenizer */
+    int DUMMY1 = -1;              /* Dummy argument used with tokenizer */
+    int iBegin = 0;               /* Offset in zDoc of start of token */
+    int iFin = 0;                 /* Offset in zDoc of end of token */
+    int isHighlight = 0;          /* True for highlighted terms */
 
+    /* Variable DUMMY1 is initialized to a negative value above. Elsewhere
+    ** in the FTS code the variable that the third argument to xNext points to
+    ** is initialized to zero before the first (*but not necessarily
+    ** subsequent*) call to xNext(). This is done for a particular application
+    ** that needs to know whether or not the tokenizer is being used for
+    ** snippet generation or for some other purpose.
+    **
+    ** Extreme care is required when writing code to depend on this
+    ** initialization. It is not a documented part of the tokenizer interface.
+    ** If a tokenizer is used directly by any code outside of FTS, this
+    ** convention might not be respected.  */
     rc = pMod->xNext(pC, &ZDUMMY, &DUMMY1, &iBegin, &iFin, &iCurrent);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
@@ -129380,13 +143146,14 @@
   int iPhrase,                    /* Phrase number */
   void *pCtx                      /* Pointer to MatchInfo structure */
 ){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   MatchInfo *p = (MatchInfo *)pCtx;
   int iStart = iPhrase * p->nCol * 3;
   int i;
 
-  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+  for(i=0; i<p->nCol && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
     char *pCsr;
-    pCsr = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCursor, pExpr, i);
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCursor, pExpr, i, &pCsr);
     if( pCsr ){
       p->aMatchinfo[iStart+i*3] = fts3ColumnlistCount(&pCsr);
     }else{
@@ -129394,7 +143161,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 static int fts3MatchinfoCheck(
@@ -129404,8 +143171,8 @@
 ){
   if( (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NPHRASE)
    || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NCOL)
-   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NDOC && pTab->bHasStat)
-   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_AVGLENGTH && pTab->bHasStat)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NDOC && pTab->bFts4)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_AVGLENGTH && pTab->bFts4)
    || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LENGTH && pTab->bHasDocsize)
    || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS)
    || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS)
@@ -129555,8 +143322,10 @@
     int nLive = 0;                /* Number of iterators in aIter not at EOF */
 
     for(i=0; i<pInfo->nPhrase; i++){
+      int rc;
       LcsIterator *pIt = &aIter[i];
-      pIt->pRead = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(pCsr, pIt->pExpr, iCol);
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(pCsr, pIt->pExpr, iCol, &pIt->pRead);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
       if( pIt->pRead ){
         pIt->iPos = pIt->iPosOffset;
         fts3LcsIteratorAdvance(&aIter[i]);
@@ -129908,9 +143677,10 @@
   int iTerm;                      /* For looping through nTerm phrase terms */
   char *pList;                    /* Pointer to position list for phrase */
   int iPos = 0;                   /* First position in position-list */
+  int rc;
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(iPhrase);
-  pList = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCsr, pExpr, p->iCol);
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCsr, pExpr, p->iCol, &pList);
   nTerm = pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
   if( pList ){
     fts3GetDeltaPosition(&pList, &iPos);
@@ -129924,7 +143694,7 @@
     pT->iPos = iPos;
   }
 
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -129936,8 +143706,6 @@
 ){
   Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
   sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pMod = pTab->pTokenizer->pModule;
-  const char *ZDUMMY;             /* Dummy argument used with xNext() */
-  int NDUMMY;                     /* Dummy argument used with xNext() */
   int rc;                         /* Return Code */
   int nToken;                     /* Number of tokens in query */
   int iCol;                       /* Column currently being processed */
@@ -129970,9 +143738,11 @@
   */
   for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nColumn; iCol++){
     sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pC; /* Tokenizer cursor */
-    int iStart;
-    int iEnd;
-    int iCurrent;
+    const char *ZDUMMY;           /* Dummy argument used with xNext() */
+    int NDUMMY = 0;               /* Dummy argument used with xNext() */
+    int iStart = 0;
+    int iEnd = 0;
+    int iCurrent = 0;
     const char *zDoc;
     int nDoc;
 
@@ -130112,6 +143882,768 @@
 #endif
 
 /************** End of fts3_snippet.c ****************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_unicode.c ************************************/
+/*
+** 2012 May 24
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** Implementation of the "unicode" full-text-search tokenizer.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
+/* #include <stdio.h> */
+/* #include <string.h> */
+
+
+/*
+** The following two macros - READ_UTF8 and WRITE_UTF8 - have been copied
+** from the sqlite3 source file utf.c. If this file is compiled as part
+** of the amalgamation, they are not required.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+
+static const unsigned char sqlite3Utf8Trans1[] = {
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+  0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
+  0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
+  0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+  0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
+};
+
+#define READ_UTF8(zIn, zTerm, c)                           \
+  c = *(zIn++);                                            \
+  if( c>=0xc0 ){                                           \
+    c = sqlite3Utf8Trans1[c-0xc0];                         \
+    while( zIn!=zTerm && (*zIn & 0xc0)==0x80 ){            \
+      c = (c<<6) + (0x3f & *(zIn++));                      \
+    }                                                      \
+    if( c<0x80                                             \
+        || (c&0xFFFFF800)==0xD800                          \
+        || (c&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ){  c = 0xFFFD; }        \
+  }
+
+#define WRITE_UTF8(zOut, c) {                          \
+  if( c<0x00080 ){                                     \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(c&0xFF);                            \
+  }                                                    \
+  else if( c<0x00800 ){                                \
+    *zOut++ = 0xC0 + (u8)((c>>6)&0x1F);                \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);                   \
+  }                                                    \
+  else if( c<0x10000 ){                                \
+    *zOut++ = 0xE0 + (u8)((c>>12)&0x0F);               \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>6) & 0x3F);              \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);                   \
+  }else{                                               \
+    *zOut++ = 0xF0 + (u8)((c>>18) & 0x07);             \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>12) & 0x3F);             \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>6) & 0x3F);              \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);                   \
+  }                                                    \
+}
+
+#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION */
+
+typedef struct unicode_tokenizer unicode_tokenizer;
+typedef struct unicode_cursor unicode_cursor;
+
+struct unicode_tokenizer {
+  sqlite3_tokenizer base;
+  int bRemoveDiacritic;
+  int nException;
+  int *aiException;
+};
+
+struct unicode_cursor {
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor base;
+  const unsigned char *aInput;    /* Input text being tokenized */
+  int nInput;                     /* Size of aInput[] in bytes */
+  int iOff;                       /* Current offset within aInput[] */
+  int iToken;                     /* Index of next token to be returned */
+  char *zToken;                   /* storage for current token */
+  int nAlloc;                     /* space allocated at zToken */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** Destroy a tokenizer allocated by unicodeCreate().
+*/
+static int unicodeDestroy(sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer){
+  if( pTokenizer ){
+    unicode_tokenizer *p = (unicode_tokenizer *)pTokenizer;
+    sqlite3_free(p->aiException);
+    sqlite3_free(p);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** As part of a tokenchars= or separators= option, the CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE
+** statement has specified that the tokenizer for this table shall consider
+** all characters in string zIn/nIn to be separators (if bAlnum==0) or
+** token characters (if bAlnum==1).
+**
+** For each codepoint in the zIn/nIn string, this function checks if the
+** sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum() function already returns the desired result.
+** If so, no action is taken. Otherwise, the codepoint is added to the 
+** unicode_tokenizer.aiException[] array. For the purposes of tokenization,
+** the return value of sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum() is inverted for all
+** codepoints in the aiException[] array.
+**
+** If a standalone diacritic mark (one that sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsdiacritic()
+** identifies as a diacritic) occurs in the zIn/nIn string it is ignored.
+** It is not possible to change the behavior of the tokenizer with respect
+** to these codepoints.
+*/
+static int unicodeAddExceptions(
+  unicode_tokenizer *p,           /* Tokenizer to add exceptions to */
+  int bAlnum,                     /* Replace Isalnum() return value with this */
+  const char *zIn,                /* Array of characters to make exceptions */
+  int nIn                         /* Length of z in bytes */
+){
+  const unsigned char *z = (const unsigned char *)zIn;
+  const unsigned char *zTerm = &z[nIn];
+  int iCode;
+  int nEntry = 0;
+
+  assert( bAlnum==0 || bAlnum==1 );
+
+  while( z<zTerm ){
+    READ_UTF8(z, zTerm, iCode);
+    assert( (sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(iCode) & 0xFFFFFFFE)==0 );
+    if( sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(iCode)!=bAlnum 
+     && sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsdiacritic(iCode)==0 
+    ){
+      nEntry++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( nEntry ){
+    int *aNew;                    /* New aiException[] array */
+    int nNew;                     /* Number of valid entries in array aNew[] */
+
+    aNew = sqlite3_realloc(p->aiException, (p->nException+nEntry)*sizeof(int));
+    if( aNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    nNew = p->nException;
+
+    z = (const unsigned char *)zIn;
+    while( z<zTerm ){
+      READ_UTF8(z, zTerm, iCode);
+      if( sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(iCode)!=bAlnum 
+       && sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsdiacritic(iCode)==0
+      ){
+        int i, j;
+        for(i=0; i<nNew && aNew[i]<iCode; i++);
+        for(j=nNew; j>i; j--) aNew[j] = aNew[j-1];
+        aNew[i] = iCode;
+        nNew++;
+      }
+    }
+    p->aiException = aNew;
+    p->nException = nNew;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if the p->aiException[] array contains the value iCode.
+*/
+static int unicodeIsException(unicode_tokenizer *p, int iCode){
+  if( p->nException>0 ){
+    int *a = p->aiException;
+    int iLo = 0;
+    int iHi = p->nException-1;
+
+    while( iHi>=iLo ){
+      int iTest = (iHi + iLo) / 2;
+      if( iCode==a[iTest] ){
+        return 1;
+      }else if( iCode>a[iTest] ){
+        iLo = iTest+1;
+      }else{
+        iHi = iTest-1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if, for the purposes of tokenization, codepoint iCode is
+** considered a token character (not a separator).
+*/
+static int unicodeIsAlnum(unicode_tokenizer *p, int iCode){
+  assert( (sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(iCode) & 0xFFFFFFFE)==0 );
+  return sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(iCode) ^ unicodeIsException(p, iCode);
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a new tokenizer instance.
+*/
+static int unicodeCreate(
+  int nArg,                       /* Size of array argv[] */
+  const char * const *azArg,      /* Tokenizer creation arguments */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer **pp          /* OUT: New tokenizer handle */
+){
+  unicode_tokenizer *pNew;        /* New tokenizer object */
+  int i;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  pNew = (unicode_tokenizer *) sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(unicode_tokenizer));
+  if( pNew==NULL ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(unicode_tokenizer));
+  pNew->bRemoveDiacritic = 1;
+
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<nArg; i++){
+    const char *z = azArg[i];
+    int n = (int)strlen(z);
+
+    if( n==19 && memcmp("remove_diacritics=1", z, 19)==0 ){
+      pNew->bRemoveDiacritic = 1;
+    }
+    else if( n==19 && memcmp("remove_diacritics=0", z, 19)==0 ){
+      pNew->bRemoveDiacritic = 0;
+    }
+    else if( n>=11 && memcmp("tokenchars=", z, 11)==0 ){
+      rc = unicodeAddExceptions(pNew, 1, &z[11], n-11);
+    }
+    else if( n>=11 && memcmp("separators=", z, 11)==0 ){
+      rc = unicodeAddExceptions(pNew, 0, &z[11], n-11);
+    }
+    else{
+      /* Unrecognized argument */
+      rc  = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    unicodeDestroy((sqlite3_tokenizer *)pNew);
+    pNew = 0;
+  }
+  *pp = (sqlite3_tokenizer *)pNew;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Prepare to begin tokenizing a particular string.  The input
+** string to be tokenized is pInput[0..nBytes-1].  A cursor
+** used to incrementally tokenize this string is returned in 
+** *ppCursor.
+*/
+static int unicodeOpen(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *p,           /* The tokenizer */
+  const char *aInput,             /* Input string */
+  int nInput,                     /* Size of string aInput in bytes */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor **pp   /* OUT: New cursor object */
+){
+  unicode_cursor *pCsr;
+
+  pCsr = (unicode_cursor *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(unicode_cursor));
+  if( pCsr==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(unicode_cursor));
+
+  pCsr->aInput = (const unsigned char *)aInput;
+  if( aInput==0 ){
+    pCsr->nInput = 0;
+  }else if( nInput<0 ){
+    pCsr->nInput = (int)strlen(aInput);
+  }else{
+    pCsr->nInput = nInput;
+  }
+
+  *pp = &pCsr->base;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a tokenization cursor previously opened by a call to
+** simpleOpen() above.
+*/
+static int unicodeClose(sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor){
+  unicode_cursor *pCsr = (unicode_cursor *) pCursor;
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->zToken);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Extract the next token from a tokenization cursor.  The cursor must
+** have been opened by a prior call to simpleOpen().
+*/
+static int unicodeNext(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pC,   /* Cursor returned by simpleOpen */
+  const char **paToken,           /* OUT: Token text */
+  int *pnToken,                   /* OUT: Number of bytes at *paToken */
+  int *piStart,                   /* OUT: Starting offset of token */
+  int *piEnd,                     /* OUT: Ending offset of token */
+  int *piPos                      /* OUT: Position integer of token */
+){
+  unicode_cursor *pCsr = (unicode_cursor *)pC;
+  unicode_tokenizer *p = ((unicode_tokenizer *)pCsr->base.pTokenizer);
+  int iCode = 0;
+  char *zOut;
+  const unsigned char *z = &pCsr->aInput[pCsr->iOff];
+  const unsigned char *zStart = z;
+  const unsigned char *zEnd;
+  const unsigned char *zTerm = &pCsr->aInput[pCsr->nInput];
+
+  /* Scan past any delimiter characters before the start of the next token.
+  ** Return SQLITE_DONE early if this takes us all the way to the end of 
+  ** the input.  */
+  while( z<zTerm ){
+    READ_UTF8(z, zTerm, iCode);
+    if( unicodeIsAlnum(p, iCode) ) break;
+    zStart = z;
+  }
+  if( zStart>=zTerm ) return SQLITE_DONE;
+
+  zOut = pCsr->zToken;
+  do {
+    int iOut;
+
+    /* Grow the output buffer if required. */
+    if( (zOut-pCsr->zToken)>=(pCsr->nAlloc-4) ){
+      char *zNew = sqlite3_realloc(pCsr->zToken, pCsr->nAlloc+64);
+      if( !zNew ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      zOut = &zNew[zOut - pCsr->zToken];
+      pCsr->zToken = zNew;
+      pCsr->nAlloc += 64;
+    }
+
+    /* Write the folded case of the last character read to the output */
+    zEnd = z;
+    iOut = sqlite3FtsUnicodeFold(iCode, p->bRemoveDiacritic);
+    if( iOut ){
+      WRITE_UTF8(zOut, iOut);
+    }
+
+    /* If the cursor is not at EOF, read the next character */
+    if( z>=zTerm ) break;
+    READ_UTF8(z, zTerm, iCode);
+  }while( unicodeIsAlnum(p, iCode) 
+       || sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsdiacritic(iCode)
+  );
+
+  /* Set the output variables and return. */
+  pCsr->iOff = (int)(z - pCsr->aInput);
+  *paToken = pCsr->zToken;
+  *pnToken = (int)(zOut - pCsr->zToken);
+  *piStart = (int)(zStart - pCsr->aInput);
+  *piEnd = (int)(zEnd - pCsr->aInput);
+  *piPos = pCsr->iToken++;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set *ppModule to a pointer to the sqlite3_tokenizer_module 
+** structure for the unicode tokenizer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3UnicodeTokenizer(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const **ppModule){
+  static const sqlite3_tokenizer_module module = {
+    0,
+    unicodeCreate,
+    unicodeDestroy,
+    unicodeOpen,
+    unicodeClose,
+    unicodeNext,
+    0,
+  };
+  *ppModule = &module;
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
+#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE */
+
+/************** End of fts3_unicode.c ****************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_unicode2.c ***********************************/
+/*
+** 2012 May 25
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+*/
+
+/*
+** DO NOT EDIT THIS MACHINE GENERATED FILE.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4)
+
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+
+/*
+** Return true if the argument corresponds to a unicode codepoint
+** classified as either a letter or a number. Otherwise false.
+**
+** The results are undefined if the value passed to this function
+** is less than zero.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(int c){
+  /* Each unsigned integer in the following array corresponds to a contiguous
+  ** range of unicode codepoints that are not either letters or numbers (i.e.
+  ** codepoints for which this function should return 0).
+  **
+  ** The most significant 22 bits in each 32-bit value contain the first 
+  ** codepoint in the range. The least significant 10 bits are used to store
+  ** the size of the range (always at least 1). In other words, the value 
+  ** ((C<<22) + N) represents a range of N codepoints starting with codepoint 
+  ** C. It is not possible to represent a range larger than 1023 codepoints 
+  ** using this format.
+  */
+  static const unsigned int aEntry[] = {
+    0x00000030, 0x0000E807, 0x00016C06, 0x0001EC2F, 0x0002AC07,
+    0x0002D001, 0x0002D803, 0x0002EC01, 0x0002FC01, 0x00035C01,
+    0x0003DC01, 0x000B0804, 0x000B480E, 0x000B9407, 0x000BB401,
+    0x000BBC81, 0x000DD401, 0x000DF801, 0x000E1002, 0x000E1C01,
+    0x000FD801, 0x00120808, 0x00156806, 0x00162402, 0x00163C01,
+    0x00164437, 0x0017CC02, 0x00180005, 0x00181816, 0x00187802,
+    0x00192C15, 0x0019A804, 0x0019C001, 0x001B5001, 0x001B580F,
+    0x001B9C07, 0x001BF402, 0x001C000E, 0x001C3C01, 0x001C4401,
+    0x001CC01B, 0x001E980B, 0x001FAC09, 0x001FD804, 0x00205804,
+    0x00206C09, 0x00209403, 0x0020A405, 0x0020C00F, 0x00216403,
+    0x00217801, 0x0023901B, 0x00240004, 0x0024E803, 0x0024F812,
+    0x00254407, 0x00258804, 0x0025C001, 0x00260403, 0x0026F001,
+    0x0026F807, 0x00271C02, 0x00272C03, 0x00275C01, 0x00278802,
+    0x0027C802, 0x0027E802, 0x00280403, 0x0028F001, 0x0028F805,
+    0x00291C02, 0x00292C03, 0x00294401, 0x0029C002, 0x0029D401,
+    0x002A0403, 0x002AF001, 0x002AF808, 0x002B1C03, 0x002B2C03,
+    0x002B8802, 0x002BC002, 0x002C0403, 0x002CF001, 0x002CF807,
+    0x002D1C02, 0x002D2C03, 0x002D5802, 0x002D8802, 0x002DC001,
+    0x002E0801, 0x002EF805, 0x002F1803, 0x002F2804, 0x002F5C01,
+    0x002FCC08, 0x00300403, 0x0030F807, 0x00311803, 0x00312804,
+    0x00315402, 0x00318802, 0x0031FC01, 0x00320802, 0x0032F001,
+    0x0032F807, 0x00331803, 0x00332804, 0x00335402, 0x00338802,
+    0x00340802, 0x0034F807, 0x00351803, 0x00352804, 0x00355C01,
+    0x00358802, 0x0035E401, 0x00360802, 0x00372801, 0x00373C06,
+    0x00375801, 0x00376008, 0x0037C803, 0x0038C401, 0x0038D007,
+    0x0038FC01, 0x00391C09, 0x00396802, 0x003AC401, 0x003AD006,
+    0x003AEC02, 0x003B2006, 0x003C041F, 0x003CD00C, 0x003DC417,
+    0x003E340B, 0x003E6424, 0x003EF80F, 0x003F380D, 0x0040AC14,
+    0x00412806, 0x00415804, 0x00417803, 0x00418803, 0x00419C07,
+    0x0041C404, 0x0042080C, 0x00423C01, 0x00426806, 0x0043EC01,
+    0x004D740C, 0x004E400A, 0x00500001, 0x0059B402, 0x005A0001,
+    0x005A6C02, 0x005BAC03, 0x005C4803, 0x005CC805, 0x005D4802,
+    0x005DC802, 0x005ED023, 0x005F6004, 0x005F7401, 0x0060000F,
+    0x0062A401, 0x0064800C, 0x0064C00C, 0x00650001, 0x00651002,
+    0x0066C011, 0x00672002, 0x00677822, 0x00685C05, 0x00687802,
+    0x0069540A, 0x0069801D, 0x0069FC01, 0x006A8007, 0x006AA006,
+    0x006C0005, 0x006CD011, 0x006D6823, 0x006E0003, 0x006E840D,
+    0x006F980E, 0x006FF004, 0x00709014, 0x0070EC05, 0x0071F802,
+    0x00730008, 0x00734019, 0x0073B401, 0x0073C803, 0x00770027,
+    0x0077F004, 0x007EF401, 0x007EFC03, 0x007F3403, 0x007F7403,
+    0x007FB403, 0x007FF402, 0x00800065, 0x0081A806, 0x0081E805,
+    0x00822805, 0x0082801A, 0x00834021, 0x00840002, 0x00840C04,
+    0x00842002, 0x00845001, 0x00845803, 0x00847806, 0x00849401,
+    0x00849C01, 0x0084A401, 0x0084B801, 0x0084E802, 0x00850005,
+    0x00852804, 0x00853C01, 0x00864264, 0x00900027, 0x0091000B,
+    0x0092704E, 0x00940200, 0x009C0475, 0x009E53B9, 0x00AD400A,
+    0x00B39406, 0x00B3BC03, 0x00B3E404, 0x00B3F802, 0x00B5C001,
+    0x00B5FC01, 0x00B7804F, 0x00B8C00C, 0x00BA001A, 0x00BA6C59,
+    0x00BC00D6, 0x00BFC00C, 0x00C00005, 0x00C02019, 0x00C0A807,
+    0x00C0D802, 0x00C0F403, 0x00C26404, 0x00C28001, 0x00C3EC01,
+    0x00C64002, 0x00C6580A, 0x00C70024, 0x00C8001F, 0x00C8A81E,
+    0x00C94001, 0x00C98020, 0x00CA2827, 0x00CB003F, 0x00CC0100,
+    0x01370040, 0x02924037, 0x0293F802, 0x02983403, 0x0299BC10,
+    0x029A7C01, 0x029BC008, 0x029C0017, 0x029C8002, 0x029E2402,
+    0x02A00801, 0x02A01801, 0x02A02C01, 0x02A08C09, 0x02A0D804,
+    0x02A1D004, 0x02A20002, 0x02A2D011, 0x02A33802, 0x02A38012,
+    0x02A3E003, 0x02A4980A, 0x02A51C0D, 0x02A57C01, 0x02A60004,
+    0x02A6CC1B, 0x02A77802, 0x02A8A40E, 0x02A90C01, 0x02A93002,
+    0x02A97004, 0x02A9DC03, 0x02A9EC01, 0x02AAC001, 0x02AAC803,
+    0x02AADC02, 0x02AAF802, 0x02AB0401, 0x02AB7802, 0x02ABAC07,
+    0x02ABD402, 0x02AF8C0B, 0x03600001, 0x036DFC02, 0x036FFC02,
+    0x037FFC01, 0x03EC7801, 0x03ECA401, 0x03EEC810, 0x03F4F802,
+    0x03F7F002, 0x03F8001A, 0x03F88007, 0x03F8C023, 0x03F95013,
+    0x03F9A004, 0x03FBFC01, 0x03FC040F, 0x03FC6807, 0x03FCEC06,
+    0x03FD6C0B, 0x03FF8007, 0x03FFA007, 0x03FFE405, 0x04040003,
+    0x0404DC09, 0x0405E411, 0x0406400C, 0x0407402E, 0x040E7C01,
+    0x040F4001, 0x04215C01, 0x04247C01, 0x0424FC01, 0x04280403,
+    0x04281402, 0x04283004, 0x0428E003, 0x0428FC01, 0x04294009,
+    0x0429FC01, 0x042CE407, 0x04400003, 0x0440E016, 0x04420003,
+    0x0442C012, 0x04440003, 0x04449C0E, 0x04450004, 0x04460003,
+    0x0446CC0E, 0x04471404, 0x045AAC0D, 0x0491C004, 0x05BD442E,
+    0x05BE3C04, 0x074000F6, 0x07440027, 0x0744A4B5, 0x07480046,
+    0x074C0057, 0x075B0401, 0x075B6C01, 0x075BEC01, 0x075C5401,
+    0x075CD401, 0x075D3C01, 0x075DBC01, 0x075E2401, 0x075EA401,
+    0x075F0C01, 0x07BBC002, 0x07C0002C, 0x07C0C064, 0x07C2800F,
+    0x07C2C40E, 0x07C3040F, 0x07C3440F, 0x07C4401F, 0x07C4C03C,
+    0x07C5C02B, 0x07C7981D, 0x07C8402B, 0x07C90009, 0x07C94002,
+    0x07CC0021, 0x07CCC006, 0x07CCDC46, 0x07CE0014, 0x07CE8025,
+    0x07CF1805, 0x07CF8011, 0x07D0003F, 0x07D10001, 0x07D108B6,
+    0x07D3E404, 0x07D4003E, 0x07D50004, 0x07D54018, 0x07D7EC46,
+    0x07D9140B, 0x07DA0046, 0x07DC0074, 0x38000401, 0x38008060,
+    0x380400F0,
+  };
+  static const unsigned int aAscii[4] = {
+    0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFC00FFFF, 0xF8000001, 0xF8000001,
+  };
+
+  if( c<128 ){
+    return ( (aAscii[c >> 5] & (1 << (c & 0x001F)))==0 );
+  }else if( c<(1<<22) ){
+    unsigned int key = (((unsigned int)c)<<10) | 0x000003FF;
+    int iRes = 0;
+    int iHi = sizeof(aEntry)/sizeof(aEntry[0]) - 1;
+    int iLo = 0;
+    while( iHi>=iLo ){
+      int iTest = (iHi + iLo) / 2;
+      if( key >= aEntry[iTest] ){
+        iRes = iTest;
+        iLo = iTest+1;
+      }else{
+        iHi = iTest-1;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( aEntry[0]<key );
+    assert( key>=aEntry[iRes] );
+    return (((unsigned int)c) >= ((aEntry[iRes]>>10) + (aEntry[iRes]&0x3FF)));
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** If the argument is a codepoint corresponding to a lowercase letter
+** in the ASCII range with a diacritic added, return the codepoint
+** of the ASCII letter only. For example, if passed 235 - "LATIN
+** SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS" - return 65 ("LATIN SMALL LETTER
+** E"). The resuls of passing a codepoint that corresponds to an
+** uppercase letter are undefined.
+*/
+static int remove_diacritic(int c){
+  unsigned short aDia[] = {
+        0,  1797,  1848,  1859,  1891,  1928,  1940,  1995, 
+     2024,  2040,  2060,  2110,  2168,  2206,  2264,  2286, 
+     2344,  2383,  2472,  2488,  2516,  2596,  2668,  2732, 
+     2782,  2842,  2894,  2954,  2984,  3000,  3028,  3336, 
+     3456,  3696,  3712,  3728,  3744,  3896,  3912,  3928, 
+     3968,  4008,  4040,  4106,  4138,  4170,  4202,  4234, 
+     4266,  4296,  4312,  4344,  4408,  4424,  4472,  4504, 
+     6148,  6198,  6264,  6280,  6360,  6429,  6505,  6529, 
+    61448, 61468, 61534, 61592, 61642, 61688, 61704, 61726, 
+    61784, 61800, 61836, 61880, 61914, 61948, 61998, 62122, 
+    62154, 62200, 62218, 62302, 62364, 62442, 62478, 62536, 
+    62554, 62584, 62604, 62640, 62648, 62656, 62664, 62730, 
+    62924, 63050, 63082, 63274, 63390, 
+  };
+  char aChar[] = {
+    '\0', 'a',  'c',  'e',  'i',  'n',  'o',  'u',  'y',  'y',  'a',  'c',  
+    'd',  'e',  'e',  'g',  'h',  'i',  'j',  'k',  'l',  'n',  'o',  'r',  
+    's',  't',  'u',  'u',  'w',  'y',  'z',  'o',  'u',  'a',  'i',  'o',  
+    'u',  'g',  'k',  'o',  'j',  'g',  'n',  'a',  'e',  'i',  'o',  'r',  
+    'u',  's',  't',  'h',  'a',  'e',  'o',  'y',  '\0', '\0', '\0', '\0', 
+    '\0', '\0', '\0', '\0', 'a',  'b',  'd',  'd',  'e',  'f',  'g',  'h',  
+    'h',  'i',  'k',  'l',  'l',  'm',  'n',  'p',  'r',  'r',  's',  't',  
+    'u',  'v',  'w',  'w',  'x',  'y',  'z',  'h',  't',  'w',  'y',  'a',  
+    'e',  'i',  'o',  'u',  'y',  
+  };
+
+  unsigned int key = (((unsigned int)c)<<3) | 0x00000007;
+  int iRes = 0;
+  int iHi = sizeof(aDia)/sizeof(aDia[0]) - 1;
+  int iLo = 0;
+  while( iHi>=iLo ){
+    int iTest = (iHi + iLo) / 2;
+    if( key >= aDia[iTest] ){
+      iRes = iTest;
+      iLo = iTest+1;
+    }else{
+      iHi = iTest-1;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( key>=aDia[iRes] );
+  return ((c > (aDia[iRes]>>3) + (aDia[iRes]&0x07)) ? c : (int)aChar[iRes]);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Return true if the argument interpreted as a unicode codepoint
+** is a diacritical modifier character.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsdiacritic(int c){
+  unsigned int mask0 = 0x08029FDF;
+  unsigned int mask1 = 0x000361F8;
+  if( c<768 || c>817 ) return 0;
+  return (c < 768+32) ?
+      (mask0 & (1 << (c-768))) :
+      (mask1 & (1 << (c-768-32)));
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Interpret the argument as a unicode codepoint. If the codepoint
+** is an upper case character that has a lower case equivalent,
+** return the codepoint corresponding to the lower case version.
+** Otherwise, return a copy of the argument.
+**
+** The results are undefined if the value passed to this function
+** is less than zero.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FtsUnicodeFold(int c, int bRemoveDiacritic){
+  /* Each entry in the following array defines a rule for folding a range
+  ** of codepoints to lower case. The rule applies to a range of nRange
+  ** codepoints starting at codepoint iCode.
+  **
+  ** If the least significant bit in flags is clear, then the rule applies
+  ** to all nRange codepoints (i.e. all nRange codepoints are upper case and
+  ** need to be folded). Or, if it is set, then the rule only applies to
+  ** every second codepoint in the range, starting with codepoint C.
+  **
+  ** The 7 most significant bits in flags are an index into the aiOff[]
+  ** array. If a specific codepoint C does require folding, then its lower
+  ** case equivalent is ((C + aiOff[flags>>1]) & 0xFFFF).
+  **
+  ** The contents of this array are generated by parsing the CaseFolding.txt
+  ** file distributed as part of the "Unicode Character Database". See
+  ** http://www.unicode.org for details.
+  */
+  static const struct TableEntry {
+    unsigned short iCode;
+    unsigned char flags;
+    unsigned char nRange;
+  } aEntry[] = {
+    {65, 14, 26},          {181, 64, 1},          {192, 14, 23},
+    {216, 14, 7},          {256, 1, 48},          {306, 1, 6},
+    {313, 1, 16},          {330, 1, 46},          {376, 116, 1},
+    {377, 1, 6},           {383, 104, 1},         {385, 50, 1},
+    {386, 1, 4},           {390, 44, 1},          {391, 0, 1},
+    {393, 42, 2},          {395, 0, 1},           {398, 32, 1},
+    {399, 38, 1},          {400, 40, 1},          {401, 0, 1},
+    {403, 42, 1},          {404, 46, 1},          {406, 52, 1},
+    {407, 48, 1},          {408, 0, 1},           {412, 52, 1},
+    {413, 54, 1},          {415, 56, 1},          {416, 1, 6},
+    {422, 60, 1},          {423, 0, 1},           {425, 60, 1},
+    {428, 0, 1},           {430, 60, 1},          {431, 0, 1},
+    {433, 58, 2},          {435, 1, 4},           {439, 62, 1},
+    {440, 0, 1},           {444, 0, 1},           {452, 2, 1},
+    {453, 0, 1},           {455, 2, 1},           {456, 0, 1},
+    {458, 2, 1},           {459, 1, 18},          {478, 1, 18},
+    {497, 2, 1},           {498, 1, 4},           {502, 122, 1},
+    {503, 134, 1},         {504, 1, 40},          {544, 110, 1},
+    {546, 1, 18},          {570, 70, 1},          {571, 0, 1},
+    {573, 108, 1},         {574, 68, 1},          {577, 0, 1},
+    {579, 106, 1},         {580, 28, 1},          {581, 30, 1},
+    {582, 1, 10},          {837, 36, 1},          {880, 1, 4},
+    {886, 0, 1},           {902, 18, 1},          {904, 16, 3},
+    {908, 26, 1},          {910, 24, 2},          {913, 14, 17},
+    {931, 14, 9},          {962, 0, 1},           {975, 4, 1},
+    {976, 140, 1},         {977, 142, 1},         {981, 146, 1},
+    {982, 144, 1},         {984, 1, 24},          {1008, 136, 1},
+    {1009, 138, 1},        {1012, 130, 1},        {1013, 128, 1},
+    {1015, 0, 1},          {1017, 152, 1},        {1018, 0, 1},
+    {1021, 110, 3},        {1024, 34, 16},        {1040, 14, 32},
+    {1120, 1, 34},         {1162, 1, 54},         {1216, 6, 1},
+    {1217, 1, 14},         {1232, 1, 88},         {1329, 22, 38},
+    {4256, 66, 38},        {4295, 66, 1},         {4301, 66, 1},
+    {7680, 1, 150},        {7835, 132, 1},        {7838, 96, 1},
+    {7840, 1, 96},         {7944, 150, 8},        {7960, 150, 6},
+    {7976, 150, 8},        {7992, 150, 8},        {8008, 150, 6},
+    {8025, 151, 8},        {8040, 150, 8},        {8072, 150, 8},
+    {8088, 150, 8},        {8104, 150, 8},        {8120, 150, 2},
+    {8122, 126, 2},        {8124, 148, 1},        {8126, 100, 1},
+    {8136, 124, 4},        {8140, 148, 1},        {8152, 150, 2},
+    {8154, 120, 2},        {8168, 150, 2},        {8170, 118, 2},
+    {8172, 152, 1},        {8184, 112, 2},        {8186, 114, 2},
+    {8188, 148, 1},        {8486, 98, 1},         {8490, 92, 1},
+    {8491, 94, 1},         {8498, 12, 1},         {8544, 8, 16},
+    {8579, 0, 1},          {9398, 10, 26},        {11264, 22, 47},
+    {11360, 0, 1},         {11362, 88, 1},        {11363, 102, 1},
+    {11364, 90, 1},        {11367, 1, 6},         {11373, 84, 1},
+    {11374, 86, 1},        {11375, 80, 1},        {11376, 82, 1},
+    {11378, 0, 1},         {11381, 0, 1},         {11390, 78, 2},
+    {11392, 1, 100},       {11499, 1, 4},         {11506, 0, 1},
+    {42560, 1, 46},        {42624, 1, 24},        {42786, 1, 14},
+    {42802, 1, 62},        {42873, 1, 4},         {42877, 76, 1},
+    {42878, 1, 10},        {42891, 0, 1},         {42893, 74, 1},
+    {42896, 1, 4},         {42912, 1, 10},        {42922, 72, 1},
+    {65313, 14, 26},       
+  };
+  static const unsigned short aiOff[] = {
+   1,     2,     8,     15,    16,    26,    28,    32,    
+   37,    38,    40,    48,    63,    64,    69,    71,    
+   79,    80,    116,   202,   203,   205,   206,   207,   
+   209,   210,   211,   213,   214,   217,   218,   219,   
+   775,   7264,  10792, 10795, 23228, 23256, 30204, 54721, 
+   54753, 54754, 54756, 54787, 54793, 54809, 57153, 57274, 
+   57921, 58019, 58363, 61722, 65268, 65341, 65373, 65406, 
+   65408, 65410, 65415, 65424, 65436, 65439, 65450, 65462, 
+   65472, 65476, 65478, 65480, 65482, 65488, 65506, 65511, 
+   65514, 65521, 65527, 65528, 65529, 
+  };
+
+  int ret = c;
+
+  assert( c>=0 );
+  assert( sizeof(unsigned short)==2 && sizeof(unsigned char)==1 );
+
+  if( c<128 ){
+    if( c>='A' && c<='Z' ) ret = c + ('a' - 'A');
+  }else if( c<65536 ){
+    int iHi = sizeof(aEntry)/sizeof(aEntry[0]) - 1;
+    int iLo = 0;
+    int iRes = -1;
+
+    while( iHi>=iLo ){
+      int iTest = (iHi + iLo) / 2;
+      int cmp = (c - aEntry[iTest].iCode);
+      if( cmp>=0 ){
+        iRes = iTest;
+        iLo = iTest+1;
+      }else{
+        iHi = iTest-1;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( iRes<0 || c>=aEntry[iRes].iCode );
+
+    if( iRes>=0 ){
+      const struct TableEntry *p = &aEntry[iRes];
+      if( c<(p->iCode + p->nRange) && 0==(0x01 & p->flags & (p->iCode ^ c)) ){
+        ret = (c + (aiOff[p->flags>>1])) & 0x0000FFFF;
+        assert( ret>0 );
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( bRemoveDiacritic ) ret = remove_diacritic(ret);
+  }
+  
+  else if( c>=66560 && c<66600 ){
+    ret = c + 40;
+  }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4) */
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE) */
+
+/************** End of fts3_unicode2.c ***************************************/
 /************** Begin file rtree.c *******************************************/
 /*
 ** 2001 September 15
@@ -130169,48 +144701,6 @@
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE)
 
-/*
-** This file contains an implementation of a couple of different variants
-** of the r-tree algorithm. See the README file for further details. The 
-** same data-structure is used for all, but the algorithms for insert and
-** delete operations vary. The variants used are selected at compile time 
-** by defining the following symbols:
-*/
-
-/* Either, both or none of the following may be set to activate 
-** r*tree variant algorithms.
-*/
-#define VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE 0
-#define VARIANT_RSTARTREE_REINSERT      1
-
-/* 
-** Exactly one of the following must be set to 1.
-*/
-#define VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT 0
-#define VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT    0
-#define VARIANT_RSTARTREE_SPLIT         1
-
-#define VARIANT_GUTTMAN_SPLIT \
-        (VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT||VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT)
-
-#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT
-  #define PickNext QuadraticPickNext
-  #define PickSeeds QuadraticPickSeeds
-  #define AssignCells splitNodeGuttman
-#endif
-#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT
-  #define PickNext LinearPickNext
-  #define PickSeeds LinearPickSeeds
-  #define AssignCells splitNodeGuttman
-#endif
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_SPLIT
-  #define AssignCells splitNodeStartree
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) 
-# define NDEBUG 1
-#endif
-
 #ifndef SQLITE_CORE
   SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1
 #else
@@ -130218,11 +144708,13 @@
 
 /* #include <string.h> */
 /* #include <assert.h> */
+/* #include <stdio.h> */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
 #include "sqlite3rtree.h"
 typedef sqlite3_int64 i64;
 typedef unsigned char u8;
+typedef unsigned short u16;
 typedef unsigned int u32;
 #endif
 
@@ -130240,6 +144732,7 @@
 typedef struct RtreeMatchArg RtreeMatchArg;
 typedef struct RtreeGeomCallback RtreeGeomCallback;
 typedef union RtreeCoord RtreeCoord;
+typedef struct RtreeSearchPoint RtreeSearchPoint;
 
 /* The rtree may have between 1 and RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS dimensions. */
 #define RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS 5
@@ -130248,22 +144741,33 @@
 ** ever contain very many entries, so a fixed number of buckets is 
 ** used.
 */
-#define HASHSIZE 128
+#define HASHSIZE 97
+
+/* The xBestIndex method of this virtual table requires an estimate of
+** the number of rows in the virtual table to calculate the costs of
+** various strategies. If possible, this estimate is loaded from the
+** sqlite_stat1 table (with RTREE_MIN_ROWEST as a hard-coded minimum).
+** Otherwise, if no sqlite_stat1 entry is available, use 
+** RTREE_DEFAULT_ROWEST.
+*/
+#define RTREE_DEFAULT_ROWEST 1048576
+#define RTREE_MIN_ROWEST         100
 
 /* 
 ** An rtree virtual-table object.
 */
 struct Rtree {
-  sqlite3_vtab base;
+  sqlite3_vtab base;          /* Base class.  Must be first */
   sqlite3 *db;                /* Host database connection */
   int iNodeSize;              /* Size in bytes of each node in the node table */
-  int nDim;                   /* Number of dimensions */
-  int nBytesPerCell;          /* Bytes consumed per cell */
+  u8 nDim;                    /* Number of dimensions */
+  u8 eCoordType;              /* RTREE_COORD_REAL32 or RTREE_COORD_INT32 */
+  u8 nBytesPerCell;           /* Bytes consumed per cell */
   int iDepth;                 /* Current depth of the r-tree structure */
   char *zDb;                  /* Name of database containing r-tree table */
   char *zName;                /* Name of r-tree table */ 
-  RtreeNode *aHash[HASHSIZE]; /* Hash table of in-memory nodes. */ 
   int nBusy;                  /* Current number of users of this structure */
+  i64 nRowEst;                /* Estimated number of rows in this table */
 
   /* List of nodes removed during a CondenseTree operation. List is
   ** linked together via the pointer normally used for hash chains -
@@ -130288,14 +144792,46 @@
   sqlite3_stmt *pWriteParent;
   sqlite3_stmt *pDeleteParent;
 
-  int eCoordType;
+  RtreeNode *aHash[HASHSIZE]; /* Hash table of in-memory nodes. */ 
 };
 
-/* Possible values for eCoordType: */
+/* Possible values for Rtree.eCoordType: */
 #define RTREE_COORD_REAL32 0
 #define RTREE_COORD_INT32  1
 
 /*
+** If SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY is defined, then this virtual table will
+** only deal with integer coordinates.  No floating point operations
+** will be done.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+  typedef sqlite3_int64 RtreeDValue;       /* High accuracy coordinate */
+  typedef int RtreeValue;                  /* Low accuracy coordinate */
+# define RTREE_ZERO 0
+#else
+  typedef double RtreeDValue;              /* High accuracy coordinate */
+  typedef float RtreeValue;                /* Low accuracy coordinate */
+# define RTREE_ZERO 0.0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** When doing a search of an r-tree, instances of the following structure
+** record intermediate results from the tree walk.
+**
+** The id is always a node-id.  For iLevel>=1 the id is the node-id of
+** the node that the RtreeSearchPoint represents.  When iLevel==0, however,
+** the id is of the parent node and the cell that RtreeSearchPoint
+** represents is the iCell-th entry in the parent node.
+*/
+struct RtreeSearchPoint {
+  RtreeDValue rScore;    /* The score for this node.  Smallest goes first. */
+  sqlite3_int64 id;      /* Node ID */
+  u8 iLevel;             /* 0=entries.  1=leaf node.  2+ for higher */
+  u8 eWithin;            /* PARTLY_WITHIN or FULLY_WITHIN */
+  u8 iCell;              /* Cell index within the node */
+};
+
+/*
 ** The minimum number of cells allowed for a node is a third of the 
 ** maximum. In Gutman's notation:
 **
@@ -130317,33 +144853,61 @@
 */
 #define RTREE_MAX_DEPTH 40
 
+
+/*
+** Number of entries in the cursor RtreeNode cache.  The first entry is
+** used to cache the RtreeNode for RtreeCursor.sPoint.  The remaining
+** entries cache the RtreeNode for the first elements of the priority queue.
+*/
+#define RTREE_CACHE_SZ  5
+
 /* 
 ** An rtree cursor object.
 */
 struct RtreeCursor {
-  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;
-  RtreeNode *pNode;                 /* Node cursor is currently pointing at */
-  int iCell;                        /* Index of current cell in pNode */
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;         /* Base class.  Must be first */
+  u8 atEOF;                         /* True if at end of search */
+  u8 bPoint;                        /* True if sPoint is valid */
   int iStrategy;                    /* Copy of idxNum search parameter */
   int nConstraint;                  /* Number of entries in aConstraint */
   RtreeConstraint *aConstraint;     /* Search constraints. */
+  int nPointAlloc;                  /* Number of slots allocated for aPoint[] */
+  int nPoint;                       /* Number of slots used in aPoint[] */
+  int mxLevel;                      /* iLevel value for root of the tree */
+  RtreeSearchPoint *aPoint;         /* Priority queue for search points */
+  RtreeSearchPoint sPoint;          /* Cached next search point */
+  RtreeNode *aNode[RTREE_CACHE_SZ]; /* Rtree node cache */
+  u32 anQueue[RTREE_MAX_DEPTH+1];   /* Number of queued entries by iLevel */
 };
 
+/* Return the Rtree of a RtreeCursor */
+#define RTREE_OF_CURSOR(X)   ((Rtree*)((X)->base.pVtab))
+
+/*
+** A coordinate can be either a floating point number or a integer.  All
+** coordinates within a single R-Tree are always of the same time.
+*/
 union RtreeCoord {
-  float f;
-  int i;
+  RtreeValue f;      /* Floating point value */
+  int i;             /* Integer value */
+  u32 u;             /* Unsigned for byte-order conversions */
 };
 
 /*
 ** The argument is an RtreeCoord. Return the value stored within the RtreeCoord
-** formatted as a double. This macro assumes that local variable pRtree points
-** to the Rtree structure associated with the RtreeCoord.
+** formatted as a RtreeDValue (double or int64). This macro assumes that local
+** variable pRtree points to the Rtree structure associated with the
+** RtreeCoord.
 */
-#define DCOORD(coord) (                           \
-  (pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_REAL32) ?      \
-    ((double)coord.f) :                           \
-    ((double)coord.i)                             \
-)
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+# define DCOORD(coord) ((RtreeDValue)coord.i)
+#else
+# define DCOORD(coord) (                           \
+    (pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_REAL32) ?      \
+      ((double)coord.f) :                           \
+      ((double)coord.i)                             \
+  )
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** A search constraint.
@@ -130351,38 +144915,67 @@
 struct RtreeConstraint {
   int iCoord;                     /* Index of constrained coordinate */
   int op;                         /* Constraining operation */
-  double rValue;                  /* Constraint value. */
-  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *);
-  sqlite3_rtree_geometry *pGeom;  /* Constraint callback argument for a MATCH */
+  union {
+    RtreeDValue rValue;             /* Constraint value. */
+    int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry*,int,RtreeDValue*,int*);
+    int (*xQueryFunc)(sqlite3_rtree_query_info*);
+  } u;
+  sqlite3_rtree_query_info *pInfo;  /* xGeom and xQueryFunc argument */
 };
 
 /* Possible values for RtreeConstraint.op */
-#define RTREE_EQ    0x41
-#define RTREE_LE    0x42
-#define RTREE_LT    0x43
-#define RTREE_GE    0x44
-#define RTREE_GT    0x45
-#define RTREE_MATCH 0x46
+#define RTREE_EQ    0x41  /* A */
+#define RTREE_LE    0x42  /* B */
+#define RTREE_LT    0x43  /* C */
+#define RTREE_GE    0x44  /* D */
+#define RTREE_GT    0x45  /* E */
+#define RTREE_MATCH 0x46  /* F: Old-style sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() */
+#define RTREE_QUERY 0x47  /* G: New-style sqlite3_rtree_query_callback() */
+
 
 /* 
 ** An rtree structure node.
 */
 struct RtreeNode {
-  RtreeNode *pParent;               /* Parent node */
-  i64 iNode;
-  int nRef;
-  int isDirty;
-  u8 *zData;
-  RtreeNode *pNext;                 /* Next node in this hash chain */
+  RtreeNode *pParent;         /* Parent node */
+  i64 iNode;                  /* The node number */
+  int nRef;                   /* Number of references to this node */
+  int isDirty;                /* True if the node needs to be written to disk */
+  u8 *zData;                  /* Content of the node, as should be on disk */
+  RtreeNode *pNext;           /* Next node in this hash collision chain */
 };
+
+/* Return the number of cells in a node  */
 #define NCELL(pNode) readInt16(&(pNode)->zData[2])
 
 /* 
-** Structure to store a deserialized rtree record.
+** A single cell from a node, deserialized
 */
 struct RtreeCell {
-  i64 iRowid;
-  RtreeCoord aCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2];
+  i64 iRowid;                                 /* Node or entry ID */
+  RtreeCoord aCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2];  /* Bounding box coordinates */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** This object becomes the sqlite3_user_data() for the SQL functions
+** that are created by sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() and
+** sqlite3_rtree_query_callback() and which appear on the right of MATCH
+** operators in order to constrain a search.
+**
+** xGeom and xQueryFunc are the callback functions.  Exactly one of 
+** xGeom and xQueryFunc fields is non-NULL, depending on whether the
+** SQL function was created using sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() or
+** sqlite3_rtree_query_callback().
+** 
+** This object is deleted automatically by the destructor mechanism in
+** sqlite3_create_function_v2().
+*/
+struct RtreeGeomCallback {
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry*, int, RtreeDValue*, int*);
+  int (*xQueryFunc)(sqlite3_rtree_query_info*);
+  void (*xDestructor)(void*);
+  void *pContext;
 };
 
 
@@ -130394,29 +144987,16 @@
 #define RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC 0x891245AB
 
 /*
-** An instance of this structure must be supplied as a blob argument to
-** the right-hand-side of an SQL MATCH operator used to constrain an
-** r-tree query.
+** An instance of this structure (in the form of a BLOB) is returned by
+** the SQL functions that sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() and
+** sqlite3_rtree_query_callback() create, and is read as the right-hand
+** operand to the MATCH operator of an R-Tree.
 */
 struct RtreeMatchArg {
-  u32 magic;                      /* Always RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC */
-  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *);
-  void *pContext;
-  int nParam;
-  double aParam[1];
-};
-
-/*
-** When a geometry callback is created (see sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback),
-** a single instance of the following structure is allocated. It is used
-** as the context for the user-function created by by s_r_g_c(). The object
-** is eventually deleted by the destructor mechanism provided by
-** sqlite3_create_function_v2() (which is called by s_r_g_c() to create
-** the geometry callback function).
-*/
-struct RtreeGeomCallback {
-  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *);
-  void *pContext;
+  u32 magic;                  /* Always RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC */
+  RtreeGeomCallback cb;       /* Info about the callback functions */
+  int nParam;                 /* Number of parameters to the SQL function */
+  RtreeDValue aParam[1];      /* Values for parameters to the SQL function */
 };
 
 #ifndef MAX
@@ -130510,10 +145090,7 @@
 ** in the Rtree.aHash table.
 */
 static int nodeHash(i64 iNode){
-  return (
-    (iNode>>56) ^ (iNode>>48) ^ (iNode>>40) ^ (iNode>>32) ^ 
-    (iNode>>24) ^ (iNode>>16) ^ (iNode>> 8) ^ (iNode>> 0)
-  ) % HASHSIZE;
+  return iNode % HASHSIZE;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -130573,8 +145150,7 @@
 /*
 ** Obtain a reference to an r-tree node.
 */
-static int
-nodeAcquire(
+static int nodeAcquire(
   Rtree *pRtree,             /* R-tree structure */
   i64 iNode,                 /* Node number to load */
   RtreeNode *pParent,        /* Either the parent node or NULL */
@@ -130663,10 +145239,10 @@
 ** Overwrite cell iCell of node pNode with the contents of pCell.
 */
 static void nodeOverwriteCell(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeNode *pNode,  
-  RtreeCell *pCell, 
-  int iCell
+  Rtree *pRtree,             /* The overall R-Tree */
+  RtreeNode *pNode,          /* The node into which the cell is to be written */
+  RtreeCell *pCell,          /* The cell to write */
+  int iCell                  /* Index into pNode into which pCell is written */
 ){
   int ii;
   u8 *p = &pNode->zData[4 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell];
@@ -130678,7 +145254,7 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Remove cell the cell with index iCell from node pNode.
+** Remove the cell with index iCell from node pNode.
 */
 static void nodeDeleteCell(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode, int iCell){
   u8 *pDst = &pNode->zData[4 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell];
@@ -130695,11 +145271,10 @@
 **
 ** If there is not enough free space in pNode, return SQLITE_FULL.
 */
-static int
-nodeInsertCell(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeNode *pNode, 
-  RtreeCell *pCell 
+static int nodeInsertCell(
+  Rtree *pRtree,                /* The overall R-Tree */
+  RtreeNode *pNode,             /* Write new cell into this node */
+  RtreeCell *pCell              /* The cell to be inserted */
 ){
   int nCell;                    /* Current number of cells in pNode */
   int nMaxCell;                 /* Maximum number of cells for pNode */
@@ -130720,8 +145295,7 @@
 /*
 ** If the node is dirty, write it out to the database.
 */
-static int
-nodeWrite(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
+static int nodeWrite(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   if( pNode->isDirty ){
     sqlite3_stmt *p = pRtree->pWriteNode;
@@ -130746,8 +145320,7 @@
 ** Release a reference to a node. If the node is dirty and the reference
 ** count drops to zero, the node data is written to the database.
 */
-static int
-nodeRelease(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
+static int nodeRelease(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   if( pNode ){
     assert( pNode->nRef>0 );
@@ -130775,9 +145348,9 @@
 ** an internal node, then the 64-bit integer is a child page number.
 */
 static i64 nodeGetRowid(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeNode *pNode, 
-  int iCell
+  Rtree *pRtree,       /* The overall R-Tree */
+  RtreeNode *pNode,    /* The node from which to extract the ID */
+  int iCell            /* The cell index from which to extract the ID */
 ){
   assert( iCell<NCELL(pNode) );
   return readInt64(&pNode->zData[4 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell]);
@@ -130787,11 +145360,11 @@
 ** Return coordinate iCoord from cell iCell in node pNode.
 */
 static void nodeGetCoord(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeNode *pNode, 
-  int iCell,
-  int iCoord,
-  RtreeCoord *pCoord           /* Space to write result to */
+  Rtree *pRtree,               /* The overall R-Tree */
+  RtreeNode *pNode,            /* The node from which to extract a coordinate */
+  int iCell,                   /* The index of the cell within the node */
+  int iCoord,                  /* Which coordinate to extract */
+  RtreeCoord *pCoord           /* OUT: Space to write result to */
 ){
   readCoord(&pNode->zData[12 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell + 4*iCoord], pCoord);
 }
@@ -130801,15 +145374,20 @@
 ** to by pCell with the results.
 */
 static void nodeGetCell(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeNode *pNode, 
-  int iCell,
-  RtreeCell *pCell
+  Rtree *pRtree,               /* The overall R-Tree */
+  RtreeNode *pNode,            /* The node containing the cell to be read */
+  int iCell,                   /* Index of the cell within the node */
+  RtreeCell *pCell             /* OUT: Write the cell contents here */
 ){
-  int ii;
+  u8 *pData;
+  u8 *pEnd;
+  RtreeCoord *pCoord;
   pCell->iRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pNode, iCell);
-  for(ii=0; ii<pRtree->nDim*2; ii++){
-    nodeGetCoord(pRtree, pNode, iCell, ii, &pCell->aCoord[ii]);
+  pData = pNode->zData + (12 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell);
+  pEnd = pData + pRtree->nDim*8;
+  pCoord = pCell->aCoord;
+  for(; pData<pEnd; pData+=4, pCoord++){
+    readCoord(pData, pCoord);
   }
 }
 
@@ -130935,10 +145513,10 @@
   if( pCsr->aConstraint ){
     int i;                        /* Used to iterate through constraint array */
     for(i=0; i<pCsr->nConstraint; i++){
-      sqlite3_rtree_geometry *pGeom = pCsr->aConstraint[i].pGeom;
-      if( pGeom ){
-        if( pGeom->xDelUser ) pGeom->xDelUser(pGeom->pUser);
-        sqlite3_free(pGeom);
+      sqlite3_rtree_query_info *pInfo = pCsr->aConstraint[i].pInfo;
+      if( pInfo ){
+        if( pInfo->xDelUser ) pInfo->xDelUser(pInfo->pUser);
+        sqlite3_free(pInfo);
       }
     }
     sqlite3_free(pCsr->aConstraint);
@@ -130951,12 +145529,13 @@
 */
 static int rtreeClose(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur){
   Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)(cur->pVtab);
-  int rc;
+  int ii;
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)cur;
   freeCursorConstraints(pCsr);
-  rc = nodeRelease(pRtree, pCsr->pNode);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aPoint);
+  for(ii=0; ii<RTREE_CACHE_SZ; ii++) nodeRelease(pRtree, pCsr->aNode[ii]);
   sqlite3_free(pCsr);
-  return rc;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -130967,196 +145546,166 @@
 */
 static int rtreeEof(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur){
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)cur;
-  return (pCsr->pNode==0);
+  return pCsr->atEOF;
 }
 
 /*
-** The r-tree constraint passed as the second argument to this function is
-** guaranteed to be a MATCH constraint.
-*/
-static int testRtreeGeom(
-  Rtree *pRtree,                  /* R-Tree object */
-  RtreeConstraint *pConstraint,   /* MATCH constraint to test */
-  RtreeCell *pCell,               /* Cell to test */
-  int *pbRes                      /* OUT: Test result */
-){
-  int i;
-  double aCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2];
-  int nCoord = pRtree->nDim*2;
-
-  assert( pConstraint->op==RTREE_MATCH );
-  assert( pConstraint->pGeom );
-
-  for(i=0; i<nCoord; i++){
-    aCoord[i] = DCOORD(pCell->aCoord[i]);
-  }
-  return pConstraint->xGeom(pConstraint->pGeom, nCoord, aCoord, pbRes);
-}
-
-/* 
-** Cursor pCursor currently points to a cell in a non-leaf page.
-** Set *pbEof to true if the sub-tree headed by the cell is filtered
-** (excluded) by the constraints in the pCursor->aConstraint[] 
-** array, or false otherwise.
+** Convert raw bits from the on-disk RTree record into a coordinate value.
+** The on-disk format is big-endian and needs to be converted for little-
+** endian platforms.  The on-disk record stores integer coordinates if
+** eInt is true and it stores 32-bit floating point records if eInt is
+** false.  a[] is the four bytes of the on-disk record to be decoded.
+** Store the results in "r".
 **
-** Return SQLITE_OK if successful or an SQLite error code if an error
-** occurs within a geometry callback.
+** There are three versions of this macro, one each for little-endian and
+** big-endian processors and a third generic implementation.  The endian-
+** specific implementations are much faster and are preferred if the
+** processor endianness is known at compile-time.  The SQLITE_BYTEORDER
+** macro is part of sqliteInt.h and hence the endian-specific
+** implementation will only be used if this module is compiled as part
+** of the amalgamation.
 */
-static int testRtreeCell(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor, int *pbEof){
-  RtreeCell cell;
-  int ii;
-  int bRes = 0;
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-
-  nodeGetCell(pRtree, pCursor->pNode, pCursor->iCell, &cell);
-  for(ii=0; bRes==0 && ii<pCursor->nConstraint; ii++){
-    RtreeConstraint *p = &pCursor->aConstraint[ii];
-    double cell_min = DCOORD(cell.aCoord[(p->iCoord>>1)*2]);
-    double cell_max = DCOORD(cell.aCoord[(p->iCoord>>1)*2+1]);
-
-    assert(p->op==RTREE_LE || p->op==RTREE_LT || p->op==RTREE_GE 
-        || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ || p->op==RTREE_MATCH
-    );
-
-    switch( p->op ){
-      case RTREE_LE: case RTREE_LT: 
-        bRes = p->rValue<cell_min; 
-        break;
-
-      case RTREE_GE: case RTREE_GT: 
-        bRes = p->rValue>cell_max; 
-        break;
-
-      case RTREE_EQ:
-        bRes = (p->rValue>cell_max || p->rValue<cell_min);
-        break;
-
-      default: {
-        assert( p->op==RTREE_MATCH );
-        rc = testRtreeGeom(pRtree, p, &cell, &bRes);
-        bRes = !bRes;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  *pbEof = bRes;
-  return rc;
+#if defined(SQLITE_BYTEORDER) && SQLITE_BYTEORDER==1234
+#define RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, a, r) {                        \
+    RtreeCoord c;    /* Coordinate decoded */                   \
+    memcpy(&c.u,a,4);                                           \
+    c.u = ((c.u>>24)&0xff)|((c.u>>8)&0xff00)|                   \
+          ((c.u&0xff)<<24)|((c.u&0xff00)<<8);                   \
+    r = eInt ? (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)c.i : (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)c.f; \
 }
-
-/* 
-** Test if the cell that cursor pCursor currently points to
-** would be filtered (excluded) by the constraints in the 
-** pCursor->aConstraint[] array. If so, set *pbEof to true before
-** returning. If the cell is not filtered (excluded) by the constraints,
-** set pbEof to zero.
-**
-** Return SQLITE_OK if successful or an SQLite error code if an error
-** occurs within a geometry callback.
-**
-** This function assumes that the cell is part of a leaf node.
-*/
-static int testRtreeEntry(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor, int *pbEof){
-  RtreeCell cell;
-  int ii;
-  *pbEof = 0;
-
-  nodeGetCell(pRtree, pCursor->pNode, pCursor->iCell, &cell);
-  for(ii=0; ii<pCursor->nConstraint; ii++){
-    RtreeConstraint *p = &pCursor->aConstraint[ii];
-    double coord = DCOORD(cell.aCoord[p->iCoord]);
-    int res;
-    assert(p->op==RTREE_LE || p->op==RTREE_LT || p->op==RTREE_GE 
-        || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ || p->op==RTREE_MATCH
-    );
-    switch( p->op ){
-      case RTREE_LE: res = (coord<=p->rValue); break;
-      case RTREE_LT: res = (coord<p->rValue);  break;
-      case RTREE_GE: res = (coord>=p->rValue); break;
-      case RTREE_GT: res = (coord>p->rValue);  break;
-      case RTREE_EQ: res = (coord==p->rValue); break;
-      default: {
-        int rc;
-        assert( p->op==RTREE_MATCH );
-        rc = testRtreeGeom(pRtree, p, &cell, &res);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-          return rc;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if( !res ){
-      *pbEof = 1;
-      return SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+#elif defined(SQLITE_BYTEORDER) && SQLITE_BYTEORDER==4321
+#define RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, a, r) {                        \
+    RtreeCoord c;    /* Coordinate decoded */                   \
+    memcpy(&c.u,a,4);                                           \
+    r = eInt ? (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)c.i : (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)c.f; \
 }
+#else
+#define RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, a, r) {                        \
+    RtreeCoord c;    /* Coordinate decoded */                   \
+    c.u = ((u32)a[0]<<24) + ((u32)a[1]<<16)                     \
+           +((u32)a[2]<<8) + a[3];                              \
+    r = eInt ? (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)c.i : (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)c.f; \
+}
+#endif
 
 /*
-** Cursor pCursor currently points at a node that heads a sub-tree of
-** height iHeight (if iHeight==0, then the node is a leaf). Descend
-** to point to the left-most cell of the sub-tree that matches the 
-** configured constraints.
+** Check the RTree node or entry given by pCellData and p against the MATCH
+** constraint pConstraint.  
 */
-static int descendToCell(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeCursor *pCursor, 
-  int iHeight,
-  int *pEof                 /* OUT: Set to true if cannot descend */
+static int rtreeCallbackConstraint(
+  RtreeConstraint *pConstraint,  /* The constraint to test */
+  int eInt,                      /* True if RTree holding integer coordinates */
+  u8 *pCellData,                 /* Raw cell content */
+  RtreeSearchPoint *pSearch,     /* Container of this cell */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *prScore,    /* OUT: score for the cell */
+  int *peWithin                  /* OUT: visibility of the cell */
 ){
-  int isEof;
-  int rc;
-  int ii;
-  RtreeNode *pChild;
-  sqlite3_int64 iRowid;
+  int i;                                                /* Loop counter */
+  sqlite3_rtree_query_info *pInfo = pConstraint->pInfo; /* Callback info */
+  int nCoord = pInfo->nCoord;                           /* No. of coordinates */
+  int rc;                                             /* Callback return code */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl aCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2];   /* Decoded coordinates */
 
-  RtreeNode *pSavedNode = pCursor->pNode;
-  int iSavedCell = pCursor->iCell;
+  assert( pConstraint->op==RTREE_MATCH || pConstraint->op==RTREE_QUERY );
+  assert( nCoord==2 || nCoord==4 || nCoord==6 || nCoord==8 || nCoord==10 );
 
-  assert( iHeight>=0 );
-
-  if( iHeight==0 ){
-    rc = testRtreeEntry(pRtree, pCursor, &isEof);
+  if( pConstraint->op==RTREE_QUERY && pSearch->iLevel==1 ){
+    pInfo->iRowid = readInt64(pCellData);
+  }
+  pCellData += 8;
+  for(i=0; i<nCoord; i++, pCellData += 4){
+    RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, pCellData, aCoord[i]);
+  }
+  if( pConstraint->op==RTREE_MATCH ){
+    rc = pConstraint->u.xGeom((sqlite3_rtree_geometry*)pInfo,
+                              nCoord, aCoord, &i);
+    if( i==0 ) *peWithin = NOT_WITHIN;
+    *prScore = RTREE_ZERO;
   }else{
-    rc = testRtreeCell(pRtree, pCursor, &isEof);
-  }
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || isEof || iHeight==0 ){
-    goto descend_to_cell_out;
-  }
-
-  iRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pCursor->pNode, pCursor->iCell);
-  rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iRowid, pCursor->pNode, &pChild);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-    goto descend_to_cell_out;
-  }
-
-  nodeRelease(pRtree, pCursor->pNode);
-  pCursor->pNode = pChild;
-  isEof = 1;
-  for(ii=0; isEof && ii<NCELL(pChild); ii++){
-    pCursor->iCell = ii;
-    rc = descendToCell(pRtree, pCursor, iHeight-1, &isEof);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      goto descend_to_cell_out;
+    pInfo->aCoord = aCoord;
+    pInfo->iLevel = pSearch->iLevel - 1;
+    pInfo->rScore = pInfo->rParentScore = pSearch->rScore;
+    pInfo->eWithin = pInfo->eParentWithin = pSearch->eWithin;
+    rc = pConstraint->u.xQueryFunc(pInfo);
+    if( pInfo->eWithin<*peWithin ) *peWithin = pInfo->eWithin;
+    if( pInfo->rScore<*prScore || *prScore<RTREE_ZERO ){
+      *prScore = pInfo->rScore;
     }
   }
-
-  if( isEof ){
-    assert( pCursor->pNode==pChild );
-    nodeReference(pSavedNode);
-    nodeRelease(pRtree, pChild);
-    pCursor->pNode = pSavedNode;
-    pCursor->iCell = iSavedCell;
-  }
-
-descend_to_cell_out:
-  *pEof = isEof;
   return rc;
 }
 
+/* 
+** Check the internal RTree node given by pCellData against constraint p.
+** If this constraint cannot be satisfied by any child within the node,
+** set *peWithin to NOT_WITHIN.
+*/
+static void rtreeNonleafConstraint(
+  RtreeConstraint *p,        /* The constraint to test */
+  int eInt,                  /* True if RTree holds integer coordinates */
+  u8 *pCellData,             /* Raw cell content as appears on disk */
+  int *peWithin              /* Adjust downward, as appropriate */
+){
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl val;     /* Coordinate value convert to a double */
+
+  /* p->iCoord might point to either a lower or upper bound coordinate
+  ** in a coordinate pair.  But make pCellData point to the lower bound.
+  */
+  pCellData += 8 + 4*(p->iCoord&0xfe);
+
+  assert(p->op==RTREE_LE || p->op==RTREE_LT || p->op==RTREE_GE 
+      || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ );
+  switch( p->op ){
+    case RTREE_LE:
+    case RTREE_LT:
+    case RTREE_EQ:
+      RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, pCellData, val);
+      /* val now holds the lower bound of the coordinate pair */
+      if( p->u.rValue>=val ) return;
+      if( p->op!=RTREE_EQ ) break;  /* RTREE_LE and RTREE_LT end here */
+      /* Fall through for the RTREE_EQ case */
+
+    default: /* RTREE_GT or RTREE_GE,  or fallthrough of RTREE_EQ */
+      pCellData += 4;
+      RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, pCellData, val);
+      /* val now holds the upper bound of the coordinate pair */
+      if( p->u.rValue<=val ) return;
+  }
+  *peWithin = NOT_WITHIN;
+}
+
+/*
+** Check the leaf RTree cell given by pCellData against constraint p.
+** If this constraint is not satisfied, set *peWithin to NOT_WITHIN.
+** If the constraint is satisfied, leave *peWithin unchanged.
+**
+** The constraint is of the form:  xN op $val
+**
+** The op is given by p->op.  The xN is p->iCoord-th coordinate in
+** pCellData.  $val is given by p->u.rValue.
+*/
+static void rtreeLeafConstraint(
+  RtreeConstraint *p,        /* The constraint to test */
+  int eInt,                  /* True if RTree holds integer coordinates */
+  u8 *pCellData,             /* Raw cell content as appears on disk */
+  int *peWithin              /* Adjust downward, as appropriate */
+){
+  RtreeDValue xN;      /* Coordinate value converted to a double */
+
+  assert(p->op==RTREE_LE || p->op==RTREE_LT || p->op==RTREE_GE 
+      || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ );
+  pCellData += 8 + p->iCoord*4;
+  RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, pCellData, xN);
+  switch( p->op ){
+    case RTREE_LE: if( xN <= p->u.rValue ) return;  break;
+    case RTREE_LT: if( xN <  p->u.rValue ) return;  break;
+    case RTREE_GE: if( xN >= p->u.rValue ) return;  break;
+    case RTREE_GT: if( xN >  p->u.rValue ) return;  break;
+    default:       if( xN == p->u.rValue ) return;  break;
+  }
+  *peWithin = NOT_WITHIN;
+}
+
 /*
 ** One of the cells in node pNode is guaranteed to have a 64-bit 
 ** integer value equal to iRowid. Return the index of this cell.
@@ -131169,6 +145718,7 @@
 ){
   int ii;
   int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
+  assert( nCell<200 );
   for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
     if( nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pNode, ii)==iRowid ){
       *piIndex = ii;
@@ -131191,48 +145741,302 @@
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Compare two search points.  Return negative, zero, or positive if the first
+** is less than, equal to, or greater than the second.
+**
+** The rScore is the primary key.  Smaller rScore values come first.
+** If the rScore is a tie, then use iLevel as the tie breaker with smaller
+** iLevel values coming first.  In this way, if rScore is the same for all
+** SearchPoints, then iLevel becomes the deciding factor and the result
+** is a depth-first search, which is the desired default behavior.
+*/
+static int rtreeSearchPointCompare(
+  const RtreeSearchPoint *pA,
+  const RtreeSearchPoint *pB
+){
+  if( pA->rScore<pB->rScore ) return -1;
+  if( pA->rScore>pB->rScore ) return +1;
+  if( pA->iLevel<pB->iLevel ) return -1;
+  if( pA->iLevel>pB->iLevel ) return +1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Interchange to search points in a cursor.
+*/
+static void rtreeSearchPointSwap(RtreeCursor *p, int i, int j){
+  RtreeSearchPoint t = p->aPoint[i];
+  assert( i<j );
+  p->aPoint[i] = p->aPoint[j];
+  p->aPoint[j] = t;
+  i++; j++;
+  if( i<RTREE_CACHE_SZ ){
+    if( j>=RTREE_CACHE_SZ ){
+      nodeRelease(RTREE_OF_CURSOR(p), p->aNode[i]);
+      p->aNode[i] = 0;
+    }else{
+      RtreeNode *pTemp = p->aNode[i];
+      p->aNode[i] = p->aNode[j];
+      p->aNode[j] = pTemp;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the search point with the lowest current score.
+*/
+static RtreeSearchPoint *rtreeSearchPointFirst(RtreeCursor *pCur){
+  return pCur->bPoint ? &pCur->sPoint : pCur->nPoint ? pCur->aPoint : 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Get the RtreeNode for the search point with the lowest score.
+*/
+static RtreeNode *rtreeNodeOfFirstSearchPoint(RtreeCursor *pCur, int *pRC){
+  sqlite3_int64 id;
+  int ii = 1 - pCur->bPoint;
+  assert( ii==0 || ii==1 );
+  assert( pCur->bPoint || pCur->nPoint );
+  if( pCur->aNode[ii]==0 ){
+    assert( pRC!=0 );
+    id = ii ? pCur->aPoint[0].id : pCur->sPoint.id;
+    *pRC = nodeAcquire(RTREE_OF_CURSOR(pCur), id, 0, &pCur->aNode[ii]);
+  }
+  return pCur->aNode[ii];
+}
+
+/*
+** Push a new element onto the priority queue
+*/
+static RtreeSearchPoint *rtreeEnqueue(
+  RtreeCursor *pCur,    /* The cursor */
+  RtreeDValue rScore,   /* Score for the new search point */
+  u8 iLevel             /* Level for the new search point */
+){
+  int i, j;
+  RtreeSearchPoint *pNew;
+  if( pCur->nPoint>=pCur->nPointAlloc ){
+    int nNew = pCur->nPointAlloc*2 + 8;
+    pNew = sqlite3_realloc(pCur->aPoint, nNew*sizeof(pCur->aPoint[0]));
+    if( pNew==0 ) return 0;
+    pCur->aPoint = pNew;
+    pCur->nPointAlloc = nNew;
+  }
+  i = pCur->nPoint++;
+  pNew = pCur->aPoint + i;
+  pNew->rScore = rScore;
+  pNew->iLevel = iLevel;
+  assert( iLevel>=0 && iLevel<=RTREE_MAX_DEPTH );
+  while( i>0 ){
+    RtreeSearchPoint *pParent;
+    j = (i-1)/2;
+    pParent = pCur->aPoint + j;
+    if( rtreeSearchPointCompare(pNew, pParent)>=0 ) break;
+    rtreeSearchPointSwap(pCur, j, i);
+    i = j;
+    pNew = pParent;
+  }
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate a new RtreeSearchPoint and return a pointer to it.  Return
+** NULL if malloc fails.
+*/
+static RtreeSearchPoint *rtreeSearchPointNew(
+  RtreeCursor *pCur,    /* The cursor */
+  RtreeDValue rScore,   /* Score for the new search point */
+  u8 iLevel             /* Level for the new search point */
+){
+  RtreeSearchPoint *pNew, *pFirst;
+  pFirst = rtreeSearchPointFirst(pCur);
+  pCur->anQueue[iLevel]++;
+  if( pFirst==0
+   || pFirst->rScore>rScore 
+   || (pFirst->rScore==rScore && pFirst->iLevel>iLevel)
+  ){
+    if( pCur->bPoint ){
+      int ii;
+      pNew = rtreeEnqueue(pCur, rScore, iLevel);
+      if( pNew==0 ) return 0;
+      ii = (int)(pNew - pCur->aPoint) + 1;
+      if( ii<RTREE_CACHE_SZ ){
+        assert( pCur->aNode[ii]==0 );
+        pCur->aNode[ii] = pCur->aNode[0];
+       }else{
+        nodeRelease(RTREE_OF_CURSOR(pCur), pCur->aNode[0]);
+      }
+      pCur->aNode[0] = 0;
+      *pNew = pCur->sPoint;
+    }
+    pCur->sPoint.rScore = rScore;
+    pCur->sPoint.iLevel = iLevel;
+    pCur->bPoint = 1;
+    return &pCur->sPoint;
+  }else{
+    return rtreeEnqueue(pCur, rScore, iLevel);
+  }
+}
+
+#if 0
+/* Tracing routines for the RtreeSearchPoint queue */
+static void tracePoint(RtreeSearchPoint *p, int idx, RtreeCursor *pCur){
+  if( idx<0 ){ printf(" s"); }else{ printf("%2d", idx); }
+  printf(" %d.%05lld.%02d %g %d",
+    p->iLevel, p->id, p->iCell, p->rScore, p->eWithin
+  );
+  idx++;
+  if( idx<RTREE_CACHE_SZ ){
+    printf(" %p\n", pCur->aNode[idx]);
+  }else{
+    printf("\n");
+  }
+}
+static void traceQueue(RtreeCursor *pCur, const char *zPrefix){
+  int ii;
+  printf("=== %9s ", zPrefix);
+  if( pCur->bPoint ){
+    tracePoint(&pCur->sPoint, -1, pCur);
+  }
+  for(ii=0; ii<pCur->nPoint; ii++){
+    if( ii>0 || pCur->bPoint ) printf("              ");
+    tracePoint(&pCur->aPoint[ii], ii, pCur);
+  }
+}
+# define RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(A,B) traceQueue(A,B)
+#else
+# define RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(A,B)   /* no-op */
+#endif
+
+/* Remove the search point with the lowest current score.
+*/
+static void rtreeSearchPointPop(RtreeCursor *p){
+  int i, j, k, n;
+  i = 1 - p->bPoint;
+  assert( i==0 || i==1 );
+  if( p->aNode[i] ){
+    nodeRelease(RTREE_OF_CURSOR(p), p->aNode[i]);
+    p->aNode[i] = 0;
+  }
+  if( p->bPoint ){
+    p->anQueue[p->sPoint.iLevel]--;
+    p->bPoint = 0;
+  }else if( p->nPoint ){
+    p->anQueue[p->aPoint[0].iLevel]--;
+    n = --p->nPoint;
+    p->aPoint[0] = p->aPoint[n];
+    if( n<RTREE_CACHE_SZ-1 ){
+      p->aNode[1] = p->aNode[n+1];
+      p->aNode[n+1] = 0;
+    }
+    i = 0;
+    while( (j = i*2+1)<n ){
+      k = j+1;
+      if( k<n && rtreeSearchPointCompare(&p->aPoint[k], &p->aPoint[j])<0 ){
+        if( rtreeSearchPointCompare(&p->aPoint[k], &p->aPoint[i])<0 ){
+          rtreeSearchPointSwap(p, i, k);
+          i = k;
+        }else{
+          break;
+        }
+      }else{
+        if( rtreeSearchPointCompare(&p->aPoint[j], &p->aPoint[i])<0 ){
+          rtreeSearchPointSwap(p, i, j);
+          i = j;
+        }else{
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Continue the search on cursor pCur until the front of the queue
+** contains an entry suitable for returning as a result-set row,
+** or until the RtreeSearchPoint queue is empty, indicating that the
+** query has completed.
+*/
+static int rtreeStepToLeaf(RtreeCursor *pCur){
+  RtreeSearchPoint *p;
+  Rtree *pRtree = RTREE_OF_CURSOR(pCur);
+  RtreeNode *pNode;
+  int eWithin;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nCell;
+  int nConstraint = pCur->nConstraint;
+  int ii;
+  int eInt;
+  RtreeSearchPoint x;
+
+  eInt = pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_INT32;
+  while( (p = rtreeSearchPointFirst(pCur))!=0 && p->iLevel>0 ){
+    pNode = rtreeNodeOfFirstSearchPoint(pCur, &rc);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    nCell = NCELL(pNode);
+    assert( nCell<200 );
+    while( p->iCell<nCell ){
+      sqlite3_rtree_dbl rScore = (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)-1;
+      u8 *pCellData = pNode->zData + (4+pRtree->nBytesPerCell*p->iCell);
+      eWithin = FULLY_WITHIN;
+      for(ii=0; ii<nConstraint; ii++){
+        RtreeConstraint *pConstraint = pCur->aConstraint + ii;
+        if( pConstraint->op>=RTREE_MATCH ){
+          rc = rtreeCallbackConstraint(pConstraint, eInt, pCellData, p,
+                                       &rScore, &eWithin);
+          if( rc ) return rc;
+        }else if( p->iLevel==1 ){
+          rtreeLeafConstraint(pConstraint, eInt, pCellData, &eWithin);
+        }else{
+          rtreeNonleafConstraint(pConstraint, eInt, pCellData, &eWithin);
+        }
+        if( eWithin==NOT_WITHIN ) break;
+      }
+      p->iCell++;
+      if( eWithin==NOT_WITHIN ) continue;
+      x.iLevel = p->iLevel - 1;
+      if( x.iLevel ){
+        x.id = readInt64(pCellData);
+        x.iCell = 0;
+      }else{
+        x.id = p->id;
+        x.iCell = p->iCell - 1;
+      }
+      if( p->iCell>=nCell ){
+        RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(pCur, "POP-S:");
+        rtreeSearchPointPop(pCur);
+      }
+      if( rScore<RTREE_ZERO ) rScore = RTREE_ZERO;
+      p = rtreeSearchPointNew(pCur, rScore, x.iLevel);
+      if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      p->eWithin = eWithin;
+      p->id = x.id;
+      p->iCell = x.iCell;
+      RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(pCur, "PUSH-S:");
+      break;
+    }
+    if( p->iCell>=nCell ){
+      RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(pCur, "POP-Se:");
+      rtreeSearchPointPop(pCur);
+    }
+  }
+  pCur->atEOF = p==0;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
 /* 
 ** Rtree virtual table module xNext method.
 */
 static int rtreeNext(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor){
-  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)(pVtabCursor->pVtab);
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)pVtabCursor;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
 
-  /* RtreeCursor.pNode must not be NULL. If is is NULL, then this cursor is
-  ** already at EOF. It is against the rules to call the xNext() method of
-  ** a cursor that has already reached EOF.
-  */
-  assert( pCsr->pNode );
-
-  if( pCsr->iStrategy==1 ){
-    /* This "scan" is a direct lookup by rowid. There is no next entry. */
-    nodeRelease(pRtree, pCsr->pNode);
-    pCsr->pNode = 0;
-  }else{
-    /* Move to the next entry that matches the configured constraints. */
-    int iHeight = 0;
-    while( pCsr->pNode ){
-      RtreeNode *pNode = pCsr->pNode;
-      int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
-      for(pCsr->iCell++; pCsr->iCell<nCell; pCsr->iCell++){
-        int isEof;
-        rc = descendToCell(pRtree, pCsr, iHeight, &isEof);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || !isEof ){
-          return rc;
-        }
-      }
-      pCsr->pNode = pNode->pParent;
-      rc = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pNode, &pCsr->iCell);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        return rc;
-      }
-      nodeReference(pCsr->pNode);
-      nodeRelease(pRtree, pNode);
-      iHeight++;
-    }
-  }
-
+  /* Move to the next entry that matches the configured constraints. */
+  RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(pCsr, "POP-Nx:");
+  rtreeSearchPointPop(pCsr);
+  rc = rtreeStepToLeaf(pCsr);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -131240,13 +146044,14 @@
 ** Rtree virtual table module xRowid method.
 */
 static int rtreeRowid(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor, sqlite_int64 *pRowid){
-  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)pVtabCursor->pVtab;
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)pVtabCursor;
-
-  assert(pCsr->pNode);
-  *pRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pCsr->pNode, pCsr->iCell);
-
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  RtreeSearchPoint *p = rtreeSearchPointFirst(pCsr);
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  RtreeNode *pNode = rtreeNodeOfFirstSearchPoint(pCsr, &rc);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p ){
+    *pRowid = nodeGetRowid(RTREE_OF_CURSOR(pCsr), pNode, p->iCell);
+  }
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /* 
@@ -131255,21 +146060,28 @@
 static int rtreeColumn(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur, sqlite3_context *ctx, int i){
   Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)cur->pVtab;
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)cur;
+  RtreeSearchPoint *p = rtreeSearchPointFirst(pCsr);
+  RtreeCoord c;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  RtreeNode *pNode = rtreeNodeOfFirstSearchPoint(pCsr, &rc);
 
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
   if( i==0 ){
-    i64 iRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pCsr->pNode, pCsr->iCell);
-    sqlite3_result_int64(ctx, iRowid);
+    sqlite3_result_int64(ctx, nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pNode, p->iCell));
   }else{
-    RtreeCoord c;
-    nodeGetCoord(pRtree, pCsr->pNode, pCsr->iCell, i-1, &c);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    nodeGetCoord(pRtree, pNode, p->iCell, i-1, &c);
+#ifndef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
     if( pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_REAL32 ){
       sqlite3_result_double(ctx, c.f);
-    }else{
+    }else
+#endif
+    {
       assert( pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_INT32 );
       sqlite3_result_int(ctx, c.i);
     }
   }
-
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -131280,12 +146092,18 @@
 ** *ppLeaf to 0 and return SQLITE_OK. If an error occurs, set *ppLeaf
 ** to zero and return an SQLite error code.
 */
-static int findLeafNode(Rtree *pRtree, i64 iRowid, RtreeNode **ppLeaf){
+static int findLeafNode(
+  Rtree *pRtree,              /* RTree to search */
+  i64 iRowid,                 /* The rowid searching for */
+  RtreeNode **ppLeaf,         /* Write the node here */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piNode       /* Write the node-id here */
+){
   int rc;
   *ppLeaf = 0;
   sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pReadRowid, 1, iRowid);
   if( sqlite3_step(pRtree->pReadRowid)==SQLITE_ROW ){
     i64 iNode = sqlite3_column_int64(pRtree->pReadRowid, 0);
+    if( piNode ) *piNode = iNode;
     rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iNode, 0, ppLeaf);
     sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadRowid);
   }else{
@@ -131301,9 +146119,10 @@
 ** operator.
 */
 static int deserializeGeometry(sqlite3_value *pValue, RtreeConstraint *pCons){
-  RtreeMatchArg *p;
-  sqlite3_rtree_geometry *pGeom;
-  int nBlob;
+  RtreeMatchArg *pBlob;              /* BLOB returned by geometry function */
+  sqlite3_rtree_query_info *pInfo;   /* Callback information */
+  int nBlob;                         /* Size of the geometry function blob */
+  int nExpected;                     /* Expected size of the BLOB */
 
   /* Check that value is actually a blob. */
   if( sqlite3_value_type(pValue)!=SQLITE_BLOB ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
@@ -131311,32 +146130,34 @@
   /* Check that the blob is roughly the right size. */
   nBlob = sqlite3_value_bytes(pValue);
   if( nBlob<(int)sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) 
-   || ((nBlob-sizeof(RtreeMatchArg))%sizeof(double))!=0
+   || ((nBlob-sizeof(RtreeMatchArg))%sizeof(RtreeDValue))!=0
   ){
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
 
-  pGeom = (sqlite3_rtree_geometry *)sqlite3_malloc(
-      sizeof(sqlite3_rtree_geometry) + nBlob
-  );
-  if( !pGeom ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-  memset(pGeom, 0, sizeof(sqlite3_rtree_geometry));
-  p = (RtreeMatchArg *)&pGeom[1];
+  pInfo = (sqlite3_rtree_query_info*)sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pInfo)+nBlob );
+  if( !pInfo ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(pInfo, 0, sizeof(*pInfo));
+  pBlob = (RtreeMatchArg*)&pInfo[1];
 
-  memcpy(p, sqlite3_value_blob(pValue), nBlob);
-  if( p->magic!=RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC 
-   || nBlob!=(int)(sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) + (p->nParam-1)*sizeof(double))
-  ){
-    sqlite3_free(pGeom);
+  memcpy(pBlob, sqlite3_value_blob(pValue), nBlob);
+  nExpected = (int)(sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) +
+                    (pBlob->nParam-1)*sizeof(RtreeDValue));
+  if( pBlob->magic!=RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC || nBlob!=nExpected ){
+    sqlite3_free(pInfo);
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
+  pInfo->pContext = pBlob->cb.pContext;
+  pInfo->nParam = pBlob->nParam;
+  pInfo->aParam = pBlob->aParam;
 
-  pGeom->pContext = p->pContext;
-  pGeom->nParam = p->nParam;
-  pGeom->aParam = p->aParam;
-
-  pCons->xGeom = p->xGeom;
-  pCons->pGeom = pGeom;
+  if( pBlob->cb.xGeom ){
+    pCons->u.xGeom = pBlob->cb.xGeom;
+  }else{
+    pCons->op = RTREE_QUERY;
+    pCons->u.xQueryFunc = pBlob->cb.xQueryFunc;
+  }
+  pCons->pInfo = pInfo;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -131350,44 +146171,59 @@
 ){
   Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)pVtabCursor->pVtab;
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)pVtabCursor;
-
   RtreeNode *pRoot = 0;
   int ii;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int iCell = 0;
 
   rtreeReference(pRtree);
 
+  /* Reset the cursor to the same state as rtreeOpen() leaves it in. */
   freeCursorConstraints(pCsr);
-  pCsr->iStrategy = idxNum;
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aPoint);
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(RtreeCursor));
+  pCsr->base.pVtab = (sqlite3_vtab*)pRtree;
 
+  pCsr->iStrategy = idxNum;
   if( idxNum==1 ){
     /* Special case - lookup by rowid. */
     RtreeNode *pLeaf;        /* Leaf on which the required cell resides */
+    RtreeSearchPoint *p;     /* Search point for the the leaf */
     i64 iRowid = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
-    rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iRowid, &pLeaf);
-    pCsr->pNode = pLeaf; 
-    if( pLeaf ){
-      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
-      rc = nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pLeaf, iRowid, &pCsr->iCell);
+    i64 iNode = 0;
+    rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iRowid, &pLeaf, &iNode);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pLeaf!=0 ){
+      p = rtreeSearchPointNew(pCsr, RTREE_ZERO, 0);
+      assert( p!=0 );  /* Always returns pCsr->sPoint */
+      pCsr->aNode[0] = pLeaf;
+      p->id = iNode;
+      p->eWithin = PARTLY_WITHIN;
+      rc = nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pLeaf, iRowid, &iCell);
+      p->iCell = iCell;
+      RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(pCsr, "PUSH-F1:");
+    }else{
+      pCsr->atEOF = 1;
     }
   }else{
     /* Normal case - r-tree scan. Set up the RtreeCursor.aConstraint array 
     ** with the configured constraints. 
     */
-    if( argc>0 ){
+    rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, 1, 0, &pRoot);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && argc>0 ){
       pCsr->aConstraint = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeConstraint)*argc);
       pCsr->nConstraint = argc;
       if( !pCsr->aConstraint ){
         rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
       }else{
         memset(pCsr->aConstraint, 0, sizeof(RtreeConstraint)*argc);
+        memset(pCsr->anQueue, 0, sizeof(u32)*(pRtree->iDepth + 1));
         assert( (idxStr==0 && argc==0)
                 || (idxStr && (int)strlen(idxStr)==argc*2) );
         for(ii=0; ii<argc; ii++){
           RtreeConstraint *p = &pCsr->aConstraint[ii];
           p->op = idxStr[ii*2];
-          p->iCoord = idxStr[ii*2+1]-'a';
-          if( p->op==RTREE_MATCH ){
+          p->iCoord = idxStr[ii*2+1]-'0';
+          if( p->op>=RTREE_MATCH ){
             /* A MATCH operator. The right-hand-side must be a blob that
             ** can be cast into an RtreeMatchArg object. One created using
             ** an sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() SQL user function.
@@ -131396,42 +146232,53 @@
             if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
               break;
             }
+            p->pInfo->nCoord = pRtree->nDim*2;
+            p->pInfo->anQueue = pCsr->anQueue;
+            p->pInfo->mxLevel = pRtree->iDepth + 1;
           }else{
-            p->rValue = sqlite3_value_double(argv[ii]);
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+            p->u.rValue = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[ii]);
+#else
+            p->u.rValue = sqlite3_value_double(argv[ii]);
+#endif
           }
         }
       }
     }
-  
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      pCsr->pNode = 0;
-      rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, 1, 0, &pRoot);
-    }
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      int isEof = 1;
-      int nCell = NCELL(pRoot);
-      pCsr->pNode = pRoot;
-      for(pCsr->iCell=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && pCsr->iCell<nCell; pCsr->iCell++){
-        assert( pCsr->pNode==pRoot );
-        rc = descendToCell(pRtree, pCsr, pRtree->iDepth, &isEof);
-        if( !isEof ){
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && isEof ){
-        assert( pCsr->pNode==pRoot );
-        nodeRelease(pRtree, pRoot);
-        pCsr->pNode = 0;
-      }
-      assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || !pCsr->pNode || pCsr->iCell<NCELL(pCsr->pNode) );
+      RtreeSearchPoint *pNew;
+      pNew = rtreeSearchPointNew(pCsr, RTREE_ZERO, pRtree->iDepth+1);
+      if( pNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      pNew->id = 1;
+      pNew->iCell = 0;
+      pNew->eWithin = PARTLY_WITHIN;
+      assert( pCsr->bPoint==1 );
+      pCsr->aNode[0] = pRoot;
+      pRoot = 0;
+      RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(pCsr, "PUSH-Fm:");
+      rc = rtreeStepToLeaf(pCsr);
     }
   }
 
+  nodeRelease(pRtree, pRoot);
   rtreeRelease(pRtree);
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
+** Set the pIdxInfo->estimatedRows variable to nRow. Unless this
+** extension is currently being used by a version of SQLite too old to
+** support estimatedRows. In that case this function is a no-op.
+*/
+static void setEstimatedRows(sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo, i64 nRow){
+#if SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER>=3008002
+  if( sqlite3_libversion_number()>=3008002 ){
+    pIdxInfo->estimatedRows = nRow;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
 ** Rtree virtual table module xBestIndex method. There are three
 ** table scan strategies to choose from (in order from most to 
 ** least desirable):
@@ -131466,13 +146313,14 @@
 ** is 'a', the second from the left 'b' etc.
 */
 static int rtreeBestIndex(sqlite3_vtab *tab, sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo){
+  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree*)tab;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   int ii;
+  i64 nRow;                       /* Estimated rows returned by this scan */
 
   int iIdx = 0;
   char zIdxStr[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*8+1];
   memset(zIdxStr, 0, sizeof(zIdxStr));
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(tab);
 
   assert( pIdxInfo->idxStr==0 );
   for(ii=0; ii<pIdxInfo->nConstraint && iIdx<(int)(sizeof(zIdxStr)-1); ii++){
@@ -131492,9 +146340,11 @@
       /* This strategy involves a two rowid lookups on an B-Tree structures
       ** and then a linear search of an R-Tree node. This should be 
       ** considered almost as quick as a direct rowid lookup (for which 
-      ** sqlite uses an internal cost of 0.0).
+      ** sqlite uses an internal cost of 0.0). It is expected to return
+      ** a single row.
       */ 
-      pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = 10.0;
+      pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = 30.0;
+      setEstimatedRows(pIdxInfo, 1);
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
 
@@ -131512,7 +146362,7 @@
           break;
       }
       zIdxStr[iIdx++] = op;
-      zIdxStr[iIdx++] = p->iColumn - 1 + 'a';
+      zIdxStr[iIdx++] = p->iColumn - 1 + '0';
       pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[ii].argvIndex = (iIdx/2);
       pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[ii].omit = 1;
     }
@@ -131523,19 +146373,22 @@
   if( iIdx>0 && 0==(pIdxInfo->idxStr = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zIdxStr)) ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
-  assert( iIdx>=0 );
-  pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = (2000000.0 / (double)(iIdx + 1));
+
+  nRow = pRtree->nRowEst / (iIdx + 1);
+  pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = (double)6.0 * (double)nRow;
+  setEstimatedRows(pIdxInfo, nRow);
+
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
 ** Return the N-dimensional volumn of the cell stored in *p.
 */
-static float cellArea(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p){
-  float area = 1.0;
+static RtreeDValue cellArea(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p){
+  RtreeDValue area = (RtreeDValue)1;
   int ii;
   for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
-    area = (float)(area * (DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii])));
+    area = (area * (DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii])));
   }
   return area;
 }
@@ -131544,11 +146397,11 @@
 ** Return the margin length of cell p. The margin length is the sum
 ** of the objects size in each dimension.
 */
-static float cellMargin(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p){
-  float margin = 0.0;
+static RtreeDValue cellMargin(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p){
+  RtreeDValue margin = (RtreeDValue)0;
   int ii;
   for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
-    margin += (float)(DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii]));
+    margin += (DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii]));
   }
   return margin;
 }
@@ -131593,8 +146446,8 @@
 /*
 ** Return the amount cell p would grow by if it were unioned with pCell.
 */
-static float cellGrowth(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p, RtreeCell *pCell){
-  float area;
+static RtreeDValue cellGrowth(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p, RtreeCell *pCell){
+  RtreeDValue area;
   RtreeCell cell;
   memcpy(&cell, p, sizeof(RtreeCell));
   area = cellArea(pRtree, &cell);
@@ -131602,64 +146455,32 @@
   return (cellArea(pRtree, &cell)-area);
 }
 
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE || VARIANT_RSTARTREE_SPLIT
-static float cellOverlap(
+static RtreeDValue cellOverlap(
   Rtree *pRtree, 
   RtreeCell *p, 
   RtreeCell *aCell, 
-  int nCell, 
-  int iExclude
+  int nCell
 ){
   int ii;
-  float overlap = 0.0;
+  RtreeDValue overlap = RTREE_ZERO;
   for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
-    if( ii!=iExclude )
-#else
-    assert( iExclude==-1 );
-    UNUSED_PARAMETER(iExclude);
-#endif
-    {
-      int jj;
-      float o = 1.0;
-      for(jj=0; jj<(pRtree->nDim*2); jj+=2){
-        double x1;
-        double x2;
-
-        x1 = MAX(DCOORD(p->aCoord[jj]), DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[jj]));
-        x2 = MIN(DCOORD(p->aCoord[jj+1]), DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[jj+1]));
-
-        if( x2<x1 ){
-          o = 0.0;
-          break;
-        }else{
-          o = o * (float)(x2-x1);
-        }
+    int jj;
+    RtreeDValue o = (RtreeDValue)1;
+    for(jj=0; jj<(pRtree->nDim*2); jj+=2){
+      RtreeDValue x1, x2;
+      x1 = MAX(DCOORD(p->aCoord[jj]), DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[jj]));
+      x2 = MIN(DCOORD(p->aCoord[jj+1]), DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[jj+1]));
+      if( x2<x1 ){
+        o = (RtreeDValue)0;
+        break;
+      }else{
+        o = o * (x2-x1);
       }
-      overlap += o;
     }
+    overlap += o;
   }
   return overlap;
 }
-#endif
-
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
-static float cellOverlapEnlargement(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeCell *p, 
-  RtreeCell *pInsert, 
-  RtreeCell *aCell, 
-  int nCell, 
-  int iExclude
-){
-  double before;
-  double after;
-  before = cellOverlap(pRtree, p, aCell, nCell, iExclude);
-  cellUnion(pRtree, p, pInsert);
-  after = cellOverlap(pRtree, p, aCell, nCell, iExclude);
-  return (float)(after-before);
-}
-#endif
 
 
 /*
@@ -131681,12 +146502,8 @@
     int iCell;
     sqlite3_int64 iBest = 0;
 
-    float fMinGrowth = 0.0;
-    float fMinArea = 0.0;
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
-    float fMinOverlap = 0.0;
-    float overlap;
-#endif
+    RtreeDValue fMinGrowth = RTREE_ZERO;
+    RtreeDValue fMinArea = RTREE_ZERO;
 
     int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
     RtreeCell cell;
@@ -131694,53 +146511,20 @@
 
     RtreeCell *aCell = 0;
 
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
-    if( ii==(pRtree->iDepth-1) ){
-      int jj;
-      aCell = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeCell)*nCell);
-      if( !aCell ){
-        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-        nodeRelease(pRtree, pNode);
-        pNode = 0;
-        continue;
-      }
-      for(jj=0; jj<nCell; jj++){
-        nodeGetCell(pRtree, pNode, jj, &aCell[jj]);
-      }
-    }
-#endif
-
     /* Select the child node which will be enlarged the least if pCell
     ** is inserted into it. Resolve ties by choosing the entry with
     ** the smallest area.
     */
     for(iCell=0; iCell<nCell; iCell++){
       int bBest = 0;
-      float growth;
-      float area;
+      RtreeDValue growth;
+      RtreeDValue area;
       nodeGetCell(pRtree, pNode, iCell, &cell);
       growth = cellGrowth(pRtree, &cell, pCell);
       area = cellArea(pRtree, &cell);
-
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
-      if( ii==(pRtree->iDepth-1) ){
-        overlap = cellOverlapEnlargement(pRtree,&cell,pCell,aCell,nCell,iCell);
-      }else{
-        overlap = 0.0;
-      }
-      if( (iCell==0) 
-       || (overlap<fMinOverlap) 
-       || (overlap==fMinOverlap && growth<fMinGrowth)
-       || (overlap==fMinOverlap && growth==fMinGrowth && area<fMinArea)
-      ){
-        bBest = 1;
-        fMinOverlap = overlap;
-      }
-#else
       if( iCell==0||growth<fMinGrowth||(growth==fMinGrowth && area<fMinArea) ){
         bBest = 1;
       }
-#endif
       if( bBest ){
         fMinGrowth = growth;
         fMinArea = area;
@@ -131811,155 +146595,6 @@
 
 static int rtreeInsertCell(Rtree *, RtreeNode *, RtreeCell *, int);
 
-#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT
-/*
-** Implementation of the linear variant of the PickNext() function from
-** Guttman[84].
-*/
-static RtreeCell *LinearPickNext(
-  Rtree *pRtree,
-  RtreeCell *aCell, 
-  int nCell, 
-  RtreeCell *pLeftBox, 
-  RtreeCell *pRightBox,
-  int *aiUsed
-){
-  int ii;
-  for(ii=0; aiUsed[ii]; ii++);
-  aiUsed[ii] = 1;
-  return &aCell[ii];
-}
-
-/*
-** Implementation of the linear variant of the PickSeeds() function from
-** Guttman[84].
-*/
-static void LinearPickSeeds(
-  Rtree *pRtree,
-  RtreeCell *aCell, 
-  int nCell, 
-  int *piLeftSeed, 
-  int *piRightSeed
-){
-  int i;
-  int iLeftSeed = 0;
-  int iRightSeed = 1;
-  float maxNormalInnerWidth = 0.0;
-
-  /* Pick two "seed" cells from the array of cells. The algorithm used
-  ** here is the LinearPickSeeds algorithm from Gutman[1984]. The 
-  ** indices of the two seed cells in the array are stored in local
-  ** variables iLeftSeek and iRightSeed.
-  */
-  for(i=0; i<pRtree->nDim; i++){
-    float x1 = DCOORD(aCell[0].aCoord[i*2]);
-    float x2 = DCOORD(aCell[0].aCoord[i*2+1]);
-    float x3 = x1;
-    float x4 = x2;
-    int jj;
-
-    int iCellLeft = 0;
-    int iCellRight = 0;
-
-    for(jj=1; jj<nCell; jj++){
-      float left = DCOORD(aCell[jj].aCoord[i*2]);
-      float right = DCOORD(aCell[jj].aCoord[i*2+1]);
-
-      if( left<x1 ) x1 = left;
-      if( right>x4 ) x4 = right;
-      if( left>x3 ){
-        x3 = left;
-        iCellRight = jj;
-      }
-      if( right<x2 ){
-        x2 = right;
-        iCellLeft = jj;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if( x4!=x1 ){
-      float normalwidth = (x3 - x2) / (x4 - x1);
-      if( normalwidth>maxNormalInnerWidth ){
-        iLeftSeed = iCellLeft;
-        iRightSeed = iCellRight;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  *piLeftSeed = iLeftSeed;
-  *piRightSeed = iRightSeed;
-}
-#endif /* VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT */
-
-#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT
-/*
-** Implementation of the quadratic variant of the PickNext() function from
-** Guttman[84].
-*/
-static RtreeCell *QuadraticPickNext(
-  Rtree *pRtree,
-  RtreeCell *aCell, 
-  int nCell, 
-  RtreeCell *pLeftBox, 
-  RtreeCell *pRightBox,
-  int *aiUsed
-){
-  #define FABS(a) ((a)<0.0?-1.0*(a):(a))
-
-  int iSelect = -1;
-  float fDiff;
-  int ii;
-  for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
-    if( aiUsed[ii]==0 ){
-      float left = cellGrowth(pRtree, pLeftBox, &aCell[ii]);
-      float right = cellGrowth(pRtree, pLeftBox, &aCell[ii]);
-      float diff = FABS(right-left);
-      if( iSelect<0 || diff>fDiff ){
-        fDiff = diff;
-        iSelect = ii;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  aiUsed[iSelect] = 1;
-  return &aCell[iSelect];
-}
-
-/*
-** Implementation of the quadratic variant of the PickSeeds() function from
-** Guttman[84].
-*/
-static void QuadraticPickSeeds(
-  Rtree *pRtree,
-  RtreeCell *aCell, 
-  int nCell, 
-  int *piLeftSeed, 
-  int *piRightSeed
-){
-  int ii;
-  int jj;
-
-  int iLeftSeed = 0;
-  int iRightSeed = 1;
-  float fWaste = 0.0;
-
-  for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
-    for(jj=ii+1; jj<nCell; jj++){
-      float right = cellArea(pRtree, &aCell[jj]);
-      float growth = cellGrowth(pRtree, &aCell[ii], &aCell[jj]);
-      float waste = growth - right;
-
-      if( waste>fWaste ){
-        iLeftSeed = ii;
-        iRightSeed = jj;
-        fWaste = waste;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  *piLeftSeed = iLeftSeed;
-  *piRightSeed = iRightSeed;
-}
-#endif /* VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT */
 
 /*
 ** Arguments aIdx, aDistance and aSpare all point to arrays of size
@@ -131981,7 +146616,7 @@
 static void SortByDistance(
   int *aIdx, 
   int nIdx, 
-  float *aDistance, 
+  RtreeDValue *aDistance, 
   int *aSpare
 ){
   if( nIdx>1 ){
@@ -132007,8 +146642,8 @@
         aIdx[iLeft+iRight] = aLeft[iLeft];
         iLeft++;
       }else{
-        float fLeft = aDistance[aLeft[iLeft]];
-        float fRight = aDistance[aRight[iRight]];
+        RtreeDValue fLeft = aDistance[aLeft[iLeft]];
+        RtreeDValue fRight = aDistance[aRight[iRight]];
         if( fLeft<fRight ){
           aIdx[iLeft+iRight] = aLeft[iLeft];
           iLeft++;
@@ -132024,8 +146659,8 @@
     {
       int jj;
       for(jj=1; jj<nIdx; jj++){
-        float left = aDistance[aIdx[jj-1]];
-        float right = aDistance[aIdx[jj]];
+        RtreeDValue left = aDistance[aIdx[jj-1]];
+        RtreeDValue right = aDistance[aIdx[jj]];
         assert( left<=right );
       }
     }
@@ -132068,10 +146703,10 @@
     memcpy(aSpare, aLeft, sizeof(int)*nLeft);
     aLeft = aSpare;
     while( iLeft<nLeft || iRight<nRight ){
-      double xleft1 = DCOORD(aCell[aLeft[iLeft]].aCoord[iDim*2]);
-      double xleft2 = DCOORD(aCell[aLeft[iLeft]].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
-      double xright1 = DCOORD(aCell[aRight[iRight]].aCoord[iDim*2]);
-      double xright2 = DCOORD(aCell[aRight[iRight]].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
+      RtreeDValue xleft1 = DCOORD(aCell[aLeft[iLeft]].aCoord[iDim*2]);
+      RtreeDValue xleft2 = DCOORD(aCell[aLeft[iLeft]].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
+      RtreeDValue xright1 = DCOORD(aCell[aRight[iRight]].aCoord[iDim*2]);
+      RtreeDValue xright2 = DCOORD(aCell[aRight[iRight]].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
       if( (iLeft!=nLeft) && ((iRight==nRight)
        || (xleft1<xright1)
        || (xleft1==xright1 && xleft2<xright2)
@@ -132089,10 +146724,10 @@
     {
       int jj;
       for(jj=1; jj<nIdx; jj++){
-        float xleft1 = aCell[aIdx[jj-1]].aCoord[iDim*2];
-        float xleft2 = aCell[aIdx[jj-1]].aCoord[iDim*2+1];
-        float xright1 = aCell[aIdx[jj]].aCoord[iDim*2];
-        float xright2 = aCell[aIdx[jj]].aCoord[iDim*2+1];
+        RtreeDValue xleft1 = aCell[aIdx[jj-1]].aCoord[iDim*2];
+        RtreeDValue xleft2 = aCell[aIdx[jj-1]].aCoord[iDim*2+1];
+        RtreeDValue xright1 = aCell[aIdx[jj]].aCoord[iDim*2];
+        RtreeDValue xright2 = aCell[aIdx[jj]].aCoord[iDim*2+1];
         assert( xleft1<=xright1 && (xleft1<xright1 || xleft2<=xright2) );
       }
     }
@@ -132100,7 +146735,6 @@
   }
 }
 
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_SPLIT
 /*
 ** Implementation of the R*-tree variant of SplitNode from Beckman[1990].
 */
@@ -132119,7 +146753,7 @@
 
   int iBestDim = 0;
   int iBestSplit = 0;
-  float fBestMargin = 0.0;
+  RtreeDValue fBestMargin = RTREE_ZERO;
 
   int nByte = (pRtree->nDim+1)*(sizeof(int*)+nCell*sizeof(int));
 
@@ -132140,9 +146774,9 @@
   }
 
   for(ii=0; ii<pRtree->nDim; ii++){
-    float margin = 0.0;
-    float fBestOverlap = 0.0;
-    float fBestArea = 0.0;
+    RtreeDValue margin = RTREE_ZERO;
+    RtreeDValue fBestOverlap = RTREE_ZERO;
+    RtreeDValue fBestArea = RTREE_ZERO;
     int iBestLeft = 0;
     int nLeft;
 
@@ -132154,8 +146788,8 @@
       RtreeCell left;
       RtreeCell right;
       int kk;
-      float overlap;
-      float area;
+      RtreeDValue overlap;
+      RtreeDValue area;
 
       memcpy(&left, &aCell[aaSorted[ii][0]], sizeof(RtreeCell));
       memcpy(&right, &aCell[aaSorted[ii][nCell-1]], sizeof(RtreeCell));
@@ -132168,7 +146802,7 @@
       }
       margin += cellMargin(pRtree, &left);
       margin += cellMargin(pRtree, &right);
-      overlap = cellOverlap(pRtree, &left, &right, 1, -1);
+      overlap = cellOverlap(pRtree, &left, &right, 1);
       area = cellArea(pRtree, &left) + cellArea(pRtree, &right);
       if( (nLeft==RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree))
        || (overlap<fBestOverlap)
@@ -132200,63 +146834,7 @@
   sqlite3_free(aaSorted);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
-#endif
 
-#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_SPLIT
-/*
-** Implementation of the regular R-tree SplitNode from Guttman[1984].
-*/
-static int splitNodeGuttman(
-  Rtree *pRtree,
-  RtreeCell *aCell,
-  int nCell,
-  RtreeNode *pLeft,
-  RtreeNode *pRight,
-  RtreeCell *pBboxLeft,
-  RtreeCell *pBboxRight
-){
-  int iLeftSeed = 0;
-  int iRightSeed = 1;
-  int *aiUsed;
-  int i;
-
-  aiUsed = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(int)*nCell);
-  if( !aiUsed ){
-    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-  }
-  memset(aiUsed, 0, sizeof(int)*nCell);
-
-  PickSeeds(pRtree, aCell, nCell, &iLeftSeed, &iRightSeed);
-
-  memcpy(pBboxLeft, &aCell[iLeftSeed], sizeof(RtreeCell));
-  memcpy(pBboxRight, &aCell[iRightSeed], sizeof(RtreeCell));
-  nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pLeft, &aCell[iLeftSeed]);
-  nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pRight, &aCell[iRightSeed]);
-  aiUsed[iLeftSeed] = 1;
-  aiUsed[iRightSeed] = 1;
-
-  for(i=nCell-2; i>0; i--){
-    RtreeCell *pNext;
-    pNext = PickNext(pRtree, aCell, nCell, pBboxLeft, pBboxRight, aiUsed);
-    float diff =  
-      cellGrowth(pRtree, pBboxLeft, pNext) - 
-      cellGrowth(pRtree, pBboxRight, pNext)
-    ;
-    if( (RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree)-NCELL(pRight)==i)
-     || (diff>0.0 && (RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree)-NCELL(pLeft)!=i))
-    ){
-      nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pRight, pNext);
-      cellUnion(pRtree, pBboxRight, pNext);
-    }else{
-      nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pLeft, pNext);
-      cellUnion(pRtree, pBboxLeft, pNext);
-    }
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_free(aiUsed);
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-#endif
 
 static int updateMapping(
   Rtree *pRtree, 
@@ -132334,7 +146912,8 @@
   memset(pLeft->zData, 0, pRtree->iNodeSize);
   memset(pRight->zData, 0, pRtree->iNodeSize);
 
-  rc = AssignCells(pRtree, aCell, nCell, pLeft, pRight, &leftbbox, &rightbbox);
+  rc = splitNodeStartree(pRtree, aCell, nCell, pLeft, pRight,
+                         &leftbbox, &rightbbox);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     goto splitnode_out;
   }
@@ -132571,32 +147150,34 @@
   int *aOrder;
   int *aSpare;
   RtreeCell *aCell;
-  float *aDistance;
+  RtreeDValue *aDistance;
   int nCell;
-  float aCenterCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS];
+  RtreeDValue aCenterCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS];
   int iDim;
   int ii;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int n;
 
-  memset(aCenterCoord, 0, sizeof(float)*RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS);
+  memset(aCenterCoord, 0, sizeof(RtreeDValue)*RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS);
 
   nCell = NCELL(pNode)+1;
+  n = (nCell+1)&(~1);
 
   /* Allocate the buffers used by this operation. The allocation is
   ** relinquished before this function returns.
   */
-  aCell = (RtreeCell *)sqlite3_malloc(nCell * (
-    sizeof(RtreeCell) +         /* aCell array */
-    sizeof(int)       +         /* aOrder array */
-    sizeof(int)       +         /* aSpare array */
-    sizeof(float)               /* aDistance array */
+  aCell = (RtreeCell *)sqlite3_malloc(n * (
+    sizeof(RtreeCell)     +         /* aCell array */
+    sizeof(int)           +         /* aOrder array */
+    sizeof(int)           +         /* aSpare array */
+    sizeof(RtreeDValue)             /* aDistance array */
   ));
   if( !aCell ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
-  aOrder    = (int *)&aCell[nCell];
-  aSpare    = (int *)&aOrder[nCell];
-  aDistance = (float *)&aSpare[nCell];
+  aOrder    = (int *)&aCell[n];
+  aSpare    = (int *)&aOrder[n];
+  aDistance = (RtreeDValue *)&aSpare[n];
 
   for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
     if( ii==(nCell-1) ){
@@ -132606,19 +147187,19 @@
     }
     aOrder[ii] = ii;
     for(iDim=0; iDim<pRtree->nDim; iDim++){
-      aCenterCoord[iDim] += (float)DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]);
-      aCenterCoord[iDim] += (float)DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
+      aCenterCoord[iDim] += DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]);
+      aCenterCoord[iDim] += DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
     }
   }
   for(iDim=0; iDim<pRtree->nDim; iDim++){
-    aCenterCoord[iDim] = (float)(aCenterCoord[iDim]/((float)nCell*2.0));
+    aCenterCoord[iDim] = (aCenterCoord[iDim]/(nCell*(RtreeDValue)2));
   }
 
   for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
-    aDistance[ii] = 0.0;
+    aDistance[ii] = RTREE_ZERO;
     for(iDim=0; iDim<pRtree->nDim; iDim++){
-      float coord = (float)(DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]) - 
-          DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]));
+      RtreeDValue coord = (DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]) - 
+                               DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]));
       aDistance[ii] += (coord-aCenterCoord[iDim])*(coord-aCenterCoord[iDim]);
     }
   }
@@ -132681,16 +147262,12 @@
     }
   }
   if( nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pNode, pCell) ){
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_REINSERT
     if( iHeight<=pRtree->iReinsertHeight || pNode->iNode==1){
       rc = SplitNode(pRtree, pNode, pCell, iHeight);
     }else{
       pRtree->iReinsertHeight = iHeight;
       rc = Reinsert(pRtree, pNode, pCell, iHeight);
     }
-#else
-    rc = SplitNode(pRtree, pNode, pCell, iHeight);
-#endif
   }else{
     rc = AdjustTree(pRtree, pNode, pCell);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -132748,19 +147325,19 @@
 */
 static int rtreeDeleteRowid(Rtree *pRtree, sqlite3_int64 iDelete){
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
-  RtreeNode *pLeaf;               /* Leaf node containing record iDelete */
+  RtreeNode *pLeaf = 0;           /* Leaf node containing record iDelete */
   int iCell;                      /* Index of iDelete cell in pLeaf */
   RtreeNode *pRoot;               /* Root node of rtree structure */
 
 
-  /* Obtain a reference to the root node to initialise Rtree.iDepth */
+  /* Obtain a reference to the root node to initialize Rtree.iDepth */
   rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, 1, 0, &pRoot);
 
   /* Obtain a reference to the leaf node that contains the entry 
   ** about to be deleted. 
   */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iDelete, &pLeaf);
+    rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iDelete, &pLeaf, 0);
   }
 
   /* Delete the cell in question from the leaf node. */
@@ -132828,6 +147405,36 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Rounding constants for float->double conversion.
+*/
+#define RNDTOWARDS  (1.0 - 1.0/8388608.0)  /* Round towards zero */
+#define RNDAWAY     (1.0 + 1.0/8388608.0)  /* Round away from zero */
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY)
+/*
+** Convert an sqlite3_value into an RtreeValue (presumably a float)
+** while taking care to round toward negative or positive, respectively.
+*/
+static RtreeValue rtreeValueDown(sqlite3_value *v){
+  double d = sqlite3_value_double(v);
+  float f = (float)d;
+  if( f>d ){
+    f = (float)(d*(d<0 ? RNDAWAY : RNDTOWARDS));
+  }
+  return f;
+}
+static RtreeValue rtreeValueUp(sqlite3_value *v){
+  double d = sqlite3_value_double(v);
+  float f = (float)d;
+  if( f<d ){
+    f = (float)(d*(d<0 ? RNDTOWARDS : RNDAWAY));
+  }
+  return f;
+}
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY) */
+
+
+/*
 ** The xUpdate method for rtree module virtual tables.
 */
 static int rtreeUpdate(
@@ -132860,16 +147467,19 @@
 
     /* Populate the cell.aCoord[] array. The first coordinate is azData[3]. */
     assert( nData==(pRtree->nDim*2 + 3) );
+#ifndef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
     if( pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_REAL32 ){
       for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
-        cell.aCoord[ii].f = (float)sqlite3_value_double(azData[ii+3]);
-        cell.aCoord[ii+1].f = (float)sqlite3_value_double(azData[ii+4]);
+        cell.aCoord[ii].f = rtreeValueDown(azData[ii+3]);
+        cell.aCoord[ii+1].f = rtreeValueUp(azData[ii+4]);
         if( cell.aCoord[ii].f>cell.aCoord[ii+1].f ){
           rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
           goto constraint;
         }
       }
-    }else{
+    }else
+#endif
+    {
       for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
         cell.aCoord[ii].i = sqlite3_value_int(azData[ii+3]);
         cell.aCoord[ii+1].i = sqlite3_value_int(azData[ii+4]);
@@ -132918,7 +147528,7 @@
   */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nData>1 ){
     /* Insert the new record into the r-tree */
-    RtreeNode *pLeaf;
+    RtreeNode *pLeaf = 0;
 
     /* Figure out the rowid of the new row. */
     if( bHaveRowid==0 ){
@@ -132966,6 +147576,43 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** This function populates the pRtree->nRowEst variable with an estimate
+** of the number of rows in the virtual table. If possible, this is based
+** on sqlite_stat1 data. Otherwise, use RTREE_DEFAULT_ROWEST.
+*/
+static int rtreeQueryStat1(sqlite3 *db, Rtree *pRtree){
+  const char *zFmt = "SELECT stat FROM %Q.sqlite_stat1 WHERE tbl = '%q_rowid'";
+  char *zSql;
+  sqlite3_stmt *p;
+  int rc;
+  i64 nRow = 0;
+
+  zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(zFmt, pRtree->zDb, pRtree->zName);
+  if( zSql==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, &p, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( sqlite3_step(p)==SQLITE_ROW ) nRow = sqlite3_column_int64(p, 0);
+      rc = sqlite3_finalize(p);
+    }else if( rc!=SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( nRow==0 ){
+        pRtree->nRowEst = RTREE_DEFAULT_ROWEST;
+      }else{
+        pRtree->nRowEst = MAX(nRow, RTREE_MIN_ROWEST);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
 static sqlite3_module rtreeModule = {
   0,                          /* iVersion */
   rtreeCreate,                /* xCreate - create a table */
@@ -133027,7 +147674,8 @@
     char *zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf(
 "CREATE TABLE \"%w\".\"%w_node\"(nodeno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, data BLOB);"
 "CREATE TABLE \"%w\".\"%w_rowid\"(rowid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, nodeno INTEGER);"
-"CREATE TABLE \"%w\".\"%w_parent\"(nodeno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, parentnode INTEGER);"
+"CREATE TABLE \"%w\".\"%w_parent\"(nodeno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,"
+                                  " parentnode INTEGER);"
 "INSERT INTO '%q'.'%q_node' VALUES(1, zeroblob(%d))",
       zDb, zPrefix, zDb, zPrefix, zDb, zPrefix, zDb, zPrefix, pRtree->iNodeSize
     );
@@ -133051,6 +147699,7 @@
   appStmt[7] = &pRtree->pWriteParent;
   appStmt[8] = &pRtree->pDeleteParent;
 
+  rc = rtreeQueryStat1(db, pRtree);
   for(i=0; i<N_STATEMENT && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
     char *zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(azSql[i], zDb, zPrefix);
     if( zSql ){
@@ -133104,7 +147753,8 @@
 static int getNodeSize(
   sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
   Rtree *pRtree,                  /* Rtree handle */
-  int isCreate                    /* True for xCreate, false for xConnect */
+  int isCreate,                   /* True for xCreate, false for xConnect */
+  char **pzErr                    /* OUT: Error message, if any */
 ){
   int rc;
   char *zSql;
@@ -133117,6 +147767,8 @@
       if( (4+pRtree->nBytesPerCell*RTREE_MAXCELLS)<pRtree->iNodeSize ){
         pRtree->iNodeSize = 4+pRtree->nBytesPerCell*RTREE_MAXCELLS;
       }
+    }else{
+      *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
     }
   }else{
     zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
@@ -133124,6 +147776,9 @@
         pRtree->zDb, pRtree->zName
     );
     rc = getIntFromStmt(db, zSql, &pRtree->iNodeSize);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+    }
   }
 
   sqlite3_free(zSql);
@@ -133187,7 +147842,7 @@
   memcpy(pRtree->zName, argv[2], nName);
 
   /* Figure out the node size to use. */
-  rc = getNodeSize(db, pRtree, isCreate);
+  rc = getNodeSize(db, pRtree, isCreate, pzErr);
 
   /* Create/Connect to the underlying relational database schema. If
   ** that is successful, call sqlite3_declare_vtab() to configure
@@ -133222,6 +147877,8 @@
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     *ppVtab = (sqlite3_vtab *)pRtree;
   }else{
+    assert( *ppVtab==0 );
+    assert( pRtree->nBusy==1 );
     rtreeRelease(pRtree);
   }
   return rc;
@@ -133232,10 +147889,10 @@
 ** Implementation of a scalar function that decodes r-tree nodes to
 ** human readable strings. This can be used for debugging and analysis.
 **
-** The scalar function takes two arguments, a blob of data containing
-** an r-tree node, and the number of dimensions the r-tree indexes.
-** For a two-dimensional r-tree structure called "rt", to deserialize
-** all nodes, a statement like:
+** The scalar function takes two arguments: (1) the number of dimensions
+** to the rtree (between 1 and 5, inclusive) and (2) a blob of data containing
+** an r-tree node.  For a two-dimensional r-tree structure called "rt", to
+** deserialize all nodes, a statement like:
 **
 **   SELECT rtreenode(2, data) FROM rt_node;
 **
@@ -133267,7 +147924,13 @@
     sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell],"%lld", cell.iRowid);
     nCell = (int)strlen(zCell);
     for(jj=0; jj<tree.nDim*2; jj++){
-      sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell]," %f",(double)cell.aCoord[jj].f);
+#ifndef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+      sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell], " %g",
+                       (double)cell.aCoord[jj].f);
+#else
+      sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell], " %d",
+                       cell.aCoord[jj].i);
+#endif
       nCell = (int)strlen(zCell);
     }
 
@@ -133283,6 +147946,15 @@
   sqlite3_result_text(ctx, zText, -1, sqlite3_free);
 }
 
+/* This routine implements an SQL function that returns the "depth" parameter
+** from the front of a blob that is an r-tree node.  For example:
+**
+**     SELECT rtreedepth(data) FROM rt_node WHERE nodeno=1;
+**
+** The depth value is 0 for all nodes other than the root node, and the root
+** node always has nodeno=1, so the example above is the primary use for this
+** routine.  This routine is intended for testing and analysis only.
+*/
 static void rtreedepth(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **apArg){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(nArg);
   if( sqlite3_value_type(apArg[0])!=SQLITE_BLOB 
@@ -133309,7 +147981,11 @@
     rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, "rtreedepth", 1, utf8, 0,rtreedepth, 0, 0);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+    void *c = (void *)RTREE_COORD_INT32;
+#else
     void *c = (void *)RTREE_COORD_REAL32;
+#endif
     rc = sqlite3_create_module_v2(db, "rtree", &rtreeModule, c, 0);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -133321,42 +147997,54 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** A version of sqlite3_free() that can be used as a callback. This is used
-** in two places - as the destructor for the blob value returned by the
-** invocation of a geometry function, and as the destructor for the geometry
-** functions themselves.
+** This routine deletes the RtreeGeomCallback object that was attached
+** one of the SQL functions create by sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback()
+** or sqlite3_rtree_query_callback().  In other words, this routine is the
+** destructor for an RtreeGeomCallback objecct.  This routine is called when
+** the corresponding SQL function is deleted.
 */
-static void doSqlite3Free(void *p){
+static void rtreeFreeCallback(void *p){
+  RtreeGeomCallback *pInfo = (RtreeGeomCallback*)p;
+  if( pInfo->xDestructor ) pInfo->xDestructor(pInfo->pContext);
   sqlite3_free(p);
 }
 
 /*
-** Each call to sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() creates an ordinary SQLite
-** scalar user function. This C function is the callback used for all such
-** registered SQL functions.
+** Each call to sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() or
+** sqlite3_rtree_query_callback() creates an ordinary SQLite
+** scalar function that is implemented by this routine.
 **
-** The scalar user functions return a blob that is interpreted by r-tree
-** table MATCH operators.
+** All this function does is construct an RtreeMatchArg object that
+** contains the geometry-checking callback routines and a list of
+** parameters to this function, then return that RtreeMatchArg object
+** as a BLOB.
+**
+** The R-Tree MATCH operator will read the returned BLOB, deserialize
+** the RtreeMatchArg object, and use the RtreeMatchArg object to figure
+** out which elements of the R-Tree should be returned by the query.
 */
 static void geomCallback(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **aArg){
   RtreeGeomCallback *pGeomCtx = (RtreeGeomCallback *)sqlite3_user_data(ctx);
   RtreeMatchArg *pBlob;
   int nBlob;
 
-  nBlob = sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) + (nArg-1)*sizeof(double);
+  nBlob = sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) + (nArg-1)*sizeof(RtreeDValue);
   pBlob = (RtreeMatchArg *)sqlite3_malloc(nBlob);
   if( !pBlob ){
     sqlite3_result_error_nomem(ctx);
   }else{
     int i;
     pBlob->magic = RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC;
-    pBlob->xGeom = pGeomCtx->xGeom;
-    pBlob->pContext = pGeomCtx->pContext;
+    pBlob->cb = pGeomCtx[0];
     pBlob->nParam = nArg;
     for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+      pBlob->aParam[i] = sqlite3_value_int64(aArg[i]);
+#else
       pBlob->aParam[i] = sqlite3_value_double(aArg[i]);
+#endif
     }
-    sqlite3_result_blob(ctx, pBlob, nBlob, doSqlite3Free);
+    sqlite3_result_blob(ctx, pBlob, nBlob, sqlite3_free);
   }
 }
 
@@ -133364,10 +148052,10 @@
 ** Register a new geometry function for use with the r-tree MATCH operator.
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback(
-  sqlite3 *db,
-  const char *zGeom,
-  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *),
-  void *pContext
+  sqlite3 *db,                  /* Register SQL function on this connection */
+  const char *zGeom,            /* Name of the new SQL function */
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry*,int,RtreeDValue*,int*), /* Callback */
+  void *pContext                /* Extra data associated with the callback */
 ){
   RtreeGeomCallback *pGeomCtx;      /* Context object for new user-function */
 
@@ -133375,17 +148063,44 @@
   pGeomCtx = (RtreeGeomCallback *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeGeomCallback));
   if( !pGeomCtx ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   pGeomCtx->xGeom = xGeom;
+  pGeomCtx->xQueryFunc = 0;
+  pGeomCtx->xDestructor = 0;
   pGeomCtx->pContext = pContext;
-
-  /* Create the new user-function. Register a destructor function to delete
-  ** the context object when it is no longer required.  */
   return sqlite3_create_function_v2(db, zGeom, -1, SQLITE_ANY, 
-      (void *)pGeomCtx, geomCallback, 0, 0, doSqlite3Free
+      (void *)pGeomCtx, geomCallback, 0, 0, rtreeFreeCallback
+  );
+}
+
+/*
+** Register a new 2nd-generation geometry function for use with the
+** r-tree MATCH operator.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_query_callback(
+  sqlite3 *db,                 /* Register SQL function on this connection */
+  const char *zQueryFunc,      /* Name of new SQL function */
+  int (*xQueryFunc)(sqlite3_rtree_query_info*), /* Callback */
+  void *pContext,              /* Extra data passed into the callback */
+  void (*xDestructor)(void*)   /* Destructor for the extra data */
+){
+  RtreeGeomCallback *pGeomCtx;      /* Context object for new user-function */
+
+  /* Allocate and populate the context object. */
+  pGeomCtx = (RtreeGeomCallback *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeGeomCallback));
+  if( !pGeomCtx ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pGeomCtx->xGeom = 0;
+  pGeomCtx->xQueryFunc = xQueryFunc;
+  pGeomCtx->xDestructor = xDestructor;
+  pGeomCtx->pContext = pContext;
+  return sqlite3_create_function_v2(db, zQueryFunc, -1, SQLITE_ANY, 
+      (void *)pGeomCtx, geomCallback, 0, 0, rtreeFreeCallback
   );
 }
 
 #if !SQLITE_CORE
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
+#ifdef _WIN32
+__declspec(dllexport)
+#endif
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_init(
   sqlite3 *db,
   char **pzErrMsg,
   const sqlite3_api_routines *pApi
@@ -133423,7 +148138,7 @@
 **   * Implementations of the SQL scalar upper() and lower() functions
 **     for case mapping.
 **
-**   * Integration of ICU and SQLite collation seqences.
+**   * Integration of ICU and SQLite collation sequences.
 **
 **   * An implementation of the LIKE operator that uses ICU to 
 **     provide case-independent matching.
@@ -133887,7 +148602,10 @@
 }
 
 #if !SQLITE_CORE
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
+#ifdef _WIN32
+__declspec(dllexport)
+#endif
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_icu_init(
   sqlite3 *db, 
   char **pzErrMsg,
   const sqlite3_api_routines *pApi
@@ -134011,13 +148729,16 @@
 
   *ppCursor = 0;
 
-  if( nInput<0 ){
+  if( zInput==0 ){
+    nInput = 0;
+    zInput = "";
+  }else if( nInput<0 ){
     nInput = strlen(zInput);
   }
   nChar = nInput+1;
   pCsr = (IcuCursor *)sqlite3_malloc(
       sizeof(IcuCursor) +                /* IcuCursor */
-      nChar * sizeof(UChar) +            /* IcuCursor.aChar[] */
+      ((nChar+3)&~3) * sizeof(UChar) +   /* IcuCursor.aChar[] */
       (nChar+1) * sizeof(int)            /* IcuCursor.aOffset[] */
   );
   if( !pCsr ){
@@ -134025,7 +148746,7 @@
   }
   memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(IcuCursor));
   pCsr->aChar = (UChar *)&pCsr[1];
-  pCsr->aOffset = (int *)&pCsr->aChar[nChar];
+  pCsr->aOffset = (int *)&pCsr->aChar[(nChar+3)&~3];
 
   pCsr->aOffset[iOut] = iInput;
   U8_NEXT(zInput, iInput, nInput, c); 
@@ -134097,7 +148818,7 @@
 
     while( iStart<iEnd ){
       int iWhite = iStart;
-      U8_NEXT(pCsr->aChar, iWhite, pCsr->nChar, c);
+      U16_NEXT(pCsr->aChar, iWhite, pCsr->nChar, c);
       if( u_isspace(c) ){
         iStart = iWhite;
       }else{
diff --git a/dist/orig/sqlite3.h b/dist/orig/sqlite3.h
index f193784..9879f80 100644
--- a/dist/orig/sqlite3.h
+++ b/dist/orig/sqlite3.h
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@
 ** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
 ** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
 */
-#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.7.11"
-#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3007011
-#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2012-03-20 11:35:50 00bb9c9ce4f465e6ac321ced2a9d0062dc364669"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.8.6"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3008006
+#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2014-08-15 11:46:33 9491ba7d738528f168657adb43a198238abde19e"
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
@@ -219,7 +219,8 @@
 ** the opaque structure named "sqlite3".  It is useful to think of an sqlite3
 ** pointer as an object.  The [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()], and
 ** [sqlite3_open_v2()] interfaces are its constructors, and [sqlite3_close()]
-** is its destructor.  There are many other interfaces (such as
+** and [sqlite3_close_v2()] are its destructors.  There are many other
+** interfaces (such as
 ** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()], [sqlite3_create_function()], and
 ** [sqlite3_busy_timeout()] to name but three) that are methods on an
 ** sqlite3 object.
@@ -266,28 +267,46 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Closing A Database Connection
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_close() routine is the destructor for the [sqlite3] object.
-** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() return SQLITE_OK if the [sqlite3] object is
-** successfully destroyed and all associated resources are deallocated.
+** ^The sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() routines are destructors
+** for the [sqlite3] object.
+** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() return [SQLITE_OK] if
+** the [sqlite3] object is successfully destroyed and all associated
+** resources are deallocated.
 **
-** Applications must [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all [prepared statements]
-** and [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles] associated with
-** the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.  ^If
-** sqlite3_close() is called on a [database connection] that still has
-** outstanding [prepared statements] or [BLOB handles], then it returns
-** SQLITE_BUSY.
+** ^If the database connection is associated with unfinalized prepared
+** statements or unfinished sqlite3_backup objects then sqlite3_close()
+** will leave the database connection open and return [SQLITE_BUSY].
+** ^If sqlite3_close_v2() is called with unfinalized prepared statements
+** and/or unfinished sqlite3_backups, then the database connection becomes
+** an unusable "zombie" which will automatically be deallocated when the
+** last prepared statement is finalized or the last sqlite3_backup is
+** finished.  The sqlite3_close_v2() interface is intended for use with
+** host languages that are garbage collected, and where the order in which
+** destructors are called is arbitrary.
 **
-** ^If [sqlite3_close()] is invoked while a transaction is open,
+** Applications should [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all [prepared statements],
+** [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles], and 
+** [sqlite3_backup_finish | finish] all [sqlite3_backup] objects associated
+** with the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.  ^If
+** sqlite3_close_v2() is called on a [database connection] that still has
+** outstanding [prepared statements], [BLOB handles], and/or
+** [sqlite3_backup] objects then it returns [SQLITE_OK] and the deallocation
+** of resources is deferred until all [prepared statements], [BLOB handles],
+** and [sqlite3_backup] objects are also destroyed.
+**
+** ^If an [sqlite3] object is destroyed while a transaction is open,
 ** the transaction is automatically rolled back.
 **
-** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] must be either a NULL
+** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] and [sqlite3_close_v2(C)]
+** must be either a NULL
 ** pointer or an [sqlite3] object pointer obtained
 ** from [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()], or
 ** [sqlite3_open_v2()], and not previously closed.
-** ^Calling sqlite3_close() with a NULL pointer argument is a 
-** harmless no-op.
+** ^Calling sqlite3_close() or sqlite3_close_v2() with a NULL pointer
+** argument is a harmless no-op.
 */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close_v2(sqlite3*);
 
 /*
 ** The type for a callback function.
@@ -351,7 +370,7 @@
 ** <ul>
 ** <li> The application must insure that the 1st parameter to sqlite3_exec()
 **      is a valid and open [database connection].
-** <li> The application must not close [database connection] specified by
+** <li> The application must not close the [database connection] specified by
 **      the 1st parameter to sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
 ** <li> The application must not modify the SQL statement text passed into
 **      the 2nd parameter of sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
@@ -367,16 +386,14 @@
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Result Codes
-** KEYWORDS: SQLITE_OK {error code} {error codes}
-** KEYWORDS: {result code} {result codes}
+** KEYWORDS: {result code definitions}
 **
 ** Many SQLite functions return an integer result code from the set shown
 ** here in order to indicate success or failure.
 **
 ** New error codes may be added in future versions of SQLite.
 **
-** See also: [SQLITE_IOERR_READ | extended result codes],
-** [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | result codes].
+** See also: [extended result code definitions]
 */
 #define SQLITE_OK           0   /* Successful result */
 /* beginning-of-error-codes */
@@ -406,32 +423,27 @@
 #define SQLITE_FORMAT      24   /* Auxiliary database format error */
 #define SQLITE_RANGE       25   /* 2nd parameter to sqlite3_bind out of range */
 #define SQLITE_NOTADB      26   /* File opened that is not a database file */
+#define SQLITE_NOTICE      27   /* Notifications from sqlite3_log() */
+#define SQLITE_WARNING     28   /* Warnings from sqlite3_log() */
 #define SQLITE_ROW         100  /* sqlite3_step() has another row ready */
 #define SQLITE_DONE        101  /* sqlite3_step() has finished executing */
 /* end-of-error-codes */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Extended Result Codes
-** KEYWORDS: {extended error code} {extended error codes}
-** KEYWORDS: {extended result code} {extended result codes}
+** KEYWORDS: {extended result code definitions}
 **
-** In its default configuration, SQLite API routines return one of 26 integer
-** [SQLITE_OK | result codes].  However, experience has shown that many of
+** In its default configuration, SQLite API routines return one of 30 integer
+** [result codes].  However, experience has shown that many of
 ** these result codes are too coarse-grained.  They do not provide as
 ** much information about problems as programmers might like.  In an effort to
 ** address this, newer versions of SQLite (version 3.3.8 and later) include
 ** support for additional result codes that provide more detailed information
-** about errors. The extended result codes are enabled or disabled
+** about errors. These [extended result codes] are enabled or disabled
 ** on a per database connection basis using the
-** [sqlite3_extended_result_codes()] API.
-**
-** Some of the available extended result codes are listed here.
-** One may expect the number of extended result codes will be expand
-** over time.  Software that uses extended result codes should expect
-** to see new result codes in future releases of SQLite.
-**
-** The SQLITE_OK result code will never be extended.  It will always
-** be exactly zero.
+** [sqlite3_extended_result_codes()] API.  Or, the extended code for
+** the most recent error can be obtained using
+** [sqlite3_extended_errcode()].
 */
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_READ              (SQLITE_IOERR | (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ        (SQLITE_IOERR | (2<<8))
@@ -455,13 +467,36 @@
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMLOCK           (SQLITE_IOERR | (20<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP            (SQLITE_IOERR | (21<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK              (SQLITE_IOERR | (22<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT      (SQLITE_IOERR | (23<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP              (SQLITE_IOERR | (24<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH       (SQLITE_IOERR | (25<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH          (SQLITE_IOERR | (26<<8))
 #define SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE      (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (2<<8))
 #define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR      (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR          (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (4<<8))
 #define SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB            (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY       (SQLITE_READONLY | (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED        (SQLITE_READONLY | (4<<8))
 #define SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK          (SQLITE_ABORT | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_CHECK        (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_COMMITHOOK   (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY   (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION     (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (4<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_NOTNULL      (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (5<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY   (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (6<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_TRIGGER      (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (7<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE       (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (8<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_VTAB         (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (9<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_ROWID        (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT |(10<<8))
+#define SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_WAL      (SQLITE_NOTICE | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_ROLLBACK (SQLITE_NOTICE | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_WARNING_AUTOINDEX       (SQLITE_WARNING | (1<<8))
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Flags For File Open Operations
@@ -477,6 +512,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE        0x00000010  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_AUTOPROXY        0x00000020  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_URI              0x00000040  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY           0x00000080  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB          0x00000100  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB          0x00000200  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB     0x00000400  /* VFS only */
@@ -496,7 +532,7 @@
 ** CAPI3REF: Device Characteristics
 **
 ** The xDeviceCharacteristics method of the [sqlite3_io_methods]
-** object returns an integer which is a vector of the these
+** object returns an integer which is a vector of these
 ** bit values expressing I/O characteristics of the mass storage
 ** device that holds the file that the [sqlite3_io_methods]
 ** refers to.
@@ -514,7 +550,11 @@
 ** after reboot following a crash or power loss, the only bytes in a
 ** file that were written at the application level might have changed
 ** and that adjacent bytes, even bytes within the same sector are
-** guaranteed to be unchanged.
+** guaranteed to be unchanged.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN
+** flag indicate that a file cannot be deleted when open.  The
+** SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE flag indicates that the file is on
+** read-only media and cannot be changed even by processes with
+** elevated privileges.
 */
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC                 0x00000001
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512              0x00000002
@@ -529,6 +569,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL             0x00000400
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN  0x00000800
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE    0x00001000
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE              0x00002000
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: File Locking Levels
@@ -635,7 +676,7 @@
 ** locking strategy (for example to use dot-file locks), to inquire
 ** about the status of a lock, or to break stale locks.  The SQLite
 ** core reserves all opcodes less than 100 for its own use.
-** A [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE | list of opcodes] less than 100 is available.
+** A [file control opcodes | list of opcodes] less than 100 is available.
 ** Applications that define a custom xFileControl method should use opcodes
 ** greater than 100 to avoid conflicts.  VFS implementations should
 ** return [SQLITE_NOTFOUND] for file control opcodes that they do not
@@ -700,11 +741,15 @@
   void (*xShmBarrier)(sqlite3_file*);
   int (*xShmUnmap)(sqlite3_file*, int deleteFlag);
   /* Methods above are valid for version 2 */
+  int (*xFetch)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 iOfst, int iAmt, void **pp);
+  int (*xUnfetch)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 iOfst, void *p);
+  /* Methods above are valid for version 3 */
   /* Additional methods may be added in future releases */
 };
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Standard File Control Opcodes
+** KEYWORDS: {file control opcodes} {file control opcode}
 **
 ** These integer constants are opcodes for the xFileControl method
 ** of the [sqlite3_io_methods] object and for the [sqlite3_file_control()]
@@ -742,15 +787,29 @@
 ** additional information.
 **
 ** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED]]
-** ^(The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED] opcode is generated internally by
-** SQLite and sent to all VFSes in place of a call to the xSync method
-** when the database connection has [PRAGMA synchronous] set to OFF.)^
-** Some specialized VFSes need this signal in order to operate correctly
-** when [PRAGMA synchronous | PRAGMA synchronous=OFF] is set, but most 
-** VFSes do not need this signal and should silently ignore this opcode.
-** Applications should not call [sqlite3_file_control()] with this
-** opcode as doing so may disrupt the operation of the specialized VFSes
-** that do require it.  
+** No longer in use.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC] opcode is generated internally by SQLite and
+** sent to the VFS immediately before the xSync method is invoked on a
+** database file descriptor. Or, if the xSync method is not invoked 
+** because the user has configured SQLite with 
+** [PRAGMA synchronous | PRAGMA synchronous=OFF] it is invoked in place 
+** of the xSync method. In most cases, the pointer argument passed with
+** this file-control is NULL. However, if the database file is being synced
+** as part of a multi-database commit, the argument points to a nul-terminated
+** string containing the transactions master-journal file name. VFSes that 
+** do not need this signal should silently ignore this opcode. Applications 
+** should not call [sqlite3_file_control()] with this opcode as doing so may 
+** disrupt the operation of the specialized VFSes that do require it.  
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO] opcode is generated internally by SQLite
+** and sent to the VFS after a transaction has been committed immediately
+** but before the database is unlocked. VFSes that do not need this signal
+** should silently ignore this opcode. Applications should not call
+** [sqlite3_file_control()] with this opcode as doing so may disrupt the 
+** operation of the specialized VFSes that do require it.  
 **
 ** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY]]
 ** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY] opcode is used to configure automatic
@@ -771,7 +830,7 @@
 **
 ** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL]]
 ** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL] opcode is used to set or query the
-** persistent [WAL | Write AHead Log] setting.  By default, the auxiliary
+** persistent [WAL | Write Ahead Log] setting.  By default, the auxiliary
 ** write ahead log and shared memory files used for transaction control
 ** are automatically deleted when the latest connection to the database
 ** closes.  Setting persistent WAL mode causes those files to persist after
@@ -834,6 +893,58 @@
 ** compilation of the PRAGMA fails with an error.  ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA]
 ** file control occurs at the beginning of pragma statement analysis and so
 ** it is able to override built-in [PRAGMA] statements.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER]]
+** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER]
+** file-control may be invoked by SQLite on the database file handle
+** shortly after it is opened in order to provide a custom VFS with access
+** to the connections busy-handler callback. The argument is of type (void **)
+** - an array of two (void *) values. The first (void *) actually points
+** to a function of type (int (*)(void *)). In order to invoke the connections
+** busy-handler, this function should be invoked with the second (void *) in
+** the array as the only argument. If it returns non-zero, then the operation
+** should be retried. If it returns zero, the custom VFS should abandon the
+** current operation.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME]]
+** ^Application can invoke the [SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME] file-control
+** to have SQLite generate a
+** temporary filename using the same algorithm that is followed to generate
+** temporary filenames for TEMP tables and other internal uses.  The
+** argument should be a char** which will be filled with the filename
+** written into memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc()].  The caller should
+** invoke [sqlite3_free()] on the result to avoid a memory leak.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE] file control is used to query or set the
+** maximum number of bytes that will be used for memory-mapped I/O.
+** The argument is a pointer to a value of type sqlite3_int64 that
+** is an advisory maximum number of bytes in the file to memory map.  The
+** pointer is overwritten with the old value.  The limit is not changed if
+** the value originally pointed to is negative, and so the current limit 
+** can be queried by passing in a pointer to a negative number.  This
+** file-control is used internally to implement [PRAGMA mmap_size].
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE] file control provides advisory information
+** to the VFS about what the higher layers of the SQLite stack are doing.
+** This file control is used by some VFS activity tracing [shims].
+** The argument is a zero-terminated string.  Higher layers in the
+** SQLite stack may generate instances of this file control if
+** the [SQLITE_USE_FCNTL_TRACE] compile-time option is enabled.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED] file control interprets its argument as a
+** pointer to an integer and it writes a boolean into that integer depending
+** on whether or not the file has been renamed, moved, or deleted since it
+** was first opened.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE] opcode is used for debugging.  This
+** opcode causes the xFileControl method to swap the file handle with the one
+** pointed to by the pArg argument.  This capability is used during testing
+** and only needs to be supported when SQLITE_TEST is defined.
+**
 ** </ul>
 */
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE               1
@@ -850,6 +961,14 @@
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_VFSNAME                12
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE    13
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA                 14
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER            15
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME           16
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE              18
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE                  19
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED              20
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC                   21
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO        22
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE       23
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Mutex Handle
@@ -1294,7 +1413,7 @@
 ** or [sqlite3_realloc()] first calls xRoundup.  If xRoundup returns 0, 
 ** that causes the corresponding memory allocation to fail.
 **
-** The xInit method initializes the memory allocator.  (For example,
+** The xInit method initializes the memory allocator.  For example,
 ** it might allocate any require mutexes or initialize internal data
 ** structures.  The xShutdown method is invoked (indirectly) by
 ** [sqlite3_shutdown()] and should deallocate any resources acquired
@@ -1516,7 +1635,9 @@
 ** page cache implementation into that object.)^ </dd>
 **
 ** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG</dt>
-** <dd> ^The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option takes two arguments: a pointer to a
+** <dd> The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option is used to configure the SQLite
+** global [error log].
+** (^The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option takes two arguments: a pointer to a
 ** function with a call signature of void(*)(void*,int,const char*), 
 ** and a pointer to void. ^If the function pointer is not NULL, it is
 ** invoked by [sqlite3_log()] to process each logging event.  ^If the
@@ -1534,22 +1655,73 @@
 ** function must be threadsafe. </dd>
 **
 ** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_URI]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_URI
-** <dd> This option takes a single argument of type int. If non-zero, then
+** <dd>^(This option takes a single argument of type int. If non-zero, then
 ** URI handling is globally enabled. If the parameter is zero, then URI handling
-** is globally disabled. If URI handling is globally enabled, all filenames
+** is globally disabled.)^ ^If URI handling is globally enabled, all filenames
 ** passed to [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open_v2()], [sqlite3_open16()] or
 ** specified as part of [ATTACH] commands are interpreted as URIs, regardless
 ** of whether or not the [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flag is set when the database
-** connection is opened. If it is globally disabled, filenames are
+** connection is opened. ^If it is globally disabled, filenames are
 ** only interpreted as URIs if the SQLITE_OPEN_URI flag is set when the
-** database connection is opened. By default, URI handling is globally
+** database connection is opened. ^(By default, URI handling is globally
 ** disabled. The default value may be changed by compiling with the
-** [SQLITE_USE_URI] symbol defined.
+** [SQLITE_USE_URI] symbol defined.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN
+** <dd>^This option takes a single integer argument which is interpreted as
+** a boolean in order to enable or disable the use of covering indices for
+** full table scans in the query optimizer.  ^The default setting is determined
+** by the [SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN] compile-time option, or is "on"
+** if that compile-time option is omitted.
+** The ability to disable the use of covering indices for full table scans
+** is because some incorrectly coded legacy applications might malfunction
+** when the optimization is enabled.  Providing the ability to
+** disable the optimization allows the older, buggy application code to work
+** without change even with newer versions of SQLite.
 **
 ** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE]] [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE]]
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE and SQLITE_CONFNIG_GETPCACHE
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE and SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE
 ** <dd> These options are obsolete and should not be used by new code.
 ** They are retained for backwards compatibility but are now no-ops.
+** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG]]
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG
+** <dd>This option is only available if sqlite is compiled with the
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG] pre-processor macro defined. The first argument should
+** be a pointer to a function of type void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,const char*, int).
+** The second should be of type (void*). The callback is invoked by the library
+** in three separate circumstances, identified by the value passed as the
+** fourth parameter. If the fourth parameter is 0, then the database connection
+** passed as the second argument has just been opened. The third argument
+** points to a buffer containing the name of the main database file. If the
+** fourth parameter is 1, then the SQL statement that the third parameter
+** points to has just been executed. Or, if the fourth parameter is 2, then
+** the connection being passed as the second parameter is being closed. The
+** third parameter is passed NULL In this case.  An example of using this
+** configuration option can be seen in the "test_sqllog.c" source file in
+** the canonical SQLite source tree.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE]]
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE
+** <dd>^SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE takes two 64-bit integer (sqlite3_int64) values
+** that are the default mmap size limit (the default setting for
+** [PRAGMA mmap_size]) and the maximum allowed mmap size limit.
+** ^The default setting can be overridden by each database connection using
+** either the [PRAGMA mmap_size] command, or by using the
+** [SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE] file control.  ^(The maximum allowed mmap size
+** cannot be changed at run-time.  Nor may the maximum allowed mmap size
+** exceed the compile-time maximum mmap size set by the
+** [SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE] compile-time option.)^
+** ^If either argument to this option is negative, then that argument is
+** changed to its compile-time default.
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE]]
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE
+** <dd>^This option is only available if SQLite is compiled for Windows
+** with the [SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC] pre-processor macro defined.
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE takes a 32-bit unsigned integer value
+** that specifies the maximum size of the created heap.
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD  1  /* nil */
@@ -1571,6 +1743,10 @@
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_URI          17  /* int */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE2      18  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods2* */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE2   19  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods2* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN 20  /* int */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG       21  /* xSqllog, void* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE    22  /* sqlite3_int64, sqlite3_int64 */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE      23  /* int nByte */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Configuration Options
@@ -1647,19 +1823,21 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Last Insert Rowid
 **
-** ^Each entry in an SQLite table has a unique 64-bit signed
+** ^Each entry in most SQLite tables (except for [WITHOUT ROWID] tables)
+** has a unique 64-bit signed
 ** integer key called the [ROWID | "rowid"]. ^The rowid is always available
 ** as an undeclared column named ROWID, OID, or _ROWID_ as long as those
 ** names are not also used by explicitly declared columns. ^If
 ** the table has a column of type [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY] then that column
 ** is another alias for the rowid.
 **
-** ^This routine returns the [rowid] of the most recent
-** successful [INSERT] into the database from the [database connection]
-** in the first argument.  ^As of SQLite version 3.7.7, this routines
-** records the last insert rowid of both ordinary tables and [virtual tables].
-** ^If no successful [INSERT]s
-** have ever occurred on that database connection, zero is returned.
+** ^The sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(D) interface returns the [rowid] of the 
+** most recent successful [INSERT] into a rowid table or [virtual table]
+** on database connection D.
+** ^Inserts into [WITHOUT ROWID] tables are not recorded.
+** ^If no successful [INSERT]s into rowid tables
+** have ever occurred on the database connection D, 
+** then sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(D) returns zero.
 **
 ** ^(If an [INSERT] occurs within a trigger or within a [virtual table]
 ** method, then this routine will return the [rowid] of the inserted
@@ -1851,27 +2029,33 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Register A Callback To Handle SQLITE_BUSY Errors
 **
-** ^This routine sets a callback function that might be invoked whenever
-** an attempt is made to open a database table that another thread
-** or process has locked.
+** ^The sqlite3_busy_handler(D,X,P) routine sets a callback function X
+** that might be invoked with argument P whenever
+** an attempt is made to access a database table associated with
+** [database connection] D when another thread
+** or process has the table locked.
+** The sqlite3_busy_handler() interface is used to implement
+** [sqlite3_busy_timeout()] and [PRAGMA busy_timeout].
 **
-** ^If the busy callback is NULL, then [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED]
+** ^If the busy callback is NULL, then [SQLITE_BUSY]
 ** is returned immediately upon encountering the lock.  ^If the busy callback
 ** is not NULL, then the callback might be invoked with two arguments.
 **
 ** ^The first argument to the busy handler is a copy of the void* pointer which
 ** is the third argument to sqlite3_busy_handler().  ^The second argument to
 ** the busy handler callback is the number of times that the busy handler has
-** been invoked for this locking event.  ^If the
+** been invoked for the same locking event.  ^If the
 ** busy callback returns 0, then no additional attempts are made to
-** access the database and [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED] is returned.
+** access the database and [SQLITE_BUSY] is returned
+** to the application.
 ** ^If the callback returns non-zero, then another attempt
-** is made to open the database for reading and the cycle repeats.
+** is made to access the database and the cycle repeats.
 **
 ** The presence of a busy handler does not guarantee that it will be invoked
 ** when there is lock contention. ^If SQLite determines that invoking the busy
 ** handler could result in a deadlock, it will go ahead and return [SQLITE_BUSY]
-** or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED] instead of invoking the busy handler.
+** to the application instead of invoking the 
+** busy handler.
 ** Consider a scenario where one process is holding a read lock that
 ** it is trying to promote to a reserved lock and
 ** a second process is holding a reserved lock that it is trying
@@ -1885,28 +2069,15 @@
 **
 ** ^The default busy callback is NULL.
 **
-** ^The [SQLITE_BUSY] error is converted to [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED]
-** when SQLite is in the middle of a large transaction where all the
-** changes will not fit into the in-memory cache.  SQLite will
-** already hold a RESERVED lock on the database file, but it needs
-** to promote this lock to EXCLUSIVE so that it can spill cache
-** pages into the database file without harm to concurrent
-** readers.  ^If it is unable to promote the lock, then the in-memory
-** cache will be left in an inconsistent state and so the error
-** code is promoted from the relatively benign [SQLITE_BUSY] to
-** the more severe [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED].  ^This error code promotion
-** forces an automatic rollback of the changes.  See the
-** <a href="/cvstrac/wiki?p=CorruptionFollowingBusyError">
-** CorruptionFollowingBusyError</a> wiki page for a discussion of why
-** this is important.
-**
 ** ^(There can only be a single busy handler defined for each
 ** [database connection].  Setting a new busy handler clears any
 ** previously set handler.)^  ^Note that calling [sqlite3_busy_timeout()]
-** will also set or clear the busy handler.
+** or evaluating [PRAGMA busy_timeout=N] will change the
+** busy handler and thus clear any previously set busy handler.
 **
 ** The busy callback should not take any actions which modify the
-** database connection that invoked the busy handler.  Any such actions
+** database connection that invoked the busy handler.  In other words,
+** the busy handler is not reentrant.  Any such actions
 ** result in undefined behavior.
 ** 
 ** A busy handler must not close the database connection
@@ -1922,7 +2093,7 @@
 ** will sleep multiple times until at least "ms" milliseconds of sleeping
 ** have accumulated.  ^After at least "ms" milliseconds of sleeping,
 ** the handler returns 0 which causes [sqlite3_step()] to return
-** [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED].
+** [SQLITE_BUSY].
 **
 ** ^Calling this routine with an argument less than or equal to zero
 ** turns off all busy handlers.
@@ -1931,6 +2102,8 @@
 ** [database connection] any any given moment.  If another busy handler
 ** was defined  (using [sqlite3_busy_handler()]) prior to calling
 ** this routine, that other busy handler is cleared.)^
+**
+** See also:  [PRAGMA busy_timeout]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3*, int ms);
 
@@ -2168,12 +2341,12 @@
 ** implementation of these routines to be omitted.  That capability
 ** is no longer provided.  Only built-in memory allocators can be used.
 **
-** The Windows OS interface layer calls
+** Prior to SQLite version 3.7.10, the Windows OS interface layer called
 ** the system malloc() and free() directly when converting
 ** filenames between the UTF-8 encoding used by SQLite
 ** and whatever filename encoding is used by the particular Windows
-** installation.  Memory allocation errors are detected, but
-** they are reported back as [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] or
+** installation.  Memory allocation errors were detected, but
+** they were reported back as [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] or
 ** [SQLITE_IOERR] rather than [SQLITE_NOMEM].
 **
 ** The pointer arguments to [sqlite3_free()] and [sqlite3_realloc()]
@@ -2225,11 +2398,13 @@
 ** applications to access the same PRNG for other purposes.
 **
 ** ^A call to this routine stores N bytes of randomness into buffer P.
+** ^If N is less than one, then P can be a NULL pointer.
 **
-** ^The first time this routine is invoked (either internally or by
-** the application) the PRNG is seeded using randomness obtained
-** from the xRandomness method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.
-** ^On all subsequent invocations, the pseudo-randomness is generated
+** ^If this routine has not been previously called or if the previous
+** call had N less than one, then the PRNG is seeded using randomness
+** obtained from the xRandomness method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.
+** ^If the previous call to this routine had an N of 1 or more then
+** the pseudo-randomness is generated
 ** internally and without recourse to the [sqlite3_vfs] xRandomness
 ** method.
 */
@@ -2330,8 +2505,8 @@
 ** [sqlite3_set_authorizer | authorizer documentation] for additional
 ** information.
 **
-** Note that SQLITE_IGNORE is also used as a [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | return code]
-** from the [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] interface.
+** Note that SQLITE_IGNORE is also used as a [conflict resolution mode]
+** returned from the [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] interface.
 */
 #define SQLITE_DENY   1   /* Abort the SQL statement with an error */
 #define SQLITE_IGNORE 2   /* Don't allow access, but don't generate an error */
@@ -2389,6 +2564,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_FUNCTION             31   /* NULL            Function Name   */
 #define SQLITE_SAVEPOINT            32   /* Operation       Savepoint Name  */
 #define SQLITE_COPY                  0   /* No longer used */
+#define SQLITE_RECURSIVE            33   /* NULL            NULL            */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Tracing And Profiling Functions
@@ -2404,6 +2580,9 @@
 ** as each triggered subprogram is entered.  The callbacks for triggers
 ** contain a UTF-8 SQL comment that identifies the trigger.)^
 **
+** The [SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT] compile-time option can be used to limit
+** the length of [bound parameter] expansion in the output of sqlite3_trace().
+**
 ** ^The callback function registered by sqlite3_profile() is invoked
 ** as each SQL statement finishes.  ^The profile callback contains
 ** the original statement text and an estimate of wall-clock time
@@ -2429,9 +2608,10 @@
 ** interface is to keep a GUI updated during a large query.
 **
 ** ^The parameter P is passed through as the only parameter to the 
-** callback function X.  ^The parameter N is the number of 
+** callback function X.  ^The parameter N is the approximate number of 
 ** [virtual machine instructions] that are evaluated between successive
-** invocations of the callback X.
+** invocations of the callback X.  ^If N is less than one then the progress
+** handler is disabled.
 **
 ** ^Only a single progress handler may be defined at one time per
 ** [database connection]; setting a new progress handler cancels the
@@ -2574,18 +2754,20 @@
 **     present, then the VFS specified by the option takes precedence over
 **     the value passed as the fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2().
 **
-**   <li> <b>mode</b>: ^(The mode parameter may be set to either "ro", "rw" or
-**     "rwc". Attempting to set it to any other value is an error)^. 
+**   <li> <b>mode</b>: ^(The mode parameter may be set to either "ro", "rw",
+**     "rwc", or "memory". Attempting to set it to any other value is
+**     an error)^. 
 **     ^If "ro" is specified, then the database is opened for read-only 
 **     access, just as if the [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY] flag had been set in the 
-**     third argument to sqlite3_prepare_v2(). ^If the mode option is set to 
+**     third argument to sqlite3_open_v2(). ^If the mode option is set to 
 **     "rw", then the database is opened for read-write (but not create) 
 **     access, as if SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE (but not SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE) had 
 **     been set. ^Value "rwc" is equivalent to setting both 
-**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE. ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is 
-**     used, it is an error to specify a value for the mode parameter that is 
-**     less restrictive than that specified by the flags passed as the third 
-**     parameter.
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE.  ^If the mode option is
+**     set to "memory" then a pure [in-memory database] that never reads
+**     or writes from disk is used. ^It is an error to specify a value for
+**     the mode parameter that is less restrictive than that specified by
+**     the flags passed in the third parameter to sqlite3_open_v2().
 **
 **   <li> <b>cache</b>: ^The cache parameter may be set to either "shared" or
 **     "private". ^Setting it to "shared" is equivalent to setting the
@@ -2593,8 +2775,32 @@
 **     sqlite3_open_v2(). ^Setting the cache parameter to "private" is 
 **     equivalent to setting the SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE bit.
 **     ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is used and the "cache" parameter is present in
-**     a URI filename, its value overrides any behaviour requested by setting
+**     a URI filename, its value overrides any behavior requested by setting
 **     SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE or SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE flag.
+**
+**  <li> <b>psow</b>: ^The psow parameter may be "true" (or "on" or "yes" or
+**     "1") or "false" (or "off" or "no" or "0") to indicate that the
+**     [powersafe overwrite] property does or does not apply to the
+**     storage media on which the database file resides.  ^The psow query
+**     parameter only works for the built-in unix and Windows VFSes.
+**
+**  <li> <b>nolock</b>: ^The nolock parameter is a boolean query parameter
+**     which if set disables file locking in rollback journal modes.  This
+**     is useful for accessing a database on a filesystem that does not
+**     support locking.  Caution:  Database corruption might result if two
+**     or more processes write to the same database and any one of those
+**     processes uses nolock=1.
+**
+**  <li> <b>immutable</b>: ^The immutable parameter is a boolean query
+**     parameter that indicates that the database file is stored on
+**     read-only media.  ^When immutable is set, SQLite assumes that the
+**     database file cannot be changed, even by a process with higher
+**     privilege, and so the database is opened read-only and all locking
+**     and change detection is disabled.  Caution: Setting the immutable
+**     property on a database file that does in fact change can result
+**     in incorrect query results and/or [SQLITE_CORRUPT] errors.
+**     See also: [SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE].
+**       
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** ^Specifying an unknown parameter in the query component of a URI is not an
@@ -2624,8 +2830,9 @@
 **          Open file "data.db" in the current directory for read-only access.
 **          Regardless of whether or not shared-cache mode is enabled by
 **          default, use a private cache.
-** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db?vfs=unix-nolock <td>
-**          Open file "/home/fred/data.db". Use the special VFS "unix-nolock".
+** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db?vfs=unix-dotfile <td>
+**          Open file "/home/fred/data.db". Use the special VFS "unix-dotfile"
+**          that uses dot-files in place of posix advisory locking.
 ** <tr><td> file:data.db?mode=readonly <td> 
 **          An error. "readonly" is not a valid option for the "mode" parameter.
 ** </table>
@@ -2644,6 +2851,12 @@
 ** codepage is currently defined.  Filenames containing international
 ** characters must be converted to UTF-8 prior to passing them into
 ** sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2().
+**
+** <b>Note to Windows Runtime users:</b>  The temporary directory must be set
+** prior to calling sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2().  Otherwise, various
+** features that require the use of temporary files may fail.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_temp_directory]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open(
   const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
@@ -2723,6 +2936,11 @@
 ** However, the error string might be overwritten or deallocated by
 ** subsequent calls to other SQLite interface functions.)^
 **
+** ^The sqlite3_errstr() interface returns the English-language text
+** that describes the [result code], as UTF-8.
+** ^(Memory to hold the error message string is managed internally
+** and must not be freed by the application)^.
+**
 ** When the serialized [threading mode] is in use, it might be the
 ** case that a second error occurs on a separate thread in between
 ** the time of the first error and the call to these interfaces.
@@ -2741,6 +2959,7 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_errcode(sqlite3 *db);
 SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errmsg(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_errmsg16(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errstr(int);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: SQL Statement Object
@@ -2928,7 +3147,8 @@
 ** <li>
 ** ^If the database schema changes, instead of returning [SQLITE_SCHEMA] as it
 ** always used to do, [sqlite3_step()] will automatically recompile the SQL
-** statement and try to run it again.
+** statement and try to run it again. As many as [SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY]
+** retries will occur before sqlite3_step() gives up and returns an error.
 ** </li>
 **
 ** <li>
@@ -2950,7 +3170,6 @@
 ** choice of query plan if the parameter is the left-hand side of a [LIKE]
 ** or [GLOB] operator or if the parameter is compared to an indexed column
 ** and the [SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3] compile-time option is enabled.
-** the 
 ** </li>
 ** </ol>
 */
@@ -3132,12 +3351,18 @@
 ** parameter [SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] (default value: 999).
 **
 ** ^The third argument is the value to bind to the parameter.
+** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
+** or sqlite3_bind_blob() is a NULL pointer then the fourth parameter
+** is ignored and the end result is the same as sqlite3_bind_null().
 **
 ** ^(In those routines that have a fourth argument, its value is the
 ** number of bytes in the parameter.  To be clear: the value is the
 ** number of <u>bytes</u> in the value, not the number of characters.)^
-** ^If the fourth parameter is negative, the length of the string is
+** ^If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
+** is negative, then the length of the string is
 ** the number of bytes up to the first zero terminator.
+** If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_blob() is negative, then
+** the behavior is undefined.
 ** If a non-negative fourth parameter is provided to sqlite3_bind_text()
 ** or sqlite3_bind_text16() then that parameter must be the byte offset
 ** where the NUL terminator would occur assuming the string were NUL
@@ -3606,19 +3831,19 @@
 **
 ** <tr><td>  NULL    <td> INTEGER   <td> Result is 0
 ** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Result is 0.0
-** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   TEXT    <td> Result is NULL pointer
-** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   BLOB    <td> Result is NULL pointer
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   TEXT    <td> Result is a NULL pointer
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   BLOB    <td> Result is a NULL pointer
 ** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>  FLOAT    <td> Convert from integer to float
 ** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>   TEXT    <td> ASCII rendering of the integer
 ** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>   BLOB    <td> Same as INTEGER->TEXT
-** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td> INTEGER   <td> Convert from float to integer
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td> INTEGER   <td> [CAST] to INTEGER
 ** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   TEXT    <td> ASCII rendering of the float
-** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   BLOB    <td> Same as FLOAT->TEXT
-** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td> INTEGER   <td> Use atoi()
-** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Use atof()
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   BLOB    <td> [CAST] to BLOB
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td> INTEGER   <td> [CAST] to INTEGER
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>  FLOAT    <td> [CAST] to REAL
 ** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>   BLOB    <td> No change
-** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td> INTEGER   <td> Convert to TEXT then use atoi()
-** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Convert to TEXT then use atof()
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td> INTEGER   <td> [CAST] to INTEGER
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>  FLOAT    <td> [CAST] to REAL
 ** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>   TEXT    <td> Add a zero terminator if needed
 ** </table>
 ** </blockquote>)^
@@ -3674,7 +3899,7 @@
 ** described above, or until [sqlite3_step()] or [sqlite3_reset()] or
 ** [sqlite3_finalize()] is called.  ^The memory space used to hold strings
 ** and BLOBs is freed automatically.  Do <b>not</b> pass the pointers returned
-** [sqlite3_column_blob()], [sqlite3_column_text()], etc. into
+** from [sqlite3_column_blob()], [sqlite3_column_text()], etc. into
 ** [sqlite3_free()].
 **
 ** ^(If a memory allocation error occurs during the evaluation of any
@@ -3783,15 +4008,24 @@
 **
 ** ^The fourth parameter, eTextRep, specifies what
 ** [SQLITE_UTF8 | text encoding] this SQL function prefers for
-** its parameters.  Every SQL function implementation must be able to work
-** with UTF-8, UTF-16le, or UTF-16be.  But some implementations may be
-** more efficient with one encoding than another.  ^An application may
-** invoke sqlite3_create_function() or sqlite3_create_function16() multiple
-** times with the same function but with different values of eTextRep.
+** its parameters.  The application should set this parameter to
+** [SQLITE_UTF16LE] if the function implementation invokes 
+** [sqlite3_value_text16le()] on an input, or [SQLITE_UTF16BE] if the
+** implementation invokes [sqlite3_value_text16be()] on an input, or
+** [SQLITE_UTF16] if [sqlite3_value_text16()] is used, or [SQLITE_UTF8]
+** otherwise.  ^The same SQL function may be registered multiple times using
+** different preferred text encodings, with different implementations for
+** each encoding.
 ** ^When multiple implementations of the same function are available, SQLite
 ** will pick the one that involves the least amount of data conversion.
-** If there is only a single implementation which does not care what text
-** encoding is used, then the fourth argument should be [SQLITE_ANY].
+**
+** ^The fourth parameter may optionally be ORed with [SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC]
+** to signal that the function will always return the same result given
+** the same inputs within a single SQL statement.  Most SQL functions are
+** deterministic.  The built-in [random()] SQL function is an example of a
+** function that is not deterministic.  The SQLite query planner is able to
+** perform additional optimizations on deterministic functions, so use
+** of the [SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC] flag is recommended where possible.
 **
 ** ^(The fifth parameter is an arbitrary pointer.  The implementation of the
 ** function can gain access to this pointer using [sqlite3_user_data()].)^
@@ -3877,10 +4111,20 @@
 #define SQLITE_UTF16LE        2
 #define SQLITE_UTF16BE        3
 #define SQLITE_UTF16          4    /* Use native byte order */
-#define SQLITE_ANY            5    /* sqlite3_create_function only */
+#define SQLITE_ANY            5    /* Deprecated */
 #define SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED  8    /* sqlite3_create_collation only */
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: Function Flags
+**
+** These constants may be ORed together with the 
+** [SQLITE_UTF8 | preferred text encoding] as the fourth argument
+** to [sqlite3_create_function()], [sqlite3_create_function16()], or
+** [sqlite3_create_function_v2()].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC    0x800
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Deprecated Functions
 ** DEPRECATED
 **
@@ -3896,7 +4140,8 @@
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_transfer_bindings(sqlite3_stmt*, sqlite3_stmt*);
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_global_recover(void);
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED void sqlite3_thread_cleanup(void);
-SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void(*)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int),void*,sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void(*)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int),
+                      void*,sqlite3_int64);
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -3976,14 +4221,17 @@
 ** In those cases, sqlite3_aggregate_context() might be called for the
 ** first time from within xFinal().)^
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer if N is
-** less than or equal to zero or if a memory allocate error occurs.
+** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer 
+** when first called if N is less than or equal to zero or if a memory
+** allocate error occurs.
 **
 ** ^(The amount of space allocated by sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) is
 ** determined by the N parameter on first successful call.  Changing the
 ** value of N in subsequent call to sqlite3_aggregate_context() within
 ** the same aggregate function instance will not resize the memory
-** allocation.)^
+** allocation.)^  Within the xFinal callback, it is customary to set
+** N=0 in calls to sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) so that no 
+** pointless memory allocations occur.
 **
 ** ^SQLite automatically frees the memory allocated by 
 ** sqlite3_aggregate_context() when the aggregate query concludes.
@@ -4026,41 +4274,49 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Function Auxiliary Data
 **
-** The following two functions may be used by scalar SQL functions to
+** These functions may be used by (non-aggregate) SQL functions to
 ** associate metadata with argument values. If the same value is passed to
 ** multiple invocations of the same SQL function during query execution, under
-** some circumstances the associated metadata may be preserved. This may
-** be used, for example, to add a regular-expression matching scalar
-** function. The compiled version of the regular expression is stored as
-** metadata associated with the SQL value passed as the regular expression
-** pattern.  The compiled regular expression can be reused on multiple
-** invocations of the same function so that the original pattern string
-** does not need to be recompiled on each invocation.
+** some circumstances the associated metadata may be preserved.  An example
+** of where this might be useful is in a regular-expression matching
+** function. The compiled version of the regular expression can be stored as
+** metadata associated with the pattern string.  
+** Then as long as the pattern string remains the same,
+** the compiled regular expression can be reused on multiple
+** invocations of the same function.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_get_auxdata() interface returns a pointer to the metadata
 ** associated by the sqlite3_set_auxdata() function with the Nth argument
-** value to the application-defined function. ^If no metadata has been ever
-** been set for the Nth argument of the function, or if the corresponding
-** function parameter has changed since the meta-data was set,
-** then sqlite3_get_auxdata() returns a NULL pointer.
+** value to the application-defined function. ^If there is no metadata
+** associated with the function argument, this sqlite3_get_auxdata() interface
+** returns a NULL pointer.
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_set_auxdata() interface saves the metadata
-** pointed to by its 3rd parameter as the metadata for the N-th
-** argument of the application-defined function.  Subsequent
-** calls to sqlite3_get_auxdata() might return this data, if it has
-** not been destroyed.
-** ^If it is not NULL, SQLite will invoke the destructor
-** function given by the 4th parameter to sqlite3_set_auxdata() on
-** the metadata when the corresponding function parameter changes
-** or when the SQL statement completes, whichever comes first.
+** ^The sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) interface saves P as metadata for the N-th
+** argument of the application-defined function.  ^Subsequent
+** calls to sqlite3_get_auxdata(C,N) return P from the most recent
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) call if the metadata is still valid or
+** NULL if the metadata has been discarded.
+** ^After each call to sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) where X is not NULL,
+** SQLite will invoke the destructor function X with parameter P exactly
+** once, when the metadata is discarded.
+** SQLite is free to discard the metadata at any time, including: <ul>
+** <li> when the corresponding function parameter changes, or
+** <li> when [sqlite3_reset()] or [sqlite3_finalize()] is called for the
+**      SQL statement, or
+** <li> when sqlite3_set_auxdata() is invoked again on the same parameter, or
+** <li> during the original sqlite3_set_auxdata() call when a memory 
+**      allocation error occurs. </ul>)^
 **
-** SQLite is free to call the destructor and drop metadata on any
-** parameter of any function at any time.  ^The only guarantee is that
-** the destructor will be called before the metadata is dropped.
+** Note the last bullet in particular.  The destructor X in 
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) might be called immediately, before the
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata() interface even returns.  Hence sqlite3_set_auxdata()
+** should be called near the end of the function implementation and the
+** function implementation should not make any use of P after
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata() has been called.
 **
 ** ^(In practice, metadata is preserved between function calls for
-** expressions that are constant at compile time. This includes literal
-** values and [parameters].)^
+** function parameters that are compile-time constants, including literal
+** values and [parameters] and expressions composed from the same.)^
 **
 ** These routines must be called from the same thread in which
 ** the SQL function is running.
@@ -4081,7 +4337,7 @@
 ** the content before returning.
 **
 ** The typedef is necessary to work around problems in certain
-** C++ compilers.  See ticket #2191.
+** C++ compilers.
 */
 typedef void (*sqlite3_destructor_type)(void*);
 #define SQLITE_STATIC      ((sqlite3_destructor_type)0)
@@ -4134,11 +4390,11 @@
 ** the error code is SQLITE_ERROR.  ^A subsequent call to sqlite3_result_error()
 ** or sqlite3_result_error16() resets the error code to SQLITE_ERROR.
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_result_toobig() interface causes SQLite to throw an error
-** indicating that a string or BLOB is too long to represent.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error_toobig() interface causes SQLite to throw an
+** error indicating that a string or BLOB is too long to represent.
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_result_nomem() interface causes SQLite to throw an error
-** indicating that a memory allocation failed.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error_nomem() interface causes SQLite to throw an
+** error indicating that a memory allocation failed.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_result_int() interface sets the return value
 ** of the application-defined function to be the 32-bit signed integer
@@ -4365,6 +4621,11 @@
   sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
   const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
 );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_key_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const char *zDbName,           /* Name of the database */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
+);
 
 /*
 ** Change the key on an open database.  If the current database is not
@@ -4378,6 +4639,11 @@
   sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
   const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
 );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rekey_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const char *zDbName,           /* Name of the database */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
+);
 
 /*
 ** Specify the activation key for a SEE database.  Unless 
@@ -4427,6 +4693,13 @@
 ** is a NULL pointer, then SQLite performs a search for an appropriate
 ** temporary file directory.
 **
+** Applications are strongly discouraged from using this global variable.
+** It is required to set a temporary folder on Windows Runtime (WinRT).
+** But for all other platforms, it is highly recommended that applications
+** neither read nor write this variable.  This global variable is a relic
+** that exists for backwards compatibility of legacy applications and should
+** be avoided in new projects.
+**
 ** It is not safe to read or modify this variable in more than one
 ** thread at a time.  It is not safe to read or modify this variable
 ** if a [database connection] is being used at the same time in a separate
@@ -4445,10 +4718,67 @@
 ** Hence, if this variable is modified directly, either it should be
 ** made NULL or made to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc]
 ** or else the use of the [temp_store_directory pragma] should be avoided.
+** Except when requested by the [temp_store_directory pragma], SQLite
+** does not free the memory that sqlite3_temp_directory points to.  If
+** the application wants that memory to be freed, it must do
+** so itself, taking care to only do so after all [database connection]
+** objects have been destroyed.
+**
+** <b>Note to Windows Runtime users:</b>  The temporary directory must be set
+** prior to calling [sqlite3_open] or [sqlite3_open_v2].  Otherwise, various
+** features that require the use of temporary files may fail.  Here is an
+** example of how to do this using C++ with the Windows Runtime:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+** LPCWSTR zPath = Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current->
+** &nbsp;     TemporaryFolder->Path->Data();
+** char zPathBuf&#91;MAX_PATH + 1&#93;;
+** memset(zPathBuf, 0, sizeof(zPathBuf));
+** WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, zPath, -1, zPathBuf, sizeof(zPathBuf),
+** &nbsp;     NULL, NULL);
+** sqlite3_temp_directory = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zPathBuf);
+** </pre></blockquote>
 */
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXTERN char *sqlite3_temp_directory;
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: Name Of The Folder Holding Database Files
+**
+** ^(If this global variable is made to point to a string which is
+** the name of a folder (a.k.a. directory), then all database files
+** specified with a relative pathname and created or accessed by
+** SQLite when using a built-in windows [sqlite3_vfs | VFS] will be assumed
+** to be relative to that directory.)^ ^If this variable is a NULL
+** pointer, then SQLite assumes that all database files specified
+** with a relative pathname are relative to the current directory
+** for the process.  Only the windows VFS makes use of this global
+** variable; it is ignored by the unix VFS.
+**
+** Changing the value of this variable while a database connection is
+** open can result in a corrupt database.
+**
+** It is not safe to read or modify this variable in more than one
+** thread at a time.  It is not safe to read or modify this variable
+** if a [database connection] is being used at the same time in a separate
+** thread.
+** It is intended that this variable be set once
+** as part of process initialization and before any SQLite interface
+** routines have been called and that this variable remain unchanged
+** thereafter.
+**
+** ^The [data_store_directory pragma] may modify this variable and cause
+** it to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc].  ^Furthermore,
+** the [data_store_directory pragma] always assumes that any string
+** that this variable points to is held in memory obtained from 
+** [sqlite3_malloc] and the pragma may attempt to free that memory
+** using [sqlite3_free].
+** Hence, if this variable is modified directly, either it should be
+** made NULL or made to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc]
+** or else the use of the [data_store_directory pragma] should be avoided.
+*/
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXTERN char *sqlite3_data_directory;
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Test For Auto-Commit Mode
 ** KEYWORDS: {autocommit mode}
 **
@@ -4577,12 +4907,13 @@
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_update_hook() interface registers a callback function
 ** with the [database connection] identified by the first argument
-** to be invoked whenever a row is updated, inserted or deleted.
+** to be invoked whenever a row is updated, inserted or deleted in
+** a rowid table.
 ** ^Any callback set by a previous call to this function
 ** for the same database connection is overridden.
 **
 ** ^The second argument is a pointer to the function to invoke when a
-** row is updated, inserted or deleted.
+** row is updated, inserted or deleted in a rowid table.
 ** ^The first argument to the callback is a copy of the third argument
 ** to sqlite3_update_hook().
 ** ^The second callback argument is one of [SQLITE_INSERT], [SQLITE_DELETE],
@@ -4595,6 +4926,7 @@
 **
 ** ^(The update hook is not invoked when internal system tables are
 ** modified (i.e. sqlite_master and sqlite_sequence).)^
+** ^The update hook is not invoked when [WITHOUT ROWID] tables are modified.
 **
 ** ^In the current implementation, the update hook
 ** is not invoked when duplication rows are deleted because of an
@@ -4626,7 +4958,6 @@
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Shared Pager Cache
-** KEYWORDS: {shared cache}
 **
 ** ^(This routine enables or disables the sharing of the database cache
 ** and schema data structures between [database connection | connections]
@@ -4649,6 +4980,9 @@
 ** future releases of SQLite.  Applications that care about shared
 ** cache setting should set it explicitly.
 **
+** This interface is threadsafe on processors where writing a
+** 32-bit integer is atomic.
+**
 ** See Also:  [SQLite Shared-Cache Mode]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_shared_cache(int);
@@ -4674,8 +5008,8 @@
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_db_release_memory(D) interface attempts to free as much heap
 ** memory as possible from database connection D. Unlike the
-** [sqlite3_release_memory()] interface, this interface is effect even
-** when then [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT] compile-time option is
+** [sqlite3_release_memory()] interface, this interface is in effect even
+** when the [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT] compile-time option is
 ** omitted.
 **
 ** See also: [sqlite3_release_memory()]
@@ -4826,11 +5160,20 @@
 ** ^This interface loads an SQLite extension library from the named file.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_load_extension() interface attempts to load an
-** SQLite extension library contained in the file zFile.
+** [SQLite extension] library contained in the file zFile.  If
+** the file cannot be loaded directly, attempts are made to load
+** with various operating-system specific extensions added.
+** So for example, if "samplelib" cannot be loaded, then names like
+** "samplelib.so" or "samplelib.dylib" or "samplelib.dll" might
+** be tried also.
 **
 ** ^The entry point is zProc.
-** ^zProc may be 0, in which case the name of the entry point
-** defaults to "sqlite3_extension_init".
+** ^(zProc may be 0, in which case SQLite will try to come up with an
+** entry point name on its own.  It first tries "sqlite3_extension_init".
+** If that does not work, it constructs a name "sqlite3_X_init" where the
+** X is consists of the lower-case equivalent of all ASCII alphabetic
+** characters in the filename from the last "/" to the first following
+** "." and omitting any initial "lib".)^
 ** ^The sqlite3_load_extension() interface returns
 ** [SQLITE_OK] on success and [SQLITE_ERROR] if something goes wrong.
 ** ^If an error occurs and pzErrMsg is not 0, then the
@@ -4856,11 +5199,11 @@
 ** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Extension Loading
 **
 ** ^So as not to open security holes in older applications that are
-** unprepared to deal with extension loading, and as a means of disabling
-** extension loading while evaluating user-entered SQL, the following API
+** unprepared to deal with [extension loading], and as a means of disabling
+** [extension loading] while evaluating user-entered SQL, the following API
 ** is provided to turn the [sqlite3_load_extension()] mechanism on and off.
 **
-** ^Extension loading is off by default. See ticket #1863.
+** ^Extension loading is off by default.
 ** ^Call the sqlite3_enable_load_extension() routine with onoff==1
 ** to turn extension loading on and call it with onoff==0 to turn
 ** it back off again.
@@ -4872,7 +5215,7 @@
 **
 ** ^This interface causes the xEntryPoint() function to be invoked for
 ** each new [database connection] that is created.  The idea here is that
-** xEntryPoint() is the entry point for a statically linked SQLite extension
+** xEntryPoint() is the entry point for a statically linked [SQLite extension]
 ** that is to be automatically loaded into all new database connections.
 **
 ** ^(Even though the function prototype shows that xEntryPoint() takes
@@ -4900,11 +5243,24 @@
 ** on the list of automatic extensions is a harmless no-op. ^No entry point
 ** will be called more than once for each database connection that is opened.
 **
-** See also: [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()].
+** See also: [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()]
+** and [sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension()]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint)(void));
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: Cancel Automatic Extension Loading
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(X)] interface unregisters the
+** initialization routine X that was registered using a prior call to
+** [sqlite3_auto_extension(X)].  ^The [sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(X)]
+** routine returns 1 if initialization routine X was successfully 
+** unregistered and it returns 0 if X was not on the list of initialization
+** routines.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint)(void));
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Reset Automatic Extension Loading
 **
 ** ^This interface disables all automatic extensions previously
@@ -5028,10 +5384,22 @@
 ** the correct order to satisfy the ORDER BY clause so that no separate
 ** sorting step is required.
 **
-** ^The estimatedCost value is an estimate of the cost of doing the
-** particular lookup.  A full scan of a table with N entries should have
-** a cost of N.  A binary search of a table of N entries should have a
-** cost of approximately log(N).
+** ^The estimatedCost value is an estimate of the cost of a particular
+** strategy. A cost of N indicates that the cost of the strategy is similar
+** to a linear scan of an SQLite table with N rows. A cost of log(N) 
+** indicates that the expense of the operation is similar to that of a
+** binary search on a unique indexed field of an SQLite table with N rows.
+**
+** ^The estimatedRows value is an estimate of the number of rows that
+** will be returned by the strategy.
+**
+** IMPORTANT: The estimatedRows field was added to the sqlite3_index_info
+** structure for SQLite version 3.8.2. If a virtual table extension is
+** used with an SQLite version earlier than 3.8.2, the results of attempting 
+** to read or write the estimatedRows field are undefined (but are likely 
+** to included crashing the application). The estimatedRows field should
+** therefore only be used if [sqlite3_libversion_number()] returns a
+** value greater than or equal to 3008002.
 */
 struct sqlite3_index_info {
   /* Inputs */
@@ -5056,7 +5424,9 @@
   char *idxStr;              /* String, possibly obtained from sqlite3_malloc */
   int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
   int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
-  double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
+  double estimatedCost;           /* Estimated cost of using this index */
+  /* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.8.2 and later */
+  sqlite3_int64 estimatedRows;    /* Estimated number of rows returned */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -5260,6 +5630,9 @@
 ** interface.  Use the [UPDATE] SQL command to change the size of a
 ** blob.
 **
+** ^The [sqlite3_blob_open()] interface will fail for a [WITHOUT ROWID]
+** table.  Incremental BLOB I/O is not possible on [WITHOUT ROWID] tables.
+**
 ** ^The [sqlite3_bind_zeroblob()] and [sqlite3_result_zeroblob()] interfaces
 ** and the built-in [zeroblob] SQL function can be used, if desired,
 ** to create an empty, zero-filled blob in which to read or write using
@@ -5454,7 +5827,6 @@
 ** implementations are available in the SQLite core:
 **
 ** <ul>
-** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2
 ** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS
 ** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_W32
 ** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP
@@ -5462,9 +5834,9 @@
 **
 ** ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP implementation is a set of routines
 ** that does no real locking and is appropriate for use in
-** a single-threaded application.  ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2,
-** SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS, and SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 implementations
-** are appropriate for use on OS/2, Unix, and Windows.
+** a single-threaded application.  ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS and
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 implementations are appropriate for use on Unix
+** and Windows.
 **
 ** ^(If SQLite is compiled with the SQLITE_MUTEX_APPDEF preprocessor
 ** macro defined (with "-DSQLITE_MUTEX_APPDEF=1"), then no mutex
@@ -5485,10 +5857,12 @@
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP1
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP2
 ** </ul>)^
 **
 ** ^The first two constants (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST and SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE)
@@ -5692,6 +6066,9 @@
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU       6  /* lru page list */
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2      7  /* NOT USED */
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM      7  /* sqlite3PageMalloc() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP1      8  /* For use by application */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP2      9  /* For use by application */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP3     10  /* For use by application */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Retrieve the mutex for a database connection
@@ -5784,7 +6161,11 @@
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC           17
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT         18
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_EXPLAIN_STMT            19
-#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    19
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_NEVER_CORRUPT           20
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_VDBE_COVERAGE           21
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER               22
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISINIT                  23
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    23
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: SQLite Runtime Status
@@ -6006,6 +6387,23 @@
 ** occurred.)^ ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS 
 ** is always 0.
 ** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of dirty cache entries that have
+** been written to disk. Specifically, the number of pages written to the
+** wal file in wal mode databases, or the number of pages written to the
+** database file in rollback mode databases. Any pages written as part of
+** transaction rollback or database recovery operations are not included.
+** If an IO or other error occurs while writing a page to disk, the effect
+** on subsequent SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE requests is undefined.)^ ^The
+** highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE is always 0.
+** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns zero for the current value if and only if
+** all foreign key constraints (deferred or immediate) have been
+** resolved.)^  ^The highwater mark is always 0.
+** </dd>
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED       0
@@ -6017,7 +6415,9 @@
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL  6
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT            7
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS           8
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                  8   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE          9
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS        10
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                 10   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
 
 
 /*
@@ -6071,11 +6471,21 @@
 ** A non-zero value in this counter may indicate an opportunity to
 ** improvement performance by adding permanent indices that do not
 ** need to be reinitialized each time the statement is run.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP</dt>
+** <dd>^This is the number of virtual machine operations executed
+** by the prepared statement if that number is less than or equal
+** to 2147483647.  The number of virtual machine operations can be 
+** used as a proxy for the total work done by the prepared statement.
+** If the number of virtual machine operations exceeds 2147483647
+** then the value returned by this statement status code is undefined.
+** </dd>
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP     1
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT              2
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX         3
+#define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP           4
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Custom Page Cache Object
@@ -6212,7 +6622,7 @@
 ** parameter to help it determined what action to take:
 **
 ** <table border=1 width=85% align=center>
-** <tr><th> createFlag <th> Behaviour when page is not already in cache
+** <tr><th> createFlag <th> Behavior when page is not already in cache
 ** <tr><td> 0 <td> Do not allocate a new page.  Return NULL.
 ** <tr><td> 1 <td> Allocate a new page if it easy and convenient to do so.
 **                 Otherwise return NULL.
@@ -6642,9 +7052,24 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strnicmp(const char *, const char *, int);
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: String Globbing
+*
+** ^The [sqlite3_strglob(P,X)] interface returns zero if string X matches
+** the glob pattern P, and it returns non-zero if string X does not match
+** the glob pattern P.  ^The definition of glob pattern matching used in
+** [sqlite3_strglob(P,X)] is the same as for the "X GLOB P" operator in the
+** SQL dialect used by SQLite.  ^The sqlite3_strglob(P,X) function is case
+** sensitive.
+**
+** Note that this routine returns zero on a match and non-zero if the strings
+** do not match, the same as [sqlite3_stricmp()] and [sqlite3_strnicmp()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strglob(const char *zGlob, const char *zStr);
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Error Logging Interface
 **
-** ^The [sqlite3_log()] interface writes a message into the error log
+** ^The [sqlite3_log()] interface writes a message into the [error log]
 ** established by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG] option to [sqlite3_config()].
 ** ^If logging is enabled, the zFormat string and subsequent arguments are
 ** used with [sqlite3_snprintf()] to generate the final output string.
@@ -6724,6 +7149,9 @@
 ** ^The [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] can be used to invoke this interface
 ** from SQL.
 **
+** ^Checkpoints initiated by this mechanism are
+** [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2|PASSIVE].
+**
 ** ^Every new [database connection] defaults to having the auto-checkpoint
 ** enabled with a threshold of 1000 or [SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT]
 ** pages.  The use of this interface
@@ -6740,6 +7168,10 @@
 ** empty string, then a checkpoint is run on all databases of
 ** connection D.  ^If the database connection D is not in
 ** [WAL | write-ahead log mode] then this interface is a harmless no-op.
+** ^The [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(D,X)] interface initiates a
+** [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2|PASSIVE] checkpoint.
+** Use the [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()] interface to get a FULL
+** or RESET checkpoint.
 **
 ** ^The [wal_checkpoint pragma] can be used to invoke this interface
 ** from SQL.  ^The [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint()] interface and the
@@ -6762,10 +7194,12 @@
 **   Checkpoint as many frames as possible without waiting for any database 
 **   readers or writers to finish. Sync the db file if all frames in the log
 **   are checkpointed. This mode is the same as calling 
-**   sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(). The busy-handler callback is never invoked.
+**   sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(). The [sqlite3_busy_handler|busy-handler callback]
+**   is never invoked.
 **
 ** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL<dd>
-**   This mode blocks (calls the busy-handler callback) until there is no
+**   This mode blocks (it invokes the
+**   [sqlite3_busy_handler|busy-handler callback]) until there is no
 **   database writer and all readers are reading from the most recent database
 **   snapshot. It then checkpoints all frames in the log file and syncs the
 **   database file. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
@@ -6773,7 +7207,8 @@
 **
 ** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART<dd>
 **   This mode works the same way as SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL, except after 
-**   checkpointing the log file it blocks (calls the busy-handler callback)
+**   checkpointing the log file it blocks (calls the 
+**   [sqlite3_busy_handler|busy-handler callback])
 **   until all readers are reading from the database file only. This ensures 
 **   that the next client to write to the database file restarts the log file 
 **   from the beginning. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
@@ -6911,6 +7346,7 @@
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Conflict resolution modes
+** KEYWORDS: {conflict resolution mode}
 **
 ** These constants are returned by [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] to
 ** inform a [virtual table] implementation what the [ON CONFLICT] mode
@@ -6939,7 +7375,7 @@
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }  /* End of the 'extern "C"' block */
 #endif
-#endif
+#endif /* _SQLITE3_H_ */
 
 /*
 ** 2010 August 30
@@ -6963,6 +7399,16 @@
 #endif
 
 typedef struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry sqlite3_rtree_geometry;
+typedef struct sqlite3_rtree_query_info sqlite3_rtree_query_info;
+
+/* The double-precision datatype used by RTree depends on the
+** SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY compile-time option.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+  typedef sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_rtree_dbl;
+#else
+  typedef double sqlite3_rtree_dbl;
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** Register a geometry callback named zGeom that can be used as part of an
@@ -6973,7 +7419,7 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback(
   sqlite3 *db,
   const char *zGeom,
-  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int nCoord, double *aCoord, int *pRes),
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry*, int, sqlite3_rtree_dbl*,int*),
   void *pContext
 );
 
@@ -6985,11 +7431,60 @@
 struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry {
   void *pContext;                 /* Copy of pContext passed to s_r_g_c() */
   int nParam;                     /* Size of array aParam[] */
-  double *aParam;                 /* Parameters passed to SQL geom function */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *aParam;      /* Parameters passed to SQL geom function */
   void *pUser;                    /* Callback implementation user data */
   void (*xDelUser)(void *);       /* Called by SQLite to clean up pUser */
 };
 
+/*
+** Register a 2nd-generation geometry callback named zScore that can be 
+** used as part of an R-Tree geometry query as follows:
+**
+**   SELECT ... FROM <rtree> WHERE <rtree col> MATCH $zQueryFunc(... params ...)
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_query_callback(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zQueryFunc,
+  int (*xQueryFunc)(sqlite3_rtree_query_info*),
+  void *pContext,
+  void (*xDestructor)(void*)
+);
+
+
+/*
+** A pointer to a structure of the following type is passed as the 
+** argument to scored geometry callback registered using
+** sqlite3_rtree_query_callback().
+**
+** Note that the first 5 fields of this structure are identical to
+** sqlite3_rtree_geometry.  This structure is a subclass of
+** sqlite3_rtree_geometry.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_rtree_query_info {
+  void *pContext;                   /* pContext from when function registered */
+  int nParam;                       /* Number of function parameters */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *aParam;        /* value of function parameters */
+  void *pUser;                      /* callback can use this, if desired */
+  void (*xDelUser)(void*);          /* function to free pUser */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *aCoord;        /* Coordinates of node or entry to check */
+  unsigned int *anQueue;            /* Number of pending entries in the queue */
+  int nCoord;                       /* Number of coordinates */
+  int iLevel;                       /* Level of current node or entry */
+  int mxLevel;                      /* The largest iLevel value in the tree */
+  sqlite3_int64 iRowid;             /* Rowid for current entry */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl rParentScore;   /* Score of parent node */
+  int eParentWithin;                /* Visibility of parent node */
+  int eWithin;                      /* OUT: Visiblity */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl rScore;         /* OUT: Write the score here */
+};
+
+/*
+** Allowed values for sqlite3_rtree_query.eWithin and .eParentWithin.
+*/
+#define NOT_WITHIN       0   /* Object completely outside of query region */
+#define PARTLY_WITHIN    1   /* Object partially overlaps query region */
+#define FULLY_WITHIN     2   /* Object fully contained within query region */
+
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }  /* end of the 'extern "C"' block */
diff --git a/dist/orig/sqlite3ext.h b/dist/orig/sqlite3ext.h
index 5abcde2..ecf93f6 100644
--- a/dist/orig/sqlite3ext.h
+++ b/dist/orig/sqlite3ext.h
@@ -236,6 +236,20 @@
   int (*blob_reopen)(sqlite3_blob*,sqlite3_int64);
   int (*vtab_config)(sqlite3*,int op,...);
   int (*vtab_on_conflict)(sqlite3*);
+  /* Version 3.7.16 and later */
+  int (*close_v2)(sqlite3*);
+  const char *(*db_filename)(sqlite3*,const char*);
+  int (*db_readonly)(sqlite3*,const char*);
+  int (*db_release_memory)(sqlite3*);
+  const char *(*errstr)(int);
+  int (*stmt_busy)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int (*stmt_readonly)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int (*stricmp)(const char*,const char*);
+  int (*uri_boolean)(const char*,const char*,int);
+  sqlite3_int64 (*uri_int64)(const char*,const char*,sqlite3_int64);
+  const char *(*uri_parameter)(const char*,const char*);
+  char *(*vsnprintf)(int,char*,const char*,va_list);
+  int (*wal_checkpoint_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int*,int*);
 };
 
 /*
@@ -439,9 +453,35 @@
 #define sqlite3_blob_reopen            sqlite3_api->blob_reopen
 #define sqlite3_vtab_config            sqlite3_api->vtab_config
 #define sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict       sqlite3_api->vtab_on_conflict
+/* Version 3.7.16 and later */
+#define sqlite3_close_v2               sqlite3_api->close_v2
+#define sqlite3_db_filename            sqlite3_api->db_filename
+#define sqlite3_db_readonly            sqlite3_api->db_readonly
+#define sqlite3_db_release_memory      sqlite3_api->db_release_memory
+#define sqlite3_errstr                 sqlite3_api->errstr
+#define sqlite3_stmt_busy              sqlite3_api->stmt_busy
+#define sqlite3_stmt_readonly          sqlite3_api->stmt_readonly
+#define sqlite3_stricmp                sqlite3_api->stricmp
+#define sqlite3_uri_boolean            sqlite3_api->uri_boolean
+#define sqlite3_uri_int64              sqlite3_api->uri_int64
+#define sqlite3_uri_parameter          sqlite3_api->uri_parameter
+#define sqlite3_uri_vsnprintf          sqlite3_api->vsnprintf
+#define sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2      sqlite3_api->wal_checkpoint_v2
 #endif /* SQLITE_CORE */
 
-#define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api = 0;
-#define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api = v;
+#ifndef SQLITE_CORE
+  /* This case when the file really is being compiled as a loadable 
+  ** extension */
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api=0;
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api=v;
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT3     \
+    extern const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api;
+#else
+  /* This case when the file is being statically linked into the 
+  ** application */
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     /*no-op*/
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  (void)v; /* unused parameter */
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT3     /*no-op*/
+#endif
 
 #endif /* _SQLITE3EXT_H_ */
diff --git a/dist/shell.c b/dist/shell.c
index 42eb7a8..4188a86 100644
--- a/dist/shell.c
+++ b/dist/shell.c
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
 #endif
 // End Android Add
 
-#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(__OS2__)
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32)
 # include <signal.h>
 # if !defined(__RTP__) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL)
 #  include <pwd.h>
@@ -50,19 +50,17 @@
 # include <sys/types.h>
 #endif
 
-#ifdef __OS2__
-# include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef HAVE_EDITLINE
-# include <editline/editline.h>
-#endif
-#if defined(HAVE_READLINE) && HAVE_READLINE==1
+#if defined(HAVE_READLINE) && HAVE_READLINE!=0
 # include <readline/readline.h>
 # include <readline/history.h>
+#else
+# undef HAVE_READLINE
 #endif
-#if !defined(HAVE_EDITLINE) && (!defined(HAVE_READLINE) || HAVE_READLINE!=1)
-# define readline(p) local_getline(p,stdin,0)
+#if defined(HAVE_EDITLINE) && !defined(HAVE_READLINE)
+# define HAVE_READLINE 1
+# include <editline/readline.h>
+#endif
+#if !defined(HAVE_READLINE)
 # define add_history(X)
 # define read_history(X)
 # define write_history(X)
@@ -71,12 +69,24 @@
 
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
 # include <io.h>
+# include <fcntl.h>
 #define isatty(h) _isatty(h)
-#define access(f,m) _access((f),(m))
+#ifndef access
+# define access(f,m) _access((f),(m))
+#endif
+#undef popen
+#define popen _popen
+#undef pclose
+#define pclose _pclose
 #else
 /* Make sure isatty() has a prototype.
 */
 extern int isatty(int);
+
+/* popen and pclose are not C89 functions and so are sometimes omitted from
+** the <stdio.h> header */
+extern FILE *popen(const char*,const char*);
+extern int pclose(FILE*);
 #endif
 
 #if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
@@ -87,20 +97,38 @@
 #define isatty(x) 1
 #endif
 
-/* True if the timer is enabled */
-static int enableTimer = 0;
-
 /* ctype macros that work with signed characters */
 #define IsSpace(X)  isspace((unsigned char)X)
 #define IsDigit(X)  isdigit((unsigned char)X)
 #define ToLower(X)  (char)tolower((unsigned char)X)
 
-#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(__OS2__) && !defined(__RTP__) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL)
+
+/* True if the timer is enabled */
+static int enableTimer = 0;
+
+/* Return the current wall-clock time */
+static sqlite3_int64 timeOfDay(void){
+  static sqlite3_vfs *clockVfs = 0;
+  sqlite3_int64 t;
+  if( clockVfs==0 ) clockVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(0);
+  if( clockVfs->iVersion>=1 && clockVfs->xCurrentTimeInt64!=0 ){
+    clockVfs->xCurrentTimeInt64(clockVfs, &t);
+  }else{
+    double r;
+    clockVfs->xCurrentTime(clockVfs, &r);
+    t = (sqlite3_int64)(r*86400000.0);
+  }
+  return t;
+}
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL) \
+ && !defined(__minux)
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <sys/resource.h>
 
 /* Saved resource information for the beginning of an operation */
-static struct rusage sBegin;
+static struct rusage sBegin;  /* CPU time at start */
+static sqlite3_int64 iBegin;  /* Wall-clock time at start */
 
 /*
 ** Begin timing an operation
@@ -108,6 +136,7 @@
 static void beginTimer(void){
   if( enableTimer ){
     getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &sBegin);
+    iBegin = timeOfDay();
   }
 }
 
@@ -123,8 +152,10 @@
 static void endTimer(void){
   if( enableTimer ){
     struct rusage sEnd;
+    sqlite3_int64 iEnd = timeOfDay();
     getrusage(RUSAGE_SELF, &sEnd);
-    printf("CPU Time: user %f sys %f\n",
+    printf("Run Time: real %.3f user %f sys %f\n",
+       (iEnd - iBegin)*0.001,
        timeDiff(&sBegin.ru_utime, &sEnd.ru_utime),
        timeDiff(&sBegin.ru_stime, &sEnd.ru_stime));
   }
@@ -142,6 +173,7 @@
 static HANDLE hProcess;
 static FILETIME ftKernelBegin;
 static FILETIME ftUserBegin;
+static sqlite3_int64 ftWallBegin;
 typedef BOOL (WINAPI *GETPROCTIMES)(HANDLE, LPFILETIME, LPFILETIME, LPFILETIME, LPFILETIME);
 static GETPROCTIMES getProcessTimesAddr = NULL;
 
@@ -179,6 +211,7 @@
   if( enableTimer && getProcessTimesAddr ){
     FILETIME ftCreation, ftExit;
     getProcessTimesAddr(hProcess, &ftCreation, &ftExit, &ftKernelBegin, &ftUserBegin);
+    ftWallBegin = timeOfDay();
   }
 }
 
@@ -195,8 +228,10 @@
 static void endTimer(void){
   if( enableTimer && getProcessTimesAddr){
     FILETIME ftCreation, ftExit, ftKernelEnd, ftUserEnd;
+    sqlite3_int64 ftWallEnd = timeOfDay();
     getProcessTimesAddr(hProcess, &ftCreation, &ftExit, &ftKernelEnd, &ftUserEnd);
-    printf("CPU Time: user %f sys %f\n",
+    printf("Run Time: real %.3f user %f sys %f\n",
+       (ftWallEnd - ftWallBegin)*0.001,
        timeDiff(&ftUserBegin, &ftUserEnd),
        timeDiff(&ftKernelBegin, &ftKernelEnd));
   }
@@ -336,23 +371,13 @@
 ** to the text.  NULL is returned at end of file, or if malloc()
 ** fails.
 **
-** The interface is like "readline" but no command-line editing
-** is done.
+** If zLine is not NULL then it is a malloced buffer returned from
+** a previous call to this routine that may be reused.
 */
-static char *local_getline(char *zPrompt, FILE *in, int csvFlag){
-  char *zLine;
-  int nLine;
-  int n;
-  int inQuote = 0;
+static char *local_getline(char *zLine, FILE *in){
+  int nLine = zLine==0 ? 0 : 100;
+  int n = 0;
 
-  if( zPrompt && *zPrompt ){
-    printf("%s",zPrompt);
-    fflush(stdout);
-  }
-  nLine = 100;
-  zLine = malloc( nLine );
-  if( zLine==0 ) return 0;
-  n = 0;
   while( 1 ){
     if( n+100>nLine ){
       nLine = nLine*2 + 100;
@@ -367,42 +392,48 @@
       zLine[n] = 0;
       break;
     }
-    while( zLine[n] ){
-      if( zLine[n]=='"' ) inQuote = !inQuote;
-      n++;
-    }
-    if( n>0 && zLine[n-1]=='\n' && (!inQuote || !csvFlag) ){
+    while( zLine[n] ) n++;
+    if( n>0 && zLine[n-1]=='\n' ){
       n--;
       if( n>0 && zLine[n-1]=='\r' ) n--;
       zLine[n] = 0;
       break;
     }
   }
-  zLine = realloc( zLine, n+1 );
   return zLine;
 }
 
 /*
 ** Retrieve a single line of input text.
 **
-** zPrior is a string of prior text retrieved.  If not the empty
-** string, then issue a continuation prompt.
+** If in==0 then read from standard input and prompt before each line.
+** If isContinuation is true, then a continuation prompt is appropriate.
+** If isContinuation is zero, then the main prompt should be used.
+**
+** If zPrior is not NULL then it is a buffer from a prior call to this
+** routine that can be reused.
+**
+** The result is stored in space obtained from malloc() and must either
+** be freed by the caller or else passed back into this routine via the
+** zPrior argument for reuse.
 */
-static char *one_input_line(const char *zPrior, FILE *in){
+static char *one_input_line(FILE *in, char *zPrior, int isContinuation){
   char *zPrompt;
   char *zResult;
   if( in!=0 ){
-    return local_getline(0, in, 0);
-  }
-  if( zPrior && zPrior[0] ){
-    zPrompt = continuePrompt;
+    zResult = local_getline(zPrior, in);
   }else{
-    zPrompt = mainPrompt;
-  }
-  zResult = readline(zPrompt);
-#if defined(HAVE_READLINE) && HAVE_READLINE==1
-  if( zResult && *zResult ) add_history(zResult);
+    zPrompt = isContinuation ? continuePrompt : mainPrompt;
+#if defined(HAVE_READLINE)
+    free(zPrior);
+    zResult = readline(zPrompt);
+    if( zResult && *zResult ) add_history(zResult);
+#else
+    printf("%s", zPrompt);
+    fflush(stdout);
+    zResult = local_getline(zPrior, stdin);
 #endif
+  }
   return zResult;
 }
 
@@ -421,15 +452,19 @@
 struct callback_data {
   sqlite3 *db;           /* The database */
   int echoOn;            /* True to echo input commands */
+  int autoEQP;           /* Run EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN prior to seach SQL stmt */
   int statsOn;           /* True to display memory stats before each finalize */
+  int outCount;          /* Revert to stdout when reaching zero */
   int cnt;               /* Number of records displayed so far */
   FILE *out;             /* Write results here */
+  FILE *traceOut;        /* Output for sqlite3_trace() */
   int nErr;              /* Number of errors seen */
   int mode;              /* An output mode setting */
   int writableSchema;    /* True if PRAGMA writable_schema=ON */
   int showHeader;        /* True to show column names in List or Column mode */
   char *zDestTable;      /* Name of destination table when MODE_Insert */
   char separator[20];    /* Separator character for MODE_List */
+  char newline[20];      /* Record separator in MODE_Csv */
   int colWidth[100];     /* Requested width of each column when in column mode*/
   int actualWidth[100];  /* Actual width of each column */
   char nullvalue[20];    /* The text to print when a NULL comes back from
@@ -439,9 +474,13 @@
                          ** .explain ON */
   char outfile[FILENAME_MAX]; /* Filename for *out */
   const char *zDbFilename;    /* name of the database file */
+  char *zFreeOnClose;         /* Filename to free when closing */
   const char *zVfs;           /* Name of VFS to use */
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;   /* Current statement if any. */
   FILE *pLog;            /* Write log output here */
+  int *aiIndent;         /* Array of indents used in MODE_Explain */
+  int nIndent;           /* Size of array aiIndent[] */
+  int iIndent;           /* Index of current op in aiIndent[] */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -501,7 +540,7 @@
   int i;
   char *zBlob = (char *)pBlob;
   fprintf(out,"X'");
-  for(i=0; i<nBlob; i++){ fprintf(out,"%02x",zBlob[i]); }
+  for(i=0; i<nBlob; i++){ fprintf(out,"%02x",zBlob[i]&0xff); }
   fprintf(out,"'");
 }
 
@@ -545,6 +584,9 @@
     if( c=='\\' ){
       fputc(c, out);
       fputc(c, out);
+    }else if( c=='"' ){
+      fputc('\\', out);
+      fputc('"', out);
     }else if( c=='\t' ){
       fputc('\\', out);
       fputc('t', out);
@@ -554,7 +596,7 @@
     }else if( c=='\r' ){
       fputc('\\', out);
       fputc('r', out);
-    }else if( !isprint(c) ){
+    }else if( !isprint(c&0xff) ){
       fprintf(out, "\\%03o", c&0xff);
     }else{
       fputc(c, out);
@@ -569,6 +611,7 @@
 */
 static void output_html_string(FILE *out, const char *z){
   int i;
+  if( z==0 ) z = "";
   while( *z ){
     for(i=0;   z[i] 
             && z[i]!='<' 
@@ -623,7 +666,8 @@
 /*
 ** Output a single term of CSV.  Actually, p->separator is used for
 ** the separator, which may or may not be a comma.  p->nullvalue is
-** the null value.  Strings are quoted if necessary.
+** the null value.  Strings are quoted if necessary.  The separator
+** is only issued if bSep is true.
 */
 static void output_csv(struct callback_data *p, const char *z, int bSep){
   FILE *out = p->out;
@@ -662,7 +706,8 @@
 */
 static void interrupt_handler(int NotUsed){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
-  seenInterrupt = 1;
+  seenInterrupt++;
+  if( seenInterrupt>2 ) exit(1);
   if( db ) sqlite3_interrupt(db);
 }
 #endif
@@ -700,7 +745,7 @@
           }else{
             w = 0;
           }
-          if( w<=0 ){
+          if( w==0 ){
             w = strlen30(azCol[i] ? azCol[i] : "");
             if( w<10 ) w = 10;
             n = strlen30(azArg && azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullvalue);
@@ -710,7 +755,11 @@
             p->actualWidth[i] = w;
           }
           if( p->showHeader ){
-            fprintf(p->out,"%-*.*s%s",w,w,azCol[i], i==nArg-1 ? "\n": "  ");
+            if( w<0 ){
+              fprintf(p->out,"%*.*s%s",-w,-w,azCol[i], i==nArg-1 ? "\n": "  ");
+            }else{
+              fprintf(p->out,"%-*.*s%s",w,w,azCol[i], i==nArg-1 ? "\n": "  ");
+            }
           }
         }
         if( p->showHeader ){
@@ -718,6 +767,7 @@
             int w;
             if( i<ArraySize(p->actualWidth) ){
                w = p->actualWidth[i];
+               if( w<0 ) w = -w;
             }else{
                w = 10;
             }
@@ -735,12 +785,22 @@
         }else{
            w = 10;
         }
-        if( p->mode==MODE_Explain && azArg[i] && 
-           strlen30(azArg[i])>w ){
+        if( p->mode==MODE_Explain && azArg[i] && strlen30(azArg[i])>w ){
           w = strlen30(azArg[i]);
         }
-        fprintf(p->out,"%-*.*s%s",w,w,
-            azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullvalue, i==nArg-1 ? "\n": "  ");
+        if( i==1 && p->aiIndent && p->pStmt ){
+          if( p->iIndent<p->nIndent ){
+            fprintf(p->out, "%*.s", p->aiIndent[p->iIndent], "");
+          }
+          p->iIndent++;
+        }
+        if( w<0 ){
+          fprintf(p->out,"%*.*s%s",-w,-w,
+              azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullvalue, i==nArg-1 ? "\n": "  ");
+        }else{
+          fprintf(p->out,"%-*.*s%s",w,w,
+              azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullvalue, i==nArg-1 ? "\n": "  ");
+        }
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -790,30 +850,39 @@
       if( p->cnt++==0 && p->showHeader ){
         for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
           output_c_string(p->out,azCol[i] ? azCol[i] : "");
-          fprintf(p->out, "%s", p->separator);
+          if(i<nArg-1) fprintf(p->out, "%s", p->separator);
         }
         fprintf(p->out,"\n");
       }
       if( azArg==0 ) break;
       for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
         output_c_string(p->out, azArg[i] ? azArg[i] : p->nullvalue);
-        fprintf(p->out, "%s", p->separator);
+        if(i<nArg-1) fprintf(p->out, "%s", p->separator);
       }
       fprintf(p->out,"\n");
       break;
     }
     case MODE_Csv: {
+#if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32)
+      fflush(p->out);
+      _setmode(_fileno(p->out), _O_BINARY);
+#endif
       if( p->cnt++==0 && p->showHeader ){
         for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
           output_csv(p, azCol[i] ? azCol[i] : "", i<nArg-1);
         }
-        fprintf(p->out,"\n");
+        fprintf(p->out,"%s",p->newline);
       }
-      if( azArg==0 ) break;
-      for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
-        output_csv(p, azArg[i], i<nArg-1);
+      if( azArg>0 ){
+        for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
+          output_csv(p, azArg[i], i<nArg-1);
+        }
+        fprintf(p->out,"%s",p->newline);
       }
-      fprintf(p->out,"\n");
+#if defined(WIN32) || defined(_WIN32)
+      fflush(p->out);
+      _setmode(_fileno(p->out), _O_TEXT);
+#endif
       break;
     }
     case MODE_Insert: {
@@ -827,7 +896,8 @@
         }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_TEXT ){
           if( zSep[0] ) fprintf(p->out,"%s",zSep);
           output_quoted_string(p->out, azArg[i]);
-        }else if( aiType && (aiType[i]==SQLITE_INTEGER || aiType[i]==SQLITE_FLOAT) ){
+        }else if( aiType && (aiType[i]==SQLITE_INTEGER
+                             || aiType[i]==SQLITE_FLOAT) ){
           fprintf(p->out,"%s%s",zSep, azArg[i]);
         }else if( aiType && aiType[i]==SQLITE_BLOB && p->pStmt ){
           const void *pBlob = sqlite3_column_blob(p->pStmt, i);
@@ -961,10 +1031,10 @@
   int nResult;
   int i;
   const char *z;
-  rc = sqlite3_prepare(p->db, zSelect, -1, &pSelect, 0);
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSelect, -1, &pSelect, 0);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || !pSelect ){
     fprintf(p->out, "/**** ERROR: (%d) %s *****/\n", rc, sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
-    p->nErr++;
+    if( (rc&0xff)!=SQLITE_CORRUPT ) p->nErr++;
     return rc;
   }
   rc = sqlite3_step(pSelect);
@@ -991,7 +1061,7 @@
   rc = sqlite3_finalize(pSelect);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     fprintf(p->out, "/**** ERROR: (%d) %s *****/\n", rc, sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
-    p->nErr++;
+    if( (rc&0xff)!=SQLITE_CORRUPT ) p->nErr++;
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -1082,6 +1152,9 @@
     sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS, &iCur, &iHiwtr, 1);
     fprintf(pArg->out, "Page cache misses:                   %d\n", iCur); 
     iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
+    sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE, &iCur, &iHiwtr, 1);
+    fprintf(pArg->out, "Page cache writes:                   %d\n", iCur); 
+    iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
     sqlite3_db_status(db, SQLITE_DBSTATUS_SCHEMA_USED, &iCur, &iHiwtr, bReset);
     fprintf(pArg->out, "Schema Heap Usage:                   %d bytes\n", iCur); 
     iHiwtr = iCur = -1;
@@ -1096,12 +1169,113 @@
     fprintf(pArg->out, "Sort Operations:                     %d\n", iCur);
     iCur = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX, bReset);
     fprintf(pArg->out, "Autoindex Inserts:                   %d\n", iCur);
+    iCur = sqlite3_stmt_status(pArg->pStmt, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP, bReset);
+    fprintf(pArg->out, "Virtual Machine Steps:               %d\n", iCur);
   }
 
   return 0;
 }
 
 /*
+** Parameter azArray points to a zero-terminated array of strings. zStr
+** points to a single nul-terminated string. Return non-zero if zStr
+** is equal, according to strcmp(), to any of the strings in the array.
+** Otherwise, return zero.
+*/
+static int str_in_array(const char *zStr, const char **azArray){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; azArray[i]; i++){
+    if( 0==strcmp(zStr, azArray[i]) ) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** If compiled statement pSql appears to be an EXPLAIN statement, allocate
+** and populate the callback_data.aiIndent[] array with the number of
+** spaces each opcode should be indented before it is output. 
+**
+** The indenting rules are:
+**
+**     * For each "Next", "Prev", "VNext" or "VPrev" instruction, indent
+**       all opcodes that occur between the p2 jump destination and the opcode
+**       itself by 2 spaces.
+**
+**     * For each "Goto", if the jump destination is earlier in the program
+**       and ends on one of:
+**          Yield  SeekGt  SeekLt  RowSetRead  Rewind
+**       or if the P1 parameter is one instead of zero,
+**       then indent all opcodes between the earlier instruction
+**       and "Goto" by 2 spaces.
+*/
+static void explain_data_prepare(struct callback_data *p, sqlite3_stmt *pSql){
+  const char *zSql;               /* The text of the SQL statement */
+  const char *z;                  /* Used to check if this is an EXPLAIN */
+  int *abYield = 0;               /* True if op is an OP_Yield */
+  int nAlloc = 0;                 /* Allocated size of p->aiIndent[], abYield */
+  int iOp;                        /* Index of operation in p->aiIndent[] */
+
+  const char *azNext[] = { "Next", "Prev", "VPrev", "VNext", "SorterNext",
+                           "NextIfOpen", "PrevIfOpen", 0 };
+  const char *azYield[] = { "Yield", "SeekLT", "SeekGT", "RowSetRead", "Rewind", 0 };
+  const char *azGoto[] = { "Goto", 0 };
+
+  /* Try to figure out if this is really an EXPLAIN statement. If this
+  ** cannot be verified, return early.  */
+  zSql = sqlite3_sql(pSql);
+  if( zSql==0 ) return;
+  for(z=zSql; *z==' ' || *z=='\t' || *z=='\n' || *z=='\f' || *z=='\r'; z++);
+  if( sqlite3_strnicmp(z, "explain", 7) ) return;
+
+  for(iOp=0; SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pSql); iOp++){
+    int i;
+    int iAddr = sqlite3_column_int(pSql, 0);
+    const char *zOp = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pSql, 1);
+
+    /* Set p2 to the P2 field of the current opcode. Then, assuming that
+    ** p2 is an instruction address, set variable p2op to the index of that
+    ** instruction in the aiIndent[] array. p2 and p2op may be different if
+    ** the current instruction is part of a sub-program generated by an
+    ** SQL trigger or foreign key.  */
+    int p2 = sqlite3_column_int(pSql, 3);
+    int p2op = (p2 + (iOp-iAddr));
+
+    /* Grow the p->aiIndent array as required */
+    if( iOp>=nAlloc ){
+      nAlloc += 100;
+      p->aiIndent = (int*)sqlite3_realloc(p->aiIndent, nAlloc*sizeof(int));
+      abYield = (int*)sqlite3_realloc(abYield, nAlloc*sizeof(int));
+    }
+    abYield[iOp] = str_in_array(zOp, azYield);
+    p->aiIndent[iOp] = 0;
+    p->nIndent = iOp+1;
+
+    if( str_in_array(zOp, azNext) ){
+      for(i=p2op; i<iOp; i++) p->aiIndent[i] += 2;
+    }
+    if( str_in_array(zOp, azGoto) && p2op<p->nIndent
+     && (abYield[p2op] || sqlite3_column_int(pSql, 2))
+    ){
+      for(i=p2op+1; i<iOp; i++) p->aiIndent[i] += 2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  p->iIndent = 0;
+  sqlite3_free(abYield);
+  sqlite3_reset(pSql);
+}
+
+/*
+** Free the array allocated by explain_data_prepare().
+*/
+static void explain_data_delete(struct callback_data *p){
+  sqlite3_free(p->aiIndent);
+  p->aiIndent = 0;
+  p->nIndent = 0;
+  p->iIndent = 0;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Execute a statement or set of statements.  Print 
 ** any result rows/columns depending on the current mode 
 ** set via the supplied callback.
@@ -1153,6 +1327,23 @@
         fprintf(pArg->out, "%s\n", zStmtSql ? zStmtSql : zSql);
       }
 
+      /* Show the EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN if .eqp is on */
+      if( pArg && pArg->autoEQP ){
+        sqlite3_stmt *pExplain;
+        char *zEQP = sqlite3_mprintf("EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN %s", sqlite3_sql(pStmt));
+        rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zEQP, -1, &pExplain, 0);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          while( sqlite3_step(pExplain)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+            fprintf(pArg->out,"--EQP-- %d,", sqlite3_column_int(pExplain, 0));
+            fprintf(pArg->out,"%d,", sqlite3_column_int(pExplain, 1));
+            fprintf(pArg->out,"%d,", sqlite3_column_int(pExplain, 2));
+            fprintf(pArg->out,"%s\n", sqlite3_column_text(pExplain, 3));
+          }
+        }
+        sqlite3_finalize(pExplain);
+        sqlite3_free(zEQP);
+      }
+
       /* Output TESTCTRL_EXPLAIN text of requested */
       if( pArg && pArg->mode==MODE_Explain ){
         const char *zExplain = 0;
@@ -1162,6 +1353,12 @@
         }
       }
 
+      /* If the shell is currently in ".explain" mode, gather the extra
+      ** data required to add indents to the output.*/
+      if( pArg && pArg->mode==MODE_Explain ){
+        explain_data_prepare(pArg, pStmt);
+      }
+
       /* perform the first step.  this will tell us if we
       ** have a result set or not and how wide it is.
       */
@@ -1179,7 +1376,7 @@
             char **azCols = (char **)pData;      /* Names of result columns */
             char **azVals = &azCols[nCol];       /* Results */
             int *aiTypes = (int *)&azVals[nCol]; /* Result types */
-            int i;
+            int i, x;
             assert(sizeof(int) <= sizeof(char *)); 
             /* save off ptrs to column names */
             for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
@@ -1188,8 +1385,12 @@
             do{
               /* extract the data and data types */
               for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-                azVals[i] = (char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, i);
-                aiTypes[i] = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, i);
+                aiTypes[i] = x = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, i);
+                if( x==SQLITE_BLOB && pArg && pArg->mode==MODE_Insert ){
+                  azVals[i] = "";
+                }else{
+                  azVals[i] = (char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, i);
+                }
                 if( !azVals[i] && (aiTypes[i]!=SQLITE_NULL) ){
                   rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
                   break; /* from for */
@@ -1215,6 +1416,8 @@
         }
       }
 
+      explain_data_delete(pArg);
+
       /* print usage stats if stats on */
       if( pArg && pArg->statsOn ){
         display_stats(db, pArg, 0);
@@ -1265,7 +1468,7 @@
   
   if( strcmp(zTable, "sqlite_sequence")==0 ){
     zPrepStmt = "DELETE FROM sqlite_sequence;\n";
-  }else if( strcmp(zTable, "sqlite_stat1")==0 ){
+  }else if( sqlite3_strglob("sqlite_stat?", zTable)==0 ){
     fprintf(p->out, "ANALYZE sqlite_master;\n");
   }else if( strncmp(zTable, "sqlite_", 7)==0 ){
     return 0;
@@ -1292,27 +1495,24 @@
     char *zTableInfo = 0;
     char *zTmp = 0;
     int nRow = 0;
-    int kk;
    
     zTableInfo = appendText(zTableInfo, "PRAGMA table_info(", 0);
     zTableInfo = appendText(zTableInfo, zTable, '"');
     zTableInfo = appendText(zTableInfo, ");", 0);
 
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare(p->db, zTableInfo, -1, &pTableInfo, 0);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zTableInfo, -1, &pTableInfo, 0);
     free(zTableInfo);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || !pTableInfo ){
       return 1;
     }
 
     zSelect = appendText(zSelect, "SELECT 'INSERT INTO ' || ", 0);
-    if( !isalpha(zTable[0]) ){
-      kk = 0;
-    }else{
-      for(kk=1; isalnum(zTable[kk]); kk++){}
-    }
-    zTmp = appendText(zTmp, zTable, zTable[kk] ? '"' : 0);
+    /* Always quote the table name, even if it appears to be pure ascii,
+    ** in case it is a keyword. Ex:  INSERT INTO "table" ... */
+    zTmp = appendText(zTmp, zTable, '"');
     if( zTmp ){
       zSelect = appendText(zSelect, zTmp, '\'');
+      free(zTmp);
     }
     zSelect = appendText(zSelect, " || ' VALUES(' || ", 0);
     rc = sqlite3_step(pTableInfo);
@@ -1341,7 +1541,7 @@
       zSelect = appendText(zSelect, " ORDER BY rowid DESC", 0);
       run_table_dump_query(p, zSelect, 0);
     }
-    if( zSelect ) free(zSelect);
+    free(zSelect);
   }
   return 0;
 }
@@ -1371,7 +1571,7 @@
     }
     zQ2 = malloc( len+100 );
     if( zQ2==0 ) return rc;
-    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zQ2), zQ2, "%s ORDER BY rowid DESC", zQuery);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(len+100, zQ2, "%s ORDER BY rowid DESC", zQuery);
     rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, zQ2, dump_callback, p, &zErr);
     if( rc ){
       fprintf(p->out, "/****** ERROR: %s ******/\n", zErr);
@@ -1389,16 +1589,19 @@
 */
 static char zHelp[] =
   ".backup ?DB? FILE      Backup DB (default \"main\") to FILE\n"
-  ".bail ON|OFF           Stop after hitting an error.  Default OFF\n"
+  ".bail on|off           Stop after hitting an error.  Default OFF\n"
+  ".clone NEWDB           Clone data into NEWDB from the existing database\n"
   ".databases             List names and files of attached databases\n"
   ".dump ?TABLE? ...      Dump the database in an SQL text format\n"
   "                         If TABLE specified, only dump tables matching\n"
   "                         LIKE pattern TABLE.\n"
-  ".echo ON|OFF           Turn command echo on or off\n"
+  ".echo on|off           Turn command echo on or off\n"
+  ".eqp on|off            Enable or disable automatic EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN\n"
   ".exit                  Exit this program\n"
-  ".explain ?ON|OFF?      Turn output mode suitable for EXPLAIN on or off.\n"
+  ".explain ?on|off?      Turn output mode suitable for EXPLAIN on or off.\n"
   "                         With no args, it turns EXPLAIN on.\n"
-  ".header(s) ON|OFF      Turn display of headers on or off\n"
+  ".fullschema            Show schema and the content of sqlite_stat tables\n"
+  ".headers on|off        Turn display of headers on or off\n"
   ".help                  Show this message\n"
   ".import FILE TABLE     Import data from FILE into TABLE\n"
   ".indices ?TABLE?       Show names of all indices\n"
@@ -1420,40 +1623,106 @@
   "                         list     Values delimited by .separator string\n"
   "                         tabs     Tab-separated values\n"
   "                         tcl      TCL list elements\n"
-  ".nullvalue STRING      Print STRING in place of NULL values\n"
-  ".output FILENAME       Send output to FILENAME\n"
-  ".output stdout         Send output to the screen\n"
+  ".nullvalue STRING      Use STRING in place of NULL values\n"
+  ".once FILENAME         Output for the next SQL command only to FILENAME\n"
+  ".open ?FILENAME?       Close existing database and reopen FILENAME\n"
+  ".output ?FILENAME?     Send output to FILENAME or stdout\n"
+  ".print STRING...       Print literal STRING\n"
   ".prompt MAIN CONTINUE  Replace the standard prompts\n"
   ".quit                  Exit this program\n"
   ".read FILENAME         Execute SQL in FILENAME\n"
   ".restore ?DB? FILE     Restore content of DB (default \"main\") from FILE\n"
+  ".save FILE             Write in-memory database into FILE\n"
   ".schema ?TABLE?        Show the CREATE statements\n"
   "                         If TABLE specified, only show tables matching\n"
   "                         LIKE pattern TABLE.\n"
-  ".separator STRING      Change separator used by output mode and .import\n"
+  ".separator STRING ?NL? Change separator used by output mode and .import\n"
+  "                         NL is the end-of-line mark for CSV\n"
+  ".shell CMD ARGS...     Run CMD ARGS... in a system shell\n"
   ".show                  Show the current values for various settings\n"
-  ".stats ON|OFF          Turn stats on or off\n"
+  ".stats on|off          Turn stats on or off\n"
+  ".system CMD ARGS...    Run CMD ARGS... in a system shell\n"
   ".tables ?TABLE?        List names of tables\n"
   "                         If TABLE specified, only list tables matching\n"
   "                         LIKE pattern TABLE.\n"
   ".timeout MS            Try opening locked tables for MS milliseconds\n"
+  ".timer on|off          Turn SQL timer on or off\n"
+  ".trace FILE|off        Output each SQL statement as it is run\n"
   ".vfsname ?AUX?         Print the name of the VFS stack\n"
   ".width NUM1 NUM2 ...   Set column widths for \"column\" mode\n"
-;
-
-static char zTimerHelp[] =
-  ".timer ON|OFF          Turn the CPU timer measurement on or off\n"
+  "                         Negative values right-justify\n"
 ;
 
 /* Forward reference */
 static int process_input(struct callback_data *p, FILE *in);
+/*
+** Implementation of the "readfile(X)" SQL function.  The entire content
+** of the file named X is read and returned as a BLOB.  NULL is returned
+** if the file does not exist or is unreadable.
+*/
+static void readfileFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const char *zName;
+  FILE *in;
+  long nIn;
+  void *pBuf;
+
+  zName = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  if( zName==0 ) return;
+  in = fopen(zName, "rb");
+  if( in==0 ) return;
+  fseek(in, 0, SEEK_END);
+  nIn = ftell(in);
+  rewind(in);
+  pBuf = sqlite3_malloc( nIn );
+  if( pBuf && 1==fread(pBuf, nIn, 1, in) ){
+    sqlite3_result_blob(context, pBuf, nIn, sqlite3_free);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_free(pBuf);
+  }
+  fclose(in);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the "writefile(X,Y)" SQL function.  The argument Y
+** is written into file X.  The number of bytes written is returned.  Or
+** NULL is returned if something goes wrong, such as being unable to open
+** file X for writing.
+*/
+static void writefileFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  FILE *out;
+  const char *z;
+  sqlite3_int64 rc;
+  const char *zFile;
+
+  zFile = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  if( zFile==0 ) return;
+  out = fopen(zFile, "wb");
+  if( out==0 ) return;
+  z = (const char*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[1]);
+  if( z==0 ){
+    rc = 0;
+  }else{
+    rc = fwrite(z, 1, sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[1]), out);
+  }
+  fclose(out);
+  sqlite3_result_int64(context, rc);
+}
 
 /*
 ** Make sure the database is open.  If it is not, then open it.  If
 ** the database fails to open, print an error message and exit.
 */
-static void open_db(struct callback_data *p){
+static void open_db(struct callback_data *p, int keepAlive){
   if( p->db==0 ){
+    sqlite3_initialize();
     sqlite3_open(p->zDbFilename, &p->db);
     db = p->db;
     if( db && sqlite3_errcode(db)==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -1463,11 +1732,17 @@
     if( db==0 || SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3_errcode(db) ){
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: unable to open database \"%s\": %s\n", 
           p->zDbFilename, sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+      if( keepAlive ) return;
       exit(1);
     }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
     sqlite3_enable_load_extension(p->db, 1);
 #endif
+    sqlite3_create_function(db, "readfile", 1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
+                            readfileFunc, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3_create_function(db, "writefile", 2, SQLITE_UTF8, 0,
+                            writefileFunc, 0, 0);
+
     // Begin Android Add
     #ifndef NO_ANDROID_FUNCS
         int err = register_localized_collators(db, "en_US", 0);
@@ -1491,12 +1766,14 @@
 **    \t    -> tab
 **    \n    -> newline
 **    \r    -> carriage return
+**    \"    -> "
 **    \NNN  -> ascii character NNN in octal
 **    \\    -> backslash
 */
 static void resolve_backslashes(char *z){
   int i, j;
   char c;
+  while( *z && *z!='\\' ) z++;
   for(i=j=0; (c = z[i])!=0; i++, j++){
     if( c=='\\' ){
       c = z[++i];
@@ -1506,6 +1783,8 @@
         c = '\t';
       }else if( c=='r' ){
         c = '\r';
+      }else if( c=='\\' ){
+        c = '\\';
       }else if( c>='0' && c<='7' ){
         c -= '0';
         if( z[i+1]>='0' && z[i+1]<='7' ){
@@ -1520,24 +1799,461 @@
     }
     z[j] = c;
   }
-  z[j] = 0;
+  if( j<i ) z[j] = 0;
 }
 
 /*
-** Interpret zArg as a boolean value.  Return either 0 or 1.
+** Return the value of a hexadecimal digit.  Return -1 if the input
+** is not a hex digit.
+*/
+static int hexDigitValue(char c){
+  if( c>='0' && c<='9' ) return c - '0';
+  if( c>='a' && c<='f' ) return c - 'a' + 10;
+  if( c>='A' && c<='F' ) return c - 'A' + 10;
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+** Interpret zArg as an integer value, possibly with suffixes.
+*/
+static sqlite3_int64 integerValue(const char *zArg){
+  sqlite3_int64 v = 0;
+  static const struct { char *zSuffix; int iMult; } aMult[] = {
+    { "KiB", 1024 },
+    { "MiB", 1024*1024 },
+    { "GiB", 1024*1024*1024 },
+    { "KB",  1000 },
+    { "MB",  1000000 },
+    { "GB",  1000000000 },
+    { "K",   1000 },
+    { "M",   1000000 },
+    { "G",   1000000000 },
+  };
+  int i;
+  int isNeg = 0;
+  if( zArg[0]=='-' ){
+    isNeg = 1;
+    zArg++;
+  }else if( zArg[0]=='+' ){
+    zArg++;
+  }
+  if( zArg[0]=='0' && zArg[1]=='x' ){
+    int x;
+    zArg += 2;
+    while( (x = hexDigitValue(zArg[0]))>=0 ){
+      v = (v<<4) + x;
+      zArg++;
+    }
+  }else{
+    while( IsDigit(zArg[0]) ){
+      v = v*10 + zArg[0] - '0';
+      zArg++;
+    }
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aMult); i++){
+    if( sqlite3_stricmp(aMult[i].zSuffix, zArg)==0 ){
+      v *= aMult[i].iMult;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return isNeg? -v : v;
+}
+
+/*
+** Interpret zArg as either an integer or a boolean value.  Return 1 or 0
+** for TRUE and FALSE.  Return the integer value if appropriate.
 */
 static int booleanValue(char *zArg){
-  int val = atoi(zArg);
-  int j;
-  for(j=0; zArg[j]; j++){
-    zArg[j] = ToLower(zArg[j]);
+  int i;
+  if( zArg[0]=='0' && zArg[1]=='x' ){
+    for(i=2; hexDigitValue(zArg[i])>=0; i++){}
+  }else{
+    for(i=0; zArg[i]>='0' && zArg[i]<='9'; i++){}
   }
-  if( strcmp(zArg,"on")==0 ){
-    val = 1;
-  }else if( strcmp(zArg,"yes")==0 ){
-    val = 1;
+  if( i>0 && zArg[i]==0 ) return (int)(integerValue(zArg) & 0xffffffff);
+  if( sqlite3_stricmp(zArg, "on")==0 || sqlite3_stricmp(zArg,"yes")==0 ){
+    return 1;
   }
-  return val;
+  if( sqlite3_stricmp(zArg, "off")==0 || sqlite3_stricmp(zArg,"no")==0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: Not a boolean value: \"%s\". Assuming \"no\".\n",
+          zArg);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close an output file, assuming it is not stderr or stdout
+*/
+static void output_file_close(FILE *f){
+  if( f && f!=stdout && f!=stderr ) fclose(f);
+}
+
+/*
+** Try to open an output file.   The names "stdout" and "stderr" are
+** recognized and do the right thing.  NULL is returned if the output 
+** filename is "off".
+*/
+static FILE *output_file_open(const char *zFile){
+  FILE *f;
+  if( strcmp(zFile,"stdout")==0 ){
+    f = stdout;
+  }else if( strcmp(zFile, "stderr")==0 ){
+    f = stderr;
+  }else if( strcmp(zFile, "off")==0 ){
+    f = 0;
+  }else{
+    f = fopen(zFile, "wb");
+    if( f==0 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zFile);
+    }
+  }
+  return f;
+}
+
+/*
+** A routine for handling output from sqlite3_trace().
+*/
+static void sql_trace_callback(void *pArg, const char *z){
+  FILE *f = (FILE*)pArg;
+  if( f ) fprintf(f, "%s\n", z);
+}
+
+/*
+** A no-op routine that runs with the ".breakpoint" doc-command.  This is
+** a useful spot to set a debugger breakpoint.
+*/
+static void test_breakpoint(void){
+  static int nCall = 0;
+  nCall++;
+}
+
+/*
+** An object used to read a CSV file
+*/
+typedef struct CSVReader CSVReader;
+struct CSVReader {
+  const char *zFile;  /* Name of the input file */
+  FILE *in;           /* Read the CSV text from this input stream */
+  char *z;            /* Accumulated text for a field */
+  int n;              /* Number of bytes in z */
+  int nAlloc;         /* Space allocated for z[] */
+  int nLine;          /* Current line number */
+  int cTerm;          /* Character that terminated the most recent field */
+  int cSeparator;     /* The separator character.  (Usually ",") */
+};
+
+/* Append a single byte to z[] */
+static void csv_append_char(CSVReader *p, int c){
+  if( p->n+1>=p->nAlloc ){
+    p->nAlloc += p->nAlloc + 100;
+    p->z = sqlite3_realloc(p->z, p->nAlloc);
+    if( p->z==0 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
+      exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+  p->z[p->n++] = (char)c;
+}
+
+/* Read a single field of CSV text.  Compatible with rfc4180 and extended
+** with the option of having a separator other than ",".
+**
+**   +  Input comes from p->in.
+**   +  Store results in p->z of length p->n.  Space to hold p->z comes
+**      from sqlite3_malloc().
+**   +  Use p->cSep as the separator.  The default is ",".
+**   +  Keep track of the line number in p->nLine.
+**   +  Store the character that terminates the field in p->cTerm.  Store
+**      EOF on end-of-file.
+**   +  Report syntax errors on stderr
+*/
+static char *csv_read_one_field(CSVReader *p){
+  int c, pc, ppc;
+  int cSep = p->cSeparator;
+  p->n = 0;
+  c = fgetc(p->in);
+  if( c==EOF || seenInterrupt ){
+    p->cTerm = EOF;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( c=='"' ){
+    int startLine = p->nLine;
+    int cQuote = c;
+    pc = ppc = 0;
+    while( 1 ){
+      c = fgetc(p->in);
+      if( c=='\n' ) p->nLine++;
+      if( c==cQuote ){
+        if( pc==cQuote ){
+          pc = 0;
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+      if( (c==cSep && pc==cQuote)
+       || (c=='\n' && pc==cQuote)
+       || (c=='\n' && pc=='\r' && ppc==cQuote)
+       || (c==EOF && pc==cQuote)
+      ){
+        do{ p->n--; }while( p->z[p->n]!=cQuote );
+        p->cTerm = c;
+        break;
+      }
+      if( pc==cQuote && c!='\r' ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: unescaped %c character\n",
+                p->zFile, p->nLine, cQuote);
+      }
+      if( c==EOF ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: unterminated %c-quoted field\n",
+                p->zFile, startLine, cQuote);
+        p->cTerm = EOF;
+        break;
+      }
+      csv_append_char(p, c);
+      ppc = pc;
+      pc = c;
+    }
+  }else{
+    while( c!=EOF && c!=cSep && c!='\n' ){
+      csv_append_char(p, c);
+      c = fgetc(p->in);
+    }
+    if( c=='\n' ){
+      p->nLine++;
+      if( p->n>0 && p->z[p->n-1]=='\r' ) p->n--;
+    }
+    p->cTerm = c;
+  }
+  if( p->z ) p->z[p->n] = 0;
+  return p->z;
+}
+
+/*
+** Try to transfer data for table zTable.  If an error is seen while
+** moving forward, try to go backwards.  The backwards movement won't
+** work for WITHOUT ROWID tables.
+*/
+static void tryToCloneData(
+  struct callback_data *p,
+  sqlite3 *newDb,
+  const char *zTable
+){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pQuery = 0; 
+  sqlite3_stmt *pInsert = 0;
+  char *zQuery = 0;
+  char *zInsert = 0;
+  int rc;
+  int i, j, n;
+  int nTable = (int)strlen(zTable);
+  int k = 0;
+  int cnt = 0;
+  const int spinRate = 10000;
+
+  zQuery = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT * FROM \"%w\"", zTable);
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zQuery, -1, &pQuery, 0);
+  if( rc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error %d: %s on [%s]\n",
+            sqlite3_extended_errcode(p->db), sqlite3_errmsg(p->db),
+            zQuery);
+    goto end_data_xfer;
+  }
+  n = sqlite3_column_count(pQuery);
+  zInsert = sqlite3_malloc(200 + nTable + n*3);
+  if( zInsert==0 ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "out of memory\n");
+    goto end_data_xfer;
+  }
+  sqlite3_snprintf(200+nTable,zInsert,
+                   "INSERT OR IGNORE INTO \"%s\" VALUES(?", zTable);
+  i = (int)strlen(zInsert);
+  for(j=1; j<n; j++){
+    memcpy(zInsert+i, ",?", 2);
+    i += 2;
+  }
+  memcpy(zInsert+i, ");", 3);
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(newDb, zInsert, -1, &pInsert, 0);
+  if( rc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error %d: %s on [%s]\n",
+            sqlite3_extended_errcode(newDb), sqlite3_errmsg(newDb),
+            zQuery);
+    goto end_data_xfer;
+  }
+  for(k=0; k<2; k++){
+    while( (rc = sqlite3_step(pQuery))==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      for(i=0; i<n; i++){
+        switch( sqlite3_column_type(pQuery, i) ){
+          case SQLITE_NULL: {
+            sqlite3_bind_null(pInsert, i+1);
+            break;
+          }
+          case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
+            sqlite3_bind_int64(pInsert, i+1, sqlite3_column_int64(pQuery,i));
+            break;
+          }
+          case SQLITE_FLOAT: {
+            sqlite3_bind_double(pInsert, i+1, sqlite3_column_double(pQuery,i));
+            break;
+          }
+          case SQLITE_TEXT: {
+            sqlite3_bind_text(pInsert, i+1,
+                             (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pQuery,i),
+                             -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+            break;
+          }
+          case SQLITE_BLOB: {
+            sqlite3_bind_blob(pInsert, i+1, sqlite3_column_blob(pQuery,i),
+                                            sqlite3_column_bytes(pQuery,i),
+                                            SQLITE_STATIC);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      } /* End for */
+      rc = sqlite3_step(pInsert);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_ROW && rc!=SQLITE_DONE ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error %d: %s\n", sqlite3_extended_errcode(newDb),
+                        sqlite3_errmsg(newDb));
+      }
+      sqlite3_reset(pInsert);
+      cnt++;
+      if( (cnt%spinRate)==0 ){
+        printf("%c\b", "|/-\\"[(cnt/spinRate)%4]);
+        fflush(stdout);
+      }
+    } /* End while */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) break;
+    sqlite3_finalize(pQuery);
+    sqlite3_free(zQuery);
+    zQuery = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT * FROM \"%w\" ORDER BY rowid DESC;",
+                             zTable);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zQuery, -1, &pQuery, 0);
+    if( rc ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Warning: cannot step \"%s\" backwards", zTable);
+      break;
+    }
+  } /* End for(k=0...) */
+
+end_data_xfer:
+  sqlite3_finalize(pQuery);
+  sqlite3_finalize(pInsert);
+  sqlite3_free(zQuery);
+  sqlite3_free(zInsert);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Try to transfer all rows of the schema that match zWhere.  For
+** each row, invoke xForEach() on the object defined by that row.
+** If an error is encountered while moving forward through the
+** sqlite_master table, try again moving backwards.
+*/
+static void tryToCloneSchema(
+  struct callback_data *p,
+  sqlite3 *newDb,
+  const char *zWhere,
+  void (*xForEach)(struct callback_data*,sqlite3*,const char*)
+){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pQuery = 0;
+  char *zQuery = 0;
+  int rc;
+  const unsigned char *zName;
+  const unsigned char *zSql;
+  char *zErrMsg = 0;
+
+  zQuery = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT name, sql FROM sqlite_master"
+                           " WHERE %s", zWhere);
+  rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zQuery, -1, &pQuery, 0);
+  if( rc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "Error: (%d) %s on [%s]\n",
+                    sqlite3_extended_errcode(p->db), sqlite3_errmsg(p->db),
+                    zQuery);
+    goto end_schema_xfer;
+  }
+  while( (rc = sqlite3_step(pQuery))==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    zName = sqlite3_column_text(pQuery, 0);
+    zSql = sqlite3_column_text(pQuery, 1);
+    printf("%s... ", zName); fflush(stdout);
+    sqlite3_exec(newDb, (const char*)zSql, 0, 0, &zErrMsg);
+    if( zErrMsg ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\nSQL: [%s]\n", zErrMsg, zSql);
+      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
+      zErrMsg = 0;
+    }
+    if( xForEach ){
+      xForEach(p, newDb, (const char*)zName);
+    }
+    printf("done\n");
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_DONE ){
+    sqlite3_finalize(pQuery);
+    sqlite3_free(zQuery);
+    zQuery = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT name, sql FROM sqlite_master"
+                             " WHERE %s ORDER BY rowid DESC", zWhere);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zQuery, -1, &pQuery, 0);
+    if( rc ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Error: (%d) %s on [%s]\n",
+                      sqlite3_extended_errcode(p->db), sqlite3_errmsg(p->db),
+                      zQuery);
+      goto end_schema_xfer;
+    }
+    while( (rc = sqlite3_step(pQuery))==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      zName = sqlite3_column_text(pQuery, 0);
+      zSql = sqlite3_column_text(pQuery, 1);
+      printf("%s... ", zName); fflush(stdout);
+      sqlite3_exec(newDb, (const char*)zSql, 0, 0, &zErrMsg);
+      if( zErrMsg ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\nSQL: [%s]\n", zErrMsg, zSql);
+        sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
+        zErrMsg = 0;
+      }
+      if( xForEach ){
+        xForEach(p, newDb, (const char*)zName);
+      }
+      printf("done\n");
+    }
+  }
+end_schema_xfer:
+  sqlite3_finalize(pQuery);
+  sqlite3_free(zQuery);
+}
+
+/*
+** Open a new database file named "zNewDb".  Try to recover as much information
+** as possible out of the main database (which might be corrupt) and write it
+** into zNewDb.
+*/
+static void tryToClone(struct callback_data *p, const char *zNewDb){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3 *newDb = 0;
+  if( access(zNewDb,0)==0 ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "File \"%s\" already exists.\n", zNewDb);
+    return;
+  }
+  rc = sqlite3_open(zNewDb, &newDb);
+  if( rc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "Cannot create output database: %s\n",
+            sqlite3_errmsg(newDb));
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "PRAGMA writable_schema=ON;", 0, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3_exec(newDb, "BEGIN EXCLUSIVE;", 0, 0, 0);
+    tryToCloneSchema(p, newDb, "type='table'", tryToCloneData);
+    tryToCloneSchema(p, newDb, "type!='table'", 0);
+    sqlite3_exec(newDb, "COMMIT;", 0, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF;", 0, 0, 0);
+  }
+  sqlite3_close(newDb);
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the output file back to stdout
+*/
+static void output_reset(struct callback_data *p){
+  if( p->outfile[0]=='|' ){
+    pclose(p->out);
+  }else{
+    output_file_close(p->out);
+  }
+  p->outfile[0] = 0;
+  p->out = stdout;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1561,7 +2277,10 @@
     if( zLine[i]=='\'' || zLine[i]=='"' ){
       int delim = zLine[i++];
       azArg[nArg++] = &zLine[i];
-      while( zLine[i] && zLine[i]!=delim ){ i++; }
+      while( zLine[i] && zLine[i]!=delim ){ 
+        if( zLine[i]=='\\' && delim=='"' && zLine[i+1]!=0 ) i++;
+        i++; 
+      }
       if( zLine[i]==delim ){
         zLine[i++] = 0;
       }
@@ -1579,25 +2298,45 @@
   if( nArg==0 ) return 0; /* no tokens, no error */
   n = strlen30(azArg[0]);
   c = azArg[0][0];
-  if( c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "backup", n)==0 && nArg>1 && nArg<4){
-    const char *zDestFile;
-    const char *zDb;
+  if( (c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "backup", n)==0)
+   || (c=='s' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "save", n)==0)
+  ){
+    const char *zDestFile = 0;
+    const char *zDb = 0;
     sqlite3 *pDest;
     sqlite3_backup *pBackup;
-    if( nArg==2 ){
-      zDestFile = azArg[1];
-      zDb = "main";
-    }else{
-      zDestFile = azArg[2];
-      zDb = azArg[1];
+    int j;
+    for(j=1; j<nArg; j++){
+      const char *z = azArg[j];
+      if( z[0]=='-' ){
+        while( z[0]=='-' ) z++;
+        /* No options to process at this time */
+        {
+          fprintf(stderr, "unknown option: %s\n", azArg[j]);
+          return 1;
+        }
+      }else if( zDestFile==0 ){
+        zDestFile = azArg[j];
+      }else if( zDb==0 ){
+        zDb = zDestFile;
+        zDestFile = azArg[j];
+      }else{
+        fprintf(stderr, "too many arguments to .backup\n");
+        return 1;
+      }
     }
+    if( zDestFile==0 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "missing FILENAME argument on .backup\n");
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( zDb==0 ) zDb = "main";
     rc = sqlite3_open(zDestFile, &pDest);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zDestFile);
       sqlite3_close(pDest);
       return 1;
     }
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
     pBackup = sqlite3_backup_init(pDest, "main", p->db, zDb);
     if( pBackup==0 ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(pDest));
@@ -1615,14 +2354,35 @@
     sqlite3_close(pDest);
   }else
 
-  if( c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "bail", n)==0 && nArg>1 && nArg<3 ){
-    bail_on_error = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+  if( c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "bail", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      bail_on_error = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .bail on|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='d' && n>1 && strncmp(azArg[0], "databases", n)==0 && nArg==1 ){
+  /* The undocumented ".breakpoint" command causes a call to the no-op
+  ** routine named test_breakpoint().
+  */
+  if( c=='b' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "breakpoint", n)==0 ){
+    test_breakpoint();
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='c' && strncmp(azArg[0], "clone", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      tryToClone(p, azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .clone FILENAME\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='d' && n>1 && strncmp(azArg[0], "databases", n)==0 ){
     struct callback_data data;
     char *zErrMsg = 0;
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
     memcpy(&data, p, sizeof(data));
     data.showHeader = 1;
     data.mode = MODE_Column;
@@ -1638,11 +2398,16 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='d' && strncmp(azArg[0], "dump", n)==0 && nArg<3 ){
-    open_db(p);
+  if( c=='d' && strncmp(azArg[0], "dump", n)==0 ){
+    open_db(p, 0);
     /* When playing back a "dump", the content might appear in an order
     ** which causes immediate foreign key constraints to be violated.
     ** So disable foreign-key constraint enforcement to prevent problems. */
+    if( nArg!=1 && nArg!=2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .dump ?LIKE-PATTERN?\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
     fprintf(p->out, "PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF;\n");
     fprintf(p->out, "BEGIN TRANSACTION;\n");
     p->writableSchema = 0;
@@ -1687,15 +2452,30 @@
     fprintf(p->out, p->nErr ? "ROLLBACK; -- due to errors\n" : "COMMIT;\n");
   }else
 
-  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "echo", n)==0 && nArg>1 && nArg<3 ){
-    p->echoOn = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "echo", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      p->echoOn = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .echo on|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "exit", n)==0  && nArg==1 ){
+  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "eqp", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      p->autoEQP = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .eqp on|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }   
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "exit", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg>1 && (rc = (int)integerValue(azArg[1]))!=0 ) exit(rc);
     rc = 2;
   }else
 
-  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "explain", n)==0 && nArg<3 ){
+  if( c=='e' && strncmp(azArg[0], "explain", n)==0 ){
     int val = nArg>=2 ? booleanValue(azArg[1]) : 1;
     if(val == 1) {
       if(!p->explainPrev.valid) {
@@ -1713,7 +2493,7 @@
       */
       p->mode = MODE_Explain;
       p->showHeader = 1;
-      memset(p->colWidth,0,ArraySize(p->colWidth));
+      memset(p->colWidth,0,sizeof(p->colWidth));
       p->colWidth[0] = 4;                  /* addr */
       p->colWidth[1] = 13;                 /* opcode */
       p->colWidth[2] = 4;                  /* P1 */
@@ -1730,62 +2510,171 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='h' && (strncmp(azArg[0], "header", n)==0 ||
-                 strncmp(azArg[0], "headers", n)==0) && nArg>1 && nArg<3 ){
-    p->showHeader = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
-  }else
-
-  if( c=='h' && strncmp(azArg[0], "help", n)==0 ){
-    fprintf(stderr,"%s",zHelp);
-    if( HAS_TIMER ){
-      fprintf(stderr,"%s",zTimerHelp);
+  if( c=='f' && strncmp(azArg[0], "fullschema", n)==0 ){
+    struct callback_data data;
+    char *zErrMsg = 0;
+    int doStats = 0;
+    if( nArg!=1 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .fullschema\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
+    open_db(p, 0);
+    memcpy(&data, p, sizeof(data));
+    data.showHeader = 0;
+    data.mode = MODE_Semi;
+    rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db,
+       "SELECT sql FROM"
+       "  (SELECT sql sql, type type, tbl_name tbl_name, name name, rowid x"
+       "     FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL"
+       "   SELECT sql, type, tbl_name, name, rowid FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+       "WHERE type!='meta' AND sql NOTNULL AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'"
+       "ORDER BY rowid",
+       callback, &data, &zErrMsg
+    );
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db,
+               "SELECT rowid FROM sqlite_master"
+               " WHERE name GLOB 'sqlite_stat[134]'",
+               -1, &pStmt, 0);
+      doStats = sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW;
+      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+    }
+    if( doStats==0 ){
+      fprintf(p->out, "/* No STAT tables available */\n");
+    }else{
+      fprintf(p->out, "ANALYZE sqlite_master;\n");
+      sqlite3_exec(p->db, "SELECT 'ANALYZE sqlite_master'",
+                   callback, &data, &zErrMsg);
+      data.mode = MODE_Insert;
+      data.zDestTable = "sqlite_stat1";
+      shell_exec(p->db, "SELECT * FROM sqlite_stat1",
+                 shell_callback, &data,&zErrMsg);
+      data.zDestTable = "sqlite_stat3";
+      shell_exec(p->db, "SELECT * FROM sqlite_stat3",
+                 shell_callback, &data,&zErrMsg);
+      data.zDestTable = "sqlite_stat4";
+      shell_exec(p->db, "SELECT * FROM sqlite_stat4",
+                 shell_callback, &data, &zErrMsg);
+      fprintf(p->out, "ANALYZE sqlite_master;\n");
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='i' && strncmp(azArg[0], "import", n)==0 && nArg==3 ){
-    char *zTable = azArg[2];    /* Insert data into this table */
-    char *zFile = azArg[1];     /* The file from which to extract data */
+  if( c=='h' && strncmp(azArg[0], "headers", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      p->showHeader = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .headers on|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='h' && strncmp(azArg[0], "help", n)==0 ){
+    fprintf(p->out, "%s", zHelp);
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='i' && strncmp(azArg[0], "import", n)==0 ){
+    char *zTable;               /* Insert data into this table */
+    char *zFile;                /* Name of file to extra content from */
     sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = NULL; /* A statement */
     int nCol;                   /* Number of columns in the table */
     int nByte;                  /* Number of bytes in an SQL string */
     int i, j;                   /* Loop counters */
+    int needCommit;             /* True to COMMIT or ROLLBACK at end */
     int nSep;                   /* Number of bytes in p->separator[] */
     char *zSql;                 /* An SQL statement */
-    char *zLine;                /* A single line of input from the file */
-    char **azCol;               /* zLine[] broken up into columns */
-    char *zCommit;              /* How to commit changes */   
-    FILE *in;                   /* The input file */
-    int lineno = 0;             /* Line number of input file */
+    CSVReader sCsv;             /* Reader context */
+    int (*xCloser)(FILE*);      /* Procedure to close th3 connection */
 
-    open_db(p);
+    if( nArg!=3 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .import FILE TABLE\n");
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
+    zFile = azArg[1];
+    zTable = azArg[2];
+    seenInterrupt = 0;
+    memset(&sCsv, 0, sizeof(sCsv));
+    open_db(p, 0);
     nSep = strlen30(p->separator);
     if( nSep==0 ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: non-null separator required for import\n");
       return 1;
     }
+    if( nSep>1 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Error: multi-character separators not allowed"
+                      " for import\n");
+      return 1;
+    }
+    sCsv.zFile = zFile;
+    sCsv.nLine = 1;
+    if( sCsv.zFile[0]=='|' ){
+      sCsv.in = popen(sCsv.zFile+1, "r");
+      sCsv.zFile = "<pipe>";
+      xCloser = pclose;
+    }else{
+      sCsv.in = fopen(sCsv.zFile, "rb");
+      xCloser = fclose;
+    }
+    if( sCsv.in==0 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zFile);
+      return 1;
+    }
+    sCsv.cSeparator = p->separator[0];
     zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT * FROM %s", zTable);
     if( zSql==0 ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of memory\n");
+      xCloser(sCsv.in);
       return 1;
     }
     nByte = strlen30(zSql);
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    csv_append_char(&sCsv, 0);    /* To ensure sCsv.z is allocated */
+    if( rc && sqlite3_strglob("no such table: *", sqlite3_errmsg(db))==0 ){
+      char *zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf("CREATE TABLE %s", zTable);
+      char cSep = '(';
+      while( csv_read_one_field(&sCsv) ){
+        zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf("%z%c\n  \"%s\" TEXT", zCreate, cSep, sCsv.z);
+        cSep = ',';
+        if( sCsv.cTerm!=sCsv.cSeparator ) break;
+      }
+      if( cSep=='(' ){
+        sqlite3_free(zCreate);
+        sqlite3_free(sCsv.z);
+        xCloser(sCsv.in);
+        fprintf(stderr,"%s: empty file\n", sCsv.zFile);
+        return 1;
+      }
+      zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf("%z\n)", zCreate);
+      rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db, zCreate, 0, 0, 0);
+      sqlite3_free(zCreate);
+      if( rc ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "CREATE TABLE %s(...) failed: %s\n", zTable,
+                sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+        sqlite3_free(sCsv.z);
+        xCloser(sCsv.in);
+        return 1;
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    }
     sqlite3_free(zSql);
     if( rc ){
       if (pStmt) sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+      xCloser(sCsv.in);
       return 1;
     }
     nCol = sqlite3_column_count(pStmt);
     sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
     pStmt = 0;
     if( nCol==0 ) return 0; /* no columns, no error */
-    zSql = malloc( nByte + 20 + nCol*2 );
+    zSql = sqlite3_malloc( nByte*2 + 20 + nCol*2 );
     if( zSql==0 ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of memory\n");
+      xCloser(sCsv.in);
       return 1;
     }
-    sqlite3_snprintf(nByte+20, zSql, "INSERT INTO %s VALUES(?", zTable);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nByte+20, zSql, "INSERT INTO \"%w\" VALUES(?", zTable);
     j = strlen30(zSql);
     for(i=1; i<nCol; i++){
       zSql[j++] = ',';
@@ -1793,86 +2682,59 @@
     }
     zSql[j++] = ')';
     zSql[j] = 0;
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
-    free(zSql);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
     if( rc ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
       if (pStmt) sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+      xCloser(sCsv.in);
       return 1;
     }
-    in = fopen(zFile, "rb");
-    if( in==0 ){
-      fprintf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zFile);
-      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
-      return 1;
-    }
-    azCol = malloc( sizeof(azCol[0])*(nCol+1) );
-    if( azCol==0 ){
-      fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of memory\n");
-      fclose(in);
-      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
-      return 1;
-    }
-    sqlite3_exec(p->db, "BEGIN", 0, 0, 0);
-    zCommit = "COMMIT";
-    while( (zLine = local_getline(0, in, 1))!=0 ){
-      char *z, c;
-      int inQuote = 0;
-      lineno++;
-      azCol[0] = zLine;
-      for(i=0, z=zLine; (c = *z)!=0; z++){
-        if( c=='"' ) inQuote = !inQuote;
-        if( c=='\n' ) lineno++;
-        if( !inQuote && c==p->separator[0] && strncmp(z,p->separator,nSep)==0 ){
-          *z = 0;
-          i++;
-          if( i<nCol ){
-            azCol[i] = &z[nSep];
-            z += nSep-1;
-          }
-        }
-      } /* end for */
-      *z = 0;
-      if( i+1!=nCol ){
-        fprintf(stderr,
-                "Error: %s line %d: expected %d columns of data but found %d\n",
-                zFile, lineno, nCol, i+1);
-        zCommit = "ROLLBACK";
-        free(zLine);
-        rc = 1;
-        break; /* from while */
-      }
+    needCommit = sqlite3_get_autocommit(db);
+    if( needCommit ) sqlite3_exec(db, "BEGIN", 0, 0, 0);
+    do{
+      int startLine = sCsv.nLine;
       for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-        if( azCol[i][0]=='"' ){
-          int k;
-          for(z=azCol[i], j=1, k=0; z[j]; j++){
-            if( z[j]=='"' ){ j++; if( z[j]==0 ) break; }
-            z[k++] = z[j];
-          }
-          z[k] = 0;
+        char *z = csv_read_one_field(&sCsv);
+        if( z==0 && i==0 ) break;
+        sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, i+1, z, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+        if( i<nCol-1 && sCsv.cTerm!=sCsv.cSeparator ){
+          fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: expected %d columns but found %d - "
+                          "filling the rest with NULL\n",
+                          sCsv.zFile, startLine, nCol, i+1);
+          i++;
+          while( i<=nCol ){ sqlite3_bind_null(pStmt, i); i++; }
         }
-        sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, i+1, azCol[i], -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
       }
-      sqlite3_step(pStmt);
-      rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
-      free(zLine);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
-        zCommit = "ROLLBACK";
-        rc = 1;
-        break; /* from while */
+      if( sCsv.cTerm==sCsv.cSeparator ){
+        do{
+          csv_read_one_field(&sCsv);
+          i++;
+        }while( sCsv.cTerm==sCsv.cSeparator );
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: expected %d columns but found %d - "
+                        "extras ignored\n",
+                        sCsv.zFile, startLine, nCol, i);
       }
-    } /* end while */
-    free(azCol);
-    fclose(in);
+      if( i>=nCol ){
+        sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+        rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: INSERT failed: %s\n", sCsv.zFile, startLine,
+                  sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+        }
+      }
+    }while( sCsv.cTerm!=EOF );
+
+    xCloser(sCsv.in);
+    sqlite3_free(sCsv.z);
     sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
-    sqlite3_exec(p->db, zCommit, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( needCommit ) sqlite3_exec(db, "COMMIT", 0, 0, 0);
   }else
 
-  if( c=='i' && strncmp(azArg[0], "indices", n)==0 && nArg<3 ){
+  if( c=='i' && strncmp(azArg[0], "indices", n)==0 ){
     struct callback_data data;
     char *zErrMsg = 0;
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
     memcpy(&data, p, sizeof(data));
     data.showHeader = 0;
     data.mode = MODE_List;
@@ -1886,7 +2748,7 @@
         "ORDER BY 1",
         callback, &data, &zErrMsg
       );
-    }else{
+    }else if( nArg==2 ){
       zShellStatic = azArg[1];
       rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db,
         "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master "
@@ -1898,6 +2760,10 @@
         callback, &data, &zErrMsg
       );
       zShellStatic = 0;
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .indices ?LIKE-PATTERN?\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
     }
     if( zErrMsg ){
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
@@ -1933,12 +2799,17 @@
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
-  if( c=='l' && strncmp(azArg[0], "load", n)==0 && nArg>=2 ){
+  if( c=='l' && strncmp(azArg[0], "load", n)==0 ){
     const char *zFile, *zProc;
     char *zErrMsg = 0;
+    if( nArg<2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .load FILE ?ENTRYPOINT?\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
     zFile = azArg[1];
     zProc = nArg>=3 ? azArg[2] : 0;
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
     rc = sqlite3_load_extension(p->db, zFile, zProc, &zErrMsg);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
@@ -1948,51 +2819,42 @@
   }else
 #endif
 
-  if( c=='l' && strncmp(azArg[0], "log", n)==0 && nArg>=2 ){
-    const char *zFile = azArg[1];
-    if( p->pLog && p->pLog!=stdout && p->pLog!=stderr ){
-      fclose(p->pLog);
-      p->pLog = 0;
-    }
-    if( strcmp(zFile,"stdout")==0 ){
-      p->pLog = stdout;
-    }else if( strcmp(zFile, "stderr")==0 ){
-      p->pLog = stderr;
-    }else if( strcmp(zFile, "off")==0 ){
-      p->pLog = 0;
+  if( c=='l' && strncmp(azArg[0], "log", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg!=2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .log FILENAME\n");
+      rc = 1;
     }else{
-      p->pLog = fopen(zFile, "w");
-      if( p->pLog==0 ){
-        fprintf(stderr, "Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", zFile);
-      }
+      const char *zFile = azArg[1];
+      output_file_close(p->pLog);
+      p->pLog = output_file_open(zFile);
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='m' && strncmp(azArg[0], "mode", n)==0 && nArg==2 ){
-    int n2 = strlen30(azArg[1]);
-    if( (n2==4 && strncmp(azArg[1],"line",n2)==0)
-        ||
-        (n2==5 && strncmp(azArg[1],"lines",n2)==0) ){
+  if( c=='m' && strncmp(azArg[0], "mode", n)==0 ){
+    const char *zMode = nArg>=2 ? azArg[1] : "";
+    int n2 = (int)strlen(zMode);
+    int c2 = zMode[0];
+    if( c2=='l' && n2>2 && strncmp(azArg[1],"lines",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_Line;
-    }else if( (n2==6 && strncmp(azArg[1],"column",n2)==0)
-              ||
-              (n2==7 && strncmp(azArg[1],"columns",n2)==0) ){
+    }else if( c2=='c' && strncmp(azArg[1],"columns",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_Column;
-    }else if( n2==4 && strncmp(azArg[1],"list",n2)==0 ){
+    }else if( c2=='l' && n2>2 && strncmp(azArg[1],"list",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_List;
-    }else if( n2==4 && strncmp(azArg[1],"html",n2)==0 ){
+    }else if( c2=='h' && strncmp(azArg[1],"html",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_Html;
-    }else if( n2==3 && strncmp(azArg[1],"tcl",n2)==0 ){
+    }else if( c2=='t' && strncmp(azArg[1],"tcl",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_Tcl;
-    }else if( n2==3 && strncmp(azArg[1],"csv",n2)==0 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->separator), p->separator, " ");
+    }else if( c2=='c' && strncmp(azArg[1],"csv",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_Csv;
       sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->separator), p->separator, ",");
-    }else if( n2==4 && strncmp(azArg[1],"tabs",n2)==0 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->newline), p->newline, "\r\n");
+    }else if( c2=='t' && strncmp(azArg[1],"tabs",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_List;
       sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->separator), p->separator, "\t");
-    }else if( n2==6 && strncmp(azArg[1],"insert",n2)==0 ){
+    }else if( c2=='i' && strncmp(azArg[1],"insert",n2)==0 ){
       p->mode = MODE_Insert;
-      set_table_name(p, "table");
+      set_table_name(p, nArg>=3 ? azArg[2] : "table");
     }else {
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: mode should be one of: "
          "column csv html insert line list tabs tcl\n");
@@ -2000,43 +2862,89 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='m' && strncmp(azArg[0], "mode", n)==0 && nArg==3 ){
-    int n2 = strlen30(azArg[1]);
-    if( n2==6 && strncmp(azArg[1],"insert",n2)==0 ){
-      p->mode = MODE_Insert;
-      set_table_name(p, azArg[2]);
-    }else {
-      fprintf(stderr, "Error: invalid arguments: "
-        " \"%s\". Enter \".help\" for help\n", azArg[2]);
+  if( c=='n' && strncmp(azArg[0], "nullvalue", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->nullvalue), p->nullvalue,
+                       "%.*s", (int)ArraySize(p->nullvalue)-1, azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .nullvalue STRING\n");
       rc = 1;
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='n' && strncmp(azArg[0], "nullvalue", n)==0 && nArg==2 ) {
-    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->nullvalue), p->nullvalue,
-                     "%.*s", (int)ArraySize(p->nullvalue)-1, azArg[1]);
+  if( c=='o' && strncmp(azArg[0], "open", n)==0 && n>=2 ){
+    sqlite3 *savedDb = p->db;
+    const char *zSavedFilename = p->zDbFilename;
+    char *zNewFilename = 0;
+    p->db = 0;
+    if( nArg>=2 ){
+      p->zDbFilename = zNewFilename = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", azArg[1]);
+    }
+    open_db(p, 1);
+    if( p->db!=0 ){
+      sqlite3_close(savedDb);
+      sqlite3_free(p->zFreeOnClose);
+      p->zFreeOnClose = zNewFilename;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_free(zNewFilename);
+      p->db = savedDb;
+      p->zDbFilename = zSavedFilename;
+    }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='o' && strncmp(azArg[0], "output", n)==0 && nArg==2 ){
-    if( p->out!=stdout ){
-      fclose(p->out);
+  if( c=='o'
+   && (strncmp(azArg[0], "output", n)==0 || strncmp(azArg[0], "once", n)==0)
+  ){
+    const char *zFile = nArg>=2 ? azArg[1] : "stdout";
+    if( nArg>2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .%s FILE\n", azArg[0]);
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
     }
-    if( strcmp(azArg[1],"stdout")==0 ){
-      p->out = stdout;
-      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->outfile), p->outfile, "stdout");
+    if( n>1 && strncmp(azArg[0], "once", n)==0 ){
+      if( nArg<2 ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .once FILE\n");
+        rc = 1;
+        goto meta_command_exit;
+      }
+      p->outCount = 2;
     }else{
-      p->out = fopen(azArg[1], "wb");
+      p->outCount = 0;
+    }
+    output_reset(p);
+    if( zFile[0]=='|' ){
+      p->out = popen(zFile + 1, "w");
       if( p->out==0 ){
-        fprintf(stderr,"Error: cannot write to \"%s\"\n", azArg[1]);
+        fprintf(stderr,"Error: cannot open pipe \"%s\"\n", zFile + 1);
+        p->out = stdout;
+        rc = 1;
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->outfile), p->outfile, "%s", zFile);
+      }
+    }else{
+      p->out = output_file_open(zFile);
+      if( p->out==0 ){
+        if( strcmp(zFile,"off")!=0 ){
+          fprintf(stderr,"Error: cannot write to \"%s\"\n", zFile);
+        }
         p->out = stdout;
         rc = 1;
       } else {
-         sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->outfile), p->outfile, "%s", azArg[1]);
+        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->outfile), p->outfile, "%s", zFile);
       }
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='p' && strncmp(azArg[0], "prompt", n)==0 && (nArg==2 || nArg==3)){
+  if( c=='p' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "print", n)==0 ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
+      if( i>1 ) fprintf(p->out, " ");
+      fprintf(p->out, "%s", azArg[i]);
+    }
+    fprintf(p->out, "\n");
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='p' && strncmp(azArg[0], "prompt", n)==0 ){
     if( nArg >= 2) {
       strncpy(mainPrompt,azArg[1],(int)ArraySize(mainPrompt)-1);
     }
@@ -2045,12 +2953,18 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='q' && strncmp(azArg[0], "quit", n)==0 && nArg==1 ){
+  if( c=='q' && strncmp(azArg[0], "quit", n)==0 ){
     rc = 2;
   }else
 
-  if( c=='r' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "read", n)==0 && nArg==2 ){
-    FILE *alt = fopen(azArg[1], "rb");
+  if( c=='r' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "read", n)==0 ){
+    FILE *alt;
+    if( nArg!=2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .read FILE\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
+    alt = fopen(azArg[1], "rb");
     if( alt==0 ){
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: cannot open \"%s\"\n", azArg[1]);
       rc = 1;
@@ -2060,7 +2974,7 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='r' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "restore", n)==0 && nArg>1 && nArg<4){
+  if( c=='r' && n>=3 && strncmp(azArg[0], "restore", n)==0 ){
     const char *zSrcFile;
     const char *zDb;
     sqlite3 *pSrc;
@@ -2070,9 +2984,13 @@
     if( nArg==2 ){
       zSrcFile = azArg[1];
       zDb = "main";
-    }else{
+    }else if( nArg==3 ){
       zSrcFile = azArg[2];
       zDb = azArg[1];
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .restore ?DB? FILE\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
     }
     rc = sqlite3_open(zSrcFile, &pSrc);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -2080,7 +2998,7 @@
       sqlite3_close(pSrc);
       return 1;
     }
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
     pBackup = sqlite3_backup_init(p->db, zDb, pSrc, "main");
     if( pBackup==0 ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: %s\n", sqlite3_errmsg(p->db));
@@ -2107,14 +3025,14 @@
     sqlite3_close(pSrc);
   }else
 
-  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "schema", n)==0 && nArg<3 ){
+  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "schema", n)==0 ){
     struct callback_data data;
     char *zErrMsg = 0;
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
     memcpy(&data, p, sizeof(data));
     data.showHeader = 0;
     data.mode = MODE_Semi;
-    if( nArg>1 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
       int i;
       for(i=0; azArg[1][i]; i++) azArg[1][i] = ToLower(azArg[1][i]);
       if( strcmp(azArg[1],"sqlite_master")==0 ){
@@ -2149,25 +3067,29 @@
         zShellStatic = azArg[1];
         rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db,
           "SELECT sql FROM "
-          "  (SELECT sql sql, type type, tbl_name tbl_name, name name"
+          "  (SELECT sql sql, type type, tbl_name tbl_name, name name, rowid x"
           "     FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL"
-          "   SELECT sql, type, tbl_name, name FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+          "   SELECT sql, type, tbl_name, name, rowid FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
           "WHERE lower(tbl_name) LIKE shellstatic()"
           "  AND type!='meta' AND sql NOTNULL "
-          "ORDER BY substr(type,2,1), name",
+          "ORDER BY rowid",
           callback, &data, &zErrMsg);
         zShellStatic = 0;
       }
-    }else{
+    }else if( nArg==1 ){
       rc = sqlite3_exec(p->db,
          "SELECT sql FROM "
-         "  (SELECT sql sql, type type, tbl_name tbl_name, name name"
+         "  (SELECT sql sql, type type, tbl_name tbl_name, name name, rowid x"
          "     FROM sqlite_master UNION ALL"
-         "   SELECT sql, type, tbl_name, name FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
+         "   SELECT sql, type, tbl_name, name, rowid FROM sqlite_temp_master) "
          "WHERE type!='meta' AND sql NOTNULL AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%'"
-         "ORDER BY substr(type,2,1), name",
+         "ORDER BY rowid",
          callback, &data, &zErrMsg
       );
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .schema ?LIKE-PATTERN?\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
     }
     if( zErrMsg ){
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
@@ -2181,14 +3103,71 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "separator", n)==0 && nArg==2 ){
-    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->separator), p->separator,
-                     "%.*s", (int)sizeof(p->separator)-1, azArg[1]);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* Undocumented commands for internal testing.  Subject to change
+  ** without notice. */
+  if( c=='s' && n>=10 && strncmp(azArg[0], "selftest-", 9)==0 ){
+    if( strncmp(azArg[0]+9, "boolean", n-9)==0 ){
+      int i, v;
+      for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
+        v = booleanValue(azArg[i]);
+        fprintf(p->out, "%s: %d 0x%x\n", azArg[i], v, v);
+      }
+    }
+    if( strncmp(azArg[0]+9, "integer", n-9)==0 ){
+      int i; sqlite3_int64 v;
+      for(i=1; i<nArg; i++){
+        char zBuf[200];
+        v = integerValue(azArg[i]);
+        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf),zBuf,"%s: %lld 0x%llx\n", azArg[i],v,v);
+        fprintf(p->out, "%s", zBuf);
+      }
+    }
+  }else
+#endif
+
+  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "separator", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg<2 || nArg>3 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .separator SEPARATOR ?NEWLINE?\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
+    if( nArg>=2 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->separator), p->separator, azArg[1]);
+    }
+    if( nArg>=3 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(p->newline), p->newline, azArg[2]);
+    }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "show", n)==0 && nArg==1 ){
+  if( c=='s'
+   && (strncmp(azArg[0], "shell", n)==0 || strncmp(azArg[0],"system",n)==0)
+  ){
+    char *zCmd;
+    int i, x;
+    if( nArg<2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .system COMMAND\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
+    zCmd = sqlite3_mprintf(strchr(azArg[1],' ')==0?"%s":"\"%s\"", azArg[1]);
+    for(i=2; i<nArg; i++){
+      zCmd = sqlite3_mprintf(strchr(azArg[i],' ')==0?"%z %s":"%z \"%s\"",
+                             zCmd, azArg[i]);
+    }
+    x = system(zCmd);
+    sqlite3_free(zCmd);
+    if( x ) fprintf(stderr, "System command returns %d\n", x);
+  }else
+
+  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "show", n)==0 ){
     int i;
+    if( nArg!=1 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .show\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: %s\n","echo", p->echoOn ? "on" : "off");
+    fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: %s\n","eqp", p->autoEQP ? "on" : "off");
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: %s\n","explain", p->explainPrev.valid ? "on" :"off");
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: %s\n","headers", p->showHeader ? "on" : "off");
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: %s\n","mode", modeDescr[p->mode]);
@@ -2199,6 +3178,8 @@
             strlen30(p->outfile) ? p->outfile : "stdout");
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: ", "separator");
       output_c_string(p->out, p->separator);
+      fprintf(p->out," ");
+      output_c_string(p->out, p->newline);
       fprintf(p->out, "\n");
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: %s\n","stats", p->statsOn ? "on" : "off");
     fprintf(p->out,"%9.9s: ","width");
@@ -2208,51 +3189,81 @@
     fprintf(p->out,"\n");
   }else
 
-  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "stats", n)==0 && nArg>1 && nArg<3 ){
-    p->statsOn = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+  if( c=='s' && strncmp(azArg[0], "stats", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      p->statsOn = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .stats on|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='t' && n>1 && strncmp(azArg[0], "tables", n)==0 && nArg<3 ){
+  if( c=='t' && n>1 && strncmp(azArg[0], "tables", n)==0 ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
     char **azResult;
-    int nRow;
-    char *zErrMsg;
-    open_db(p);
-    if( nArg==1 ){
-      rc = sqlite3_get_table(p->db,
-        "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master "
-        "WHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%' "
-        "UNION ALL "
-        "SELECT name FROM sqlite_temp_master "
-        "WHERE type IN ('table','view') "
-        "ORDER BY 1",
-        &azResult, &nRow, 0, &zErrMsg
-      );
-    }else{
-      zShellStatic = azArg[1];
-      rc = sqlite3_get_table(p->db,
-        "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master "
-        "WHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name LIKE shellstatic() "
-        "UNION ALL "
-        "SELECT name FROM sqlite_temp_master "
-        "WHERE type IN ('table','view') AND name LIKE shellstatic() "
-        "ORDER BY 1",
-        &azResult, &nRow, 0, &zErrMsg
-      );
-      zShellStatic = 0;
+    int nRow, nAlloc;
+    char *zSql = 0;
+    int ii;
+    open_db(p, 0);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, "PRAGMA database_list", -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
+        "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master"
+        " WHERE type IN ('table','view')"
+        "   AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%%'"
+        "   AND name LIKE ?1");
+    while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      const char *zDbName = (const char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 1);
+      if( zDbName==0 || strcmp(zDbName,"main")==0 ) continue;
+      if( strcmp(zDbName,"temp")==0 ){
+        zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
+                 "%z UNION ALL "
+                 "SELECT 'temp.' || name FROM sqlite_temp_master"
+                 " WHERE type IN ('table','view')"
+                 "   AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%%'"
+                 "   AND name LIKE ?1", zSql);
+      }else{
+        zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
+                 "%z UNION ALL "
+                 "SELECT '%q.' || name FROM \"%w\".sqlite_master"
+                 " WHERE type IN ('table','view')"
+                 "   AND name NOT LIKE 'sqlite_%%'"
+                 "   AND name LIKE ?1", zSql, zDbName, zDbName);
+      }
     }
-    if( zErrMsg ){
-      fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
-      sqlite3_free(zErrMsg);
-      rc = 1;
-    }else if( rc != SQLITE_OK ){
-      fprintf(stderr,"Error: querying sqlite_master and sqlite_temp_master\n");
-      rc = 1;
+    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("%z ORDER BY 1", zSql);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    nRow = nAlloc = 0;
+    azResult = 0;
+    if( nArg>1 ){
+      sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, 1, azArg[1], -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
     }else{
+      sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, 1, "%", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    }
+    while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      if( nRow>=nAlloc ){
+        char **azNew;
+        int n = nAlloc*2 + 10;
+        azNew = sqlite3_realloc(azResult, sizeof(azResult[0])*n);
+        if( azNew==0 ){
+          fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of memory\n");
+          break;
+        }
+        nAlloc = n;
+        azResult = azNew;
+      }
+      azResult[nRow] = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0));
+      if( azResult[nRow] ) nRow++;
+    }
+    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);        
+    if( nRow>0 ){
       int len, maxlen = 0;
       int i, j;
       int nPrintCol, nPrintRow;
-      for(i=1; i<=nRow; i++){
-        if( azResult[i]==0 ) continue;
+      for(i=0; i<nRow; i++){
         len = strlen30(azResult[i]);
         if( len>maxlen ) maxlen = len;
       }
@@ -2260,14 +3271,15 @@
       if( nPrintCol<1 ) nPrintCol = 1;
       nPrintRow = (nRow + nPrintCol - 1)/nPrintCol;
       for(i=0; i<nPrintRow; i++){
-        for(j=i+1; j<=nRow; j+=nPrintRow){
-          char *zSp = j<=nPrintRow ? "" : "  ";
-          printf("%s%-*s", zSp, maxlen, azResult[j] ? azResult[j] : "");
+        for(j=i; j<nRow; j+=nPrintRow){
+          char *zSp = j<nPrintRow ? "" : "  ";
+          fprintf(p->out, "%s%-*s", zSp, maxlen, azResult[j] ? azResult[j] : "");
         }
-        printf("\n");
+        fprintf(p->out, "\n");
       }
     }
-    sqlite3_free_table(azResult);
+    for(ii=0; ii<nRow; ii++) sqlite3_free(azResult[ii]);
+    sqlite3_free(azResult);
   }else
 
   if( c=='t' && n>=8 && strncmp(azArg[0], "testctrl", n)==0 && nArg>=2 ){
@@ -2288,11 +3300,12 @@
       { "optimizations",         SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS          },
       { "iskeyword",             SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISKEYWORD              },
       { "scratchmalloc",         SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC          },
+      { "byteorder",             SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER              },
     };
     int testctrl = -1;
     int rc = 0;
     int i, n;
-    open_db(p);
+    open_db(p, 0);
 
     /* convert testctrl text option to value. allow any unique prefix
     ** of the option name, or a numerical value. */
@@ -2308,7 +3321,7 @@
         }
       }
     }
-    if( testctrl<0 ) testctrl = atoi(azArg[1]);
+    if( testctrl<0 ) testctrl = (int)integerValue(azArg[1]);
     if( (testctrl<SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FIRST) || (testctrl>SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST) ){
       fprintf(stderr,"Error: invalid testctrl option: %s\n", azArg[1]);
     }else{
@@ -2320,7 +3333,7 @@
           if( nArg==3 ){
             int opt = (int)strtol(azArg[2], 0, 0);        
             rc = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, p->db, opt);
-            printf("%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
+            fprintf(p->out, "%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
           } else {
             fprintf(stderr,"Error: testctrl %s takes a single int option\n",
                     azArg[1]);
@@ -2328,12 +3341,13 @@
           break;
 
         /* sqlite3_test_control(int) */
-        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SAVE:           
-        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESTORE:        
+        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_SAVE:
+        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESTORE:
         case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESET:
+        case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER:
           if( nArg==2 ){
             rc = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl);
-            printf("%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
+            fprintf(p->out, "%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
           } else {
             fprintf(stderr,"Error: testctrl %s takes no options\n", azArg[1]);
           }
@@ -2342,9 +3356,9 @@
         /* sqlite3_test_control(int, uint) */
         case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PENDING_BYTE:        
           if( nArg==3 ){
-            unsigned int opt = (unsigned int)atoi(azArg[2]);        
+            unsigned int opt = (unsigned int)integerValue(azArg[2]);
             rc = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, opt);
-            printf("%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
+            fprintf(p->out, "%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
           } else {
             fprintf(stderr,"Error: testctrl %s takes a single unsigned"
                            " int option\n", azArg[1]);
@@ -2355,9 +3369,9 @@
         case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ASSERT:              
         case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ALWAYS:              
           if( nArg==3 ){
-            int opt = atoi(azArg[2]);        
+            int opt = booleanValue(azArg[2]);        
             rc = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, opt);
-            printf("%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
+            fprintf(p->out, "%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
           } else {
             fprintf(stderr,"Error: testctrl %s takes a single int option\n",
                             azArg[1]);
@@ -2370,7 +3384,7 @@
           if( nArg==3 ){
             const char *opt = azArg[2];        
             rc = sqlite3_test_control(testctrl, opt);
-            printf("%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
+            fprintf(p->out, "%d (0x%08x)\n", rc, rc);
           } else {
             fprintf(stderr,"Error: testctrl %s takes a single char * option\n",
                             azArg[1]);
@@ -2390,19 +3404,44 @@
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='t' && n>4 && strncmp(azArg[0], "timeout", n)==0 && nArg==2 ){
-    open_db(p);
-    sqlite3_busy_timeout(p->db, atoi(azArg[1]));
+  if( c=='t' && n>4 && strncmp(azArg[0], "timeout", n)==0 ){
+    open_db(p, 0);
+    sqlite3_busy_timeout(p->db, nArg>=2 ? (int)integerValue(azArg[1]) : 0);
   }else
     
-  if( HAS_TIMER && c=='t' && n>=5 && strncmp(azArg[0], "timer", n)==0
-   && nArg==2
-  ){
-    enableTimer = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+  if( c=='t' && n>=5 && strncmp(azArg[0], "timer", n)==0 ){
+    if( nArg==2 ){
+      enableTimer = booleanValue(azArg[1]);
+      if( enableTimer && !HAS_TIMER ){
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error: timer not available on this system.\n");
+        enableTimer = 0;
+      }
+    }else{
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .timer on|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+    }
   }else
   
+  if( c=='t' && strncmp(azArg[0], "trace", n)==0 ){
+    open_db(p, 0);
+    output_file_close(p->traceOut);
+    if( nArg!=2 ){
+      fprintf(stderr, "Usage: .trace FILE|off\n");
+      rc = 1;
+      goto meta_command_exit;
+    }
+    p->traceOut = output_file_open(azArg[1]);
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT)
+    if( p->traceOut==0 ){
+      sqlite3_trace(p->db, 0, 0);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_trace(p->db, sql_trace_callback, p->traceOut);
+    }
+#endif
+  }else
+
   if( c=='v' && strncmp(azArg[0], "version", n)==0 ){
-    printf("SQLite %s %s\n" /*extra-version-info*/,
+    fprintf(p->out, "SQLite %s %s\n" /*extra-version-info*/,
         sqlite3_libversion(), sqlite3_sourceid());
   }else
 
@@ -2412,17 +3451,24 @@
     if( p->db ){
       sqlite3_file_control(p->db, zDbName, SQLITE_FCNTL_VFSNAME, &zVfsName);
       if( zVfsName ){
-        printf("%s\n", zVfsName);
+        fprintf(p->out, "%s\n", zVfsName);
         sqlite3_free(zVfsName);
       }
     }
   }else
 
-  if( c=='w' && strncmp(azArg[0], "width", n)==0 && nArg>1 ){
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_WHERETRACE)
+  if( c=='w' && strncmp(azArg[0], "wheretrace", n)==0 ){
+    extern int sqlite3WhereTrace;
+    sqlite3WhereTrace = nArg>=2 ? booleanValue(azArg[1]) : 0xff;
+  }else
+#endif
+
+  if( c=='w' && strncmp(azArg[0], "width", n)==0 ){
     int j;
     assert( nArg<=ArraySize(azArg) );
     for(j=1; j<nArg && j<ArraySize(p->colWidth); j++){
-      p->colWidth[j-1] = atoi(azArg[j]);
+      p->colWidth[j-1] = (int)integerValue(azArg[j]);
     }
   }else
 
@@ -2432,6 +3478,11 @@
     rc = 1;
   }
 
+meta_command_exit:
+  if( p->outCount ){
+    p->outCount--;
+    if( p->outCount==0 ) output_reset(p);
+  }
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -2439,7 +3490,7 @@
 ** Return TRUE if a semicolon occurs anywhere in the first N characters
 ** of string z[].
 */
-static int _contains_semicolon(const char *z, int N){
+static int line_contains_semicolon(const char *z, int N){
   int i;
   for(i=0; i<N; i++){  if( z[i]==';' ) return 1; }
   return 0;
@@ -2474,7 +3525,7 @@
 ** than a semi-colon.  The SQL Server style "go" command is understood
 ** as is the Oracle "/".
 */
-static int _is_command_terminator(const char *zLine){
+static int line_is_command_terminator(const char *zLine){
   while( IsSpace(zLine[0]) ){ zLine++; };
   if( zLine[0]=='/' && _all_whitespace(&zLine[1]) ){
     return 1;  /* Oracle */
@@ -2490,7 +3541,7 @@
 ** Return true if zSql is a complete SQL statement.  Return false if it
 ** ends in the middle of a string literal or C-style comment.
 */
-static int _is_complete(char *zSql, int nSql){
+static int line_is_complete(char *zSql, int nSql){
   int rc;
   if( zSql==0 ) return 1;
   zSql[nSql] = ';';
@@ -2510,29 +3561,35 @@
 ** Return the number of errors.
 */
 static int process_input(struct callback_data *p, FILE *in){
-  char *zLine = 0;
-  char *zSql = 0;
-  int nSql = 0;
-  int nSqlPrior = 0;
-  char *zErrMsg;
-  int rc;
-  int errCnt = 0;
-  int lineno = 0;
-  int startline = 0;
+  char *zLine = 0;          /* A single input line */
+  char *zSql = 0;           /* Accumulated SQL text */
+  int nLine;                /* Length of current line */
+  int nSql = 0;             /* Bytes of zSql[] used */
+  int nAlloc = 0;           /* Allocated zSql[] space */
+  int nSqlPrior = 0;        /* Bytes of zSql[] used by prior line */
+  char *zErrMsg;            /* Error message returned */
+  int rc;                   /* Error code */
+  int errCnt = 0;           /* Number of errors seen */
+  int lineno = 0;           /* Current line number */
+  int startline = 0;        /* Line number for start of current input */
 
   while( errCnt==0 || !bail_on_error || (in==0 && stdin_is_interactive) ){
     fflush(p->out);
-    free(zLine);
-    zLine = one_input_line(zSql, in);
+    zLine = one_input_line(in, zLine, nSql>0);
     if( zLine==0 ){
-      break;  /* We have reached EOF */
+      /* End of input */
+      if( stdin_is_interactive ) printf("\n");
+      break;
     }
     if( seenInterrupt ){
       if( in!=0 ) break;
       seenInterrupt = 0;
     }
     lineno++;
-    if( (zSql==0 || zSql[0]==0) && _all_whitespace(zLine) ) continue;
+    if( nSql==0 && _all_whitespace(zLine) ){
+      if( p->echoOn ) printf("%s\n", zLine);
+      continue;
+    }
     if( zLine && zLine[0]=='.' && nSql==0 ){
       if( p->echoOn ) printf("%s\n", zLine);
       rc = do_meta_command(zLine, p);
@@ -2543,38 +3600,35 @@
       }
       continue;
     }
-    if( _is_command_terminator(zLine) && _is_complete(zSql, nSql) ){
+    if( line_is_command_terminator(zLine) && line_is_complete(zSql, nSql) ){
       memcpy(zLine,";",2);
     }
-    nSqlPrior = nSql;
-    if( zSql==0 ){
-      int i;
-      for(i=0; zLine[i] && IsSpace(zLine[i]); i++){}
-      if( zLine[i]!=0 ){
-        nSql = strlen30(zLine);
-        zSql = malloc( nSql+3 );
-        if( zSql==0 ){
-          fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of memory\n");
-          exit(1);
-        }
-        memcpy(zSql, zLine, nSql+1);
-        startline = lineno;
-      }
-    }else{
-      int len = strlen30(zLine);
-      zSql = realloc( zSql, nSql + len + 4 );
+    nLine = strlen30(zLine);
+    if( nSql+nLine+2>=nAlloc ){
+      nAlloc = nSql+nLine+100;
+      zSql = realloc(zSql, nAlloc);
       if( zSql==0 ){
-        fprintf(stderr,"Error: out of memory\n");
+        fprintf(stderr, "Error: out of memory\n");
         exit(1);
       }
-      zSql[nSql++] = '\n';
-      memcpy(&zSql[nSql], zLine, len+1);
-      nSql += len;
     }
-    if( zSql && _contains_semicolon(&zSql[nSqlPrior], nSql-nSqlPrior)
+    nSqlPrior = nSql;
+    if( nSql==0 ){
+      int i;
+      for(i=0; zLine[i] && IsSpace(zLine[i]); i++){}
+      assert( nAlloc>0 && zSql!=0 );
+      memcpy(zSql, zLine+i, nLine+1-i);
+      startline = lineno;
+      nSql = nLine-i;
+    }else{
+      zSql[nSql++] = '\n';
+      memcpy(zSql+nSql, zLine, nLine+1);
+      nSql += nLine;
+    }
+    if( nSql && line_contains_semicolon(&zSql[nSqlPrior], nSql-nSqlPrior)
                 && sqlite3_complete(zSql) ){
       p->cnt = 0;
-      open_db(p);
+      open_db(p, 0);
       BEGIN_TIMER;
       rc = shell_exec(p->db, zSql, shell_callback, p, &zErrMsg);
       END_TIMER;
@@ -2595,45 +3649,51 @@
         }
         errCnt++;
       }
-      free(zSql);
-      zSql = 0;
+      nSql = 0;
+      if( p->outCount ){
+        output_reset(p);
+        p->outCount = 0;
+      }
+    }else if( nSql && _all_whitespace(zSql) ){
+      if( p->echoOn ) printf("%s\n", zSql);
       nSql = 0;
     }
   }
-  if( zSql ){
+  if( nSql ){
     if( !_all_whitespace(zSql) ){
       fprintf(stderr, "Error: incomplete SQL: %s\n", zSql);
     }
     free(zSql);
   }
   free(zLine);
-  return errCnt;
+  return errCnt>0;
 }
 
 /*
 ** Return a pathname which is the user's home directory.  A
-** 0 return indicates an error of some kind.  Space to hold the
-** resulting string is obtained from malloc().  The calling
-** function should free the result.
+** 0 return indicates an error of some kind.
 */
 static char *find_home_dir(void){
-  char *home_dir = NULL;
+  static char *home_dir = NULL;
+  if( home_dir ) return home_dir;
 
-#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(__OS2__) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE) && !defined(__RTP__) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL)
-  struct passwd *pwent;
-  uid_t uid = getuid();
-  if( (pwent=getpwuid(uid)) != NULL) {
-    home_dir = pwent->pw_dir;
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(WIN32) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE) && !defined(__RTP__) && !defined(_WRS_KERNEL)
+  {
+    struct passwd *pwent;
+    uid_t uid = getuid();
+    if( (pwent=getpwuid(uid)) != NULL) {
+      home_dir = pwent->pw_dir;
+    }
   }
 #endif
 
 #if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
   /* Windows CE (arm-wince-mingw32ce-gcc) does not provide getenv()
    */
-  home_dir = strdup("/");
+  home_dir = "/";
 #else
 
-#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32) || defined(__OS2__)
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
   if (!home_dir) {
     home_dir = getenv("USERPROFILE");
   }
@@ -2643,7 +3703,7 @@
     home_dir = getenv("HOME");
   }
 
-#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32) || defined(__OS2__)
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32)
   if (!home_dir) {
     char *zDrive, *zPath;
     int n;
@@ -2686,7 +3746,6 @@
   const char *sqliterc = sqliterc_override;
   char *zBuf = 0;
   FILE *in = NULL;
-  int nBuf;
   int rc = 0;
 
   if (sqliterc == NULL) {
@@ -2697,15 +3756,9 @@
 #endif
       return 1;
     }
-    nBuf = strlen30(home_dir) + 16;
-    zBuf = malloc( nBuf );
-    if( zBuf==0 ){
-      fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error: out of memory\n",Argv0);
-      return 1;
-    }
-    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf,"%s/.sqliterc",home_dir);
-    free(home_dir);
-    sqliterc = (const char*)zBuf;
+    sqlite3_initialize();
+    zBuf = sqlite3_mprintf("%s/.sqliterc",home_dir);
+    sqliterc = zBuf;
   }
   in = fopen(sqliterc,"rb");
   if( in ){
@@ -2715,7 +3768,7 @@
     rc = process_input(p,in);
     fclose(in);
   }
-  free(zBuf);
+  sqlite3_free(zBuf);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -2726,21 +3779,26 @@
   "   -bail                stop after hitting an error\n"
   "   -batch               force batch I/O\n"
   "   -column              set output mode to 'column'\n"
-  "   -cmd command         run \"command\" before reading stdin\n"
+  "   -cmd COMMAND         run \"COMMAND\" before reading stdin\n"
   "   -csv                 set output mode to 'csv'\n"
   "   -echo                print commands before execution\n"
-  "   -init filename       read/process named file\n"
+  "   -init FILENAME       read/process named file\n"
   "   -[no]header          turn headers on or off\n"
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5)
+  "   -heap SIZE           Size of heap for memsys3 or memsys5\n"
+#endif
   "   -help                show this message\n"
   "   -html                set output mode to HTML\n"
   "   -interactive         force interactive I/O\n"
   "   -line                set output mode to 'line'\n"
   "   -list                set output mode to 'list'\n"
+  "   -mmap N              default mmap size set to N\n"
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MULTIPLEX
   "   -multiplex           enable the multiplexor VFS\n"
 #endif
-  "   -nullvalue 'text'    set text string for NULL values\n"
-  "   -separator 'x'       set output field separator (|)\n"
+  "   -newline SEP         set newline character(s) for CSV\n"
+  "   -nullvalue TEXT      set text string for NULL values. Default ''\n"
+  "   -separator SEP       set output field separator. Default: '|'\n"
   "   -stats               print memory stats before each finalize\n"
   "   -version             show SQLite version\n"
   "   -vfs NAME            use NAME as the default VFS\n"
@@ -2768,6 +3826,7 @@
   memset(data, 0, sizeof(*data));
   data->mode = MODE_List;
   memcpy(data->separator,"|", 2);
+  memcpy(data->newline,"\r\n", 3);
   data->showHeader = 0;
   sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_URI, 1);
   sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG, shellLog, data);
@@ -2776,6 +3835,39 @@
   sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD);
 }
 
+/*
+** Output text to the console in a font that attracts extra attention.
+*/
+#ifdef _WIN32
+static void printBold(const char *zText){
+  HANDLE out = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE);
+  CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO defaultScreenInfo;
+  GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(out, &defaultScreenInfo);
+  SetConsoleTextAttribute(out,
+         FOREGROUND_RED|FOREGROUND_INTENSITY
+  );
+  printf("%s", zText);
+  SetConsoleTextAttribute(out, defaultScreenInfo.wAttributes);
+}
+#else
+static void printBold(const char *zText){
+  printf("\033[1m%s\033[0m", zText);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Get the argument to an --option.  Throw an error and die if no argument
+** is available.
+*/
+static char *cmdline_option_value(int argc, char **argv, int i){
+  if( i==argc ){
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s: Error: missing argument to %s\n",
+            argv[0], argv[argc-1]);
+    exit(1);
+  }
+  return argv[i];
+}
+
 int main(int argc, char **argv){
   char *zErrMsg = 0;
   struct callback_data data;
@@ -2783,12 +3875,15 @@
   char *zFirstCmd = 0;
   int i;
   int rc = 0;
+  int warnInmemoryDb = 0;
 
+#if USE_SYSTEM_SQLITE+0!=1
   if( strcmp(sqlite3_sourceid(),SQLITE_SOURCE_ID)!=0 ){
     fprintf(stderr, "SQLite header and source version mismatch\n%s\n%s\n",
             sqlite3_sourceid(), SQLITE_SOURCE_ID);
     exit(1);
   }
+#endif
   Argv0 = argv[0];
   main_init(&data);
   stdin_is_interactive = isatty(0);
@@ -2805,38 +3900,44 @@
   ** the size of the alternative malloc heap,
   ** and the first command to execute.
   */
-  for(i=1; i<argc-1; i++){
+  for(i=1; i<argc; i++){
     char *z;
-    if( argv[i][0]!='-' ) break;
     z = argv[i];
+    if( z[0]!='-' ){
+      if( data.zDbFilename==0 ){
+        data.zDbFilename = z;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if( zFirstCmd==0 ){
+        zFirstCmd = z;
+        continue;
+      }
+      fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error: too many options: \"%s\"\n", Argv0, argv[i]);
+      fprintf(stderr,"Use -help for a list of options.\n");
+      return 1;
+    }
     if( z[1]=='-' ) z++;
     if( strcmp(z,"-separator")==0
      || strcmp(z,"-nullvalue")==0
+     || strcmp(z,"-newline")==0
      || strcmp(z,"-cmd")==0
     ){
-      i++;
+      (void)cmdline_option_value(argc, argv, ++i);
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-init")==0 ){
-      i++;
-      zInitFile = argv[i];
-    /* Need to check for batch mode here to so we can avoid printing
-    ** informational messages (like from process_sqliterc) before 
-    ** we do the actual processing of arguments later in a second pass.
-    */
+      zInitFile = cmdline_option_value(argc, argv, ++i);
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-batch")==0 ){
+      /* Need to check for batch mode here to so we can avoid printing
+      ** informational messages (like from process_sqliterc) before 
+      ** we do the actual processing of arguments later in a second pass.
+      */
       stdin_is_interactive = 0;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-heap")==0 ){
 #if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS5)
-      int j, c;
       const char *zSize;
       sqlite3_int64 szHeap;
 
-      zSize = argv[++i];
-      szHeap = atoi(zSize);
-      for(j=0; (c = zSize[j])!=0; j++){
-        if( c=='M' ){ szHeap *= 1000000; break; }
-        if( c=='K' ){ szHeap *= 1000; break; }
-        if( c=='G' ){ szHeap *= 1000000000; break; }
-      }
+      zSize = cmdline_option_value(argc, argv, ++i);
+      szHeap = integerValue(zSize);
       if( szHeap>0x7fff0000 ) szHeap = 0x7fff0000;
       sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_HEAP, malloc((int)szHeap), (int)szHeap, 64);
 #endif
@@ -2856,8 +3957,11 @@
       extern int sqlite3_multiple_initialize(const char*,int);
       sqlite3_multiplex_initialize(0, 1);
 #endif
+    }else if( strcmp(z,"-mmap")==0 ){
+      sqlite3_int64 sz = integerValue(cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
+      sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE, sz, sz);
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-vfs")==0 ){
-      sqlite3_vfs *pVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(argv[++i]);
+      sqlite3_vfs *pVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
       if( pVfs ){
         sqlite3_vfs_register(pVfs, 1);
       }else{
@@ -2866,35 +3970,21 @@
       }
     }
   }
-  if( i<argc ){
-#if defined(SQLITE_OS_OS2) && SQLITE_OS_OS2
-    data.zDbFilename = (const char *)convertCpPathToUtf8( argv[i++] );
-#else
-    data.zDbFilename = argv[i++];
-#endif
-  }else{
+  if( data.zDbFilename==0 ){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
     data.zDbFilename = ":memory:";
+    warnInmemoryDb = argc==1;
 #else
-    data.zDbFilename = 0;
-#endif
-  }
-  if( i<argc ){
-    zFirstCmd = argv[i++];
-  }
-  if( i<argc ){
-    fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error: too many options: \"%s\"\n", Argv0, argv[i]);
-    fprintf(stderr,"Use -help for a list of options.\n");
-    return 1;
-  }
-  data.out = stdout;
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
-  if( data.zDbFilename==0 ){
     fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error: no database filename specified\n", Argv0);
     return 1;
-  }
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_SHELL_DBNAME_PROC
+    { extern void SQLITE_SHELL_DBNAME_PROC(const char**);
+      SQLITE_SHELL_DBNAME_PROC(&data.zDbFilename);
+      warnInmemoryDb = 0; }
+#endif
+  }
+  data.out = stdout;
 
   /* Go ahead and open the database file if it already exists.  If the
   ** file does not exist, delay opening it.  This prevents empty database
@@ -2902,7 +3992,7 @@
   ** to the sqlite command-line tool.
   */
   if( access(data.zDbFilename, 0)==0 ){
-    open_db(&data);
+    open_db(&data, 0);
   }
 
   /* Process the initialization file if there is one.  If no -init option
@@ -2919,8 +4009,9 @@
   ** file is processed so that the command-line arguments will override
   ** settings in the initialization file.
   */
-  for(i=1; i<argc && argv[i][0]=='-'; i++){
+  for(i=1; i<argc; i++){
     char *z = argv[i];
+    if( z[0]!='-' ) continue;
     if( z[1]=='-' ){ z++; }
     if( strcmp(z,"-init")==0 ){
       i++;
@@ -2936,31 +4027,22 @@
       data.mode = MODE_Csv;
       memcpy(data.separator,",",2);
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-separator")==0 ){
-      i++;
-      if(i>=argc){
-        fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error: missing argument for option: %s\n",
-                        Argv0, z);
-        fprintf(stderr,"Use -help for a list of options.\n");
-        return 1;
-      }
       sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.separator), data.separator,
-                       "%.*s",(int)sizeof(data.separator)-1,argv[i]);
+                       "%s",cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
+    }else if( strcmp(z,"-newline")==0 ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.newline), data.newline,
+                       "%s",cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-nullvalue")==0 ){
-      i++;
-      if(i>=argc){
-        fprintf(stderr,"%s: Error: missing argument for option: %s\n",
-                        Argv0, z);
-        fprintf(stderr,"Use -help for a list of options.\n");
-        return 1;
-      }
       sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(data.nullvalue), data.nullvalue,
-                       "%.*s",(int)sizeof(data.nullvalue)-1,argv[i]);
+                       "%s",cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i));
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-header")==0 ){
       data.showHeader = 1;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-noheader")==0 ){
       data.showHeader = 0;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-echo")==0 ){
       data.echoOn = 1;
+    }else if( strcmp(z,"-eqp")==0 ){
+      data.autoEQP = 1;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-stats")==0 ){
       data.statsOn = 1;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-bail")==0 ){
@@ -2974,6 +4056,8 @@
       stdin_is_interactive = 0;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-heap")==0 ){
       i++;
+    }else if( strcmp(z,"-mmap")==0 ){
+      i++;
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-vfs")==0 ){
       i++;
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_VFSTRACE
@@ -2988,13 +4072,12 @@
       usage(1);
     }else if( strcmp(z,"-cmd")==0 ){
       if( i==argc-1 ) break;
-      i++;
-      z = argv[i];
+      z = cmdline_option_value(argc,argv,++i);
       if( z[0]=='.' ){
         rc = do_meta_command(z, &data);
-        if( rc && bail_on_error ) return rc;
+        if( rc && bail_on_error ) return rc==2 ? 0 : rc;
       }else{
-        open_db(&data);
+        open_db(&data, 0);
         rc = shell_exec(data.db, z, shell_callback, &data, &zErrMsg);
         if( zErrMsg!=0 ){
           fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
@@ -3016,8 +4099,9 @@
     */
     if( zFirstCmd[0]=='.' ){
       rc = do_meta_command(zFirstCmd, &data);
+      if( rc==2 ) rc = 0;
     }else{
-      open_db(&data);
+      open_db(&data, 0);
       rc = shell_exec(data.db, zFirstCmd, shell_callback, &data, &zErrMsg);
       if( zErrMsg!=0 ){
         fprintf(stderr,"Error: %s\n", zErrMsg);
@@ -3036,10 +4120,15 @@
       int nHistory;
       printf(
         "SQLite version %s %.19s\n" /*extra-version-info*/
-        "Enter \".help\" for instructions\n"
-        "Enter SQL statements terminated with a \";\"\n",
+        "Enter \".help\" for usage hints.\n",
         sqlite3_libversion(), sqlite3_sourceid()
       );
+      if( warnInmemoryDb ){
+        printf("Connected to a ");
+        printBold("transient in-memory database");
+        printf(".\nUse \".open FILENAME\" to reopen on a "
+               "persistent database.\n");
+      }
       zHome = find_home_dir();
       if( zHome ){
         nHistory = strlen30(zHome) + 20;
@@ -3047,7 +4136,7 @@
           sqlite3_snprintf(nHistory, zHistory,"%s/.sqlite_history", zHome);
         }
       }
-#if defined(HAVE_READLINE) && HAVE_READLINE==1
+#if defined(HAVE_READLINE)
       if( zHistory ) read_history(zHistory);
 #endif
       rc = process_input(&data, 0);
@@ -3056,7 +4145,6 @@
         write_history(zHistory);
         free(zHistory);
       }
-      free(zHome);
     }else{
       rc = process_input(&data, stdin);
     }
@@ -3065,5 +4153,6 @@
   if( data.db ){
     sqlite3_close(data.db);
   }
+  sqlite3_free(data.zFreeOnClose); 
   return rc;
 }
diff --git a/dist/sqlite3.c b/dist/sqlite3.c
index f65fcbc..edd2045 100644
--- a/dist/sqlite3.c
+++ b/dist/sqlite3.c
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /******************************************************************************
 ** This file is an amalgamation of many separate C source files from SQLite
-** version 3.7.11.  By combining all the individual C code files into this 
+** version 3.8.6.  By combining all the individual C code files into this 
 ** single large file, the entire code can be compiled as a single translation
 ** unit.  This allows many compilers to do optimizations that would not be
 ** possible if the files were compiled separately.  Performance improvements
@@ -60,6 +60,11 @@
 ** in Red Hat 6.0, so the code won't work.  Hence, for maximum binary
 ** portability you should omit LFS.
 **
+** The previous paragraph was written in 2005.  (This paragraph is written
+** on 2008-11-28.) These days, all Linux kernels support large files, so
+** you should probably leave LFS enabled.  But some embedded platforms might
+** lack LFS in which case the SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS macro might still be useful.
+**
 ** Similar is true for Mac OS X.  LFS is only supported on Mac OS X 9 and later.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS
@@ -71,481 +76,41 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
-** Include the configuration header output by 'configure' if we're using the
-** autoconf-based build
+** For MinGW, check to see if we can include the header file containing its
+** version information, among other things.  Normally, this internal MinGW
+** header file would [only] be included automatically by other MinGW header
+** files; however, the contained version information is now required by this
+** header file to work around binary compatibility issues (see below) and
+** this is the only known way to reliably obtain it.  This entire #if block
+** would be completely unnecessary if there was any other way of detecting
+** MinGW via their preprocessor (e.g. if they customized their GCC to define
+** some MinGW-specific macros).  When compiling for MinGW, either the
+** _HAVE_MINGW_H or _HAVE__MINGW_H (note the extra underscore) macro must be
+** defined; otherwise, detection of conditions specific to MinGW will be
+** disabled.
 */
-#ifdef _HAVE_SQLITE_CONFIG_H
-#include "config.h"
-#endif
-
-/************** Include sqliteLimit.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ***********/
-/************** Begin file sqliteLimit.h *************************************/
-/*
-** 2007 May 7
-**
-** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
-** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
-**
-**    May you do good and not evil.
-**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
-**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
-**
-*************************************************************************
-** 
-** This file defines various limits of what SQLite can process.
-*/
-
-/*
-** The maximum length of a TEXT or BLOB in bytes.   This also
-** limits the size of a row in a table or index.
-**
-** The hard limit is the ability of a 32-bit signed integer
-** to count the size: 2^31-1 or 2147483647.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH
-# define SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH 1000000000
+#if defined(_HAVE_MINGW_H)
+# include "mingw.h"
+#elif defined(_HAVE__MINGW_H)
+# include "_mingw.h"
 #endif
 
 /*
-** This is the maximum number of
-**
-**    * Columns in a table
-**    * Columns in an index
-**    * Columns in a view
-**    * Terms in the SET clause of an UPDATE statement
-**    * Terms in the result set of a SELECT statement
-**    * Terms in the GROUP BY or ORDER BY clauses of a SELECT statement.
-**    * Terms in the VALUES clause of an INSERT statement
-**
-** The hard upper limit here is 32676.  Most database people will
-** tell you that in a well-normalized database, you usually should
-** not have more than a dozen or so columns in any table.  And if
-** that is the case, there is no point in having more than a few
-** dozen values in any of the other situations described above.
+** For MinGW version 4.x (and higher), check to see if the _USE_32BIT_TIME_T
+** define is required to maintain binary compatibility with the MSVC runtime
+** library in use (e.g. for Windows XP).
 */
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN
-# define SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN 2000
+#if !defined(_USE_32BIT_TIME_T) && !defined(_USE_64BIT_TIME_T) && \
+    defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64) && \
+    defined(__MINGW_MAJOR_VERSION) && __MINGW_MAJOR_VERSION >= 4 && \
+    defined(__MSVCRT__)
+# define _USE_32BIT_TIME_T
 #endif
 
-/*
-** The maximum length of a single SQL statement in bytes.
-**
-** It used to be the case that setting this value to zero would
-** turn the limit off.  That is no longer true.  It is not possible
-** to turn this limit off.
+/* The public SQLite interface.  The _FILE_OFFSET_BITS macro must appear
+** first in QNX.  Also, the _USE_32BIT_TIME_T macro must appear first for
+** MinGW.
 */
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH
-# define SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH 1000000000
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The maximum depth of an expression tree. This is limited to 
-** some extent by SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH. But sometime you might 
-** want to place more severe limits on the complexity of an 
-** expression.
-**
-** A value of 0 used to mean that the limit was not enforced.
-** But that is no longer true.  The limit is now strictly enforced
-** at all times.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH
-# define SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH 1000
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The maximum number of terms in a compound SELECT statement.
-** The code generator for compound SELECT statements does one
-** level of recursion for each term.  A stack overflow can result
-** if the number of terms is too large.  In practice, most SQL
-** never has more than 3 or 4 terms.  Use a value of 0 to disable
-** any limit on the number of terms in a compount SELECT.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT
-# define SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT 500
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The maximum number of opcodes in a VDBE program.
-** Not currently enforced.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP
-# define SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP 25000
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The maximum number of arguments to an SQL function.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG
-# define SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG 127
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The maximum number of in-memory pages to use for the main database
-** table and for temporary tables.  The SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE
-# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE  2000
-#endif
-#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_TEMP_CACHE_SIZE
-# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_TEMP_CACHE_SIZE  500
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The default number of frames to accumulate in the log file before
-** checkpointing the database in WAL mode.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT
-# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT  1000
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The maximum number of attached databases.  This must be between 0
-** and 62.  The upper bound on 62 is because a 64-bit integer bitmap
-** is used internally to track attached databases.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED
-# define SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED 10
-#endif
-
-
-/*
-** The maximum value of a ?nnn wildcard that the parser will accept.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER
-# define SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER 999
-#endif
-
-/* Maximum page size.  The upper bound on this value is 65536.  This a limit
-** imposed by the use of 16-bit offsets within each page.
-**
-** Earlier versions of SQLite allowed the user to change this value at
-** compile time. This is no longer permitted, on the grounds that it creates
-** a library that is technically incompatible with an SQLite library 
-** compiled with a different limit. If a process operating on a database 
-** with a page-size of 65536 bytes crashes, then an instance of SQLite 
-** compiled with the default page-size limit will not be able to rollback 
-** the aborted transaction. This could lead to database corruption.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
-# undef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
-#endif
-#define SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE 65536
-
-
-/*
-** The default size of a database page.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
-# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE 1024
-#endif
-#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
-# undef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
-# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Ordinarily, if no value is explicitly provided, SQLite creates databases
-** with page size SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE. However, based on certain
-** device characteristics (sector-size and atomic write() support),
-** SQLite may choose a larger value. This constant is the maximum value
-** SQLite will choose on its own.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
-# define SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE 8192
-#endif
-#if SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
-# undef SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
-# define SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
-#endif
-
-
-/*
-** Maximum number of pages in one database file.
-**
-** This is really just the default value for the max_page_count pragma.
-** This value can be lowered (or raised) at run-time using that the
-** max_page_count macro.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT
-# define SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT 1073741823
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Maximum length (in bytes) of the pattern in a LIKE or GLOB
-** operator.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH
-# define SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH 50000
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Maximum depth of recursion for triggers.
-**
-** A value of 1 means that a trigger program will not be able to itself
-** fire any triggers. A value of 0 means that no trigger programs at all 
-** may be executed.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH
-# define SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH 1000
-#endif
-
-/************** End of sqliteLimit.h *****************************************/
-/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
-
-/* Disable nuisance warnings on Borland compilers */
-#if defined(__BORLANDC__)
-#pragma warn -rch /* unreachable code */
-#pragma warn -ccc /* Condition is always true or false */
-#pragma warn -aus /* Assigned value is never used */
-#pragma warn -csu /* Comparing signed and unsigned */
-#pragma warn -spa /* Suspicious pointer arithmetic */
-#endif
-
-/* Needed for various definitions... */
-#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
-# define _GNU_SOURCE
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Include standard header files as necessary
-*/
-#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
-#include <stdint.h>
-#endif
-#ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
-#include <inttypes.h>
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The following macros are used to cast pointers to integers and
-** integers to pointers.  The way you do this varies from one compiler
-** to the next, so we have developed the following set of #if statements
-** to generate appropriate macros for a wide range of compilers.
-**
-** The correct "ANSI" way to do this is to use the intptr_t type. 
-** Unfortunately, that typedef is not available on all compilers, or
-** if it is available, it requires an #include of specific headers
-** that vary from one machine to the next.
-**
-** Ticket #3860:  The llvm-gcc-4.2 compiler from Apple chokes on
-** the ((void*)&((char*)0)[X]) construct.  But MSVC chokes on ((void*)(X)).
-** So we have to define the macros in different ways depending on the
-** compiler.
-*/
-#if defined(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)  /* This case should work for GCC */
-# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)(X))
-# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)(X))
-#elif !defined(__GNUC__)       /* Works for compilers other than LLVM */
-# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)&((char*)0)[X])
-# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(((char*)X)-(char*)0))
-#elif defined(HAVE_STDINT_H)   /* Use this case if we have ANSI headers */
-# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(intptr_t)(X))
-# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(intptr_t)(X))
-#else                          /* Generates a warning - but it always works */
-# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(X))
-# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(X))
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The SQLITE_THREADSAFE macro must be defined as 0, 1, or 2.
-** 0 means mutexes are permanently disable and the library is never
-** threadsafe.  1 means the library is serialized which is the highest
-** level of threadsafety.  2 means the libary is multithreaded - multiple
-** threads can use SQLite as long as no two threads try to use the same
-** database connection at the same time.
-**
-** Older versions of SQLite used an optional THREADSAFE macro.
-** We support that for legacy.
-*/
-#if !defined(SQLITE_THREADSAFE)
-#if defined(THREADSAFE)
-# define SQLITE_THREADSAFE THREADSAFE
-#else
-# define SQLITE_THREADSAFE 1 /* IMP: R-07272-22309 */
-#endif
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Powersafe overwrite is on by default.  But can be turned off using
-** the -DSQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE=0 command-line option.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE
-# define SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE 1
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS macro must be defined as either 0 or 1.
-** It determines whether or not the features related to 
-** SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS are available by default or not. This value can
-** be overridden at runtime using the sqlite3_config() API.
-*/
-#if !defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS)
-# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS 1
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Exactly one of the following macros must be defined in order to
-** specify which memory allocation subsystem to use.
-**
-**     SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC          // Use normal system malloc()
-**     SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC           // Use Win32 native heap API
-**     SQLITE_MEMDEBUG               // Debugging version of system malloc()
-**
-** On Windows, if the SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE macro is defined and the
-** assert() macro is enabled, each call into the Win32 native heap subsystem
-** will cause HeapValidate to be called.  If heap validation should fail, an
-** assertion will be triggered.
-**
-** (Historical note:  There used to be several other options, but we've
-** pared it down to just these three.)
-**
-** If none of the above are defined, then set SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC as
-** the default.
-*/
-#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)>1
-# error "At most one of the following compile-time configuration options\
- is allows: SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC, SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC, SQLITE_MEMDEBUG"
-#endif
-#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC)+defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)==0
-# define SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC 1
-#endif
-
-/*
-** If SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT is not zero, then try to keep the
-** sizes of memory allocations below this value where possible.
-*/
-#if !defined(SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT)
-# define SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT 1024
-#endif
-
-/*
-** We need to define _XOPEN_SOURCE as follows in order to enable
-** recursive mutexes on most Unix systems.  But Mac OS X is different.
-** The _XOPEN_SOURCE define causes problems for Mac OS X we are told,
-** so it is omitted there.  See ticket #2673.
-**
-** Later we learn that _XOPEN_SOURCE is poorly or incorrectly
-** implemented on some systems.  So we avoid defining it at all
-** if it is already defined or if it is unneeded because we are
-** not doing a threadsafe build.  Ticket #2681.
-**
-** See also ticket #2741.
-*/
-#if !defined(_XOPEN_SOURCE) && !defined(__DARWIN__) && !defined(__APPLE__) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE
-#  define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500  /* Needed to enable pthread recursive mutexes */
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The TCL headers are only needed when compiling the TCL bindings.
-*/
-#if defined(SQLITE_TCL) || defined(TCLSH)
-# include <tcl.h>
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Many people are failing to set -DNDEBUG=1 when compiling SQLite.
-** Setting NDEBUG makes the code smaller and run faster.  So the following
-** lines are added to automatically set NDEBUG unless the -DSQLITE_DEBUG=1
-** option is set.  Thus NDEBUG becomes an opt-in rather than an opt-out
-** feature.
-*/
-#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) 
-# define NDEBUG 1
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The testcase() macro is used to aid in coverage testing.  When 
-** doing coverage testing, the condition inside the argument to
-** testcase() must be evaluated both true and false in order to
-** get full branch coverage.  The testcase() macro is inserted
-** to help ensure adequate test coverage in places where simple
-** condition/decision coverage is inadequate.  For example, testcase()
-** can be used to make sure boundary values are tested.  For
-** bitmask tests, testcase() can be used to make sure each bit
-** is significant and used at least once.  On switch statements
-** where multiple cases go to the same block of code, testcase()
-** can insure that all cases are evaluated.
-**
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3Coverage(int);
-# define testcase(X)  if( X ){ sqlite3Coverage(__LINE__); }
-#else
-# define testcase(X)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The TESTONLY macro is used to enclose variable declarations or
-** other bits of code that are needed to support the arguments
-** within testcase() and assert() macros.
-*/
-#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
-# define TESTONLY(X)  X
-#else
-# define TESTONLY(X)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Sometimes we need a small amount of code such as a variable initialization
-** to setup for a later assert() statement.  We do not want this code to
-** appear when assert() is disabled.  The following macro is therefore
-** used to contain that setup code.  The "VVA" acronym stands for
-** "Verification, Validation, and Accreditation".  In other words, the
-** code within VVA_ONLY() will only run during verification processes.
-*/
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-# define VVA_ONLY(X)  X
-#else
-# define VVA_ONLY(X)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The ALWAYS and NEVER macros surround boolean expressions which 
-** are intended to always be true or false, respectively.  Such
-** expressions could be omitted from the code completely.  But they
-** are included in a few cases in order to enhance the resilience
-** of SQLite to unexpected behavior - to make the code "self-healing"
-** or "ductile" rather than being "brittle" and crashing at the first
-** hint of unplanned behavior.
-**
-** In other words, ALWAYS and NEVER are added for defensive code.
-**
-** When doing coverage testing ALWAYS and NEVER are hard-coded to
-** be true and false so that the unreachable code then specify will
-** not be counted as untested code.
-*/
-#if defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
-# define ALWAYS(X)      (1)
-# define NEVER(X)       (0)
-#elif !defined(NDEBUG)
-# define ALWAYS(X)      ((X)?1:(assert(0),0))
-# define NEVER(X)       ((X)?(assert(0),1):0)
-#else
-# define ALWAYS(X)      (X)
-# define NEVER(X)       (X)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Return true (non-zero) if the input is a integer that is too large
-** to fit in 32-bits.  This macro is used inside of various testcase()
-** macros to verify that we have tested SQLite for large-file support.
-*/
-#define IS_BIG_INT(X)  (((X)&~(i64)0xffffffff)!=0)
-
-/*
-** The macro unlikely() is a hint that surrounds a boolean
-** expression that is usually false.  Macro likely() surrounds
-** a boolean expression that is usually true.  GCC is able to
-** use these hints to generate better code, sometimes.
-*/
-#if defined(__GNUC__) && 0
-# define likely(X)    __builtin_expect((X),1)
-# define unlikely(X)  __builtin_expect((X),0)
-#else
-# define likely(X)    !!(X)
-# define unlikely(X)  !!(X)
-#endif
-
 /************** Include sqlite3.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ***************/
 /************** Begin file sqlite3.h *****************************************/
 /*
@@ -657,9 +222,9 @@
 ** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
 ** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
 */
-#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.7.11"
-#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3007011
-#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2012-03-20 11:35:50 00bb9c9ce4f465e6ac321ced2a9d0062dc364669"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.8.6"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3008006
+#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2014-08-15 11:46:33 9491ba7d738528f168657adb43a198238abde19e"
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
@@ -769,7 +334,8 @@
 ** the opaque structure named "sqlite3".  It is useful to think of an sqlite3
 ** pointer as an object.  The [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()], and
 ** [sqlite3_open_v2()] interfaces are its constructors, and [sqlite3_close()]
-** is its destructor.  There are many other interfaces (such as
+** and [sqlite3_close_v2()] are its destructors.  There are many other
+** interfaces (such as
 ** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()], [sqlite3_create_function()], and
 ** [sqlite3_busy_timeout()] to name but three) that are methods on an
 ** sqlite3 object.
@@ -816,28 +382,46 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Closing A Database Connection
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_close() routine is the destructor for the [sqlite3] object.
-** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() return SQLITE_OK if the [sqlite3] object is
-** successfully destroyed and all associated resources are deallocated.
+** ^The sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() routines are destructors
+** for the [sqlite3] object.
+** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() return [SQLITE_OK] if
+** the [sqlite3] object is successfully destroyed and all associated
+** resources are deallocated.
 **
-** Applications must [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all [prepared statements]
-** and [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles] associated with
-** the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.  ^If
-** sqlite3_close() is called on a [database connection] that still has
-** outstanding [prepared statements] or [BLOB handles], then it returns
-** SQLITE_BUSY.
+** ^If the database connection is associated with unfinalized prepared
+** statements or unfinished sqlite3_backup objects then sqlite3_close()
+** will leave the database connection open and return [SQLITE_BUSY].
+** ^If sqlite3_close_v2() is called with unfinalized prepared statements
+** and/or unfinished sqlite3_backups, then the database connection becomes
+** an unusable "zombie" which will automatically be deallocated when the
+** last prepared statement is finalized or the last sqlite3_backup is
+** finished.  The sqlite3_close_v2() interface is intended for use with
+** host languages that are garbage collected, and where the order in which
+** destructors are called is arbitrary.
 **
-** ^If [sqlite3_close()] is invoked while a transaction is open,
+** Applications should [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all [prepared statements],
+** [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles], and 
+** [sqlite3_backup_finish | finish] all [sqlite3_backup] objects associated
+** with the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.  ^If
+** sqlite3_close_v2() is called on a [database connection] that still has
+** outstanding [prepared statements], [BLOB handles], and/or
+** [sqlite3_backup] objects then it returns [SQLITE_OK] and the deallocation
+** of resources is deferred until all [prepared statements], [BLOB handles],
+** and [sqlite3_backup] objects are also destroyed.
+**
+** ^If an [sqlite3] object is destroyed while a transaction is open,
 ** the transaction is automatically rolled back.
 **
-** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] must be either a NULL
+** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] and [sqlite3_close_v2(C)]
+** must be either a NULL
 ** pointer or an [sqlite3] object pointer obtained
 ** from [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()], or
 ** [sqlite3_open_v2()], and not previously closed.
-** ^Calling sqlite3_close() with a NULL pointer argument is a 
-** harmless no-op.
+** ^Calling sqlite3_close() or sqlite3_close_v2() with a NULL pointer
+** argument is a harmless no-op.
 */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close_v2(sqlite3*);
 
 /*
 ** The type for a callback function.
@@ -901,7 +485,7 @@
 ** <ul>
 ** <li> The application must insure that the 1st parameter to sqlite3_exec()
 **      is a valid and open [database connection].
-** <li> The application must not close [database connection] specified by
+** <li> The application must not close the [database connection] specified by
 **      the 1st parameter to sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
 ** <li> The application must not modify the SQL statement text passed into
 **      the 2nd parameter of sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
@@ -917,16 +501,14 @@
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Result Codes
-** KEYWORDS: SQLITE_OK {error code} {error codes}
-** KEYWORDS: {result code} {result codes}
+** KEYWORDS: {result code definitions}
 **
 ** Many SQLite functions return an integer result code from the set shown
 ** here in order to indicate success or failure.
 **
 ** New error codes may be added in future versions of SQLite.
 **
-** See also: [SQLITE_IOERR_READ | extended result codes],
-** [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | result codes].
+** See also: [extended result code definitions]
 */
 #define SQLITE_OK           0   /* Successful result */
 /* beginning-of-error-codes */
@@ -956,32 +538,27 @@
 #define SQLITE_FORMAT      24   /* Auxiliary database format error */
 #define SQLITE_RANGE       25   /* 2nd parameter to sqlite3_bind out of range */
 #define SQLITE_NOTADB      26   /* File opened that is not a database file */
+#define SQLITE_NOTICE      27   /* Notifications from sqlite3_log() */
+#define SQLITE_WARNING     28   /* Warnings from sqlite3_log() */
 #define SQLITE_ROW         100  /* sqlite3_step() has another row ready */
 #define SQLITE_DONE        101  /* sqlite3_step() has finished executing */
 /* end-of-error-codes */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Extended Result Codes
-** KEYWORDS: {extended error code} {extended error codes}
-** KEYWORDS: {extended result code} {extended result codes}
+** KEYWORDS: {extended result code definitions}
 **
-** In its default configuration, SQLite API routines return one of 26 integer
-** [SQLITE_OK | result codes].  However, experience has shown that many of
+** In its default configuration, SQLite API routines return one of 30 integer
+** [result codes].  However, experience has shown that many of
 ** these result codes are too coarse-grained.  They do not provide as
 ** much information about problems as programmers might like.  In an effort to
 ** address this, newer versions of SQLite (version 3.3.8 and later) include
 ** support for additional result codes that provide more detailed information
-** about errors. The extended result codes are enabled or disabled
+** about errors. These [extended result codes] are enabled or disabled
 ** on a per database connection basis using the
-** [sqlite3_extended_result_codes()] API.
-**
-** Some of the available extended result codes are listed here.
-** One may expect the number of extended result codes will be expand
-** over time.  Software that uses extended result codes should expect
-** to see new result codes in future releases of SQLite.
-**
-** The SQLITE_OK result code will never be extended.  It will always
-** be exactly zero.
+** [sqlite3_extended_result_codes()] API.  Or, the extended code for
+** the most recent error can be obtained using
+** [sqlite3_extended_errcode()].
 */
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_READ              (SQLITE_IOERR | (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ        (SQLITE_IOERR | (2<<8))
@@ -1005,13 +582,36 @@
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMLOCK           (SQLITE_IOERR | (20<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP            (SQLITE_IOERR | (21<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK              (SQLITE_IOERR | (22<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT      (SQLITE_IOERR | (23<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP              (SQLITE_IOERR | (24<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH       (SQLITE_IOERR | (25<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH          (SQLITE_IOERR | (26<<8))
 #define SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE      (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (2<<8))
 #define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR      (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR          (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (4<<8))
 #define SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB            (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY       (SQLITE_READONLY | (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED        (SQLITE_READONLY | (4<<8))
 #define SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK          (SQLITE_ABORT | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_CHECK        (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_COMMITHOOK   (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY   (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION     (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (4<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_NOTNULL      (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (5<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY   (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (6<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_TRIGGER      (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (7<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE       (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (8<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_VTAB         (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (9<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_ROWID        (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT |(10<<8))
+#define SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_WAL      (SQLITE_NOTICE | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_ROLLBACK (SQLITE_NOTICE | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_WARNING_AUTOINDEX       (SQLITE_WARNING | (1<<8))
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Flags For File Open Operations
@@ -1027,6 +627,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE        0x00000010  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_AUTOPROXY        0x00000020  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_URI              0x00000040  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY           0x00000080  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB          0x00000100  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB          0x00000200  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB     0x00000400  /* VFS only */
@@ -1046,7 +647,7 @@
 ** CAPI3REF: Device Characteristics
 **
 ** The xDeviceCharacteristics method of the [sqlite3_io_methods]
-** object returns an integer which is a vector of the these
+** object returns an integer which is a vector of these
 ** bit values expressing I/O characteristics of the mass storage
 ** device that holds the file that the [sqlite3_io_methods]
 ** refers to.
@@ -1064,7 +665,11 @@
 ** after reboot following a crash or power loss, the only bytes in a
 ** file that were written at the application level might have changed
 ** and that adjacent bytes, even bytes within the same sector are
-** guaranteed to be unchanged.
+** guaranteed to be unchanged.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN
+** flag indicate that a file cannot be deleted when open.  The
+** SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE flag indicates that the file is on
+** read-only media and cannot be changed even by processes with
+** elevated privileges.
 */
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC                 0x00000001
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512              0x00000002
@@ -1079,6 +684,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL             0x00000400
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN  0x00000800
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE    0x00001000
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE              0x00002000
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: File Locking Levels
@@ -1185,7 +791,7 @@
 ** locking strategy (for example to use dot-file locks), to inquire
 ** about the status of a lock, or to break stale locks.  The SQLite
 ** core reserves all opcodes less than 100 for its own use.
-** A [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE | list of opcodes] less than 100 is available.
+** A [file control opcodes | list of opcodes] less than 100 is available.
 ** Applications that define a custom xFileControl method should use opcodes
 ** greater than 100 to avoid conflicts.  VFS implementations should
 ** return [SQLITE_NOTFOUND] for file control opcodes that they do not
@@ -1250,11 +856,15 @@
   void (*xShmBarrier)(sqlite3_file*);
   int (*xShmUnmap)(sqlite3_file*, int deleteFlag);
   /* Methods above are valid for version 2 */
+  int (*xFetch)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 iOfst, int iAmt, void **pp);
+  int (*xUnfetch)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 iOfst, void *p);
+  /* Methods above are valid for version 3 */
   /* Additional methods may be added in future releases */
 };
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Standard File Control Opcodes
+** KEYWORDS: {file control opcodes} {file control opcode}
 **
 ** These integer constants are opcodes for the xFileControl method
 ** of the [sqlite3_io_methods] object and for the [sqlite3_file_control()]
@@ -1292,15 +902,29 @@
 ** additional information.
 **
 ** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED]]
-** ^(The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED] opcode is generated internally by
-** SQLite and sent to all VFSes in place of a call to the xSync method
-** when the database connection has [PRAGMA synchronous] set to OFF.)^
-** Some specialized VFSes need this signal in order to operate correctly
-** when [PRAGMA synchronous | PRAGMA synchronous=OFF] is set, but most 
-** VFSes do not need this signal and should silently ignore this opcode.
-** Applications should not call [sqlite3_file_control()] with this
-** opcode as doing so may disrupt the operation of the specialized VFSes
-** that do require it.  
+** No longer in use.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC] opcode is generated internally by SQLite and
+** sent to the VFS immediately before the xSync method is invoked on a
+** database file descriptor. Or, if the xSync method is not invoked 
+** because the user has configured SQLite with 
+** [PRAGMA synchronous | PRAGMA synchronous=OFF] it is invoked in place 
+** of the xSync method. In most cases, the pointer argument passed with
+** this file-control is NULL. However, if the database file is being synced
+** as part of a multi-database commit, the argument points to a nul-terminated
+** string containing the transactions master-journal file name. VFSes that 
+** do not need this signal should silently ignore this opcode. Applications 
+** should not call [sqlite3_file_control()] with this opcode as doing so may 
+** disrupt the operation of the specialized VFSes that do require it.  
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO] opcode is generated internally by SQLite
+** and sent to the VFS after a transaction has been committed immediately
+** but before the database is unlocked. VFSes that do not need this signal
+** should silently ignore this opcode. Applications should not call
+** [sqlite3_file_control()] with this opcode as doing so may disrupt the 
+** operation of the specialized VFSes that do require it.  
 **
 ** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY]]
 ** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY] opcode is used to configure automatic
@@ -1321,7 +945,7 @@
 **
 ** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL]]
 ** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL] opcode is used to set or query the
-** persistent [WAL | Write AHead Log] setting.  By default, the auxiliary
+** persistent [WAL | Write Ahead Log] setting.  By default, the auxiliary
 ** write ahead log and shared memory files used for transaction control
 ** are automatically deleted when the latest connection to the database
 ** closes.  Setting persistent WAL mode causes those files to persist after
@@ -1384,6 +1008,58 @@
 ** compilation of the PRAGMA fails with an error.  ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA]
 ** file control occurs at the beginning of pragma statement analysis and so
 ** it is able to override built-in [PRAGMA] statements.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER]]
+** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER]
+** file-control may be invoked by SQLite on the database file handle
+** shortly after it is opened in order to provide a custom VFS with access
+** to the connections busy-handler callback. The argument is of type (void **)
+** - an array of two (void *) values. The first (void *) actually points
+** to a function of type (int (*)(void *)). In order to invoke the connections
+** busy-handler, this function should be invoked with the second (void *) in
+** the array as the only argument. If it returns non-zero, then the operation
+** should be retried. If it returns zero, the custom VFS should abandon the
+** current operation.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME]]
+** ^Application can invoke the [SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME] file-control
+** to have SQLite generate a
+** temporary filename using the same algorithm that is followed to generate
+** temporary filenames for TEMP tables and other internal uses.  The
+** argument should be a char** which will be filled with the filename
+** written into memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc()].  The caller should
+** invoke [sqlite3_free()] on the result to avoid a memory leak.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE] file control is used to query or set the
+** maximum number of bytes that will be used for memory-mapped I/O.
+** The argument is a pointer to a value of type sqlite3_int64 that
+** is an advisory maximum number of bytes in the file to memory map.  The
+** pointer is overwritten with the old value.  The limit is not changed if
+** the value originally pointed to is negative, and so the current limit 
+** can be queried by passing in a pointer to a negative number.  This
+** file-control is used internally to implement [PRAGMA mmap_size].
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE] file control provides advisory information
+** to the VFS about what the higher layers of the SQLite stack are doing.
+** This file control is used by some VFS activity tracing [shims].
+** The argument is a zero-terminated string.  Higher layers in the
+** SQLite stack may generate instances of this file control if
+** the [SQLITE_USE_FCNTL_TRACE] compile-time option is enabled.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED] file control interprets its argument as a
+** pointer to an integer and it writes a boolean into that integer depending
+** on whether or not the file has been renamed, moved, or deleted since it
+** was first opened.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE] opcode is used for debugging.  This
+** opcode causes the xFileControl method to swap the file handle with the one
+** pointed to by the pArg argument.  This capability is used during testing
+** and only needs to be supported when SQLITE_TEST is defined.
+**
 ** </ul>
 */
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE               1
@@ -1400,6 +1076,14 @@
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_VFSNAME                12
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE    13
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA                 14
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER            15
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME           16
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE              18
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE                  19
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED              20
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC                   21
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO        22
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE       23
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Mutex Handle
@@ -1844,7 +1528,7 @@
 ** or [sqlite3_realloc()] first calls xRoundup.  If xRoundup returns 0, 
 ** that causes the corresponding memory allocation to fail.
 **
-** The xInit method initializes the memory allocator.  (For example,
+** The xInit method initializes the memory allocator.  For example,
 ** it might allocate any require mutexes or initialize internal data
 ** structures.  The xShutdown method is invoked (indirectly) by
 ** [sqlite3_shutdown()] and should deallocate any resources acquired
@@ -2066,7 +1750,9 @@
 ** page cache implementation into that object.)^ </dd>
 **
 ** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG</dt>
-** <dd> ^The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option takes two arguments: a pointer to a
+** <dd> The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option is used to configure the SQLite
+** global [error log].
+** (^The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option takes two arguments: a pointer to a
 ** function with a call signature of void(*)(void*,int,const char*), 
 ** and a pointer to void. ^If the function pointer is not NULL, it is
 ** invoked by [sqlite3_log()] to process each logging event.  ^If the
@@ -2084,22 +1770,73 @@
 ** function must be threadsafe. </dd>
 **
 ** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_URI]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_URI
-** <dd> This option takes a single argument of type int. If non-zero, then
+** <dd>^(This option takes a single argument of type int. If non-zero, then
 ** URI handling is globally enabled. If the parameter is zero, then URI handling
-** is globally disabled. If URI handling is globally enabled, all filenames
+** is globally disabled.)^ ^If URI handling is globally enabled, all filenames
 ** passed to [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open_v2()], [sqlite3_open16()] or
 ** specified as part of [ATTACH] commands are interpreted as URIs, regardless
 ** of whether or not the [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flag is set when the database
-** connection is opened. If it is globally disabled, filenames are
+** connection is opened. ^If it is globally disabled, filenames are
 ** only interpreted as URIs if the SQLITE_OPEN_URI flag is set when the
-** database connection is opened. By default, URI handling is globally
+** database connection is opened. ^(By default, URI handling is globally
 ** disabled. The default value may be changed by compiling with the
-** [SQLITE_USE_URI] symbol defined.
+** [SQLITE_USE_URI] symbol defined.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN
+** <dd>^This option takes a single integer argument which is interpreted as
+** a boolean in order to enable or disable the use of covering indices for
+** full table scans in the query optimizer.  ^The default setting is determined
+** by the [SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN] compile-time option, or is "on"
+** if that compile-time option is omitted.
+** The ability to disable the use of covering indices for full table scans
+** is because some incorrectly coded legacy applications might malfunction
+** when the optimization is enabled.  Providing the ability to
+** disable the optimization allows the older, buggy application code to work
+** without change even with newer versions of SQLite.
 **
 ** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE]] [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE]]
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE and SQLITE_CONFNIG_GETPCACHE
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE and SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE
 ** <dd> These options are obsolete and should not be used by new code.
 ** They are retained for backwards compatibility but are now no-ops.
+** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG]]
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG
+** <dd>This option is only available if sqlite is compiled with the
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG] pre-processor macro defined. The first argument should
+** be a pointer to a function of type void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,const char*, int).
+** The second should be of type (void*). The callback is invoked by the library
+** in three separate circumstances, identified by the value passed as the
+** fourth parameter. If the fourth parameter is 0, then the database connection
+** passed as the second argument has just been opened. The third argument
+** points to a buffer containing the name of the main database file. If the
+** fourth parameter is 1, then the SQL statement that the third parameter
+** points to has just been executed. Or, if the fourth parameter is 2, then
+** the connection being passed as the second parameter is being closed. The
+** third parameter is passed NULL In this case.  An example of using this
+** configuration option can be seen in the "test_sqllog.c" source file in
+** the canonical SQLite source tree.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE]]
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE
+** <dd>^SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE takes two 64-bit integer (sqlite3_int64) values
+** that are the default mmap size limit (the default setting for
+** [PRAGMA mmap_size]) and the maximum allowed mmap size limit.
+** ^The default setting can be overridden by each database connection using
+** either the [PRAGMA mmap_size] command, or by using the
+** [SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE] file control.  ^(The maximum allowed mmap size
+** cannot be changed at run-time.  Nor may the maximum allowed mmap size
+** exceed the compile-time maximum mmap size set by the
+** [SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE] compile-time option.)^
+** ^If either argument to this option is negative, then that argument is
+** changed to its compile-time default.
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE]]
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE
+** <dd>^This option is only available if SQLite is compiled for Windows
+** with the [SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC] pre-processor macro defined.
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE takes a 32-bit unsigned integer value
+** that specifies the maximum size of the created heap.
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD  1  /* nil */
@@ -2121,6 +1858,10 @@
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_URI          17  /* int */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE2      18  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods2* */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE2   19  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods2* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN 20  /* int */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG       21  /* xSqllog, void* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE    22  /* sqlite3_int64, sqlite3_int64 */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE      23  /* int nByte */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Configuration Options
@@ -2197,19 +1938,21 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Last Insert Rowid
 **
-** ^Each entry in an SQLite table has a unique 64-bit signed
+** ^Each entry in most SQLite tables (except for [WITHOUT ROWID] tables)
+** has a unique 64-bit signed
 ** integer key called the [ROWID | "rowid"]. ^The rowid is always available
 ** as an undeclared column named ROWID, OID, or _ROWID_ as long as those
 ** names are not also used by explicitly declared columns. ^If
 ** the table has a column of type [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY] then that column
 ** is another alias for the rowid.
 **
-** ^This routine returns the [rowid] of the most recent
-** successful [INSERT] into the database from the [database connection]
-** in the first argument.  ^As of SQLite version 3.7.7, this routines
-** records the last insert rowid of both ordinary tables and [virtual tables].
-** ^If no successful [INSERT]s
-** have ever occurred on that database connection, zero is returned.
+** ^The sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(D) interface returns the [rowid] of the 
+** most recent successful [INSERT] into a rowid table or [virtual table]
+** on database connection D.
+** ^Inserts into [WITHOUT ROWID] tables are not recorded.
+** ^If no successful [INSERT]s into rowid tables
+** have ever occurred on the database connection D, 
+** then sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(D) returns zero.
 **
 ** ^(If an [INSERT] occurs within a trigger or within a [virtual table]
 ** method, then this routine will return the [rowid] of the inserted
@@ -2401,27 +2144,33 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Register A Callback To Handle SQLITE_BUSY Errors
 **
-** ^This routine sets a callback function that might be invoked whenever
-** an attempt is made to open a database table that another thread
-** or process has locked.
+** ^The sqlite3_busy_handler(D,X,P) routine sets a callback function X
+** that might be invoked with argument P whenever
+** an attempt is made to access a database table associated with
+** [database connection] D when another thread
+** or process has the table locked.
+** The sqlite3_busy_handler() interface is used to implement
+** [sqlite3_busy_timeout()] and [PRAGMA busy_timeout].
 **
-** ^If the busy callback is NULL, then [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED]
+** ^If the busy callback is NULL, then [SQLITE_BUSY]
 ** is returned immediately upon encountering the lock.  ^If the busy callback
 ** is not NULL, then the callback might be invoked with two arguments.
 **
 ** ^The first argument to the busy handler is a copy of the void* pointer which
 ** is the third argument to sqlite3_busy_handler().  ^The second argument to
 ** the busy handler callback is the number of times that the busy handler has
-** been invoked for this locking event.  ^If the
+** been invoked for the same locking event.  ^If the
 ** busy callback returns 0, then no additional attempts are made to
-** access the database and [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED] is returned.
+** access the database and [SQLITE_BUSY] is returned
+** to the application.
 ** ^If the callback returns non-zero, then another attempt
-** is made to open the database for reading and the cycle repeats.
+** is made to access the database and the cycle repeats.
 **
 ** The presence of a busy handler does not guarantee that it will be invoked
 ** when there is lock contention. ^If SQLite determines that invoking the busy
 ** handler could result in a deadlock, it will go ahead and return [SQLITE_BUSY]
-** or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED] instead of invoking the busy handler.
+** to the application instead of invoking the 
+** busy handler.
 ** Consider a scenario where one process is holding a read lock that
 ** it is trying to promote to a reserved lock and
 ** a second process is holding a reserved lock that it is trying
@@ -2435,28 +2184,15 @@
 **
 ** ^The default busy callback is NULL.
 **
-** ^The [SQLITE_BUSY] error is converted to [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED]
-** when SQLite is in the middle of a large transaction where all the
-** changes will not fit into the in-memory cache.  SQLite will
-** already hold a RESERVED lock on the database file, but it needs
-** to promote this lock to EXCLUSIVE so that it can spill cache
-** pages into the database file without harm to concurrent
-** readers.  ^If it is unable to promote the lock, then the in-memory
-** cache will be left in an inconsistent state and so the error
-** code is promoted from the relatively benign [SQLITE_BUSY] to
-** the more severe [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED].  ^This error code promotion
-** forces an automatic rollback of the changes.  See the
-** <a href="/cvstrac/wiki?p=CorruptionFollowingBusyError">
-** CorruptionFollowingBusyError</a> wiki page for a discussion of why
-** this is important.
-**
 ** ^(There can only be a single busy handler defined for each
 ** [database connection].  Setting a new busy handler clears any
 ** previously set handler.)^  ^Note that calling [sqlite3_busy_timeout()]
-** will also set or clear the busy handler.
+** or evaluating [PRAGMA busy_timeout=N] will change the
+** busy handler and thus clear any previously set busy handler.
 **
 ** The busy callback should not take any actions which modify the
-** database connection that invoked the busy handler.  Any such actions
+** database connection that invoked the busy handler.  In other words,
+** the busy handler is not reentrant.  Any such actions
 ** result in undefined behavior.
 ** 
 ** A busy handler must not close the database connection
@@ -2472,7 +2208,7 @@
 ** will sleep multiple times until at least "ms" milliseconds of sleeping
 ** have accumulated.  ^After at least "ms" milliseconds of sleeping,
 ** the handler returns 0 which causes [sqlite3_step()] to return
-** [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED].
+** [SQLITE_BUSY].
 **
 ** ^Calling this routine with an argument less than or equal to zero
 ** turns off all busy handlers.
@@ -2481,6 +2217,8 @@
 ** [database connection] any any given moment.  If another busy handler
 ** was defined  (using [sqlite3_busy_handler()]) prior to calling
 ** this routine, that other busy handler is cleared.)^
+**
+** See also:  [PRAGMA busy_timeout]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3*, int ms);
 
@@ -2718,12 +2456,12 @@
 ** implementation of these routines to be omitted.  That capability
 ** is no longer provided.  Only built-in memory allocators can be used.
 **
-** The Windows OS interface layer calls
+** Prior to SQLite version 3.7.10, the Windows OS interface layer called
 ** the system malloc() and free() directly when converting
 ** filenames between the UTF-8 encoding used by SQLite
 ** and whatever filename encoding is used by the particular Windows
-** installation.  Memory allocation errors are detected, but
-** they are reported back as [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] or
+** installation.  Memory allocation errors were detected, but
+** they were reported back as [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] or
 ** [SQLITE_IOERR] rather than [SQLITE_NOMEM].
 **
 ** The pointer arguments to [sqlite3_free()] and [sqlite3_realloc()]
@@ -2775,11 +2513,13 @@
 ** applications to access the same PRNG for other purposes.
 **
 ** ^A call to this routine stores N bytes of randomness into buffer P.
+** ^If N is less than one, then P can be a NULL pointer.
 **
-** ^The first time this routine is invoked (either internally or by
-** the application) the PRNG is seeded using randomness obtained
-** from the xRandomness method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.
-** ^On all subsequent invocations, the pseudo-randomness is generated
+** ^If this routine has not been previously called or if the previous
+** call had N less than one, then the PRNG is seeded using randomness
+** obtained from the xRandomness method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.
+** ^If the previous call to this routine had an N of 1 or more then
+** the pseudo-randomness is generated
 ** internally and without recourse to the [sqlite3_vfs] xRandomness
 ** method.
 */
@@ -2880,8 +2620,8 @@
 ** [sqlite3_set_authorizer | authorizer documentation] for additional
 ** information.
 **
-** Note that SQLITE_IGNORE is also used as a [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | return code]
-** from the [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] interface.
+** Note that SQLITE_IGNORE is also used as a [conflict resolution mode]
+** returned from the [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] interface.
 */
 #define SQLITE_DENY   1   /* Abort the SQL statement with an error */
 #define SQLITE_IGNORE 2   /* Don't allow access, but don't generate an error */
@@ -2939,6 +2679,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_FUNCTION             31   /* NULL            Function Name   */
 #define SQLITE_SAVEPOINT            32   /* Operation       Savepoint Name  */
 #define SQLITE_COPY                  0   /* No longer used */
+#define SQLITE_RECURSIVE            33   /* NULL            NULL            */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Tracing And Profiling Functions
@@ -2954,6 +2695,9 @@
 ** as each triggered subprogram is entered.  The callbacks for triggers
 ** contain a UTF-8 SQL comment that identifies the trigger.)^
 **
+** The [SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT] compile-time option can be used to limit
+** the length of [bound parameter] expansion in the output of sqlite3_trace().
+**
 ** ^The callback function registered by sqlite3_profile() is invoked
 ** as each SQL statement finishes.  ^The profile callback contains
 ** the original statement text and an estimate of wall-clock time
@@ -2979,9 +2723,10 @@
 ** interface is to keep a GUI updated during a large query.
 **
 ** ^The parameter P is passed through as the only parameter to the 
-** callback function X.  ^The parameter N is the number of 
+** callback function X.  ^The parameter N is the approximate number of 
 ** [virtual machine instructions] that are evaluated between successive
-** invocations of the callback X.
+** invocations of the callback X.  ^If N is less than one then the progress
+** handler is disabled.
 **
 ** ^Only a single progress handler may be defined at one time per
 ** [database connection]; setting a new progress handler cancels the
@@ -3124,18 +2869,20 @@
 **     present, then the VFS specified by the option takes precedence over
 **     the value passed as the fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2().
 **
-**   <li> <b>mode</b>: ^(The mode parameter may be set to either "ro", "rw" or
-**     "rwc". Attempting to set it to any other value is an error)^. 
+**   <li> <b>mode</b>: ^(The mode parameter may be set to either "ro", "rw",
+**     "rwc", or "memory". Attempting to set it to any other value is
+**     an error)^. 
 **     ^If "ro" is specified, then the database is opened for read-only 
 **     access, just as if the [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY] flag had been set in the 
-**     third argument to sqlite3_prepare_v2(). ^If the mode option is set to 
+**     third argument to sqlite3_open_v2(). ^If the mode option is set to 
 **     "rw", then the database is opened for read-write (but not create) 
 **     access, as if SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE (but not SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE) had 
 **     been set. ^Value "rwc" is equivalent to setting both 
-**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE. ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is 
-**     used, it is an error to specify a value for the mode parameter that is 
-**     less restrictive than that specified by the flags passed as the third 
-**     parameter.
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE.  ^If the mode option is
+**     set to "memory" then a pure [in-memory database] that never reads
+**     or writes from disk is used. ^It is an error to specify a value for
+**     the mode parameter that is less restrictive than that specified by
+**     the flags passed in the third parameter to sqlite3_open_v2().
 **
 **   <li> <b>cache</b>: ^The cache parameter may be set to either "shared" or
 **     "private". ^Setting it to "shared" is equivalent to setting the
@@ -3143,8 +2890,32 @@
 **     sqlite3_open_v2(). ^Setting the cache parameter to "private" is 
 **     equivalent to setting the SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE bit.
 **     ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is used and the "cache" parameter is present in
-**     a URI filename, its value overrides any behaviour requested by setting
+**     a URI filename, its value overrides any behavior requested by setting
 **     SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE or SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE flag.
+**
+**  <li> <b>psow</b>: ^The psow parameter may be "true" (or "on" or "yes" or
+**     "1") or "false" (or "off" or "no" or "0") to indicate that the
+**     [powersafe overwrite] property does or does not apply to the
+**     storage media on which the database file resides.  ^The psow query
+**     parameter only works for the built-in unix and Windows VFSes.
+**
+**  <li> <b>nolock</b>: ^The nolock parameter is a boolean query parameter
+**     which if set disables file locking in rollback journal modes.  This
+**     is useful for accessing a database on a filesystem that does not
+**     support locking.  Caution:  Database corruption might result if two
+**     or more processes write to the same database and any one of those
+**     processes uses nolock=1.
+**
+**  <li> <b>immutable</b>: ^The immutable parameter is a boolean query
+**     parameter that indicates that the database file is stored on
+**     read-only media.  ^When immutable is set, SQLite assumes that the
+**     database file cannot be changed, even by a process with higher
+**     privilege, and so the database is opened read-only and all locking
+**     and change detection is disabled.  Caution: Setting the immutable
+**     property on a database file that does in fact change can result
+**     in incorrect query results and/or [SQLITE_CORRUPT] errors.
+**     See also: [SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE].
+**       
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** ^Specifying an unknown parameter in the query component of a URI is not an
@@ -3174,8 +2945,9 @@
 **          Open file "data.db" in the current directory for read-only access.
 **          Regardless of whether or not shared-cache mode is enabled by
 **          default, use a private cache.
-** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db?vfs=unix-nolock <td>
-**          Open file "/home/fred/data.db". Use the special VFS "unix-nolock".
+** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db?vfs=unix-dotfile <td>
+**          Open file "/home/fred/data.db". Use the special VFS "unix-dotfile"
+**          that uses dot-files in place of posix advisory locking.
 ** <tr><td> file:data.db?mode=readonly <td> 
 **          An error. "readonly" is not a valid option for the "mode" parameter.
 ** </table>
@@ -3194,6 +2966,12 @@
 ** codepage is currently defined.  Filenames containing international
 ** characters must be converted to UTF-8 prior to passing them into
 ** sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2().
+**
+** <b>Note to Windows Runtime users:</b>  The temporary directory must be set
+** prior to calling sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2().  Otherwise, various
+** features that require the use of temporary files may fail.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_temp_directory]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open(
   const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
@@ -3273,6 +3051,11 @@
 ** However, the error string might be overwritten or deallocated by
 ** subsequent calls to other SQLite interface functions.)^
 **
+** ^The sqlite3_errstr() interface returns the English-language text
+** that describes the [result code], as UTF-8.
+** ^(Memory to hold the error message string is managed internally
+** and must not be freed by the application)^.
+**
 ** When the serialized [threading mode] is in use, it might be the
 ** case that a second error occurs on a separate thread in between
 ** the time of the first error and the call to these interfaces.
@@ -3291,6 +3074,7 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_errcode(sqlite3 *db);
 SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errmsg(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_errmsg16(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errstr(int);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: SQL Statement Object
@@ -3478,7 +3262,8 @@
 ** <li>
 ** ^If the database schema changes, instead of returning [SQLITE_SCHEMA] as it
 ** always used to do, [sqlite3_step()] will automatically recompile the SQL
-** statement and try to run it again.
+** statement and try to run it again. As many as [SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY]
+** retries will occur before sqlite3_step() gives up and returns an error.
 ** </li>
 **
 ** <li>
@@ -3500,7 +3285,6 @@
 ** choice of query plan if the parameter is the left-hand side of a [LIKE]
 ** or [GLOB] operator or if the parameter is compared to an indexed column
 ** and the [SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3] compile-time option is enabled.
-** the 
 ** </li>
 ** </ol>
 */
@@ -3682,12 +3466,18 @@
 ** parameter [SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] (default value: 999).
 **
 ** ^The third argument is the value to bind to the parameter.
+** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
+** or sqlite3_bind_blob() is a NULL pointer then the fourth parameter
+** is ignored and the end result is the same as sqlite3_bind_null().
 **
 ** ^(In those routines that have a fourth argument, its value is the
 ** number of bytes in the parameter.  To be clear: the value is the
 ** number of <u>bytes</u> in the value, not the number of characters.)^
-** ^If the fourth parameter is negative, the length of the string is
+** ^If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
+** is negative, then the length of the string is
 ** the number of bytes up to the first zero terminator.
+** If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_blob() is negative, then
+** the behavior is undefined.
 ** If a non-negative fourth parameter is provided to sqlite3_bind_text()
 ** or sqlite3_bind_text16() then that parameter must be the byte offset
 ** where the NUL terminator would occur assuming the string were NUL
@@ -4156,19 +3946,19 @@
 **
 ** <tr><td>  NULL    <td> INTEGER   <td> Result is 0
 ** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Result is 0.0
-** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   TEXT    <td> Result is NULL pointer
-** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   BLOB    <td> Result is NULL pointer
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   TEXT    <td> Result is a NULL pointer
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   BLOB    <td> Result is a NULL pointer
 ** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>  FLOAT    <td> Convert from integer to float
 ** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>   TEXT    <td> ASCII rendering of the integer
 ** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>   BLOB    <td> Same as INTEGER->TEXT
-** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td> INTEGER   <td> Convert from float to integer
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td> INTEGER   <td> [CAST] to INTEGER
 ** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   TEXT    <td> ASCII rendering of the float
-** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   BLOB    <td> Same as FLOAT->TEXT
-** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td> INTEGER   <td> Use atoi()
-** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Use atof()
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   BLOB    <td> [CAST] to BLOB
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td> INTEGER   <td> [CAST] to INTEGER
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>  FLOAT    <td> [CAST] to REAL
 ** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>   BLOB    <td> No change
-** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td> INTEGER   <td> Convert to TEXT then use atoi()
-** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Convert to TEXT then use atof()
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td> INTEGER   <td> [CAST] to INTEGER
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>  FLOAT    <td> [CAST] to REAL
 ** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>   TEXT    <td> Add a zero terminator if needed
 ** </table>
 ** </blockquote>)^
@@ -4224,7 +4014,7 @@
 ** described above, or until [sqlite3_step()] or [sqlite3_reset()] or
 ** [sqlite3_finalize()] is called.  ^The memory space used to hold strings
 ** and BLOBs is freed automatically.  Do <b>not</b> pass the pointers returned
-** [sqlite3_column_blob()], [sqlite3_column_text()], etc. into
+** from [sqlite3_column_blob()], [sqlite3_column_text()], etc. into
 ** [sqlite3_free()].
 **
 ** ^(If a memory allocation error occurs during the evaluation of any
@@ -4333,15 +4123,24 @@
 **
 ** ^The fourth parameter, eTextRep, specifies what
 ** [SQLITE_UTF8 | text encoding] this SQL function prefers for
-** its parameters.  Every SQL function implementation must be able to work
-** with UTF-8, UTF-16le, or UTF-16be.  But some implementations may be
-** more efficient with one encoding than another.  ^An application may
-** invoke sqlite3_create_function() or sqlite3_create_function16() multiple
-** times with the same function but with different values of eTextRep.
+** its parameters.  The application should set this parameter to
+** [SQLITE_UTF16LE] if the function implementation invokes 
+** [sqlite3_value_text16le()] on an input, or [SQLITE_UTF16BE] if the
+** implementation invokes [sqlite3_value_text16be()] on an input, or
+** [SQLITE_UTF16] if [sqlite3_value_text16()] is used, or [SQLITE_UTF8]
+** otherwise.  ^The same SQL function may be registered multiple times using
+** different preferred text encodings, with different implementations for
+** each encoding.
 ** ^When multiple implementations of the same function are available, SQLite
 ** will pick the one that involves the least amount of data conversion.
-** If there is only a single implementation which does not care what text
-** encoding is used, then the fourth argument should be [SQLITE_ANY].
+**
+** ^The fourth parameter may optionally be ORed with [SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC]
+** to signal that the function will always return the same result given
+** the same inputs within a single SQL statement.  Most SQL functions are
+** deterministic.  The built-in [random()] SQL function is an example of a
+** function that is not deterministic.  The SQLite query planner is able to
+** perform additional optimizations on deterministic functions, so use
+** of the [SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC] flag is recommended where possible.
 **
 ** ^(The fifth parameter is an arbitrary pointer.  The implementation of the
 ** function can gain access to this pointer using [sqlite3_user_data()].)^
@@ -4427,10 +4226,20 @@
 #define SQLITE_UTF16LE        2
 #define SQLITE_UTF16BE        3
 #define SQLITE_UTF16          4    /* Use native byte order */
-#define SQLITE_ANY            5    /* sqlite3_create_function only */
+#define SQLITE_ANY            5    /* Deprecated */
 #define SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED  8    /* sqlite3_create_collation only */
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: Function Flags
+**
+** These constants may be ORed together with the 
+** [SQLITE_UTF8 | preferred text encoding] as the fourth argument
+** to [sqlite3_create_function()], [sqlite3_create_function16()], or
+** [sqlite3_create_function_v2()].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC    0x800
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Deprecated Functions
 ** DEPRECATED
 **
@@ -4446,7 +4255,8 @@
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_transfer_bindings(sqlite3_stmt*, sqlite3_stmt*);
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_global_recover(void);
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED void sqlite3_thread_cleanup(void);
-SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void(*)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int),void*,sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void(*)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int),
+                      void*,sqlite3_int64);
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -4526,14 +4336,17 @@
 ** In those cases, sqlite3_aggregate_context() might be called for the
 ** first time from within xFinal().)^
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer if N is
-** less than or equal to zero or if a memory allocate error occurs.
+** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer 
+** when first called if N is less than or equal to zero or if a memory
+** allocate error occurs.
 **
 ** ^(The amount of space allocated by sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) is
 ** determined by the N parameter on first successful call.  Changing the
 ** value of N in subsequent call to sqlite3_aggregate_context() within
 ** the same aggregate function instance will not resize the memory
-** allocation.)^
+** allocation.)^  Within the xFinal callback, it is customary to set
+** N=0 in calls to sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) so that no 
+** pointless memory allocations occur.
 **
 ** ^SQLite automatically frees the memory allocated by 
 ** sqlite3_aggregate_context() when the aggregate query concludes.
@@ -4576,41 +4389,49 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Function Auxiliary Data
 **
-** The following two functions may be used by scalar SQL functions to
+** These functions may be used by (non-aggregate) SQL functions to
 ** associate metadata with argument values. If the same value is passed to
 ** multiple invocations of the same SQL function during query execution, under
-** some circumstances the associated metadata may be preserved. This may
-** be used, for example, to add a regular-expression matching scalar
-** function. The compiled version of the regular expression is stored as
-** metadata associated with the SQL value passed as the regular expression
-** pattern.  The compiled regular expression can be reused on multiple
-** invocations of the same function so that the original pattern string
-** does not need to be recompiled on each invocation.
+** some circumstances the associated metadata may be preserved.  An example
+** of where this might be useful is in a regular-expression matching
+** function. The compiled version of the regular expression can be stored as
+** metadata associated with the pattern string.  
+** Then as long as the pattern string remains the same,
+** the compiled regular expression can be reused on multiple
+** invocations of the same function.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_get_auxdata() interface returns a pointer to the metadata
 ** associated by the sqlite3_set_auxdata() function with the Nth argument
-** value to the application-defined function. ^If no metadata has been ever
-** been set for the Nth argument of the function, or if the corresponding
-** function parameter has changed since the meta-data was set,
-** then sqlite3_get_auxdata() returns a NULL pointer.
+** value to the application-defined function. ^If there is no metadata
+** associated with the function argument, this sqlite3_get_auxdata() interface
+** returns a NULL pointer.
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_set_auxdata() interface saves the metadata
-** pointed to by its 3rd parameter as the metadata for the N-th
-** argument of the application-defined function.  Subsequent
-** calls to sqlite3_get_auxdata() might return this data, if it has
-** not been destroyed.
-** ^If it is not NULL, SQLite will invoke the destructor
-** function given by the 4th parameter to sqlite3_set_auxdata() on
-** the metadata when the corresponding function parameter changes
-** or when the SQL statement completes, whichever comes first.
+** ^The sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) interface saves P as metadata for the N-th
+** argument of the application-defined function.  ^Subsequent
+** calls to sqlite3_get_auxdata(C,N) return P from the most recent
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) call if the metadata is still valid or
+** NULL if the metadata has been discarded.
+** ^After each call to sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) where X is not NULL,
+** SQLite will invoke the destructor function X with parameter P exactly
+** once, when the metadata is discarded.
+** SQLite is free to discard the metadata at any time, including: <ul>
+** <li> when the corresponding function parameter changes, or
+** <li> when [sqlite3_reset()] or [sqlite3_finalize()] is called for the
+**      SQL statement, or
+** <li> when sqlite3_set_auxdata() is invoked again on the same parameter, or
+** <li> during the original sqlite3_set_auxdata() call when a memory 
+**      allocation error occurs. </ul>)^
 **
-** SQLite is free to call the destructor and drop metadata on any
-** parameter of any function at any time.  ^The only guarantee is that
-** the destructor will be called before the metadata is dropped.
+** Note the last bullet in particular.  The destructor X in 
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) might be called immediately, before the
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata() interface even returns.  Hence sqlite3_set_auxdata()
+** should be called near the end of the function implementation and the
+** function implementation should not make any use of P after
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata() has been called.
 **
 ** ^(In practice, metadata is preserved between function calls for
-** expressions that are constant at compile time. This includes literal
-** values and [parameters].)^
+** function parameters that are compile-time constants, including literal
+** values and [parameters] and expressions composed from the same.)^
 **
 ** These routines must be called from the same thread in which
 ** the SQL function is running.
@@ -4631,7 +4452,7 @@
 ** the content before returning.
 **
 ** The typedef is necessary to work around problems in certain
-** C++ compilers.  See ticket #2191.
+** C++ compilers.
 */
 typedef void (*sqlite3_destructor_type)(void*);
 #define SQLITE_STATIC      ((sqlite3_destructor_type)0)
@@ -4684,11 +4505,11 @@
 ** the error code is SQLITE_ERROR.  ^A subsequent call to sqlite3_result_error()
 ** or sqlite3_result_error16() resets the error code to SQLITE_ERROR.
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_result_toobig() interface causes SQLite to throw an error
-** indicating that a string or BLOB is too long to represent.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error_toobig() interface causes SQLite to throw an
+** error indicating that a string or BLOB is too long to represent.
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_result_nomem() interface causes SQLite to throw an error
-** indicating that a memory allocation failed.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error_nomem() interface causes SQLite to throw an
+** error indicating that a memory allocation failed.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_result_int() interface sets the return value
 ** of the application-defined function to be the 32-bit signed integer
@@ -4915,6 +4736,11 @@
   sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
   const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
 );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_key_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const char *zDbName,           /* Name of the database */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
+);
 
 /*
 ** Change the key on an open database.  If the current database is not
@@ -4928,6 +4754,11 @@
   sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
   const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
 );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rekey_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const char *zDbName,           /* Name of the database */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
+);
 
 /*
 ** Specify the activation key for a SEE database.  Unless 
@@ -4977,6 +4808,13 @@
 ** is a NULL pointer, then SQLite performs a search for an appropriate
 ** temporary file directory.
 **
+** Applications are strongly discouraged from using this global variable.
+** It is required to set a temporary folder on Windows Runtime (WinRT).
+** But for all other platforms, it is highly recommended that applications
+** neither read nor write this variable.  This global variable is a relic
+** that exists for backwards compatibility of legacy applications and should
+** be avoided in new projects.
+**
 ** It is not safe to read or modify this variable in more than one
 ** thread at a time.  It is not safe to read or modify this variable
 ** if a [database connection] is being used at the same time in a separate
@@ -4995,10 +4833,67 @@
 ** Hence, if this variable is modified directly, either it should be
 ** made NULL or made to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc]
 ** or else the use of the [temp_store_directory pragma] should be avoided.
+** Except when requested by the [temp_store_directory pragma], SQLite
+** does not free the memory that sqlite3_temp_directory points to.  If
+** the application wants that memory to be freed, it must do
+** so itself, taking care to only do so after all [database connection]
+** objects have been destroyed.
+**
+** <b>Note to Windows Runtime users:</b>  The temporary directory must be set
+** prior to calling [sqlite3_open] or [sqlite3_open_v2].  Otherwise, various
+** features that require the use of temporary files may fail.  Here is an
+** example of how to do this using C++ with the Windows Runtime:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+** LPCWSTR zPath = Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current->
+** &nbsp;     TemporaryFolder->Path->Data();
+** char zPathBuf&#91;MAX_PATH + 1&#93;;
+** memset(zPathBuf, 0, sizeof(zPathBuf));
+** WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, zPath, -1, zPathBuf, sizeof(zPathBuf),
+** &nbsp;     NULL, NULL);
+** sqlite3_temp_directory = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zPathBuf);
+** </pre></blockquote>
 */
 SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_temp_directory;
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: Name Of The Folder Holding Database Files
+**
+** ^(If this global variable is made to point to a string which is
+** the name of a folder (a.k.a. directory), then all database files
+** specified with a relative pathname and created or accessed by
+** SQLite when using a built-in windows [sqlite3_vfs | VFS] will be assumed
+** to be relative to that directory.)^ ^If this variable is a NULL
+** pointer, then SQLite assumes that all database files specified
+** with a relative pathname are relative to the current directory
+** for the process.  Only the windows VFS makes use of this global
+** variable; it is ignored by the unix VFS.
+**
+** Changing the value of this variable while a database connection is
+** open can result in a corrupt database.
+**
+** It is not safe to read or modify this variable in more than one
+** thread at a time.  It is not safe to read or modify this variable
+** if a [database connection] is being used at the same time in a separate
+** thread.
+** It is intended that this variable be set once
+** as part of process initialization and before any SQLite interface
+** routines have been called and that this variable remain unchanged
+** thereafter.
+**
+** ^The [data_store_directory pragma] may modify this variable and cause
+** it to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc].  ^Furthermore,
+** the [data_store_directory pragma] always assumes that any string
+** that this variable points to is held in memory obtained from 
+** [sqlite3_malloc] and the pragma may attempt to free that memory
+** using [sqlite3_free].
+** Hence, if this variable is modified directly, either it should be
+** made NULL or made to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc]
+** or else the use of the [data_store_directory pragma] should be avoided.
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_data_directory;
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Test For Auto-Commit Mode
 ** KEYWORDS: {autocommit mode}
 **
@@ -5127,12 +5022,13 @@
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_update_hook() interface registers a callback function
 ** with the [database connection] identified by the first argument
-** to be invoked whenever a row is updated, inserted or deleted.
+** to be invoked whenever a row is updated, inserted or deleted in
+** a rowid table.
 ** ^Any callback set by a previous call to this function
 ** for the same database connection is overridden.
 **
 ** ^The second argument is a pointer to the function to invoke when a
-** row is updated, inserted or deleted.
+** row is updated, inserted or deleted in a rowid table.
 ** ^The first argument to the callback is a copy of the third argument
 ** to sqlite3_update_hook().
 ** ^The second callback argument is one of [SQLITE_INSERT], [SQLITE_DELETE],
@@ -5145,6 +5041,7 @@
 **
 ** ^(The update hook is not invoked when internal system tables are
 ** modified (i.e. sqlite_master and sqlite_sequence).)^
+** ^The update hook is not invoked when [WITHOUT ROWID] tables are modified.
 **
 ** ^In the current implementation, the update hook
 ** is not invoked when duplication rows are deleted because of an
@@ -5176,7 +5073,6 @@
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Shared Pager Cache
-** KEYWORDS: {shared cache}
 **
 ** ^(This routine enables or disables the sharing of the database cache
 ** and schema data structures between [database connection | connections]
@@ -5199,6 +5095,9 @@
 ** future releases of SQLite.  Applications that care about shared
 ** cache setting should set it explicitly.
 **
+** This interface is threadsafe on processors where writing a
+** 32-bit integer is atomic.
+**
 ** See Also:  [SQLite Shared-Cache Mode]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_shared_cache(int);
@@ -5224,8 +5123,8 @@
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_db_release_memory(D) interface attempts to free as much heap
 ** memory as possible from database connection D. Unlike the
-** [sqlite3_release_memory()] interface, this interface is effect even
-** when then [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT] compile-time option is
+** [sqlite3_release_memory()] interface, this interface is in effect even
+** when the [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT] compile-time option is
 ** omitted.
 **
 ** See also: [sqlite3_release_memory()]
@@ -5376,11 +5275,20 @@
 ** ^This interface loads an SQLite extension library from the named file.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_load_extension() interface attempts to load an
-** SQLite extension library contained in the file zFile.
+** [SQLite extension] library contained in the file zFile.  If
+** the file cannot be loaded directly, attempts are made to load
+** with various operating-system specific extensions added.
+** So for example, if "samplelib" cannot be loaded, then names like
+** "samplelib.so" or "samplelib.dylib" or "samplelib.dll" might
+** be tried also.
 **
 ** ^The entry point is zProc.
-** ^zProc may be 0, in which case the name of the entry point
-** defaults to "sqlite3_extension_init".
+** ^(zProc may be 0, in which case SQLite will try to come up with an
+** entry point name on its own.  It first tries "sqlite3_extension_init".
+** If that does not work, it constructs a name "sqlite3_X_init" where the
+** X is consists of the lower-case equivalent of all ASCII alphabetic
+** characters in the filename from the last "/" to the first following
+** "." and omitting any initial "lib".)^
 ** ^The sqlite3_load_extension() interface returns
 ** [SQLITE_OK] on success and [SQLITE_ERROR] if something goes wrong.
 ** ^If an error occurs and pzErrMsg is not 0, then the
@@ -5406,11 +5314,11 @@
 ** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Extension Loading
 **
 ** ^So as not to open security holes in older applications that are
-** unprepared to deal with extension loading, and as a means of disabling
-** extension loading while evaluating user-entered SQL, the following API
+** unprepared to deal with [extension loading], and as a means of disabling
+** [extension loading] while evaluating user-entered SQL, the following API
 ** is provided to turn the [sqlite3_load_extension()] mechanism on and off.
 **
-** ^Extension loading is off by default. See ticket #1863.
+** ^Extension loading is off by default.
 ** ^Call the sqlite3_enable_load_extension() routine with onoff==1
 ** to turn extension loading on and call it with onoff==0 to turn
 ** it back off again.
@@ -5422,7 +5330,7 @@
 **
 ** ^This interface causes the xEntryPoint() function to be invoked for
 ** each new [database connection] that is created.  The idea here is that
-** xEntryPoint() is the entry point for a statically linked SQLite extension
+** xEntryPoint() is the entry point for a statically linked [SQLite extension]
 ** that is to be automatically loaded into all new database connections.
 **
 ** ^(Even though the function prototype shows that xEntryPoint() takes
@@ -5450,11 +5358,24 @@
 ** on the list of automatic extensions is a harmless no-op. ^No entry point
 ** will be called more than once for each database connection that is opened.
 **
-** See also: [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()].
+** See also: [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()]
+** and [sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension()]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint)(void));
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: Cancel Automatic Extension Loading
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(X)] interface unregisters the
+** initialization routine X that was registered using a prior call to
+** [sqlite3_auto_extension(X)].  ^The [sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(X)]
+** routine returns 1 if initialization routine X was successfully 
+** unregistered and it returns 0 if X was not on the list of initialization
+** routines.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint)(void));
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Reset Automatic Extension Loading
 **
 ** ^This interface disables all automatic extensions previously
@@ -5578,10 +5499,22 @@
 ** the correct order to satisfy the ORDER BY clause so that no separate
 ** sorting step is required.
 **
-** ^The estimatedCost value is an estimate of the cost of doing the
-** particular lookup.  A full scan of a table with N entries should have
-** a cost of N.  A binary search of a table of N entries should have a
-** cost of approximately log(N).
+** ^The estimatedCost value is an estimate of the cost of a particular
+** strategy. A cost of N indicates that the cost of the strategy is similar
+** to a linear scan of an SQLite table with N rows. A cost of log(N) 
+** indicates that the expense of the operation is similar to that of a
+** binary search on a unique indexed field of an SQLite table with N rows.
+**
+** ^The estimatedRows value is an estimate of the number of rows that
+** will be returned by the strategy.
+**
+** IMPORTANT: The estimatedRows field was added to the sqlite3_index_info
+** structure for SQLite version 3.8.2. If a virtual table extension is
+** used with an SQLite version earlier than 3.8.2, the results of attempting 
+** to read or write the estimatedRows field are undefined (but are likely 
+** to included crashing the application). The estimatedRows field should
+** therefore only be used if [sqlite3_libversion_number()] returns a
+** value greater than or equal to 3008002.
 */
 struct sqlite3_index_info {
   /* Inputs */
@@ -5606,7 +5539,9 @@
   char *idxStr;              /* String, possibly obtained from sqlite3_malloc */
   int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
   int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
-  double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
+  double estimatedCost;           /* Estimated cost of using this index */
+  /* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.8.2 and later */
+  sqlite3_int64 estimatedRows;    /* Estimated number of rows returned */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -5810,6 +5745,9 @@
 ** interface.  Use the [UPDATE] SQL command to change the size of a
 ** blob.
 **
+** ^The [sqlite3_blob_open()] interface will fail for a [WITHOUT ROWID]
+** table.  Incremental BLOB I/O is not possible on [WITHOUT ROWID] tables.
+**
 ** ^The [sqlite3_bind_zeroblob()] and [sqlite3_result_zeroblob()] interfaces
 ** and the built-in [zeroblob] SQL function can be used, if desired,
 ** to create an empty, zero-filled blob in which to read or write using
@@ -6004,7 +5942,6 @@
 ** implementations are available in the SQLite core:
 **
 ** <ul>
-** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2
 ** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS
 ** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_W32
 ** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP
@@ -6012,9 +5949,9 @@
 **
 ** ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP implementation is a set of routines
 ** that does no real locking and is appropriate for use in
-** a single-threaded application.  ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2,
-** SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS, and SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 implementations
-** are appropriate for use on OS/2, Unix, and Windows.
+** a single-threaded application.  ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS and
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 implementations are appropriate for use on Unix
+** and Windows.
 **
 ** ^(If SQLite is compiled with the SQLITE_MUTEX_APPDEF preprocessor
 ** macro defined (with "-DSQLITE_MUTEX_APPDEF=1"), then no mutex
@@ -6035,10 +5972,12 @@
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP1
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP2
 ** </ul>)^
 **
 ** ^The first two constants (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST and SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE)
@@ -6242,6 +6181,9 @@
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU       6  /* lru page list */
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2      7  /* NOT USED */
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM      7  /* sqlite3PageMalloc() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP1      8  /* For use by application */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP2      9  /* For use by application */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP3     10  /* For use by application */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Retrieve the mutex for a database connection
@@ -6334,7 +6276,11 @@
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC           17
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT         18
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_EXPLAIN_STMT            19
-#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    19
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_NEVER_CORRUPT           20
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_VDBE_COVERAGE           21
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER               22
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISINIT                  23
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    23
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: SQLite Runtime Status
@@ -6556,6 +6502,23 @@
 ** occurred.)^ ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS 
 ** is always 0.
 ** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of dirty cache entries that have
+** been written to disk. Specifically, the number of pages written to the
+** wal file in wal mode databases, or the number of pages written to the
+** database file in rollback mode databases. Any pages written as part of
+** transaction rollback or database recovery operations are not included.
+** If an IO or other error occurs while writing a page to disk, the effect
+** on subsequent SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE requests is undefined.)^ ^The
+** highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE is always 0.
+** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns zero for the current value if and only if
+** all foreign key constraints (deferred or immediate) have been
+** resolved.)^  ^The highwater mark is always 0.
+** </dd>
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED       0
@@ -6567,7 +6530,9 @@
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL  6
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT            7
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS           8
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                  8   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE          9
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS        10
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                 10   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
 
 
 /*
@@ -6621,11 +6586,21 @@
 ** A non-zero value in this counter may indicate an opportunity to
 ** improvement performance by adding permanent indices that do not
 ** need to be reinitialized each time the statement is run.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP</dt>
+** <dd>^This is the number of virtual machine operations executed
+** by the prepared statement if that number is less than or equal
+** to 2147483647.  The number of virtual machine operations can be 
+** used as a proxy for the total work done by the prepared statement.
+** If the number of virtual machine operations exceeds 2147483647
+** then the value returned by this statement status code is undefined.
+** </dd>
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP     1
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT              2
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX         3
+#define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP           4
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Custom Page Cache Object
@@ -6762,7 +6737,7 @@
 ** parameter to help it determined what action to take:
 **
 ** <table border=1 width=85% align=center>
-** <tr><th> createFlag <th> Behaviour when page is not already in cache
+** <tr><th> createFlag <th> Behavior when page is not already in cache
 ** <tr><td> 0 <td> Do not allocate a new page.  Return NULL.
 ** <tr><td> 1 <td> Allocate a new page if it easy and convenient to do so.
 **                 Otherwise return NULL.
@@ -7192,9 +7167,24 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strnicmp(const char *, const char *, int);
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: String Globbing
+*
+** ^The [sqlite3_strglob(P,X)] interface returns zero if string X matches
+** the glob pattern P, and it returns non-zero if string X does not match
+** the glob pattern P.  ^The definition of glob pattern matching used in
+** [sqlite3_strglob(P,X)] is the same as for the "X GLOB P" operator in the
+** SQL dialect used by SQLite.  ^The sqlite3_strglob(P,X) function is case
+** sensitive.
+**
+** Note that this routine returns zero on a match and non-zero if the strings
+** do not match, the same as [sqlite3_stricmp()] and [sqlite3_strnicmp()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strglob(const char *zGlob, const char *zStr);
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Error Logging Interface
 **
-** ^The [sqlite3_log()] interface writes a message into the error log
+** ^The [sqlite3_log()] interface writes a message into the [error log]
 ** established by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG] option to [sqlite3_config()].
 ** ^If logging is enabled, the zFormat string and subsequent arguments are
 ** used with [sqlite3_snprintf()] to generate the final output string.
@@ -7274,6 +7264,9 @@
 ** ^The [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] can be used to invoke this interface
 ** from SQL.
 **
+** ^Checkpoints initiated by this mechanism are
+** [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2|PASSIVE].
+**
 ** ^Every new [database connection] defaults to having the auto-checkpoint
 ** enabled with a threshold of 1000 or [SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT]
 ** pages.  The use of this interface
@@ -7290,6 +7283,10 @@
 ** empty string, then a checkpoint is run on all databases of
 ** connection D.  ^If the database connection D is not in
 ** [WAL | write-ahead log mode] then this interface is a harmless no-op.
+** ^The [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(D,X)] interface initiates a
+** [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2|PASSIVE] checkpoint.
+** Use the [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()] interface to get a FULL
+** or RESET checkpoint.
 **
 ** ^The [wal_checkpoint pragma] can be used to invoke this interface
 ** from SQL.  ^The [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint()] interface and the
@@ -7312,10 +7309,12 @@
 **   Checkpoint as many frames as possible without waiting for any database 
 **   readers or writers to finish. Sync the db file if all frames in the log
 **   are checkpointed. This mode is the same as calling 
-**   sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(). The busy-handler callback is never invoked.
+**   sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(). The [sqlite3_busy_handler|busy-handler callback]
+**   is never invoked.
 **
 ** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL<dd>
-**   This mode blocks (calls the busy-handler callback) until there is no
+**   This mode blocks (it invokes the
+**   [sqlite3_busy_handler|busy-handler callback]) until there is no
 **   database writer and all readers are reading from the most recent database
 **   snapshot. It then checkpoints all frames in the log file and syncs the
 **   database file. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
@@ -7323,7 +7322,8 @@
 **
 ** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART<dd>
 **   This mode works the same way as SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL, except after 
-**   checkpointing the log file it blocks (calls the busy-handler callback)
+**   checkpointing the log file it blocks (calls the 
+**   [sqlite3_busy_handler|busy-handler callback])
 **   until all readers are reading from the database file only. This ensures 
 **   that the next client to write to the database file restarts the log file 
 **   from the beginning. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
@@ -7461,6 +7461,7 @@
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Conflict resolution modes
+** KEYWORDS: {conflict resolution mode}
 **
 ** These constants are returned by [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] to
 ** inform a [virtual table] implementation what the [ON CONFLICT] mode
@@ -7489,7 +7490,7 @@
 #if 0
 }  /* End of the 'extern "C"' block */
 #endif
-#endif
+#endif /* _SQLITE3_H_ */
 
 /*
 ** 2010 August 30
@@ -7513,6 +7514,16 @@
 #endif
 
 typedef struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry sqlite3_rtree_geometry;
+typedef struct sqlite3_rtree_query_info sqlite3_rtree_query_info;
+
+/* The double-precision datatype used by RTree depends on the
+** SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY compile-time option.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+  typedef sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_rtree_dbl;
+#else
+  typedef double sqlite3_rtree_dbl;
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** Register a geometry callback named zGeom that can be used as part of an
@@ -7523,7 +7534,7 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback(
   sqlite3 *db,
   const char *zGeom,
-  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int nCoord, double *aCoord, int *pRes),
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry*, int, sqlite3_rtree_dbl*,int*),
   void *pContext
 );
 
@@ -7535,11 +7546,60 @@
 struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry {
   void *pContext;                 /* Copy of pContext passed to s_r_g_c() */
   int nParam;                     /* Size of array aParam[] */
-  double *aParam;                 /* Parameters passed to SQL geom function */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *aParam;      /* Parameters passed to SQL geom function */
   void *pUser;                    /* Callback implementation user data */
   void (*xDelUser)(void *);       /* Called by SQLite to clean up pUser */
 };
 
+/*
+** Register a 2nd-generation geometry callback named zScore that can be 
+** used as part of an R-Tree geometry query as follows:
+**
+**   SELECT ... FROM <rtree> WHERE <rtree col> MATCH $zQueryFunc(... params ...)
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_query_callback(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zQueryFunc,
+  int (*xQueryFunc)(sqlite3_rtree_query_info*),
+  void *pContext,
+  void (*xDestructor)(void*)
+);
+
+
+/*
+** A pointer to a structure of the following type is passed as the 
+** argument to scored geometry callback registered using
+** sqlite3_rtree_query_callback().
+**
+** Note that the first 5 fields of this structure are identical to
+** sqlite3_rtree_geometry.  This structure is a subclass of
+** sqlite3_rtree_geometry.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_rtree_query_info {
+  void *pContext;                   /* pContext from when function registered */
+  int nParam;                       /* Number of function parameters */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *aParam;        /* value of function parameters */
+  void *pUser;                      /* callback can use this, if desired */
+  void (*xDelUser)(void*);          /* function to free pUser */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *aCoord;        /* Coordinates of node or entry to check */
+  unsigned int *anQueue;            /* Number of pending entries in the queue */
+  int nCoord;                       /* Number of coordinates */
+  int iLevel;                       /* Level of current node or entry */
+  int mxLevel;                      /* The largest iLevel value in the tree */
+  sqlite3_int64 iRowid;             /* Rowid for current entry */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl rParentScore;   /* Score of parent node */
+  int eParentWithin;                /* Visibility of parent node */
+  int eWithin;                      /* OUT: Visiblity */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl rScore;         /* OUT: Write the score here */
+};
+
+/*
+** Allowed values for sqlite3_rtree_query.eWithin and .eParentWithin.
+*/
+#define NOT_WITHIN       0   /* Object completely outside of query region */
+#define PARTLY_WITHIN    1   /* Object partially overlaps query region */
+#define FULLY_WITHIN     2   /* Object fully contained within query region */
+
 
 #if 0
 }  /* end of the 'extern "C"' block */
@@ -7550,6 +7610,489 @@
 
 /************** End of sqlite3.h *********************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+
+/*
+** Include the configuration header output by 'configure' if we're using the
+** autoconf-based build
+*/
+#ifdef _HAVE_SQLITE_CONFIG_H
+#include "config.h"
+#endif
+
+/************** Include sqliteLimit.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ***********/
+/************** Begin file sqliteLimit.h *************************************/
+/*
+** 2007 May 7
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+** 
+** This file defines various limits of what SQLite can process.
+*/
+
+/*
+** The maximum length of a TEXT or BLOB in bytes.   This also
+** limits the size of a row in a table or index.
+**
+** The hard limit is the ability of a 32-bit signed integer
+** to count the size: 2^31-1 or 2147483647.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH 1000000000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This is the maximum number of
+**
+**    * Columns in a table
+**    * Columns in an index
+**    * Columns in a view
+**    * Terms in the SET clause of an UPDATE statement
+**    * Terms in the result set of a SELECT statement
+**    * Terms in the GROUP BY or ORDER BY clauses of a SELECT statement.
+**    * Terms in the VALUES clause of an INSERT statement
+**
+** The hard upper limit here is 32676.  Most database people will
+** tell you that in a well-normalized database, you usually should
+** not have more than a dozen or so columns in any table.  And if
+** that is the case, there is no point in having more than a few
+** dozen values in any of the other situations described above.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN
+# define SQLITE_MAX_COLUMN 2000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum length of a single SQL statement in bytes.
+**
+** It used to be the case that setting this value to zero would
+** turn the limit off.  That is no longer true.  It is not possible
+** to turn this limit off.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH 1000000000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum depth of an expression tree. This is limited to 
+** some extent by SQLITE_MAX_SQL_LENGTH. But sometime you might 
+** want to place more severe limits on the complexity of an 
+** expression.
+**
+** A value of 0 used to mean that the limit was not enforced.
+** But that is no longer true.  The limit is now strictly enforced
+** at all times.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH 1000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of terms in a compound SELECT statement.
+** The code generator for compound SELECT statements does one
+** level of recursion for each term.  A stack overflow can result
+** if the number of terms is too large.  In practice, most SQL
+** never has more than 3 or 4 terms.  Use a value of 0 to disable
+** any limit on the number of terms in a compount SELECT.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT
+# define SQLITE_MAX_COMPOUND_SELECT 500
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of opcodes in a VDBE program.
+** Not currently enforced.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP
+# define SQLITE_MAX_VDBE_OP 25000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of arguments to an SQL function.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG
+# define SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG 127
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of in-memory pages to use for the main database
+** table and for temporary tables.  The SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE  2000
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_TEMP_CACHE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_TEMP_CACHE_SIZE  500
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The default number of frames to accumulate in the log file before
+** checkpointing the database in WAL mode.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT  1000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The maximum number of attached databases.  This must be between 0
+** and 62.  The upper bound on 62 is because a 64-bit integer bitmap
+** is used internally to track attached databases.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED
+# define SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED 10
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** The maximum value of a ?nnn wildcard that the parser will accept.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER
+# define SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER 999
+#endif
+
+/* Maximum page size.  The upper bound on this value is 65536.  This a limit
+** imposed by the use of 16-bit offsets within each page.
+**
+** Earlier versions of SQLite allowed the user to change this value at
+** compile time. This is no longer permitted, on the grounds that it creates
+** a library that is technically incompatible with an SQLite library 
+** compiled with a different limit. If a process operating on a database 
+** with a page-size of 65536 bytes crashes, then an instance of SQLite 
+** compiled with the default page-size limit will not be able to rollback 
+** the aborted transaction. This could lead to database corruption.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+# undef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+#endif
+#define SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE 65536
+
+
+/*
+** The default size of a database page.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE 1024
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+# undef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Ordinarily, if no value is explicitly provided, SQLite creates databases
+** with page size SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE. However, based on certain
+** device characteristics (sector-size and atomic write() support),
+** SQLite may choose a larger value. This constant is the maximum value
+** SQLite will choose on its own.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE 8192
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+# undef SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_SIZE
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Maximum number of pages in one database file.
+**
+** This is really just the default value for the max_page_count pragma.
+** This value can be lowered (or raised) at run-time using that the
+** max_page_count macro.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT
+# define SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT 1073741823
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum length (in bytes) of the pattern in a LIKE or GLOB
+** operator.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH 50000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum depth of recursion for triggers.
+**
+** A value of 1 means that a trigger program will not be able to itself
+** fire any triggers. A value of 0 means that no trigger programs at all 
+** may be executed.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH
+# define SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH 1000
+#endif
+
+/************** End of sqliteLimit.h *****************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
+
+/* Disable nuisance warnings on Borland compilers */
+#if defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#pragma warn -rch /* unreachable code */
+#pragma warn -ccc /* Condition is always true or false */
+#pragma warn -aus /* Assigned value is never used */
+#pragma warn -csu /* Comparing signed and unsigned */
+#pragma warn -spa /* Suspicious pointer arithmetic */
+#endif
+
+/* Needed for various definitions... */
+#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
+# define _GNU_SOURCE
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__OpenBSD__) && !defined(_BSD_SOURCE)
+# define _BSD_SOURCE
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Include standard header files as necessary
+*/
+#ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
+#include <stdint.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following macros are used to cast pointers to integers and
+** integers to pointers.  The way you do this varies from one compiler
+** to the next, so we have developed the following set of #if statements
+** to generate appropriate macros for a wide range of compilers.
+**
+** The correct "ANSI" way to do this is to use the intptr_t type. 
+** Unfortunately, that typedef is not available on all compilers, or
+** if it is available, it requires an #include of specific headers
+** that vary from one machine to the next.
+**
+** Ticket #3860:  The llvm-gcc-4.2 compiler from Apple chokes on
+** the ((void*)&((char*)0)[X]) construct.  But MSVC chokes on ((void*)(X)).
+** So we have to define the macros in different ways depending on the
+** compiler.
+*/
+#if defined(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)  /* This case should work for GCC */
+# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)(X))
+# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(__PTRDIFF_TYPE__)(X))
+#elif !defined(__GNUC__)       /* Works for compilers other than LLVM */
+# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)&((char*)0)[X])
+# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(((char*)X)-(char*)0))
+#elif defined(HAVE_STDINT_H)   /* Use this case if we have ANSI headers */
+# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(intptr_t)(X))
+# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(intptr_t)(X))
+#else                          /* Generates a warning - but it always works */
+# define SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(X)  ((void*)(X))
+# define SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(X)  ((int)(X))
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The SQLITE_THREADSAFE macro must be defined as 0, 1, or 2.
+** 0 means mutexes are permanently disable and the library is never
+** threadsafe.  1 means the library is serialized which is the highest
+** level of threadsafety.  2 means the library is multithreaded - multiple
+** threads can use SQLite as long as no two threads try to use the same
+** database connection at the same time.
+**
+** Older versions of SQLite used an optional THREADSAFE macro.
+** We support that for legacy.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_THREADSAFE)
+# if defined(THREADSAFE)
+#   define SQLITE_THREADSAFE THREADSAFE
+# else
+#   define SQLITE_THREADSAFE 1 /* IMP: R-07272-22309 */
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Powersafe overwrite is on by default.  But can be turned off using
+** the -DSQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE=0 command-line option.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE
+# define SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS macro must be defined as either 0 or 1.
+** It determines whether or not the features related to 
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_MEMSTATUS are available by default or not. This value can
+** be overridden at runtime using the sqlite3_config() API.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS)
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_MEMSTATUS 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Exactly one of the following macros must be defined in order to
+** specify which memory allocation subsystem to use.
+**
+**     SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC          // Use normal system malloc()
+**     SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC           // Use Win32 native heap API
+**     SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC            // Use a stub allocator that always fails
+**     SQLITE_MEMDEBUG               // Debugging version of system malloc()
+**
+** On Windows, if the SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE macro is defined and the
+** assert() macro is enabled, each call into the Win32 native heap subsystem
+** will cause HeapValidate to be called.  If heap validation should fail, an
+** assertion will be triggered.
+**
+** If none of the above are defined, then set SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC as
+** the default.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC) \
+  + defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC) \
+  + defined(SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC) \
+  + defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)>1
+# error "Two or more of the following compile-time configuration options\
+ are defined but at most one is allowed:\
+ SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC, SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC, SQLITE_MEMDEBUG,\
+ SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC"
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC) \
+  + defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC) \
+  + defined(SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC) \
+  + defined(SQLITE_MEMDEBUG)==0
+# define SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT is not zero, then try to keep the
+** sizes of memory allocations below this value where possible.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT)
+# define SQLITE_MALLOC_SOFT_LIMIT 1024
+#endif
+
+/*
+** We need to define _XOPEN_SOURCE as follows in order to enable
+** recursive mutexes on most Unix systems and fchmod() on OpenBSD.
+** But _XOPEN_SOURCE define causes problems for Mac OS X, so omit
+** it.
+*/
+#if !defined(_XOPEN_SOURCE) && !defined(__DARWIN__) && !defined(__APPLE__)
+#  define _XOPEN_SOURCE 600
+#endif
+
+/*
+** NDEBUG and SQLITE_DEBUG are opposites.  It should always be true that
+** defined(NDEBUG)==!defined(SQLITE_DEBUG).  If this is not currently true,
+** make it true by defining or undefining NDEBUG.
+**
+** Setting NDEBUG makes the code smaller and faster by disabling the
+** assert() statements in the code.  So we want the default action
+** to be for NDEBUG to be set and NDEBUG to be undefined only if SQLITE_DEBUG
+** is set.  Thus NDEBUG becomes an opt-in rather than an opt-out
+** feature.
+*/
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) 
+# define NDEBUG 1
+#endif
+#if defined(NDEBUG) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+# undef NDEBUG
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Enable SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS if SQLITE_DEBUG is turned on.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+# define SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The testcase() macro is used to aid in coverage testing.  When 
+** doing coverage testing, the condition inside the argument to
+** testcase() must be evaluated both true and false in order to
+** get full branch coverage.  The testcase() macro is inserted
+** to help ensure adequate test coverage in places where simple
+** condition/decision coverage is inadequate.  For example, testcase()
+** can be used to make sure boundary values are tested.  For
+** bitmask tests, testcase() can be used to make sure each bit
+** is significant and used at least once.  On switch statements
+** where multiple cases go to the same block of code, testcase()
+** can insure that all cases are evaluated.
+**
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3Coverage(int);
+# define testcase(X)  if( X ){ sqlite3Coverage(__LINE__); }
+#else
+# define testcase(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The TESTONLY macro is used to enclose variable declarations or
+** other bits of code that are needed to support the arguments
+** within testcase() and assert() macros.
+*/
+#if !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
+# define TESTONLY(X)  X
+#else
+# define TESTONLY(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Sometimes we need a small amount of code such as a variable initialization
+** to setup for a later assert() statement.  We do not want this code to
+** appear when assert() is disabled.  The following macro is therefore
+** used to contain that setup code.  The "VVA" acronym stands for
+** "Verification, Validation, and Accreditation".  In other words, the
+** code within VVA_ONLY() will only run during verification processes.
+*/
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+# define VVA_ONLY(X)  X
+#else
+# define VVA_ONLY(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The ALWAYS and NEVER macros surround boolean expressions which 
+** are intended to always be true or false, respectively.  Such
+** expressions could be omitted from the code completely.  But they
+** are included in a few cases in order to enhance the resilience
+** of SQLite to unexpected behavior - to make the code "self-healing"
+** or "ductile" rather than being "brittle" and crashing at the first
+** hint of unplanned behavior.
+**
+** In other words, ALWAYS and NEVER are added for defensive code.
+**
+** When doing coverage testing ALWAYS and NEVER are hard-coded to
+** be true and false so that the unreachable code they specify will
+** not be counted as untested code.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
+# define ALWAYS(X)      (1)
+# define NEVER(X)       (0)
+#elif !defined(NDEBUG)
+# define ALWAYS(X)      ((X)?1:(assert(0),0))
+# define NEVER(X)       ((X)?(assert(0),1):0)
+#else
+# define ALWAYS(X)      (X)
+# define NEVER(X)       (X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return true (non-zero) if the input is a integer that is too large
+** to fit in 32-bits.  This macro is used inside of various testcase()
+** macros to verify that we have tested SQLite for large-file support.
+*/
+#define IS_BIG_INT(X)  (((X)&~(i64)0xffffffff)!=0)
+
+/*
+** The macro unlikely() is a hint that surrounds a boolean
+** expression that is usually false.  Macro likely() surrounds
+** a boolean expression that is usually true.  These hints could,
+** in theory, be used by the compiler to generate better code, but
+** currently they are just comments for human readers.
+*/
+#define likely(X)    (X)
+#define unlikely(X)  (X)
+
 /************** Include hash.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h ******************/
 /************** Begin file hash.h ********************************************/
 /*
@@ -7563,7 +8106,7 @@
 **    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
 **
 *************************************************************************
-** This is the header file for the generic hash-table implemenation
+** This is the header file for the generic hash-table implementation
 ** used in SQLite.
 */
 #ifndef _SQLITE_HASH_H_
@@ -7653,163 +8196,165 @@
 /************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
 /************** Include parse.h in the middle of sqliteInt.h *****************/
 /************** Begin file parse.h *******************************************/
-#define TK_SEMI                            1
-#define TK_EXPLAIN                         2
-#define TK_QUERY                           3
-#define TK_PLAN                            4
-#define TK_BEGIN                           5
-#define TK_TRANSACTION                     6
-#define TK_DEFERRED                        7
-#define TK_IMMEDIATE                       8
-#define TK_EXCLUSIVE                       9
-#define TK_COMMIT                         10
-#define TK_END                            11
-#define TK_ROLLBACK                       12
-#define TK_SAVEPOINT                      13
-#define TK_RELEASE                        14
-#define TK_TO                             15
-#define TK_TABLE                          16
-#define TK_CREATE                         17
-#define TK_IF                             18
-#define TK_NOT                            19
-#define TK_EXISTS                         20
-#define TK_TEMP                           21
-#define TK_LP                             22
-#define TK_RP                             23
-#define TK_AS                             24
-#define TK_COMMA                          25
-#define TK_ID                             26
-#define TK_INDEXED                        27
-#define TK_ABORT                          28
-#define TK_ACTION                         29
-#define TK_AFTER                          30
-#define TK_ANALYZE                        31
-#define TK_ASC                            32
-#define TK_ATTACH                         33
-#define TK_BEFORE                         34
-#define TK_BY                             35
-#define TK_CASCADE                        36
-#define TK_CAST                           37
-#define TK_COLUMNKW                       38
-#define TK_CONFLICT                       39
-#define TK_DATABASE                       40
-#define TK_DESC                           41
-#define TK_DETACH                         42
-#define TK_EACH                           43
-#define TK_FAIL                           44
-#define TK_FOR                            45
-#define TK_IGNORE                         46
-#define TK_INITIALLY                      47
-#define TK_INSTEAD                        48
-#define TK_LIKE_KW                        49
-#define TK_MATCH                          50
-#define TK_NO                             51
-#define TK_KEY                            52
-#define TK_OF                             53
-#define TK_OFFSET                         54
-#define TK_PRAGMA                         55
-#define TK_RAISE                          56
-#define TK_REPLACE                        57
-#define TK_RESTRICT                       58
-#define TK_ROW                            59
-#define TK_TRIGGER                        60
-#define TK_VACUUM                         61
-#define TK_VIEW                           62
-#define TK_VIRTUAL                        63
-#define TK_REINDEX                        64
-#define TK_RENAME                         65
-#define TK_CTIME_KW                       66
-#define TK_ANY                            67
-#define TK_OR                             68
-#define TK_AND                            69
-#define TK_IS                             70
-#define TK_BETWEEN                        71
-#define TK_IN                             72
-#define TK_ISNULL                         73
-#define TK_NOTNULL                        74
-#define TK_NE                             75
-#define TK_EQ                             76
-#define TK_GT                             77
-#define TK_LE                             78
-#define TK_LT                             79
-#define TK_GE                             80
-#define TK_ESCAPE                         81
-#define TK_BITAND                         82
-#define TK_BITOR                          83
-#define TK_LSHIFT                         84
-#define TK_RSHIFT                         85
-#define TK_PLUS                           86
-#define TK_MINUS                          87
-#define TK_STAR                           88
-#define TK_SLASH                          89
-#define TK_REM                            90
-#define TK_CONCAT                         91
-#define TK_COLLATE                        92
-#define TK_BITNOT                         93
-#define TK_STRING                         94
-#define TK_JOIN_KW                        95
-#define TK_CONSTRAINT                     96
-#define TK_DEFAULT                        97
-#define TK_NULL                           98
-#define TK_PRIMARY                        99
-#define TK_UNIQUE                         100
-#define TK_CHECK                          101
-#define TK_REFERENCES                     102
-#define TK_AUTOINCR                       103
-#define TK_ON                             104
-#define TK_INSERT                         105
-#define TK_DELETE                         106
-#define TK_UPDATE                         107
-#define TK_SET                            108
-#define TK_DEFERRABLE                     109
-#define TK_FOREIGN                        110
-#define TK_DROP                           111
-#define TK_UNION                          112
-#define TK_ALL                            113
-#define TK_EXCEPT                         114
-#define TK_INTERSECT                      115
-#define TK_SELECT                         116
-#define TK_DISTINCT                       117
-#define TK_DOT                            118
-#define TK_FROM                           119
-#define TK_JOIN                           120
-#define TK_USING                          121
-#define TK_ORDER                          122
-#define TK_GROUP                          123
-#define TK_HAVING                         124
-#define TK_LIMIT                          125
-#define TK_WHERE                          126
-#define TK_INTO                           127
-#define TK_VALUES                         128
-#define TK_INTEGER                        129
-#define TK_FLOAT                          130
-#define TK_BLOB                           131
-#define TK_REGISTER                       132
-#define TK_VARIABLE                       133
-#define TK_CASE                           134
-#define TK_WHEN                           135
-#define TK_THEN                           136
-#define TK_ELSE                           137
-#define TK_INDEX                          138
-#define TK_ALTER                          139
-#define TK_ADD                            140
-#define TK_TO_TEXT                        141
-#define TK_TO_BLOB                        142
-#define TK_TO_NUMERIC                     143
-#define TK_TO_INT                         144
-#define TK_TO_REAL                        145
-#define TK_ISNOT                          146
-#define TK_END_OF_FILE                    147
-#define TK_ILLEGAL                        148
-#define TK_SPACE                          149
-#define TK_UNCLOSED_STRING                150
-#define TK_FUNCTION                       151
-#define TK_COLUMN                         152
-#define TK_AGG_FUNCTION                   153
-#define TK_AGG_COLUMN                     154
-#define TK_CONST_FUNC                     155
-#define TK_UMINUS                         156
-#define TK_UPLUS                          157
+#define TK_SEMI                             1
+#define TK_EXPLAIN                          2
+#define TK_QUERY                            3
+#define TK_PLAN                             4
+#define TK_BEGIN                            5
+#define TK_TRANSACTION                      6
+#define TK_DEFERRED                         7
+#define TK_IMMEDIATE                        8
+#define TK_EXCLUSIVE                        9
+#define TK_COMMIT                          10
+#define TK_END                             11
+#define TK_ROLLBACK                        12
+#define TK_SAVEPOINT                       13
+#define TK_RELEASE                         14
+#define TK_TO                              15
+#define TK_TABLE                           16
+#define TK_CREATE                          17
+#define TK_IF                              18
+#define TK_NOT                             19
+#define TK_EXISTS                          20
+#define TK_TEMP                            21
+#define TK_LP                              22
+#define TK_RP                              23
+#define TK_AS                              24
+#define TK_WITHOUT                         25
+#define TK_COMMA                           26
+#define TK_ID                              27
+#define TK_INDEXED                         28
+#define TK_ABORT                           29
+#define TK_ACTION                          30
+#define TK_AFTER                           31
+#define TK_ANALYZE                         32
+#define TK_ASC                             33
+#define TK_ATTACH                          34
+#define TK_BEFORE                          35
+#define TK_BY                              36
+#define TK_CASCADE                         37
+#define TK_CAST                            38
+#define TK_COLUMNKW                        39
+#define TK_CONFLICT                        40
+#define TK_DATABASE                        41
+#define TK_DESC                            42
+#define TK_DETACH                          43
+#define TK_EACH                            44
+#define TK_FAIL                            45
+#define TK_FOR                             46
+#define TK_IGNORE                          47
+#define TK_INITIALLY                       48
+#define TK_INSTEAD                         49
+#define TK_LIKE_KW                         50
+#define TK_MATCH                           51
+#define TK_NO                              52
+#define TK_KEY                             53
+#define TK_OF                              54
+#define TK_OFFSET                          55
+#define TK_PRAGMA                          56
+#define TK_RAISE                           57
+#define TK_RECURSIVE                       58
+#define TK_REPLACE                         59
+#define TK_RESTRICT                        60
+#define TK_ROW                             61
+#define TK_TRIGGER                         62
+#define TK_VACUUM                          63
+#define TK_VIEW                            64
+#define TK_VIRTUAL                         65
+#define TK_WITH                            66
+#define TK_REINDEX                         67
+#define TK_RENAME                          68
+#define TK_CTIME_KW                        69
+#define TK_ANY                             70
+#define TK_OR                              71
+#define TK_AND                             72
+#define TK_IS                              73
+#define TK_BETWEEN                         74
+#define TK_IN                              75
+#define TK_ISNULL                          76
+#define TK_NOTNULL                         77
+#define TK_NE                              78
+#define TK_EQ                              79
+#define TK_GT                              80
+#define TK_LE                              81
+#define TK_LT                              82
+#define TK_GE                              83
+#define TK_ESCAPE                          84
+#define TK_BITAND                          85
+#define TK_BITOR                           86
+#define TK_LSHIFT                          87
+#define TK_RSHIFT                          88
+#define TK_PLUS                            89
+#define TK_MINUS                           90
+#define TK_STAR                            91
+#define TK_SLASH                           92
+#define TK_REM                             93
+#define TK_CONCAT                          94
+#define TK_COLLATE                         95
+#define TK_BITNOT                          96
+#define TK_STRING                          97
+#define TK_JOIN_KW                         98
+#define TK_CONSTRAINT                      99
+#define TK_DEFAULT                        100
+#define TK_NULL                           101
+#define TK_PRIMARY                        102
+#define TK_UNIQUE                         103
+#define TK_CHECK                          104
+#define TK_REFERENCES                     105
+#define TK_AUTOINCR                       106
+#define TK_ON                             107
+#define TK_INSERT                         108
+#define TK_DELETE                         109
+#define TK_UPDATE                         110
+#define TK_SET                            111
+#define TK_DEFERRABLE                     112
+#define TK_FOREIGN                        113
+#define TK_DROP                           114
+#define TK_UNION                          115
+#define TK_ALL                            116
+#define TK_EXCEPT                         117
+#define TK_INTERSECT                      118
+#define TK_SELECT                         119
+#define TK_VALUES                         120
+#define TK_DISTINCT                       121
+#define TK_DOT                            122
+#define TK_FROM                           123
+#define TK_JOIN                           124
+#define TK_USING                          125
+#define TK_ORDER                          126
+#define TK_GROUP                          127
+#define TK_HAVING                         128
+#define TK_LIMIT                          129
+#define TK_WHERE                          130
+#define TK_INTO                           131
+#define TK_INTEGER                        132
+#define TK_FLOAT                          133
+#define TK_BLOB                           134
+#define TK_VARIABLE                       135
+#define TK_CASE                           136
+#define TK_WHEN                           137
+#define TK_THEN                           138
+#define TK_ELSE                           139
+#define TK_INDEX                          140
+#define TK_ALTER                          141
+#define TK_ADD                            142
+#define TK_TO_TEXT                        143
+#define TK_TO_BLOB                        144
+#define TK_TO_NUMERIC                     145
+#define TK_TO_INT                         146
+#define TK_TO_REAL                        147
+#define TK_ISNOT                          148
+#define TK_END_OF_FILE                    149
+#define TK_ILLEGAL                        150
+#define TK_SPACE                          151
+#define TK_UNCLOSED_STRING                152
+#define TK_FUNCTION                       153
+#define TK_COLUMN                         154
+#define TK_AGG_FUNCTION                   155
+#define TK_AGG_COLUMN                     156
+#define TK_UMINUS                         157
+#define TK_UPLUS                          158
+#define TK_REGISTER                       159
 
 /************** End of parse.h ***********************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in sqliteInt.h ******************/
@@ -7875,6 +8420,7 @@
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_TEMP_STORE
 # define SQLITE_TEMP_STORE 1
+# define SQLITE_TEMP_STORE_xc 1  /* Exclude from ctime.c */
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -7886,6 +8432,12 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
+** Macros to compute minimum and maximum of two numbers.
+*/
+#define MIN(A,B) ((A)<(B)?(A):(B))
+#define MAX(A,B) ((A)>(B)?(A):(B))
+
+/*
 ** Check to see if this machine uses EBCDIC.  (Yes, believe it or
 ** not, there are still machines out there that use EBCDIC.)
 */
@@ -7969,23 +8521,65 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
+** Estimated quantities used for query planning are stored as 16-bit
+** logarithms.  For quantity X, the value stored is 10*log2(X).  This
+** gives a possible range of values of approximately 1.0e986 to 1e-986.
+** But the allowed values are "grainy".  Not every value is representable.
+** For example, quantities 16 and 17 are both represented by a LogEst
+** of 40.  However, since LogEst quantaties are suppose to be estimates,
+** not exact values, this imprecision is not a problem.
+**
+** "LogEst" is short for "Logarithmic Estimate".
+**
+** Examples:
+**      1 -> 0              20 -> 43          10000 -> 132
+**      2 -> 10             25 -> 46          25000 -> 146
+**      3 -> 16            100 -> 66        1000000 -> 199
+**      4 -> 20           1000 -> 99        1048576 -> 200
+**     10 -> 33           1024 -> 100    4294967296 -> 320
+**
+** The LogEst can be negative to indicate fractional values. 
+** Examples:
+**
+**    0.5 -> -10           0.1 -> -33        0.0625 -> -40
+*/
+typedef INT16_TYPE LogEst;
+
+/*
 ** Macros to determine whether the machine is big or little endian,
-** evaluated at runtime.
+** and whether or not that determination is run-time or compile-time.
+**
+** For best performance, an attempt is made to guess at the byte-order
+** using C-preprocessor macros.  If that is unsuccessful, or if
+** -DSQLITE_RUNTIME_BYTEORDER=1 is set, then byte-order is determined
+** at run-time.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const int sqlite3one = 1;
 #else
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const int sqlite3one;
 #endif
-#if defined(i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86)\
-                             || defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__)
+#if (defined(i386)     || defined(__i386__)   || defined(_M_IX86) ||    \
+     defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)  ||    \
+     defined(_M_AMD64) || defined(_M_ARM)     || defined(__x86)   ||    \
+     defined(__arm__)) && !defined(SQLITE_RUNTIME_BYTEORDER)
+# define SQLITE_BYTEORDER    1234
 # define SQLITE_BIGENDIAN    0
 # define SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN 1
 # define SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE  SQLITE_UTF16LE
-#else
+#endif
+#if (defined(sparc)    || defined(__ppc__))  \
+    && !defined(SQLITE_RUNTIME_BYTEORDER)
+# define SQLITE_BYTEORDER    4321
+# define SQLITE_BIGENDIAN    1
+# define SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN 0
+# define SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE  SQLITE_UTF16BE
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_BYTEORDER)
+# define SQLITE_BYTEORDER    0     /* 0 means "unknown at compile-time" */
 # define SQLITE_BIGENDIAN    (*(char *)(&sqlite3one)==0)
 # define SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN (*(char *)(&sqlite3one)==1)
-# define SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE (SQLITE_BIGENDIAN?SQLITE_UTF16BE:SQLITE_UTF16LE)
+# define SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE  (SQLITE_BIGENDIAN?SQLITE_UTF16BE:SQLITE_UTF16LE)
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -8022,6 +8616,63 @@
 # define EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(X)   ((((char*)(X) - (char*)0)&7)==0)
 #endif
 
+/*
+** Disable MMAP on platforms where it is known to not work
+*/
+#if defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__QNXNTO__)
+# undef SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Default maximum size of memory used by memory-mapped I/O in the VFS
+*/
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+# include <TargetConditionals.h>
+# if TARGET_OS_IPHONE
+#   undef SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE
+#   define SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE 0
+# endif
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE
+# if defined(__linux__) \
+  || defined(_WIN32) \
+  || (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)) \
+  || defined(__sun)
+#   define SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE 0x7fff0000  /* 2147418112 */
+# else
+#   define SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE 0
+# endif
+# define SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE_xc 1 /* exclude from ctime.c */
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The default MMAP_SIZE is zero on all platforms.  Or, even if a larger
+** default MMAP_SIZE is specified at compile-time, make sure that it does
+** not exceed the maximum mmap size.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE 0
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE_xc 1  /* Exclude from ctime.c */
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE>SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE
+# undef SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE
+# define SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Only one of SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 or SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 can be defined.
+** Priority is given to SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4.  If either are defined, also
+** define SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+# undef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+# define SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 1
+#elif SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+# define SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 1
+#elif SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+# undef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** An instance of the following structure is used to store the busy-handler
@@ -8064,6 +8715,11 @@
 #define ArraySize(X)    ((int)(sizeof(X)/sizeof(X[0])))
 
 /*
+** Determine if the argument is a power of two
+*/
+#define IsPowerOfTwo(X) (((X)&((X)-1))==0)
+
+/*
 ** The following value as a destructor means to use sqlite3DbFree().
 ** The sqlite3DbFree() routine requires two parameters instead of the 
 ** one parameter that destructors normally want.  So we have to introduce 
@@ -8146,9 +8802,11 @@
 typedef struct Module Module;
 typedef struct NameContext NameContext;
 typedef struct Parse Parse;
+typedef struct PrintfArguments PrintfArguments;
 typedef struct RowSet RowSet;
 typedef struct Savepoint Savepoint;
 typedef struct Select Select;
+typedef struct SelectDest SelectDest;
 typedef struct SrcList SrcList;
 typedef struct StrAccum StrAccum;
 typedef struct Table Table;
@@ -8161,9 +8819,8 @@
 typedef struct VTable VTable;
 typedef struct VtabCtx VtabCtx;
 typedef struct Walker Walker;
-typedef struct WherePlan WherePlan;
 typedef struct WhereInfo WhereInfo;
-typedef struct WhereLevel WhereLevel;
+typedef struct With With;
 
 /*
 ** Defer sourcing vdbe.h and btree.h until after the "u8" and 
@@ -8237,7 +8894,10 @@
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClose(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(Btree*,int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(Btree*,int,int,int);
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3BtreeSetMmapLimit(Btree*,sqlite3_int64);
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPagerFlags(Btree*,unsigned);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSyncDisabled(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPageSize(Btree *p, int nPagesize, int nReserve, int eFix);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(Btree*);
@@ -8245,6 +8905,9 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3BtreeLastPage(Btree*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(Btree*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(Btree*);
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(Btree *p);
+#endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(Btree *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(Btree *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(Btree*,int);
@@ -8283,11 +8946,14 @@
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDropTable(Btree*, int, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClearTable(Btree*, int, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClearTableOfCursor(BtCursor*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeTripAllCursors(Btree*, int);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(Btree *pBtree, int idx, u32 *pValue);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(Btree*, int idx, u32 value);
 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeNewDb(Btree *p);
+
 /*
 ** The second parameter to sqlite3BtreeGetMeta or sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta
 ** should be one of the following values. The integer values are assigned 
@@ -8308,6 +8974,13 @@
 #define BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING       5
 #define BTREE_USER_VERSION        6
 #define BTREE_INCR_VACUUM         7
+#define BTREE_APPLICATION_ID      8
+
+/*
+** Values that may be OR'd together to form the second argument of an
+** sqlite3BtreeCursorHints() call.
+*/
+#define BTREE_BULKLOAD 0x00000001
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursor(
   Btree*,                              /* BTree containing table to open */
@@ -8339,21 +9012,20 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreePrevious(BtCursor*, int *pRes);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeKeySize(BtCursor*, i64 *pSize);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeKey(BtCursor*, u32 offset, u32 amt, void*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(BtCursor*, int *pAmt);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(BtCursor*, int *pAmt);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(BtCursor*, u32 *pAmt);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(BtCursor*, u32 *pAmt);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeDataSize(BtCursor*, u32 *pSize);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeData(BtCursor*, u32 offset, u32 amt, void*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(BtCursor*, sqlite3_int64);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_int64 sqlite3BtreeGetCachedRowid(BtCursor*);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3BtreeIntegrityCheck(Btree*, int *aRoot, int nRoot, int, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE struct Pager *sqlite3BtreePager(Btree*);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreePutData(BtCursor*, u32 offset, u32 amt, void*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCacheOverflow(BtCursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeIncrblobCursor(BtCursor *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(BtCursor *);
-
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(Btree *pBt, int iVersion);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCursorHints(BtCursor *, unsigned int mask);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIsReadonly(Btree *pBt);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(BtCursor*);
@@ -8449,7 +9121,6 @@
 ** The names of the following types declared in vdbeInt.h are required
 ** for the VdbeOp definition.
 */
-typedef struct VdbeFunc VdbeFunc;
 typedef struct Mem Mem;
 typedef struct SubProgram SubProgram;
 
@@ -8473,7 +9144,6 @@
     i64 *pI64;             /* Used when p4type is P4_INT64 */
     double *pReal;         /* Used when p4type is P4_REAL */
     FuncDef *pFunc;        /* Used when p4type is P4_FUNCDEF */
-    VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc;   /* Used when p4type is P4_VDBEFUNC */
     CollSeq *pColl;        /* Used when p4type is P4_COLLSEQ */
     Mem *pMem;             /* Used when p4type is P4_MEM */
     VTable *pVtab;         /* Used when p4type is P4_VTAB */
@@ -8482,13 +9152,16 @@
     SubProgram *pProgram;  /* Used when p4type is P4_SUBPROGRAM */
     int (*xAdvance)(BtCursor *, int *);
   } p4;
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
   char *zComment;          /* Comment to improve readability */
 #endif
 #ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
-  int cnt;                 /* Number of times this instruction was executed */
+  u32 cnt;                 /* Number of times this instruction was executed */
   u64 cycles;              /* Total time spent executing this instruction */
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+  int iSrcLine;            /* Source-code line that generated this opcode */
+#endif
 };
 typedef struct VdbeOp VdbeOp;
 
@@ -8527,7 +9200,6 @@
 #define P4_COLLSEQ  (-4)  /* P4 is a pointer to a CollSeq structure */
 #define P4_FUNCDEF  (-5)  /* P4 is a pointer to a FuncDef structure */
 #define P4_KEYINFO  (-6)  /* P4 is a pointer to a KeyInfo structure */
-#define P4_VDBEFUNC (-7)  /* P4 is a pointer to a VdbeFunc structure */
 #define P4_MEM      (-8)  /* P4 is a pointer to a Mem*    structure */
 #define P4_TRANSIENT  0   /* P4 is a pointer to a transient string */
 #define P4_VTAB     (-10) /* P4 is a pointer to an sqlite3_vtab structure */
@@ -8539,15 +9211,11 @@
 #define P4_SUBPROGRAM  (-18) /* P4 is a pointer to a SubProgram structure */
 #define P4_ADVANCE  (-19) /* P4 is a pointer to BtreeNext() or BtreePrev() */
 
-/* When adding a P4 argument using P4_KEYINFO, a copy of the KeyInfo structure
-** is made.  That copy is freed when the Vdbe is finalized.  But if the
-** argument is P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF, the passed in pointer is used.  It still
-** gets freed when the Vdbe is finalized so it still should be obtained
-** from a single sqliteMalloc().  But no copy is made and the calling
-** function should *not* try to free the KeyInfo.
-*/
-#define P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF (-16)
-#define P4_KEYINFO_STATIC  (-17)
+/* Error message codes for OP_Halt */
+#define P5_ConstraintNotNull 1
+#define P5_ConstraintUnique  2
+#define P5_ConstraintCheck   3
+#define P5_ConstraintFK      4
 
 /*
 ** The Vdbe.aColName array contains 5n Mem structures, where n is the 
@@ -8584,156 +9252,164 @@
 /************** Begin file opcodes.h *****************************************/
 /* Automatically generated.  Do not edit */
 /* See the mkopcodeh.awk script for details */
-#define OP_Goto                                 1
-#define OP_Gosub                                2
-#define OP_Return                               3
-#define OP_Yield                                4
-#define OP_HaltIfNull                           5
-#define OP_Halt                                 6
-#define OP_Integer                              7
-#define OP_Int64                                8
-#define OP_Real                               130   /* same as TK_FLOAT    */
-#define OP_String8                             94   /* same as TK_STRING   */
-#define OP_String                               9
-#define OP_Null                                10
-#define OP_Blob                                11
-#define OP_Variable                            12
-#define OP_Move                                13
-#define OP_Copy                                14
-#define OP_SCopy                               15
-#define OP_ResultRow                           16
-#define OP_Concat                              91   /* same as TK_CONCAT   */
-#define OP_Add                                 86   /* same as TK_PLUS     */
-#define OP_Subtract                            87   /* same as TK_MINUS    */
-#define OP_Multiply                            88   /* same as TK_STAR     */
-#define OP_Divide                              89   /* same as TK_SLASH    */
-#define OP_Remainder                           90   /* same as TK_REM      */
-#define OP_CollSeq                             17
-#define OP_Function                            18
-#define OP_BitAnd                              82   /* same as TK_BITAND   */
-#define OP_BitOr                               83   /* same as TK_BITOR    */
-#define OP_ShiftLeft                           84   /* same as TK_LSHIFT   */
-#define OP_ShiftRight                          85   /* same as TK_RSHIFT   */
-#define OP_AddImm                              20
-#define OP_MustBeInt                           21
-#define OP_RealAffinity                        22
-#define OP_ToText                             141   /* same as TK_TO_TEXT  */
-#define OP_ToBlob                             142   /* same as TK_TO_BLOB  */
-#define OP_ToNumeric                          143   /* same as TK_TO_NUMERIC*/
-#define OP_ToInt                              144   /* same as TK_TO_INT   */
-#define OP_ToReal                             145   /* same as TK_TO_REAL  */
-#define OP_Eq                                  76   /* same as TK_EQ       */
-#define OP_Ne                                  75   /* same as TK_NE       */
-#define OP_Lt                                  79   /* same as TK_LT       */
-#define OP_Le                                  78   /* same as TK_LE       */
-#define OP_Gt                                  77   /* same as TK_GT       */
-#define OP_Ge                                  80   /* same as TK_GE       */
-#define OP_Permutation                         23
-#define OP_Compare                             24
-#define OP_Jump                                25
-#define OP_And                                 69   /* same as TK_AND      */
-#define OP_Or                                  68   /* same as TK_OR       */
-#define OP_Not                                 19   /* same as TK_NOT      */
-#define OP_BitNot                              93   /* same as TK_BITNOT   */
-#define OP_Once                                26
-#define OP_If                                  27
-#define OP_IfNot                               28
-#define OP_IsNull                              73   /* same as TK_ISNULL   */
-#define OP_NotNull                             74   /* same as TK_NOTNULL  */
-#define OP_Column                              29
-#define OP_Affinity                            30
-#define OP_MakeRecord                          31
-#define OP_Count                               32
-#define OP_Savepoint                           33
-#define OP_AutoCommit                          34
-#define OP_Transaction                         35
-#define OP_ReadCookie                          36
-#define OP_SetCookie                           37
-#define OP_VerifyCookie                        38
-#define OP_OpenRead                            39
-#define OP_OpenWrite                           40
-#define OP_OpenAutoindex                       41
-#define OP_OpenEphemeral                       42
-#define OP_SorterOpen                          43
-#define OP_OpenPseudo                          44
-#define OP_Close                               45
-#define OP_SeekLt                              46
-#define OP_SeekLe                              47
-#define OP_SeekGe                              48
-#define OP_SeekGt                              49
-#define OP_Seek                                50
-#define OP_NotFound                            51
-#define OP_Found                               52
-#define OP_IsUnique                            53
-#define OP_NotExists                           54
-#define OP_Sequence                            55
-#define OP_NewRowid                            56
-#define OP_Insert                              57
-#define OP_InsertInt                           58
-#define OP_Delete                              59
-#define OP_ResetCount                          60
-#define OP_SorterCompare                       61
-#define OP_SorterData                          62
-#define OP_RowKey                              63
-#define OP_RowData                             64
-#define OP_Rowid                               65
-#define OP_NullRow                             66
-#define OP_Last                                67
-#define OP_SorterSort                          70
-#define OP_Sort                                71
-#define OP_Rewind                              72
-#define OP_SorterNext                          81
-#define OP_Prev                                92
-#define OP_Next                                95
-#define OP_SorterInsert                        96
-#define OP_IdxInsert                           97
-#define OP_IdxDelete                           98
-#define OP_IdxRowid                            99
-#define OP_IdxLT                              100
-#define OP_IdxGE                              101
-#define OP_Destroy                            102
-#define OP_Clear                              103
-#define OP_CreateIndex                        104
-#define OP_CreateTable                        105
-#define OP_ParseSchema                        106
-#define OP_LoadAnalysis                       107
-#define OP_DropTable                          108
-#define OP_DropIndex                          109
-#define OP_DropTrigger                        110
-#define OP_IntegrityCk                        111
-#define OP_RowSetAdd                          112
-#define OP_RowSetRead                         113
-#define OP_RowSetTest                         114
-#define OP_Program                            115
-#define OP_Param                              116
-#define OP_FkCounter                          117
-#define OP_FkIfZero                           118
-#define OP_MemMax                             119
-#define OP_IfPos                              120
-#define OP_IfNeg                              121
-#define OP_IfZero                             122
-#define OP_AggStep                            123
-#define OP_AggFinal                           124
-#define OP_Checkpoint                         125
-#define OP_JournalMode                        126
-#define OP_Vacuum                             127
-#define OP_IncrVacuum                         128
-#define OP_Expire                             129
-#define OP_TableLock                          131
-#define OP_VBegin                             132
-#define OP_VCreate                            133
-#define OP_VDestroy                           134
-#define OP_VOpen                              135
-#define OP_VFilter                            136
-#define OP_VColumn                            137
-#define OP_VNext                              138
-#define OP_VRename                            139
-#define OP_VUpdate                            140
-#define OP_Pagecount                          146
-#define OP_MaxPgcnt                           147
-#define OP_Trace                              148
-#define OP_Noop                               149
-#define OP_Explain                            150
+#define OP_Function        1 /* synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@P5])             */
+#define OP_Savepoint       2
+#define OP_AutoCommit      3
+#define OP_Transaction     4
+#define OP_SorterNext      5
+#define OP_PrevIfOpen      6
+#define OP_NextIfOpen      7
+#define OP_Prev            8
+#define OP_Next            9
+#define OP_AggStep        10 /* synopsis: accum=r[P3] step(r[P2@P5])       */
+#define OP_Checkpoint     11
+#define OP_JournalMode    12
+#define OP_Vacuum         13
+#define OP_VFilter        14 /* synopsis: iplan=r[P3] zplan='P4'           */
+#define OP_VUpdate        15 /* synopsis: data=r[P3@P2]                    */
+#define OP_Goto           16
+#define OP_Gosub          17
+#define OP_Return         18
+#define OP_Not            19 /* same as TK_NOT, synopsis: r[P2]= !r[P1]    */
+#define OP_InitCoroutine  20
+#define OP_EndCoroutine   21
+#define OP_Yield          22
+#define OP_HaltIfNull     23 /* synopsis: if r[P3]=null halt               */
+#define OP_Halt           24
+#define OP_Integer        25 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P1                         */
+#define OP_Int64          26 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P4                         */
+#define OP_String         27 /* synopsis: r[P2]='P4' (len=P1)              */
+#define OP_Null           28 /* synopsis: r[P2..P3]=NULL                   */
+#define OP_SoftNull       29 /* synopsis: r[P1]=NULL                       */
+#define OP_Blob           30 /* synopsis: r[P2]=P4 (len=P1)                */
+#define OP_Variable       31 /* synopsis: r[P2]=parameter(P1,P4)           */
+#define OP_Move           32 /* synopsis: r[P2@P3]=r[P1@P3]                */
+#define OP_Copy           33 /* synopsis: r[P2@P3+1]=r[P1@P3+1]            */
+#define OP_SCopy          34 /* synopsis: r[P2]=r[P1]                      */
+#define OP_ResultRow      35 /* synopsis: output=r[P1@P2]                  */
+#define OP_CollSeq        36
+#define OP_AddImm         37 /* synopsis: r[P1]=r[P1]+P2                   */
+#define OP_MustBeInt      38
+#define OP_RealAffinity   39
+#define OP_Permutation    40
+#define OP_Compare        41 /* synopsis: r[P1@P3] <-> r[P2@P3]            */
+#define OP_Jump           42
+#define OP_Once           43
+#define OP_If             44
+#define OP_IfNot          45
+#define OP_Column         46 /* synopsis: r[P3]=PX                         */
+#define OP_Affinity       47 /* synopsis: affinity(r[P1@P2])               */
+#define OP_MakeRecord     48 /* synopsis: r[P3]=mkrec(r[P1@P2])            */
+#define OP_Count          49 /* synopsis: r[P2]=count()                    */
+#define OP_ReadCookie     50
+#define OP_SetCookie      51
+#define OP_ReopenIdx      52 /* synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3                   */
+#define OP_OpenRead       53 /* synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3                   */
+#define OP_OpenWrite      54 /* synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3                   */
+#define OP_OpenAutoindex  55 /* synopsis: nColumn=P2                       */
+#define OP_OpenEphemeral  56 /* synopsis: nColumn=P2                       */
+#define OP_SorterOpen     57
+#define OP_OpenPseudo     58 /* synopsis: P3 columns in r[P2]              */
+#define OP_Close          59
+#define OP_SeekLT         60 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_SeekLE         61 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_SeekGE         62 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_SeekGT         63 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_Seek           64 /* synopsis: intkey=r[P2]                     */
+#define OP_NoConflict     65 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_NotFound       66 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_Found          67 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_NotExists      68 /* synopsis: intkey=r[P3]                     */
+#define OP_Sequence       69 /* synopsis: r[P2]=cursor[P1].ctr++           */
+#define OP_NewRowid       70 /* synopsis: r[P2]=rowid                      */
+#define OP_Or             71 /* same as TK_OR, synopsis: r[P3]=(r[P1] || r[P2]) */
+#define OP_And            72 /* same as TK_AND, synopsis: r[P3]=(r[P1] && r[P2]) */
+#define OP_Insert         73 /* synopsis: intkey=r[P3] data=r[P2]          */
+#define OP_InsertInt      74 /* synopsis: intkey=P3 data=r[P2]             */
+#define OP_Delete         75
+#define OP_IsNull         76 /* same as TK_ISNULL, synopsis: if r[P1]==NULL goto P2 */
+#define OP_NotNull        77 /* same as TK_NOTNULL, synopsis: if r[P1]!=NULL goto P2 */
+#define OP_Ne             78 /* same as TK_NE, synopsis: if r[P1]!=r[P3] goto P2 */
+#define OP_Eq             79 /* same as TK_EQ, synopsis: if r[P1]==r[P3] goto P2 */
+#define OP_Gt             80 /* same as TK_GT, synopsis: if r[P1]>r[P3] goto P2 */
+#define OP_Le             81 /* same as TK_LE, synopsis: if r[P1]<=r[P3] goto P2 */
+#define OP_Lt             82 /* same as TK_LT, synopsis: if r[P1]<r[P3] goto P2 */
+#define OP_Ge             83 /* same as TK_GE, synopsis: if r[P1]>=r[P3] goto P2 */
+#define OP_ResetCount     84
+#define OP_BitAnd         85 /* same as TK_BITAND, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P1]&r[P2] */
+#define OP_BitOr          86 /* same as TK_BITOR, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P1]|r[P2] */
+#define OP_ShiftLeft      87 /* same as TK_LSHIFT, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]<<r[P1] */
+#define OP_ShiftRight     88 /* same as TK_RSHIFT, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]>>r[P1] */
+#define OP_Add            89 /* same as TK_PLUS, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P1]+r[P2] */
+#define OP_Subtract       90 /* same as TK_MINUS, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]-r[P1] */
+#define OP_Multiply       91 /* same as TK_STAR, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P1]*r[P2] */
+#define OP_Divide         92 /* same as TK_SLASH, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]/r[P1] */
+#define OP_Remainder      93 /* same as TK_REM, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]%r[P1] */
+#define OP_Concat         94 /* same as TK_CONCAT, synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]+r[P1] */
+#define OP_SorterCompare  95 /* synopsis: if key(P1)!=trim(r[P3],P4) goto P2 */
+#define OP_BitNot         96 /* same as TK_BITNOT, synopsis: r[P1]= ~r[P1] */
+#define OP_String8        97 /* same as TK_STRING, synopsis: r[P2]='P4'    */
+#define OP_SorterData     98 /* synopsis: r[P2]=data                       */
+#define OP_RowKey         99 /* synopsis: r[P2]=key                        */
+#define OP_RowData       100 /* synopsis: r[P2]=data                       */
+#define OP_Rowid         101 /* synopsis: r[P2]=rowid                      */
+#define OP_NullRow       102
+#define OP_Last          103
+#define OP_SorterSort    104
+#define OP_Sort          105
+#define OP_Rewind        106
+#define OP_SorterInsert  107
+#define OP_IdxInsert     108 /* synopsis: key=r[P2]                        */
+#define OP_IdxDelete     109 /* synopsis: key=r[P2@P3]                     */
+#define OP_IdxRowid      110 /* synopsis: r[P2]=rowid                      */
+#define OP_IdxLE         111 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_IdxGT         112 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_IdxLT         113 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_IdxGE         114 /* synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]                     */
+#define OP_Destroy       115
+#define OP_Clear         116
+#define OP_ResetSorter   117
+#define OP_CreateIndex   118 /* synopsis: r[P2]=root iDb=P1                */
+#define OP_CreateTable   119 /* synopsis: r[P2]=root iDb=P1                */
+#define OP_ParseSchema   120
+#define OP_LoadAnalysis  121
+#define OP_DropTable     122
+#define OP_DropIndex     123
+#define OP_DropTrigger   124
+#define OP_IntegrityCk   125
+#define OP_RowSetAdd     126 /* synopsis: rowset(P1)=r[P2]                 */
+#define OP_RowSetRead    127 /* synopsis: r[P3]=rowset(P1)                 */
+#define OP_RowSetTest    128 /* synopsis: if r[P3] in rowset(P1) goto P2   */
+#define OP_Program       129
+#define OP_Param         130
+#define OP_FkCounter     131 /* synopsis: fkctr[P1]+=P2                    */
+#define OP_FkIfZero      132 /* synopsis: if fkctr[P1]==0 goto P2          */
+#define OP_Real          133 /* same as TK_FLOAT, synopsis: r[P2]=P4       */
+#define OP_MemMax        134 /* synopsis: r[P1]=max(r[P1],r[P2])           */
+#define OP_IfPos         135 /* synopsis: if r[P1]>0 goto P2               */
+#define OP_IfNeg         136 /* synopsis: r[P1]+=P3, if r[P1]<0 goto P2    */
+#define OP_IfZero        137 /* synopsis: r[P1]+=P3, if r[P1]==0 goto P2   */
+#define OP_AggFinal      138 /* synopsis: accum=r[P1] N=P2                 */
+#define OP_IncrVacuum    139
+#define OP_Expire        140
+#define OP_TableLock     141 /* synopsis: iDb=P1 root=P2 write=P3          */
+#define OP_VBegin        142
+#define OP_ToText        143 /* same as TK_TO_TEXT                         */
+#define OP_ToBlob        144 /* same as TK_TO_BLOB                         */
+#define OP_ToNumeric     145 /* same as TK_TO_NUMERIC                      */
+#define OP_ToInt         146 /* same as TK_TO_INT                          */
+#define OP_ToReal        147 /* same as TK_TO_REAL                         */
+#define OP_VCreate       148
+#define OP_VDestroy      149
+#define OP_VOpen         150
+#define OP_VColumn       151 /* synopsis: r[P3]=vcolumn(P2)                */
+#define OP_VNext         152
+#define OP_VRename       153
+#define OP_Pagecount     154
+#define OP_MaxPgcnt      155
+#define OP_Init          156 /* synopsis: Start at P2                      */
+#define OP_Noop          157
+#define OP_Explain       158
 
 
 /* Properties such as "out2" or "jump" that are specified in
@@ -8748,25 +9424,26 @@
 #define OPFLG_OUT2            0x0020  /* out2:  P2 is an output */
 #define OPFLG_OUT3            0x0040  /* out3:  P3 is an output */
 #define OPFLG_INITIALIZER {\
-/*   0 */ 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x04, 0x04, 0x10, 0x00, 0x02,\
-/*   8 */ 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x24, 0x24,\
-/*  16 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x24, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04, 0x00,\
-/*  24 */ 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/*  32 */ 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/*  40 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0x11,\
-/*  48 */ 0x11, 0x11, 0x08, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x02,\
-/*  56 */ 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/*  64 */ 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x01, 0x01,\
-/*  72 */ 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15,\
-/*  80 */ 0x15, 0x01, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c,\
-/*  88 */ 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x01, 0x24, 0x02, 0x01,\
-/*  96 */ 0x08, 0x08, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00,\
-/* 104 */ 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/* 112 */ 0x0c, 0x45, 0x15, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x08,\
-/* 120 */ 0x05, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00,\
-/* 128 */ 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
-/* 136 */ 0x01, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04,\
-/* 144 */ 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,}
+/*   0 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01,\
+/*   8 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00,\
+/*  16 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x04, 0x24, 0x01, 0x04, 0x05, 0x10,\
+/*  24 */ 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x02, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02,\
+/*  32 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x05, 0x04,\
+/*  40 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/*  48 */ 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/*  56 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11,\
+/*  64 */ 0x08, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x11, 0x02, 0x02, 0x4c,\
+/*  72 */ 0x4c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x05, 0x15, 0x15,\
+/*  80 */ 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x15, 0x00, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c,\
+/*  88 */ 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x4c, 0x00,\
+/*  96 */ 0x24, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01,\
+/* 104 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x08, 0x08, 0x00, 0x02, 0x01,\
+/* 112 */ 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02,\
+/* 120 */ 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0c, 0x45,\
+/* 128 */ 0x15, 0x01, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x08, 0x05,\
+/* 136 */ 0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04,\
+/* 144 */ 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,\
+/* 152 */ 0x01, 0x00, 0x02, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,}
 
 /************** End of opcodes.h *********************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in vdbe.h ***********************/
@@ -8775,14 +9452,14 @@
 ** Prototypes for the VDBE interface.  See comments on the implementation
 ** for a description of what each of these routines does.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3VdbeCreate(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3VdbeCreate(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(Vdbe*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(Vdbe*,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(Vdbe*,int,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int,const char *zP4,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(Vdbe*,int,int,int,int,int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(Vdbe*, int nOp, VdbeOpList const *aOp);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(Vdbe*, int nOp, VdbeOpList const *aOp, int iLineno);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(Vdbe*,int,char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(Vdbe*, u32 addr, int P1);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(Vdbe*, u32 addr, int P2);
@@ -8790,20 +9467,21 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(Vdbe*, u8 P5);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(Vdbe*, int addr);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(Vdbe*, int addr);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeDeletePriorOpcode(Vdbe*, u8 op);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(Vdbe*, int addr, const char *zP4, int N);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(Parse*, Index*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(Vdbe*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeGetOp(Vdbe*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRunOnlyOnce(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDelete(Vdbe*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(sqlite3*,Vdbe*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeClearObject(sqlite3*,Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMakeReady(Vdbe*,Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFinalize(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(Vdbe*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(Vdbe*);
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3VdbeAssertMayAbort(Vdbe *, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeTrace(Vdbe*,FILE*);
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResetStepResult(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRewind(Vdbe*);
@@ -8815,29 +9493,82 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetSql(Vdbe*, const char *z, int n, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSwap(Vdbe*,Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeTakeOpArray(Vdbe*, int*, int*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3VdbeGetValue(Vdbe*, int, u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3VdbeGetBoundValue(Vdbe*, int, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(Vdbe*, int);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   char *sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(Vdbe*, const char*);
 #endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemCompare(const Mem*, const Mem*, const CollSeq*);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(KeyInfo*,int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE UnpackedRecord *sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(KeyInfo *, char *, int, char **);
 
+typedef int (*RecordCompare)(int,const void*,UnpackedRecord*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE RecordCompare sqlite3VdbeFindCompare(UnpackedRecord*);
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeLinkSubProgram(Vdbe *, SubProgram *);
 #endif
 
-
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+/* Use SQLITE_ENABLE_COMMENTS to enable generation of extra comments on
+** each VDBE opcode.
+**
+** Use the SQLITE_ENABLE_MODULE_COMMENTS macro to see some extra no-op
+** comments in VDBE programs that show key decision points in the code
+** generator.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeComment(Vdbe*, const char*, ...);
 # define VdbeComment(X)  sqlite3VdbeComment X
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeNoopComment(Vdbe*, const char*, ...);
 # define VdbeNoopComment(X)  sqlite3VdbeNoopComment X
+# ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MODULE_COMMENTS
+#   define VdbeModuleComment(X)  sqlite3VdbeNoopComment X
+# else
+#   define VdbeModuleComment(X)
+# endif
 #else
 # define VdbeComment(X)
 # define VdbeNoopComment(X)
+# define VdbeModuleComment(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The VdbeCoverage macros are used to set a coverage testing point
+** for VDBE branch instructions.  The coverage testing points are line
+** numbers in the sqlite3.c source file.  VDBE branch coverage testing
+** only works with an amalagmation build.  That's ok since a VDBE branch
+** coverage build designed for testing the test suite only.  No application
+** should ever ship with VDBE branch coverage measuring turned on.
+**
+**    VdbeCoverage(v)                  // Mark the previously coded instruction
+**                                     // as a branch
+**
+**    VdbeCoverageIf(v, conditional)   // Mark previous if conditional true
+**
+**    VdbeCoverageAlwaysTaken(v)       // Previous branch is always taken
+**
+**    VdbeCoverageNeverTaken(v)        // Previous branch is never taken
+**
+** Every VDBE branch operation must be tagged with one of the macros above.
+** If not, then when "make test" is run with -DSQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE and
+** -DSQLITE_DEBUG then an ALWAYS() will fail in the vdbeTakeBranch()
+** routine in vdbe.c, alerting the developer to the missed tag.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeSetLineNumber(Vdbe*,int);
+# define VdbeCoverage(v) sqlite3VdbeSetLineNumber(v,__LINE__)
+# define VdbeCoverageIf(v,x) if(x)sqlite3VdbeSetLineNumber(v,__LINE__)
+# define VdbeCoverageAlwaysTaken(v) sqlite3VdbeSetLineNumber(v,2);
+# define VdbeCoverageNeverTaken(v) sqlite3VdbeSetLineNumber(v,1);
+# define VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(x) (__LINE__+x)
+#else
+# define VdbeCoverage(v)
+# define VdbeCoverageIf(v,x)
+# define VdbeCoverageAlwaysTaken(v)
+# define VdbeCoverageNeverTaken(v)
+# define VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(x) 0
 #endif
 
 #endif
@@ -8927,6 +9658,24 @@
 #define PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL         5   /* Use write-ahead logging */
 
 /*
+** Flags that make up the mask passed to sqlite3PagerAcquire().
+*/
+#define PAGER_GET_NOCONTENT     0x01  /* Do not load data from disk */
+#define PAGER_GET_READONLY      0x02  /* Read-only page is acceptable */
+
+/*
+** Flags for sqlite3PagerSetFlags()
+*/
+#define PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_OFF       0x01  /* PRAGMA synchronous=OFF */
+#define PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_NORMAL    0x02  /* PRAGMA synchronous=NORMAL */
+#define PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_FULL      0x03  /* PRAGMA synchronous=FULL */
+#define PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_MASK      0x03  /* Mask for three values above */
+#define PAGER_FULLFSYNC             0x04  /* PRAGMA fullfsync=ON */
+#define PAGER_CKPT_FULLFSYNC        0x08  /* PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfsync=ON */
+#define PAGER_CACHESPILL            0x10  /* PRAGMA cache_spill=ON */
+#define PAGER_FLAGS_MASK            0x1c  /* All above except SYNCHRONOUS */
+
+/*
 ** The remainder of this file contains the declarations of the functions
 ** that make up the Pager sub-system API. See source code comments for 
 ** a detailed description of each routine.
@@ -8950,8 +9699,9 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetPagesize(Pager*, u32*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMaxPageCount(Pager*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetCachesize(Pager*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetMmapLimit(Pager *, sqlite3_int64);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerShrink(Pager*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(Pager*,int,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetFlags(Pager*,unsigned);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerLockingMode(Pager *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(Pager *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(Pager*);
@@ -8965,6 +9715,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE DbPage *sqlite3PagerLookup(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerRef(DbPage*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnref(DbPage*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(DbPage*);
 
 /* Operations on page references. */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWrite(DbPage*);
@@ -8979,18 +9730,21 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerBegin(Pager*, int exFlag, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(Pager*,const char *zMaster, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerExclusiveLock(Pager*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSync(Pager *pPager);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSync(Pager *pPager, const char *zMaster);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseTwo(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerRollback(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpenSavepoint(Pager *pPager, int n);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSavepoint(Pager *pPager, int op, int iSavepoint);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSharedLock(Pager *pPager);
 
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(Pager *pPager, int, int*, int*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalSupported(Pager *pPager);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerWalCallback(Pager *pPager);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerOpenWal(Pager *pPager, int *pisOpen);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerCloseWal(Pager *pPager);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerCheckpoint(Pager *pPager, int, int*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalSupported(Pager *pPager);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalCallback(Pager *pPager);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerOpenWal(Pager *pPager, int *pisOpen);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerCloseWal(Pager *pPager);
+#endif
+
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ZIPVFS
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3PagerWalFramesize(Pager *pPager);
 #endif
@@ -8999,7 +9753,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3PagerIsreadonly(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerRefcount(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerMemUsed(Pager*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerFilename(Pager*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerFilename(Pager*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const sqlite3_vfs *sqlite3PagerVfs(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_file *sqlite3PagerFile(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerJournalname(Pager*);
@@ -9008,6 +9762,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerIsMemdb(Pager*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerCacheStat(Pager *, int, int, int *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerClearCache(Pager *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SectorSize(sqlite3_file *);
 
 /* Functions used to truncate the database file. */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(Pager*,Pgno);
@@ -9092,6 +9847,8 @@
 #define PGHDR_REUSE_UNLIKELY    0x010  /* A hint that reuse is unlikely */
 #define PGHDR_DONT_WRITE        0x020  /* Do not write content to disk */
 
+#define PGHDR_MMAP              0x040  /* This is an mmap page object */
+
 /* Initialize and shutdown the page cache subsystem */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PcacheInitialize(void);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PcacheShutdown(void);
@@ -9225,104 +9982,71 @@
 #define _SQLITE_OS_H_
 
 /*
-** Figure out if we are dealing with Unix, Windows, or some other
-** operating system.  After the following block of preprocess macros,
-** all of SQLITE_OS_UNIX, SQLITE_OS_WIN, SQLITE_OS_OS2, and SQLITE_OS_OTHER 
-** will defined to either 1 or 0.  One of the four will be 1.  The other 
-** three will be 0.
+** Attempt to automatically detect the operating system and setup the
+** necessary pre-processor macros for it.
+*/
+/************** Include os_setup.h in the middle of os.h *********************/
+/************** Begin file os_setup.h ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2013 November 25
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains pre-processor directives related to operating system
+** detection and/or setup.
+*/
+#ifndef _OS_SETUP_H_
+#define _OS_SETUP_H_
+
+/*
+** Figure out if we are dealing with Unix, Windows, or some other operating
+** system.
+**
+** After the following block of preprocess macros, all of SQLITE_OS_UNIX,
+** SQLITE_OS_WIN, and SQLITE_OS_OTHER will defined to either 1 or 0.  One of
+** the three will be 1.  The other two will be 0.
 */
 #if defined(SQLITE_OS_OTHER)
-# if SQLITE_OS_OTHER==1
-#   undef SQLITE_OS_UNIX
-#   define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
-#   undef SQLITE_OS_WIN
-#   define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
-#   undef SQLITE_OS_OS2
-#   define SQLITE_OS_OS2 0
-# else
-#   undef SQLITE_OS_OTHER
-# endif
+#  if SQLITE_OS_OTHER==1
+#    undef SQLITE_OS_UNIX
+#    define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
+#    undef SQLITE_OS_WIN
+#    define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
+#  else
+#    undef SQLITE_OS_OTHER
+#  endif
 #endif
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OS_UNIX) && !defined(SQLITE_OS_OTHER)
-# define SQLITE_OS_OTHER 0
-# ifndef SQLITE_OS_WIN
-#   if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
-#     define SQLITE_OS_WIN 1
-#     define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
-#     define SQLITE_OS_OS2 0
-#   elif defined(__EMX__) || defined(_OS2) || defined(OS2) || defined(_OS2_) || defined(__OS2__)
-#     define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
-#     define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
-#     define SQLITE_OS_OS2 1
-#   else
-#     define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
-#     define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 1
-#     define SQLITE_OS_OS2 0
+#  define SQLITE_OS_OTHER 0
+#  ifndef SQLITE_OS_WIN
+#    if defined(_WIN32) || defined(WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || \
+        defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
+#      define SQLITE_OS_WIN 1
+#      define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
+#    else
+#      define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
+#      define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 1
+#    endif
+#  else
+#    define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
 #  endif
-# else
-#  define SQLITE_OS_UNIX 0
-#  define SQLITE_OS_OS2 0
-# endif
 #else
-# ifndef SQLITE_OS_WIN
-#  define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
-# endif
+#  ifndef SQLITE_OS_WIN
+#    define SQLITE_OS_WIN 0
+#  endif
 #endif
 
-/*
-** Define the maximum size of a temporary filename
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WIN
-# include <windows.h>
-# define SQLITE_TEMPNAME_SIZE (MAX_PATH+50)
-#elif SQLITE_OS_OS2
-# if (__GNUC__ > 3 || __GNUC__ == 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 3) && defined(OS2_HIGH_MEMORY)
-#  include <os2safe.h> /* has to be included before os2.h for linking to work */
-# endif
-# define INCL_DOSDATETIME
-# define INCL_DOSFILEMGR
-# define INCL_DOSERRORS
-# define INCL_DOSMISC
-# define INCL_DOSPROCESS
-# define INCL_DOSMODULEMGR
-# define INCL_DOSSEMAPHORES
-# include <os2.h>
-# include <uconv.h>
-# define SQLITE_TEMPNAME_SIZE (CCHMAXPATHCOMP)
-#else
-# define SQLITE_TEMPNAME_SIZE 200
-#endif
+#endif /* _OS_SETUP_H_ */
 
-/*
-** Determine if we are dealing with Windows NT.
-**
-** We ought to be able to determine if we are compiling for win98 or winNT
-** using the _WIN32_WINNT macro as follows:
-**
-** #if defined(_WIN32_WINNT)
-** # define SQLITE_OS_WINNT 1
-** #else
-** # define SQLITE_OS_WINNT 0
-** #endif
-**
-** However, vs2005 does not set _WIN32_WINNT by default, as it ought to,
-** so the above test does not work.  We'll just assume that everything is
-** winNT unless the programmer explicitly says otherwise by setting
-** SQLITE_OS_WINNT to 0.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WIN && !defined(SQLITE_OS_WINNT)
-# define SQLITE_OS_WINNT 1
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Determine if we are dealing with WindowsCE - which has a much
-** reduced API.
-*/
-#if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
-# define SQLITE_OS_WINCE 1
-#else
-# define SQLITE_OS_WINCE 0
-#endif
+/************** End of os_setup.h ********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in os.h *************************/
 
 /* If the SET_FULLSYNC macro is not defined above, then make it
 ** a no-op
@@ -9476,6 +10200,8 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsShmLock(sqlite3_file *id, int, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OsShmBarrier(sqlite3_file *id);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsShmUnmap(sqlite3_file *id, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFetch(sqlite3_file *id, i64, int, void **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsUnfetch(sqlite3_file *, i64, void *);
 
 
 /* 
@@ -9546,8 +10272,6 @@
 **   SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS     For multi-threaded applications on Unix.
 **
 **   SQLITE_MUTEX_W32          For multi-threaded applications on Win32.
-**
-**   SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2          For multi-threaded applications on OS/2.
 */
 #if !SQLITE_THREADSAFE
 # define SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT
@@ -9557,8 +10281,6 @@
 #    define SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS
 #  elif SQLITE_OS_WIN
 #    define SQLITE_MUTEX_W32
-#  elif SQLITE_OS_OS2
-#    define SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2
 #  else
 #    define SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP
 #  endif
@@ -9597,7 +10319,6 @@
 struct Db {
   char *zName;         /* Name of this database */
   Btree *pBt;          /* The B*Tree structure for this database file */
-  u8 inTrans;          /* 0: not writable.  1: Transaction.  2: Checkpoint */
   u8 safety_level;     /* How aggressive at syncing data to disk */
   Schema *pSchema;     /* Pointer to database schema (possibly shared) */
 };
@@ -9629,7 +10350,7 @@
   Table *pSeqTab;      /* The sqlite_sequence table used by AUTOINCREMENT */
   u8 file_format;      /* Schema format version for this file */
   u8 enc;              /* Text encoding used by this database */
-  u16 flags;           /* Flags associated with this schema */
+  u16 schemaFlags;     /* Flags associated with this schema */
   int cache_size;      /* Number of pages to use in the cache */
 };
 
@@ -9637,10 +10358,10 @@
 ** These macros can be used to test, set, or clear bits in the 
 ** Db.pSchema->flags field.
 */
-#define DbHasProperty(D,I,P)     (((D)->aDb[I].pSchema->flags&(P))==(P))
-#define DbHasAnyProperty(D,I,P)  (((D)->aDb[I].pSchema->flags&(P))!=0)
-#define DbSetProperty(D,I,P)     (D)->aDb[I].pSchema->flags|=(P)
-#define DbClearProperty(D,I,P)   (D)->aDb[I].pSchema->flags&=~(P)
+#define DbHasProperty(D,I,P)     (((D)->aDb[I].pSchema->schemaFlags&(P))==(P))
+#define DbHasAnyProperty(D,I,P)  (((D)->aDb[I].pSchema->schemaFlags&(P))!=0)
+#define DbSetProperty(D,I,P)     (D)->aDb[I].pSchema->schemaFlags|=(P)
+#define DbClearProperty(D,I,P)   (D)->aDb[I].pSchema->schemaFlags&=~(P)
 
 /*
 ** Allowed values for the DB.pSchema->flags field.
@@ -9719,9 +10440,11 @@
   int nDb;                      /* Number of backends currently in use */
   int flags;                    /* Miscellaneous flags. See below */
   i64 lastRowid;                /* ROWID of most recent insert (see above) */
+  i64 szMmap;                   /* Default mmap_size setting */
   unsigned int openFlags;       /* Flags passed to sqlite3_vfs.xOpen() */
   int errCode;                  /* Most recent error code (SQLITE_*) */
   int errMask;                  /* & result codes with this before returning */
+  u16 dbOptFlags;               /* Flags to enable/disable optimizations */
   u8 autoCommit;                /* The auto-commit flag. */
   u8 temp_store;                /* 1: file 2: memory 0: default */
   u8 mallocFailed;              /* True if we have seen a malloc failure */
@@ -9741,9 +10464,10 @@
     u8 busy;                    /* TRUE if currently initializing */
     u8 orphanTrigger;           /* Last statement is orphaned TEMP trigger */
   } init;
-  int activeVdbeCnt;            /* Number of VDBEs currently executing */
-  int writeVdbeCnt;             /* Number of active VDBEs that are writing */
-  int vdbeExecCnt;              /* Number of nested calls to VdbeExec() */
+  int nVdbeActive;              /* Number of VDBEs currently running */
+  int nVdbeRead;                /* Number of active VDBEs that read or write */
+  int nVdbeWrite;               /* Number of active VDBEs that read and write */
+  int nVdbeExec;                /* Number of nested calls to VdbeExec() */
   int nExtension;               /* Number of loaded extensions */
   void **aExtension;            /* Array of shared library handles */
   void (*xTrace)(void*,const char*);        /* Trace function */
@@ -9764,8 +10488,6 @@
   void(*xCollNeeded16)(void*,sqlite3*,int eTextRep,const void*);
   void *pCollNeededArg;
   sqlite3_value *pErr;          /* Most recent error message */
-  char *zErrMsg;                /* Most recent error message (UTF-8 encoded) */
-  char *zErrMsg16;              /* Most recent error message (UTF-16 encoded) */
   union {
     volatile int isInterrupted; /* True if sqlite3_interrupt has been called */
     double notUsed1;            /* Spacer */
@@ -9779,7 +10501,7 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
   int (*xProgress)(void *);     /* The progress callback */
   void *pProgressArg;           /* Argument to the progress callback */
-  int nProgressOps;             /* Number of opcodes for progress callback */
+  unsigned nProgressOps;        /* Number of opcodes for progress callback */
 #endif
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
   int nVTrans;                  /* Allocated size of aVTrans */
@@ -9797,6 +10519,7 @@
   int nSavepoint;               /* Number of non-transaction savepoints */
   int nStatement;               /* Number of nested statement-transactions  */
   i64 nDeferredCons;            /* Net deferred constraints this transaction. */
+  i64 nDeferredImmCons;         /* Net deferred immediate constraints */
   int *pnBytesFreed;            /* If not NULL, increment this in DbFree() */
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
@@ -9826,48 +10549,74 @@
 /*
 ** Possible values for the sqlite3.flags.
 */
-#define SQLITE_VdbeTrace      0x00000100  /* True to trace VDBE execution */
-#define SQLITE_InternChanges  0x00000200  /* Uncommitted Hash table changes */
-#define SQLITE_FullColNames   0x00000400  /* Show full column names on SELECT */
-#define SQLITE_ShortColNames  0x00000800  /* Show short columns names */
-#define SQLITE_CountRows      0x00001000  /* Count rows changed by INSERT, */
+#define SQLITE_VdbeTrace      0x00000001  /* True to trace VDBE execution */
+#define SQLITE_InternChanges  0x00000002  /* Uncommitted Hash table changes */
+#define SQLITE_FullFSync      0x00000004  /* Use full fsync on the backend */
+#define SQLITE_CkptFullFSync  0x00000008  /* Use full fsync for checkpoint */
+#define SQLITE_CacheSpill     0x00000010  /* OK to spill pager cache */
+#define SQLITE_FullColNames   0x00000020  /* Show full column names on SELECT */
+#define SQLITE_ShortColNames  0x00000040  /* Show short columns names */
+#define SQLITE_CountRows      0x00000080  /* Count rows changed by INSERT, */
                                           /*   DELETE, or UPDATE and return */
                                           /*   the count using a callback. */
-#define SQLITE_NullCallback   0x00002000  /* Invoke the callback once if the */
+#define SQLITE_NullCallback   0x00000100  /* Invoke the callback once if the */
                                           /*   result set is empty */
-#define SQLITE_SqlTrace       0x00004000  /* Debug print SQL as it executes */
-#define SQLITE_VdbeListing    0x00008000  /* Debug listings of VDBE programs */
-#define SQLITE_WriteSchema    0x00010000  /* OK to update SQLITE_MASTER */
-                         /*   0x00020000  Unused */
-#define SQLITE_IgnoreChecks   0x00040000  /* Do not enforce check constraints */
-#define SQLITE_ReadUncommitted 0x0080000  /* For shared-cache mode */
-#define SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt  0x00100000  /* Create new databases in format 1 */
-#define SQLITE_FullFSync      0x00200000  /* Use full fsync on the backend */
-#define SQLITE_CkptFullFSync  0x00400000  /* Use full fsync for checkpoint */
-#define SQLITE_RecoveryMode   0x00800000  /* Ignore schema errors */
-#define SQLITE_ReverseOrder   0x01000000  /* Reverse unordered SELECTs */
-#define SQLITE_RecTriggers    0x02000000  /* Enable recursive triggers */
-#define SQLITE_ForeignKeys    0x04000000  /* Enforce foreign key constraints  */
-#define SQLITE_AutoIndex      0x08000000  /* Enable automatic indexes */
-#define SQLITE_PreferBuiltin  0x10000000  /* Preference to built-in funcs */
-#define SQLITE_LoadExtension  0x20000000  /* Enable load_extension */
-#define SQLITE_EnableTrigger  0x40000000  /* True to enable triggers */
+#define SQLITE_SqlTrace       0x00000200  /* Debug print SQL as it executes */
+#define SQLITE_VdbeListing    0x00000400  /* Debug listings of VDBE programs */
+#define SQLITE_WriteSchema    0x00000800  /* OK to update SQLITE_MASTER */
+#define SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace 0x00001000  /* Trace sqlite3VdbeAddOp() calls */
+#define SQLITE_IgnoreChecks   0x00002000  /* Do not enforce check constraints */
+#define SQLITE_ReadUncommitted 0x0004000  /* For shared-cache mode */
+#define SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt  0x00008000  /* Create new databases in format 1 */
+#define SQLITE_RecoveryMode   0x00010000  /* Ignore schema errors */
+#define SQLITE_ReverseOrder   0x00020000  /* Reverse unordered SELECTs */
+#define SQLITE_RecTriggers    0x00040000  /* Enable recursive triggers */
+#define SQLITE_ForeignKeys    0x00080000  /* Enforce foreign key constraints  */
+#define SQLITE_AutoIndex      0x00100000  /* Enable automatic indexes */
+#define SQLITE_PreferBuiltin  0x00200000  /* Preference to built-in funcs */
+#define SQLITE_LoadExtension  0x00400000  /* Enable load_extension */
+#define SQLITE_EnableTrigger  0x00800000  /* True to enable triggers */
+#define SQLITE_DeferFKs       0x01000000  /* Defer all FK constraints */
+#define SQLITE_QueryOnly      0x02000000  /* Disable database changes */
+#define SQLITE_VdbeEQP        0x04000000  /* Debug EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN */
+
 
 /*
-** Bits of the sqlite3.flags field that are used by the
-** sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) interface.
-** These must be the low-order bits of the flags field.
+** Bits of the sqlite3.dbOptFlags field that are used by the
+** sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) interface to
+** selectively disable various optimizations.
 */
-#define SQLITE_QueryFlattener 0x01        /* Disable query flattening */
-#define SQLITE_ColumnCache    0x02        /* Disable the column cache */
-#define SQLITE_IndexSort      0x04        /* Disable indexes for sorting */
-#define SQLITE_IndexSearch    0x08        /* Disable indexes for searching */
-#define SQLITE_IndexCover     0x10        /* Disable index covering table */
-#define SQLITE_GroupByOrder   0x20        /* Disable GROUPBY cover of ORDERBY */
-#define SQLITE_FactorOutConst 0x40        /* Disable factoring out constants */
-#define SQLITE_IdxRealAsInt   0x80        /* Store REAL as INT in indices */
-#define SQLITE_DistinctOpt    0x80        /* DISTINCT using indexes */
-#define SQLITE_OptMask        0xff        /* Mask of all disablable opts */
+#define SQLITE_QueryFlattener 0x0001   /* Query flattening */
+#define SQLITE_ColumnCache    0x0002   /* Column cache */
+#define SQLITE_GroupByOrder   0x0004   /* GROUPBY cover of ORDERBY */
+#define SQLITE_FactorOutConst 0x0008   /* Constant factoring */
+/*                not used    0x0010   // Was: SQLITE_IdxRealAsInt */
+#define SQLITE_DistinctOpt    0x0020   /* DISTINCT using indexes */
+#define SQLITE_CoverIdxScan   0x0040   /* Covering index scans */
+#define SQLITE_OrderByIdxJoin 0x0080   /* ORDER BY of joins via index */
+#define SQLITE_SubqCoroutine  0x0100   /* Evaluate subqueries as coroutines */
+#define SQLITE_Transitive     0x0200   /* Transitive constraints */
+#define SQLITE_OmitNoopJoin   0x0400   /* Omit unused tables in joins */
+#define SQLITE_Stat3          0x0800   /* Use the SQLITE_STAT3 table */
+#define SQLITE_AdjustOutEst   0x1000   /* Adjust output estimates using WHERE */
+#define SQLITE_AllOpts        0xffff   /* All optimizations */
+
+/*
+** Macros for testing whether or not optimizations are enabled or disabled.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+#define OptimizationDisabled(db, mask)  (((db)->dbOptFlags&(mask))!=0)
+#define OptimizationEnabled(db, mask)   (((db)->dbOptFlags&(mask))==0)
+#else
+#define OptimizationDisabled(db, mask)  0
+#define OptimizationEnabled(db, mask)   1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return true if it OK to factor constant expressions into the initialization
+** code. The argument is a Parse object for the code generator.
+*/
+#define ConstFactorOk(P) ((P)->okConstFactor)
 
 /*
 ** Possible values for the sqlite.magic field.
@@ -9879,6 +10628,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_MAGIC_SICK     0x4b771290  /* Error and awaiting close */
 #define SQLITE_MAGIC_BUSY     0xf03b7906  /* Database currently in use */
 #define SQLITE_MAGIC_ERROR    0xb5357930  /* An SQLITE_MISUSE error occurred */
+#define SQLITE_MAGIC_ZOMBIE   0x64cffc7f  /* Close with last statement close */
 
 /*
 ** Each SQL function is defined by an instance of the following
@@ -9888,8 +10638,7 @@
 */
 struct FuncDef {
   i16 nArg;            /* Number of arguments.  -1 means unlimited */
-  u8 iPrefEnc;         /* Preferred text encoding (SQLITE_UTF8, 16LE, 16BE) */
-  u8 flags;            /* Some combination of SQLITE_FUNC_* */
+  u16 funcFlags;       /* Some combination of SQLITE_FUNC_* */
   void *pUserData;     /* User data parameter */
   FuncDef *pNext;      /* Next function with same name */
   void (*xFunc)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**); /* Regular function */
@@ -9921,14 +10670,21 @@
 };
 
 /*
-** Possible values for FuncDef.flags
+** Possible values for FuncDef.flags.  Note that the _LENGTH and _TYPEOF
+** values must correspond to OPFLAG_LENGTHARG and OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG.  There
+** are assert() statements in the code to verify this.
 */
-#define SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE     0x01 /* Candidate for the LIKE optimization */
-#define SQLITE_FUNC_CASE     0x02 /* Case-sensitive LIKE-type function */
-#define SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM    0x04 /* Ephemeral.  Delete with VDBE */
-#define SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL 0x08 /* sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq() might be called */
-#define SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT    0x20 /* Built-in count(*) aggregate */
-#define SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE 0x40 /* Built-in coalesce() or ifnull() function */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_ENCMASK  0x003 /* SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_UTF16BE or UTF16LE */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE     0x004 /* Candidate for the LIKE optimization */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_CASE     0x008 /* Case-sensitive LIKE-type function */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM    0x010 /* Ephemeral.  Delete with VDBE */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL 0x020 /* sqlite3GetFuncCollSeq() might be called */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_LENGTH   0x040 /* Built-in length() function */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_TYPEOF   0x080 /* Built-in typeof() function */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT    0x100 /* Built-in count(*) aggregate */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE 0x200 /* Built-in coalesce() or ifnull() */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY 0x400 /* Built-in unlikely() function */
+#define SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT 0x800 /* Constant inputs give a constant output */
 
 /*
 ** The following three macros, FUNCTION(), LIKEFUNC() and AGGREGATE() are
@@ -9941,6 +10697,9 @@
 **     as the user-data (sqlite3_user_data()) for the function. If 
 **     argument bNC is true, then the SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL flag is set.
 **
+**   VFUNCTION(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc)
+**     Like FUNCTION except it omits the SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT flag.
+**
 **   AGGREGATE(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xStep, xFinal)
 **     Used to create an aggregate function definition implemented by
 **     the C functions xStep and xFinal. The first four parameters
@@ -9956,15 +10715,22 @@
 **     parameter.
 */
 #define FUNCTION(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc) \
-  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL, \
+  {nArg, SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT|SQLITE_UTF8|(bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL), \
+   SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(iArg), 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
+#define VFUNCTION(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc) \
+  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8|(bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL), \
+   SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(iArg), 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
+#define FUNCTION2(zName, nArg, iArg, bNC, xFunc, extraFlags) \
+  {nArg,SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT|SQLITE_UTF8|(bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL)|extraFlags,\
    SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(iArg), 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
 #define STR_FUNCTION(zName, nArg, pArg, bNC, xFunc) \
-  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL, \
+  {nArg, SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT|SQLITE_UTF8|(bNC*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL), \
    pArg, 0, xFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
 #define LIKEFUNC(zName, nArg, arg, flags) \
-  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, flags, (void *)arg, 0, likeFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
+  {nArg, SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT|SQLITE_UTF8|flags, \
+   (void *)arg, 0, likeFunc, 0, 0, #zName, 0, 0}
 #define AGGREGATE(zName, nArg, arg, nc, xStep, xFinal) \
-  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8, nc*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL, \
+  {nArg, SQLITE_UTF8|(nc*SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL), \
    SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(arg), 0, 0, xStep,xFinal,#zName,0,0}
 
 /*
@@ -9976,6 +10742,7 @@
 struct Savepoint {
   char *zName;                        /* Savepoint name (nul-terminated) */
   i64 nDeferredCons;                  /* Number of deferred fk violations */
+  i64 nDeferredImmCons;               /* Number of deferred imm fk. */
   Savepoint *pNext;                   /* Parent savepoint (if any) */
 };
 
@@ -10010,32 +10777,23 @@
   char *zDflt;     /* Original text of the default value */
   char *zType;     /* Data type for this column */
   char *zColl;     /* Collating sequence.  If NULL, use the default */
-  u8 notNull;      /* True if there is a NOT NULL constraint */
-  u8 isPrimKey;    /* True if this column is part of the PRIMARY KEY */
+  u8 notNull;      /* An OE_ code for handling a NOT NULL constraint */
   char affinity;   /* One of the SQLITE_AFF_... values */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  u8 isHidden;     /* True if this column is 'hidden' */
-#endif
+  u8 szEst;        /* Estimated size of this column.  INT==1 */
+  u8 colFlags;     /* Boolean properties.  See COLFLAG_ defines below */
 };
 
+/* Allowed values for Column.colFlags:
+*/
+#define COLFLAG_PRIMKEY  0x0001    /* Column is part of the primary key */
+#define COLFLAG_HIDDEN   0x0002    /* A hidden column in a virtual table */
+
 /*
 ** A "Collating Sequence" is defined by an instance of the following
 ** structure. Conceptually, a collating sequence consists of a name and
 ** a comparison routine that defines the order of that sequence.
 **
-** There may two separate implementations of the collation function, one
-** that processes text in UTF-8 encoding (CollSeq.xCmp) and another that
-** processes text encoded in UTF-16 (CollSeq.xCmp16), using the machine
-** native byte order. When a collation sequence is invoked, SQLite selects
-** the version that will require the least expensive encoding
-** translations, if any.
-**
-** The CollSeq.pUser member variable is an extra parameter that passed in
-** as the first argument to the UTF-8 comparison function, xCmp.
-** CollSeq.pUser16 is the equivalent for the UTF-16 comparison function,
-** xCmp16.
-**
-** If both CollSeq.xCmp and CollSeq.xCmp16 are NULL, it means that the
+** If CollSeq.xCmp is NULL, it means that the
 ** collating sequence is undefined.  Indices built on an undefined
 ** collating sequence may not be read or written.
 */
@@ -10084,10 +10842,16 @@
 /*
 ** Additional bit values that can be ORed with an affinity without
 ** changing the affinity.
+**
+** The SQLITE_NOTNULL flag is a combination of NULLEQ and JUMPIFNULL.
+** It causes an assert() to fire if either operand to a comparison
+** operator is NULL.  It is added to certain comparison operators to
+** prove that the operands are always NOT NULL.
 */
 #define SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL   0x08  /* jumps if either operand is NULL */
 #define SQLITE_STOREP2      0x10  /* Store result in reg[P2] rather than jump */
 #define SQLITE_NULLEQ       0x80  /* NULL=NULL */
+#define SQLITE_NOTNULL      0x88  /* Assert that operands are never NULL */
 
 /*
 ** An object of this type is created for each virtual table present in
@@ -10173,28 +10937,32 @@
 */
 struct Table {
   char *zName;         /* Name of the table or view */
-  int iPKey;           /* If not negative, use aCol[iPKey] as the primary key */
-  int nCol;            /* Number of columns in this table */
   Column *aCol;        /* Information about each column */
   Index *pIndex;       /* List of SQL indexes on this table. */
-  int tnum;            /* Root BTree node for this table (see note above) */
-  tRowcnt nRowEst;     /* Estimated rows in table - from sqlite_stat1 table */
   Select *pSelect;     /* NULL for tables.  Points to definition if a view. */
-  u16 nRef;            /* Number of pointers to this Table */
-  u8 tabFlags;         /* Mask of TF_* values */
-  u8 keyConf;          /* What to do in case of uniqueness conflict on iPKey */
   FKey *pFKey;         /* Linked list of all foreign keys in this table */
   char *zColAff;       /* String defining the affinity of each column */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-  Expr *pCheck;        /* The AND of all CHECK constraints */
+  ExprList *pCheck;    /* All CHECK constraints */
 #endif
+  LogEst nRowLogEst;   /* Estimated rows in table - from sqlite_stat1 table */
+  int tnum;            /* Root BTree node for this table (see note above) */
+  i16 iPKey;           /* If not negative, use aCol[iPKey] as the primary key */
+  i16 nCol;            /* Number of columns in this table */
+  u16 nRef;            /* Number of pointers to this Table */
+  LogEst szTabRow;     /* Estimated size of each table row in bytes */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COSTMULT
+  LogEst costMult;     /* Cost multiplier for using this table */
+#endif
+  u8 tabFlags;         /* Mask of TF_* values */
+  u8 keyConf;          /* What to do in case of uniqueness conflict on iPKey */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ALTERTABLE
   int addColOffset;    /* Offset in CREATE TABLE stmt to add a new column */
 #endif
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  VTable *pVTable;     /* List of VTable objects. */
   int nModuleArg;      /* Number of arguments to the module */
   char **azModuleArg;  /* Text of all module args. [0] is module name */
+  VTable *pVTable;     /* List of VTable objects. */
 #endif
   Trigger *pTrigger;   /* List of triggers stored in pSchema */
   Schema *pSchema;     /* Schema that contains this table */
@@ -10202,13 +10970,14 @@
 };
 
 /*
-** Allowed values for Tabe.tabFlags.
+** Allowed values for Table.tabFlags.
 */
 #define TF_Readonly        0x01    /* Read-only system table */
 #define TF_Ephemeral       0x02    /* An ephemeral table */
 #define TF_HasPrimaryKey   0x04    /* Table has a primary key */
 #define TF_Autoincrement   0x08    /* Integer primary key is autoincrement */
 #define TF_Virtual         0x10    /* Is a virtual table */
+#define TF_WithoutRowid    0x20    /* No rowid used. PRIMARY KEY is the key */
 
 
 /*
@@ -10218,12 +10987,15 @@
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
 #  define IsVirtual(X)      (((X)->tabFlags & TF_Virtual)!=0)
-#  define IsHiddenColumn(X) ((X)->isHidden)
+#  define IsHiddenColumn(X) (((X)->colFlags & COLFLAG_HIDDEN)!=0)
 #else
 #  define IsVirtual(X)      0
 #  define IsHiddenColumn(X) 0
 #endif
 
+/* Does the table have a rowid */
+#define HasRowid(X)     (((X)->tabFlags & TF_WithoutRowid)==0)
+
 /*
 ** Each foreign key constraint is an instance of the following structure.
 **
@@ -10238,26 +11010,35 @@
 **     );
 **
 ** For foreign key "fk1", the from-table is "ex1" and the to-table is "ex2".
+** Equivalent names:
+**
+**     from-table == child-table
+**       to-table == parent-table
 **
 ** Each REFERENCES clause generates an instance of the following structure
 ** which is attached to the from-table.  The to-table need not exist when
 ** the from-table is created.  The existence of the to-table is not checked.
+**
+** The list of all parents for child Table X is held at X.pFKey.
+**
+** A list of all children for a table named Z (which might not even exist)
+** is held in Schema.fkeyHash with a hash key of Z.
 */
 struct FKey {
   Table *pFrom;     /* Table containing the REFERENCES clause (aka: Child) */
-  FKey *pNextFrom;  /* Next foreign key in pFrom */
+  FKey *pNextFrom;  /* Next FKey with the same in pFrom. Next parent of pFrom */
   char *zTo;        /* Name of table that the key points to (aka: Parent) */
-  FKey *pNextTo;    /* Next foreign key on table named zTo */
-  FKey *pPrevTo;    /* Previous foreign key on table named zTo */
+  FKey *pNextTo;    /* Next with the same zTo. Next child of zTo. */
+  FKey *pPrevTo;    /* Previous with the same zTo */
   int nCol;         /* Number of columns in this key */
   /* EV: R-30323-21917 */
-  u8 isDeferred;    /* True if constraint checking is deferred till COMMIT */
-  u8 aAction[2];          /* ON DELETE and ON UPDATE actions, respectively */
-  Trigger *apTrigger[2];  /* Triggers for aAction[] actions */
-  struct sColMap {  /* Mapping of columns in pFrom to columns in zTo */
-    int iFrom;         /* Index of column in pFrom */
-    char *zCol;        /* Name of column in zTo.  If 0 use PRIMARY KEY */
-  } aCol[1];        /* One entry for each of nCol column s */
+  u8 isDeferred;       /* True if constraint checking is deferred till COMMIT */
+  u8 aAction[2];        /* ON DELETE and ON UPDATE actions, respectively */
+  Trigger *apTrigger[2];/* Triggers for aAction[] actions */
+  struct sColMap {      /* Mapping of columns in pFrom to columns in zTo */
+    int iFrom;            /* Index of column in pFrom */
+    char *zCol;           /* Name of column in zTo.  If NULL use PRIMARY KEY */
+  } aCol[1];            /* One entry for each of nCol columns */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -10297,19 +11078,25 @@
 #define OE_SetDflt  8   /* Set the foreign key value to its default */
 #define OE_Cascade  9   /* Cascade the changes */
 
-#define OE_Default  99  /* Do whatever the default action is */
+#define OE_Default  10  /* Do whatever the default action is */
 
 
 /*
 ** An instance of the following structure is passed as the first
 ** argument to sqlite3VdbeKeyCompare and is used to control the 
 ** comparison of the two index keys.
+**
+** Note that aSortOrder[] and aColl[] have nField+1 slots.  There
+** are nField slots for the columns of an index then one extra slot
+** for the rowid at the end.
 */
 struct KeyInfo {
-  sqlite3 *db;        /* The database connection */
+  u32 nRef;           /* Number of references to this KeyInfo object */
   u8 enc;             /* Text encoding - one of the SQLITE_UTF* values */
-  u16 nField;         /* Number of entries in aColl[] */
-  u8 *aSortOrder;     /* Sort order for each column.  May be NULL */
+  u16 nField;         /* Number of key columns in the index */
+  u16 nXField;        /* Number of columns beyond the key columns */
+  sqlite3 *db;        /* The database connection */
+  u8 *aSortOrder;     /* Sort order for each column. */
   CollSeq *aColl[1];  /* Collating sequence for each term of the key */
 };
 
@@ -10326,21 +11113,20 @@
 **
 ** This structure holds a record that has already been disassembled
 ** into its constituent fields.
+**
+** The r1 and r2 member variables are only used by the optimized comparison
+** functions vdbeRecordCompareInt() and vdbeRecordCompareString().
 */
 struct UnpackedRecord {
   KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;  /* Collation and sort-order information */
   u16 nField;         /* Number of entries in apMem[] */
-  u8 flags;           /* Boolean settings.  UNPACKED_... below */
-  i64 rowid;          /* Used by UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH */
+  i8 default_rc;      /* Comparison result if keys are equal */
+  u8 isCorrupt;       /* Corruption detected by xRecordCompare() */
   Mem *aMem;          /* Values */
+  int r1;             /* Value to return if (lhs > rhs) */
+  int r2;             /* Value to return if (rhs < lhs) */
 };
 
-/*
-** Allowed values of UnpackedRecord.flags
-*/
-#define UNPACKED_INCRKEY       0x01  /* Make this key an epsilon larger */
-#define UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH  0x02  /* A prefix match is considered OK */
-#define UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH 0x04  /* Ignore final (rowid) field */
 
 /*
 ** Each SQL index is represented in memory by an
@@ -10369,43 +11155,59 @@
 ** element.
 */
 struct Index {
-  char *zName;     /* Name of this index */
-  int *aiColumn;   /* Which columns are used by this index.  1st is 0 */
-  tRowcnt *aiRowEst; /* Result of ANALYZE: Est. rows selected by each column */
-  Table *pTable;   /* The SQL table being indexed */
-  char *zColAff;   /* String defining the affinity of each column */
-  Index *pNext;    /* The next index associated with the same table */
-  Schema *pSchema; /* Schema containing this index */
-  u8 *aSortOrder;  /* Array of size Index.nColumn. True==DESC, False==ASC */
-  char **azColl;   /* Array of collation sequence names for index */
-  int nColumn;     /* Number of columns in the table used by this index */
-  int tnum;        /* Page containing root of this index in database file */
-  u8 onError;      /* OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, OE_Replace, or OE_None */
-  u8 autoIndex;    /* True if is automatically created (ex: by UNIQUE) */
-  u8 bUnordered;   /* Use this index for == or IN queries only */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+  char *zName;             /* Name of this index */
+  i16 *aiColumn;           /* Which columns are used by this index.  1st is 0 */
+  LogEst *aiRowLogEst;     /* From ANALYZE: Est. rows selected by each column */
+  Table *pTable;           /* The SQL table being indexed */
+  char *zColAff;           /* String defining the affinity of each column */
+  Index *pNext;            /* The next index associated with the same table */
+  Schema *pSchema;         /* Schema containing this index */
+  u8 *aSortOrder;          /* for each column: True==DESC, False==ASC */
+  char **azColl;           /* Array of collation sequence names for index */
+  Expr *pPartIdxWhere;     /* WHERE clause for partial indices */
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;       /* A KeyInfo object suitable for this index */
+  int tnum;                /* DB Page containing root of this index */
+  LogEst szIdxRow;         /* Estimated average row size in bytes */
+  u16 nKeyCol;             /* Number of columns forming the key */
+  u16 nColumn;             /* Number of columns stored in the index */
+  u8 onError;              /* OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, OE_Replace, or OE_None */
+  unsigned idxType:2;      /* 1==UNIQUE, 2==PRIMARY KEY, 0==CREATE INDEX */
+  unsigned bUnordered:1;   /* Use this index for == or IN queries only */
+  unsigned uniqNotNull:1;  /* True if UNIQUE and NOT NULL for all columns */
+  unsigned isResized:1;    /* True if resizeIndexObject() has been called */
+  unsigned isCovering:1;   /* True if this is a covering index */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
   int nSample;             /* Number of elements in aSample[] */
-  tRowcnt avgEq;           /* Average nEq value for key values not in aSample */
+  int nSampleCol;          /* Size of IndexSample.anEq[] and so on */
+  tRowcnt *aAvgEq;         /* Average nEq values for keys not in aSample */
   IndexSample *aSample;    /* Samples of the left-most key */
 #endif
 };
 
 /*
+** Allowed values for Index.idxType
+*/
+#define SQLITE_IDXTYPE_APPDEF      0   /* Created using CREATE INDEX */
+#define SQLITE_IDXTYPE_UNIQUE      1   /* Implements a UNIQUE constraint */
+#define SQLITE_IDXTYPE_PRIMARYKEY  2   /* Is the PRIMARY KEY for the table */
+
+/* Return true if index X is a PRIMARY KEY index */
+#define IsPrimaryKeyIndex(X)  ((X)->idxType==SQLITE_IDXTYPE_PRIMARYKEY)
+
+/* Return true if index X is a UNIQUE index */
+#define IsUniqueIndex(X)      ((X)->onError!=OE_None)
+
+/*
 ** Each sample stored in the sqlite_stat3 table is represented in memory 
 ** using a structure of this type.  See documentation at the top of the
 ** analyze.c source file for additional information.
 */
 struct IndexSample {
-  union {
-    char *z;        /* Value if eType is SQLITE_TEXT or SQLITE_BLOB */
-    double r;       /* Value if eType is SQLITE_FLOAT */
-    i64 i;          /* Value if eType is SQLITE_INTEGER */
-  } u;
-  u8 eType;         /* SQLITE_NULL, SQLITE_INTEGER ... etc. */
-  int nByte;        /* Size in byte of text or blob. */
-  tRowcnt nEq;      /* Est. number of rows where the key equals this sample */
-  tRowcnt nLt;      /* Est. number of rows where key is less than this sample */
-  tRowcnt nDLt;     /* Est. number of distinct keys less than this sample */
+  void *p;          /* Pointer to sampled record */
+  int n;            /* Size of record in bytes */
+  tRowcnt *anEq;    /* Est. number of rows where the key equals this sample */
+  tRowcnt *anLt;    /* Est. number of rows where key is less than this sample */
+  tRowcnt *anDLt;   /* Est. number of distinct keys less than this sample */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -10442,6 +11244,7 @@
   int sortingIdx;         /* Cursor number of the sorting index */
   int sortingIdxPTab;     /* Cursor number of pseudo-table */
   int nSortingColumn;     /* Number of columns in the sorting index */
+  int mnReg, mxReg;       /* Range of registers allocated for aCol and aFunc */
   ExprList *pGroupBy;     /* The group by clause */
   struct AggInfo_col {    /* For each column used in source tables */
     Table *pTab;             /* Source table */
@@ -10546,7 +11349,7 @@
 struct Expr {
   u8 op;                 /* Operation performed by this node */
   char affinity;         /* The affinity of the column or 0 if not a column */
-  u16 flags;             /* Various flags.  EP_* See below */
+  u32 flags;             /* Various flags.  EP_* See below */
   union {
     char *zToken;          /* Token value. Zero terminated and dequoted */
     int iValue;            /* Non-negative integer value if EP_IntValue */
@@ -10560,79 +11363,76 @@
   Expr *pLeft;           /* Left subnode */
   Expr *pRight;          /* Right subnode */
   union {
-    ExprList *pList;     /* Function arguments or in "<expr> IN (<expr-list)" */
-    Select *pSelect;     /* Used for sub-selects and "<expr> IN (<select>)" */
+    ExprList *pList;     /* op = IN, EXISTS, SELECT, CASE, FUNCTION, BETWEEN */
+    Select *pSelect;     /* EP_xIsSelect and op = IN, EXISTS, SELECT */
   } x;
-  CollSeq *pColl;        /* The collation type of the column or 0 */
 
   /* If the EP_Reduced flag is set in the Expr.flags mask, then no
   ** space is allocated for the fields below this point. An attempt to
   ** access them will result in a segfault or malfunction.
   *********************************************************************/
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0
+  int nHeight;           /* Height of the tree headed by this node */
+#endif
   int iTable;            /* TK_COLUMN: cursor number of table holding column
                          ** TK_REGISTER: register number
-                         ** TK_TRIGGER: 1 -> new, 0 -> old */
+                         ** TK_TRIGGER: 1 -> new, 0 -> old
+                         ** EP_Unlikely:  1000 times likelihood */
   ynVar iColumn;         /* TK_COLUMN: column index.  -1 for rowid.
                          ** TK_VARIABLE: variable number (always >= 1). */
   i16 iAgg;              /* Which entry in pAggInfo->aCol[] or ->aFunc[] */
   i16 iRightJoinTable;   /* If EP_FromJoin, the right table of the join */
-  u8 flags2;             /* Second set of flags.  EP2_... */
-  u8 op2;                /* If a TK_REGISTER, the original value of Expr.op */
+  u8 op2;                /* TK_REGISTER: original value of Expr.op
+                         ** TK_COLUMN: the value of p5 for OP_Column
+                         ** TK_AGG_FUNCTION: nesting depth */
   AggInfo *pAggInfo;     /* Used by TK_AGG_COLUMN and TK_AGG_FUNCTION */
   Table *pTab;           /* Table for TK_COLUMN expressions. */
-#if SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH>0
-  int nHeight;           /* Height of the tree headed by this node */
-#endif
 };
 
 /*
 ** The following are the meanings of bits in the Expr.flags field.
 */
-#define EP_FromJoin   0x0001  /* Originated in ON or USING clause of a join */
-#define EP_Agg        0x0002  /* Contains one or more aggregate functions */
-#define EP_Resolved   0x0004  /* IDs have been resolved to COLUMNs */
-#define EP_Error      0x0008  /* Expression contains one or more errors */
-#define EP_Distinct   0x0010  /* Aggregate function with DISTINCT keyword */
-#define EP_VarSelect  0x0020  /* pSelect is correlated, not constant */
-#define EP_DblQuoted  0x0040  /* token.z was originally in "..." */
-#define EP_InfixFunc  0x0080  /* True for an infix function: LIKE, GLOB, etc */
-#define EP_ExpCollate 0x0100  /* Collating sequence specified explicitly */
-#define EP_FixedDest  0x0200  /* Result needed in a specific register */
-#define EP_IntValue   0x0400  /* Integer value contained in u.iValue */
-#define EP_xIsSelect  0x0800  /* x.pSelect is valid (otherwise x.pList is) */
-#define EP_Hint       0x1000  /* Optimizer hint. Not required for correctness */
-#define EP_Reduced    0x2000  /* Expr struct is EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE bytes only */
-#define EP_TokenOnly  0x4000  /* Expr struct is EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE bytes only */
-#define EP_Static     0x8000  /* Held in memory not obtained from malloc() */
-
-/*
-** The following are the meanings of bits in the Expr.flags2 field.
-*/
-#define EP2_MallocedToken  0x0001  /* Need to sqlite3DbFree() Expr.zToken */
-#define EP2_Irreducible    0x0002  /* Cannot EXPRDUP_REDUCE this Expr */
-
-/*
-** The pseudo-routine sqlite3ExprSetIrreducible sets the EP2_Irreducible
-** flag on an expression structure.  This flag is used for VV&A only.  The
-** routine is implemented as a macro that only works when in debugging mode,
-** so as not to burden production code.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-# define ExprSetIrreducible(X)  (X)->flags2 |= EP2_Irreducible
-#else
-# define ExprSetIrreducible(X)
-#endif
+#define EP_FromJoin  0x000001 /* Originated in ON or USING clause of a join */
+#define EP_Agg       0x000002 /* Contains one or more aggregate functions */
+#define EP_Resolved  0x000004 /* IDs have been resolved to COLUMNs */
+#define EP_Error     0x000008 /* Expression contains one or more errors */
+#define EP_Distinct  0x000010 /* Aggregate function with DISTINCT keyword */
+#define EP_VarSelect 0x000020 /* pSelect is correlated, not constant */
+#define EP_DblQuoted 0x000040 /* token.z was originally in "..." */
+#define EP_InfixFunc 0x000080 /* True for an infix function: LIKE, GLOB, etc */
+#define EP_Collate   0x000100 /* Tree contains a TK_COLLATE operator */
+#define EP_Generic   0x000200 /* Ignore COLLATE or affinity on this tree */
+#define EP_IntValue  0x000400 /* Integer value contained in u.iValue */
+#define EP_xIsSelect 0x000800 /* x.pSelect is valid (otherwise x.pList is) */
+#define EP_Skip      0x001000 /* COLLATE, AS, or UNLIKELY */
+#define EP_Reduced   0x002000 /* Expr struct EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE bytes only */
+#define EP_TokenOnly 0x004000 /* Expr struct EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE bytes only */
+#define EP_Static    0x008000 /* Held in memory not obtained from malloc() */
+#define EP_MemToken  0x010000 /* Need to sqlite3DbFree() Expr.zToken */
+#define EP_NoReduce  0x020000 /* Cannot EXPRDUP_REDUCE this Expr */
+#define EP_Unlikely  0x040000 /* unlikely() or likelihood() function */
+#define EP_Constant  0x080000 /* Node is a constant */
 
 /*
 ** These macros can be used to test, set, or clear bits in the 
 ** Expr.flags field.
 */
-#define ExprHasProperty(E,P)     (((E)->flags&(P))==(P))
-#define ExprHasAnyProperty(E,P)  (((E)->flags&(P))!=0)
+#define ExprHasProperty(E,P)     (((E)->flags&(P))!=0)
+#define ExprHasAllProperty(E,P)  (((E)->flags&(P))==(P))
 #define ExprSetProperty(E,P)     (E)->flags|=(P)
 #define ExprClearProperty(E,P)   (E)->flags&=~(P)
 
+/* The ExprSetVVAProperty() macro is used for Verification, Validation,
+** and Accreditation only.  It works like ExprSetProperty() during VVA
+** processes but is a no-op for delivery.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+# define ExprSetVVAProperty(E,P)  (E)->flags|=(P)
+#else
+# define ExprSetVVAProperty(E,P)
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Macros to determine the number of bytes required by a normal Expr 
 ** struct, an Expr struct with the EP_Reduced flag set in Expr.flags 
@@ -10655,18 +11455,32 @@
 ** list of "ID = expr" items in an UPDATE.  A list of expressions can
 ** also be used as the argument to a function, in which case the a.zName
 ** field is not used.
+**
+** By default the Expr.zSpan field holds a human-readable description of
+** the expression that is used in the generation of error messages and
+** column labels.  In this case, Expr.zSpan is typically the text of a
+** column expression as it exists in a SELECT statement.  However, if
+** the bSpanIsTab flag is set, then zSpan is overloaded to mean the name
+** of the result column in the form: DATABASE.TABLE.COLUMN.  This later
+** form is used for name resolution with nested FROM clauses.
 */
 struct ExprList {
   int nExpr;             /* Number of expressions on the list */
-  int iECursor;          /* VDBE Cursor associated with this ExprList */
   struct ExprList_item { /* For each expression in the list */
-    Expr *pExpr;           /* The list of expressions */
-    char *zName;           /* Token associated with this expression */
-    char *zSpan;           /* Original text of the expression */
-    u8 sortOrder;          /* 1 for DESC or 0 for ASC */
-    u8 done;               /* A flag to indicate when processing is finished */
-    u16 iOrderByCol;       /* For ORDER BY, column number in result set */
-    u16 iAlias;            /* Index into Parse.aAlias[] for zName */
+    Expr *pExpr;            /* The list of expressions */
+    char *zName;            /* Token associated with this expression */
+    char *zSpan;            /* Original text of the expression */
+    u8 sortOrder;           /* 1 for DESC or 0 for ASC */
+    unsigned done :1;       /* A flag to indicate when processing is finished */
+    unsigned bSpanIsTab :1; /* zSpan holds DB.TABLE.COLUMN */
+    unsigned reusable :1;   /* Constant expression is reusable */
+    union {
+      struct {
+        u16 iOrderByCol;      /* For ORDER BY, column number in result set */
+        u16 iAlias;           /* Index into Parse.aAlias[] for zName */
+      } x;
+      int iConstExprReg;      /* Register in which Expr value is cached */
+    } u;
   } *a;                  /* Alloc a power of two greater or equal to nExpr */
 };
 
@@ -10719,6 +11533,12 @@
 #define BMS  ((int)(sizeof(Bitmask)*8))
 
 /*
+** A bit in a Bitmask
+*/
+#define MASKBIT(n)   (((Bitmask)1)<<(n))
+#define MASKBIT32(n) (((unsigned int)1)<<(n))
+
+/*
 ** The following structure describes the FROM clause of a SELECT statement.
 ** Each table or subquery in the FROM clause is a separate element of
 ** the SrcList.a[] array.
@@ -10738,9 +11558,10 @@
 ** contains more than 63 columns and the 64-th or later column is used.
 */
 struct SrcList {
-  i16 nSrc;        /* Number of tables or subqueries in the FROM clause */
-  i16 nAlloc;      /* Number of entries allocated in a[] below */
+  int nSrc;        /* Number of tables or subqueries in the FROM clause */
+  u32 nAlloc;      /* Number of entries allocated in a[] below */
   struct SrcList_item {
+    Schema *pSchema;  /* Schema to which this item is fixed */
     char *zDatabase;  /* Name of database holding this table */
     char *zName;      /* Name of the table */
     char *zAlias;     /* The "B" part of a "A AS B" phrase.  zName is the "A" */
@@ -10748,9 +11569,12 @@
     Select *pSelect;  /* A SELECT statement used in place of a table name */
     int addrFillSub;  /* Address of subroutine to manifest a subquery */
     int regReturn;    /* Register holding return address of addrFillSub */
+    int regResult;    /* Registers holding results of a co-routine */
     u8 jointype;      /* Type of join between this able and the previous */
-    u8 notIndexed;    /* True if there is a NOT INDEXED clause */
-    u8 isCorrelated;  /* True if sub-query is correlated */
+    unsigned notIndexed :1;    /* True if there is a NOT INDEXED clause */
+    unsigned isCorrelated :1;  /* True if sub-query is correlated */
+    unsigned viaCoroutine :1;  /* Implemented as a co-routine */
+    unsigned isRecursive :1;   /* True for recursive reference in WITH */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
     u8 iSelectId;     /* If pSelect!=0, the id of the sub-select in EQP */
 #endif
@@ -10776,75 +11600,6 @@
 
 
 /*
-** A WherePlan object holds information that describes a lookup
-** strategy.
-**
-** This object is intended to be opaque outside of the where.c module.
-** It is included here only so that that compiler will know how big it
-** is.  None of the fields in this object should be used outside of
-** the where.c module.
-**
-** Within the union, pIdx is only used when wsFlags&WHERE_INDEXED is true.
-** pTerm is only used when wsFlags&WHERE_MULTI_OR is true.  And pVtabIdx
-** is only used when wsFlags&WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE is true.  It is never the
-** case that more than one of these conditions is true.
-*/
-struct WherePlan {
-  u32 wsFlags;                   /* WHERE_* flags that describe the strategy */
-  u32 nEq;                       /* Number of == constraints */
-  double nRow;                   /* Estimated number of rows (for EQP) */
-  union {
-    Index *pIdx;                   /* Index when WHERE_INDEXED is true */
-    struct WhereTerm *pTerm;       /* WHERE clause term for OR-search */
-    sqlite3_index_info *pVtabIdx;  /* Virtual table index to use */
-  } u;
-};
-
-/*
-** For each nested loop in a WHERE clause implementation, the WhereInfo
-** structure contains a single instance of this structure.  This structure
-** is intended to be private the the where.c module and should not be
-** access or modified by other modules.
-**
-** The pIdxInfo field is used to help pick the best index on a
-** virtual table.  The pIdxInfo pointer contains indexing
-** information for the i-th table in the FROM clause before reordering.
-** All the pIdxInfo pointers are freed by whereInfoFree() in where.c.
-** All other information in the i-th WhereLevel object for the i-th table
-** after FROM clause ordering.
-*/
-struct WhereLevel {
-  WherePlan plan;       /* query plan for this element of the FROM clause */
-  int iLeftJoin;        /* Memory cell used to implement LEFT OUTER JOIN */
-  int iTabCur;          /* The VDBE cursor used to access the table */
-  int iIdxCur;          /* The VDBE cursor used to access pIdx */
-  int addrBrk;          /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
-  int addrNxt;          /* Jump here to start the next IN combination */
-  int addrCont;         /* Jump here to continue with the next loop cycle */
-  int addrFirst;        /* First instruction of interior of the loop */
-  u8 iFrom;             /* Which entry in the FROM clause */
-  u8 op, p5;            /* Opcode and P5 of the opcode that ends the loop */
-  int p1, p2;           /* Operands of the opcode used to ends the loop */
-  union {               /* Information that depends on plan.wsFlags */
-    struct {
-      int nIn;              /* Number of entries in aInLoop[] */
-      struct InLoop {
-        int iCur;              /* The VDBE cursor used by this IN operator */
-        int addrInTop;         /* Top of the IN loop */
-      } *aInLoop;           /* Information about each nested IN operator */
-    } in;                 /* Used when plan.wsFlags&WHERE_IN_ABLE */
-  } u;
-
-  /* The following field is really not part of the current level.  But
-  ** we need a place to cache virtual table index information for each
-  ** virtual table in the FROM clause and the WhereLevel structure is
-  ** a convenient place since there is one WhereLevel for each FROM clause
-  ** element.
-  */
-  sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo;  /* Index info for n-th source table */
-};
-
-/*
 ** Flags appropriate for the wctrlFlags parameter of sqlite3WhereBegin()
 ** and the WhereInfo.wctrlFlags member.
 */
@@ -10857,33 +11612,18 @@
 #define WHERE_FORCE_TABLE      0x0020 /* Do not use an index-only search */
 #define WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY    0x0040 /* Only code the 1st table in pTabList */
 #define WHERE_AND_ONLY         0x0080 /* Don't use indices for OR terms */
+#define WHERE_GROUPBY          0x0100 /* pOrderBy is really a GROUP BY */
+#define WHERE_DISTINCTBY       0x0200 /* pOrderby is really a DISTINCT clause */
+#define WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT    0x0400 /* All output needs to be distinct */
+#define WHERE_SORTBYGROUP      0x0800 /* Support sqlite3WhereIsSorted() */
+#define WHERE_REOPEN_IDX       0x1000 /* Try to use OP_ReopenIdx */
 
-/*
-** The WHERE clause processing routine has two halves.  The
-** first part does the start of the WHERE loop and the second
-** half does the tail of the WHERE loop.  An instance of
-** this structure is returned by the first half and passed
-** into the second half to give some continuity.
+/* Allowed return values from sqlite3WhereIsDistinct()
 */
-struct WhereInfo {
-  Parse *pParse;       /* Parsing and code generating context */
-  u16 wctrlFlags;      /* Flags originally passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() */
-  u8 okOnePass;        /* Ok to use one-pass algorithm for UPDATE or DELETE */
-  u8 untestedTerms;    /* Not all WHERE terms resolved by outer loop */
-  u8 eDistinct;
-  SrcList *pTabList;             /* List of tables in the join */
-  int iTop;                      /* The very beginning of the WHERE loop */
-  int iContinue;                 /* Jump here to continue with next record */
-  int iBreak;                    /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
-  int nLevel;                    /* Number of nested loop */
-  struct WhereClause *pWC;       /* Decomposition of the WHERE clause */
-  double savedNQueryLoop;        /* pParse->nQueryLoop outside the WHERE loop */
-  double nRowOut;                /* Estimated number of output rows */
-  WhereLevel a[1];               /* Information about each nest loop in WHERE */
-};
-
-#define WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE 1
-#define WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED 2
+#define WHERE_DISTINCT_NOOP      0  /* DISTINCT keyword not used */
+#define WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE    1  /* No duplicates */
+#define WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED   2  /* All duplicates are adjacent */
+#define WHERE_DISTINCT_UNORDERED 3  /* Duplicates are scattered */
 
 /*
 ** A NameContext defines a context in which to resolve table and column
@@ -10909,18 +11649,24 @@
 struct NameContext {
   Parse *pParse;       /* The parser */
   SrcList *pSrcList;   /* One or more tables used to resolve names */
-  ExprList *pEList;    /* Optional list of named expressions */
-  int nRef;            /* Number of names resolved by this context */
-  int nErr;            /* Number of errors encountered while resolving names */
-  u8 allowAgg;         /* Aggregate functions allowed here */
-  u8 hasAgg;           /* True if aggregates are seen */
-  u8 isCheck;          /* True if resolving names in a CHECK constraint */
-  int nDepth;          /* Depth of subquery recursion. 1 for no recursion */
+  ExprList *pEList;    /* Optional list of result-set columns */
   AggInfo *pAggInfo;   /* Information about aggregates at this level */
   NameContext *pNext;  /* Next outer name context.  NULL for outermost */
+  int nRef;            /* Number of names resolved by this context */
+  int nErr;            /* Number of errors encountered while resolving names */
+  u8 ncFlags;          /* Zero or more NC_* flags defined below */
 };
 
 /*
+** Allowed values for the NameContext, ncFlags field.
+*/
+#define NC_AllowAgg  0x01    /* Aggregate functions are allowed here */
+#define NC_HasAgg    0x02    /* One or more aggregate functions seen */
+#define NC_IsCheck   0x04    /* True if resolving names in a CHECK constraint */
+#define NC_InAggFunc 0x08    /* True if analyzing arguments to an agg func */
+#define NC_PartIdx   0x10    /* True if resolving a partial index WHERE */
+
+/*
 ** An instance of the following structure contains all information
 ** needed to generate code for a single SELECT statement.
 **
@@ -10937,17 +11683,16 @@
 ** as the OP_OpenEphm instruction is coded because not
 ** enough information about the compound query is known at that point.
 ** The KeyInfo for addrOpenTran[0] and [1] contains collating sequences
-** for the result set.  The KeyInfo for addrOpenTran[2] contains collating
+** for the result set.  The KeyInfo for addrOpenEphm[2] contains collating
 ** sequences for the ORDER BY clause.
 */
 struct Select {
   ExprList *pEList;      /* The fields of the result */
   u8 op;                 /* One of: TK_UNION TK_ALL TK_INTERSECT TK_EXCEPT */
-  char affinity;         /* MakeRecord with this affinity for SRT_Set */
   u16 selFlags;          /* Various SF_* values */
   int iLimit, iOffset;   /* Memory registers holding LIMIT & OFFSET counters */
-  int addrOpenEphm[3];   /* OP_OpenEphem opcodes related to this select */
-  double nSelectRow;     /* Estimated number of result rows */
+  int addrOpenEphm[2];   /* OP_OpenEphem opcodes related to this select */
+  u64 nSelectRow;        /* Estimated number of result rows */
   SrcList *pSrc;         /* The FROM clause */
   Expr *pWhere;          /* The WHERE clause */
   ExprList *pGroupBy;    /* The GROUP BY clause */
@@ -10955,55 +11700,124 @@
   ExprList *pOrderBy;    /* The ORDER BY clause */
   Select *pPrior;        /* Prior select in a compound select statement */
   Select *pNext;         /* Next select to the left in a compound */
-  Select *pRightmost;    /* Right-most select in a compound select statement */
   Expr *pLimit;          /* LIMIT expression. NULL means not used. */
   Expr *pOffset;         /* OFFSET expression. NULL means not used. */
+  With *pWith;           /* WITH clause attached to this select. Or NULL. */
 };
 
 /*
 ** Allowed values for Select.selFlags.  The "SF" prefix stands for
 ** "Select Flag".
 */
-#define SF_Distinct        0x01  /* Output should be DISTINCT */
-#define SF_Resolved        0x02  /* Identifiers have been resolved */
-#define SF_Aggregate       0x04  /* Contains aggregate functions */
-#define SF_UsesEphemeral   0x08  /* Uses the OpenEphemeral opcode */
-#define SF_Expanded        0x10  /* sqlite3SelectExpand() called on this */
-#define SF_HasTypeInfo     0x20  /* FROM subqueries have Table metadata */
-#define SF_UseSorter       0x40  /* Sort using a sorter */
-#define SF_Values          0x80  /* Synthesized from VALUES clause */
+#define SF_Distinct        0x0001  /* Output should be DISTINCT */
+#define SF_Resolved        0x0002  /* Identifiers have been resolved */
+#define SF_Aggregate       0x0004  /* Contains aggregate functions */
+#define SF_UsesEphemeral   0x0008  /* Uses the OpenEphemeral opcode */
+#define SF_Expanded        0x0010  /* sqlite3SelectExpand() called on this */
+#define SF_HasTypeInfo     0x0020  /* FROM subqueries have Table metadata */
+                    /*     0x0040  NOT USED */
+#define SF_Values          0x0080  /* Synthesized from VALUES clause */
+                    /*     0x0100  NOT USED */
+#define SF_NestedFrom      0x0200  /* Part of a parenthesized FROM clause */
+#define SF_MaybeConvert    0x0400  /* Need convertCompoundSelectToSubquery() */
+#define SF_Recursive       0x0800  /* The recursive part of a recursive CTE */
+#define SF_Compound        0x1000  /* Part of a compound query */
 
 
 /*
-** The results of a select can be distributed in several ways.  The
-** "SRT" prefix means "SELECT Result Type".
+** The results of a SELECT can be distributed in several ways, as defined
+** by one of the following macros.  The "SRT" prefix means "SELECT Result
+** Type".
+**
+**     SRT_Union       Store results as a key in a temporary index 
+**                     identified by pDest->iSDParm.
+**
+**     SRT_Except      Remove results from the temporary index pDest->iSDParm.
+**
+**     SRT_Exists      Store a 1 in memory cell pDest->iSDParm if the result
+**                     set is not empty.
+**
+**     SRT_Discard     Throw the results away.  This is used by SELECT
+**                     statements within triggers whose only purpose is
+**                     the side-effects of functions.
+**
+** All of the above are free to ignore their ORDER BY clause. Those that
+** follow must honor the ORDER BY clause.
+**
+**     SRT_Output      Generate a row of output (using the OP_ResultRow
+**                     opcode) for each row in the result set.
+**
+**     SRT_Mem         Only valid if the result is a single column.
+**                     Store the first column of the first result row
+**                     in register pDest->iSDParm then abandon the rest
+**                     of the query.  This destination implies "LIMIT 1".
+**
+**     SRT_Set         The result must be a single column.  Store each
+**                     row of result as the key in table pDest->iSDParm. 
+**                     Apply the affinity pDest->affSdst before storing
+**                     results.  Used to implement "IN (SELECT ...)".
+**
+**     SRT_EphemTab    Create an temporary table pDest->iSDParm and store
+**                     the result there. The cursor is left open after
+**                     returning.  This is like SRT_Table except that
+**                     this destination uses OP_OpenEphemeral to create
+**                     the table first.
+**
+**     SRT_Coroutine   Generate a co-routine that returns a new row of
+**                     results each time it is invoked.  The entry point
+**                     of the co-routine is stored in register pDest->iSDParm
+**                     and the result row is stored in pDest->nDest registers
+**                     starting with pDest->iSdst.
+**
+**     SRT_Table       Store results in temporary table pDest->iSDParm.
+**     SRT_Fifo        This is like SRT_EphemTab except that the table
+**                     is assumed to already be open.  SRT_Fifo has
+**                     the additional property of being able to ignore
+**                     the ORDER BY clause.
+**
+**     SRT_DistFifo    Store results in a temporary table pDest->iSDParm.
+**                     But also use temporary table pDest->iSDParm+1 as
+**                     a record of all prior results and ignore any duplicate
+**                     rows.  Name means:  "Distinct Fifo".
+**
+**     SRT_Queue       Store results in priority queue pDest->iSDParm (really
+**                     an index).  Append a sequence number so that all entries
+**                     are distinct.
+**
+**     SRT_DistQueue   Store results in priority queue pDest->iSDParm only if
+**                     the same record has never been stored before.  The
+**                     index at pDest->iSDParm+1 hold all prior stores.
 */
 #define SRT_Union        1  /* Store result as keys in an index */
 #define SRT_Except       2  /* Remove result from a UNION index */
 #define SRT_Exists       3  /* Store 1 if the result is not empty */
 #define SRT_Discard      4  /* Do not save the results anywhere */
+#define SRT_Fifo         5  /* Store result as data with an automatic rowid */
+#define SRT_DistFifo     6  /* Like SRT_Fifo, but unique results only */
+#define SRT_Queue        7  /* Store result in an queue */
+#define SRT_DistQueue    8  /* Like SRT_Queue, but unique results only */
 
 /* The ORDER BY clause is ignored for all of the above */
-#define IgnorableOrderby(X) ((X->eDest)<=SRT_Discard)
+#define IgnorableOrderby(X) ((X->eDest)<=SRT_DistQueue)
 
-#define SRT_Output       5  /* Output each row of result */
-#define SRT_Mem          6  /* Store result in a memory cell */
-#define SRT_Set          7  /* Store results as keys in an index */
-#define SRT_Table        8  /* Store result as data with an automatic rowid */
-#define SRT_EphemTab     9  /* Create transient tab and store like SRT_Table */
-#define SRT_Coroutine   10  /* Generate a single row of result */
+#define SRT_Output       9  /* Output each row of result */
+#define SRT_Mem         10  /* Store result in a memory cell */
+#define SRT_Set         11  /* Store results as keys in an index */
+#define SRT_EphemTab    12  /* Create transient tab and store like SRT_Table */
+#define SRT_Coroutine   13  /* Generate a single row of result */
+#define SRT_Table       14  /* Store result as data with an automatic rowid */
 
 /*
-** A structure used to customize the behavior of sqlite3Select(). See
-** comments above sqlite3Select() for details.
+** An instance of this object describes where to put of the results of
+** a SELECT statement.
 */
-typedef struct SelectDest SelectDest;
 struct SelectDest {
-  u8 eDest;         /* How to dispose of the results */
-  u8 affinity;      /* Affinity used when eDest==SRT_Set */
-  int iParm;        /* A parameter used by the eDest disposal method */
-  int iMem;         /* Base register where results are written */
-  int nMem;         /* Number of registers allocated */
+  u8 eDest;            /* How to dispose of the results.  On of SRT_* above. */
+  char affSdst;        /* Affinity used when eDest==SRT_Set */
+  int iSDParm;         /* A parameter used by the eDest disposal method */
+  int iSdst;           /* Base register where results are written */
+  int nSdst;           /* Number of registers allocated */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;  /* Key columns for SRT_Queue and SRT_DistQueue */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -11059,9 +11873,19 @@
 ** The yDbMask datatype for the bitmask of all attached databases.
 */
 #if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>30
-  typedef sqlite3_uint64 yDbMask;
+  typedef unsigned char yDbMask[(SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED+9)/8];
+# define DbMaskTest(M,I)    (((M)[(I)/8]&(1<<((I)&7)))!=0)
+# define DbMaskZero(M)      memset((M),0,sizeof(M))
+# define DbMaskSet(M,I)     (M)[(I)/8]|=(1<<((I)&7))
+# define DbMaskAllZero(M)   sqlite3DbMaskAllZero(M)
+# define DbMaskNonZero(M)   (sqlite3DbMaskAllZero(M)==0)
 #else
   typedef unsigned int yDbMask;
+# define DbMaskTest(M,I)    (((M)&(((yDbMask)1)<<(I)))!=0)
+# define DbMaskZero(M)      (M)=0
+# define DbMaskSet(M,I)     (M)|=(((yDbMask)1)<<(I))
+# define DbMaskAllZero(M)   (M)==0
+# define DbMaskNonZero(M)   (M)!=0
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -11089,11 +11913,10 @@
   u8 checkSchema;      /* Causes schema cookie check after an error */
   u8 nested;           /* Number of nested calls to the parser/code generator */
   u8 nTempReg;         /* Number of temporary registers in aTempReg[] */
-  u8 nTempInUse;       /* Number of aTempReg[] currently checked out */
-  u8 nColCache;        /* Number of entries in aColCache[] */
-  u8 iColCache;        /* Next entry in aColCache[] to replace */
   u8 isMultiWrite;     /* True if statement may modify/insert multiple rows */
   u8 mayAbort;         /* True if statement may throw an ABORT exception */
+  u8 hasCompound;      /* Need to invoke convertCompoundSelectToSubquery() */
+  u8 okConstFactor;    /* OK to factor out constants */
   int aTempReg[8];     /* Holding area for temporary registers */
   int nRangeReg;       /* Size of the temporary register block */
   int iRangeReg;       /* First register in temporary register block */
@@ -11102,20 +11925,26 @@
   int nMem;            /* Number of memory cells used so far */
   int nSet;            /* Number of sets used so far */
   int nOnce;           /* Number of OP_Once instructions so far */
+  int nOpAlloc;        /* Number of slots allocated for Vdbe.aOp[] */
+  int iFixedOp;        /* Never back out opcodes iFixedOp-1 or earlier */
   int ckBase;          /* Base register of data during check constraints */
+  int iPartIdxTab;     /* Table corresponding to a partial index */
   int iCacheLevel;     /* ColCache valid when aColCache[].iLevel<=iCacheLevel */
   int iCacheCnt;       /* Counter used to generate aColCache[].lru values */
+  int nLabel;          /* Number of labels used */
+  int *aLabel;         /* Space to hold the labels */
   struct yColCache {
     int iTable;           /* Table cursor number */
-    int iColumn;          /* Table column number */
+    i16 iColumn;          /* Table column number */
     u8 tempReg;           /* iReg is a temp register that needs to be freed */
     int iLevel;           /* Nesting level */
     int iReg;             /* Reg with value of this column. 0 means none. */
     int lru;              /* Least recently used entry has the smallest value */
   } aColCache[SQLITE_N_COLCACHE];  /* One for each column cache entry */
+  ExprList *pConstExpr;/* Constant expressions */
+  Token constraintName;/* Name of the constraint currently being parsed */
   yDbMask writeMask;   /* Start a write transaction on these databases */
   yDbMask cookieMask;  /* Bitmask of schema verified databases */
-  int cookieGoto;      /* Address of OP_Goto to cookie verifier subroutine */
   int cookieValue[SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED+2];  /* Values of cookies to verify */
   int regRowid;        /* Register holding rowid of CREATE TABLE entry */
   int regRoot;         /* Register holding root page number for new objects */
@@ -11129,18 +11958,26 @@
   /* Information used while coding trigger programs. */
   Parse *pToplevel;    /* Parse structure for main program (or NULL) */
   Table *pTriggerTab;  /* Table triggers are being coded for */
-  double nQueryLoop;   /* Estimated number of iterations of a query */
+  int addrCrTab;       /* Address of OP_CreateTable opcode on CREATE TABLE */
+  int addrSkipPK;      /* Address of instruction to skip PRIMARY KEY index */
+  u32 nQueryLoop;      /* Est number of iterations of a query (10*log2(N)) */
   u32 oldmask;         /* Mask of old.* columns referenced */
   u32 newmask;         /* Mask of new.* columns referenced */
   u8 eTriggerOp;       /* TK_UPDATE, TK_INSERT or TK_DELETE */
   u8 eOrconf;          /* Default ON CONFLICT policy for trigger steps */
   u8 disableTriggers;  /* True to disable triggers */
 
-  /* Above is constant between recursions.  Below is reset before and after
-  ** each recursion */
+  /************************************************************************
+  ** Above is constant between recursions.  Below is reset before and after
+  ** each recursion.  The boundary between these two regions is determined
+  ** using offsetof(Parse,nVar) so the nVar field must be the first field
+  ** in the recursive region.
+  ************************************************************************/
 
   int nVar;                 /* Number of '?' variables seen in the SQL so far */
   int nzVar;                /* Number of available slots in azVar[] */
+  u8 iPkSortOrder;          /* ASC or DESC for INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
+  u8 bFreeWith;             /* True if pWith should be freed with parser */
   u8 explain;               /* True if the EXPLAIN flag is found on the query */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
   u8 declareVtab;           /* True if inside sqlite3_declare_vtab() */
@@ -11154,7 +11991,6 @@
 #endif
   char **azVar;             /* Pointers to names of parameters */
   Vdbe *pReprepare;         /* VM being reprepared (sqlite3Reprepare()) */
-  int *aAlias;              /* Register used to hold aliased result */
   const char *zTail;        /* All SQL text past the last semicolon parsed */
   Table *pNewTable;         /* A table being constructed by CREATE TABLE */
   Trigger *pNewTrigger;     /* Trigger under construct by a CREATE TRIGGER */
@@ -11167,6 +12003,7 @@
 #endif
   Table *pZombieTab;        /* List of Table objects to delete after code gen */
   TriggerPrg *pTriggerPrg;  /* Linked list of coded triggers */
+  With *pWith;              /* Current WITH clause, or NULL */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -11188,7 +12025,7 @@
 };
 
 /*
-** Bitfield flags for P5 value in OP_Insert and OP_Delete
+** Bitfield flags for P5 value in various opcodes.
 */
 #define OPFLAG_NCHANGE       0x01    /* Set to update db->nChange */
 #define OPFLAG_LASTROWID     0x02    /* Set to update db->lastRowid */
@@ -11196,6 +12033,11 @@
 #define OPFLAG_APPEND        0x08    /* This is likely to be an append */
 #define OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT 0x10    /* Try to avoid a seek in BtreeInsert() */
 #define OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE    0x20    /* Clear pseudo-table cache in OP_Column */
+#define OPFLAG_LENGTHARG     0x40    /* OP_Column only used for length() */
+#define OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG     0x80    /* OP_Column only used for typeof() */
+#define OPFLAG_BULKCSR       0x01    /* OP_Open** used to open bulk cursor */
+#define OPFLAG_P2ISREG       0x02    /* P2 to OP_Open** is a register number */
+#define OPFLAG_PERMUTE       0x01    /* OP_Compare: use the permutation */
 
 /*
  * Each trigger present in the database schema is stored as an instance of
@@ -11281,7 +12123,7 @@
   Select *pSelect;     /* SELECT statment or RHS of INSERT INTO .. SELECT ... */
   Token target;        /* Target table for DELETE, UPDATE, INSERT */
   Expr *pWhere;        /* The WHERE clause for DELETE or UPDATE steps */
-  ExprList *pExprList; /* SET clause for UPDATE.  VALUES clause for INSERT */
+  ExprList *pExprList; /* SET clause for UPDATE. */
   IdList *pIdList;     /* Column names for INSERT */
   TriggerStep *pNext;  /* Next in the link-list */
   TriggerStep *pLast;  /* Last element in link-list. Valid for 1st elem only */
@@ -11295,6 +12137,8 @@
 typedef struct DbFixer DbFixer;
 struct DbFixer {
   Parse *pParse;      /* The parsing context.  Error messages written here */
+  Schema *pSchema;    /* Fix items to this schema */
+  int bVarOnly;       /* Check for variable references only */
   const char *zDb;    /* Make sure all objects are contained in this database */
   const char *zType;  /* Type of the container - used for error messages */
   const Token *pName; /* Name of the container - used for error messages */
@@ -11311,10 +12155,11 @@
   int  nChar;          /* Length of the string so far */
   int  nAlloc;         /* Amount of space allocated in zText */
   int  mxAlloc;        /* Maximum allowed string length */
-  u8   mallocFailed;   /* Becomes true if any memory allocation fails */
   u8   useMalloc;      /* 0: none,  1: sqlite3DbMalloc,  2: sqlite3_malloc */
-  u8   tooBig;         /* Becomes true if string size exceeds limits */
+  u8   accError;       /* STRACCUM_NOMEM or STRACCUM_TOOBIG */
 };
+#define STRACCUM_NOMEM   1
+#define STRACCUM_TOOBIG  2
 
 /*
 ** A pointer to this structure is used to communicate information
@@ -11337,7 +12182,9 @@
   int bCoreMutex;                   /* True to enable core mutexing */
   int bFullMutex;                   /* True to enable full mutexing */
   int bOpenUri;                     /* True to interpret filenames as URIs */
+  int bUseCis;                      /* Use covering indices for full-scans */
   int mxStrlen;                     /* Maximum string length */
+  int neverCorrupt;                 /* Database is always well-formed */
   int szLookaside;                  /* Default lookaside buffer size */
   int nLookaside;                   /* Default lookaside buffer count */
   sqlite3_mem_methods m;            /* Low-level memory allocation interface */
@@ -11346,6 +12193,8 @@
   void *pHeap;                      /* Heap storage space */
   int nHeap;                        /* Size of pHeap[] */
   int mnReq, mxReq;                 /* Min and max heap requests sizes */
+  sqlite3_int64 szMmap;             /* mmap() space per open file */
+  sqlite3_int64 mxMmap;             /* Maximum value for szMmap */
   void *pScratch;                   /* Scratch memory */
   int szScratch;                    /* Size of each scratch buffer */
   int nScratch;                     /* Number of scratch buffers */
@@ -11361,23 +12210,59 @@
   int isMutexInit;                  /* True after mutexes are initialized */
   int isMallocInit;                 /* True after malloc is initialized */
   int isPCacheInit;                 /* True after malloc is initialized */
-  sqlite3_mutex *pInitMutex;        /* Mutex used by sqlite3_initialize() */
   int nRefInitMutex;                /* Number of users of pInitMutex */
+  sqlite3_mutex *pInitMutex;        /* Mutex used by sqlite3_initialize() */
   void (*xLog)(void*,int,const char*); /* Function for logging */
   void *pLogArg;                       /* First argument to xLog() */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
+  void(*xSqllog)(void*,sqlite3*,const char*, int);
+  void *pSqllogArg;
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+  /* The following callback (if not NULL) is invoked on every VDBE branch
+  ** operation.  Set the callback using SQLITE_TESTCTRL_VDBE_COVERAGE.
+  */
+  void (*xVdbeBranch)(void*,int iSrcLine,u8 eThis,u8 eMx);  /* Callback */
+  void *pVdbeBranchArg;                                     /* 1st argument */
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+  int (*xTestCallback)(int);        /* Invoked by sqlite3FaultSim() */
+#endif
   int bLocaltimeFault;              /* True to fail localtime() calls */
 };
 
 /*
+** This macro is used inside of assert() statements to indicate that
+** the assert is only valid on a well-formed database.  Instead of:
+**
+**     assert( X );
+**
+** One writes:
+**
+**     assert( X || CORRUPT_DB );
+**
+** CORRUPT_DB is true during normal operation.  CORRUPT_DB does not indicate
+** that the database is definitely corrupt, only that it might be corrupt.
+** For most test cases, CORRUPT_DB is set to false using a special
+** sqlite3_test_control().  This enables assert() statements to prove
+** things that are always true for well-formed databases.
+*/
+#define CORRUPT_DB  (sqlite3Config.neverCorrupt==0)
+
+/*
 ** Context pointer passed down through the tree-walk.
 */
 struct Walker {
   int (*xExprCallback)(Walker*, Expr*);     /* Callback for expressions */
   int (*xSelectCallback)(Walker*,Select*);  /* Callback for SELECTs */
+  void (*xSelectCallback2)(Walker*,Select*);/* Second callback for SELECTs */
   Parse *pParse;                            /* Parser context.  */
+  int walkerDepth;                          /* Number of subqueries */
   union {                                   /* Extra data for callback */
     NameContext *pNC;                          /* Naming context */
     int i;                                     /* Integer value */
+    SrcList *pSrcList;                         /* FROM clause */
+    struct SrcCount *pSrcCount;                /* Counting column references */
   } u;
 };
 
@@ -11397,6 +12282,21 @@
 #define WRC_Abort       2   /* Abandon the tree walk */
 
 /*
+** An instance of this structure represents a set of one or more CTEs
+** (common table expressions) created by a single WITH clause.
+*/
+struct With {
+  int nCte;                       /* Number of CTEs in the WITH clause */
+  With *pOuter;                   /* Containing WITH clause, or NULL */
+  struct Cte {                    /* For each CTE in the WITH clause.... */
+    char *zName;                    /* Name of this CTE */
+    ExprList *pCols;                /* List of explicit column names, or NULL */
+    Select *pSelect;                /* The definition of this CTE */
+    const char *zErr;               /* Error message for circular references */
+  } a[1];
+};
+
+/*
 ** Assuming zIn points to the first byte of a UTF-8 character,
 ** advance zIn to point to the first byte of the next UTF-8 character.
 */
@@ -11535,10 +12435,20 @@
 # define sqlite3IsNaN(X)  0
 #endif
 
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(StrAccum*, int, const char*, va_list);
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3XPrintf(StrAccum*, const char*, ...);
-#endif
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure holds information about SQL
+** functions arguments that are the parameters to the printf() function.
+*/
+struct PrintfArguments {
+  int nArg;                /* Total number of arguments */
+  int nUsed;               /* Number of arguments used so far */
+  sqlite3_value **apArg;   /* The argument values */
+};
+
+#define SQLITE_PRINTF_INTERNAL 0x01
+#define SQLITE_PRINTF_SQLFUNC  0x02
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(StrAccum*, u32, const char*, va_list);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3XPrintf(StrAccum*, u32, const char*, ...);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3MPrintf(sqlite3*,const char*, ...);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3VMPrintf(sqlite3*,const char*, va_list);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3MAppendf(sqlite3*,char*,const char*,...);
@@ -11597,11 +12507,15 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Init(sqlite3*, char**);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InitCallback(void*, int, char**, char**);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Pragma(Parse*,Token*,Token*,Token*,int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(sqlite3*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetOneSchema(sqlite3*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CollapseDatabaseArray(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginParse(Parse*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CommitInternalChanges(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect(Parse*,Select*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OpenMasterTable(Parse *, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(Table*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE i16 sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(Index*, i16);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StartTable(Parse*,Token*,Token*,int,int,int,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddColumn(Parse*,Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddNotNull(Parse*, int);
@@ -11610,12 +12524,18 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddColumnType(Parse*,Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddDefaultValue(Parse*,ExprSpan*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AddCollateType(Parse*, Token*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(Parse*,Token*,Token*,Select*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(Parse*,Token*,Token*,u8,Select*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ParseUri(const char*,const char*,unsigned int*,
                     sqlite3_vfs**,char**,char **);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Btree *sqlite3DbNameToBtree(sqlite3*,const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeOnce(Parse *);
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+# define sqlite3FaultSim(X) SQLITE_OK
+#else
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3FaultSim(int);
+#endif
+
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Bitvec *sqlite3BitvecCreate(u32);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BitvecTest(Bitvec*, u32);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BitvecSet(Bitvec*, u32);
@@ -11627,7 +12547,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE RowSet *sqlite3RowSetInit(sqlite3*, void*, unsigned int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowSetClear(RowSet*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowSetInsert(RowSet*, i64);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetTest(RowSet*, u8 iBatch, i64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetTest(RowSet*, int iBatch, i64);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetNext(RowSet*, i64*);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CreateView(Parse*,Token*,Token*,Token*,Select*,int,int);
@@ -11638,6 +12558,9 @@
 # define sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(A,B) 0
 #endif
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>30
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3DbMaskAllZero(yDbMask);
+#endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropTable(Parse*, SrcList*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeDropTable(Parse*, Table*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteTable(sqlite3*, Table*);
@@ -11648,7 +12571,7 @@
 # define sqlite3AutoincrementBegin(X)
 # define sqlite3AutoincrementEnd(X)
 #endif
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Insert(Parse*, SrcList*, ExprList*, Select*, IdList*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Insert(Parse*, SrcList*, Select*, IdList*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ArrayAllocate(sqlite3*,void*,int,int*,int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE IdList *sqlite3IdListAppend(sqlite3*, IdList*, Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IdListIndex(IdList*,const char*);
@@ -11662,57 +12585,69 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListAssignCursors(Parse*, SrcList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3IdListDelete(sqlite3*, IdList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SrcListDelete(sqlite3*, SrcList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3AllocateIndexObject(sqlite3*,i16,int,char**);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(Parse*,Token*,Token*,SrcList*,ExprList*,int,Token*,
-                        Token*, int, int);
+                          Expr*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DropIndex(Parse*, SrcList*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Select(Parse*, Select*, SelectDest*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectNew(Parse*,ExprList*,SrcList*,Expr*,ExprList*,
-                         Expr*,ExprList*,int,Expr*,Expr*);
+                         Expr*,ExprList*,u16,Expr*,Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectDelete(sqlite3*, Select*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3SrcListLookup(Parse*, SrcList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsReadOnly(Parse*, Table*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OpenTable(Parse*, int iCur, int iDb, Table*, int);
 #if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY)
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3LimitWhere(Parse *, SrcList *, Expr *, ExprList *, Expr *, Expr *, char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3LimitWhere(Parse*,SrcList*,Expr*,ExprList*,Expr*,Expr*,char*);
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteFrom(Parse*, SrcList*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Update(Parse*, SrcList*, ExprList*, Expr*, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(Parse*, SrcList*, Expr*, ExprList**,ExprList*,u16);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(Parse*,SrcList*,Expr*,ExprList*,ExprList*,u16,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WhereEnd(WhereInfo*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u64 sqlite3WhereOutputRowCount(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereIsDistinct(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereIsOrdered(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereIsSorted(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereContinueLabel(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereBreakLabel(WhereInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereOkOnePass(WhereInfo*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(Vdbe*, Table*, int, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeMove(Parse*, int, int, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(Parse*, int, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheStore(Parse*, int, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePush(Parse*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePop(Parse*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePop(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(Parse*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheClear(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(Parse*, int, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCode(Parse*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCode(Parse*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(Parse*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(Parse*, Expr*, int, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(Parse*, Expr*, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(Parse*, Expr*, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeAndCache(Parse*, Expr*, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeConstants(Parse*, Expr*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(Parse*, ExprList*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeAndCache(Parse*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(Parse*, ExprList*, int, u8);
+#define SQLITE_ECEL_DUP      0x01  /* Deep, not shallow copies */
+#define SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR   0x02  /* Factor out constant terms */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprIfTrue(Parse*, Expr*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprIfFalse(Parse*, Expr*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3FindTable(sqlite3*,const char*, const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3LocateTable(Parse*,int isView,const char*, const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3LocateTableItem(Parse*,int isView,struct SrcList_item *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3FindIndex(sqlite3*,const char*, const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteTable(sqlite3*,int,const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UnlinkAndDeleteIndex(sqlite3*,int,const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Vacuum(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RunVacuum(char**, sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3NameFromToken(sqlite3*, Token*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCompare(Expr*, Expr*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprListCompare(ExprList*, ExprList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCompare(Expr*, Expr*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprListCompare(ExprList*, ExprList*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprImpliesExpr(Expr*, Expr*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates(NameContext*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(NameContext*,ExprList*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FunctionUsesThisSrc(Expr*, SrcList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3GetVdbe(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngSaveState(void);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngRestoreState(void);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngResetState(void);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RollbackAll(sqlite3*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(Parse*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifyNamedSchema(Parse*, const char *zDb);
@@ -11721,32 +12656,35 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RollbackTransaction(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Savepoint(Parse*, int, Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CloseSavepoints(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3LeaveMutexAndCloseZombie(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstant(Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsConstantOrFunction(Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprIsInteger(Expr*, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(const Expr*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(Vdbe*, const Expr*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprNeedsNoAffinityChange(const Expr*, char);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IsRowid(const char*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int, Trigger *, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(Parse*, Table*, int, int*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(Parse*, Index*, int, int, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(Parse*,Table*,int,int,
-                                     int*,int,int,int,int,int*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CompleteInsertion(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int*, int, int, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(Parse*, Table*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(Parse*,Table*,Trigger*,int,int,int,i16,u8,u8,u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(Parse*, Index*, int, int, int, int*,Index*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(Parse*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(Parse*,Table*,int*,int,int,int,int,
+                                     u8,u8,int,int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CompleteInsertion(Parse*,Table*,int,int,int,int*,int,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(Parse*, Table*, int, int, u8*, int*, int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(Parse*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MultiWrite(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MayAbort(Parse*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HaltConstraint(Parse*, int, char*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HaltConstraint(Parse*, int, int, char*, i8, u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UniqueConstraint(Parse*, int, Index*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowidConstraint(Parse*, int, Table*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprDup(sqlite3*,Expr*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE ExprList *sqlite3ExprListDup(sqlite3*,ExprList*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE SrcList *sqlite3SrcListDup(sqlite3*,SrcList*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE IdList *sqlite3IdListDup(sqlite3*,IdList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Select *sqlite3SelectDup(sqlite3*,Select*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FuncDefInsert(FuncDefHash*, FuncDef*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3FindFunction(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int,u8,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3FindFunction(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int,u8,u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterBuiltinFunctions(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterDateTimeFunctions(void);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RegisterGlobalFunctions(void);
@@ -11773,7 +12711,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3DeleteTriggerStep(sqlite3*, TriggerStep*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerSelectStep(sqlite3*,Select*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerInsertStep(sqlite3*,Token*, IdList*,
-                                        ExprList*,Select*,u8);
+                                        Select*,u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerUpdateStep(sqlite3*,Token*,ExprList*, Expr*, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   TriggerStep *sqlite3TriggerDeleteStep(sqlite3*,Token*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3DeleteTrigger(sqlite3*, Trigger*);
@@ -11809,7 +12747,7 @@
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Attach(Parse*, Expr*, Expr*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Detach(Parse*, Expr*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixInit(DbFixer*, Parse*, int, const char*, const Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FixInit(DbFixer*, Parse*, int, const char*, const Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSrcList(DbFixer*, SrcList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixSelect(DbFixer*, Select*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixExpr(DbFixer*, Expr*);
@@ -11820,7 +12758,13 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi(const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf16ByteLen(const void *pData, int nChar);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Utf8CharLen(const char *pData, int nByte);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Utf8Read(const u8*, const u8**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Utf8Read(const u8**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE LogEst sqlite3LogEst(u64);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE LogEst sqlite3LogEstAdd(LogEst,LogEst);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE LogEst sqlite3LogEstFromDouble(double);
+#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u64 sqlite3LogEstToInt(LogEst);
 
 /*
 ** Routines to read and write variable-length integers.  These used to
@@ -11852,29 +12796,39 @@
 **     x = putVarint32( A, B );
 **
 */
-#define getVarint32(A,B)  (u8)((*(A)<(u8)0x80) ? ((B) = (u32)*(A)),1 : sqlite3GetVarint32((A), (u32 *)&(B)))
-#define putVarint32(A,B)  (u8)(((u32)(B)<(u32)0x80) ? (*(A) = (unsigned char)(B)),1 : sqlite3PutVarint32((A), (B)))
+#define getVarint32(A,B)  \
+  (u8)((*(A)<(u8)0x80)?((B)=(u32)*(A)),1:sqlite3GetVarint32((A),(u32 *)&(B)))
+#define putVarint32(A,B)  \
+  (u8)(((u32)(B)<(u32)0x80)?(*(A)=(unsigned char)(B)),1:\
+  sqlite3PutVarint32((A),(B)))
 #define getVarint    sqlite3GetVarint
 #define putVarint    sqlite3PutVarint
 
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(Vdbe *, Index *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinityStr(Vdbe *, Table *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinity(Vdbe*, Table*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3CompareAffinity(Expr *pExpr, char aff2);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(Expr *pExpr, char idx_affinity);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3ExprAffinity(Expr *pExpr);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi64(const char*, i64*, int, u8);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(const char*, i64*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Error(sqlite3*, int, const char*,...);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3HexToBlob(sqlite3*, const char *z, int n);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3HexToInt(int h);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TwoPartName(Parse *, Token *, Token *, Token **);
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3ErrName(int);
+#endif
+
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3ErrStr(int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ReadSchema(Parse *pParse);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3FindCollSeq(sqlite3*,u8 enc, const char*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3LocateCollSeq(Parse *pParse, const char*zName);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetColl(Expr*, CollSeq*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(Parse *pParse, Expr*, Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(Parse *pParse, Expr*, const Token*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAddCollateString(Parse*,Expr*,const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckCollSeq(Parse *, CollSeq *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CheckObjectName(Parse *, const char *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetChanges(sqlite3 *, int);
@@ -11887,18 +12841,16 @@
 #else
 # define sqlite3FileSuffix3(X,Y)
 #endif
-SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetBoolean(const char *z,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetBoolean(const char *z,u8);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3ValueText(sqlite3_value*, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueBytes(sqlite3_value*, u8);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueSetStr(sqlite3_value*, int, const void *,u8, 
                         void(*)(void*));
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueSetNull(sqlite3_value*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueFree(sqlite3_value*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3ValueNew(sqlite3 *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf16to8(sqlite3 *, const void*, int, u8);
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf8to16(sqlite3 *, u8, char *, int, int *);
-#endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ValueFromExpr(sqlite3 *, Expr *, u8, u8, sqlite3_value **);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(sqlite3_value *, u8, u8);
 #ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
@@ -11921,14 +12873,16 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(Parse *, Expr *, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectPrep(Parse*, Select*, NameContext*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MatchSpanName(const char*, const char*, const char*, const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveExprNames(NameContext*, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolveSelectNames(Parse*, Select*, NameContext*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolveSelfReference(Parse*,Table*,int,Expr*,ExprList*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(Parse*, Select*, ExprList*, const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ColumnDefault(Vdbe *, Table *, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterFinishAddColumn(Parse *, Token *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(Parse *, SrcList *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3GetCollSeq(sqlite3*, u8, CollSeq *, const char*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3AffinityType(const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3GetCollSeq(Parse*, u8, CollSeq *, const char*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3AffinityType(const char*, u8*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Analyze(Parse*, Token*, Token*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3InvokeBusyHandler(BusyHandler*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindDb(sqlite3*, Token*);
@@ -11942,7 +12896,13 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SchemaClear(void *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Schema *sqlite3SchemaGet(sqlite3 *, Btree *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SchemaToIndex(sqlite3 *db, Schema *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(Parse *, Index *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(sqlite3*,int,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(KeyInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3KeyInfoRef(KeyInfo*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(Parse*, Index*);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(KeyInfo*);
+#endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CreateFunc(sqlite3 *, const char *, int, int, void *, 
   void (*)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **),
   void (*)(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value **), void (*)(sqlite3_context*),
@@ -11953,6 +12913,7 @@
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumInit(StrAccum*, char*, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppend(StrAccum*,const char*,int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(StrAccum*,const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AppendSpace(StrAccum*,int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3StrAccumFinish(StrAccum*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumReset(StrAccum*);
@@ -11962,6 +12923,14 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BackupRestart(sqlite3_backup *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BackupUpdate(sqlite3_backup *, Pgno, const u8 *);
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AnalyzeFunctions(void);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(Parse*,Index*,UnpackedRecord**,Expr*,u8,int,int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Stat4ValueFromExpr(Parse*, Expr*, u8, sqlite3_value**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Stat4ProbeFree(UnpackedRecord*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Stat4Column(sqlite3*, const void*, int, int, sqlite3_value**);
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** The interface to the LEMON-generated parser
 */
@@ -12002,13 +12971,15 @@
 #  define sqlite3GetVTable(X,Y)  ((VTable*)0)
 #else
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabClear(sqlite3 *db, Table*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabSync(sqlite3 *db, char **);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabDisconnect(sqlite3 *db, Table *p);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabSync(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabRollback(sqlite3 *db);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabCommit(sqlite3 *db);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabLock(VTable *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabUnlock(VTable *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabUnlockList(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    int sqlite3VtabSavepoint(sqlite3 *, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE    void sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(Vdbe*, sqlite3_vtab*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE    VTable *sqlite3GetVTable(sqlite3*, Table*);
 #  define sqlite3VtabInSync(db) ((db)->nVTrans>0 && (db)->aVTrans==0)
 #endif
@@ -12023,15 +12994,27 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabBegin(sqlite3 *, VTable *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE FuncDef *sqlite3VtabOverloadFunction(sqlite3 *,FuncDef*, int nArg, Expr*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3InvalidFunction(sqlite3_context*,int,sqlite3_value**);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_int64 sqlite3StmtCurrentTime(sqlite3_context*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeParameterIndex(Vdbe*, const char*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TransferBindings(sqlite3_stmt *, sqlite3_stmt *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ParserReset(Parse*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Reprepare(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(Parse*, ExprList*, const char*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(Parse *, Expr *, Expr *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3TempInMemory(const sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3JournalModename(int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3*, int, int, int*, int*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalDefaultHook(void*,sqlite3*,const char*,int);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3Checkpoint(sqlite3*, int, int, int*, int*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3WalDefaultHook(void*,sqlite3*,const char*,int);
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   With *sqlite3WithAdd(Parse*,With*,Token*,ExprList*,Select*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3WithDelete(sqlite3*,With*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3WithPush(Parse*, With*, u8);
+#else
+#define sqlite3WithPush(x,y,z)
+#define sqlite3WithDelete(x,y)
+#endif
 
 /* Declarations for functions in fkey.c. All of these are replaced by
 ** no-op macros if OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY is defined. In this case no foreign
@@ -12041,23 +13024,25 @@
 ** provided (enforcement of FK constraints requires the triggers sub-system).
 */
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkCheck(Parse*, Table*, int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkCheck(Parse*, Table*, int, int, int*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkDropTable(Parse*, SrcList *, Table*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkActions(Parse*, Table*, ExprList*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkActions(Parse*, Table*, ExprList*, int, int*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3FkRequired(Parse*, Table*, int*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   u32 sqlite3FkOldmask(Parse*, Table*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   FKey *sqlite3FkReferences(Table *);
 #else
-  #define sqlite3FkActions(a,b,c,d)
-  #define sqlite3FkCheck(a,b,c,d)
+  #define sqlite3FkActions(a,b,c,d,e,f)
+  #define sqlite3FkCheck(a,b,c,d,e,f)
   #define sqlite3FkDropTable(a,b,c)
-  #define sqlite3FkOldmask(a,b)      0
-  #define sqlite3FkRequired(a,b,c,d) 0
+  #define sqlite3FkOldmask(a,b)         0
+  #define sqlite3FkRequired(a,b,c,d)    0
 #endif
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3FkDelete(sqlite3 *, Table*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3FkLocateIndex(Parse*,Table*,FKey*,Index**,int**);
 #else
   #define sqlite3FkDelete(a,b)
+  #define sqlite3FkLocateIndex(a,b,c,d,e)
 #endif
 
 
@@ -12080,17 +13065,30 @@
   #define sqlite3EndBenignMalloc()
 #endif
 
-#define IN_INDEX_ROWID           1
-#define IN_INDEX_EPH             2
-#define IN_INDEX_INDEX           3
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *, Expr *, int*);
+/*
+** Allowed return values from sqlite3FindInIndex()
+*/
+#define IN_INDEX_ROWID        1   /* Search the rowid of the table */
+#define IN_INDEX_EPH          2   /* Search an ephemeral b-tree */
+#define IN_INDEX_INDEX_ASC    3   /* Existing index ASCENDING */
+#define IN_INDEX_INDEX_DESC   4   /* Existing index DESCENDING */
+#define IN_INDEX_NOOP         5   /* No table available. Use comparisons */
+/*
+** Allowed flags for the 3rd parameter to sqlite3FindInIndex().
+*/
+#define IN_INDEX_NOOP_OK     0x0001  /* OK to return IN_INDEX_NOOP */
+#define IN_INDEX_MEMBERSHIP  0x0002  /* IN operator used for membership test */
+#define IN_INDEX_LOOP        0x0004  /* IN operator used as a loop */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *, Expr *, u32, int*);
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3JournalOpen(sqlite3_vfs *, const char *, sqlite3_file *, int, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3JournalSize(sqlite3_vfs *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3JournalCreate(sqlite3_file *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   int sqlite3JournalExists(sqlite3_file *p);
 #else
   #define sqlite3JournalSize(pVfs) ((pVfs)->szOsFile)
+  #define sqlite3JournalExists(p) 1
 #endif
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3MemJournalOpen(sqlite3_file *);
@@ -12319,6 +13317,10 @@
 # define  SQLITE_USE_URI 0
 #endif
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN
+# define SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN 1
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** The following singleton contains the global configuration for
 ** the SQLite library.
@@ -12328,7 +13330,9 @@
    1,                         /* bCoreMutex */
    SQLITE_THREADSAFE==1,      /* bFullMutex */
    SQLITE_USE_URI,            /* bOpenUri */
+   SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN,   /* bUseCis */
    0x7ffffffe,                /* mxStrlen */
+   0,                         /* neverCorrupt */
    128,                       /* szLookaside */
    500,                       /* nLookaside */
    {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0},         /* m */
@@ -12337,6 +13341,8 @@
    (void*)0,                  /* pHeap */
    0,                         /* nHeap */
    0, 0,                      /* mnHeap, mxHeap */
+   SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE,  /* szMmap */
+   SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE,      /* mxMmap */
    (void*)0,                  /* pScratch */
    0,                         /* szScratch */
    0,                         /* nScratch */
@@ -12351,14 +13357,24 @@
    0,                         /* isMutexInit */
    0,                         /* isMallocInit */
    0,                         /* isPCacheInit */
-   0,                         /* pInitMutex */
    0,                         /* nRefInitMutex */
+   0,                         /* pInitMutex */
    0,                         /* xLog */
    0,                         /* pLogArg */
-   0,                         /* bLocaltimeFault */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
+   0,                         /* xSqllog */
+   0,                         /* pSqllogArg */
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+   0,                         /* xVdbeBranch */
+   0,                         /* pVbeBranchArg */
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+   0,                         /* xTestCallback */
+#endif
+   0                          /* bLocaltimeFault */
 };
 
-
 /*
 ** Hash table for global functions - functions common to all
 ** database connections.  After initialization, this table is
@@ -12462,6 +13478,9 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE
   "DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE),
 #endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE) && !defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE_xc)
+  "DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE),
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_DISABLE_DIRSYNC
   "DISABLE_DIRSYNC",
 #endif
@@ -12522,7 +13541,9 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE
   "ENABLE_RTREE",
 #endif
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4)
+  "ENABLE_STAT4",
+#elif defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3)
   "ENABLE_STAT3",
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_UNLOCK_NOTIFY
@@ -12552,6 +13573,9 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_LOCK_TRACE
   "LOCK_TRACE",
 #endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE) && !defined(SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE_xc)
+  "MAX_MMAP_SIZE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE),
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
   "MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY),
 #endif
@@ -12609,17 +13633,15 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
   "OMIT_CHECK",
 #endif
-/* // redundant
-** #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
-**   "OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS",
-** #endif
-*/
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPLETE
   "OMIT_COMPLETE",
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
   "OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT",
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+  "OMIT_CTE",
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_DATETIME_FUNCS
   "OMIT_DATETIME_FUNCS",
 #endif
@@ -12668,9 +13690,6 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
   "OMIT_MEMORYDB",
 #endif
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  "OMIT_MERGE_SORT",
-#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION
   "OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION",
 #endif
@@ -12743,6 +13762,9 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_PROXY_DEBUG
   "PROXY_DEBUG",
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+  "RTREE_INT_ONLY",
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE
   "SECURE_DELETE",
 #endif
@@ -12752,21 +13774,27 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_SOUNDEX
   "SOUNDEX",
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC
+  "SYSTEM_MALLOC",
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_TCL
   "TCL",
 #endif
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEMP_STORE
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEMP_STORE) && !defined(SQLITE_TEMP_STORE_xc)
   "TEMP_STORE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_TEMP_STORE),
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   "TEST",
 #endif
-#ifdef SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+#if defined(SQLITE_THREADSAFE)
   "THREADSAFE=" CTIMEOPT_VAL(SQLITE_THREADSAFE),
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_USE_ALLOCA
   "USE_ALLOCA",
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC
+  "WIN32_MALLOC",
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_ZERO_MALLOC
   "ZERO_MALLOC"
 #endif
@@ -12787,8 +13815,11 @@
   /* Since ArraySize(azCompileOpt) is normally in single digits, a
   ** linear search is adequate.  No need for a binary search. */
   for(i=0; i<ArraySize(azCompileOpt); i++){
-    if(   (sqlite3StrNICmp(zOptName, azCompileOpt[i], n)==0)
-       && ( (azCompileOpt[i][n]==0) || (azCompileOpt[i][n]=='=') ) ) return 1;
+    if( sqlite3StrNICmp(zOptName, azCompileOpt[i], n)==0
+     && sqlite3CtypeMap[(unsigned char)azCompileOpt[i][n]]==0
+    ){
+      return 1;
+    }
   }
   return 0;
 }
@@ -12846,6 +13877,14 @@
 #define _VDBEINT_H_
 
 /*
+** The maximum number of times that a statement will try to reparse
+** itself before giving up and returning SQLITE_SCHEMA.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
+# define SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY 50
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** SQL is translated into a sequence of instructions to be
 ** executed by a virtual machine.  Each instruction is an instance
 ** of the following structure.
@@ -12855,7 +13894,7 @@
 /*
 ** Boolean values
 */
-typedef unsigned char Bool;
+typedef unsigned Bool;
 
 /* Opaque type used by code in vdbesort.c */
 typedef struct VdbeSorter VdbeSorter;
@@ -12863,12 +13902,18 @@
 /* Opaque type used by the explainer */
 typedef struct Explain Explain;
 
+/* Elements of the linked list at Vdbe.pAuxData */
+typedef struct AuxData AuxData;
+
 /*
 ** A cursor is a pointer into a single BTree within a database file.
 ** The cursor can seek to a BTree entry with a particular key, or
 ** loop over all entries of the Btree.  You can also insert new BTree
 ** entries or retrieve the key or data from the entry that the cursor
 ** is currently pointing to.
+**
+** Cursors can also point to virtual tables, sorters, or "pseudo-tables".
+** A pseudo-table is a single-row table implemented by registers.
 ** 
 ** Every cursor that the virtual machine has open is represented by an
 ** instance of the following structure.
@@ -12877,30 +13922,28 @@
   BtCursor *pCursor;    /* The cursor structure of the backend */
   Btree *pBt;           /* Separate file holding temporary table */
   KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;    /* Info about index keys needed by index cursors */
-  int iDb;              /* Index of cursor database in db->aDb[] (or -1) */
+  int seekResult;       /* Result of previous sqlite3BtreeMoveto() */
   int pseudoTableReg;   /* Register holding pseudotable content. */
-  int nField;           /* Number of fields in the header */
-  Bool zeroed;          /* True if zeroed out and ready for reuse */
-  Bool rowidIsValid;    /* True if lastRowid is valid */
-  Bool atFirst;         /* True if pointing to first entry */
-  Bool useRandomRowid;  /* Generate new record numbers semi-randomly */
-  Bool nullRow;         /* True if pointing to a row with no data */
-  Bool deferredMoveto;  /* A call to sqlite3BtreeMoveto() is needed */
-  Bool isTable;         /* True if a table requiring integer keys */
-  Bool isIndex;         /* True if an index containing keys only - no data */
-  Bool isOrdered;       /* True if the underlying table is BTREE_UNORDERED */
-  Bool isSorter;        /* True if a new-style sorter */
+  i16 nField;           /* Number of fields in the header */
+  u16 nHdrParsed;       /* Number of header fields parsed so far */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  u8 seekOp;            /* Most recent seek operation on this cursor */
+#endif
+  i8 iDb;               /* Index of cursor database in db->aDb[] (or -1) */
+  u8 nullRow;           /* True if pointing to a row with no data */
+  u8 rowidIsValid;      /* True if lastRowid is valid */
+  u8 deferredMoveto;    /* A call to sqlite3BtreeMoveto() is needed */
+  Bool isEphemeral:1;   /* True for an ephemeral table */
+  Bool useRandomRowid:1;/* Generate new record numbers semi-randomly */
+  Bool isTable:1;       /* True if a table requiring integer keys */
+  Bool isOrdered:1;     /* True if the underlying table is BTREE_UNORDERED */
+  Pgno pgnoRoot;        /* Root page of the open btree cursor */
   sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;  /* The cursor for a virtual table */
-  const sqlite3_module *pModule;     /* Module for cursor pVtabCursor */
   i64 seqCount;         /* Sequence counter */
   i64 movetoTarget;     /* Argument to the deferred sqlite3BtreeMoveto() */
-  i64 lastRowid;        /* Last rowid from a Next or NextIdx operation */
+  i64 lastRowid;        /* Rowid being deleted by OP_Delete */
   VdbeSorter *pSorter;  /* Sorter object for OP_SorterOpen cursors */
 
-  /* Result of last sqlite3BtreeMoveto() done by an OP_NotExists or 
-  ** OP_IsUnique opcode on this cursor. */
-  int seekResult;
-
   /* Cached information about the header for the data record that the
   ** cursor is currently pointing to.  Only valid if cacheStatus matches
   ** Vdbe.cacheCtr.  Vdbe.cacheCtr will never take on the value of
@@ -12911,10 +13954,14 @@
   ** be NULL.
   */
   u32 cacheStatus;      /* Cache is valid if this matches Vdbe.cacheCtr */
-  int payloadSize;      /* Total number of bytes in the record */
-  u32 *aType;           /* Type values for all entries in the record */
-  u32 *aOffset;         /* Cached offsets to the start of each columns data */
-  u8 *aRow;             /* Data for the current row, if all on one page */
+  u32 payloadSize;      /* Total number of bytes in the record */
+  u32 szRow;            /* Byte available in aRow */
+  u32 iHdrOffset;       /* Offset to next unparsed byte of the header */
+  const u8 *aRow;       /* Data for the current row, if all on one page */
+  u32 aType[1];         /* Type values for all entries in the record */
+  /* 2*nField extra array elements allocated for aType[], beyond the one
+  ** static element declared in the structure.  nField total array slots for
+  ** aType[] and nField+1 array slots for aOffset[] */
 };
 typedef struct VdbeCursor VdbeCursor;
 
@@ -12949,7 +13996,7 @@
   VdbeCursor **apCsr;     /* Array of Vdbe cursors for parent frame */
   void *token;            /* Copy of SubProgram.token */
   i64 lastRowid;          /* Last insert rowid (sqlite3.lastRowid) */
-  u16 nCursor;            /* Number of entries in apCsr */
+  int nCursor;            /* Number of entries in apCsr */
   int pc;                 /* Program Counter in parent (calling) frame */
   int nOp;                /* Size of aOp array */
   int nMem;               /* Number of entries in aMem */
@@ -12984,7 +14031,6 @@
   } u;
   int n;              /* Number of characters in string value, excluding '\0' */
   u16 flags;          /* Some combination of MEM_Null, MEM_Str, MEM_Dyn, etc. */
-  u8  type;           /* One of SQLITE_NULL, SQLITE_TEXT, SQLITE_INTEGER, etc */
   u8  enc;            /* SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_UTF16BE, SQLITE_UTF16LE */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   Mem *pScopyFrom;    /* This Mem is a shallow copy of pScopyFrom */
@@ -13011,10 +14057,13 @@
 #define MEM_Int       0x0004   /* Value is an integer */
 #define MEM_Real      0x0008   /* Value is a real number */
 #define MEM_Blob      0x0010   /* Value is a BLOB */
+#define MEM_AffMask   0x001f   /* Mask of affinity bits */
 #define MEM_RowSet    0x0020   /* Value is a RowSet object */
 #define MEM_Frame     0x0040   /* Value is a VdbeFrame object */
-#define MEM_Invalid   0x0080   /* Value is undefined */
-#define MEM_TypeMask  0x00ff   /* Mask of type bits */
+#define MEM_Undefined 0x0080   /* Value is undefined */
+#define MEM_Cleared   0x0100   /* NULL set by OP_Null, not from data */
+#define MEM_TypeMask  0x01ff   /* Mask of type bits */
+
 
 /* Whenever Mem contains a valid string or blob representation, one of
 ** the following flags must be set to determine the memory management
@@ -13022,7 +14071,7 @@
 ** string is \000 or \u0000 terminated
 */
 #define MEM_Term      0x0200   /* String rep is nul terminated */
-#define MEM_Dyn       0x0400   /* Need to call sqliteFree() on Mem.z */
+#define MEM_Dyn       0x0400   /* Need to call Mem.xDel() on Mem.z */
 #define MEM_Static    0x0800   /* Mem.z points to a static string */
 #define MEM_Ephem     0x1000   /* Mem.z points to an ephemeral string */
 #define MEM_Agg       0x2000   /* Mem.z points to an agg function context */
@@ -13043,26 +14092,22 @@
 ** is for use inside assert() statements only.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-#define memIsValid(M)  ((M)->flags & MEM_Invalid)==0
+#define memIsValid(M)  ((M)->flags & MEM_Undefined)==0
 #endif
 
-
-/* A VdbeFunc is just a FuncDef (defined in sqliteInt.h) that contains
-** additional information about auxiliary information bound to arguments
-** of the function.  This is used to implement the sqlite3_get_auxdata()
-** and sqlite3_set_auxdata() APIs.  The "auxdata" is some auxiliary data
-** that can be associated with a constant argument to a function.  This
-** allows functions such as "regexp" to compile their constant regular
-** expression argument once and reused the compiled code for multiple
-** invocations.
+/*
+** Each auxilliary data pointer stored by a user defined function 
+** implementation calling sqlite3_set_auxdata() is stored in an instance
+** of this structure. All such structures associated with a single VM
+** are stored in a linked list headed at Vdbe.pAuxData. All are destroyed
+** when the VM is halted (if not before).
 */
-struct VdbeFunc {
-  FuncDef *pFunc;               /* The definition of the function */
-  int nAux;                     /* Number of entries allocated for apAux[] */
-  struct AuxData {
-    void *pAux;                   /* Aux data for the i-th argument */
-    void (*xDelete)(void *);      /* Destructor for the aux data */
-  } apAux[1];                   /* One slot for each function argument */
+struct AuxData {
+  int iOp;                        /* Instruction number of OP_Function opcode */
+  int iArg;                       /* Index of function argument. */
+  void *pAux;                     /* Aux data pointer */
+  void (*xDelete)(void *);        /* Destructor for the aux data */
+  AuxData *pNext;                 /* Next element in list */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -13080,12 +14125,14 @@
 */
 struct sqlite3_context {
   FuncDef *pFunc;       /* Pointer to function information.  MUST BE FIRST */
-  VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc;  /* Auxilary data, if created. */
   Mem s;                /* The return value is stored here */
   Mem *pMem;            /* Memory cell used to store aggregate context */
   CollSeq *pColl;       /* Collating sequence */
+  Vdbe *pVdbe;          /* The VM that owns this context */
+  int iOp;              /* Instruction number of OP_Function */
   int isError;          /* Error code returned by the function. */
-  int skipFlag;         /* Skip skip accumulator loading if true */
+  u8 skipFlag;          /* Skip skip accumulator loading if true */
+  u8 fErrorOrAux;       /* isError!=0 or pVdbe->pAuxData modified */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -13100,6 +14147,11 @@
   char zBase[100];   /* Initial space */
 };
 
+/* A bitfield type for use inside of structures.  Always follow with :N where
+** N is the number of bits.
+*/
+typedef unsigned bft;  /* Bit Field Type */
+
 /*
 ** An instance of the virtual machine.  This structure contains the complete
 ** state of the virtual machine.
@@ -13122,13 +14174,10 @@
   Mem **apArg;            /* Arguments to currently executing user function */
   Mem *aColName;          /* Column names to return */
   Mem *pResultSet;        /* Pointer to an array of results */
+  Parse *pParse;          /* Parsing context used to create this Vdbe */
   int nMem;               /* Number of memory locations currently allocated */
   int nOp;                /* Number of instructions in the program */
-  int nOpAlloc;           /* Number of slots allocated for aOp[] */
-  int nLabel;             /* Number of labels used */
-  int *aLabel;            /* Space to hold the labels */
-  u16 nResColumn;         /* Number of columns in one row of the result set */
-  u16 nCursor;            /* Number of slots in apCsr[] */
+  int nCursor;            /* Number of slots in apCsr[] */
   u32 magic;              /* Magic number for sanity checking */
   char *zErrMsg;          /* Error message written here */
   Vdbe *pPrev,*pNext;     /* Linked list of VDBEs with the same Vdbe.db */
@@ -13140,31 +14189,33 @@
   u32 cacheCtr;           /* VdbeCursor row cache generation counter */
   int pc;                 /* The program counter */
   int rc;                 /* Value to return */
+  u16 nResColumn;         /* Number of columns in one row of the result set */
   u8 errorAction;         /* Recovery action to do in case of an error */
-  u8 explain;             /* True if EXPLAIN present on SQL command */
-  u8 changeCntOn;         /* True to update the change-counter */
-  u8 expired;             /* True if the VM needs to be recompiled */
-  u8 runOnlyOnce;         /* Automatically expire on reset */
   u8 minWriteFileFormat;  /* Minimum file format for writable database files */
-  u8 inVtabMethod;        /* See comments above */
-  u8 usesStmtJournal;     /* True if uses a statement journal */
-  u8 readOnly;            /* True for read-only statements */
-  u8 isPrepareV2;         /* True if prepared with prepare_v2() */
+  bft explain:2;          /* True if EXPLAIN present on SQL command */
+  bft inVtabMethod:2;     /* See comments above */
+  bft changeCntOn:1;      /* True to update the change-counter */
+  bft expired:1;          /* True if the VM needs to be recompiled */
+  bft runOnlyOnce:1;      /* Automatically expire on reset */
+  bft usesStmtJournal:1;  /* True if uses a statement journal */
+  bft readOnly:1;         /* True for statements that do not write */
+  bft bIsReader:1;        /* True for statements that read */
+  bft isPrepareV2:1;      /* True if prepared with prepare_v2() */
+  bft doingRerun:1;       /* True if rerunning after an auto-reprepare */
   int nChange;            /* Number of db changes made since last reset */
   yDbMask btreeMask;      /* Bitmask of db->aDb[] entries referenced */
   yDbMask lockMask;       /* Subset of btreeMask that requires a lock */
   int iStatement;         /* Statement number (or 0 if has not opened stmt) */
-  int aCounter[3];        /* Counters used by sqlite3_stmt_status() */
+  u32 aCounter[5];        /* Counters used by sqlite3_stmt_status() */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
   i64 startTime;          /* Time when query started - used for profiling */
 #endif
+  i64 iCurrentTime;       /* Value of julianday('now') for this statement */
   i64 nFkConstraint;      /* Number of imm. FK constraints this VM */
   i64 nStmtDefCons;       /* Number of def. constraints when stmt started */
+  i64 nStmtDefImmCons;    /* Number of def. imm constraints when stmt started */
   char *zSql;             /* Text of the SQL statement that generated this */
   void *pFree;            /* Free this when deleting the vdbe */
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  FILE *trace;            /* Write an execution trace here, if not NULL */
-#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_TREE_EXPLAIN
   Explain *pExplain;      /* The explainer */
   char *zExplain;         /* Explanation of data structures */
@@ -13176,6 +14227,7 @@
   SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Linked list of all sub-programs used by VM */
   int nOnceFlag;          /* Size of array aOnceFlag[] */
   u8 *aOnceFlag;          /* Flags for OP_Once */
+  AuxData *pAuxData;      /* Linked list of auxdata allocations */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -13197,14 +14249,13 @@
 #endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u32);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialType(Mem*, int);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(unsigned char*, int, Mem*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(unsigned char*, Mem*, u32);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(const unsigned char*, u32, Mem*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(VdbeFunc*, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(Vdbe*, int, int);
 
 int sqlite2BtreeKeyCompare(BtCursor *, const void *, int, int, int *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(VdbeCursor*,UnpackedRecord*,int*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(sqlite3*, BtCursor *, i64 *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemCompare(const Mem*, const Mem*, const CollSeq*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeList(Vdbe*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeHalt(Vdbe*);
@@ -13232,38 +14283,29 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(Mem*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemRealify(Mem*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(Mem*);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(BtCursor*,int,int,int,Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(BtCursor*,u32,u32,int,Mem*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(Mem *p);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(Mem *p);
+#define VdbeMemDynamic(X)  \
+  (((X)->flags&(MEM_Agg|MEM_Dyn|MEM_RowSet|MEM_Frame))!=0)
 #define VdbeMemRelease(X)  \
-  if((X)->flags&(MEM_Agg|MEM_Dyn|MEM_RowSet|MEM_Frame)) \
-    sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(X);
+  if( VdbeMemDynamic(X) ) sqlite3VdbeMemReleaseExternal(X);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(Mem*, FuncDef*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(Mem *pMem, int n, int preserve);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(Vdbe *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(VdbeFrame*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeFrameRestore(VdbeFrame *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(Mem *pMem);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeTransferError(Vdbe *p);
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(Y,Z)      SQLITE_OK
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(X,Y,Z)   SQLITE_OK
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterClose(Y,Z)
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(Y,Z)    SQLITE_OK
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(X,Y,Z)  SQLITE_OK
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(X,Y,Z)    SQLITE_OK
-# define sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(X,Y,Z) SQLITE_OK
-#else
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSorterReset(sqlite3 *, VdbeSorter *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSorterClose(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(VdbeCursor *, Mem *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, int *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, int *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(sqlite3 *, VdbeCursor *, Mem *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(VdbeCursor *, Mem *, int *);
-#endif
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(const VdbeCursor *, Mem *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(sqlite3 *, const VdbeCursor *, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(sqlite3 *, const VdbeCursor *, int *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(sqlite3 *, const VdbeCursor *, Mem *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(const VdbeCursor *, Mem *, int, int *);
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE>0
 SQLITE_PRIVATE   void sqlite3VdbeEnter(Vdbe*);
@@ -13275,6 +14317,7 @@
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemAboutToChange(Vdbe*,Mem*);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(Mem*);
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
@@ -13495,7 +14538,8 @@
 
       db->pnBytesFreed = &nByte;
       for(pVdbe=db->pVdbe; pVdbe; pVdbe=pVdbe->pNext){
-        sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(db, pVdbe);
+        sqlite3VdbeClearObject(db, pVdbe);
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pVdbe);
       }
       db->pnBytesFreed = 0;
 
@@ -13511,10 +14555,12 @@
     ** to zero.
     */
     case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT:
-    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS: {
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS:
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE:{
       int i;
       int nRet = 0;
       assert( SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT+1 );
+      assert( SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT+2 );
 
       for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
         if( db->aDb[i].pBt ){
@@ -13527,6 +14573,16 @@
       break;
     }
 
+    /* Set *pCurrent to non-zero if there are unresolved deferred foreign
+    ** key constraints.  Set *pCurrent to zero if all foreign key constraints
+    ** have been satisfied.  The *pHighwater is always set to zero.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS: {
+      *pHighwater = 0;
+      *pCurrent = db->nDeferredImmCons>0 || db->nDeferredCons>0;
+      break;
+    }
+
     default: {
       rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
     }
@@ -13832,8 +14888,8 @@
 ** Return the number of errors.
 */
 static int setDateTimeToCurrent(sqlite3_context *context, DateTime *p){
-  sqlite3 *db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
-  if( sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(db->pVfs, &p->iJD)==SQLITE_OK ){
+  p->iJD = sqlite3StmtCurrentTime(context);
+  if( p->iJD>0 ){
     p->validJD = 1;
     return 0;
   }else{
@@ -13964,6 +15020,10 @@
 **
 ** If the sqlite3GlobalConfig.bLocaltimeFault variable is true then this
 ** routine will always fail.
+**
+** EVIDENCE-OF: R-62172-00036 In this implementation, the standard C
+** library function localtime_r() is used to assist in the calculation of
+** local time.
 */
 static int osLocaltime(time_t *t, struct tm *pTm){
   int rc;
@@ -14020,6 +15080,11 @@
   x = *p;
   computeYMD_HMS(&x);
   if( x.Y<1971 || x.Y>=2038 ){
+    /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-55269-29598 The localtime_r() C function normally only
+    ** works for years between 1970 and 2037. For dates outside this range,
+    ** SQLite attempts to map the year into an equivalent year within this
+    ** range, do the calculation, then map the year back.
+    */
     x.Y = 2000;
     x.M = 1;
     x.D = 1;
@@ -14616,8 +15681,8 @@
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(argv);
 
-  db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
-  if( sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(db->pVfs, &iT) ) return;
+  iT = sqlite3StmtCurrentTime(context);
+  if( iT<=0 ) return;
   t = iT/1000 - 10000*(sqlite3_int64)21086676;
 #ifdef HAVE_GMTIME_R
   pTm = gmtime_r(&t, &sNow);
@@ -14775,7 +15840,21 @@
 ** routine has no return value since the return value would be meaningless.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
-  DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(id);
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  if( op!=SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO ){
+    /* Faults are not injected into COMMIT_PHASETWO because, assuming SQLite
+    ** is using a regular VFS, it is called after the corresponding 
+    ** transaction has been committed. Injecting a fault at this point 
+    ** confuses the test scripts - the COMMIT comand returns SQLITE_NOMEM
+    ** but the transaction is committed anyway.
+    **
+    ** The core must call OsFileControl() though, not OsFileControlHint(),
+    ** as if a custom VFS (e.g. zipvfs) returns an error here, it probably
+    ** means the commit really has failed and an error should be returned
+    ** to the user.  */
+    DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(id);
+  }
+#endif
   return id->pMethods->xFileControl(id, op, pArg);
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OsFileControlHint(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
@@ -14809,6 +15888,26 @@
   return id->pMethods->xShmMap(id, iPage, pgsz, bExtend, pp);
 }
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+/* The real implementation of xFetch and xUnfetch */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFetch(sqlite3_file *id, i64 iOff, int iAmt, void **pp){
+  DO_OS_MALLOC_TEST(id);
+  return id->pMethods->xFetch(id, iOff, iAmt, pp);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsUnfetch(sqlite3_file *id, i64 iOff, void *p){
+  return id->pMethods->xUnfetch(id, iOff, p);
+}
+#else
+/* No-op stubs to use when memory-mapped I/O is disabled */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsFetch(sqlite3_file *id, i64 iOff, int iAmt, void **pp){
+  *pp = 0;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OsUnfetch(sqlite3_file *id, i64 iOff, void *p){
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** The next group of routines are convenience wrappers around the
 ** VFS methods.
@@ -15225,16 +16324,6 @@
 ** macros.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_SYSTEM_MALLOC
-
-/*
-** The MSVCRT has malloc_usable_size() but it is called _msize().
-** The use of _msize() is automatic, but can be disabled by compiling
-** with -DSQLITE_WITHOUT_MSIZE
-*/
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(SQLITE_WITHOUT_MSIZE)
-# define SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE _msize
-#endif
-
 #if defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(SQLITE_WITHOUT_ZONEMALLOC)
 
 /*
@@ -15257,21 +16346,47 @@
 ** Use standard C library malloc and free on non-Apple systems.  
 ** Also used by Apple systems if SQLITE_WITHOUT_ZONEMALLOC is defined.
 */
-#define SQLITE_MALLOC(x)    malloc(x)
-#define SQLITE_FREE(x)      free(x)
-#define SQLITE_REALLOC(x,y) realloc((x),(y))
+#define SQLITE_MALLOC(x)             malloc(x)
+#define SQLITE_FREE(x)               free(x)
+#define SQLITE_REALLOC(x,y)          realloc((x),(y))
 
-#if (defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(SQLITE_WITHOUT_MSIZE)) \
-      || (defined(HAVE_MALLOC_H) && defined(HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE))
-# include <malloc.h>    /* Needed for malloc_usable_size on linux */
+/*
+** The malloc.h header file is needed for malloc_usable_size() function
+** on some systems (e.g. Linux).
+*/
+#if defined(HAVE_MALLOC_H) && defined(HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE)
+#  define SQLITE_USE_MALLOC_H
+#  define SQLITE_USE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
+/*
+** The MSVCRT has malloc_usable_size(), but it is called _msize().  The
+** use of _msize() is automatic, but can be disabled by compiling with
+** -DSQLITE_WITHOUT_MSIZE.  Using the _msize() function also requires
+** the malloc.h header file.
+*/
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(SQLITE_WITHOUT_MSIZE)
+#  define SQLITE_USE_MALLOC_H
+#  define SQLITE_USE_MSIZE
 #endif
-#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
-# ifndef SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE
-#  define SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE(x) malloc_usable_size(x)
-# endif
-#else
-# undef SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE
-#endif
+
+/*
+** Include the malloc.h header file, if necessary.  Also set define macro
+** SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE to the appropriate function name, which is _msize()
+** for MSVC and malloc_usable_size() for most other systems (e.g. Linux).
+** The memory size function can always be overridden manually by defining
+** the macro SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE to the desired function name.
+*/
+#if defined(SQLITE_USE_MALLOC_H)
+#  include <malloc.h>
+#  if defined(SQLITE_USE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE)
+#    if !defined(SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE)
+#      define SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE(x)   malloc_usable_size(x)
+#    endif
+#  elif defined(SQLITE_USE_MSIZE)
+#    if !defined(SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE)
+#      define SQLITE_MALLOCSIZE      _msize
+#    endif
+#  endif
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_USE_MALLOC_H) */
 
 #endif /* __APPLE__ or not __APPLE__ */
 
@@ -15407,14 +16522,14 @@
   }else{
     /* only 1 core, use our own zone to contention over global locks, 
     ** e.g. we have our own dedicated locks */
-    bool success;		
+    bool success;
     malloc_zone_t* newzone = malloc_create_zone(4096, 0);
     malloc_set_zone_name(newzone, "Sqlite_Heap");
     do{
       success = OSAtomicCompareAndSwapPtrBarrier(NULL, newzone, 
                                  (void * volatile *)&_sqliteZone_);
     }while(!_sqliteZone_);
-    if( !success ){	
+    if( !success ){
       /* somebody registered a zone first */
       malloc_destroy_zone(newzone);
     }
@@ -15636,7 +16751,7 @@
     return 0;
   }
   pHdr = sqlite3MemsysGetHeader(p);
-  return pHdr->iSize;
+  return (int)pHdr->iSize;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -15678,7 +16793,7 @@
   x = SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(pBuf);
   y = nByte | 1;
   while( nByte >= 4 ){
-    x = (x>>1) ^ (-(x&1) & 0xd0000001);
+    x = (x>>1) ^ (-(int)(x&1) & 0xd0000001);
     y = y*1103515245 + 12345;
     r = x ^ y;
     *(int*)pBuf = r;
@@ -15686,7 +16801,7 @@
     nByte -= 4;
   }
   while( nByte-- > 0 ){
-    x = (x>>1) ^ (-(x&1) & 0xd0000001);
+    x = (x>>1) ^ (-(int)(x&1) & 0xd0000001);
     y = y*1103515245 + 12345;
     r = x ^ y;
     *(pBuf++) = r & 0xff;
@@ -15781,9 +16896,9 @@
   }
   z = (char*)pBt;
   z -= pHdr->nTitle;
-  adjustStats(pHdr->iSize, -1);
+  adjustStats((int)pHdr->iSize, -1);
   randomFill(z, sizeof(void*)*pHdr->nBacktraceSlots + sizeof(*pHdr) +
-                pHdr->iSize + sizeof(int) + pHdr->nTitle);
+                (int)pHdr->iSize + sizeof(int) + pHdr->nTitle);
   free(z);
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(mem.mutex);  
 }
@@ -15805,9 +16920,9 @@
   pOldHdr = sqlite3MemsysGetHeader(pPrior);
   pNew = sqlite3MemMalloc(nByte);
   if( pNew ){
-    memcpy(pNew, pPrior, nByte<pOldHdr->iSize ? nByte : pOldHdr->iSize);
+    memcpy(pNew, pPrior, (int)(nByte<pOldHdr->iSize ? nByte : pOldHdr->iSize));
     if( nByte>pOldHdr->iSize ){
-      randomFill(&((char*)pNew)[pOldHdr->iSize], nByte - pOldHdr->iSize);
+      randomFill(&((char*)pNew)[pOldHdr->iSize], nByte - (int)pOldHdr->iSize);
     }
     sqlite3MemFree(pPrior);
   }
@@ -15922,7 +17037,7 @@
   for(pHdr=mem.pFirst; pHdr; pHdr=pHdr->pNext){
     void **pBt = (void**)pHdr;
     pBt -= pHdr->nBacktraceSlots;
-    mem.xBacktrace(pHdr->iSize, pHdr->nBacktrace-1, &pBt[1]);
+    mem.xBacktrace((int)pHdr->iSize, pHdr->nBacktrace-1, &pBt[1]);
   }
 }
 
@@ -16806,13 +17921,13 @@
 } mem5;
 
 /*
-** Access the static variable through a macro for SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+** Access the static variable through a macro for SQLITE_OMIT_WSD.
 */
 #define mem5 GLOBAL(struct Mem5Global, mem5)
 
 /*
 ** Assuming mem5.zPool is divided up into an array of Mem5Link
-** structures, return a pointer to the idx-th such lik.
+** structures, return a pointer to the idx-th such link.
 */
 #define MEM5LINK(idx) ((Mem5Link *)(&mem5.zPool[(idx)*mem5.szAtom]))
 
@@ -16878,7 +17993,7 @@
 static int memsys5Size(void *p){
   int iSize = 0;
   if( p ){
-    int i = ((u8 *)p-mem5.zPool)/mem5.szAtom;
+    int i = (int)(((u8 *)p-mem5.zPool)/mem5.szAtom);
     assert( i>=0 && i<mem5.nBlock );
     iSize = mem5.szAtom * (1 << (mem5.aCtrl[i]&CTRL_LOGSIZE));
   }
@@ -16886,29 +18001,10 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Find the first entry on the freelist iLogsize.  Unlink that
-** entry and return its index. 
-*/
-static int memsys5UnlinkFirst(int iLogsize){
-  int i;
-  int iFirst;
-
-  assert( iLogsize>=0 && iLogsize<=LOGMAX );
-  i = iFirst = mem5.aiFreelist[iLogsize];
-  assert( iFirst>=0 );
-  while( i>0 ){
-    if( i<iFirst ) iFirst = i;
-    i = MEM5LINK(i)->next;
-  }
-  memsys5Unlink(iFirst, iLogsize);
-  return iFirst;
-}
-
-/*
 ** Return a block of memory of at least nBytes in size.
 ** Return NULL if unable.  Return NULL if nBytes==0.
 **
-** The caller guarantees that nByte positive.
+** The caller guarantees that nByte is positive.
 **
 ** The caller has obtained a mutex prior to invoking this
 ** routine so there is never any chance that two or more
@@ -16943,13 +18039,14 @@
   ** block.  If not, then split a block of the next larger power of
   ** two in order to create a new free block of size iLogsize.
   */
-  for(iBin=iLogsize; mem5.aiFreelist[iBin]<0 && iBin<=LOGMAX; iBin++){}
+  for(iBin=iLogsize; iBin<=LOGMAX && mem5.aiFreelist[iBin]<0; iBin++){}
   if( iBin>LOGMAX ){
     testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
     sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to allocate %u bytes", nByte);
     return 0;
   }
-  i = memsys5UnlinkFirst(iBin);
+  i = mem5.aiFreelist[iBin];
+  memsys5Unlink(i, iBin);
   while( iBin>iLogsize ){
     int newSize;
 
@@ -16969,6 +18066,12 @@
   if( mem5.maxCount<mem5.currentCount ) mem5.maxCount = mem5.currentCount;
   if( mem5.maxOut<mem5.currentOut ) mem5.maxOut = mem5.currentOut;
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* Make sure the allocated memory does not assume that it is set to zero
+  ** or retains a value from a previous allocation */
+  memset(&mem5.zPool[i*mem5.szAtom], 0xAA, iFullSz);
+#endif
+
   /* Return a pointer to the allocated memory. */
   return (void*)&mem5.zPool[i*mem5.szAtom];
 }
@@ -16983,7 +18086,7 @@
   /* Set iBlock to the index of the block pointed to by pOld in 
   ** the array of mem5.szAtom byte blocks pointed to by mem5.zPool.
   */
-  iBlock = ((u8 *)pOld-mem5.zPool)/mem5.szAtom;
+  iBlock = (int)(((u8 *)pOld-mem5.zPool)/mem5.szAtom);
 
   /* Check that the pointer pOld points to a valid, non-free block. */
   assert( iBlock>=0 && iBlock<mem5.nBlock );
@@ -17026,11 +18129,18 @@
     }
     size *= 2;
   }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* Overwrite freed memory with the 0x55 bit pattern to verify that it is
+  ** not used after being freed */
+  memset(&mem5.zPool[iBlock*mem5.szAtom], 0x55, size);
+#endif
+
   memsys5Link(iBlock, iLogsize);
 }
 
 /*
-** Allocate nBytes of memory
+** Allocate nBytes of memory.
 */
 static void *memsys5Malloc(int nBytes){
   sqlite3_int64 *p = 0;
@@ -17340,7 +18450,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_API sqlite3_mutex *sqlite3_mutex_alloc(int id){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
-  if( sqlite3_initialize() ) return 0;
+  if( id<=SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE && sqlite3_initialize() ) return 0;
 #endif
   return sqlite3GlobalConfig.mutex.xMutexAlloc(id);
 }
@@ -17521,7 +18631,7 @@
 ** that means that a mutex could not be allocated. 
 */
 static sqlite3_mutex *debugMutexAlloc(int id){
-  static sqlite3_debug_mutex aStatic[6];
+  static sqlite3_debug_mutex aStatic[SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP3 - 1];
   sqlite3_debug_mutex *pNew = 0;
   switch( id ){
     case SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST:
@@ -17620,282 +18730,6 @@
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_MUTEX_OMIT) */
 
 /************** End of mutex_noop.c ******************************************/
-/************** Begin file mutex_os2.c ***************************************/
-/*
-** 2007 August 28
-**
-** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
-** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
-**
-**    May you do good and not evil.
-**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
-**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
-**
-*************************************************************************
-** This file contains the C functions that implement mutexes for OS/2
-*/
-
-/*
-** The code in this file is only used if SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2 is defined.
-** See the mutex.h file for details.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2
-
-/********************** OS/2 Mutex Implementation **********************
-**
-** This implementation of mutexes is built using the OS/2 API.
-*/
-
-/*
-** The mutex object
-** Each recursive mutex is an instance of the following structure.
-*/
-struct sqlite3_mutex {
-  HMTX mutex;       /* Mutex controlling the lock */
-  int  id;          /* Mutex type */
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
- int   trace;       /* True to trace changes */
-#endif
-};
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0, 0, 0 }
-#else
-#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0, 0 }
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Initialize and deinitialize the mutex subsystem.
-*/
-static int os2MutexInit(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
-static int os2MutexEnd(void){ return SQLITE_OK; }
-
-/*
-** The sqlite3_mutex_alloc() routine allocates a new
-** mutex and returns a pointer to it.  If it returns NULL
-** that means that a mutex could not be allocated. 
-** SQLite will unwind its stack and return an error.  The argument
-** to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() is one of these integer constants:
-**
-** <ul>
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2
-** </ul>
-**
-** The first two constants cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
-** a new mutex.  The new mutex is recursive when SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
-** is used but not necessarily so when SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST is used.
-** The mutex implementation does not need to make a distinction
-** between SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE and SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST if it does
-** not want to.  But SQLite will only request a recursive mutex in
-** cases where it really needs one.  If a faster non-recursive mutex
-** implementation is available on the host platform, the mutex subsystem
-** might return such a mutex in response to SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST.
-**
-** The other allowed parameters to sqlite3_mutex_alloc() each return
-** a pointer to a static preexisting mutex.  Six static mutexes are
-** used by the current version of SQLite.  Future versions of SQLite
-** may add additional static mutexes.  Static mutexes are for internal
-** use by SQLite only.  Applications that use SQLite mutexes should
-** use only the dynamic mutexes returned by SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST or
-** SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE.
-**
-** Note that if one of the dynamic mutex parameters (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
-** or SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE) is used then sqlite3_mutex_alloc()
-** returns a different mutex on every call.  But for the static
-** mutex types, the same mutex is returned on every call that has
-** the same type number.
-*/
-static sqlite3_mutex *os2MutexAlloc(int iType){
-  sqlite3_mutex *p = NULL;
-  switch( iType ){
-    case SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST:
-    case SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE: {
-      p = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*p) );
-      if( p ){
-        p->id = iType;
-        if( DosCreateMutexSem( 0, &p->mutex, 0, FALSE ) != NO_ERROR ){
-          sqlite3_free( p );
-          p = NULL;
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-    default: {
-      static volatile int isInit = 0;
-      static sqlite3_mutex staticMutexes[6] = {
-        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-        SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
-      };
-      if ( !isInit ){
-        APIRET rc;
-        PTIB ptib;
-        PPIB ppib;
-        HMTX mutex;
-        char name[32];
-        DosGetInfoBlocks( &ptib, &ppib );
-        sqlite3_snprintf( sizeof(name), name, "\\SEM32\\SQLITE%04x",
-                          ppib->pib_ulpid );
-        while( !isInit ){
-          mutex = 0;
-          rc = DosCreateMutexSem( name, &mutex, 0, FALSE);
-          if( rc == NO_ERROR ){
-            unsigned int i;
-            if( !isInit ){
-              for( i = 0; i < sizeof(staticMutexes)/sizeof(staticMutexes[0]); i++ ){
-                DosCreateMutexSem( 0, &staticMutexes[i].mutex, 0, FALSE );
-              }
-              isInit = 1;
-            }
-            DosCloseMutexSem( mutex );
-          }else if( rc == ERROR_DUPLICATE_NAME ){
-            DosSleep( 1 );
-          }else{
-            return p;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-      assert( iType-2 >= 0 );
-      assert( iType-2 < sizeof(staticMutexes)/sizeof(staticMutexes[0]) );
-      p = &staticMutexes[iType-2];
-      p->id = iType;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  return p;
-}
-
-
-/*
-** This routine deallocates a previously allocated mutex.
-** SQLite is careful to deallocate every mutex that it allocates.
-*/
-static void os2MutexFree(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  TID tid;
-  PID pid;
-  ULONG ulCount;
-  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
-  assert( ulCount==0 );
-  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
-#endif
-  DosCloseMutexSem( p->mutex );
-  sqlite3_free( p );
-}
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-/*
-** The sqlite3_mutex_held() and sqlite3_mutex_notheld() routine are
-** intended for use inside assert() statements.
-*/
-static int os2MutexHeld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  TID tid;
-  PID pid;
-  ULONG ulCount;
-  PTIB ptib;
-  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
-  if( ulCount==0 || ( ulCount>1 && p->id!=SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE ) )
-    return 0;
-  DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, NULL);
-  return tid==ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid;
-}
-static int os2MutexNotheld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  TID tid;
-  PID pid;
-  ULONG ulCount;
-  PTIB ptib;
-  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
-  if( ulCount==0 )
-    return 1;
-  DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, NULL);
-  return tid!=ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid;
-}
-static void os2MutexTrace(sqlite3_mutex *p, char *pAction){
-  TID   tid;
-  PID   pid;
-  ULONG ulCount;
-  DosQueryMutexSem(p->mutex, &pid, &tid, &ulCount);
-  printf("%s mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%ld\n", pAction, (void*)p, p->trace, ulCount);
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
-** The sqlite3_mutex_enter() and sqlite3_mutex_try() routines attempt
-** to enter a mutex.  If another thread is already within the mutex,
-** sqlite3_mutex_enter() will block and sqlite3_mutex_try() will return
-** SQLITE_BUSY.  The sqlite3_mutex_try() interface returns SQLITE_OK
-** upon successful entry.  Mutexes created using SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE can
-** be entered multiple times by the same thread.  In such cases the,
-** mutex must be exited an equal number of times before another thread
-** can enter.  If the same thread tries to enter any other kind of mutex
-** more than once, the behavior is undefined.
-*/
-static void os2MutexEnter(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || os2MutexNotheld(p) );
-  DosRequestMutexSem(p->mutex, SEM_INDEFINITE_WAIT);
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  if( p->trace ) os2MutexTrace(p, "enter");
-#endif
-}
-static int os2MutexTry(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  int rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
-  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || os2MutexNotheld(p) );
-  if( DosRequestMutexSem(p->mutex, SEM_IMMEDIATE_RETURN) == NO_ERROR ) {
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    if( p->trace ) os2MutexTrace(p, "try");
-#endif
-  }
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** The sqlite3_mutex_leave() routine exits a mutex that was
-** previously entered by the same thread.  The behavior
-** is undefined if the mutex is not currently entered or
-** is not currently allocated.  SQLite will never do either.
-*/
-static void os2MutexLeave(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  assert( os2MutexHeld(p) );
-  DosReleaseMutexSem(p->mutex);
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  if( p->trace ) os2MutexTrace(p, "leave");
-#endif
-}
-
-SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_mutex_methods const *sqlite3DefaultMutex(void){
-  static const sqlite3_mutex_methods sMutex = {
-    os2MutexInit,
-    os2MutexEnd,
-    os2MutexAlloc,
-    os2MutexFree,
-    os2MutexEnter,
-    os2MutexTry,
-    os2MutexLeave,
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    os2MutexHeld,
-    os2MutexNotheld
-#else
-    0,
-    0
-#endif
-  };
-
-  return &sMutex;
-}
-#endif /* SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2 */
-
-/************** End of mutex_os2.c *******************************************/
 /************** Begin file mutex_unix.c **************************************/
 /*
 ** 2007 August 28
@@ -17994,10 +18828,13 @@
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP1
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP3
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** The first two constants cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
@@ -18031,6 +18868,9 @@
     SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
     SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
     SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+    SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+    SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+    SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
     SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
   };
   sqlite3_mutex *p;
@@ -18261,12 +19101,303 @@
 **    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
 **
 *************************************************************************
-** This file contains the C functions that implement mutexes for win32
+** This file contains the C functions that implement mutexes for Win32.
 */
 
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN
+/*
+** Include code that is common to all os_*.c files
+*/
+/************** Include os_common.h in the middle of mutex_w32.c *************/
+/************** Begin file os_common.h ***************************************/
+/*
+** 2004 May 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains macros and a little bit of code that is common to
+** all of the platform-specific files (os_*.c) and is #included into those
+** files.
+**
+** This file should be #included by the os_*.c files only.  It is not a
+** general purpose header file.
+*/
+#ifndef _OS_COMMON_H_
+#define _OS_COMMON_H_
+
+/*
+** At least two bugs have slipped in because we changed the MEMORY_DEBUG
+** macro to SQLITE_DEBUG and some older makefiles have not yet made the
+** switch.  The following code should catch this problem at compile-time.
+*/
+#ifdef MEMORY_DEBUG
+# error "The MEMORY_DEBUG macro is obsolete.  Use SQLITE_DEBUG instead."
+#endif
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+# ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE
+#   define SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE 0
+# endif
+  int sqlite3OSTrace = SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE;
+# define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+#else
+# define OSTRACE(X)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Macros for performance tracing.  Normally turned off.  Only works
+** on i486 hardware.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_PERFORMANCE_TRACE
+
+/* 
+** hwtime.h contains inline assembler code for implementing 
+** high-performance timing routines.
+*/
+/************** Include hwtime.h in the middle of os_common.h ****************/
+/************** Begin file hwtime.h ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2008 May 27
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains inline asm code for retrieving "high-performance"
+** counters for x86 class CPUs.
+*/
+#ifndef _HWTIME_H_
+#define _HWTIME_H_
+
+/*
+** The following routine only works on pentium-class (or newer) processors.
+** It uses the RDTSC opcode to read the cycle count value out of the
+** processor and returns that value.  This can be used for high-res
+** profiling.
+*/
+#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)) && \
+      (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86))
+
+  #if defined(__GNUC__)
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+     unsigned int lo, hi;
+     __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=a" (lo), "=d" (hi));
+     return (sqlite_uint64)hi << 32 | lo;
+  }
+
+  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+
+  __declspec(naked) __inline sqlite_uint64 __cdecl sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+     __asm {
+        rdtsc
+        ret       ; return value at EDX:EAX
+     }
+  }
+
+  #endif
+
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__))
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+      unsigned long val;
+      __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=A" (val));
+      return val;
+  }
+ 
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__ppc__))
+
+  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
+      unsigned long long retval;
+      unsigned long junk;
+      __asm__ __volatile__ ("\n\
+          1:      mftbu   %1\n\
+                  mftb    %L0\n\
+                  mftbu   %0\n\
+                  cmpw    %0,%1\n\
+                  bne     1b"
+                  : "=r" (retval), "=r" (junk));
+      return retval;
+  }
+
+#else
+
+  #error Need implementation of sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform.
+
+  /*
+  ** To compile without implementing sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform,
+  ** you can remove the above #error and use the following
+  ** stub function.  You will lose timing support for many
+  ** of the debugging and testing utilities, but it should at
+  ** least compile and run.
+  */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE   sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){ return ((sqlite_uint64)0); }
+
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(_HWTIME_H_) */
+
+/************** End of hwtime.h **********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in os_common.h ******************/
+
+static sqlite_uint64 g_start;
+static sqlite_uint64 g_elapsed;
+#define TIMER_START       g_start=sqlite3Hwtime()
+#define TIMER_END         g_elapsed=sqlite3Hwtime()-g_start
+#define TIMER_ELAPSED     g_elapsed
+#else
+#define TIMER_START
+#define TIMER_END
+#define TIMER_ELAPSED     ((sqlite_uint64)0)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If we compile with the SQLITE_TEST macro set, then the following block
+** of code will give us the ability to simulate a disk I/O error.  This
+** is used for testing the I/O recovery logic.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hit = 0;            /* Total number of I/O Errors */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hardhit = 0;        /* Number of non-benign errors */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_pending = 0;        /* Count down to first I/O error */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_persist = 0;        /* True if I/O errors persist */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_benign = 0;         /* True if errors are benign */
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull_pending = 0;
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull = 0;
+#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X) sqlite3_io_error_benign=(X)
+#define SimulateIOError(CODE)  \
+  if( (sqlite3_io_error_persist && sqlite3_io_error_hit) \
+       || sqlite3_io_error_pending-- == 1 )  \
+              { local_ioerr(); CODE; }
+static void local_ioerr(){
+  IOTRACE(("IOERR\n"));
+  sqlite3_io_error_hit++;
+  if( !sqlite3_io_error_benign ) sqlite3_io_error_hardhit++;
+}
+#define SimulateDiskfullError(CODE) \
+   if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending ){ \
+     if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending == 1 ){ \
+       local_ioerr(); \
+       sqlite3_diskfull = 1; \
+       sqlite3_io_error_hit = 1; \
+       CODE; \
+     }else{ \
+       sqlite3_diskfull_pending--; \
+     } \
+   }
+#else
+#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X)
+#define SimulateIOError(A)
+#define SimulateDiskfullError(A)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** When testing, keep a count of the number of open files.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_file_count = 0;
+#define OpenCounter(X)  sqlite3_open_file_count+=(X)
+#else
+#define OpenCounter(X)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !defined(_OS_COMMON_H_) */
+
+/************** End of os_common.h *******************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in mutex_w32.c ******************/
+
+/*
+** Include the header file for the Windows VFS.
+*/
+/************** Include os_win.h in the middle of mutex_w32.c ****************/
+/************** Begin file os_win.h ******************************************/
+/*
+** 2013 November 25
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code that is specific to Windows.
+*/
+#ifndef _OS_WIN_H_
+#define _OS_WIN_H_
+
+/*
+** Include the primary Windows SDK header file.
+*/
+#include "windows.h"
+
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+# include <sys/cygwin.h>
+# include <errno.h> /* amalgamator: dontcache */
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Determine if we are dealing with Windows NT.
+**
+** We ought to be able to determine if we are compiling for Windows 9x or
+** Windows NT using the _WIN32_WINNT macro as follows:
+**
+** #if defined(_WIN32_WINNT)
+** # define SQLITE_OS_WINNT 1
+** #else
+** # define SQLITE_OS_WINNT 0
+** #endif
+**
+** However, Visual Studio 2005 does not set _WIN32_WINNT by default, as
+** it ought to, so the above test does not work.  We'll just assume that
+** everything is Windows NT unless the programmer explicitly says otherwise
+** by setting SQLITE_OS_WINNT to 0.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN && !defined(SQLITE_OS_WINNT)
+# define SQLITE_OS_WINNT 1
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Determine if we are dealing with Windows CE - which has a much reduced
+** API.
+*/
+#if defined(_WIN32_WCE)
+# define SQLITE_OS_WINCE 1
+#else
+# define SQLITE_OS_WINCE 0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Determine if we are dealing with WinRT, which provides only a subset of
+** the full Win32 API.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OS_WINRT)
+# define SQLITE_OS_WINRT 0
+#endif
+
+#endif /* _OS_WIN_H_ */
+
+/************** End of os_win.h **********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in mutex_w32.c ******************/
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** The code in this file is only used if we are compiling multithreaded
-** on a win32 system.
+** on a Win32 system.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_MUTEX_W32
 
@@ -18279,48 +19410,22 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   volatile int nRef;         /* Number of enterances */
   volatile DWORD owner;      /* Thread holding this mutex */
-  int trace;                 /* True to trace changes */
+  volatile int trace;        /* True to trace changes */
 #endif
 };
-#define SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0 }
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, 0, 0L, (DWORD)0, 0 }
-#else
-#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, 0 }
-#endif
 
 /*
-** Return true (non-zero) if we are running under WinNT, Win2K, WinXP,
-** or WinCE.  Return false (zero) for Win95, Win98, or WinME.
-**
-** Here is an interesting observation:  Win95, Win98, and WinME lack
-** the LockFileEx() API.  But we can still statically link against that
-** API as long as we don't call it win running Win95/98/ME.  A call to
-** this routine is used to determine if the host is Win95/98/ME or
-** WinNT/2K/XP so that we will know whether or not we can safely call
-** the LockFileEx() API.
-**
-** mutexIsNT() is only used for the TryEnterCriticalSection() API call,
-** which is only available if your application was compiled with 
-** _WIN32_WINNT defined to a value >= 0x0400.  Currently, the only
-** call to TryEnterCriticalSection() is #ifdef'ed out, so #ifdef 
-** this out as well.
+** These are the initializer values used when declaring a "static" mutex
+** on Win32.  It should be noted that all mutexes require initialization
+** on the Win32 platform.
 */
-#if 0
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
-# define mutexIsNT()  (1)
+#define SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { 0 }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, 0, \
+                                    0L, (DWORD)0, 0 }
 #else
-  static int mutexIsNT(void){
-    static int osType = 0;
-    if( osType==0 ){
-      OSVERSIONINFO sInfo;
-      sInfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(sInfo);
-      GetVersionEx(&sInfo);
-      osType = sInfo.dwPlatformId==VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT ? 2 : 1;
-    }
-    return osType==2;
-  }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OS_WINCE */
+#define SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER { SQLITE_W32_MUTEX_INITIALIZER, 0 }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
@@ -18331,20 +19436,24 @@
 static int winMutexHeld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
   return p->nRef!=0 && p->owner==GetCurrentThreadId();
 }
+
 static int winMutexNotheld2(sqlite3_mutex *p, DWORD tid){
   return p->nRef==0 || p->owner!=tid;
 }
+
 static int winMutexNotheld(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId(); 
+  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId();
   return winMutexNotheld2(p, tid);
 }
 #endif
 
-
 /*
 ** Initialize and deinitialize the mutex subsystem.
 */
-static sqlite3_mutex winMutex_staticMutexes[6] = {
+static sqlite3_mutex winMutex_staticMutexes[] = {
+  SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+  SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
+  SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
   SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
   SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
   SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
@@ -18352,33 +19461,43 @@
   SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER,
   SQLITE3_MUTEX_INITIALIZER
 };
-static int winMutex_isInit = 0;
-/* As winMutexInit() and winMutexEnd() are called as part
-** of the sqlite3_initialize and sqlite3_shutdown()
-** processing, the "interlocked" magic is probably not
-** strictly necessary.
-*/
-static long winMutex_lock = 0;
 
-static int winMutexInit(void){ 
+static int winMutex_isInit = 0;
+static int winMutex_isNt = -1; /* <0 means "need to query" */
+
+/* As the winMutexInit() and winMutexEnd() functions are called as part
+** of the sqlite3_initialize() and sqlite3_shutdown() processing, the
+** "interlocked" magic used here is probably not strictly necessary.
+*/
+static LONG volatile winMutex_lock = 0;
+
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_win32_is_nt(void); /* os_win.c */
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_win32_sleep(DWORD milliseconds); /* os_win.c */
+
+static int winMutexInit(void){
   /* The first to increment to 1 does actual initialization */
   if( InterlockedCompareExchange(&winMutex_lock, 1, 0)==0 ){
     int i;
     for(i=0; i<ArraySize(winMutex_staticMutexes); i++){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+      InitializeCriticalSectionEx(&winMutex_staticMutexes[i].mutex, 0, 0);
+#else
       InitializeCriticalSection(&winMutex_staticMutexes[i].mutex);
+#endif
     }
     winMutex_isInit = 1;
   }else{
-    /* Someone else is in the process of initing the static mutexes */
+    /* Another thread is (in the process of) initializing the static
+    ** mutexes */
     while( !winMutex_isInit ){
-      Sleep(1);
+      sqlite3_win32_sleep(1);
     }
   }
-  return SQLITE_OK; 
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
-static int winMutexEnd(void){ 
-  /* The first to decrement to 0 does actual shutdown 
+static int winMutexEnd(void){
+  /* The first to decrement to 0 does actual shutdown
   ** (which should be the last to shutdown.) */
   if( InterlockedCompareExchange(&winMutex_lock, 0, 1)==1 ){
     if( winMutex_isInit==1 ){
@@ -18389,7 +19508,7 @@
       winMutex_isInit = 0;
     }
   }
-  return SQLITE_OK; 
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -18404,10 +19523,13 @@
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP1
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP3
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** The first two constants cause sqlite3_mutex_alloc() to create
@@ -18430,7 +19552,7 @@
 **
 ** Note that if one of the dynamic mutex parameters (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST
 ** or SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE) is used then sqlite3_mutex_alloc()
-** returns a different mutex on every call.  But for the static 
+** returns a different mutex on every call.  But for the static
 ** mutex types, the same mutex is returned on every call that has
 ** the same type number.
 */
@@ -18441,21 +19563,31 @@
     case SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST:
     case SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE: {
       p = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*p) );
-      if( p ){  
+      if( p ){
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
         p->id = iType;
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MUTEX_TRACE_DYNAMIC
+        p->trace = 1;
 #endif
+#endif
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+        InitializeCriticalSectionEx(&p->mutex, 0, 0);
+#else
         InitializeCriticalSection(&p->mutex);
+#endif
       }
       break;
     }
     default: {
-      assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
       assert( iType-2 >= 0 );
       assert( iType-2 < ArraySize(winMutex_staticMutexes) );
+      assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
       p = &winMutex_staticMutexes[iType-2];
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
       p->id = iType;
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MUTEX_TRACE_STATIC
+      p->trace = 1;
+#endif
 #endif
       break;
     }
@@ -18471,8 +19603,11 @@
 */
 static void winMutexFree(sqlite3_mutex *p){
   assert( p );
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   assert( p->nRef==0 && p->owner==0 );
   assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
+#endif
+  assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
   DeleteCriticalSection(&p->mutex);
   sqlite3_free(p);
 }
@@ -18489,30 +19624,39 @@
 ** more than once, the behavior is undefined.
 */
 static void winMutexEnter(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId(); 
-  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || winMutexNotheld2(p, tid) );
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId();
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  assert( p );
+  assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || winMutexNotheld2(p, tid) );
+#else
+  assert( p );
+#endif
+  assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
   EnterCriticalSection(&p->mutex);
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   assert( p->nRef>0 || p->owner==0 );
-  p->owner = tid; 
+  p->owner = tid;
   p->nRef++;
   if( p->trace ){
-    printf("enter mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+    OSTRACE(("ENTER-MUTEX tid=%lu, mutex=%p (%d), nRef=%d\n",
+             tid, p, p->trace, p->nRef));
   }
 #endif
 }
+
 static int winMutexTry(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId(); 
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+  DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId();
 #endif
   int rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  assert( p );
   assert( p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE || winMutexNotheld2(p, tid) );
   /*
   ** The sqlite3_mutex_try() routine is very rarely used, and when it
   ** is used it is merely an optimization.  So it is OK for it to always
-  ** fail.  
+  ** fail.
   **
   ** The TryEnterCriticalSection() interface is only available on WinNT.
   ** And some windows compilers complain if you try to use it without
@@ -18520,18 +19664,27 @@
   ** For that reason, we will omit this optimization for now.  See
   ** ticket #2685.
   */
-#if 0
-  if( mutexIsNT() && TryEnterCriticalSection(&p->mutex) ){
+#if defined(_WIN32_WINNT) && _WIN32_WINNT >= 0x0400
+  assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
+  assert( winMutex_isNt>=-1 && winMutex_isNt<=1 );
+  if( winMutex_isNt<0 ){
+    winMutex_isNt = sqlite3_win32_is_nt();
+  }
+  assert( winMutex_isNt==0 || winMutex_isNt==1 );
+  if( winMutex_isNt && TryEnterCriticalSection(&p->mutex) ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     p->owner = tid;
     p->nRef++;
+#endif
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }
 #else
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p->trace ){
-    printf("try mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+  if( p->trace ){
+    OSTRACE(("TRY-MUTEX tid=%lu, mutex=%p (%d), owner=%lu, nRef=%d, rc=%s\n",
+             tid, p, p->trace, p->owner, p->nRef, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
   }
 #endif
   return rc;
@@ -18544,18 +19697,23 @@
 ** is not currently allocated.  SQLite will never do either.
 */
 static void winMutexLeave(sqlite3_mutex *p){
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
   DWORD tid = GetCurrentThreadId();
+#endif
+  assert( p );
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   assert( p->nRef>0 );
   assert( p->owner==tid );
   p->nRef--;
   if( p->nRef==0 ) p->owner = 0;
   assert( p->nRef==0 || p->id==SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE );
 #endif
+  assert( winMutex_isInit==1 );
   LeaveCriticalSection(&p->mutex);
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   if( p->trace ){
-    printf("leave mutex %p (%d) with nRef=%d\n", p, p->trace, p->nRef);
+    OSTRACE(("LEAVE-MUTEX tid=%lu, mutex=%p (%d), nRef=%d\n",
+             tid, p, p->trace, p->nRef));
   }
 #endif
 }
@@ -18577,9 +19735,9 @@
     0
 #endif
   };
-
   return &sMutex;
 }
+
 #endif /* SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 */
 
 /************** End of mutex_w32.c *******************************************/
@@ -19018,7 +20176,7 @@
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOOKASIDE
 static int isLookaside(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
-  return p && p>=db->lookaside.pStart && p<db->lookaside.pEnd;
+  return p>=db->lookaside.pStart && p<db->lookaside.pEnd;
 }
 #else
 #define isLookaside(A,B) 0
@@ -19034,8 +20192,9 @@
   return sqlite3GlobalConfig.m.xSize(p);
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DbMallocSize(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
-  assert( db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
-  if( db && isLookaside(db, p) ){
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( isLookaside(db, p) ){
     return db->lookaside.sz;
   }else{
     assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_DB) );
@@ -19069,6 +20228,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DbFree(sqlite3 *db, void *p){
   assert( db==0 || sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( p==0 ) return;
   if( db ){
     if( db->pnBytesFreed ){
       *db->pnBytesFreed += sqlite3DbMallocSize(db, p);
@@ -19076,6 +20236,10 @@
     }
     if( isLookaside(db, p) ){
       LookasideSlot *pBuf = (LookasideSlot*)p;
+#if SQLITE_DEBUG
+      /* Trash all content in the buffer being freed */
+      memset(p, 0xaa, db->lookaside.sz);
+#endif
       pBuf->pNext = db->lookaside.pFree;
       db->lookaside.pFree = pBuf;
       db->lookaside.nOut--;
@@ -19489,7 +20653,8 @@
 static char et_getdigit(LONGDOUBLE_TYPE *val, int *cnt){
   int digit;
   LONGDOUBLE_TYPE d;
-  if( (*cnt)++ >= 16 ) return '0';
+  if( (*cnt)<=0 ) return '0';
+  (*cnt)--;
   digit = (int)*val;
   d = digit;
   digit += '0';
@@ -19499,20 +20664,31 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT */
 
 /*
-** Append N space characters to the given string buffer.
+** Set the StrAccum object to an error mode.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AppendSpace(StrAccum *pAccum, int N){
-  static const char zSpaces[] = "                             ";
-  while( N>=(int)sizeof(zSpaces)-1 ){
-    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zSpaces, sizeof(zSpaces)-1);
-    N -= sizeof(zSpaces)-1;
-  }
-  if( N>0 ){
-    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zSpaces, N);
-  }
+static void setStrAccumError(StrAccum *p, u8 eError){
+  p->accError = eError;
+  p->nAlloc = 0;
 }
 
 /*
+** Extra argument values from a PrintfArguments object
+*/
+static sqlite3_int64 getIntArg(PrintfArguments *p){
+  if( p->nArg<=p->nUsed ) return 0;
+  return sqlite3_value_int64(p->apArg[p->nUsed++]);
+}
+static double getDoubleArg(PrintfArguments *p){
+  if( p->nArg<=p->nUsed ) return 0.0;
+  return sqlite3_value_double(p->apArg[p->nUsed++]);
+}
+static char *getTextArg(PrintfArguments *p){
+  if( p->nArg<=p->nUsed ) return 0;
+  return (char*)sqlite3_value_text(p->apArg[p->nUsed++]);
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** On machines with a small stack size, you can redefine the
 ** SQLITE_PRINT_BUF_SIZE to be something smaller, if desired.
 */
@@ -19525,10 +20701,10 @@
 ** Render a string given by "fmt" into the StrAccum object.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VXPrintf(
-  StrAccum *pAccum,                  /* Accumulate results here */
-  int useExtended,                   /* Allow extended %-conversions */
-  const char *fmt,                   /* Format string */
-  va_list ap                         /* arguments */
+  StrAccum *pAccum,          /* Accumulate results here */
+  u32 bFlags,                /* SQLITE_PRINTF_* flags */
+  const char *fmt,           /* Format string */
+  va_list ap                 /* arguments */
 ){
   int c;                     /* Next character in the format string */
   char *bufpt;               /* Pointer to the conversion buffer */
@@ -19546,6 +20722,8 @@
   etByte flag_longlong;      /* True if the "ll" flag is present */
   etByte done;               /* Loop termination flag */
   etByte xtype = 0;          /* Conversion paradigm */
+  u8 bArgList;               /* True for SQLITE_PRINTF_SQLFUNC */
+  u8 useIntern;              /* Ok to use internal conversions (ex: %T) */
   char prefix;               /* Prefix character.  "+" or "-" or " " or '\0'. */
   sqlite_uint64 longvalue;   /* Value for integer types */
   LONGDOUBLE_TYPE realvalue; /* Value for real types */
@@ -19560,16 +20738,23 @@
   etByte flag_dp;            /* True if decimal point should be shown */
   etByte flag_rtz;           /* True if trailing zeros should be removed */
 #endif
+  PrintfArguments *pArgList = 0; /* Arguments for SQLITE_PRINTF_SQLFUNC */
   char buf[etBUFSIZE];       /* Conversion buffer */
 
   bufpt = 0;
+  if( bFlags ){
+    if( (bArgList = (bFlags & SQLITE_PRINTF_SQLFUNC))!=0 ){
+      pArgList = va_arg(ap, PrintfArguments*);
+    }
+    useIntern = bFlags & SQLITE_PRINTF_INTERNAL;
+  }else{
+    bArgList = useIntern = 0;
+  }
   for(; (c=(*fmt))!=0; ++fmt){
     if( c!='%' ){
-      int amt;
       bufpt = (char *)fmt;
-      amt = 1;
-      while( (c=(*++fmt))!='%' && c!=0 ) amt++;
-      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, bufpt, amt);
+      while( (c=(*++fmt))!='%' && c!=0 ){};
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, bufpt, (int)(fmt - bufpt));
       if( c==0 ) break;
     }
     if( (c=(*++fmt))==0 ){
@@ -19594,7 +20779,11 @@
     /* Get the field width */
     width = 0;
     if( c=='*' ){
-      width = va_arg(ap,int);
+      if( bArgList ){
+        width = (int)getIntArg(pArgList);
+      }else{
+        width = va_arg(ap,int);
+      }
       if( width<0 ){
         flag_leftjustify = 1;
         width = -width;
@@ -19611,7 +20800,11 @@
       precision = 0;
       c = *++fmt;
       if( c=='*' ){
-        precision = va_arg(ap,int);
+        if( bArgList ){
+          precision = (int)getIntArg(pArgList);
+        }else{
+          precision = va_arg(ap,int);
+        }
         if( precision<0 ) precision = -precision;
         c = *++fmt;
       }else{
@@ -19642,7 +20835,7 @@
     for(idx=0; idx<ArraySize(fmtinfo); idx++){
       if( c==fmtinfo[idx].fmttype ){
         infop = &fmtinfo[idx];
-        if( useExtended || (infop->flags & FLAG_INTERN)==0 ){
+        if( useIntern || (infop->flags & FLAG_INTERN)==0 ){
           xtype = infop->type;
         }else{
           return;
@@ -19682,7 +20875,9 @@
       case etRADIX:
         if( infop->flags & FLAG_SIGNED ){
           i64 v;
-          if( flag_longlong ){
+          if( bArgList ){
+            v = getIntArg(pArgList);
+          }else if( flag_longlong ){
             v = va_arg(ap,i64);
           }else if( flag_long ){
             v = va_arg(ap,long int);
@@ -19703,7 +20898,9 @@
             else                       prefix = 0;
           }
         }else{
-          if( flag_longlong ){
+          if( bArgList ){
+            longvalue = (u64)getIntArg(pArgList);
+          }else if( flag_longlong ){
             longvalue = va_arg(ap,u64);
           }else if( flag_long ){
             longvalue = va_arg(ap,unsigned long int);
@@ -19723,7 +20920,7 @@
           nOut = precision + 10;
           zOut = zExtra = sqlite3Malloc( nOut );
           if( zOut==0 ){
-            pAccum->mallocFailed = 1;
+            setStrAccumError(pAccum, STRACCUM_NOMEM);
             return;
           }
         }
@@ -19738,10 +20935,8 @@
           *(--bufpt) = zOrd[x*2];
         }
         {
-          register const char *cset;      /* Use registers for speed */
-          register int base;
-          cset = &aDigits[infop->charset];
-          base = infop->base;
+          const char *cset = &aDigits[infop->charset];
+          u8 base = infop->base;
           do{                                           /* Convert to ascii */
             *(--bufpt) = cset[longvalue%base];
             longvalue = longvalue/base;
@@ -19763,7 +20958,11 @@
       case etFLOAT:
       case etEXP:
       case etGENERIC:
-        realvalue = va_arg(ap,double);
+        if( bArgList ){
+          realvalue = getDoubleArg(pArgList);
+        }else{
+          realvalue = va_arg(ap,double);
+        }
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
         length = 0;
 #else
@@ -19777,13 +20976,7 @@
           else                         prefix = 0;
         }
         if( xtype==etGENERIC && precision>0 ) precision--;
-#if 0
-        /* Rounding works like BSD when the constant 0.4999 is used.  Wierd! */
-        for(idx=precision, rounder=0.4999; idx>0; idx--, rounder*=0.1);
-#else
-        /* It makes more sense to use 0.5 */
         for(idx=precision, rounder=0.5; idx>0; idx--, rounder*=0.1){}
-#endif
         if( xtype==etFLOAT ) realvalue += rounder;
         /* Normalize realvalue to within 10.0 > realvalue >= 1.0 */
         exp = 0;
@@ -19793,9 +20986,12 @@
           break;
         }
         if( realvalue>0.0 ){
-          while( realvalue>=1e32 && exp<=350 ){ realvalue *= 1e-32; exp+=32; }
-          while( realvalue>=1e8 && exp<=350 ){ realvalue *= 1e-8; exp+=8; }
-          while( realvalue>=10.0 && exp<=350 ){ realvalue *= 0.1; exp++; }
+          LONGDOUBLE_TYPE scale = 1.0;
+          while( realvalue>=1e100*scale && exp<=350 ){ scale *= 1e100;exp+=100;}
+          while( realvalue>=1e64*scale && exp<=350 ){ scale *= 1e64; exp+=64; }
+          while( realvalue>=1e8*scale && exp<=350 ){ scale *= 1e8; exp+=8; }
+          while( realvalue>=10.0*scale && exp<=350 ){ scale *= 10.0; exp++; }
+          realvalue /= scale;
           while( realvalue<1e-8 ){ realvalue *= 1e8; exp-=8; }
           while( realvalue<1.0 ){ realvalue *= 10.0; exp--; }
           if( exp>350 ){
@@ -19828,22 +21024,22 @@
             xtype = etFLOAT;
           }
         }else{
-          flag_rtz = 0;
+          flag_rtz = flag_altform2;
         }
         if( xtype==etEXP ){
           e2 = 0;
         }else{
           e2 = exp;
         }
-        if( e2+precision+width > etBUFSIZE - 15 ){
-          bufpt = zExtra = sqlite3Malloc( e2+precision+width+15 );
+        if( MAX(e2,0)+precision+width > etBUFSIZE - 15 ){
+          bufpt = zExtra = sqlite3Malloc( MAX(e2,0)+precision+width+15 );
           if( bufpt==0 ){
-            pAccum->mallocFailed = 1;
+            setStrAccumError(pAccum, STRACCUM_NOMEM);
             return;
           }
         }
         zOut = bufpt;
-        nsd = 0;
+        nsd = 16 + flag_altform2*10;
         flag_dp = (precision>0 ?1:0) | flag_alternateform | flag_altform2;
         /* The sign in front of the number */
         if( prefix ){
@@ -19921,7 +21117,9 @@
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT) */
         break;
       case etSIZE:
-        *(va_arg(ap,int*)) = pAccum->nChar;
+        if( !bArgList ){
+          *(va_arg(ap,int*)) = pAccum->nChar;
+        }
         length = width = 0;
         break;
       case etPERCENT:
@@ -19930,7 +21128,12 @@
         length = 1;
         break;
       case etCHARX:
-        c = va_arg(ap,int);
+        if( bArgList ){
+          bufpt = getTextArg(pArgList);
+          c = bufpt ? bufpt[0] : 0;
+        }else{
+          c = va_arg(ap,int);
+        }
         buf[0] = (char)c;
         if( precision>=0 ){
           for(idx=1; idx<precision; idx++) buf[idx] = (char)c;
@@ -19942,10 +21145,14 @@
         break;
       case etSTRING:
       case etDYNSTRING:
-        bufpt = va_arg(ap,char*);
+        if( bArgList ){
+          bufpt = getTextArg(pArgList);
+        }else{
+          bufpt = va_arg(ap,char*);
+        }
         if( bufpt==0 ){
           bufpt = "";
-        }else if( xtype==etDYNSTRING ){
+        }else if( xtype==etDYNSTRING && !bArgList ){
           zExtra = bufpt;
         }
         if( precision>=0 ){
@@ -19961,7 +21168,13 @@
         int needQuote;
         char ch;
         char q = ((xtype==etSQLESCAPE3)?'"':'\'');   /* Quote character */
-        char *escarg = va_arg(ap,char*);
+        char *escarg;
+
+        if( bArgList ){
+          escarg = getTextArg(pArgList);
+        }else{
+          escarg = va_arg(ap,char*);
+        }
         isnull = escarg==0;
         if( isnull ) escarg = (xtype==etSQLESCAPE2 ? "NULL" : "(NULL)");
         k = precision;
@@ -19973,7 +21186,7 @@
         if( n>etBUFSIZE ){
           bufpt = zExtra = sqlite3Malloc( n );
           if( bufpt==0 ){
-            pAccum->mallocFailed = 1;
+            setStrAccumError(pAccum, STRACCUM_NOMEM);
             return;
           }
         }else{
@@ -19996,7 +21209,8 @@
       }
       case etTOKEN: {
         Token *pToken = va_arg(ap, Token*);
-        if( pToken ){
+        assert( bArgList==0 );
+        if( pToken && pToken->n ){
           sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, (const char*)pToken->z, pToken->n);
         }
         length = width = 0;
@@ -20006,12 +21220,13 @@
         SrcList *pSrc = va_arg(ap, SrcList*);
         int k = va_arg(ap, int);
         struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pSrc->a[k];
+        assert( bArgList==0 );
         assert( k>=0 && k<pSrc->nSrc );
         if( pItem->zDatabase ){
-          sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, pItem->zDatabase, -1);
+          sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(pAccum, pItem->zDatabase);
           sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, ".", 1);
         }
-        sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, pItem->zName, -1);
+        sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(pAccum, pItem->zName);
         length = width = 0;
         break;
       }
@@ -20025,77 +21240,99 @@
     ** "length" characters long.  The field width is "width".  Do
     ** the output.
     */
-    if( !flag_leftjustify ){
-      register int nspace;
-      nspace = width-length;
-      if( nspace>0 ){
-        sqlite3AppendSpace(pAccum, nspace);
-      }
-    }
-    if( length>0 ){
-      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, bufpt, length);
-    }
-    if( flag_leftjustify ){
-      register int nspace;
-      nspace = width-length;
-      if( nspace>0 ){
-        sqlite3AppendSpace(pAccum, nspace);
-      }
-    }
-    sqlite3_free(zExtra);
+    width -= length;
+    if( width>0 && !flag_leftjustify ) sqlite3AppendSpace(pAccum, width);
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, bufpt, length);
+    if( width>0 && flag_leftjustify ) sqlite3AppendSpace(pAccum, width);
+
+    if( zExtra ) sqlite3_free(zExtra);
   }/* End for loop over the format string */
 } /* End of function */
 
 /*
-** Append N bytes of text from z to the StrAccum object.
+** Enlarge the memory allocation on a StrAccum object so that it is
+** able to accept at least N more bytes of text.
+**
+** Return the number of bytes of text that StrAccum is able to accept
+** after the attempted enlargement.  The value returned might be zero.
+*/
+static int sqlite3StrAccumEnlarge(StrAccum *p, int N){
+  char *zNew;
+  assert( p->nChar+N >= p->nAlloc ); /* Only called if really needed */
+  if( p->accError ){
+    testcase(p->accError==STRACCUM_TOOBIG);
+    testcase(p->accError==STRACCUM_NOMEM);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( !p->useMalloc ){
+    N = p->nAlloc - p->nChar - 1;
+    setStrAccumError(p, STRACCUM_TOOBIG);
+    return N;
+  }else{
+    char *zOld = (p->zText==p->zBase ? 0 : p->zText);
+    i64 szNew = p->nChar;
+    szNew += N + 1;
+    if( szNew > p->mxAlloc ){
+      sqlite3StrAccumReset(p);
+      setStrAccumError(p, STRACCUM_TOOBIG);
+      return 0;
+    }else{
+      p->nAlloc = (int)szNew;
+    }
+    if( p->useMalloc==1 ){
+      zNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, zOld, p->nAlloc);
+    }else{
+      zNew = sqlite3_realloc(zOld, p->nAlloc);
+    }
+    if( zNew ){
+      assert( p->zText!=0 || p->nChar==0 );
+      if( zOld==0 && p->nChar>0 ) memcpy(zNew, p->zText, p->nChar);
+      p->zText = zNew;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3StrAccumReset(p);
+      setStrAccumError(p, STRACCUM_NOMEM);
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return N;
+}
+
+/*
+** Append N space characters to the given string buffer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AppendSpace(StrAccum *p, int N){
+  if( p->nChar+N >= p->nAlloc && (N = sqlite3StrAccumEnlarge(p, N))<=0 ) return;
+  while( (N--)>0 ) p->zText[p->nChar++] = ' ';
+}
+
+/*
+** The StrAccum "p" is not large enough to accept N new bytes of z[].
+** So enlarge if first, then do the append.
+**
+** This is a helper routine to sqlite3StrAccumAppend() that does special-case
+** work (enlarging the buffer) using tail recursion, so that the
+** sqlite3StrAccumAppend() routine can use fast calling semantics.
+*/
+static void enlargeAndAppend(StrAccum *p, const char *z, int N){
+  N = sqlite3StrAccumEnlarge(p, N);
+  if( N>0 ){
+    memcpy(&p->zText[p->nChar], z, N);
+    p->nChar += N;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Append N bytes of text from z to the StrAccum object.  Increase the
+** size of the memory allocation for StrAccum if necessary.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppend(StrAccum *p, const char *z, int N){
-  assert( z!=0 || N==0 );
-  if( p->tooBig | p->mallocFailed ){
-    testcase(p->tooBig);
-    testcase(p->mallocFailed);
-    return;
-  }
-  assert( p->zText!=0 || p->nChar==0 );
-  if( N<0 ){
-    N = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
-  }
-  if( N==0 || NEVER(z==0) ){
-    return;
-  }
+  assert( z!=0 );
+  assert( p->zText!=0 || p->nChar==0 || p->accError );
+  assert( N>=0 );
+  assert( p->accError==0 || p->nAlloc==0 );
   if( p->nChar+N >= p->nAlloc ){
-    char *zNew;
-    if( !p->useMalloc ){
-      p->tooBig = 1;
-      N = p->nAlloc - p->nChar - 1;
-      if( N<=0 ){
-        return;
-      }
-    }else{
-      char *zOld = (p->zText==p->zBase ? 0 : p->zText);
-      i64 szNew = p->nChar;
-      szNew += N + 1;
-      if( szNew > p->mxAlloc ){
-        sqlite3StrAccumReset(p);
-        p->tooBig = 1;
-        return;
-      }else{
-        p->nAlloc = (int)szNew;
-      }
-      if( p->useMalloc==1 ){
-        zNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, zOld, p->nAlloc);
-      }else{
-        zNew = sqlite3_realloc(zOld, p->nAlloc);
-      }
-      if( zNew ){
-        if( zOld==0 && p->nChar>0 ) memcpy(zNew, p->zText, p->nChar);
-        p->zText = zNew;
-      }else{
-        p->mallocFailed = 1;
-        sqlite3StrAccumReset(p);
-        return;
-      }
-    }
+    enlargeAndAppend(p,z,N);
+    return;
   }
   assert( p->zText );
   memcpy(&p->zText[p->nChar], z, N);
@@ -20103,6 +21340,14 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Append the complete text of zero-terminated string z[] to the p string.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(StrAccum *p, const char *z){
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(p, z, sqlite3Strlen30(z));
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** Finish off a string by making sure it is zero-terminated.
 ** Return a pointer to the resulting string.  Return a NULL
 ** pointer if any kind of error was encountered.
@@ -20119,7 +21364,7 @@
       if( p->zText ){
         memcpy(p->zText, p->zBase, p->nChar+1);
       }else{
-        p->mallocFailed = 1;
+        setStrAccumError(p, STRACCUM_NOMEM);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -20150,8 +21395,7 @@
   p->nAlloc = n;
   p->mxAlloc = mx;
   p->useMalloc = 1;
-  p->tooBig = 0;
-  p->mallocFailed = 0;
+  p->accError = 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -20166,9 +21410,9 @@
   sqlite3StrAccumInit(&acc, zBase, sizeof(zBase),
                       db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]);
   acc.db = db;
-  sqlite3VXPrintf(&acc, 1, zFormat, ap);
+  sqlite3VXPrintf(&acc, SQLITE_PRINTF_INTERNAL, zFormat, ap);
   z = sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&acc);
-  if( acc.mallocFailed ){
+  if( acc.accError==STRACCUM_NOMEM ){
     db->mallocFailed = 1;
   }
   return z;
@@ -20322,17 +21566,15 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
 /*
 ** variable-argument wrapper around sqlite3VXPrintf().
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3XPrintf(StrAccum *p, const char *zFormat, ...){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3XPrintf(StrAccum *p, u32 bFlags, const char *zFormat, ...){
   va_list ap;
   va_start(ap,zFormat);
-  sqlite3VXPrintf(p, 1, zFormat, ap);
+  sqlite3VXPrintf(p, bFlags, zFormat, ap);
   va_end(ap);
 }
-#endif
 
 /************** End of printf.c **********************************************/
 /************** Begin file random.c ******************************************/
@@ -20365,24 +21607,11 @@
 } sqlite3Prng;
 
 /*
-** Get a single 8-bit random value from the RC4 PRNG.  The Mutex
-** must be held while executing this routine.
-**
-** Why not just use a library random generator like lrand48() for this?
-** Because the OP_NewRowid opcode in the VDBE depends on having a very
-** good source of random numbers.  The lrand48() library function may
-** well be good enough.  But maybe not.  Or maybe lrand48() has some
-** subtle problems on some systems that could cause problems.  It is hard
-** to know.  To minimize the risk of problems due to bad lrand48()
-** implementations, SQLite uses this random number generator based
-** on RC4, which we know works very well.
-**
-** (Later):  Actually, OP_NewRowid does not depend on a good source of
-** randomness any more.  But we will leave this code in all the same.
+** Return N random bytes.
 */
-static u8 randomByte(void){
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_randomness(int N, void *pBuf){
   unsigned char t;
-
+  unsigned char *zBuf = pBuf;
 
   /* The "wsdPrng" macro will resolve to the pseudo-random number generator
   ** state vector.  If writable static data is unsupported on the target,
@@ -20397,6 +21626,16 @@
 # define wsdPrng sqlite3Prng
 #endif
 
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG);
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+#endif
+
+  if( N<=0 ){
+    wsdPrng.isInit = 0;
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+    return;
+  }
 
   /* Initialize the state of the random number generator once,
   ** the first time this routine is called.  The seed value does
@@ -20425,29 +21664,16 @@
     wsdPrng.isInit = 1;
   }
 
-  /* Generate and return single random byte
-  */
-  wsdPrng.i++;
-  t = wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i];
-  wsdPrng.j += t;
-  wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i] = wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.j];
-  wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.j] = t;
-  t += wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i];
-  return wsdPrng.s[t];
-}
-
-/*
-** Return N random bytes.
-*/
-SQLITE_API void sqlite3_randomness(int N, void *pBuf){
-  unsigned char *zBuf = pBuf;
-#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
-  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG);
-#endif
-  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
-  while( N-- ){
-    *(zBuf++) = randomByte();
-  }
+  assert( N>0 );
+  do{
+    wsdPrng.i++;
+    t = wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i];
+    wsdPrng.j += t;
+    wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i] = wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.j];
+    wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.j] = t;
+    t += wsdPrng.s[wsdPrng.i];
+    *(zBuf++) = wsdPrng.s[t];
+  }while( --N );
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
 }
 
@@ -20476,9 +21702,6 @@
     sizeof(sqlite3Prng)
   );
 }
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PrngResetState(void){
-  GLOBAL(struct sqlite3PrngType, sqlite3Prng).isInit = 0;
-}
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST */
 
 /************** End of random.c **********************************************/
@@ -20631,8 +21854,8 @@
 **     and rendered as themselves even though they are technically
 **     invalid characters.
 **
-**  *  This routine accepts an infinite number of different UTF8 encodings
-**     for unicode values 0x80 and greater.  It do not change over-length
+**  *  This routine accepts over-length UTF8 encodings
+**     for unicode values 0x80 and greater.  It does not change over-length
 **     encodings to 0xfffd as some systems recommend.
 */
 #define READ_UTF8(zIn, zTerm, c)                           \
@@ -20647,25 +21870,23 @@
         || (c&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ){  c = 0xFFFD; }        \
   }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Utf8Read(
-  const unsigned char *zIn,       /* First byte of UTF-8 character */
-  const unsigned char **pzNext    /* Write first byte past UTF-8 char here */
+  const unsigned char **pz    /* Pointer to string from which to read char */
 ){
   unsigned int c;
 
   /* Same as READ_UTF8() above but without the zTerm parameter.
   ** For this routine, we assume the UTF8 string is always zero-terminated.
   */
-  c = *(zIn++);
+  c = *((*pz)++);
   if( c>=0xc0 ){
     c = sqlite3Utf8Trans1[c-0xc0];
-    while( (*zIn & 0xc0)==0x80 ){
-      c = (c<<6) + (0x3f & *(zIn++));
+    while( (*(*pz) & 0xc0)==0x80 ){
+      c = (c<<6) + (0x3f & *((*pz)++));
     }
     if( c<0x80
         || (c&0xFFFFF800)==0xD800
         || (c&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ){  c = 0xFFFD; }
   }
-  *pzNext = zIn;
   return c;
 }
 
@@ -20766,7 +21987,6 @@
     if( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF16LE ){
       /* UTF-8 -> UTF-16 Little-endian */
       while( zIn<zTerm ){
-        /* c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zIn, zTerm, (const u8**)&zIn); */
         READ_UTF8(zIn, zTerm, c);
         WRITE_UTF16LE(z, c);
       }
@@ -20774,7 +21994,6 @@
       assert( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
       /* UTF-8 -> UTF-16 Big-endian */
       while( zIn<zTerm ){
-        /* c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zIn, zTerm, (const u8**)&zIn); */
         READ_UTF8(zIn, zTerm, c);
         WRITE_UTF16BE(z, c);
       }
@@ -20804,7 +22023,7 @@
   sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
   pMem->flags &= ~(MEM_Static|MEM_Dyn|MEM_Ephem);
   pMem->enc = desiredEnc;
-  pMem->flags |= (MEM_Term|MEM_Dyn);
+  pMem->flags |= (MEM_Term);
   pMem->z = (char*)zOut;
   pMem->zMalloc = pMem->z;
 
@@ -20902,7 +22121,7 @@
   u32 c;
 
   while( zIn[0] && zOut<=zIn ){
-    c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zIn, (const u8**)&zIn);
+    c = sqlite3Utf8Read((const u8**)&zIn);
     if( c!=0xfffd ){
       WRITE_UTF8(zOut, c);
     }
@@ -20932,38 +22151,11 @@
   }
   assert( (m.flags & MEM_Term)!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
   assert( (m.flags & MEM_Str)!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
-  assert( (m.flags & MEM_Dyn)!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
   assert( m.z || db->mallocFailed );
   return m.z;
 }
 
 /*
-** Convert a UTF-8 string to the UTF-16 encoding specified by parameter
-** enc. A pointer to the new string is returned, and the value of *pnOut
-** is set to the length of the returned string in bytes. The call should
-** arrange to call sqlite3DbFree() on the returned pointer when it is
-** no longer required.
-** 
-** If a malloc failure occurs, NULL is returned and the db.mallocFailed
-** flag set.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Utf8to16(sqlite3 *db, u8 enc, char *z, int n, int *pnOut){
-  Mem m;
-  memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
-  m.db = db;
-  sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&m, z, n, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTranslate(&m, enc) ){
-    assert( db->mallocFailed );
-    return 0;
-  }
-  assert( m.z==m.zMalloc );
-  *pnOut = m.n;
-  return m.z;
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
 ** zIn is a UTF-16 encoded unicode string at least nChar characters long.
 ** Return the number of bytes in the first nChar unicode characters
 ** in pZ.  nChar must be non-negative.
@@ -21007,7 +22199,7 @@
     assert( n>0 && n<=4 );
     z[0] = 0;
     z = zBuf;
-    c = sqlite3Utf8Read(z, (const u8**)&z);
+    c = sqlite3Utf8Read((const u8**)&z);
     t = i;
     if( i>=0xD800 && i<=0xDFFF ) t = 0xFFFD;
     if( (i&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ) t = 0xFFFD;
@@ -21076,6 +22268,24 @@
 }
 #endif
 
+/*
+** Give a callback to the test harness that can be used to simulate faults
+** in places where it is difficult or expensive to do so purely by means
+** of inputs.
+**
+** The intent of the integer argument is to let the fault simulator know
+** which of multiple sqlite3FaultSim() calls has been hit.
+**
+** Return whatever integer value the test callback returns, or return
+** SQLITE_OK if no test callback is installed.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FaultSim(int iTest){
+  int (*xCallback)(int) = sqlite3GlobalConfig.xTestCallback;
+  return xCallback ? xCallback(iTest) : SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
 /*
 ** Return true if the floating point value is Not a Number (NaN).
@@ -21160,18 +22370,17 @@
 ** to NULL.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Error(sqlite3 *db, int err_code, const char *zFormat, ...){
-  if( db && (db->pErr || (db->pErr = sqlite3ValueNew(db))!=0) ){
-    db->errCode = err_code;
-    if( zFormat ){
-      char *z;
-      va_list ap;
-      va_start(ap, zFormat);
-      z = sqlite3VMPrintf(db, zFormat, ap);
-      va_end(ap);
-      sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, z, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
-    }else{
-      sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, 0, 0, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
-    }
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  db->errCode = err_code;
+  if( zFormat && (db->pErr || (db->pErr = sqlite3ValueNew(db))!=0) ){
+    char *z;
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, zFormat);
+    z = sqlite3VMPrintf(db, zFormat, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+    sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, z, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+  }else if( db->pErr ){
+    sqlite3ValueSetNull(db->pErr);
   }
 }
 
@@ -21238,7 +22447,8 @@
     case '[':   quote = ']';  break;  /* For MS SqlServer compatibility */
     default:    return -1;
   }
-  for(i=1, j=0; ALWAYS(z[i]); i++){
+  for(i=1, j=0;; i++){
+    assert( z[i] );
     if( z[i]==quote ){
       if( z[i+1]==quote ){
         z[j++] = quote;
@@ -21306,7 +22516,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3AtoF(const char *z, double *pResult, int length, u8 enc){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
-  int incr = (enc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2);
+  int incr;
   const char *zEnd = z + length;
   /* sign * significand * (10 ^ (esign * exponent)) */
   int sign = 1;    /* sign of significand */
@@ -21317,10 +22527,22 @@
   int eValid = 1;  /* True exponent is either not used or is well-formed */
   double result;
   int nDigits = 0;
+  int nonNum = 0;
 
+  assert( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
   *pResult = 0.0;   /* Default return value, in case of an error */
 
-  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE ) z++;
+  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+    incr = 1;
+  }else{
+    int i;
+    incr = 2;
+    assert( SQLITE_UTF16LE==2 && SQLITE_UTF16BE==3 );
+    for(i=3-enc; i<length && z[i]==0; i+=2){}
+    nonNum = i<length;
+    zEnd = z+i+enc-3;
+    z += (enc&1);
+  }
 
   /* skip leading spaces */
   while( z<zEnd && sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z+=incr;
@@ -21416,7 +22638,7 @@
     /* if exponent, scale significand as appropriate
     ** and store in result. */
     if( e ){
-      double scale = 1.0;
+      LONGDOUBLE_TYPE scale = 1.0;
       /* attempt to handle extremely small/large numbers better */
       if( e>307 && e<342 ){
         while( e%308 ) { scale *= 1.0e+1; e -= 1; }
@@ -21453,7 +22675,7 @@
   *pResult = result;
 
   /* return true if number and no extra non-whitespace chracters after */
-  return z>=zEnd && nDigits>0 && eValid;
+  return z>=zEnd && nDigits>0 && eValid && nonNum==0;
 #else
   return !sqlite3Atoi64(z, pResult, length, enc);
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT */
@@ -21490,33 +22712,45 @@
   return c;
 }
 
-
 /*
-** Convert zNum to a 64-bit signed integer.
+** Convert zNum to a 64-bit signed integer.  zNum must be decimal. This
+** routine does *not* accept hexadecimal notation.
 **
 ** If the zNum value is representable as a 64-bit twos-complement 
 ** integer, then write that value into *pNum and return 0.
 **
-** If zNum is exactly 9223372036854665808, return 2.  This special
-** case is broken out because while 9223372036854665808 cannot be a 
-** signed 64-bit integer, its negative -9223372036854665808 can be.
+** If zNum is exactly 9223372036854775808, return 2.  This special
+** case is broken out because while 9223372036854775808 cannot be a 
+** signed 64-bit integer, its negative -9223372036854775808 can be.
 **
 ** If zNum is too big for a 64-bit integer and is not
-** 9223372036854665808 then return 1.
+** 9223372036854775808  or if zNum contains any non-numeric text,
+** then return 1.
 **
 ** length is the number of bytes in the string (bytes, not characters).
 ** The string is not necessarily zero-terminated.  The encoding is
 ** given by enc.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Atoi64(const char *zNum, i64 *pNum, int length, u8 enc){
-  int incr = (enc==SQLITE_UTF8?1:2);
+  int incr;
   u64 u = 0;
   int neg = 0; /* assume positive */
   int i;
   int c = 0;
+  int nonNum = 0;
   const char *zStart;
   const char *zEnd = zNum + length;
-  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE ) zNum++;
+  assert( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+  if( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+    incr = 1;
+  }else{
+    incr = 2;
+    assert( SQLITE_UTF16LE==2 && SQLITE_UTF16BE==3 );
+    for(i=3-enc; i<length && zNum[i]==0; i+=2){}
+    nonNum = i<length;
+    zEnd = zNum+i+enc-3;
+    zNum += (enc&1);
+  }
   while( zNum<zEnd && sqlite3Isspace(*zNum) ) zNum+=incr;
   if( zNum<zEnd ){
     if( *zNum=='-' ){
@@ -21532,7 +22766,7 @@
     u = u*10 + c - '0';
   }
   if( u>LARGEST_INT64 ){
-    *pNum = SMALLEST_INT64;
+    *pNum = neg ? SMALLEST_INT64 : LARGEST_INT64;
   }else if( neg ){
     *pNum = -(i64)u;
   }else{
@@ -21541,7 +22775,7 @@
   testcase( i==18 );
   testcase( i==19 );
   testcase( i==20 );
-  if( (c!=0 && &zNum[i]<zEnd) || (i==0 && zStart==zNum) || i>19*incr ){
+  if( (c!=0 && &zNum[i]<zEnd) || (i==0 && zStart==zNum) || i>19*incr || nonNum ){
     /* zNum is empty or contains non-numeric text or is longer
     ** than 19 digits (thus guaranteeing that it is too large) */
     return 1;
@@ -21563,16 +22797,49 @@
       /* zNum is exactly 9223372036854775808.  Fits if negative.  The
       ** special case 2 overflow if positive */
       assert( u-1==LARGEST_INT64 );
-      assert( (*pNum)==SMALLEST_INT64 );
       return neg ? 0 : 2;
     }
   }
 }
 
 /*
+** Transform a UTF-8 integer literal, in either decimal or hexadecimal,
+** into a 64-bit signed integer.  This routine accepts hexadecimal literals,
+** whereas sqlite3Atoi64() does not.
+**
+** Returns:
+**
+**     0    Successful transformation.  Fits in a 64-bit signed integer.
+**     1    Integer too large for a 64-bit signed integer or is malformed
+**     2    Special case of 9223372036854775808
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(const char *z, i64 *pOut){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_HEX_INTEGER
+  if( z[0]=='0'
+   && (z[1]=='x' || z[1]=='X')
+   && sqlite3Isxdigit(z[2])
+  ){
+    u64 u = 0;
+    int i, k;
+    for(i=2; z[i]=='0'; i++){}
+    for(k=i; sqlite3Isxdigit(z[k]); k++){
+      u = u*16 + sqlite3HexToInt(z[k]);
+    }
+    memcpy(pOut, &u, 8);
+    return (z[k]==0 && k-i<=16) ? 0 : 1;
+  }else
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_HEX_INTEGER */
+  {
+    return sqlite3Atoi64(z, pOut, sqlite3Strlen30(z), SQLITE_UTF8);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** If zNum represents an integer that will fit in 32-bits, then set
 ** *pValue to that integer and return true.  Otherwise return false.
 **
+** This routine accepts both decimal and hexadecimal notation for integers.
+**
 ** Any non-numeric characters that following zNum are ignored.
 ** This is different from sqlite3Atoi64() which requires the
 ** input number to be zero-terminated.
@@ -21587,7 +22854,25 @@
   }else if( zNum[0]=='+' ){
     zNum++;
   }
-  while( zNum[0]=='0' ) zNum++;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_HEX_INTEGER
+  else if( zNum[0]=='0'
+        && (zNum[1]=='x' || zNum[1]=='X')
+        && sqlite3Isxdigit(zNum[2])
+  ){
+    u32 u = 0;
+    zNum += 2;
+    while( zNum[0]=='0' ) zNum++;
+    for(i=0; sqlite3Isxdigit(zNum[i]) && i<8; i++){
+      u = u*16 + sqlite3HexToInt(zNum[i]);
+    }
+    if( (u&0x80000000)==0 && sqlite3Isxdigit(zNum[i])==0 ){
+      memcpy(pValue, &u, 4);
+      return 1;
+    }else{
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
   for(i=0; i<11 && (c = zNum[i] - '0')>=0 && c<=9; i++){
     v = v*10 + c;
   }
@@ -22023,7 +23308,8 @@
 ** Read or write a four-byte big-endian integer value.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3Get4byte(const u8 *p){
-  return (p[0]<<24) | (p[1]<<16) | (p[2]<<8) | p[3];
+  testcase( p[0]&0x80 );
+  return ((unsigned)p[0]<<24) | (p[1]<<16) | (p[2]<<8) | p[3];
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Put4byte(unsigned char *p, u32 v){
   p[0] = (u8)(v>>24);
@@ -22144,13 +23430,12 @@
     testcase( iA>0 && LARGEST_INT64 - iA == iB );
     testcase( iA>0 && LARGEST_INT64 - iA == iB - 1 );
     if( iA>0 && LARGEST_INT64 - iA < iB ) return 1;
-    *pA += iB;
   }else{
     testcase( iA<0 && -(iA + LARGEST_INT64) == iB + 1 );
     testcase( iA<0 && -(iA + LARGEST_INT64) == iB + 2 );
     if( iA<0 && -(iA + LARGEST_INT64) > iB + 1 ) return 1;
-    *pA += iB;
   }
+  *pA += iB;
   return 0; 
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SubInt64(i64 *pA, i64 iB){
@@ -22174,9 +23459,18 @@
   iA0 = iA % TWOPOWER32;
   iB1 = iB/TWOPOWER32;
   iB0 = iB % TWOPOWER32;
-  if( iA1*iB1 != 0 ) return 1;
-  assert( iA1*iB0==0 || iA0*iB1==0 );
-  r = iA1*iB0 + iA0*iB1;
+  if( iA1==0 ){
+    if( iB1==0 ){
+      *pA *= iB;
+      return 0;
+    }
+    r = iA0*iB1;
+  }else if( iB1==0 ){
+    r = iA1*iB0;
+  }else{
+    /* If both iA1 and iB1 are non-zero, overflow will result */
+    return 1;
+  }
   testcase( r==(-TWOPOWER31)-1 );
   testcase( r==(-TWOPOWER31) );
   testcase( r==TWOPOWER31 );
@@ -22229,6 +23523,85 @@
 }
 #endif
 
+/* 
+** Find (an approximate) sum of two LogEst values.  This computation is
+** not a simple "+" operator because LogEst is stored as a logarithmic
+** value.
+** 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE LogEst sqlite3LogEstAdd(LogEst a, LogEst b){
+  static const unsigned char x[] = {
+     10, 10,                         /* 0,1 */
+      9, 9,                          /* 2,3 */
+      8, 8,                          /* 4,5 */
+      7, 7, 7,                       /* 6,7,8 */
+      6, 6, 6,                       /* 9,10,11 */
+      5, 5, 5,                       /* 12-14 */
+      4, 4, 4, 4,                    /* 15-18 */
+      3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,              /* 19-24 */
+      2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,           /* 25-31 */
+  };
+  if( a>=b ){
+    if( a>b+49 ) return a;
+    if( a>b+31 ) return a+1;
+    return a+x[a-b];
+  }else{
+    if( b>a+49 ) return b;
+    if( b>a+31 ) return b+1;
+    return b+x[b-a];
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert an integer into a LogEst.  In other words, compute an
+** approximation for 10*log2(x).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE LogEst sqlite3LogEst(u64 x){
+  static LogEst a[] = { 0, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
+  LogEst y = 40;
+  if( x<8 ){
+    if( x<2 ) return 0;
+    while( x<8 ){  y -= 10; x <<= 1; }
+  }else{
+    while( x>255 ){ y += 40; x >>= 4; }
+    while( x>15 ){  y += 10; x >>= 1; }
+  }
+  return a[x&7] + y - 10;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/*
+** Convert a double into a LogEst
+** In other words, compute an approximation for 10*log2(x).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE LogEst sqlite3LogEstFromDouble(double x){
+  u64 a;
+  LogEst e;
+  assert( sizeof(x)==8 && sizeof(a)==8 );
+  if( x<=1 ) return 0;
+  if( x<=2000000000 ) return sqlite3LogEst((u64)x);
+  memcpy(&a, &x, 8);
+  e = (a>>52) - 1022;
+  return e*10;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+/*
+** Convert a LogEst into an integer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u64 sqlite3LogEstToInt(LogEst x){
+  u64 n;
+  if( x<10 ) return 1;
+  n = x%10;
+  x /= 10;
+  if( n>=5 ) n -= 2;
+  else if( n>=1 ) n -= 1;
+  if( x>=3 ){
+    return x>60 ? (u64)LARGEST_INT64 : (n+8)<<(x-3);
+  }
+  return (n+8)>>(3-x);
+}
+
 /************** End of util.c ************************************************/
 /************** Begin file hash.c ********************************************/
 /*
@@ -22285,7 +23658,7 @@
 ** The hashing function.
 */
 static unsigned int strHash(const char *z, int nKey){
-  int h = 0;
+  unsigned int h = 0;
   assert( nKey>=0 );
   while( nKey > 0  ){
     h = (h<<3) ^ h ^ sqlite3UpperToLower[(unsigned char)*z++];
@@ -22345,7 +23718,11 @@
 
   /* The inability to allocates space for a larger hash table is
   ** a performance hit but it is not a fatal error.  So mark the
-  ** allocation as a benign.
+  ** allocation as a benign. Use sqlite3Malloc()/memset(0) instead of 
+  ** sqlite3MallocZero() to make the allocation, as sqlite3MallocZero()
+  ** only zeroes the requested number of bytes whereas this module will
+  ** use the actual amount of space allocated for the hash table (which
+  ** may be larger than the requested amount).
   */
   sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
   new_ht = (struct _ht *)sqlite3Malloc( new_size*sizeof(struct _ht) );
@@ -22421,7 +23798,7 @@
   }
   sqlite3_free( elem );
   pH->count--;
-  if( pH->count<=0 ){
+  if( pH->count==0 ){
     assert( pH->first==0 );
     assert( pH->count==0 );
     sqlite3HashClear(pH);
@@ -22512,2299 +23889,178 @@
 /************** Begin file opcodes.c *****************************************/
 /* Automatically generated.  Do not edit */
 /* See the mkopcodec.awk script for details. */
-#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) || !defined(NDEBUG) || defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) || defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+# define OpHelp(X) "\0" X
+#else
+# define OpHelp(X)
+#endif
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3OpcodeName(int i){
  static const char *const azName[] = { "?",
-     /*   1 */ "Goto",
-     /*   2 */ "Gosub",
-     /*   3 */ "Return",
-     /*   4 */ "Yield",
-     /*   5 */ "HaltIfNull",
-     /*   6 */ "Halt",
-     /*   7 */ "Integer",
-     /*   8 */ "Int64",
-     /*   9 */ "String",
-     /*  10 */ "Null",
-     /*  11 */ "Blob",
-     /*  12 */ "Variable",
-     /*  13 */ "Move",
-     /*  14 */ "Copy",
-     /*  15 */ "SCopy",
-     /*  16 */ "ResultRow",
-     /*  17 */ "CollSeq",
-     /*  18 */ "Function",
-     /*  19 */ "Not",
-     /*  20 */ "AddImm",
-     /*  21 */ "MustBeInt",
-     /*  22 */ "RealAffinity",
-     /*  23 */ "Permutation",
-     /*  24 */ "Compare",
-     /*  25 */ "Jump",
-     /*  26 */ "Once",
-     /*  27 */ "If",
-     /*  28 */ "IfNot",
-     /*  29 */ "Column",
-     /*  30 */ "Affinity",
-     /*  31 */ "MakeRecord",
-     /*  32 */ "Count",
-     /*  33 */ "Savepoint",
-     /*  34 */ "AutoCommit",
-     /*  35 */ "Transaction",
-     /*  36 */ "ReadCookie",
-     /*  37 */ "SetCookie",
-     /*  38 */ "VerifyCookie",
-     /*  39 */ "OpenRead",
-     /*  40 */ "OpenWrite",
-     /*  41 */ "OpenAutoindex",
-     /*  42 */ "OpenEphemeral",
-     /*  43 */ "SorterOpen",
-     /*  44 */ "OpenPseudo",
-     /*  45 */ "Close",
-     /*  46 */ "SeekLt",
-     /*  47 */ "SeekLe",
-     /*  48 */ "SeekGe",
-     /*  49 */ "SeekGt",
-     /*  50 */ "Seek",
-     /*  51 */ "NotFound",
-     /*  52 */ "Found",
-     /*  53 */ "IsUnique",
-     /*  54 */ "NotExists",
-     /*  55 */ "Sequence",
-     /*  56 */ "NewRowid",
-     /*  57 */ "Insert",
-     /*  58 */ "InsertInt",
-     /*  59 */ "Delete",
-     /*  60 */ "ResetCount",
-     /*  61 */ "SorterCompare",
-     /*  62 */ "SorterData",
-     /*  63 */ "RowKey",
-     /*  64 */ "RowData",
-     /*  65 */ "Rowid",
-     /*  66 */ "NullRow",
-     /*  67 */ "Last",
-     /*  68 */ "Or",
-     /*  69 */ "And",
-     /*  70 */ "SorterSort",
-     /*  71 */ "Sort",
-     /*  72 */ "Rewind",
-     /*  73 */ "IsNull",
-     /*  74 */ "NotNull",
-     /*  75 */ "Ne",
-     /*  76 */ "Eq",
-     /*  77 */ "Gt",
-     /*  78 */ "Le",
-     /*  79 */ "Lt",
-     /*  80 */ "Ge",
-     /*  81 */ "SorterNext",
-     /*  82 */ "BitAnd",
-     /*  83 */ "BitOr",
-     /*  84 */ "ShiftLeft",
-     /*  85 */ "ShiftRight",
-     /*  86 */ "Add",
-     /*  87 */ "Subtract",
-     /*  88 */ "Multiply",
-     /*  89 */ "Divide",
-     /*  90 */ "Remainder",
-     /*  91 */ "Concat",
-     /*  92 */ "Prev",
-     /*  93 */ "BitNot",
-     /*  94 */ "String8",
-     /*  95 */ "Next",
-     /*  96 */ "SorterInsert",
-     /*  97 */ "IdxInsert",
-     /*  98 */ "IdxDelete",
-     /*  99 */ "IdxRowid",
-     /* 100 */ "IdxLT",
-     /* 101 */ "IdxGE",
-     /* 102 */ "Destroy",
-     /* 103 */ "Clear",
-     /* 104 */ "CreateIndex",
-     /* 105 */ "CreateTable",
-     /* 106 */ "ParseSchema",
-     /* 107 */ "LoadAnalysis",
-     /* 108 */ "DropTable",
-     /* 109 */ "DropIndex",
-     /* 110 */ "DropTrigger",
-     /* 111 */ "IntegrityCk",
-     /* 112 */ "RowSetAdd",
-     /* 113 */ "RowSetRead",
-     /* 114 */ "RowSetTest",
-     /* 115 */ "Program",
-     /* 116 */ "Param",
-     /* 117 */ "FkCounter",
-     /* 118 */ "FkIfZero",
-     /* 119 */ "MemMax",
-     /* 120 */ "IfPos",
-     /* 121 */ "IfNeg",
-     /* 122 */ "IfZero",
-     /* 123 */ "AggStep",
-     /* 124 */ "AggFinal",
-     /* 125 */ "Checkpoint",
-     /* 126 */ "JournalMode",
-     /* 127 */ "Vacuum",
-     /* 128 */ "IncrVacuum",
-     /* 129 */ "Expire",
-     /* 130 */ "Real",
-     /* 131 */ "TableLock",
-     /* 132 */ "VBegin",
-     /* 133 */ "VCreate",
-     /* 134 */ "VDestroy",
-     /* 135 */ "VOpen",
-     /* 136 */ "VFilter",
-     /* 137 */ "VColumn",
-     /* 138 */ "VNext",
-     /* 139 */ "VRename",
-     /* 140 */ "VUpdate",
-     /* 141 */ "ToText",
-     /* 142 */ "ToBlob",
-     /* 143 */ "ToNumeric",
-     /* 144 */ "ToInt",
-     /* 145 */ "ToReal",
-     /* 146 */ "Pagecount",
-     /* 147 */ "MaxPgcnt",
-     /* 148 */ "Trace",
-     /* 149 */ "Noop",
-     /* 150 */ "Explain",
+     /*   1 */ "Function"         OpHelp("r[P3]=func(r[P2@P5])"),
+     /*   2 */ "Savepoint"        OpHelp(""),
+     /*   3 */ "AutoCommit"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*   4 */ "Transaction"      OpHelp(""),
+     /*   5 */ "SorterNext"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*   6 */ "PrevIfOpen"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*   7 */ "NextIfOpen"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*   8 */ "Prev"             OpHelp(""),
+     /*   9 */ "Next"             OpHelp(""),
+     /*  10 */ "AggStep"          OpHelp("accum=r[P3] step(r[P2@P5])"),
+     /*  11 */ "Checkpoint"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*  12 */ "JournalMode"      OpHelp(""),
+     /*  13 */ "Vacuum"           OpHelp(""),
+     /*  14 */ "VFilter"          OpHelp("iplan=r[P3] zplan='P4'"),
+     /*  15 */ "VUpdate"          OpHelp("data=r[P3@P2]"),
+     /*  16 */ "Goto"             OpHelp(""),
+     /*  17 */ "Gosub"            OpHelp(""),
+     /*  18 */ "Return"           OpHelp(""),
+     /*  19 */ "Not"              OpHelp("r[P2]= !r[P1]"),
+     /*  20 */ "InitCoroutine"    OpHelp(""),
+     /*  21 */ "EndCoroutine"     OpHelp(""),
+     /*  22 */ "Yield"            OpHelp(""),
+     /*  23 */ "HaltIfNull"       OpHelp("if r[P3]=null halt"),
+     /*  24 */ "Halt"             OpHelp(""),
+     /*  25 */ "Integer"          OpHelp("r[P2]=P1"),
+     /*  26 */ "Int64"            OpHelp("r[P2]=P4"),
+     /*  27 */ "String"           OpHelp("r[P2]='P4' (len=P1)"),
+     /*  28 */ "Null"             OpHelp("r[P2..P3]=NULL"),
+     /*  29 */ "SoftNull"         OpHelp("r[P1]=NULL"),
+     /*  30 */ "Blob"             OpHelp("r[P2]=P4 (len=P1)"),
+     /*  31 */ "Variable"         OpHelp("r[P2]=parameter(P1,P4)"),
+     /*  32 */ "Move"             OpHelp("r[P2@P3]=r[P1@P3]"),
+     /*  33 */ "Copy"             OpHelp("r[P2@P3+1]=r[P1@P3+1]"),
+     /*  34 */ "SCopy"            OpHelp("r[P2]=r[P1]"),
+     /*  35 */ "ResultRow"        OpHelp("output=r[P1@P2]"),
+     /*  36 */ "CollSeq"          OpHelp(""),
+     /*  37 */ "AddImm"           OpHelp("r[P1]=r[P1]+P2"),
+     /*  38 */ "MustBeInt"        OpHelp(""),
+     /*  39 */ "RealAffinity"     OpHelp(""),
+     /*  40 */ "Permutation"      OpHelp(""),
+     /*  41 */ "Compare"          OpHelp("r[P1@P3] <-> r[P2@P3]"),
+     /*  42 */ "Jump"             OpHelp(""),
+     /*  43 */ "Once"             OpHelp(""),
+     /*  44 */ "If"               OpHelp(""),
+     /*  45 */ "IfNot"            OpHelp(""),
+     /*  46 */ "Column"           OpHelp("r[P3]=PX"),
+     /*  47 */ "Affinity"         OpHelp("affinity(r[P1@P2])"),
+     /*  48 */ "MakeRecord"       OpHelp("r[P3]=mkrec(r[P1@P2])"),
+     /*  49 */ "Count"            OpHelp("r[P2]=count()"),
+     /*  50 */ "ReadCookie"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*  51 */ "SetCookie"        OpHelp(""),
+     /*  52 */ "ReopenIdx"        OpHelp("root=P2 iDb=P3"),
+     /*  53 */ "OpenRead"         OpHelp("root=P2 iDb=P3"),
+     /*  54 */ "OpenWrite"        OpHelp("root=P2 iDb=P3"),
+     /*  55 */ "OpenAutoindex"    OpHelp("nColumn=P2"),
+     /*  56 */ "OpenEphemeral"    OpHelp("nColumn=P2"),
+     /*  57 */ "SorterOpen"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*  58 */ "OpenPseudo"       OpHelp("P3 columns in r[P2]"),
+     /*  59 */ "Close"            OpHelp(""),
+     /*  60 */ "SeekLT"           OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  61 */ "SeekLE"           OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  62 */ "SeekGE"           OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  63 */ "SeekGT"           OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  64 */ "Seek"             OpHelp("intkey=r[P2]"),
+     /*  65 */ "NoConflict"       OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  66 */ "NotFound"         OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  67 */ "Found"            OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /*  68 */ "NotExists"        OpHelp("intkey=r[P3]"),
+     /*  69 */ "Sequence"         OpHelp("r[P2]=cursor[P1].ctr++"),
+     /*  70 */ "NewRowid"         OpHelp("r[P2]=rowid"),
+     /*  71 */ "Or"               OpHelp("r[P3]=(r[P1] || r[P2])"),
+     /*  72 */ "And"              OpHelp("r[P3]=(r[P1] && r[P2])"),
+     /*  73 */ "Insert"           OpHelp("intkey=r[P3] data=r[P2]"),
+     /*  74 */ "InsertInt"        OpHelp("intkey=P3 data=r[P2]"),
+     /*  75 */ "Delete"           OpHelp(""),
+     /*  76 */ "IsNull"           OpHelp("if r[P1]==NULL goto P2"),
+     /*  77 */ "NotNull"          OpHelp("if r[P1]!=NULL goto P2"),
+     /*  78 */ "Ne"               OpHelp("if r[P1]!=r[P3] goto P2"),
+     /*  79 */ "Eq"               OpHelp("if r[P1]==r[P3] goto P2"),
+     /*  80 */ "Gt"               OpHelp("if r[P1]>r[P3] goto P2"),
+     /*  81 */ "Le"               OpHelp("if r[P1]<=r[P3] goto P2"),
+     /*  82 */ "Lt"               OpHelp("if r[P1]<r[P3] goto P2"),
+     /*  83 */ "Ge"               OpHelp("if r[P1]>=r[P3] goto P2"),
+     /*  84 */ "ResetCount"       OpHelp(""),
+     /*  85 */ "BitAnd"           OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P1]&r[P2]"),
+     /*  86 */ "BitOr"            OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P1]|r[P2]"),
+     /*  87 */ "ShiftLeft"        OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P2]<<r[P1]"),
+     /*  88 */ "ShiftRight"       OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P2]>>r[P1]"),
+     /*  89 */ "Add"              OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P1]+r[P2]"),
+     /*  90 */ "Subtract"         OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P2]-r[P1]"),
+     /*  91 */ "Multiply"         OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P1]*r[P2]"),
+     /*  92 */ "Divide"           OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P2]/r[P1]"),
+     /*  93 */ "Remainder"        OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P2]%r[P1]"),
+     /*  94 */ "Concat"           OpHelp("r[P3]=r[P2]+r[P1]"),
+     /*  95 */ "SorterCompare"    OpHelp("if key(P1)!=trim(r[P3],P4) goto P2"),
+     /*  96 */ "BitNot"           OpHelp("r[P1]= ~r[P1]"),
+     /*  97 */ "String8"          OpHelp("r[P2]='P4'"),
+     /*  98 */ "SorterData"       OpHelp("r[P2]=data"),
+     /*  99 */ "RowKey"           OpHelp("r[P2]=key"),
+     /* 100 */ "RowData"          OpHelp("r[P2]=data"),
+     /* 101 */ "Rowid"            OpHelp("r[P2]=rowid"),
+     /* 102 */ "NullRow"          OpHelp(""),
+     /* 103 */ "Last"             OpHelp(""),
+     /* 104 */ "SorterSort"       OpHelp(""),
+     /* 105 */ "Sort"             OpHelp(""),
+     /* 106 */ "Rewind"           OpHelp(""),
+     /* 107 */ "SorterInsert"     OpHelp(""),
+     /* 108 */ "IdxInsert"        OpHelp("key=r[P2]"),
+     /* 109 */ "IdxDelete"        OpHelp("key=r[P2@P3]"),
+     /* 110 */ "IdxRowid"         OpHelp("r[P2]=rowid"),
+     /* 111 */ "IdxLE"            OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /* 112 */ "IdxGT"            OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /* 113 */ "IdxLT"            OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /* 114 */ "IdxGE"            OpHelp("key=r[P3@P4]"),
+     /* 115 */ "Destroy"          OpHelp(""),
+     /* 116 */ "Clear"            OpHelp(""),
+     /* 117 */ "ResetSorter"      OpHelp(""),
+     /* 118 */ "CreateIndex"      OpHelp("r[P2]=root iDb=P1"),
+     /* 119 */ "CreateTable"      OpHelp("r[P2]=root iDb=P1"),
+     /* 120 */ "ParseSchema"      OpHelp(""),
+     /* 121 */ "LoadAnalysis"     OpHelp(""),
+     /* 122 */ "DropTable"        OpHelp(""),
+     /* 123 */ "DropIndex"        OpHelp(""),
+     /* 124 */ "DropTrigger"      OpHelp(""),
+     /* 125 */ "IntegrityCk"      OpHelp(""),
+     /* 126 */ "RowSetAdd"        OpHelp("rowset(P1)=r[P2]"),
+     /* 127 */ "RowSetRead"       OpHelp("r[P3]=rowset(P1)"),
+     /* 128 */ "RowSetTest"       OpHelp("if r[P3] in rowset(P1) goto P2"),
+     /* 129 */ "Program"          OpHelp(""),
+     /* 130 */ "Param"            OpHelp(""),
+     /* 131 */ "FkCounter"        OpHelp("fkctr[P1]+=P2"),
+     /* 132 */ "FkIfZero"         OpHelp("if fkctr[P1]==0 goto P2"),
+     /* 133 */ "Real"             OpHelp("r[P2]=P4"),
+     /* 134 */ "MemMax"           OpHelp("r[P1]=max(r[P1],r[P2])"),
+     /* 135 */ "IfPos"            OpHelp("if r[P1]>0 goto P2"),
+     /* 136 */ "IfNeg"            OpHelp("r[P1]+=P3, if r[P1]<0 goto P2"),
+     /* 137 */ "IfZero"           OpHelp("r[P1]+=P3, if r[P1]==0 goto P2"),
+     /* 138 */ "AggFinal"         OpHelp("accum=r[P1] N=P2"),
+     /* 139 */ "IncrVacuum"       OpHelp(""),
+     /* 140 */ "Expire"           OpHelp(""),
+     /* 141 */ "TableLock"        OpHelp("iDb=P1 root=P2 write=P3"),
+     /* 142 */ "VBegin"           OpHelp(""),
+     /* 143 */ "ToText"           OpHelp(""),
+     /* 144 */ "ToBlob"           OpHelp(""),
+     /* 145 */ "ToNumeric"        OpHelp(""),
+     /* 146 */ "ToInt"            OpHelp(""),
+     /* 147 */ "ToReal"           OpHelp(""),
+     /* 148 */ "VCreate"          OpHelp(""),
+     /* 149 */ "VDestroy"         OpHelp(""),
+     /* 150 */ "VOpen"            OpHelp(""),
+     /* 151 */ "VColumn"          OpHelp("r[P3]=vcolumn(P2)"),
+     /* 152 */ "VNext"            OpHelp(""),
+     /* 153 */ "VRename"          OpHelp(""),
+     /* 154 */ "Pagecount"        OpHelp(""),
+     /* 155 */ "MaxPgcnt"         OpHelp(""),
+     /* 156 */ "Init"             OpHelp("Start at P2"),
+     /* 157 */ "Noop"             OpHelp(""),
+     /* 158 */ "Explain"          OpHelp(""),
   };
   return azName[i];
 }
 #endif
 
 /************** End of opcodes.c *********************************************/
-/************** Begin file os_os2.c ******************************************/
-/*
-** 2006 Feb 14
-**
-** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
-** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
-**
-**    May you do good and not evil.
-**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
-**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
-**
-******************************************************************************
-**
-** This file contains code that is specific to OS/2.
-*/
-
-
-#if SQLITE_OS_OS2
-
-/*
-** A Note About Memory Allocation:
-**
-** This driver uses malloc()/free() directly rather than going through
-** the SQLite-wrappers sqlite3_malloc()/sqlite3_free().  Those wrappers
-** are designed for use on embedded systems where memory is scarce and
-** malloc failures happen frequently.  OS/2 does not typically run on
-** embedded systems, and when it does the developers normally have bigger
-** problems to worry about than running out of memory.  So there is not
-** a compelling need to use the wrappers.
-**
-** But there is a good reason to not use the wrappers.  If we use the
-** wrappers then we will get simulated malloc() failures within this
-** driver.  And that causes all kinds of problems for our tests.  We
-** could enhance SQLite to deal with simulated malloc failures within
-** the OS driver, but the code to deal with those failure would not
-** be exercised on Linux (which does not need to malloc() in the driver)
-** and so we would have difficulty writing coverage tests for that
-** code.  Better to leave the code out, we think.
-**
-** The point of this discussion is as follows:  When creating a new
-** OS layer for an embedded system, if you use this file as an example,
-** avoid the use of malloc()/free().  Those routines work ok on OS/2
-** desktops but not so well in embedded systems.
-*/
-
-/*
-** Macros used to determine whether or not to use threads.
-*/
-#if defined(SQLITE_THREADSAFE) && SQLITE_THREADSAFE
-# define SQLITE_OS2_THREADS 1
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Include code that is common to all os_*.c files
-*/
-/************** Include os_common.h in the middle of os_os2.c ****************/
-/************** Begin file os_common.h ***************************************/
-/*
-** 2004 May 22
-**
-** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
-** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
-**
-**    May you do good and not evil.
-**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
-**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
-**
-******************************************************************************
-**
-** This file contains macros and a little bit of code that is common to
-** all of the platform-specific files (os_*.c) and is #included into those
-** files.
-**
-** This file should be #included by the os_*.c files only.  It is not a
-** general purpose header file.
-*/
-#ifndef _OS_COMMON_H_
-#define _OS_COMMON_H_
-
-/*
-** At least two bugs have slipped in because we changed the MEMORY_DEBUG
-** macro to SQLITE_DEBUG and some older makefiles have not yet made the
-** switch.  The following code should catch this problem at compile-time.
-*/
-#ifdef MEMORY_DEBUG
-# error "The MEMORY_DEBUG macro is obsolete.  Use SQLITE_DEBUG instead."
-#endif
-
-#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
-# ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE
-#   define SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE 0
-# endif
-  int sqlite3OSTrace = SQLITE_DEBUG_OS_TRACE;
-# define OSTRACE(X)          if( sqlite3OSTrace ) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
-#else
-# define OSTRACE(X)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Macros for performance tracing.  Normally turned off.  Only works
-** on i486 hardware.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_PERFORMANCE_TRACE
-
-/* 
-** hwtime.h contains inline assembler code for implementing 
-** high-performance timing routines.
-*/
-/************** Include hwtime.h in the middle of os_common.h ****************/
-/************** Begin file hwtime.h ******************************************/
-/*
-** 2008 May 27
-**
-** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
-** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
-**
-**    May you do good and not evil.
-**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
-**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
-**
-******************************************************************************
-**
-** This file contains inline asm code for retrieving "high-performance"
-** counters for x86 class CPUs.
-*/
-#ifndef _HWTIME_H_
-#define _HWTIME_H_
-
-/*
-** The following routine only works on pentium-class (or newer) processors.
-** It uses the RDTSC opcode to read the cycle count value out of the
-** processor and returns that value.  This can be used for high-res
-** profiling.
-*/
-#if (defined(__GNUC__) || defined(_MSC_VER)) && \
-      (defined(i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86))
-
-  #if defined(__GNUC__)
-
-  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
-     unsigned int lo, hi;
-     __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=a" (lo), "=d" (hi));
-     return (sqlite_uint64)hi << 32 | lo;
-  }
-
-  #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-
-  __declspec(naked) __inline sqlite_uint64 __cdecl sqlite3Hwtime(void){
-     __asm {
-        rdtsc
-        ret       ; return value at EDX:EAX
-     }
-  }
-
-  #endif
-
-#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__x86_64__))
-
-  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
-      unsigned long val;
-      __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=A" (val));
-      return val;
-  }
- 
-#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__ppc__))
-
-  __inline__ sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){
-      unsigned long long retval;
-      unsigned long junk;
-      __asm__ __volatile__ ("\n\
-          1:      mftbu   %1\n\
-                  mftb    %L0\n\
-                  mftbu   %0\n\
-                  cmpw    %0,%1\n\
-                  bne     1b"
-                  : "=r" (retval), "=r" (junk));
-      return retval;
-  }
-
-#else
-
-  #error Need implementation of sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform.
-
-  /*
-  ** To compile without implementing sqlite3Hwtime() for your platform,
-  ** you can remove the above #error and use the following
-  ** stub function.  You will lose timing support for many
-  ** of the debugging and testing utilities, but it should at
-  ** least compile and run.
-  */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE   sqlite_uint64 sqlite3Hwtime(void){ return ((sqlite_uint64)0); }
-
-#endif
-
-#endif /* !defined(_HWTIME_H_) */
-
-/************** End of hwtime.h **********************************************/
-/************** Continuing where we left off in os_common.h ******************/
-
-static sqlite_uint64 g_start;
-static sqlite_uint64 g_elapsed;
-#define TIMER_START       g_start=sqlite3Hwtime()
-#define TIMER_END         g_elapsed=sqlite3Hwtime()-g_start
-#define TIMER_ELAPSED     g_elapsed
-#else
-#define TIMER_START
-#define TIMER_END
-#define TIMER_ELAPSED     ((sqlite_uint64)0)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** If we compile with the SQLITE_TEST macro set, then the following block
-** of code will give us the ability to simulate a disk I/O error.  This
-** is used for testing the I/O recovery logic.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hit = 0;            /* Total number of I/O Errors */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_hardhit = 0;        /* Number of non-benign errors */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_pending = 0;        /* Count down to first I/O error */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_persist = 0;        /* True if I/O errors persist */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_io_error_benign = 0;         /* True if errors are benign */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull_pending = 0;
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_diskfull = 0;
-#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X) sqlite3_io_error_benign=(X)
-#define SimulateIOError(CODE)  \
-  if( (sqlite3_io_error_persist && sqlite3_io_error_hit) \
-       || sqlite3_io_error_pending-- == 1 )  \
-              { local_ioerr(); CODE; }
-static void local_ioerr(){
-  IOTRACE(("IOERR\n"));
-  sqlite3_io_error_hit++;
-  if( !sqlite3_io_error_benign ) sqlite3_io_error_hardhit++;
-}
-#define SimulateDiskfullError(CODE) \
-   if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending ){ \
-     if( sqlite3_diskfull_pending == 1 ){ \
-       local_ioerr(); \
-       sqlite3_diskfull = 1; \
-       sqlite3_io_error_hit = 1; \
-       CODE; \
-     }else{ \
-       sqlite3_diskfull_pending--; \
-     } \
-   }
-#else
-#define SimulateIOErrorBenign(X)
-#define SimulateIOError(A)
-#define SimulateDiskfullError(A)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** When testing, keep a count of the number of open files.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open_file_count = 0;
-#define OpenCounter(X)  sqlite3_open_file_count+=(X)
-#else
-#define OpenCounter(X)
-#endif
-
-#endif /* !defined(_OS_COMMON_H_) */
-
-/************** End of os_common.h *******************************************/
-/************** Continuing where we left off in os_os2.c *********************/
-
-/* Forward references */
-typedef struct os2File os2File;         /* The file structure */
-typedef struct os2ShmNode os2ShmNode;   /* A shared descritive memory node */
-typedef struct os2ShmLink os2ShmLink;   /* A connection to shared-memory */
-
-/*
-** The os2File structure is subclass of sqlite3_file specific for the OS/2
-** protability layer.
-*/
-struct os2File {
-  const sqlite3_io_methods *pMethod;  /* Always the first entry */
-  HFILE h;                  /* Handle for accessing the file */
-  int flags;                /* Flags provided to os2Open() */
-  int locktype;             /* Type of lock currently held on this file */
-  int szChunk;              /* Chunk size configured by FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE */
-  char *zFullPathCp;        /* Full path name of this file */
-  os2ShmLink *pShmLink;     /* Instance of shared memory on this file */
-};
-
-#define LOCK_TIMEOUT 10L /* the default locking timeout */
-
-/*
-** Missing from some versions of the OS/2 toolkit -
-** used to allocate from high memory if possible
-*/
-#ifndef OBJ_ANY
-# define OBJ_ANY 0x00000400
-#endif
-
-/*****************************************************************************
-** The next group of routines implement the I/O methods specified
-** by the sqlite3_io_methods object.
-******************************************************************************/
-
-/*
-** Close a file.
-*/
-static int os2Close( sqlite3_file *id ){
-  APIRET rc;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-
-  assert( id!=0 );
-  OSTRACE(( "CLOSE %d (%s)\n", pFile->h, pFile->zFullPathCp ));
-
-  rc = DosClose( pFile->h );
-
-  if( pFile->flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE )
-    DosForceDelete( (PSZ)pFile->zFullPathCp );
-
-  free( pFile->zFullPathCp );
-  pFile->zFullPathCp = NULL;
-  pFile->locktype = NO_LOCK;
-  pFile->h = (HFILE)-1;
-  pFile->flags = 0;
-
-  OpenCounter( -1 );
-  return rc == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR;
-}
-
-/*
-** Read data from a file into a buffer.  Return SQLITE_OK if all
-** bytes were read successfully and SQLITE_IOERR if anything goes
-** wrong.
-*/
-static int os2Read(
-  sqlite3_file *id,               /* File to read from */
-  void *pBuf,                     /* Write content into this buffer */
-  int amt,                        /* Number of bytes to read */
-  sqlite3_int64 offset            /* Begin reading at this offset */
-){
-  ULONG fileLocation = 0L;
-  ULONG got;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  assert( id!=0 );
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_READ );
-  OSTRACE(( "READ %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
-  if( DosSetFilePtr(pFile->h, offset, FILE_BEGIN, &fileLocation) != NO_ERROR ){
-    return SQLITE_IOERR;
-  }
-  if( DosRead( pFile->h, pBuf, amt, &got ) != NO_ERROR ){
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_READ;
-  }
-  if( got == (ULONG)amt )
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  else {
-    /* Unread portions of the input buffer must be zero-filled */
-    memset(&((char*)pBuf)[got], 0, amt-got);
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ;
-  }
-}
-
-/*
-** Write data from a buffer into a file.  Return SQLITE_OK on success
-** or some other error code on failure.
-*/
-static int os2Write(
-  sqlite3_file *id,               /* File to write into */
-  const void *pBuf,               /* The bytes to be written */
-  int amt,                        /* Number of bytes to write */
-  sqlite3_int64 offset            /* Offset into the file to begin writing at */
-){
-  ULONG fileLocation = 0L;
-  APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
-  ULONG wrote;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  assert( id!=0 );
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE );
-  SimulateDiskfullError( return SQLITE_FULL );
-  OSTRACE(( "WRITE %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
-  if( DosSetFilePtr(pFile->h, offset, FILE_BEGIN, &fileLocation) != NO_ERROR ){
-    return SQLITE_IOERR;
-  }
-  assert( amt>0 );
-  while( amt > 0 &&
-         ( rc = DosWrite( pFile->h, (PVOID)pBuf, amt, &wrote ) ) == NO_ERROR &&
-         wrote > 0
-  ){
-    amt -= wrote;
-    pBuf = &((char*)pBuf)[wrote];
-  }
-
-  return ( rc != NO_ERROR || amt > (int)wrote ) ? SQLITE_FULL : SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-/*
-** Truncate an open file to a specified size
-*/
-static int os2Truncate( sqlite3_file *id, i64 nByte ){
-  APIRET rc;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  assert( id!=0 );
-  OSTRACE(( "TRUNCATE %d %lld\n", pFile->h, nByte ));
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE );
-
-  /* If the user has configured a chunk-size for this file, truncate the
-  ** file so that it consists of an integer number of chunks (i.e. the
-  ** actual file size after the operation may be larger than the requested
-  ** size).
-  */
-  if( pFile->szChunk ){
-    nByte = ((nByte + pFile->szChunk - 1)/pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
-  }
-  
-  rc = DosSetFileSize( pFile->h, nByte );
-  return rc == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE;
-}
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-/*
-** Count the number of fullsyncs and normal syncs.  This is used to test
-** that syncs and fullsyncs are occuring at the right times.
-*/
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_sync_count = 0;
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_fullsync_count = 0;
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Make sure all writes to a particular file are committed to disk.
-*/
-static int os2Sync( sqlite3_file *id, int flags ){
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  OSTRACE(( "SYNC %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-  if( flags & SQLITE_SYNC_FULL){
-    sqlite3_fullsync_count++;
-  }
-  sqlite3_sync_count++;
-#endif
-  /* If we compiled with the SQLITE_NO_SYNC flag, then syncing is a
-  ** no-op
-  */
-#ifdef SQLITE_NO_SYNC
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pFile);
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-#else
-  return DosResetBuffer( pFile->h ) == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR;
-#endif
-}
-
-/*
-** Determine the current size of a file in bytes
-*/
-static int os2FileSize( sqlite3_file *id, sqlite3_int64 *pSize ){
-  APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
-  FILESTATUS3 fsts3FileInfo;
-  memset(&fsts3FileInfo, 0, sizeof(fsts3FileInfo));
-  assert( id!=0 );
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT );
-  rc = DosQueryFileInfo( ((os2File*)id)->h, FIL_STANDARD, &fsts3FileInfo, sizeof(FILESTATUS3) );
-  if( rc == NO_ERROR ){
-    *pSize = fsts3FileInfo.cbFile;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }else{
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
-  }
-}
-
-/*
-** Acquire a reader lock.
-*/
-static int getReadLock( os2File *pFile ){
-  FILELOCK  LockArea,
-            UnlockArea;
-  APIRET res;
-  memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
-  memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
-  LockArea.lOffset = SHARED_FIRST;
-  LockArea.lRange = SHARED_SIZE;
-  UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-  UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
-  res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 1L );
-  OSTRACE(( "GETREADLOCK %d res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-  return res;
-}
-
-/*
-** Undo a readlock
-*/
-static int unlockReadLock( os2File *id ){
-  FILELOCK  LockArea,
-            UnlockArea;
-  APIRET res;
-  memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
-  memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
-  LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-  LockArea.lRange = 0L;
-  UnlockArea.lOffset = SHARED_FIRST;
-  UnlockArea.lRange = SHARED_SIZE;
-  res = DosSetFileLocks( id->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 1L );
-  OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK-READLOCK file handle=%d res=%d?\n", id->h, res ));
-  return res;
-}
-
-/*
-** Lock the file with the lock specified by parameter locktype - one
-** of the following:
-**
-**     (1) SHARED_LOCK
-**     (2) RESERVED_LOCK
-**     (3) PENDING_LOCK
-**     (4) EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
-**
-** Sometimes when requesting one lock state, additional lock states
-** are inserted in between.  The locking might fail on one of the later
-** transitions leaving the lock state different from what it started but
-** still short of its goal.  The following chart shows the allowed
-** transitions and the inserted intermediate states:
-**
-**    UNLOCKED -> SHARED
-**    SHARED -> RESERVED
-**    SHARED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
-**    RESERVED -> (PENDING) -> EXCLUSIVE
-**    PENDING -> EXCLUSIVE
-**
-** This routine will only increase a lock.  The os2Unlock() routine
-** erases all locks at once and returns us immediately to locking level 0.
-** It is not possible to lower the locking level one step at a time.  You
-** must go straight to locking level 0.
-*/
-static int os2Lock( sqlite3_file *id, int locktype ){
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;       /* Return code from subroutines */
-  APIRET res = NO_ERROR;    /* Result of an OS/2 lock call */
-  int newLocktype;       /* Set pFile->locktype to this value before exiting */
-  int gotPendingLock = 0;/* True if we acquired a PENDING lock this time */
-  FILELOCK  LockArea,
-            UnlockArea;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
-  memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
-  assert( pFile!=0 );
-  OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d %d was %d\n", pFile->h, locktype, pFile->locktype ));
-
-  /* If there is already a lock of this type or more restrictive on the
-  ** os2File, do nothing. Don't use the end_lock: exit path, as
-  ** sqlite3_mutex_enter() hasn't been called yet.
-  */
-  if( pFile->locktype>=locktype ){
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d %d ok (already held)\n", pFile->h, locktype ));
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-
-  /* Make sure the locking sequence is correct
-  */
-  assert( pFile->locktype!=NO_LOCK || locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
-  assert( locktype!=PENDING_LOCK );
-  assert( locktype!=RESERVED_LOCK || pFile->locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
-
-  /* Lock the PENDING_LOCK byte if we need to acquire a PENDING lock or
-  ** a SHARED lock.  If we are acquiring a SHARED lock, the acquisition of
-  ** the PENDING_LOCK byte is temporary.
-  */
-  newLocktype = pFile->locktype;
-  if( pFile->locktype==NO_LOCK
-      || (locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && pFile->locktype==RESERVED_LOCK)
-  ){
-    LockArea.lOffset = PENDING_BYTE;
-    LockArea.lRange = 1L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
-
-    /* wait longer than LOCK_TIMEOUT here not to have to try multiple times */
-    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, 100L, 0L );
-    if( res == NO_ERROR ){
-      gotPendingLock = 1;
-      OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d pending lock boolean set.  res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* Acquire a shared lock
-  */
-  if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && res == NO_ERROR ){
-    assert( pFile->locktype==NO_LOCK );
-    res = getReadLock(pFile);
-    if( res == NO_ERROR ){
-      newLocktype = SHARED_LOCK;
-    }
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d acquire shared lock. res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-  }
-
-  /* Acquire a RESERVED lock
-  */
-  if( locktype==RESERVED_LOCK && res == NO_ERROR ){
-    assert( pFile->locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
-    LockArea.lOffset = RESERVED_BYTE;
-    LockArea.lRange = 1L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    if( res == NO_ERROR ){
-      newLocktype = RESERVED_LOCK;
-    }
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d acquire reserved lock. res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-  }
-
-  /* Acquire a PENDING lock
-  */
-  if( locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && res == NO_ERROR ){
-    newLocktype = PENDING_LOCK;
-    gotPendingLock = 0;
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d acquire pending lock. pending lock boolean unset.\n",
-               pFile->h ));
-  }
-
-  /* Acquire an EXCLUSIVE lock
-  */
-  if( locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && res == NO_ERROR ){
-    assert( pFile->locktype>=SHARED_LOCK );
-    res = unlockReadLock(pFile);
-    OSTRACE(( "unreadlock = %d\n", res ));
-    LockArea.lOffset = SHARED_FIRST;
-    LockArea.lRange = SHARED_SIZE;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    if( res == NO_ERROR ){
-      newLocktype = EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
-    }else{
-      OSTRACE(( "OS/2 error-code = %d\n", res ));
-      getReadLock(pFile);
-    }
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d acquire exclusive lock.  res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-  }
-
-  /* If we are holding a PENDING lock that ought to be released, then
-  ** release it now.
-  */
-  if( gotPendingLock && locktype==SHARED_LOCK ){
-    int r;
-    LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    LockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = PENDING_BYTE;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 1L;
-    r = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d unlocking pending/is shared. r=%d\n", pFile->h, r ));
-  }
-
-  /* Update the state of the lock has held in the file descriptor then
-  ** return the appropriate result code.
-  */
-  if( res == NO_ERROR ){
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  }else{
-    OSTRACE(( "LOCK FAILED %d trying for %d but got %d\n", pFile->h,
-              locktype, newLocktype ));
-    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
-  }
-  pFile->locktype = newLocktype;
-  OSTRACE(( "LOCK %d now %d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
-** file by this or any other process. If such a lock is held, return
-** non-zero, otherwise zero.
-*/
-static int os2CheckReservedLock( sqlite3_file *id, int *pOut ){
-  int r = 0;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  assert( pFile!=0 );
-  if( pFile->locktype>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
-    r = 1;
-    OSTRACE(( "TEST WR-LOCK %d %d (local)\n", pFile->h, r ));
-  }else{
-    FILELOCK  LockArea,
-              UnlockArea;
-    APIRET rc = NO_ERROR;
-    memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
-    memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
-    LockArea.lOffset = RESERVED_BYTE;
-    LockArea.lRange = 1L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    rc = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    OSTRACE(( "TEST WR-LOCK %d lock reserved byte rc=%d\n", pFile->h, rc ));
-    if( rc == NO_ERROR ){
-      APIRET rcu = NO_ERROR; /* return code for unlocking */
-      LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-      LockArea.lRange = 0L;
-      UnlockArea.lOffset = RESERVED_BYTE;
-      UnlockArea.lRange = 1L;
-      rcu = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-      OSTRACE(( "TEST WR-LOCK %d unlock reserved byte r=%d\n", pFile->h, rcu ));
-    }
-    r = !(rc == NO_ERROR);
-    OSTRACE(( "TEST WR-LOCK %d %d (remote)\n", pFile->h, r ));
-  }
-  *pOut = r;
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-/*
-** Lower the locking level on file descriptor id to locktype.  locktype
-** must be either NO_LOCK or SHARED_LOCK.
-**
-** If the locking level of the file descriptor is already at or below
-** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
-**
-** It is not possible for this routine to fail if the second argument
-** is NO_LOCK.  If the second argument is SHARED_LOCK then this routine
-** might return SQLITE_IOERR;
-*/
-static int os2Unlock( sqlite3_file *id, int locktype ){
-  int type;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  APIRET rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  APIRET res = NO_ERROR;
-  FILELOCK  LockArea,
-            UnlockArea;
-  memset(&LockArea, 0, sizeof(LockArea));
-  memset(&UnlockArea, 0, sizeof(UnlockArea));
-  assert( pFile!=0 );
-  assert( locktype<=SHARED_LOCK );
-  OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d to %d was %d\n", pFile->h, locktype, pFile->locktype ));
-  type = pFile->locktype;
-  if( type>=EXCLUSIVE_LOCK ){
-    LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    LockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = SHARED_FIRST;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = SHARED_SIZE;
-    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d exclusive lock res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-    if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && getReadLock(pFile) != NO_ERROR ){
-      /* This should never happen.  We should always be able to
-      ** reacquire the read lock */
-      OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d to %d getReadLock() failed\n", pFile->h, locktype ));
-      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
-    }
-  }
-  if( type>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
-    LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    LockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = RESERVED_BYTE;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 1L;
-    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d reserved res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-  }
-  if( locktype==NO_LOCK && type>=SHARED_LOCK ){
-    res = unlockReadLock(pFile);
-    OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d is %d want %d res=%d\n",
-              pFile->h, type, locktype, res ));
-  }
-  if( type>=PENDING_LOCK ){
-    LockArea.lOffset = 0L;
-    LockArea.lRange = 0L;
-    UnlockArea.lOffset = PENDING_BYTE;
-    UnlockArea.lRange = 1L;
-    res = DosSetFileLocks( pFile->h, &UnlockArea, &LockArea, LOCK_TIMEOUT, 0L );
-    OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d pending res=%d\n", pFile->h, res ));
-  }
-  pFile->locktype = locktype;
-  OSTRACE(( "UNLOCK %d now %d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype ));
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** Control and query of the open file handle.
-*/
-static int os2FileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
-  switch( op ){
-    case SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE: {
-      *(int*)pArg = ((os2File*)id)->locktype;
-      OSTRACE(( "FCNTL_LOCKSTATE %d lock=%d\n",
-                ((os2File*)id)->h, ((os2File*)id)->locktype ));
-      return SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-    case SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE: {
-      ((os2File*)id)->szChunk = *(int*)pArg;
-      return SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT: {
-      sqlite3_int64 sz = *(sqlite3_int64*)pArg;
-      SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
-      os2Truncate(id, sz);
-      SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
-      return SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-    case SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED: {
-      return SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-  }
-  return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
-}
-
-/*
-** Return the sector size in bytes of the underlying block device for
-** the specified file. This is almost always 512 bytes, but may be
-** larger for some devices.
-**
-** SQLite code assumes this function cannot fail. It also assumes that
-** if two files are created in the same file-system directory (i.e.
-** a database and its journal file) that the sector size will be the
-** same for both.
-*/
-static int os2SectorSize(sqlite3_file *id){
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
-  return SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
-}
-
-/*
-** Return a vector of device characteristics.
-*/
-static int os2DeviceCharacteristics(sqlite3_file *id){
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
-  return SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN;
-}
-
-
-/*
-** Character set conversion objects used by conversion routines.
-*/
-static UconvObject ucUtf8 = NULL; /* convert between UTF-8 and UCS-2 */
-static UconvObject uclCp = NULL;  /* convert between local codepage and UCS-2 */
-
-/*
-** Helper function to initialize the conversion objects from and to UTF-8.
-*/
-static void initUconvObjects( void ){
-  if( UniCreateUconvObject( UTF_8, &ucUtf8 ) != ULS_SUCCESS )
-    ucUtf8 = NULL;
-  if ( UniCreateUconvObject( (UniChar *)L"@path=yes", &uclCp ) != ULS_SUCCESS )
-    uclCp = NULL;
-}
-
-/*
-** Helper function to free the conversion objects from and to UTF-8.
-*/
-static void freeUconvObjects( void ){
-  if ( ucUtf8 )
-    UniFreeUconvObject( ucUtf8 );
-  if ( uclCp )
-    UniFreeUconvObject( uclCp );
-  ucUtf8 = NULL;
-  uclCp = NULL;
-}
-
-/*
-** Helper function to convert UTF-8 filenames to local OS/2 codepage.
-** The two-step process: first convert the incoming UTF-8 string
-** into UCS-2 and then from UCS-2 to the current codepage.
-** The returned char pointer has to be freed.
-*/
-static char *convertUtf8PathToCp( const char *in ){
-  UniChar tempPath[CCHMAXPATH];
-  char *out = (char *)calloc( CCHMAXPATH, 1 );
-
-  if( !out )
-    return NULL;
-
-  if( !ucUtf8 || !uclCp )
-    initUconvObjects();
-
-  /* determine string for the conversion of UTF-8 which is CP1208 */
-  if( UniStrToUcs( ucUtf8, tempPath, (char *)in, CCHMAXPATH ) != ULS_SUCCESS )
-    return out; /* if conversion fails, return the empty string */
-
-  /* conversion for current codepage which can be used for paths */
-  UniStrFromUcs( uclCp, out, tempPath, CCHMAXPATH );
-
-  return out;
-}
-
-/*
-** Helper function to convert filenames from local codepage to UTF-8.
-** The two-step process: first convert the incoming codepage-specific
-** string into UCS-2 and then from UCS-2 to the codepage of UTF-8.
-** The returned char pointer has to be freed.
-**
-** This function is non-static to be able to use this in shell.c and
-** similar applications that take command line arguments.
-*/
-char *convertCpPathToUtf8( const char *in ){
-  UniChar tempPath[CCHMAXPATH];
-  char *out = (char *)calloc( CCHMAXPATH, 1 );
-
-  if( !out )
-    return NULL;
-
-  if( !ucUtf8 || !uclCp )
-    initUconvObjects();
-
-  /* conversion for current codepage which can be used for paths */
-  if( UniStrToUcs( uclCp, tempPath, (char *)in, CCHMAXPATH ) != ULS_SUCCESS )
-    return out; /* if conversion fails, return the empty string */
-
-  /* determine string for the conversion of UTF-8 which is CP1208 */
-  UniStrFromUcs( ucUtf8, out, tempPath, CCHMAXPATH );
-
-  return out;
-}
-
-
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-
-/*
-** Use main database file for interprocess locking. If un-defined
-** a separate file is created for this purpose. The file will be
-** used only to set file locks. There will be no data written to it.
-*/
-#define SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE     
-
-#if 0
-static void _ERR_TRACE( const char *fmt, ... ) {
-  va_list  ap;
-  va_start(ap, fmt);
-  vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
-  fflush(stderr);
-}
-#define ERR_TRACE(rc, msg)        \
-        if( (rc) != SQLITE_OK ) _ERR_TRACE msg;
-#else
-#define ERR_TRACE(rc, msg)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Helper functions to obtain and relinquish the global mutex. The
-** global mutex is used to protect os2ShmNodeList.
-**
-** Function os2ShmMutexHeld() is used to assert() that the global mutex 
-** is held when required. This function is only used as part of assert() 
-** statements. e.g.
-**
-**   os2ShmEnterMutex()
-**     assert( os2ShmMutexHeld() );
-**   os2ShmLeaveMutex()
-*/
-static void os2ShmEnterMutex(void){
-  sqlite3_mutex_enter(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
-}
-static void os2ShmLeaveMutex(void){
-  sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
-}
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-static int os2ShmMutexHeld(void) {
-  return sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
-}
-int GetCurrentProcessId(void) {
-  PPIB pib;
-  DosGetInfoBlocks(NULL, &pib);
-  return (int)pib->pib_ulpid;
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Object used to represent a the shared memory area for a single log file.
-** When multiple threads all reference the same log-summary, each thread has
-** its own os2File object, but they all point to a single instance of this 
-** object.  In other words, each log-summary is opened only once per process.
-**
-** os2ShmMutexHeld() must be true when creating or destroying
-** this object or while reading or writing the following fields:
-**
-**      nRef
-**      pNext 
-**
-** The following fields are read-only after the object is created:
-** 
-**      szRegion
-**      hLockFile
-**      shmBaseName
-**
-** Either os2ShmNode.mutex must be held or os2ShmNode.nRef==0 and
-** os2ShmMutexHeld() is true when reading or writing any other field
-** in this structure.
-**
-*/
-struct os2ShmNode {
-  sqlite3_mutex *mutex;      /* Mutex to access this object */
-  os2ShmNode *pNext;         /* Next in list of all os2ShmNode objects */
-
-  int szRegion;              /* Size of shared-memory regions */
-
-  int nRegion;               /* Size of array apRegion */
-  void **apRegion;           /* Array of pointers to shared-memory regions */
-
-  int nRef;                  /* Number of os2ShmLink objects pointing to this */
-  os2ShmLink *pFirst;        /* First os2ShmLink object pointing to this */
-
-  HFILE hLockFile;           /* File used for inter-process memory locking */
-  char shmBaseName[1];       /* Name of the memory object !!! must last !!! */
-};
-
-
-/*
-** Structure used internally by this VFS to record the state of an
-** open shared memory connection.
-**
-** The following fields are initialized when this object is created and
-** are read-only thereafter:
-**
-**    os2Shm.pShmNode
-**    os2Shm.id
-**
-** All other fields are read/write.  The os2Shm.pShmNode->mutex must be held
-** while accessing any read/write fields.
-*/
-struct os2ShmLink {
-  os2ShmNode *pShmNode;      /* The underlying os2ShmNode object */
-  os2ShmLink *pNext;         /* Next os2Shm with the same os2ShmNode */
-  u32 sharedMask;            /* Mask of shared locks held */
-  u32 exclMask;              /* Mask of exclusive locks held */
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  u8 id;                     /* Id of this connection with its os2ShmNode */
-#endif
-};
-
-
-/*
-** A global list of all os2ShmNode objects.
-**
-** The os2ShmMutexHeld() must be true while reading or writing this list.
-*/
-static os2ShmNode *os2ShmNodeList = NULL;
-
-/*
-** Constants used for locking
-*/
-#ifdef  SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
-#define OS2_SHM_BASE   (PENDING_BYTE + 0x10000)         /* first lock byte */
-#else
-#define OS2_SHM_BASE   ((22+SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK)*4)        /* first lock byte */
-#endif
-
-#define OS2_SHM_DMS    (OS2_SHM_BASE+SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK)  /* deadman switch */
-
-/*
-** Apply advisory locks for all n bytes beginning at ofst.
-*/
-#define _SHM_UNLCK  1   /* no lock */
-#define _SHM_RDLCK  2   /* shared lock, no wait */
-#define _SHM_WRLCK  3   /* exlusive lock, no wait */
-#define _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT 4 /* exclusive lock, wait */
-static int os2ShmSystemLock(
-  os2ShmNode *pNode,    /* Apply locks to this open shared-memory segment */
-  int lockType,         /* _SHM_UNLCK, _SHM_RDLCK, _SHM_WRLCK or _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT */
-  int ofst,             /* Offset to first byte to be locked/unlocked */
-  int nByte             /* Number of bytes to lock or unlock */
-){
-  APIRET rc;
-  FILELOCK area;
-  ULONG mode, timeout;
-
-  /* Access to the os2ShmNode object is serialized by the caller */
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pNode->mutex) || pNode->nRef==0 );
-
-  mode = 1;     /* shared lock */
-  timeout = 0;  /* no wait */
-  area.lOffset = ofst;
-  area.lRange = nByte;
-
-  switch( lockType ) {
-    case _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT:
-      timeout = (ULONG)-1;      /* wait forever */
-    case _SHM_WRLCK:
-      mode = 0;                 /* exclusive lock */
-    case _SHM_RDLCK:
-      rc = DosSetFileLocks(pNode->hLockFile, 
-                           NULL, &area, timeout, mode);
-      break;
-    /* case _SHM_UNLCK: */
-    default:
-      rc = DosSetFileLocks(pNode->hLockFile, 
-                           &area, NULL, 0, 0);
-      break;
-  }
-                          
-  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK %d %s %s 0x%08lx\n", 
-           pNode->hLockFile,
-           rc==SQLITE_OK ? "ok" : "failed",
-           lockType==_SHM_UNLCK ? "Unlock" : "Lock",
-           rc));
-
-  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2ShmSystemLock: %d %s\n", rc, pNode->shmBaseName))
-
-  return ( rc == 0 ) ?  SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_BUSY;
-}
-
-/*
-** Find an os2ShmNode in global list or allocate a new one, if not found.
-**
-** This is not a VFS shared-memory method; it is a utility function called
-** by VFS shared-memory methods.
-*/
-static int os2OpenSharedMemory( os2File *fd, int szRegion ) {
-  os2ShmLink *pLink;
-  os2ShmNode *pNode;
-  int cbShmName, rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  char shmName[CCHMAXPATH + 30];
-#ifndef SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
-  ULONG action;
-#endif
-  
-  /* We need some additional space at the end to append the region number */
-  cbShmName = sprintf(shmName, "\\SHAREMEM\\%s", fd->zFullPathCp );
-  if( cbShmName >= CCHMAXPATH-8 )
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN; 
-
-  /* Replace colon in file name to form a valid shared memory name */
-  shmName[10+1] = '!';
-
-  /* Allocate link object (we free it later in case of failure) */
-  pLink = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pLink) );
-  if( !pLink )
-    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-
-  /* Access node list */
-  os2ShmEnterMutex();
-
-  /* Find node by it's shared memory base name */
-  for( pNode = os2ShmNodeList; 
-       pNode && stricmp(shmName, pNode->shmBaseName) != 0; 
-       pNode = pNode->pNext )   ;
-
-  /* Not found: allocate a new node */
-  if( !pNode ) {
-    pNode = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pNode) + cbShmName );
-    if( pNode ) {
-      memset(pNode, 0, sizeof(*pNode) );
-      pNode->szRegion = szRegion;
-      pNode->hLockFile = (HFILE)-1;      
-      strcpy(pNode->shmBaseName, shmName);
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
-      if( DosDupHandle(fd->h, &pNode->hLockFile) != 0 ) {
-#else
-      sprintf(shmName, "%s-lck", fd->zFullPathCp);
-      if( DosOpen((PSZ)shmName, &pNode->hLockFile, &action, 0, FILE_NORMAL, 
-                  OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS | OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW,
-                  OPEN_ACCESS_READWRITE | OPEN_SHARE_DENYNONE | 
-                  OPEN_FLAGS_NOINHERIT | OPEN_FLAGS_FAIL_ON_ERROR,
-                  NULL) != 0 ) {
-#endif
-        sqlite3_free(pNode);  
-        rc = SQLITE_IOERR;
-      } else {
-        pNode->mutex = sqlite3_mutex_alloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST);
-        if( !pNode->mutex ) {
-          sqlite3_free(pNode);  
-          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-        }
-      }   
-    } else {
-      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-    }
-    
-    if( rc == SQLITE_OK ) {
-      pNode->pNext = os2ShmNodeList;
-      os2ShmNodeList = pNode;
-    } else {
-      pNode = NULL;
-    }
-  } else if( pNode->szRegion != szRegion ) {
-    rc = SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE;
-    pNode = NULL;
-  }
-
-  if( pNode ) {
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pNode->mutex);
-
-    memset(pLink, 0, sizeof(*pLink));
-
-    pLink->pShmNode = pNode;
-    pLink->pNext = pNode->pFirst;
-    pNode->pFirst = pLink;
-    pNode->nRef++;
-
-    fd->pShmLink = pLink;
-
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pNode->mutex);
-    
-  } else {
-    /* Error occured. Free our link object. */
-    sqlite3_free(pLink);  
-  }
-
-  os2ShmLeaveMutex();
-
-  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2OpenSharedMemory: %d  %s\n", rc, fd->zFullPathCp))  
-  
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** Purge the os2ShmNodeList list of all entries with nRef==0.
-**
-** This is not a VFS shared-memory method; it is a utility function called
-** by VFS shared-memory methods.
-*/
-static void os2PurgeShmNodes( int deleteFlag ) {
-  os2ShmNode *pNode;
-  os2ShmNode **ppNode;
-
-  os2ShmEnterMutex();
-  
-  ppNode = &os2ShmNodeList;
-
-  while( *ppNode ) {
-    pNode = *ppNode;
-
-    if( pNode->nRef == 0 ) {
-      *ppNode = pNode->pNext;   
-     
-      if( pNode->apRegion ) {
-        /* Prevent other processes from resizing the shared memory */
-        os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
-
-        while( pNode->nRegion-- ) {
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-          int rc = 
-#endif          
-          DosFreeMem(pNode->apRegion[pNode->nRegion]);
-
-          OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid-%d unmap region=%d %s\n",
-                  (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), pNode->nRegion,
-                  rc == 0 ? "ok" : "failed"));
-        }
-
-        /* Allow other processes to resize the shared memory */
-        os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_UNLCK, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
-
-        sqlite3_free(pNode->apRegion);
-      }  
-
-      DosClose(pNode->hLockFile);
-      
-#ifndef SQLITE_OS2_NO_WAL_LOCK_FILE
-      if( deleteFlag ) {
-         char fileName[CCHMAXPATH];
-         /* Skip "\\SHAREMEM\\" */
-         sprintf(fileName, "%s-lck", pNode->shmBaseName + 10);
-         /* restore colon */
-         fileName[1] = ':';
-         
-         DosForceDelete(fileName); 
-      }
-#endif
-
-      sqlite3_mutex_free(pNode->mutex);
-
-      sqlite3_free(pNode);
-      
-    } else {
-      ppNode = &pNode->pNext;
-    }
-  } 
-
-  os2ShmLeaveMutex();
-}
-
-/*
-** This function is called to obtain a pointer to region iRegion of the
-** shared-memory associated with the database file id. Shared-memory regions
-** are numbered starting from zero. Each shared-memory region is szRegion
-** bytes in size.
-**
-** If an error occurs, an error code is returned and *pp is set to NULL.
-**
-** Otherwise, if the bExtend parameter is 0 and the requested shared-memory
-** region has not been allocated (by any client, including one running in a
-** separate process), then *pp is set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned. If
-** bExtend is non-zero and the requested shared-memory region has not yet
-** been allocated, it is allocated by this function.
-**
-** If the shared-memory region has already been allocated or is allocated by
-** this call as described above, then it is mapped into this processes
-** address space (if it is not already), *pp is set to point to the mapped
-** memory and SQLITE_OK returned.
-*/
-static int os2ShmMap(
-  sqlite3_file *id,               /* Handle open on database file */
-  int iRegion,                    /* Region to retrieve */
-  int szRegion,                   /* Size of regions */
-  int bExtend,                    /* True to extend block if necessary */
-  void volatile **pp              /* OUT: Mapped memory */
-){
-  PVOID pvTemp;
-  void **apRegion;
-  os2ShmNode *pNode;
-  int n, rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  char shmName[CCHMAXPATH];
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  
-  *pp = NULL;
-
-  if( !pFile->pShmLink )
-    rc = os2OpenSharedMemory( pFile, szRegion );
-  
-  if( rc == SQLITE_OK ) {
-    pNode = pFile->pShmLink->pShmNode ;
-    
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pNode->mutex);
-    
-    assert( szRegion==pNode->szRegion );
-
-    /* Unmapped region ? */
-    if( iRegion >= pNode->nRegion ) {
-      /* Prevent other processes from resizing the shared memory */
-      os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_WRLCK_WAIT, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
-
-      apRegion = sqlite3_realloc(
-        pNode->apRegion, (iRegion + 1) * sizeof(apRegion[0]));
-
-      if( apRegion ) {
-        pNode->apRegion = apRegion;
-
-        while( pNode->nRegion <= iRegion ) {
-          sprintf(shmName, "%s-%u", 
-                  pNode->shmBaseName, pNode->nRegion);
-
-          if( DosGetNamedSharedMem(&pvTemp, (PSZ)shmName, 
-                PAG_READ | PAG_WRITE) != NO_ERROR ) {
-            if( !bExtend )
-              break;
-
-            if( DosAllocSharedMem(&pvTemp, (PSZ)shmName, szRegion,
-                  PAG_READ | PAG_WRITE | PAG_COMMIT | OBJ_ANY) != NO_ERROR && 
-                DosAllocSharedMem(&pvTemp, (PSZ)shmName, szRegion,
-                  PAG_READ | PAG_WRITE | PAG_COMMIT) != NO_ERROR ) { 
-              rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-              break;
-            }
-          }
-
-          apRegion[pNode->nRegion++] = pvTemp;
-        }
-
-        /* zero out remaining entries */ 
-        for( n = pNode->nRegion; n <= iRegion; n++ )
-          pNode->apRegion[n] = NULL;
-
-        /* Return this region (maybe zero) */
-        *pp = pNode->apRegion[iRegion];
-      } else {
-        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-      }
-
-      /* Allow other processes to resize the shared memory */
-      os2ShmSystemLock(pNode, _SHM_UNLCK, OS2_SHM_DMS, 1);
-      
-    } else {
-      /* Region has been mapped previously */
-      *pp = pNode->apRegion[iRegion];
-    }
-
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pNode->mutex);
-  } 
-
-  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2ShmMap: %s iRgn = %d, szRgn = %d, bExt = %d : %d\n", 
-                 pFile->zFullPathCp, iRegion, szRegion, bExtend, rc))
-          
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** Close a connection to shared-memory.  Delete the underlying
-** storage if deleteFlag is true.
-**
-** If there is no shared memory associated with the connection then this
-** routine is a harmless no-op.
-*/
-static int os2ShmUnmap(
-  sqlite3_file *id,               /* The underlying database file */
-  int deleteFlag                  /* Delete shared-memory if true */
-){
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  os2ShmLink *pLink = pFile->pShmLink;
-  
-  if( pLink ) {
-    int nRef = -1;
-    os2ShmLink **ppLink;
-    os2ShmNode *pNode = pLink->pShmNode;
-
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(pNode->mutex);
-    
-    for( ppLink = &pNode->pFirst;
-         *ppLink && *ppLink != pLink;
-         ppLink = &(*ppLink)->pNext )   ;
-         
-    assert(*ppLink);
-
-    if( *ppLink ) {
-      *ppLink = pLink->pNext;
-      nRef = --pNode->nRef;
-    } else {
-      ERR_TRACE(1, ("os2ShmUnmap: link not found ! %s\n", 
-                    pNode->shmBaseName))
-    }
-    
-    pFile->pShmLink = NULL;
-    sqlite3_free(pLink);
-
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(pNode->mutex);
-    
-    if( nRef == 0 )
-      os2PurgeShmNodes( deleteFlag );
-  }
-
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-/*
-** Change the lock state for a shared-memory segment.
-**
-** Note that the relationship between SHAREd and EXCLUSIVE locks is a little
-** different here than in posix.  In xShmLock(), one can go from unlocked
-** to shared and back or from unlocked to exclusive and back.  But one may
-** not go from shared to exclusive or from exclusive to shared.
-*/
-static int os2ShmLock(
-  sqlite3_file *id,          /* Database file holding the shared memory */
-  int ofst,                  /* First lock to acquire or release */
-  int n,                     /* Number of locks to acquire or release */
-  int flags                  /* What to do with the lock */
-){
-  u32 mask;                             /* Mask of locks to take or release */
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;                   /* Result code */
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  os2ShmLink *p = pFile->pShmLink;      /* The shared memory being locked */
-  os2ShmLink *pX;                       /* For looping over all siblings */
-  os2ShmNode *pShmNode = p->pShmNode;   /* Our node */
-  
-  assert( ofst>=0 && ofst+n<=SQLITE_SHM_NLOCK );
-  assert( n>=1 );
-  assert( flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
-       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_LOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)
-       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_SHARED)
-       || flags==(SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK | SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE) );
-  assert( n==1 || (flags & SQLITE_SHM_EXCLUSIVE)!=0 );
-
-  mask = (u32)((1U<<(ofst+n)) - (1U<<ofst));
-  assert( n>1 || mask==(1<<ofst) );
-
-
-  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
-
-  if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_UNLOCK ){
-    u32 allMask = 0; /* Mask of locks held by siblings */
-
-    /* See if any siblings hold this same lock */
-    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
-      if( pX==p ) continue;
-      assert( (pX->exclMask & (p->exclMask|p->sharedMask))==0 );
-      allMask |= pX->sharedMask;
-    }
-
-    /* Unlock the system-level locks */
-    if( (mask & allMask)==0 ){
-      rc = os2ShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_UNLCK, ofst+OS2_SHM_BASE, n);
-    }else{
-      rc = SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-
-    /* Undo the local locks */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      p->exclMask &= ~mask;
-      p->sharedMask &= ~mask;
-    } 
-  }else if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_SHARED ){
-    u32 allShared = 0;  /* Union of locks held by connections other than "p" */
-
-    /* Find out which shared locks are already held by sibling connections.
-    ** If any sibling already holds an exclusive lock, go ahead and return
-    ** SQLITE_BUSY.
-    */
-    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
-      if( (pX->exclMask & mask)!=0 ){
-        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
-        break;
-      }
-      allShared |= pX->sharedMask;
-    }
-
-    /* Get shared locks at the system level, if necessary */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      if( (allShared & mask)==0 ){
-        rc = os2ShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_RDLCK, ofst+OS2_SHM_BASE, n);
-      }else{
-        rc = SQLITE_OK;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /* Get the local shared locks */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      p->sharedMask |= mask;
-    }
-  }else{
-    /* Make sure no sibling connections hold locks that will block this
-    ** lock.  If any do, return SQLITE_BUSY right away.
-    */
-    for(pX=pShmNode->pFirst; pX; pX=pX->pNext){
-      if( (pX->exclMask & mask)!=0 || (pX->sharedMask & mask)!=0 ){
-        rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  
-    /* Get the exclusive locks at the system level.  Then if successful
-    ** also mark the local connection as being locked.
-    */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = os2ShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_WRLCK, ofst+OS2_SHM_BASE, n);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        assert( (p->sharedMask & mask)==0 );
-        p->exclMask |= mask;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
-  
-  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK shmid-%d, pid-%d got %03x,%03x %s\n",
-           p->id, (int)GetCurrentProcessId(), p->sharedMask, p->exclMask,
-           rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
-
-  ERR_TRACE(rc, ("os2ShmLock: ofst = %d, n = %d, flags = 0x%x -> %d \n", 
-                 ofst, n, flags, rc))
-                  
-  return rc; 
-}
-
-/*
-** Implement a memory barrier or memory fence on shared memory.
-**
-** All loads and stores begun before the barrier must complete before
-** any load or store begun after the barrier.
-*/
-static void os2ShmBarrier(
-  sqlite3_file *id                /* Database file holding the shared memory */
-){
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(id);
-  os2ShmEnterMutex();
-  os2ShmLeaveMutex();
-}
-
-#else
-# define os2ShmMap     0
-# define os2ShmLock    0
-# define os2ShmBarrier 0
-# define os2ShmUnmap   0
-#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
-
-
-/*
-** This vector defines all the methods that can operate on an
-** sqlite3_file for os2.
-*/
-static const sqlite3_io_methods os2IoMethod = {
-  2,                              /* iVersion */
-  os2Close,                       /* xClose */
-  os2Read,                        /* xRead */
-  os2Write,                       /* xWrite */
-  os2Truncate,                    /* xTruncate */
-  os2Sync,                        /* xSync */
-  os2FileSize,                    /* xFileSize */
-  os2Lock,                        /* xLock */
-  os2Unlock,                      /* xUnlock */
-  os2CheckReservedLock,           /* xCheckReservedLock */
-  os2FileControl,                 /* xFileControl */
-  os2SectorSize,                  /* xSectorSize */
-  os2DeviceCharacteristics,       /* xDeviceCharacteristics */
-  os2ShmMap,                      /* xShmMap */
-  os2ShmLock,                     /* xShmLock */
-  os2ShmBarrier,                  /* xShmBarrier */
-  os2ShmUnmap                     /* xShmUnmap */
-};
-
-
-/***************************************************************************
-** Here ends the I/O methods that form the sqlite3_io_methods object.
-**
-** The next block of code implements the VFS methods.
-****************************************************************************/
-
-/*
-** Create a temporary file name in zBuf.  zBuf must be big enough to
-** hold at pVfs->mxPathname characters.
-*/
-static int getTempname(int nBuf, char *zBuf ){
-  static const char zChars[] =
-    "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
-    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
-    "0123456789";
-  int i, j;
-  PSZ zTempPathCp;      
-  char zTempPath[CCHMAXPATH];
-  ULONG ulDriveNum, ulDriveMap;
-  
-  /* It's odd to simulate an io-error here, but really this is just
-  ** using the io-error infrastructure to test that SQLite handles this
-  ** function failing. 
-  */
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR );
-
-  if( sqlite3_temp_directory ) {
-    sqlite3_snprintf(CCHMAXPATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", sqlite3_temp_directory);
-  } else if( DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TEMP",   &zTempPathCp ) == NO_ERROR ||
-             DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TMP",    &zTempPathCp ) == NO_ERROR ||
-             DosScanEnv( (PSZ)"TMPDIR", &zTempPathCp ) == NO_ERROR ) {
-    char *zTempPathUTF = convertCpPathToUtf8( (char *)zTempPathCp );
-    sqlite3_snprintf(CCHMAXPATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", zTempPathUTF);
-    free( zTempPathUTF );
-  } else if( DosQueryCurrentDisk( &ulDriveNum, &ulDriveMap ) == NO_ERROR ) {
-    zTempPath[0] = (char)('A' + ulDriveNum - 1);
-    zTempPath[1] = ':'; 
-    zTempPath[2] = '\0'; 
-  } else {
-    zTempPath[0] = '\0'; 
-  }
-  
-  /* Strip off a trailing slashes or backslashes, otherwise we would get *
-   * multiple (back)slashes which causes DosOpen() to fail.              *
-   * Trailing spaces are not allowed, either.                            */
-  j = sqlite3Strlen30(zTempPath);
-  while( j > 0 && ( zTempPath[j-1] == '\\' || zTempPath[j-1] == '/' || 
-                    zTempPath[j-1] == ' ' ) ){
-    j--;
-  }
-  zTempPath[j] = '\0';
-  
-  /* We use 20 bytes to randomize the name */
-  sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf-22, zBuf,
-                   "%s\\"SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX, zTempPath);
-  j = sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf);
-  sqlite3_randomness( 20, &zBuf[j] );
-  for( i = 0; i < 20; i++, j++ ){
-    zBuf[j] = zChars[ ((unsigned char)zBuf[j])%(sizeof(zChars)-1) ];
-  }
-  zBuf[j] = 0;
-
-  OSTRACE(( "TEMP FILENAME: %s\n", zBuf ));
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-
-/*
-** Turn a relative pathname into a full pathname.  Write the full
-** pathname into zFull[].  zFull[] will be at least pVfs->mxPathname
-** bytes in size.
-*/
-static int os2FullPathname(
-  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,          /* Pointer to vfs object */
-  const char *zRelative,      /* Possibly relative input path */
-  int nFull,                  /* Size of output buffer in bytes */
-  char *zFull                 /* Output buffer */
-){
-  char *zRelativeCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zRelative );
-  char zFullCp[CCHMAXPATH] = "\0";
-  char *zFullUTF;
-  APIRET rc = DosQueryPathInfo( (PSZ)zRelativeCp, FIL_QUERYFULLNAME, 
-                                zFullCp, CCHMAXPATH );
-  free( zRelativeCp );
-  zFullUTF = convertCpPathToUtf8( zFullCp );
-  sqlite3_snprintf( nFull, zFull, zFullUTF );
-  free( zFullUTF );
-  return rc == NO_ERROR ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR;
-}
-
-
-/*
-** Open a file.
-*/
-static int os2Open(
-  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,            /* Not used */
-  const char *zName,            /* Name of the file (UTF-8) */
-  sqlite3_file *id,             /* Write the SQLite file handle here */
-  int flags,                    /* Open mode flags */
-  int *pOutFlags                /* Status return flags */
-){
-  HFILE h;
-  ULONG ulOpenFlags = 0;
-  ULONG ulOpenMode = 0;
-  ULONG ulAction = 0;
-  ULONG rc;
-  os2File *pFile = (os2File*)id;
-  const char *zUtf8Name = zName;
-  char *zNameCp;
-  char  zTmpname[CCHMAXPATH];
-
-  int isExclusive  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE);
-  int isCreate     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE);
-  int isReadWrite  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE);
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-  int isDelete     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE);
-  int isReadonly   = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
-  int eType        = (flags & 0xFFFFFF00);
-  int isOpenJournal = (isCreate && (
-        eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
-     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL 
-     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
-  ));
-#endif
-
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  assert( id!=0 );
-
-  /* Check the following statements are true: 
-  **
-  **   (a) Exactly one of the READWRITE and READONLY flags must be set, and 
-  **   (b) if CREATE is set, then READWRITE must also be set, and
-  **   (c) if EXCLUSIVE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
-  **   (d) if DELETEONCLOSE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
-  */
-  assert((isReadonly==0 || isReadWrite==0) && (isReadWrite || isReadonly));
-  assert(isCreate==0 || isReadWrite);
-  assert(isExclusive==0 || isCreate);
-  assert(isDelete==0 || isCreate);
-
-  /* The main DB, main journal, WAL file and master journal are never 
-  ** automatically deleted. Nor are they ever temporary files.  */
-  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
-  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL );
-  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL );
-  assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_WAL );
-
-  /* Assert that the upper layer has set one of the "file-type" flags. */
-  assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB 
-       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL 
-       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL   || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
-       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
-  );
-
-  memset( pFile, 0, sizeof(*pFile) );
-  pFile->h = (HFILE)-1;
-
-  /* If the second argument to this function is NULL, generate a 
-  ** temporary file name to use 
-  */
-  if( !zUtf8Name ){
-    assert(isDelete && !isOpenJournal);
-    rc = getTempname(CCHMAXPATH, zTmpname);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      return rc;
-    }
-    zUtf8Name = zTmpname;
-  }
-
-  if( isReadWrite ){
-    ulOpenMode |= OPEN_ACCESS_READWRITE;
-  }else{
-    ulOpenMode |= OPEN_ACCESS_READONLY;
-  }
-
-  /* Open in random access mode for possibly better speed.  Allow full
-  ** sharing because file locks will provide exclusive access when needed.
-  ** The handle should not be inherited by child processes and we don't 
-  ** want popups from the critical error handler.
-  */
-  ulOpenMode |= OPEN_FLAGS_RANDOM | OPEN_SHARE_DENYNONE | 
-                OPEN_FLAGS_NOINHERIT | OPEN_FLAGS_FAIL_ON_ERROR;
-
-  /* SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE is used to make sure that a new file is 
-  ** created. SQLite doesn't use it to indicate "exclusive access" 
-  ** as it is usually understood.
-  */
-  if( isExclusive ){
-    /* Creates a new file, only if it does not already exist. */
-    /* If the file exists, it fails. */
-    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW | OPEN_ACTION_FAIL_IF_EXISTS;
-  }else if( isCreate ){
-    /* Open existing file, or create if it doesn't exist */
-    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_CREATE_IF_NEW | OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS;
-  }else{
-    /* Opens a file, only if it exists. */
-    ulOpenFlags |= OPEN_ACTION_FAIL_IF_NEW | OPEN_ACTION_OPEN_IF_EXISTS;
-  }
-
-  zNameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zUtf8Name );
-  rc = DosOpen( (PSZ)zNameCp,
-                &h,
-                &ulAction,
-                0L,
-                FILE_NORMAL,
-                ulOpenFlags,
-                ulOpenMode,
-                (PEAOP2)NULL );
-  free( zNameCp );
-
-  if( rc != NO_ERROR ){
-    OSTRACE(( "OPEN Invalid handle rc=%d: zName=%s, ulAction=%#lx, ulFlags=%#lx, ulMode=%#lx\n",
-              rc, zUtf8Name, ulAction, ulOpenFlags, ulOpenMode ));
-
-    if( isReadWrite ){
-      return os2Open( pVfs, zName, id,
-                      ((flags|SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY)&~(SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE)),
-                      pOutFlags );
-    }else{
-      return SQLITE_CANTOPEN;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if( pOutFlags ){
-    *pOutFlags = isReadWrite ? SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE : SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY;
-  }
-
-  os2FullPathname( pVfs, zUtf8Name, sizeof( zTmpname ), zTmpname );
-  pFile->zFullPathCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zTmpname );
-  pFile->pMethod = &os2IoMethod;
-  pFile->flags = flags;
-  pFile->h = h;
-
-  OpenCounter(+1);
-  OSTRACE(( "OPEN %d pOutFlags=%d\n", pFile->h, pOutFlags ));
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-/*
-** Delete the named file.
-*/
-static int os2Delete(
-  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,                     /* Not used on os2 */
-  const char *zFilename,                 /* Name of file to delete */
-  int syncDir                            /* Not used on os2 */
-){
-  APIRET rc;
-  char *zFilenameCp;
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE );
-  zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zFilename );
-  rc = DosDelete( (PSZ)zFilenameCp );
-  free( zFilenameCp );
-  OSTRACE(( "DELETE \"%s\"\n", zFilename ));
-  return (rc == NO_ERROR ||
-          rc == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND ||
-          rc == ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND ) ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE;
-}
-
-/*
-** Check the existance and status of a file.
-*/
-static int os2Access(
-  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,        /* Not used on os2 */
-  const char *zFilename,    /* Name of file to check */
-  int flags,                /* Type of test to make on this file */
-  int *pOut                 /* Write results here */
-){
-  APIRET rc;
-  FILESTATUS3 fsts3ConfigInfo;
-  char *zFilenameCp;
-
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS; );
-  
-  zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp( zFilename );
-  rc = DosQueryPathInfo( (PSZ)zFilenameCp, FIL_STANDARD,
-                         &fsts3ConfigInfo, sizeof(FILESTATUS3) );
-  free( zFilenameCp );
-  OSTRACE(( "ACCESS fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile=%d flags=%d rc=%d\n",
-            fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile, flags, rc ));
-
-  switch( flags ){
-    case SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS:
-      /* For an SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS query, treat a zero-length file
-      ** as if it does not exist.
-      */
-      if( fsts3ConfigInfo.cbFile == 0 ) 
-        rc = ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND;
-      break;
-    case SQLITE_ACCESS_READ:
-      break;
-    case SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE:
-      if( fsts3ConfigInfo.attrFile & FILE_READONLY )
-        rc = ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED;
-      break;
-    default:
-      rc = ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND;
-      assert( !"Invalid flags argument" );
-  }
-
-  *pOut = (rc == NO_ERROR);
-  OSTRACE(( "ACCESS %s flags %d: rc=%d\n", zFilename, flags, *pOut ));
-
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION
-/*
-** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
-** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
-*/
-/*
-** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
-** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
-*/
-static void *os2DlOpen(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, const char *zFilename){
-  HMODULE hmod;
-  APIRET rc;
-  char *zFilenameCp = convertUtf8PathToCp(zFilename);
-  rc = DosLoadModule(NULL, 0, (PSZ)zFilenameCp, &hmod);
-  free(zFilenameCp);
-  return rc != NO_ERROR ? 0 : (void*)hmod;
-}
-/*
-** A no-op since the error code is returned on the DosLoadModule call.
-** os2Dlopen returns zero if DosLoadModule is not successful.
-*/
-static void os2DlError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBufOut){
-/* no-op */
-}
-static void (*os2DlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle, const char *zSymbol))(void){
-  PFN pfn;
-  APIRET rc;
-  rc = DosQueryProcAddr((HMODULE)pHandle, 0L, (PSZ)zSymbol, &pfn);
-  if( rc != NO_ERROR ){
-    /* if the symbol itself was not found, search again for the same
-     * symbol with an extra underscore, that might be needed depending
-     * on the calling convention */
-    char _zSymbol[256] = "_";
-    strncat(_zSymbol, zSymbol, 254);
-    rc = DosQueryProcAddr((HMODULE)pHandle, 0L, (PSZ)_zSymbol, &pfn);
-  }
-  return rc != NO_ERROR ? 0 : (void(*)(void))pfn;
-}
-static void os2DlClose(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle){
-  DosFreeModule((HMODULE)pHandle);
-}
-#else /* if SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION is defined: */
-  #define os2DlOpen 0
-  #define os2DlError 0
-  #define os2DlSym 0
-  #define os2DlClose 0
-#endif
-
-
-/*
-** Write up to nBuf bytes of randomness into zBuf.
-*/
-static int os2Randomness(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf ){
-  int n = 0;
-#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
-  n = nBuf;
-  memset(zBuf, 0, nBuf);
-#else
-  int i;                           
-  PPIB ppib;
-  PTIB ptib;
-  DATETIME dt; 
-  static unsigned c = 0;
-  /* Ordered by variation probability */
-  static ULONG svIdx[6] = { QSV_MS_COUNT, QSV_TIME_LOW,
-                            QSV_MAXPRMEM, QSV_MAXSHMEM,
-                            QSV_TOTAVAILMEM, QSV_TOTRESMEM };
-
-  /* 8 bytes; timezone and weekday don't increase the randomness much */
-  if( (int)sizeof(dt)-3 <= nBuf - n ){
-    c += 0x0100;
-    DosGetDateTime(&dt);
-    dt.year = (USHORT)((dt.year - 1900) | c);
-    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &dt, sizeof(dt)-3);
-    n += sizeof(dt)-3;
-  }
-
-  /* 4 bytes; PIDs and TIDs are 16 bit internally, so combine them */
-  if( (int)sizeof(ULONG) <= nBuf - n ){
-    DosGetInfoBlocks(&ptib, &ppib);
-    *(PULONG)&zBuf[n] = MAKELONG(ppib->pib_ulpid,
-                                 ptib->tib_ptib2->tib2_ultid);
-    n += sizeof(ULONG);
-  }
-
-  /* Up to 6 * 4 bytes; variables depend on the system state */
-  for( i = 0; i < 6 && (int)sizeof(ULONG) <= nBuf - n; i++ ){
-    DosQuerySysInfo(svIdx[i], svIdx[i], 
-                    (PULONG)&zBuf[n], sizeof(ULONG));
-    n += sizeof(ULONG);
-  } 
-#endif
-
-  return n;
-}
-
-/*
-** Sleep for a little while.  Return the amount of time slept.
-** The argument is the number of microseconds we want to sleep.
-** The return value is the number of microseconds of sleep actually
-** requested from the underlying operating system, a number which
-** might be greater than or equal to the argument, but not less
-** than the argument.
-*/
-static int os2Sleep( sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int microsec ){
-  DosSleep( (microsec/1000) );
-  return microsec;
-}
-
-/*
-** The following variable, if set to a non-zero value, becomes the result
-** returned from sqlite3OsCurrentTime().  This is used for testing.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_current_time = 0;
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write into *piNow
-** the current time and date as a Julian Day number times 86_400_000.  In
-** other words, write into *piNow the number of milliseconds since the Julian
-** epoch of noon in Greenwich on November 24, 4714 B.C according to the
-** proleptic Gregorian calendar.
-**
-** On success, return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
-*/
-static int os2CurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-  static const sqlite3_int64 unixEpoch = 24405875*(sqlite3_int64)8640000;
-#endif
-  int year, month, datepart, timepart;
- 
-  DATETIME dt;
-  DosGetDateTime( &dt );
-
-  year = dt.year;
-  month = dt.month;
-
-  /* Calculations from http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/~rno/Astronomy/hjd.html
-  ** http://www.astro.keele.ac.uk/~rno/Astronomy/hjd-0.1.c
-  ** Calculate the Julian days
-  */
-  datepart = (int)dt.day - 32076 +
-    1461*(year + 4800 + (month - 14)/12)/4 +
-    367*(month - 2 - (month - 14)/12*12)/12 -
-    3*((year + 4900 + (month - 14)/12)/100)/4;
-
-  /* Time in milliseconds, hours to noon added */
-  timepart = 12*3600*1000 + dt.hundredths*10 + dt.seconds*1000 +
-    ((int)dt.minutes + dt.timezone)*60*1000 + dt.hours*3600*1000;
-
-  *piNow = (sqlite3_int64)datepart*86400*1000 + timepart;
-   
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-  if( sqlite3_current_time ){
-    *piNow = 1000*(sqlite3_int64)sqlite3_current_time + unixEpoch;
-  }
-#endif
-
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/*
-** Find the current time (in Universal Coordinated Time).  Write the
-** current time and date as a Julian Day number into *prNow and
-** return 0.  Return 1 if the time and date cannot be found.
-*/
-static int os2CurrentTime( sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, double *prNow ){
-  int rc;
-  sqlite3_int64 i;
-  rc = os2CurrentTimeInt64(pVfs, &i);
-  if( !rc ){
-    *prNow = i/86400000.0;
-  }
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** The idea is that this function works like a combination of
-** GetLastError() and FormatMessage() on windows (or errno and
-** strerror_r() on unix). After an error is returned by an OS
-** function, SQLite calls this function with zBuf pointing to
-** a buffer of nBuf bytes. The OS layer should populate the
-** buffer with a nul-terminated UTF-8 encoded error message
-** describing the last IO error to have occurred within the calling
-** thread.
-**
-** If the error message is too large for the supplied buffer,
-** it should be truncated. The return value of xGetLastError
-** is zero if the error message fits in the buffer, or non-zero
-** otherwise (if the message was truncated). If non-zero is returned,
-** then it is not necessary to include the nul-terminator character
-** in the output buffer.
-**
-** Not supplying an error message will have no adverse effect
-** on SQLite. It is fine to have an implementation that never
-** returns an error message:
-**
-**   int xGetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
-**     assert(zBuf[0]=='\0');
-**     return 0;
-**   }
-**
-** However if an error message is supplied, it will be incorporated
-** by sqlite into the error message available to the user using
-** sqlite3_errmsg(), possibly making IO errors easier to debug.
-*/
-static int os2GetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
-  assert(zBuf[0]=='\0');
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/*
-** Initialize and deinitialize the operating system interface.
-*/
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_init(void){
-  static sqlite3_vfs os2Vfs = {
-    3,                 /* iVersion */
-    sizeof(os2File),   /* szOsFile */
-    CCHMAXPATH,        /* mxPathname */
-    0,                 /* pNext */
-    "os2",             /* zName */
-    0,                 /* pAppData */
-
-    os2Open,           /* xOpen */
-    os2Delete,         /* xDelete */
-    os2Access,         /* xAccess */
-    os2FullPathname,   /* xFullPathname */
-    os2DlOpen,         /* xDlOpen */
-    os2DlError,        /* xDlError */
-    os2DlSym,          /* xDlSym */
-    os2DlClose,        /* xDlClose */
-    os2Randomness,     /* xRandomness */
-    os2Sleep,          /* xSleep */
-    os2CurrentTime,    /* xCurrentTime */
-    os2GetLastError,   /* xGetLastError */
-    os2CurrentTimeInt64, /* xCurrentTimeInt64 */
-    0,                 /* xSetSystemCall */
-    0,                 /* xGetSystemCall */
-    0                  /* xNextSystemCall */
-  };
-  sqlite3_vfs_register(&os2Vfs, 1);
-  initUconvObjects();
-/*  sqlite3OSTrace = 1; */
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){
-  freeUconvObjects();
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-
-#endif /* SQLITE_OS_OS2 */
-
-/************** End of os_os2.c **********************************************/
 /************** Begin file os_unix.c *****************************************/
 /*
 ** 2004 May 22
@@ -24898,32 +24154,6 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
-** These #defines should enable >2GB file support on Posix if the
-** underlying operating system supports it.  If the OS lacks
-** large file support, these should be no-ops.
-**
-** Large file support can be disabled using the -DSQLITE_DISABLE_LFS switch
-** on the compiler command line.  This is necessary if you are compiling
-** on a recent machine (ex: RedHat 7.2) but you want your code to work
-** on an older machine (ex: RedHat 6.0).  If you compile on RedHat 7.2
-** without this option, LFS is enable.  But LFS does not exist in the kernel
-** in RedHat 6.0, so the code won't work.  Hence, for maximum binary
-** portability you should omit LFS.
-**
-** The previous paragraph was written in 2005.  (This paragraph is written
-** on 2008-11-28.) These days, all Linux kernels support large files, so
-** you should probably leave LFS enabled.  But some embedded platforms might
-** lack LFS in which case the SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS macro might still be useful.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_LFS
-# define _LARGE_FILE       1
-# ifndef _FILE_OFFSET_BITS
-#   define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
-# endif
-# define _LARGEFILE_SOURCE 1
-#endif
-
-/*
 ** standard include files.
 */
 #include <sys/types.h>
@@ -24933,12 +24163,11 @@
 /* #include <time.h> */
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <errno.h>
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-#include <sys/mman.h>
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL) || SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+# include <sys/mman.h>
 #endif
 
-
-#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+#if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE || OS_VXWORKS
 # include <sys/ioctl.h>
 # if OS_VXWORKS
 #  include <semaphore.h>
@@ -24979,8 +24208,8 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
- ** Default permissions when creating auto proxy dir
- */
+** Default permissions when creating auto proxy dir
+*/
 #ifndef SQLITE_DEFAULT_PROXYDIR_PERMISSIONS
 # define SQLITE_DEFAULT_PROXYDIR_PERMISSIONS 0755
 #endif
@@ -25032,6 +24261,17 @@
   const char *zPath;                  /* Name of the file */
   unixShm *pShm;                      /* Shared memory segment information */
   int szChunk;                        /* Configured by FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE */
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  int nFetchOut;                      /* Number of outstanding xFetch refs */
+  sqlite3_int64 mmapSize;             /* Usable size of mapping at pMapRegion */
+  sqlite3_int64 mmapSizeActual;       /* Actual size of mapping at pMapRegion */
+  sqlite3_int64 mmapSizeMax;          /* Configured FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE value */
+  void *pMapRegion;                   /* Memory mapped region */
+#endif
+#ifdef __QNXNTO__
+  int sectorSize;                     /* Device sector size */
+  int deviceCharacteristics;          /* Precomputed device characteristics */
+#endif
 #if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
   int openFlags;                      /* The flags specified at open() */
 #endif
@@ -25041,7 +24281,7 @@
 #if OS_VXWORKS
   struct vxworksFileId *pId;          /* Unique file ID */
 #endif
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   /* The next group of variables are used to track whether or not the
   ** transaction counter in bytes 24-27 of database files are updated
   ** whenever any part of the database changes.  An assertion fault will
@@ -25052,7 +24292,9 @@
   unsigned char transCntrChng;   /* True if the transaction counter changed */
   unsigned char dbUpdate;        /* True if any part of database file changed */
   unsigned char inNormalWrite;   /* True if in a normal write operation */
+
 #endif
+
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   /* In test mode, increase the size of this structure a bit so that 
   ** it is larger than the struct CrashFile defined in test6.c.
@@ -25061,6 +24303,12 @@
 #endif
 };
 
+/* This variable holds the process id (pid) from when the xRandomness()
+** method was called.  If xOpen() is called from a different process id,
+** indicating that a fork() has occurred, the PRNG will be reset.
+*/
+static int randomnessPid = 0;
+
 /*
 ** Allowed values for the unixFile.ctrlFlags bitmask:
 */
@@ -25076,7 +24324,7 @@
 #define UNIXFILE_DELETE      0x20     /* Delete on close */
 #define UNIXFILE_URI         0x40     /* Filename might have query parameters */
 #define UNIXFILE_NOLOCK      0x80     /* Do no file locking */
-#define UNIXFILE_CHOWN      0x100     /* File ownership was changed */
+#define UNIXFILE_WARNED    0x0100     /* verifyDbFile() warnings have been issued */
 
 /*
 ** Include code that is common to all os_*.c files
@@ -25319,6 +24567,17 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
+** HAVE_MREMAP defaults to true on Linux and false everywhere else.
+*/
+#if !defined(HAVE_MREMAP)
+# if defined(__linux__) && defined(_GNU_SOURCE)
+#  define HAVE_MREMAP 1
+# else
+#  define HAVE_MREMAP 0
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** Different Unix systems declare open() in different ways.  Same use
 ** open(const char*,int,mode_t).  Others use open(const char*,int,...).
 ** The difference is important when using a pointer to the function.
@@ -25330,8 +24589,22 @@
   return open(zFile, flags, mode);
 }
 
+/*
+** On some systems, calls to fchown() will trigger a message in a security
+** log if they come from non-root processes.  So avoid calling fchown() if
+** we are not running as root.
+*/
+static int posixFchown(int fd, uid_t uid, gid_t gid){
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  return 0;
+#else
+  return geteuid() ? 0 : fchown(fd,uid,gid);
+#endif
+}
+
 /* Forward reference */
 static int openDirectory(const char*, int*);
+static int unixGetpagesize(void);
 
 /*
 ** Many system calls are accessed through pointer-to-functions so that
@@ -25340,7 +24613,7 @@
 ** to all overrideable system calls.
 */
 static struct unix_syscall {
-  const char *zName;            /* Name of the sytem call */
+  const char *zName;            /* Name of the system call */
   sqlite3_syscall_ptr pCurrent; /* Current value of the system call */
   sqlite3_syscall_ptr pDefault; /* Default value */
 } aSyscall[] = {
@@ -25382,7 +24655,7 @@
   { "read",         (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)read,       0  },
 #define osRead      ((ssize_t(*)(int,void*,size_t))aSyscall[8].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(USE_PREAD) || SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+#if defined(USE_PREAD) || (SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && !OS_VXWORKS)
   { "pread",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)pread,      0  },
 #else
   { "pread",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
@@ -25404,7 +24677,7 @@
   { "write",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)write,      0  },
 #define osWrite     ((ssize_t(*)(int,const void*,size_t))aSyscall[11].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(USE_PREAD) || SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+#if defined(USE_PREAD) || (SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && !OS_VXWORKS)
   { "pwrite",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)pwrite,     0  },
 #else
   { "pwrite",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,          0  },
@@ -25448,9 +24721,27 @@
   { "rmdir",        (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)rmdir,           0 },
 #define osRmdir     ((int(*)(const char*))aSyscall[19].pCurrent)
 
-  { "fchown",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)fchown,          0 },
+  { "fchown",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)posixFchown,     0 },
 #define osFchown    ((int(*)(int,uid_t,gid_t))aSyscall[20].pCurrent)
 
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL) || SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  { "mmap",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)mmap,     0 },
+#define osMmap ((void*(*)(void*,size_t,int,int,int,off_t))aSyscall[21].pCurrent)
+
+  { "munmap",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)munmap,          0 },
+#define osMunmap ((void*(*)(void*,size_t))aSyscall[22].pCurrent)
+
+#if HAVE_MREMAP
+  { "mremap",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)mremap,          0 },
+#else
+  { "mremap",       (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)0,               0 },
+#endif
+#define osMremap ((void*(*)(void*,size_t,size_t,int,...))aSyscall[23].pCurrent)
+  { "getpagesize",  (sqlite3_syscall_ptr)unixGetpagesize, 0 },
+#define osGetpagesize ((int(*)(void))aSyscall[24].pCurrent)
+
+#endif
+
 }; /* End of the overrideable system calls */
 
 /*
@@ -25537,8 +24828,17 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Do not accept any file descriptor less than this value, in order to avoid
+** opening database file using file descriptors that are commonly used for 
+** standard input, output, and error.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_MINIMUM_FILE_DESCRIPTOR
+# define SQLITE_MINIMUM_FILE_DESCRIPTOR 3
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** Invoke open().  Do so multiple times, until it either succeeds or
-** files for some reason other than EINTR.
+** fails for some reason other than EINTR.
 **
 ** If the file creation mode "m" is 0 then set it to the default for
 ** SQLite.  The default is SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS (normally
@@ -25556,16 +24856,36 @@
 static int robust_open(const char *z, int f, mode_t m){
   int fd;
   mode_t m2 = m ? m : SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_PERMISSIONS;
-  do{
+  while(1){
+#if defined(O_CLOEXEC)
+    fd = osOpen(z,f|O_CLOEXEC,m2);
+#else
     fd = osOpen(z,f,m2);
-  }while( fd<0 && errno==EINTR );
+#endif
+    if( fd<0 ){
+      if( errno==EINTR ) continue;
+      break;
+    }
+    if( fd>=SQLITE_MINIMUM_FILE_DESCRIPTOR ) break;
+    osClose(fd);
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, 
+                "attempt to open \"%s\" as file descriptor %d", z, fd);
+    fd = -1;
+    if( osOpen("/dev/null", f, m)<0 ) break;
+  }
   if( fd>=0 ){
     if( m!=0 ){
       struct stat statbuf;
-      if( osFstat(fd, &statbuf)==0 && (statbuf.st_mode&0777)!=m ){
+      if( osFstat(fd, &statbuf)==0 
+       && statbuf.st_size==0
+       && (statbuf.st_mode&0777)!=m 
+      ){
         osFchmod(fd, m);
       }
     }
+#if defined(FD_CLOEXEC) && (!defined(O_CLOEXEC) || O_CLOEXEC==0)
+    osFcntl(fd, F_SETFD, osFcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0) | FD_CLOEXEC);
+#endif
   }
   return fd;
 }
@@ -25724,25 +25044,15 @@
   case EACCES: 
     /* EACCES is like EAGAIN during locking operations, but not any other time*/
     if( (sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK) || 
-	(sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK) || 
-	(sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK) ||
-	(sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK) ){
+        (sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK) || 
+        (sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK) ||
+        (sqliteIOErr == SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK) ){
       return SQLITE_BUSY;
     }
     /* else fall through */
   case EPERM: 
     return SQLITE_PERM;
     
-  /* EDEADLK is only possible if a call to fcntl(F_SETLKW) is made. And
-  ** this module never makes such a call. And the code in SQLite itself 
-  ** asserts that SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED is never returned. For these reasons
-  ** this case is also commented out. If the system does set errno to EDEADLK,
-  ** the default SQLITE_IOERR_XXX code will be returned. */
-#if 0
-  case EDEADLK:
-    return SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED;
-#endif
-    
 #if EOPNOTSUPP!=ENOTSUP
   case EOPNOTSUPP: 
     /* something went terribly awry, unless during file system support 
@@ -25772,7 +25082,6 @@
 }
 
 
-
 /******************************************************************************
 ****************** Begin Unique File ID Utility Used By VxWorks ***************
 **
@@ -26061,7 +25370,7 @@
 ** The first argument passed to the macro should be the error code that
 ** will be returned to SQLite (e.g. SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, SQLITE_CANTOPEN). 
 ** The two subsequent arguments should be the name of the OS function that
-** failed (e.g. "unlink", "open") and the the associated file-system path,
+** failed (e.g. "unlink", "open") and the associated file-system path,
 ** if any.
 */
 #define unixLogError(a,b,c)     unixLogErrorAtLine(a,b,c,__LINE__)
@@ -26084,7 +25393,7 @@
   zErr = aErr;
 
   /* If STRERROR_R_CHAR_P (set by autoconf scripts) or __USE_GNU is defined,
-  ** assume that the system provides the the GNU version of strerror_r() that 
+  ** assume that the system provides the GNU version of strerror_r() that
   ** returns a pointer to a buffer containing the error message. That pointer 
   ** may point to aErr[], or it may point to some static storage somewhere. 
   ** Otherwise, assume that the system provides the POSIX version of 
@@ -26108,7 +25417,6 @@
   zErr = strerror(iErrno);
 #endif
 
-  assert( errcode!=SQLITE_OK );
   if( zPath==0 ) zPath = "";
   sqlite3_log(errcode,
       "os_unix.c:%d: (%d) %s(%s) - %s",
@@ -26273,6 +25581,60 @@
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Return TRUE if pFile has been renamed or unlinked since it was first opened.
+*/
+static int fileHasMoved(unixFile *pFile){
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+  return pFile->pInode!=0 && pFile->pId!=pFile->pInode->fileId.pId;
+#else
+  struct stat buf;
+  return pFile->pInode!=0 &&
+      (osStat(pFile->zPath, &buf)!=0 || buf.st_ino!=pFile->pInode->fileId.ino);
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Check a unixFile that is a database.  Verify the following:
+**
+** (1) There is exactly one hard link on the file
+** (2) The file is not a symbolic link
+** (3) The file has not been renamed or unlinked
+**
+** Issue sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING,...) messages if anything is not right.
+*/
+static void verifyDbFile(unixFile *pFile){
+  struct stat buf;
+  int rc;
+  if( pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_WARNED ){
+    /* One or more of the following warnings have already been issued.  Do not
+    ** repeat them so as not to clutter the error log */
+    return;
+  }
+  rc = osFstat(pFile->h, &buf);
+  if( rc!=0 ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, "cannot fstat db file %s", pFile->zPath);
+    pFile->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_WARNED;
+    return;
+  }
+  if( buf.st_nlink==0 && (pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_DELETE)==0 ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, "file unlinked while open: %s", pFile->zPath);
+    pFile->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_WARNED;
+    return;
+  }
+  if( buf.st_nlink>1 ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, "multiple links to file: %s", pFile->zPath);
+    pFile->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_WARNED;
+    return;
+  }
+  if( fileHasMoved(pFile) ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING, "file renamed while open: %s", pFile->zPath);
+    pFile->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_WARNED;
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
 
 /*
 ** This routine checks if there is a RESERVED lock held on the specified
@@ -26580,7 +25942,7 @@
   }
   
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   /* Set up the transaction-counter change checking flags when
   ** transitioning from a SHARED to a RESERVED lock.  The change
   ** from SHARED to RESERVED marks the beginning of a normal
@@ -26659,7 +26021,7 @@
   if( pFile->eFileLock>SHARED_LOCK ){
     assert( pInode->eFileLock==pFile->eFileLock );
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     /* When reducing a lock such that other processes can start
     ** reading the database file again, make sure that the
     ** transaction counter was updated if any part of the database
@@ -26773,7 +26135,7 @@
         pInode->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
       }else{
         rc = SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK;
-	pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+        pFile->lastErrno = errno;
         pInode->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
         pFile->eFileLock = NO_LOCK;
       }
@@ -26789,7 +26151,7 @@
       closePendingFds(pFile);
     }
   }
-	
+
 end_unlock:
   unixLeaveMutex();
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) pFile->eFileLock = eFileLock;
@@ -26804,9 +26166,17 @@
 ** the requested locking level, this routine is a no-op.
 */
 static int unixUnlock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  assert( eFileLock==SHARED_LOCK || ((unixFile *)id)->nFetchOut==0 );
+#endif
   return posixUnlock(id, eFileLock, 0);
 }
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+static int unixMapfile(unixFile *pFd, i64 nByte);
+static void unixUnmapfile(unixFile *pFd);
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** This function performs the parts of the "close file" operation 
 ** common to all locking schemes. It closes the directory and file
@@ -26819,6 +26189,9 @@
 */
 static int closeUnixFile(sqlite3_file *id){
   unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  unixUnmapfile(pFile);
+#endif
   if( pFile->h>=0 ){
     robust_close(pFile, pFile->h, __LINE__);
     pFile->h = -1;
@@ -26832,6 +26205,13 @@
     pFile->pId = 0;
   }
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_UNLINK_AFTER_CLOSE
+  if( pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_DELETE ){
+    osUnlink(pFile->zPath);
+    sqlite3_free(*(char**)&pFile->zPath);
+    pFile->zPath = 0;
+  }
+#endif
   OSTRACE(("CLOSE   %-3d\n", pFile->h));
   OpenCounter(-1);
   sqlite3_free(pFile->pUnused);
@@ -26845,6 +26225,7 @@
 static int unixClose(sqlite3_file *id){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   unixFile *pFile = (unixFile *)id;
+  verifyDbFile(pFile);
   unixUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
   unixEnterMutex();
 
@@ -26913,7 +26294,7 @@
 /******************************************************************************
 ************************* Begin dot-file Locking ******************************
 **
-** The dotfile locking implementation uses the existance of separate lock
+** The dotfile locking implementation uses the existence of separate lock
 ** files (really a directory) to control access to the database.  This works
 ** on just about every filesystem imaginable.  But there are serious downsides:
 **
@@ -26928,7 +26309,7 @@
 **
 ** Dotfile locking works by creating a subdirectory in the same directory as
 ** the database and with the same name but with a ".lock" extension added.
-** The existance of a lock directory implies an EXCLUSIVE lock.  All other
+** The existence of a lock directory implies an EXCLUSIVE lock.  All other
 ** lock types (SHARED, RESERVED, PENDING) are mapped into EXCLUSIVE.
 */
 
@@ -27056,7 +26437,7 @@
 
   assert( pFile );
   OSTRACE(("UNLOCK  %d %d was %d pid=%d (dotlock)\n", pFile->h, eFileLock,
-	   pFile->eFileLock, getpid()));
+           pFile->eFileLock, getpid()));
   assert( eFileLock<=SHARED_LOCK );
   
   /* no-op if possible */
@@ -27095,13 +26476,13 @@
 ** Close a file.  Make sure the lock has been released before closing.
 */
 static int dotlockClose(sqlite3_file *id) {
-  int rc;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   if( id ){
     unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
     dotlockUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
     sqlite3_free(pFile->lockingContext);
+    rc = closeUnixFile(id);
   }
-  rc = closeUnixFile(id);
   return rc;
 }
 /****************** End of the dot-file lock implementation *******************
@@ -27305,10 +26686,12 @@
 ** Close a file.
 */
 static int flockClose(sqlite3_file *id) {
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   if( id ){
     flockUnlock(id, NO_LOCK);
+    rc = closeUnixFile(id);
   }
-  return closeUnixFile(id);
+  return rc;
 }
 
 #endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE && !OS_VXWORK */
@@ -27351,7 +26734,6 @@
   /* Otherwise see if some other process holds it. */
   if( !reserved ){
     sem_t *pSem = pFile->pInode->pSem;
-    struct stat statBuf;
 
     if( sem_trywait(pSem)==-1 ){
       int tErrno = errno;
@@ -27404,7 +26786,6 @@
 */
 static int semLock(sqlite3_file *id, int eFileLock) {
   unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
-  int fd;
   sem_t *pSem = pFile->pInode->pSem;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
 
@@ -27443,7 +26824,7 @@
   assert( pFile );
   assert( pSem );
   OSTRACE(("UNLOCK  %d %d was %d pid=%d (sem)\n", pFile->h, eFileLock,
-	   pFile->eFileLock, getpid()));
+           pFile->eFileLock, getpid()));
   assert( eFileLock<=SHARED_LOCK );
   
   /* no-op if possible */
@@ -27858,7 +27239,7 @@
     SimulateIOError( h=(-1) )
     SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
     
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     /* When reducing a lock such that other processes can start
     ** reading the database file again, make sure that the
     ** transaction counter was updated if any part of the database
@@ -28019,6 +27400,9 @@
   i64 newOffset;
 #endif
   TIMER_START;
+  assert( cnt==(cnt&0x1ffff) );
+  assert( id->h>2 );
+  cnt &= 0x1ffff;
   do{
 #if defined(USE_PREAD)
     got = osPread(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset);
@@ -28033,7 +27417,7 @@
       if( newOffset == -1 ){
         ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
       }else{
-        ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = 0;			
+        ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = 0;
       }
       return -1;
     }
@@ -28072,6 +27456,8 @@
   unixFile *pFile = (unixFile *)id;
   int got;
   assert( id );
+  assert( offset>=0 );
+  assert( amt>0 );
 
   /* If this is a database file (not a journal, master-journal or temp
   ** file), the bytes in the locking range should never be read or written. */
@@ -28082,6 +27468,23 @@
   );
 #endif
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  /* Deal with as much of this read request as possible by transfering
+  ** data from the memory mapping using memcpy().  */
+  if( offset<pFile->mmapSize ){
+    if( offset+amt <= pFile->mmapSize ){
+      memcpy(pBuf, &((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], amt);
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }else{
+      int nCopy = pFile->mmapSize - offset;
+      memcpy(pBuf, &((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], nCopy);
+      pBuf = &((u8 *)pBuf)[nCopy];
+      amt -= nCopy;
+      offset += nCopy;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
   got = seekAndRead(pFile, offset, pBuf, amt);
   if( got==amt ){
     return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -28097,6 +27500,52 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Attempt to seek the file-descriptor passed as the first argument to
+** absolute offset iOff, then attempt to write nBuf bytes of data from
+** pBuf to it. If an error occurs, return -1 and set *piErrno. Otherwise, 
+** return the actual number of bytes written (which may be less than
+** nBuf).
+*/
+static int seekAndWriteFd(
+  int fd,                         /* File descriptor to write to */
+  i64 iOff,                       /* File offset to begin writing at */
+  const void *pBuf,               /* Copy data from this buffer to the file */
+  int nBuf,                       /* Size of buffer pBuf in bytes */
+  int *piErrno                    /* OUT: Error number if error occurs */
+){
+  int rc = 0;                     /* Value returned by system call */
+
+  assert( nBuf==(nBuf&0x1ffff) );
+  assert( fd>2 );
+  nBuf &= 0x1ffff;
+  TIMER_START;
+
+#if defined(USE_PREAD)
+  do{ rc = osPwrite(fd, pBuf, nBuf, iOff); }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
+#elif defined(USE_PREAD64)
+  do{ rc = osPwrite64(fd, pBuf, nBuf, iOff);}while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR);
+#else
+  do{
+    i64 iSeek = lseek(fd, iOff, SEEK_SET);
+    SimulateIOError( iSeek-- );
+
+    if( iSeek!=iOff ){
+      if( piErrno ) *piErrno = (iSeek==-1 ? errno : 0);
+      return -1;
+    }
+    rc = osWrite(fd, pBuf, nBuf);
+  }while( rc<0 && errno==EINTR );
+#endif
+
+  TIMER_END;
+  OSTRACE(("WRITE   %-3d %5d %7lld %llu\n", fd, rc, iOff, TIMER_ELAPSED));
+
+  if( rc<0 && piErrno ) *piErrno = errno;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** Seek to the offset in id->offset then read cnt bytes into pBuf.
 ** Return the number of bytes actually read.  Update the offset.
 **
@@ -28104,37 +27553,7 @@
 ** is set before returning.
 */
 static int seekAndWrite(unixFile *id, i64 offset, const void *pBuf, int cnt){
-  int got;
-#if (!defined(USE_PREAD) && !defined(USE_PREAD64))
-  i64 newOffset;
-#endif
-  TIMER_START;
-#if defined(USE_PREAD)
-  do{ got = osPwrite(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
-#elif defined(USE_PREAD64)
-  do{ got = osPwrite64(id->h, pBuf, cnt, offset);}while( got<0 && errno==EINTR);
-#else
-  do{
-    newOffset = lseek(id->h, offset, SEEK_SET);
-    SimulateIOError( newOffset-- );
-    if( newOffset!=offset ){
-      if( newOffset == -1 ){
-        ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
-      }else{
-        ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = 0;			
-      }
-      return -1;
-    }
-    got = osWrite(id->h, pBuf, cnt);
-  }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
-#endif
-  TIMER_END;
-  if( got<0 ){
-    ((unixFile*)id)->lastErrno = errno;
-  }
-
-  OSTRACE(("WRITE   %-3d %5d %7lld %llu\n", id->h, got, offset, TIMER_ELAPSED));
-  return got;
+  return seekAndWriteFd(id->h, offset, pBuf, cnt, &id->lastErrno);
 }
 
 
@@ -28162,7 +27581,7 @@
   );
 #endif
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   /* If we are doing a normal write to a database file (as opposed to
   ** doing a hot-journal rollback or a write to some file other than a
   ** normal database file) then record the fact that the database
@@ -28184,6 +27603,23 @@
   }
 #endif
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  /* Deal with as much of this write request as possible by transfering
+  ** data from the memory mapping using memcpy().  */
+  if( offset<pFile->mmapSize ){
+    if( offset+amt <= pFile->mmapSize ){
+      memcpy(&((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], pBuf, amt);
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }else{
+      int nCopy = pFile->mmapSize - offset;
+      memcpy(&((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], pBuf, nCopy);
+      pBuf = &((u8 *)pBuf)[nCopy];
+      amt -= nCopy;
+      offset += nCopy;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
   while( amt>0 && (wrote = seekAndWrite(pFile, offset, pBuf, amt))>0 ){
     amt -= wrote;
     offset += wrote;
@@ -28362,9 +27798,6 @@
     zDirname[ii] = '\0';
     fd = robust_open(zDirname, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY, 0);
     if( fd>=0 ){
-#ifdef FD_CLOEXEC
-      osFcntl(fd, F_SETFD, osFcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0) | FD_CLOEXEC);
-#endif
       OSTRACE(("OPENDIR %-3d %s\n", fd, zDirname));
     }
   }
@@ -28414,7 +27847,7 @@
   }
 
   /* Also fsync the directory containing the file if the DIRSYNC flag
-  ** is set.  This is a one-time occurrance.  Many systems (examples: AIX)
+  ** is set.  This is a one-time occurrence.  Many systems (examples: AIX)
   ** are unable to fsync a directory, so ignore errors on the fsync.
   */
   if( pFile->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_DIRSYNC ){
@@ -28447,7 +27880,7 @@
   ** actual file size after the operation may be larger than the requested
   ** size).
   */
-  if( pFile->szChunk ){
+  if( pFile->szChunk>0 ){
     nByte = ((nByte + pFile->szChunk - 1)/pFile->szChunk) * pFile->szChunk;
   }
 
@@ -28456,7 +27889,7 @@
     pFile->lastErrno = errno;
     return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, "ftruncate", pFile->zPath);
   }else{
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     /* If we are doing a normal write to a database file (as opposed to
     ** doing a hot-journal rollback or a write to some file other than a
     ** normal database file) and we truncate the file to zero length,
@@ -28469,6 +27902,16 @@
     }
 #endif
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+    /* If the file was just truncated to a size smaller than the currently
+    ** mapped region, reduce the effective mapping size as well. SQLite will
+    ** use read() and write() to access data beyond this point from now on.  
+    */
+    if( nByte<pFile->mmapSize ){
+      pFile->mmapSize = nByte;
+    }
+#endif
+
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 }
@@ -28559,6 +28002,21 @@
     }
   }
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  if( pFile->mmapSizeMax>0 && nByte>pFile->mmapSize ){
+    int rc;
+    if( pFile->szChunk<=0 ){
+      if( robust_ftruncate(pFile->h, nByte) ){
+        pFile->lastErrno = errno;
+        return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, "ftruncate", pFile->zPath);
+      }
+    }
+
+    rc = unixMapfile(pFile, nByte);
+    return rc;
+  }
+#endif
+
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -28578,6 +28036,9 @@
   }
 }
 
+/* Forward declaration */
+static int unixGetTempname(int nBuf, char *zBuf);
+
 /*
 ** Information and control of an open file handle.
 */
@@ -28615,7 +28076,37 @@
       *(char**)pArg = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", pFile->pVfs->zName);
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
-#ifndef NDEBUG
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME: {
+      char *zTFile = sqlite3_malloc( pFile->pVfs->mxPathname );
+      if( zTFile ){
+        unixGetTempname(pFile->pVfs->mxPathname, zTFile);
+        *(char**)pArg = zTFile;
+      }
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED: {
+      *(int*)pArg = fileHasMoved(pFile);
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE: {
+      i64 newLimit = *(i64*)pArg;
+      int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      if( newLimit>sqlite3GlobalConfig.mxMmap ){
+        newLimit = sqlite3GlobalConfig.mxMmap;
+      }
+      *(i64*)pArg = pFile->mmapSizeMax;
+      if( newLimit>=0 && newLimit!=pFile->mmapSizeMax && pFile->nFetchOut==0 ){
+        pFile->mmapSizeMax = newLimit;
+        if( pFile->mmapSize>0 ){
+          unixUnmapfile(pFile);
+          rc = unixMapfile(pFile, -1);
+        }
+      }
+      return rc;
+    }
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     /* The pager calls this method to signal that it has done
     ** a rollback and that the database is therefore unchanged and
     ** it hence it is OK for the transaction change counter to be
@@ -28646,10 +28137,92 @@
 ** a database and its journal file) that the sector size will be the
 ** same for both.
 */
-static int unixSectorSize(sqlite3_file *pFile){
-  (void)pFile;
+#ifndef __QNXNTO__ 
+static int unixSectorSize(sqlite3_file *NotUsed){
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
   return SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
 }
+#endif
+
+/*
+** The following version of unixSectorSize() is optimized for QNX.
+*/
+#ifdef __QNXNTO__
+#include <sys/dcmd_blk.h>
+#include <sys/statvfs.h>
+static int unixSectorSize(sqlite3_file *id){
+  unixFile *pFile = (unixFile*)id;
+  if( pFile->sectorSize == 0 ){
+    struct statvfs fsInfo;
+       
+    /* Set defaults for non-supported filesystems */
+    pFile->sectorSize = SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
+    pFile->deviceCharacteristics = 0;
+    if( fstatvfs(pFile->h, &fsInfo) == -1 ) {
+      return pFile->sectorSize;
+    }
+
+    if( !strcmp(fsInfo.f_basetype, "tmp") ) {
+      pFile->sectorSize = fsInfo.f_bsize;
+      pFile->deviceCharacteristics =
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC4K |       /* All ram filesystem writes are atomic */
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND |    /* growing the file does not occur until
+                                      ** the write succeeds */
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL |     /* The ram filesystem has no write behind
+                                      ** so it is ordered */
+        0;
+    }else if( strstr(fsInfo.f_basetype, "etfs") ){
+      pFile->sectorSize = fsInfo.f_bsize;
+      pFile->deviceCharacteristics =
+        /* etfs cluster size writes are atomic */
+        (pFile->sectorSize / 512 * SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512) |
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND |    /* growing the file does not occur until
+                                      ** the write succeeds */
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL |     /* The ram filesystem has no write behind
+                                      ** so it is ordered */
+        0;
+    }else if( !strcmp(fsInfo.f_basetype, "qnx6") ){
+      pFile->sectorSize = fsInfo.f_bsize;
+      pFile->deviceCharacteristics =
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC |         /* All filesystem writes are atomic */
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND |    /* growing the file does not occur until
+                                      ** the write succeeds */
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL |     /* The ram filesystem has no write behind
+                                      ** so it is ordered */
+        0;
+    }else if( !strcmp(fsInfo.f_basetype, "qnx4") ){
+      pFile->sectorSize = fsInfo.f_bsize;
+      pFile->deviceCharacteristics =
+        /* full bitset of atomics from max sector size and smaller */
+        ((pFile->sectorSize / 512 * SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512) << 1) - 2 |
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL |     /* The ram filesystem has no write behind
+                                      ** so it is ordered */
+        0;
+    }else if( strstr(fsInfo.f_basetype, "dos") ){
+      pFile->sectorSize = fsInfo.f_bsize;
+      pFile->deviceCharacteristics =
+        /* full bitset of atomics from max sector size and smaller */
+        ((pFile->sectorSize / 512 * SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512) << 1) - 2 |
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL |     /* The ram filesystem has no write behind
+                                      ** so it is ordered */
+        0;
+    }else{
+      pFile->deviceCharacteristics =
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512 |      /* blocks are atomic */
+        SQLITE_IOCAP_SAFE_APPEND |    /* growing the file does not occur until
+                                      ** the write succeeds */
+        0;
+    }
+  }
+  /* Last chance verification.  If the sector size isn't a multiple of 512
+  ** then it isn't valid.*/
+  if( pFile->sectorSize % 512 != 0 ){
+    pFile->deviceCharacteristics = 0;
+    pFile->sectorSize = SQLITE_DEFAULT_SECTOR_SIZE;
+  }
+  return pFile->sectorSize;
+}
+#endif /* __QNXNTO__ */
 
 /*
 ** Return the device characteristics for the file.
@@ -28666,15 +28239,36 @@
 */
 static int unixDeviceCharacteristics(sqlite3_file *id){
   unixFile *p = (unixFile*)id;
+  int rc = 0;
+#ifdef __QNXNTO__
+  if( p->sectorSize==0 ) unixSectorSize(id);
+  rc = p->deviceCharacteristics;
+#endif
   if( p->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_PSOW ){
-    return SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE;
-  }else{
-    return 0;
+    rc |= SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE;
   }
+  return rc;
 }
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL) || SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
 
+/*
+** Return the system page size.
+**
+** This function should not be called directly by other code in this file. 
+** Instead, it should be called via macro osGetpagesize().
+*/
+static int unixGetpagesize(void){
+#if defined(_BSD_SOURCE)
+  return getpagesize();
+#else
+  return (int)sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL) || SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0 */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
 
 /*
 ** Object used to represent an shared memory buffer.  
@@ -28791,7 +28385,7 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   { u16 mask;
   OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK "));
-  mask = (1<<(ofst+n)) - (1<<ofst);
+  mask = ofst>31 ? 0xffff : (1<<(ofst+n)) - (1<<ofst);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     if( lockType==F_UNLCK ){
       OSTRACE(("unlock %d ok", ofst));
@@ -28825,6 +28419,22 @@
   return rc;        
 }
 
+/*
+** Return the minimum number of 32KB shm regions that should be mapped at
+** a time, assuming that each mapping must be an integer multiple of the
+** current system page-size.
+**
+** Usually, this is 1. The exception seems to be systems that are configured
+** to use 64KB pages - in this case each mapping must cover at least two
+** shm regions.
+*/
+static int unixShmRegionPerMap(void){
+  int shmsz = 32*1024;            /* SHM region size */
+  int pgsz = osGetpagesize();   /* System page size */
+  assert( ((pgsz-1)&pgsz)==0 );   /* Page size must be a power of 2 */
+  if( pgsz<shmsz ) return 1;
+  return pgsz/shmsz;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Purge the unixShmNodeList list of all entries with unixShmNode.nRef==0.
@@ -28836,12 +28446,13 @@
   unixShmNode *p = pFd->pInode->pShmNode;
   assert( unixMutexHeld() );
   if( p && p->nRef==0 ){
+    int nShmPerMap = unixShmRegionPerMap();
     int i;
     assert( p->pInode==pFd->pInode );
     sqlite3_mutex_free(p->mutex);
-    for(i=0; i<p->nRegion; i++){
+    for(i=0; i<p->nRegion; i+=nShmPerMap){
       if( p->h>=0 ){
-        munmap(p->apRegion[i], p->szRegion);
+        osMunmap(p->apRegion[i], p->szRegion);
       }else{
         sqlite3_free(p->apRegion[i]);
       }
@@ -28966,14 +28577,9 @@
 
       /* If this process is running as root, make sure that the SHM file
       ** is owned by the same user that owns the original database.  Otherwise,
-      ** the original owner will not be able to connect. If this process is
-      ** not root, the following fchown() will fail, but we don't care.  The
-      ** if(){..} and the UNIXFILE_CHOWN flag are purely to silence compiler
-      ** warnings.
+      ** the original owner will not be able to connect.
       */
-      if( osFchown(pShmNode->h, sStat.st_uid, sStat.st_gid)==0 ){
-        pDbFd->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_CHOWN;
-      }
+      osFchown(pShmNode->h, sStat.st_uid, sStat.st_gid);
   
       /* Check to see if another process is holding the dead-man switch.
       ** If not, truncate the file to zero length. 
@@ -29051,6 +28657,8 @@
   unixShm *p;
   unixShmNode *pShmNode;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nShmPerMap = unixShmRegionPerMap();
+  int nReqRegion;
 
   /* If the shared-memory file has not yet been opened, open it now. */
   if( pDbFd->pShm==0 ){
@@ -29066,9 +28674,12 @@
   assert( pShmNode->h>=0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==1 );
   assert( pShmNode->h<0 || pDbFd->pInode->bProcessLock==0 );
 
-  if( pShmNode->nRegion<=iRegion ){
+  /* Minimum number of regions required to be mapped. */
+  nReqRegion = ((iRegion+nShmPerMap) / nShmPerMap) * nShmPerMap;
+
+  if( pShmNode->nRegion<nReqRegion ){
     char **apNew;                      /* New apRegion[] array */
-    int nByte = (iRegion+1)*szRegion;  /* Minimum required file size */
+    int nByte = nReqRegion*szRegion;   /* Minimum required file size */
     struct stat sStat;                 /* Used by fstat() */
 
     pShmNode->szRegion = szRegion;
@@ -29086,42 +28697,52 @@
       if( sStat.st_size<nByte ){
         /* The requested memory region does not exist. If bExtend is set to
         ** false, exit early. *pp will be set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned.
-        **
-        ** Alternatively, if bExtend is true, use ftruncate() to allocate
-        ** the requested memory region.
         */
-        if( !bExtend ) goto shmpage_out;
-#if defined(HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE) && HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE
-        if( osFallocate(pShmNode->h, sStat.st_size, nByte)!=0 ){
-          rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_FULL, "fallocate",
-                            pShmNode->zFilename);
+        if( !bExtend ){
           goto shmpage_out;
         }
-#else
-        if( robust_ftruncate(pShmNode->h, nByte) ){
-          rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, "ftruncate",
-                            pShmNode->zFilename);
-          goto shmpage_out;
+
+        /* Alternatively, if bExtend is true, extend the file. Do this by
+        ** writing a single byte to the end of each (OS) page being
+        ** allocated or extended. Technically, we need only write to the
+        ** last page in order to extend the file. But writing to all new
+        ** pages forces the OS to allocate them immediately, which reduces
+        ** the chances of SIGBUS while accessing the mapped region later on.
+        */
+        else{
+          static const int pgsz = 4096;
+          int iPg;
+
+          /* Write to the last byte of each newly allocated or extended page */
+          assert( (nByte % pgsz)==0 );
+          for(iPg=(sStat.st_size/pgsz); iPg<(nByte/pgsz); iPg++){
+            if( seekAndWriteFd(pShmNode->h, iPg*pgsz + pgsz-1, "", 1, 0)!=1 ){
+              const char *zFile = pShmNode->zFilename;
+              rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, "write", zFile);
+              goto shmpage_out;
+            }
+          }
         }
-#endif
       }
     }
 
     /* Map the requested memory region into this processes address space. */
     apNew = (char **)sqlite3_realloc(
-        pShmNode->apRegion, (iRegion+1)*sizeof(char *)
+        pShmNode->apRegion, nReqRegion*sizeof(char *)
     );
     if( !apNew ){
       rc = SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
       goto shmpage_out;
     }
     pShmNode->apRegion = apNew;
-    while(pShmNode->nRegion<=iRegion){
+    while( pShmNode->nRegion<nReqRegion ){
+      int nMap = szRegion*nShmPerMap;
+      int i;
       void *pMem;
       if( pShmNode->h>=0 ){
-        pMem = mmap(0, szRegion,
+        pMem = osMmap(0, nMap,
             pShmNode->isReadonly ? PROT_READ : PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, 
-            MAP_SHARED, pShmNode->h, pShmNode->nRegion*szRegion
+            MAP_SHARED, pShmNode->h, szRegion*(i64)pShmNode->nRegion
         );
         if( pMem==MAP_FAILED ){
           rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP, "mmap", pShmNode->zFilename);
@@ -29135,8 +28756,11 @@
         }
         memset(pMem, 0, szRegion);
       }
-      pShmNode->apRegion[pShmNode->nRegion] = pMem;
-      pShmNode->nRegion++;
+
+      for(i=0; i<nShmPerMap; i++){
+        pShmNode->apRegion[pShmNode->nRegion+i] = &((char*)pMem)[szRegion*i];
+      }
+      pShmNode->nRegion += nShmPerMap;
     }
   }
 
@@ -29336,6 +28960,227 @@
 # define unixShmUnmap   0
 #endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+/*
+** If it is currently memory mapped, unmap file pFd.
+*/
+static void unixUnmapfile(unixFile *pFd){
+  assert( pFd->nFetchOut==0 );
+  if( pFd->pMapRegion ){
+    osMunmap(pFd->pMapRegion, pFd->mmapSizeActual);
+    pFd->pMapRegion = 0;
+    pFd->mmapSize = 0;
+    pFd->mmapSizeActual = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to set the size of the memory mapping maintained by file 
+** descriptor pFd to nNew bytes. Any existing mapping is discarded.
+**
+** If successful, this function sets the following variables:
+**
+**       unixFile.pMapRegion
+**       unixFile.mmapSize
+**       unixFile.mmapSizeActual
+**
+** If unsuccessful, an error message is logged via sqlite3_log() and
+** the three variables above are zeroed. In this case SQLite should
+** continue accessing the database using the xRead() and xWrite()
+** methods.
+*/
+static void unixRemapfile(
+  unixFile *pFd,                  /* File descriptor object */
+  i64 nNew                        /* Required mapping size */
+){
+  const char *zErr = "mmap";
+  int h = pFd->h;                      /* File descriptor open on db file */
+  u8 *pOrig = (u8 *)pFd->pMapRegion;   /* Pointer to current file mapping */
+  i64 nOrig = pFd->mmapSizeActual;     /* Size of pOrig region in bytes */
+  u8 *pNew = 0;                        /* Location of new mapping */
+  int flags = PROT_READ;               /* Flags to pass to mmap() */
+
+  assert( pFd->nFetchOut==0 );
+  assert( nNew>pFd->mmapSize );
+  assert( nNew<=pFd->mmapSizeMax );
+  assert( nNew>0 );
+  assert( pFd->mmapSizeActual>=pFd->mmapSize );
+  assert( MAP_FAILED!=0 );
+
+  if( (pFd->ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_RDONLY)==0 ) flags |= PROT_WRITE;
+
+  if( pOrig ){
+#if HAVE_MREMAP
+    i64 nReuse = pFd->mmapSize;
+#else
+    const int szSyspage = osGetpagesize();
+    i64 nReuse = (pFd->mmapSize & ~(szSyspage-1));
+#endif
+    u8 *pReq = &pOrig[nReuse];
+
+    /* Unmap any pages of the existing mapping that cannot be reused. */
+    if( nReuse!=nOrig ){
+      osMunmap(pReq, nOrig-nReuse);
+    }
+
+#if HAVE_MREMAP
+    pNew = osMremap(pOrig, nReuse, nNew, MREMAP_MAYMOVE);
+    zErr = "mremap";
+#else
+    pNew = osMmap(pReq, nNew-nReuse, flags, MAP_SHARED, h, nReuse);
+    if( pNew!=MAP_FAILED ){
+      if( pNew!=pReq ){
+        osMunmap(pNew, nNew - nReuse);
+        pNew = 0;
+      }else{
+        pNew = pOrig;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* The attempt to extend the existing mapping failed. Free it. */
+    if( pNew==MAP_FAILED || pNew==0 ){
+      osMunmap(pOrig, nReuse);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* If pNew is still NULL, try to create an entirely new mapping. */
+  if( pNew==0 ){
+    pNew = osMmap(0, nNew, flags, MAP_SHARED, h, 0);
+  }
+
+  if( pNew==MAP_FAILED ){
+    pNew = 0;
+    nNew = 0;
+    unixLogError(SQLITE_OK, zErr, pFd->zPath);
+
+    /* If the mmap() above failed, assume that all subsequent mmap() calls
+    ** will probably fail too. Fall back to using xRead/xWrite exclusively
+    ** in this case.  */
+    pFd->mmapSizeMax = 0;
+  }
+  pFd->pMapRegion = (void *)pNew;
+  pFd->mmapSize = pFd->mmapSizeActual = nNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Memory map or remap the file opened by file-descriptor pFd (if the file
+** is already mapped, the existing mapping is replaced by the new). Or, if 
+** there already exists a mapping for this file, and there are still 
+** outstanding xFetch() references to it, this function is a no-op.
+**
+** If parameter nByte is non-negative, then it is the requested size of 
+** the mapping to create. Otherwise, if nByte is less than zero, then the 
+** requested size is the size of the file on disk. The actual size of the
+** created mapping is either the requested size or the value configured 
+** using SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_LIMIT, whichever is smaller.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error occurs (even if the mapping is not
+** recreated as a result of outstanding references) or an SQLite error
+** code otherwise.
+*/
+static int unixMapfile(unixFile *pFd, i64 nByte){
+  i64 nMap = nByte;
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( nMap>=0 || pFd->nFetchOut==0 );
+  if( pFd->nFetchOut>0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( nMap<0 ){
+    struct stat statbuf;          /* Low-level file information */
+    rc = osFstat(pFd->h, &statbuf);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
+    }
+    nMap = statbuf.st_size;
+  }
+  if( nMap>pFd->mmapSizeMax ){
+    nMap = pFd->mmapSizeMax;
+  }
+
+  if( nMap!=pFd->mmapSize ){
+    if( nMap>0 ){
+      unixRemapfile(pFd, nMap);
+    }else{
+      unixUnmapfile(pFd);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0 */
+
+/*
+** If possible, return a pointer to a mapping of file fd starting at offset
+** iOff. The mapping must be valid for at least nAmt bytes.
+**
+** If such a pointer can be obtained, store it in *pp and return SQLITE_OK.
+** Or, if one cannot but no error occurs, set *pp to 0 and return SQLITE_OK.
+** Finally, if an error does occur, return an SQLite error code. The final
+** value of *pp is undefined in this case.
+**
+** If this function does return a pointer, the caller must eventually 
+** release the reference by calling unixUnfetch().
+*/
+static int unixFetch(sqlite3_file *fd, i64 iOff, int nAmt, void **pp){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  unixFile *pFd = (unixFile *)fd;   /* The underlying database file */
+#endif
+  *pp = 0;
+
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  if( pFd->mmapSizeMax>0 ){
+    if( pFd->pMapRegion==0 ){
+      int rc = unixMapfile(pFd, -1);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    }
+    if( pFd->mmapSize >= iOff+nAmt ){
+      *pp = &((u8 *)pFd->pMapRegion)[iOff];
+      pFd->nFetchOut++;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** If the third argument is non-NULL, then this function releases a 
+** reference obtained by an earlier call to unixFetch(). The second
+** argument passed to this function must be the same as the corresponding
+** argument that was passed to the unixFetch() invocation. 
+**
+** Or, if the third argument is NULL, then this function is being called 
+** to inform the VFS layer that, according to POSIX, any existing mapping 
+** may now be invalid and should be unmapped.
+*/
+static int unixUnfetch(sqlite3_file *fd, i64 iOff, void *p){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  unixFile *pFd = (unixFile *)fd;   /* The underlying database file */
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iOff);
+
+  /* If p==0 (unmap the entire file) then there must be no outstanding 
+  ** xFetch references. Or, if p!=0 (meaning it is an xFetch reference),
+  ** then there must be at least one outstanding.  */
+  assert( (p==0)==(pFd->nFetchOut==0) );
+
+  /* If p!=0, it must match the iOff value. */
+  assert( p==0 || p==&((u8 *)pFd->pMapRegion)[iOff] );
+
+  if( p ){
+    pFd->nFetchOut--;
+  }else{
+    unixUnmapfile(pFd);
+  }
+
+  assert( pFd->nFetchOut>=0 );
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(fd);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(iOff);
+#endif
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Here ends the implementation of all sqlite3_file methods.
 **
@@ -29394,7 +29239,9 @@
    unixShmMap,                 /* xShmMap */                                 \
    unixShmLock,                /* xShmLock */                                \
    unixShmBarrier,             /* xShmBarrier */                             \
-   unixShmUnmap                /* xShmUnmap */                               \
+   unixShmUnmap,               /* xShmUnmap */                               \
+   unixFetch,                  /* xFetch */                                  \
+   unixUnfetch,                /* xUnfetch */                                \
 };                                                                           \
 static const sqlite3_io_methods *FINDER##Impl(const char *z, unixFile *p){   \
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(z); UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);                                  \
@@ -29411,7 +29258,7 @@
 IOMETHODS(
   posixIoFinder,            /* Finder function name */
   posixIoMethods,           /* sqlite3_io_methods object name */
-  2,                        /* shared memory is enabled */
+  3,                        /* shared memory and mmap are enabled */
   unixClose,                /* xClose method */
   unixLock,                 /* xLock method */
   unixUnlock,               /* xUnlock method */
@@ -29662,11 +29509,14 @@
   pNew->pVfs = pVfs;
   pNew->zPath = zFilename;
   pNew->ctrlFlags = (u8)ctrlFlags;
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  pNew->mmapSizeMax = sqlite3GlobalConfig.szMmap;
+#endif
   if( sqlite3_uri_boolean(((ctrlFlags & UNIXFILE_URI) ? zFilename : 0),
                            "psow", SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE) ){
     pNew->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_PSOW;
   }
-  if( memcmp(pVfs->zName,"unix-excl",10)==0 ){
+  if( strcmp(pVfs->zName,"unix-excl")==0 ){
     pNew->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_EXCL;
   }
 
@@ -29698,7 +29548,7 @@
     unixEnterMutex();
     rc = findInodeInfo(pNew, &pNew->pInode);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      /* If an error occured in findInodeInfo(), close the file descriptor
+      /* If an error occurred in findInodeInfo(), close the file descriptor
       ** immediately, before releasing the mutex. findInodeInfo() may fail
       ** in two scenarios:
       **
@@ -29797,15 +29647,15 @@
     if( h>=0 ) robust_close(pNew, h, __LINE__);
     h = -1;
     osUnlink(zFilename);
-    isDelete = 0;
+    pNew->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_DELETE;
   }
-  if( isDelete ) pNew->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_DELETE;
 #endif
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     if( h>=0 ) robust_close(pNew, h, __LINE__);
   }else{
     pNew->pMethod = pLockingStyle;
     OpenCounter(+1);
+    verifyDbFile(pNew);
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -29818,6 +29668,7 @@
   static const char *azDirs[] = {
      0,
      0,
+     0,
      "/var/tmp",
      "/usr/tmp",
      "/tmp",
@@ -29828,7 +29679,8 @@
   const char *zDir = 0;
 
   azDirs[0] = sqlite3_temp_directory;
-  if( !azDirs[1] ) azDirs[1] = getenv("TMPDIR");
+  if( !azDirs[1] ) azDirs[1] = getenv("SQLITE_TMPDIR");
+  if( !azDirs[2] ) azDirs[2] = getenv("TMPDIR");
   for(i=0; i<sizeof(azDirs)/sizeof(azDirs[0]); zDir=azDirs[i++]){
     if( zDir==0 ) continue;
     if( osStat(zDir, &buf) ) continue;
@@ -30115,6 +29967,16 @@
        || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
   );
 
+  /* Detect a pid change and reset the PRNG.  There is a race condition
+  ** here such that two or more threads all trying to open databases at
+  ** the same instant might all reset the PRNG.  But multiple resets
+  ** are harmless.
+  */
+  if( randomnessPid!=getpid() ){
+    randomnessPid = getpid();
+    sqlite3_randomness(0,0);
+  }
+
   memset(p, 0, sizeof(unixFile));
 
   if( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB ){
@@ -30187,13 +30049,10 @@
 
     /* If this process is running as root and if creating a new rollback
     ** journal or WAL file, set the ownership of the journal or WAL to be
-    ** the same as the original database.  If we are not running as root,
-    ** then the fchown() call will fail, but that's ok.  The "if(){}" and
-    ** the setting of the UNIXFILE_CHOWN flag are purely to silence compiler
-    ** warnings from gcc.
+    ** the same as the original database.
     */
     if( flags & (SQLITE_OPEN_WAL|SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL) ){
-      if( osFchown(fd, uid, gid)==0 ){ p->ctrlFlags |= UNIXFILE_CHOWN; }
+      osFchown(fd, uid, gid);
     }
   }
   assert( fd>=0 );
@@ -30209,6 +30068,12 @@
   if( isDelete ){
 #if OS_VXWORKS
     zPath = zName;
+#elif defined(SQLITE_UNLINK_AFTER_CLOSE)
+    zPath = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zName);
+    if( zPath==0 ){
+      robust_close(p, fd, __LINE__);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
 #else
     osUnlink(zName);
 #endif
@@ -30219,10 +30084,6 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-#ifdef FD_CLOEXEC
-  osFcntl(fd, F_SETFD, osFcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0) | FD_CLOEXEC);
-#endif
-
   noLock = eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB;
 
   
@@ -30312,8 +30173,17 @@
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE);
-  if( osUnlink(zPath)==(-1) && errno!=ENOENT ){
-    return unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, "unlink", zPath);
+  if( osUnlink(zPath)==(-1) ){
+    if( errno==ENOENT
+#if OS_VXWORKS
+        || errno==0x380003
+#endif
+    ){
+      rc = SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT;
+    }else{
+      rc = unixLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, "unlink", zPath);
+    }
+    return rc;
   }
 #ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_DIRSYNC
   if( (dirSync & 1)!=0 ){
@@ -30338,7 +30208,7 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Test the existance of or access permissions of file zPath. The
+** Test the existence of or access permissions of file zPath. The
 ** test performed depends on the value of flags:
 **
 **     SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS: Return 1 if the file exists
@@ -30504,18 +30374,18 @@
   ** tests repeatable.
   */
   memset(zBuf, 0, nBuf);
+  randomnessPid = getpid();  
 #if !defined(SQLITE_TEST)
   {
-    int pid, fd, got;
+    int fd, got;
     fd = robust_open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY, 0);
     if( fd<0 ){
       time_t t;
       time(&t);
       memcpy(zBuf, &t, sizeof(t));
-      pid = getpid();
-      memcpy(&zBuf[sizeof(t)], &pid, sizeof(pid));
-      assert( sizeof(t)+sizeof(pid)<=(size_t)nBuf );
-      nBuf = sizeof(t) + sizeof(pid);
+      memcpy(&zBuf[sizeof(t)], &randomnessPid, sizeof(randomnessPid));
+      assert( sizeof(t)+sizeof(randomnessPid)<=(size_t)nBuf );
+      nBuf = sizeof(t) + sizeof(randomnessPid);
     }else{
       do{ got = osRead(fd, zBuf, nBuf); }while( got<0 && errno==EINTR );
       robust_close(0, fd, __LINE__);
@@ -30660,7 +30530,7 @@
 ** address in the shared range is taken for a SHARED lock, the entire
 ** shared range is taken for an EXCLUSIVE lock):
 **
-**      PENDING_BYTE        0x40000000		   	
+**      PENDING_BYTE        0x40000000
 **      RESERVED_BYTE       0x40000001
 **      SHARED_RANGE        0x40000002 -> 0x40000200
 **
@@ -31901,7 +31771,7 @@
 
   /* Double-check that the aSyscall[] array has been constructed
   ** correctly.  See ticket [bb3a86e890c8e96ab] */
-  assert( ArraySize(aSyscall)==22 );
+  assert( ArraySize(aSyscall)==25 );
 
   /* Register all VFSes defined in the aVfs[] array */
   for(i=0; i<(sizeof(aVfs)/sizeof(sqlite3_vfs)); i++){
@@ -31941,10 +31811,6 @@
 */
 #if SQLITE_OS_WIN               /* This file is used for Windows only */
 
-#ifdef __CYGWIN__
-# include <sys/cygwin.h>
-#endif
-
 /*
 ** Include code that is common to all os_*.c files
 */
@@ -32159,15 +32025,200 @@
 /************** Continuing where we left off in os_win.c *********************/
 
 /*
+** Include the header file for the Windows VFS.
+*/
+
+/*
+** Compiling and using WAL mode requires several APIs that are only
+** available in Windows platforms based on the NT kernel.
+*/
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINNT && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+#  error "WAL mode requires support from the Windows NT kernel, compile\
+ with SQLITE_OMIT_WAL."
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Are most of the Win32 ANSI APIs available (i.e. with certain exceptions
+** based on the sub-platform)?
+*/
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_NO_ANSI)
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Are most of the Win32 Unicode APIs available (i.e. with certain exceptions
+** based on the sub-platform)?
+*/
+#if (SQLITE_OS_WINCE || SQLITE_OS_WINNT || SQLITE_OS_WINRT) && \
+    !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_NO_WIDE)
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Make sure at least one set of Win32 APIs is available.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI) && !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#  error "At least one of SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI and SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE\
+ must be defined."
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Define the required Windows SDK version constants if they are not
+** already available.
+*/
+#ifndef NTDDI_WIN8
+#  define NTDDI_WIN8                        0x06020000
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NTDDI_WINBLUE
+#  define NTDDI_WINBLUE                     0x06030000
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Check to see if the GetVersionEx[AW] functions are deprecated on the
+** target system.  GetVersionEx was first deprecated in Win8.1.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX
+#  if defined(NTDDI_VERSION) && NTDDI_VERSION >= NTDDI_WINBLUE
+#    define SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX   0   /* GetVersionEx() is deprecated */
+#  else
+#    define SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX   1   /* GetVersionEx() is current */
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This constant should already be defined (in the "WinDef.h" SDK file).
+*/
+#ifndef MAX_PATH
+#  define MAX_PATH                      (260)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum pathname length (in chars) for Win32.  This should normally be
+** MAX_PATH.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_PATH_CHARS
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_PATH_CHARS   (MAX_PATH)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This constant should already be defined (in the "WinNT.h" SDK file).
+*/
+#ifndef UNICODE_STRING_MAX_CHARS
+#  define UNICODE_STRING_MAX_CHARS      (32767)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum pathname length (in chars) for WinNT.  This should normally be
+** UNICODE_STRING_MAX_CHARS.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WINNT_MAX_PATH_CHARS
+#  define SQLITE_WINNT_MAX_PATH_CHARS   (UNICODE_STRING_MAX_CHARS)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum pathname length (in bytes) for Win32.  The MAX_PATH macro is in
+** characters, so we allocate 4 bytes per character assuming worst-case of
+** 4-bytes-per-character for UTF8.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_PATH_BYTES
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_PATH_BYTES   (SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_PATH_CHARS*4)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum pathname length (in bytes) for WinNT.  This should normally be
+** UNICODE_STRING_MAX_CHARS * sizeof(WCHAR).
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WINNT_MAX_PATH_BYTES
+#  define SQLITE_WINNT_MAX_PATH_BYTES   \
+                            (sizeof(WCHAR) * SQLITE_WINNT_MAX_PATH_CHARS)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Maximum error message length (in chars) for WinRT.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_ERRMSG_CHARS
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_ERRMSG_CHARS (1024)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Returns non-zero if the character should be treated as a directory
+** separator.
+*/
+#ifndef winIsDirSep
+#  define winIsDirSep(a)                (((a) == '/') || ((a) == '\\'))
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This macro is used when a local variable is set to a value that is
+** [sometimes] not used by the code (e.g. via conditional compilation).
+*/
+#ifndef UNUSED_VARIABLE_VALUE
+#  define UNUSED_VARIABLE_VALUE(x)      (void)(x)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Returns the character that should be used as the directory separator.
+*/
+#ifndef winGetDirSep
+#  define winGetDirSep()                '\\'
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Do we need to manually define the Win32 file mapping APIs for use with WAL
+** mode (e.g. these APIs are available in the Windows CE SDK; however, they
+** are not present in the header file)?
+*/
+#if SQLITE_WIN32_FILEMAPPING_API && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+/*
+** Two of the file mapping APIs are different under WinRT.  Figure out which
+** set we need.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+WINBASEAPI HANDLE WINAPI CreateFileMappingFromApp(HANDLE, \
+        LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, ULONG, ULONG64, LPCWSTR);
+
+WINBASEAPI LPVOID WINAPI MapViewOfFileFromApp(HANDLE, ULONG, ULONG64, SIZE_T);
+#else
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+WINBASEAPI HANDLE WINAPI CreateFileMappingA(HANDLE, LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, \
+        DWORD, DWORD, DWORD, LPCSTR);
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI) */
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+WINBASEAPI HANDLE WINAPI CreateFileMappingW(HANDLE, LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, \
+        DWORD, DWORD, DWORD, LPCWSTR);
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE) */
+
+WINBASEAPI LPVOID WINAPI MapViewOfFile(HANDLE, DWORD, DWORD, DWORD, SIZE_T);
+#endif /* SQLITE_OS_WINRT */
+
+/*
+** This file mapping API is common to both Win32 and WinRT.
+*/
+WINBASEAPI BOOL WINAPI UnmapViewOfFile(LPCVOID);
+#endif /* SQLITE_WIN32_FILEMAPPING_API && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL) */
+
+/*
 ** Some Microsoft compilers lack this definition.
 */
 #ifndef INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES
-# define INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES ((DWORD)-1) 
+# define INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES ((DWORD)-1)
 #endif
 
-/* Forward references */
+#ifndef FILE_FLAG_MASK
+# define FILE_FLAG_MASK          (0xFF3C0000)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FILE_ATTRIBUTE_MASK
+# define FILE_ATTRIBUTE_MASK     (0x0003FFF7)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+/* Forward references to structures used for WAL */
 typedef struct winShm winShm;           /* A connection to shared-memory */
 typedef struct winShmNode winShmNode;   /* A region of shared-memory */
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** WinCE lacks native support for file locking so we have to fake it
@@ -32195,29 +32246,82 @@
   short sharedLockByte;   /* Randomly chosen byte used as a shared lock */
   u8 ctrlFlags;           /* Flags.  See WINFILE_* below */
   DWORD lastErrno;        /* The Windows errno from the last I/O error */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
   winShm *pShm;           /* Instance of shared memory on this file */
+#endif
   const char *zPath;      /* Full pathname of this file */
   int szChunk;            /* Chunk size configured by FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE */
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   LPWSTR zDeleteOnClose;  /* Name of file to delete when closing */
-  HANDLE hMutex;          /* Mutex used to control access to shared lock */  
+  HANDLE hMutex;          /* Mutex used to control access to shared lock */
   HANDLE hShared;         /* Shared memory segment used for locking */
   winceLock local;        /* Locks obtained by this instance of winFile */
   winceLock *shared;      /* Global shared lock memory for the file  */
 #endif
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  int nFetchOut;                /* Number of outstanding xFetch references */
+  HANDLE hMap;                  /* Handle for accessing memory mapping */
+  void *pMapRegion;             /* Area memory mapped */
+  sqlite3_int64 mmapSize;       /* Usable size of mapped region */
+  sqlite3_int64 mmapSizeActual; /* Actual size of mapped region */
+  sqlite3_int64 mmapSizeMax;    /* Configured FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE value */
+#endif
 };
 
 /*
 ** Allowed values for winFile.ctrlFlags
 */
+#define WINFILE_RDONLY          0x02   /* Connection is read only */
 #define WINFILE_PERSIST_WAL     0x04   /* Persistent WAL mode */
 #define WINFILE_PSOW            0x10   /* SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE */
 
 /*
+ * The size of the buffer used by sqlite3_win32_write_debug().
+ */
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE   ((int)(4096-sizeof(DWORD)))
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * The value used with sqlite3_win32_set_directory() to specify that
+ * the data directory should be changed.
+ */
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_DATA_DIRECTORY_TYPE
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_DATA_DIRECTORY_TYPE (1)
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * The value used with sqlite3_win32_set_directory() to specify that
+ * the temporary directory should be changed.
+ */
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_TEMP_DIRECTORY_TYPE
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_TEMP_DIRECTORY_TYPE (2)
+#endif
+
+/*
  * If compiled with SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC on Windows, we will use the
  * various Win32 API heap functions instead of our own.
  */
 #ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC
+
+/*
+ * If this is non-zero, an isolated heap will be created by the native Win32
+ * allocator subsystem; otherwise, the default process heap will be used.  This
+ * setting has no effect when compiling for WinRT.  By default, this is enabled
+ * and an isolated heap will be created to store all allocated data.
+ *
+ ******************************************************************************
+ * WARNING: It is important to note that when this setting is non-zero and the
+ *          winMemShutdown function is called (e.g. by the sqlite3_shutdown
+ *          function), all data that was allocated using the isolated heap will
+ *          be freed immediately and any attempt to access any of that freed
+ *          data will almost certainly result in an immediate access violation.
+ ******************************************************************************
+ */
+#ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_CREATE
+#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_CREATE    (TRUE)
+#endif
+
 /*
  * The initial size of the Win32-specific heap.  This value may be zero.
  */
@@ -32241,6 +32345,7 @@
 #  define SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS     (0)
 #endif
 
+
 /*
 ** The winMemData structure stores information required by the Win32-specific
 ** sqlite3_mem_methods implementation.
@@ -32248,30 +32353,41 @@
 typedef struct winMemData winMemData;
 struct winMemData {
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-  u32 magic;    /* Magic number to detect structure corruption. */
+  u32 magic1;   /* Magic number to detect structure corruption. */
 #endif
   HANDLE hHeap; /* The handle to our heap. */
   BOOL bOwned;  /* Do we own the heap (i.e. destroy it on shutdown)? */
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  u32 magic2;   /* Magic number to detect structure corruption. */
+#endif
 };
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-#define WINMEM_MAGIC     0x42b2830b
+#define WINMEM_MAGIC1     0x42b2830b
+#define WINMEM_MAGIC2     0xbd4d7cf4
 #endif
 
 static struct winMemData win_mem_data = {
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-  WINMEM_MAGIC,
+  WINMEM_MAGIC1,
 #endif
   NULL, FALSE
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  ,WINMEM_MAGIC2
+#endif
 };
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-#define winMemAssertMagic() assert( win_mem_data.magic==WINMEM_MAGIC )
+#define winMemAssertMagic1() assert( win_mem_data.magic1==WINMEM_MAGIC1 )
+#define winMemAssertMagic2() assert( win_mem_data.magic2==WINMEM_MAGIC2 )
+#define winMemAssertMagic()  winMemAssertMagic1(); winMemAssertMagic2();
 #else
 #define winMemAssertMagic()
 #endif
 
-#define winMemGetHeap() win_mem_data.hHeap
+#define winMemGetDataPtr()  &win_mem_data
+#define winMemGetHeap()     win_mem_data.hHeap
+#define winMemGetOwned()    win_mem_data.bOwned
 
 static void *winMemMalloc(int nBytes);
 static void winMemFree(void *pPrior);
@@ -32297,9 +32413,21 @@
 ** can manually set this value to 1 to emulate Win98 behavior.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_type = 0;
+SQLITE_API LONG volatile sqlite3_os_type = 0;
 #else
-static int sqlite3_os_type = 0;
+static LONG volatile sqlite3_os_type = 0;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SYSCALL
+#  define SYSCALL sqlite3_syscall_ptr
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This function is not available on Windows CE or WinRT.
+ */
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE || SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+#  define osAreFileApisANSI()       1
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -32308,52 +32436,21 @@
 ** testing and sandboxing.  The following array holds the names and pointers
 ** to all overrideable system calls.
 */
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
-#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
-#endif
-
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE || SQLITE_OS_WINNT
-#  define SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE
-#endif
-
-#ifndef SYSCALL
-#  define SYSCALL sqlite3_syscall_ptr
-#endif
-
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
-/*
-** These macros are necessary because Windows CE does not natively support the
-** Win32 APIs LockFile, UnlockFile, and LockFileEx.
- */
-
-#  define LockFile(a,b,c,d,e)       winceLockFile(&a, b, c, d, e)
-#  define UnlockFile(a,b,c,d,e)     winceUnlockFile(&a, b, c, d, e)
-#  define LockFileEx(a,b,c,d,e,f)   winceLockFileEx(&a, b, c, d, e, f)
-
-/*
-** These are the special syscall hacks for Windows CE.  The locking related
-** defines here refer to the macros defined just above.
- */
-
-#  define osAreFileApisANSI()       1
-#  define osLockFile                LockFile
-#  define osUnlockFile              UnlockFile
-#  define osLockFileEx              LockFileEx
-#endif
-
 static struct win_syscall {
-  const char *zName;            /* Name of the sytem call */
+  const char *zName;            /* Name of the system call */
   sqlite3_syscall_ptr pCurrent; /* Current value of the system call */
   sqlite3_syscall_ptr pDefault; /* Default value */
 } aSyscall[] = {
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "AreFileApisANSI",         (SYSCALL)AreFileApisANSI,         0 },
-
-#define osAreFileApisANSI ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(VOID))aSyscall[0].pCurrent)
 #else
   { "AreFileApisANSI",         (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
+#ifndef osAreFileApisANSI
+#define osAreFileApisANSI ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(VOID))aSyscall[0].pCurrent)
+#endif
+
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "CharLowerW",              (SYSCALL)CharLowerW,              0 },
 #else
@@ -32383,7 +32480,7 @@
 #define osCreateFileA ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR,DWORD,DWORD, \
         LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,DWORD,DWORD,HANDLE))aSyscall[4].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "CreateFileW",             (SYSCALL)CreateFileW,             0 },
 #else
   { "CreateFileW",             (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32392,12 +32489,18 @@
 #define osCreateFileW ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR,DWORD,DWORD, \
         LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,DWORD,DWORD,HANDLE))aSyscall[5].pCurrent)
 
-  { "CreateFileMapping",       (SYSCALL)CreateFileMapping,       0 },
+#if (!SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI) && \
+        !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL))
+  { "CreateFileMappingA",      (SYSCALL)CreateFileMappingA,      0 },
+#else
+  { "CreateFileMappingA",      (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
-#define osCreateFileMapping ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, \
-        DWORD,DWORD,DWORD,LPCTSTR))aSyscall[6].pCurrent)
+#define osCreateFileMappingA ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, \
+        DWORD,DWORD,DWORD,LPCSTR))aSyscall[6].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE || (!SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE) && \
+        !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL))
   { "CreateFileMappingW",      (SYSCALL)CreateFileMappingW,      0 },
 #else
   { "CreateFileMappingW",      (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32406,7 +32509,7 @@
 #define osCreateFileMappingW ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES, \
         DWORD,DWORD,DWORD,LPCWSTR))aSyscall[7].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "CreateMutexW",            (SYSCALL)CreateMutexW,            0 },
 #else
   { "CreateMutexW",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32471,7 +32574,11 @@
 #define osFormatMessageW ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(DWORD,LPCVOID,DWORD,DWORD,LPWSTR, \
         DWORD,va_list*))aSyscall[15].pCurrent)
 
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
   { "FreeLibrary",             (SYSCALL)FreeLibrary,             0 },
+#else
+  { "FreeLibrary",             (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osFreeLibrary ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HMODULE))aSyscall[16].pCurrent)
 
@@ -32488,7 +32595,7 @@
 #define osGetDiskFreeSpaceA ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR,LPDWORD,LPDWORD,LPDWORD, \
         LPDWORD))aSyscall[18].pCurrent)
 
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "GetDiskFreeSpaceW",       (SYSCALL)GetDiskFreeSpaceW,       0 },
 #else
   { "GetDiskFreeSpaceW",       (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32505,7 +32612,7 @@
 
 #define osGetFileAttributesA ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR))aSyscall[20].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "GetFileAttributesW",      (SYSCALL)GetFileAttributesW,      0 },
 #else
   { "GetFileAttributesW",      (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32522,7 +32629,11 @@
 #define osGetFileAttributesExW ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR,GET_FILEEX_INFO_LEVELS, \
         LPVOID))aSyscall[22].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "GetFileSize",             (SYSCALL)GetFileSize,             0 },
+#else
+  { "GetFileSize",             (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osGetFileSize ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LPDWORD))aSyscall[23].pCurrent)
 
@@ -32535,7 +32646,7 @@
 #define osGetFullPathNameA ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR,DWORD,LPSTR, \
         LPSTR*))aSyscall[24].pCurrent)
 
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "GetFullPathNameW",        (SYSCALL)GetFullPathNameW,        0 },
 #else
   { "GetFullPathNameW",        (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32548,6 +32659,7 @@
 
 #define osGetLastError ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(VOID))aSyscall[26].pCurrent)
 
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   /* The GetProcAddressA() routine is only available on Windows CE. */
   { "GetProcAddressA",         (SYSCALL)GetProcAddressA,         0 },
@@ -32556,11 +32668,18 @@
   ** an ANSI string regardless of the _UNICODE setting */
   { "GetProcAddressA",         (SYSCALL)GetProcAddress,          0 },
 #endif
+#else
+  { "GetProcAddressA",         (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osGetProcAddressA ((FARPROC(WINAPI*)(HMODULE, \
         LPCSTR))aSyscall[27].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "GetSystemInfo",           (SYSCALL)GetSystemInfo,           0 },
+#else
+  { "GetSystemInfo",           (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osGetSystemInfo ((VOID(WINAPI*)(LPSYSTEM_INFO))aSyscall[28].pCurrent)
 
@@ -32585,7 +32704,7 @@
 
 #define osGetTempPathA ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(DWORD,LPSTR))aSyscall[31].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
   { "GetTempPathW",            (SYSCALL)GetTempPathW,            0 },
 #else
   { "GetTempPathW",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32593,11 +32712,16 @@
 
 #define osGetTempPathW ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(DWORD,LPWSTR))aSyscall[32].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "GetTickCount",            (SYSCALL)GetTickCount,            0 },
+#else
+  { "GetTickCount",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osGetTickCount ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(VOID))aSyscall[33].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI) && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX) && \
+        SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX
   { "GetVersionExA",           (SYSCALL)GetVersionExA,           0 },
 #else
   { "GetVersionExA",           (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
@@ -32606,146 +32730,337 @@
 #define osGetVersionExA ((BOOL(WINAPI*)( \
         LPOSVERSIONINFOA))aSyscall[34].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE) && \
+        defined(SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX) && SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX
+  { "GetVersionExW",           (SYSCALL)GetVersionExW,           0 },
+#else
+  { "GetVersionExW",           (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osGetVersionExW ((BOOL(WINAPI*)( \
+        LPOSVERSIONINFOW))aSyscall[35].pCurrent)
+
   { "HeapAlloc",               (SYSCALL)HeapAlloc,               0 },
 
 #define osHeapAlloc ((LPVOID(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD, \
-        SIZE_T))aSyscall[35].pCurrent)
-
-  { "HeapCreate",              (SYSCALL)HeapCreate,              0 },
-
-#define osHeapCreate ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(DWORD,SIZE_T, \
         SIZE_T))aSyscall[36].pCurrent)
 
-  { "HeapDestroy",             (SYSCALL)HeapDestroy,             0 },
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "HeapCreate",              (SYSCALL)HeapCreate,              0 },
+#else
+  { "HeapCreate",              (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
-#define osHeapDestroy ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE))aSyscall[37].pCurrent)
+#define osHeapCreate ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(DWORD,SIZE_T, \
+        SIZE_T))aSyscall[37].pCurrent)
+
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "HeapDestroy",             (SYSCALL)HeapDestroy,             0 },
+#else
+  { "HeapDestroy",             (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osHeapDestroy ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE))aSyscall[38].pCurrent)
 
   { "HeapFree",                (SYSCALL)HeapFree,                0 },
 
-#define osHeapFree ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,LPVOID))aSyscall[38].pCurrent)
+#define osHeapFree ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,LPVOID))aSyscall[39].pCurrent)
 
   { "HeapReAlloc",             (SYSCALL)HeapReAlloc,             0 },
 
 #define osHeapReAlloc ((LPVOID(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,LPVOID, \
-        SIZE_T))aSyscall[39].pCurrent)
+        SIZE_T))aSyscall[40].pCurrent)
 
   { "HeapSize",                (SYSCALL)HeapSize,                0 },
 
 #define osHeapSize ((SIZE_T(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD, \
-        LPCVOID))aSyscall[40].pCurrent)
-
-  { "HeapValidate",            (SYSCALL)HeapValidate,            0 },
-
-#define osHeapValidate ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD, \
         LPCVOID))aSyscall[41].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "HeapValidate",            (SYSCALL)HeapValidate,            0 },
+#else
+  { "HeapValidate",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osHeapValidate ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD, \
+        LPCVOID))aSyscall[42].pCurrent)
+
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "HeapCompact",             (SYSCALL)HeapCompact,             0 },
+#else
+  { "HeapCompact",             (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osHeapCompact ((UINT(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD))aSyscall[43].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
   { "LoadLibraryA",            (SYSCALL)LoadLibraryA,            0 },
 #else
   { "LoadLibraryA",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
-#define osLoadLibraryA ((HMODULE(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR))aSyscall[42].pCurrent)
+#define osLoadLibraryA ((HMODULE(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR))aSyscall[44].pCurrent)
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE) && \
+        !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
   { "LoadLibraryW",            (SYSCALL)LoadLibraryW,            0 },
 #else
   { "LoadLibraryW",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
-#define osLoadLibraryW ((HMODULE(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR))aSyscall[43].pCurrent)
+#define osLoadLibraryW ((HMODULE(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR))aSyscall[45].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "LocalFree",               (SYSCALL)LocalFree,               0 },
+#else
+  { "LocalFree",               (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
-#define osLocalFree ((HLOCAL(WINAPI*)(HLOCAL))aSyscall[44].pCurrent)
+#define osLocalFree ((HLOCAL(WINAPI*)(HLOCAL))aSyscall[46].pCurrent)
 
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "LockFile",                (SYSCALL)LockFile,                0 },
-
-#define osLockFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
-        DWORD))aSyscall[45].pCurrent)
 #else
   { "LockFile",                (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
+#ifndef osLockFile
+#define osLockFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
+        DWORD))aSyscall[47].pCurrent)
+#endif
+
 #if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   { "LockFileEx",              (SYSCALL)LockFileEx,              0 },
-
-#define osLockFileEx ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
-        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[46].pCurrent)
 #else
   { "LockFileEx",              (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
+#ifndef osLockFileEx
+#define osLockFileEx ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
+        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[48].pCurrent)
+#endif
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE || (!SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL))
   { "MapViewOfFile",           (SYSCALL)MapViewOfFile,           0 },
+#else
+  { "MapViewOfFile",           (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osMapViewOfFile ((LPVOID(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
-        SIZE_T))aSyscall[47].pCurrent)
+        SIZE_T))aSyscall[49].pCurrent)
 
   { "MultiByteToWideChar",     (SYSCALL)MultiByteToWideChar,     0 },
 
 #define osMultiByteToWideChar ((int(WINAPI*)(UINT,DWORD,LPCSTR,int,LPWSTR, \
-        int))aSyscall[48].pCurrent)
+        int))aSyscall[50].pCurrent)
 
   { "QueryPerformanceCounter", (SYSCALL)QueryPerformanceCounter, 0 },
 
 #define osQueryPerformanceCounter ((BOOL(WINAPI*)( \
-        LARGE_INTEGER*))aSyscall[49].pCurrent)
+        LARGE_INTEGER*))aSyscall[51].pCurrent)
 
   { "ReadFile",                (SYSCALL)ReadFile,                0 },
 
 #define osReadFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LPVOID,DWORD,LPDWORD, \
-        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[50].pCurrent)
+        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[52].pCurrent)
 
   { "SetEndOfFile",            (SYSCALL)SetEndOfFile,            0 },
 
-#define osSetEndOfFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE))aSyscall[51].pCurrent)
+#define osSetEndOfFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE))aSyscall[53].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "SetFilePointer",          (SYSCALL)SetFilePointer,          0 },
+#else
+  { "SetFilePointer",          (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
 #define osSetFilePointer ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LONG,PLONG, \
-        DWORD))aSyscall[52].pCurrent)
+        DWORD))aSyscall[54].pCurrent)
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "Sleep",                   (SYSCALL)Sleep,                   0 },
+#else
+  { "Sleep",                   (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
 
-#define osSleep ((VOID(WINAPI*)(DWORD))aSyscall[53].pCurrent)
+#define osSleep ((VOID(WINAPI*)(DWORD))aSyscall[55].pCurrent)
 
   { "SystemTimeToFileTime",    (SYSCALL)SystemTimeToFileTime,    0 },
 
 #define osSystemTimeToFileTime ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(CONST SYSTEMTIME*, \
-        LPFILETIME))aSyscall[54].pCurrent)
+        LPFILETIME))aSyscall[56].pCurrent)
 
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   { "UnlockFile",              (SYSCALL)UnlockFile,              0 },
-
-#define osUnlockFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
-        DWORD))aSyscall[55].pCurrent)
 #else
   { "UnlockFile",              (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
+#ifndef osUnlockFile
+#define osUnlockFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
+        DWORD))aSyscall[57].pCurrent)
+#endif
+
 #if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   { "UnlockFileEx",            (SYSCALL)UnlockFileEx,            0 },
-
-#define osUnlockFileEx ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
-        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[56].pCurrent)
 #else
   { "UnlockFileEx",            (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
 #endif
 
-  { "UnmapViewOfFile",         (SYSCALL)UnmapViewOfFile,         0 },
+#define osUnlockFileEx ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
+        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[58].pCurrent)
 
-#define osUnmapViewOfFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(LPCVOID))aSyscall[57].pCurrent)
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+  { "UnmapViewOfFile",         (SYSCALL)UnmapViewOfFile,         0 },
+#else
+  { "UnmapViewOfFile",         (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osUnmapViewOfFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(LPCVOID))aSyscall[59].pCurrent)
 
   { "WideCharToMultiByte",     (SYSCALL)WideCharToMultiByte,     0 },
 
 #define osWideCharToMultiByte ((int(WINAPI*)(UINT,DWORD,LPCWSTR,int,LPSTR,int, \
-        LPCSTR,LPBOOL))aSyscall[58].pCurrent)
+        LPCSTR,LPBOOL))aSyscall[60].pCurrent)
 
   { "WriteFile",               (SYSCALL)WriteFile,               0 },
 
 #define osWriteFile ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LPCVOID,DWORD,LPDWORD, \
-        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[59].pCurrent)
+        LPOVERLAPPED))aSyscall[61].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "CreateEventExW",          (SYSCALL)CreateEventExW,          0 },
+#else
+  { "CreateEventExW",          (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osCreateEventExW ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,LPCWSTR, \
+        DWORD,DWORD))aSyscall[62].pCurrent)
+
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "WaitForSingleObject",     (SYSCALL)WaitForSingleObject,     0 },
+#else
+  { "WaitForSingleObject",     (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osWaitForSingleObject ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(HANDLE, \
+        DWORD))aSyscall[63].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "WaitForSingleObjectEx",   (SYSCALL)WaitForSingleObjectEx,   0 },
+#else
+  { "WaitForSingleObjectEx",   (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osWaitForSingleObjectEx ((DWORD(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,DWORD, \
+        BOOL))aSyscall[64].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "SetFilePointerEx",        (SYSCALL)SetFilePointerEx,        0 },
+#else
+  { "SetFilePointerEx",        (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osSetFilePointerEx ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,LARGE_INTEGER, \
+        PLARGE_INTEGER,DWORD))aSyscall[65].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "GetFileInformationByHandleEx", (SYSCALL)GetFileInformationByHandleEx, 0 },
+#else
+  { "GetFileInformationByHandleEx", (SYSCALL)0,                  0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osGetFileInformationByHandleEx ((BOOL(WINAPI*)(HANDLE, \
+        FILE_INFO_BY_HANDLE_CLASS,LPVOID,DWORD))aSyscall[66].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+  { "MapViewOfFileFromApp",    (SYSCALL)MapViewOfFileFromApp,    0 },
+#else
+  { "MapViewOfFileFromApp",    (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osMapViewOfFileFromApp ((LPVOID(WINAPI*)(HANDLE,ULONG,ULONG64, \
+        SIZE_T))aSyscall[67].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "CreateFile2",             (SYSCALL)CreateFile2,             0 },
+#else
+  { "CreateFile2",             (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osCreateFile2 ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR,DWORD,DWORD,DWORD, \
+        LPCREATEFILE2_EXTENDED_PARAMETERS))aSyscall[68].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION)
+  { "LoadPackagedLibrary",     (SYSCALL)LoadPackagedLibrary,     0 },
+#else
+  { "LoadPackagedLibrary",     (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osLoadPackagedLibrary ((HMODULE(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR, \
+        DWORD))aSyscall[69].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "GetTickCount64",          (SYSCALL)GetTickCount64,          0 },
+#else
+  { "GetTickCount64",          (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osGetTickCount64 ((ULONGLONG(WINAPI*)(VOID))aSyscall[70].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  { "GetNativeSystemInfo",     (SYSCALL)GetNativeSystemInfo,     0 },
+#else
+  { "GetNativeSystemInfo",     (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osGetNativeSystemInfo ((VOID(WINAPI*)( \
+        LPSYSTEM_INFO))aSyscall[71].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+  { "OutputDebugStringA",      (SYSCALL)OutputDebugStringA,      0 },
+#else
+  { "OutputDebugStringA",      (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osOutputDebugStringA ((VOID(WINAPI*)(LPCSTR))aSyscall[72].pCurrent)
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+  { "OutputDebugStringW",      (SYSCALL)OutputDebugStringW,      0 },
+#else
+  { "OutputDebugStringW",      (SYSCALL)0,                       0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osOutputDebugStringW ((VOID(WINAPI*)(LPCWSTR))aSyscall[73].pCurrent)
+
+  { "GetProcessHeap",          (SYSCALL)GetProcessHeap,          0 },
+
+#define osGetProcessHeap ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(VOID))aSyscall[74].pCurrent)
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+  { "CreateFileMappingFromApp", (SYSCALL)CreateFileMappingFromApp, 0 },
+#else
+  { "CreateFileMappingFromApp", (SYSCALL)0,                      0 },
+#endif
+
+#define osCreateFileMappingFromApp ((HANDLE(WINAPI*)(HANDLE, \
+        LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES,ULONG,ULONG64,LPCWSTR))aSyscall[75].pCurrent)
+
+/*
+** NOTE: On some sub-platforms, the InterlockedCompareExchange "function"
+**       is really just a macro that uses a compiler intrinsic (e.g. x64).
+**       So do not try to make this is into a redefinable interface.
+*/
+#if defined(InterlockedCompareExchange)
+  { "InterlockedCompareExchange", (SYSCALL)0,                    0 },
+
+#define osInterlockedCompareExchange InterlockedCompareExchange
+#else
+  { "InterlockedCompareExchange", (SYSCALL)InterlockedCompareExchange, 0 },
+
+#define osInterlockedCompareExchange ((LONG(WINAPI*)(LONG volatile*, \
+        LONG,LONG))aSyscall[76].pCurrent)
+#endif /* defined(InterlockedCompareExchange) */
 
 }; /* End of the overrideable system calls */
 
@@ -32832,6 +33147,152 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC
+/*
+** If a Win32 native heap has been configured, this function will attempt to
+** compact it.  Upon success, SQLITE_OK will be returned.  Upon failure, one
+** of SQLITE_NOMEM, SQLITE_ERROR, or SQLITE_NOTFOUND will be returned.  The
+** "pnLargest" argument, if non-zero, will be used to return the size of the
+** largest committed free block in the heap, in bytes.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_win32_compact_heap(LPUINT pnLargest){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  UINT nLargest = 0;
+  HANDLE hHeap;
+
+  winMemAssertMagic();
+  hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
+  assert( hHeap!=0 );
+  assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
+  assert( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
+#endif
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  if( (nLargest=osHeapCompact(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS))==0 ){
+    DWORD lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+    if( lastErrno==NO_ERROR ){
+      sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapCompact (no space), heap=%p",
+                  (void*)hHeap);
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_log(SQLITE_ERROR, "failed to HeapCompact (%lu), heap=%p",
+                  osGetLastError(), (void*)hHeap);
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+#else
+  sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOTFOUND, "failed to HeapCompact, heap=%p",
+              (void*)hHeap);
+  rc = SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
+#endif
+  if( pnLargest ) *pnLargest = nLargest;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** If a Win32 native heap has been configured, this function will attempt to
+** destroy and recreate it.  If the Win32 native heap is not isolated and/or
+** the sqlite3_memory_used() function does not return zero, SQLITE_BUSY will
+** be returned and no changes will be made to the Win32 native heap.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_win32_reset_heap(){
+  int rc;
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *pMaster; ) /* The main static mutex */
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *pMem; )    /* The memsys static mutex */
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( pMaster = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER); )
+  MUTEX_LOGIC( pMem = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM); )
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pMaster);
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pMem);
+  winMemAssertMagic();
+  if( winMemGetHeap()!=NULL && winMemGetOwned() && sqlite3_memory_used()==0 ){
+    /*
+    ** At this point, there should be no outstanding memory allocations on
+    ** the heap.  Also, since both the master and memsys locks are currently
+    ** being held by us, no other function (i.e. from another thread) should
+    ** be able to even access the heap.  Attempt to destroy and recreate our
+    ** isolated Win32 native heap now.
+    */
+    assert( winMemGetHeap()!=NULL );
+    assert( winMemGetOwned() );
+    assert( sqlite3_memory_used()==0 );
+    winMemShutdown(winMemGetDataPtr());
+    assert( winMemGetHeap()==NULL );
+    assert( !winMemGetOwned() );
+    assert( sqlite3_memory_used()==0 );
+    rc = winMemInit(winMemGetDataPtr());
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || winMemGetHeap()!=NULL );
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || winMemGetOwned() );
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || sqlite3_memory_used()==0 );
+  }else{
+    /*
+    ** The Win32 native heap cannot be modified because it may be in use.
+    */
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pMem);
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(pMaster);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC */
+
+/*
+** This function outputs the specified (ANSI) string to the Win32 debugger
+** (if available).
+*/
+
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_win32_write_debug(const char *zBuf, int nBuf){
+  char zDbgBuf[SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE];
+  int nMin = MIN(nBuf, (SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE - 1)); /* may be negative. */
+  if( nMin<-1 ) nMin = -1; /* all negative values become -1. */
+  assert( nMin==-1 || nMin==0 || nMin<SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE );
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+  if( nMin>0 ){
+    memset(zDbgBuf, 0, SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE);
+    memcpy(zDbgBuf, zBuf, nMin);
+    osOutputDebugStringA(zDbgBuf);
+  }else{
+    osOutputDebugStringA(zBuf);
+  }
+#elif defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+  memset(zDbgBuf, 0, SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE);
+  if ( osMultiByteToWideChar(
+          osAreFileApisANSI() ? CP_ACP : CP_OEMCP, 0, zBuf,
+          nMin, (LPWSTR)zDbgBuf, SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE/sizeof(WCHAR))<=0 ){
+    return;
+  }
+  osOutputDebugStringW((LPCWSTR)zDbgBuf);
+#else
+  if( nMin>0 ){
+    memset(zDbgBuf, 0, SQLITE_WIN32_DBG_BUF_SIZE);
+    memcpy(zDbgBuf, zBuf, nMin);
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", zDbgBuf);
+  }else{
+    fprintf(stderr, "%s", zBuf);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** The following routine suspends the current thread for at least ms
+** milliseconds.  This is equivalent to the Win32 Sleep() interface.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+static HANDLE sleepObj = NULL;
+#endif
+
+SQLITE_API void sqlite3_win32_sleep(DWORD milliseconds){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  if ( sleepObj==NULL ){
+    sleepObj = osCreateEventExW(NULL, NULL, CREATE_EVENT_MANUAL_RESET,
+                                SYNCHRONIZE);
+  }
+  assert( sleepObj!=NULL );
+  osWaitForSingleObjectEx(sleepObj, milliseconds, FALSE);
+#else
+  osSleep(milliseconds);
+#endif
+}
+
 /*
 ** Return true (non-zero) if we are running under WinNT, Win2K, WinXP,
 ** or WinCE.  Return false (zero) for Win95, Win98, or WinME.
@@ -32843,19 +33304,46 @@
 ** WinNT/2K/XP so that we will know whether or not we can safely call
 ** the LockFileEx() API.
 */
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
-# define isNT()  (1)
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX) || !SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX
+# define osIsNT()  (1)
+#elif SQLITE_OS_WINCE || SQLITE_OS_WINRT || !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+# define osIsNT()  (1)
+#elif !defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+# define osIsNT()  (0)
 #else
-  static int isNT(void){
-    if( sqlite3_os_type==0 ){
-      OSVERSIONINFOA sInfo;
-      sInfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(sInfo);
-      osGetVersionExA(&sInfo);
-      sqlite3_os_type = sInfo.dwPlatformId==VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT ? 2 : 1;
-    }
-    return sqlite3_os_type==2;
+# define osIsNT()  ((sqlite3_os_type==2) || sqlite3_win32_is_nt())
+#endif
+
+/*
+** This function determines if the machine is running a version of Windows
+** based on the NT kernel.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_win32_is_nt(void){
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX) && SQLITE_WIN32_GETVERSIONEX
+  if( osInterlockedCompareExchange(&sqlite3_os_type, 0, 0)==0 ){
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE) && \
+        defined(NTDDI_VERSION) && NTDDI_VERSION >= NTDDI_WIN8
+    OSVERSIONINFOW sInfo;
+    sInfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(sInfo);
+    osGetVersionExW(&sInfo);
+    osInterlockedCompareExchange(&sqlite3_os_type,
+        (sInfo.dwPlatformId == VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT) ? 2 : 1, 0);
+#elif defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+    OSVERSIONINFOA sInfo;
+    sInfo.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(sInfo);
+    osGetVersionExA(&sInfo);
+    osInterlockedCompareExchange(&sqlite3_os_type,
+        (sInfo.dwPlatformId == VER_PLATFORM_WIN32_NT) ? 2 : 1, 0);
+#endif
   }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OS_WINCE */
+  return osInterlockedCompareExchange(&sqlite3_os_type, 2, 2)==2;
+#elif SQLITE_TEST
+  return osInterlockedCompareExchange(&sqlite3_os_type, 2, 2)==2;
+#else
+  return 1;
+#endif
+}
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC
 /*
@@ -32869,13 +33357,13 @@
   hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
   assert( hHeap!=0 );
   assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
-#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
-  assert ( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
+  assert( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
 #endif
   assert( nBytes>=0 );
   p = osHeapAlloc(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, (SIZE_T)nBytes);
   if( !p ){
-    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapAlloc %u bytes (%d), heap=%p",
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapAlloc %u bytes (%lu), heap=%p",
                 nBytes, osGetLastError(), (void*)hHeap);
   }
   return p;
@@ -32891,12 +33379,12 @@
   hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
   assert( hHeap!=0 );
   assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
-#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
-  assert ( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) );
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
+  assert( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) );
 #endif
   if( !pPrior ) return; /* Passing NULL to HeapFree is undefined. */
   if( !osHeapFree(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) ){
-    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapFree block %p (%d), heap=%p",
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapFree block %p (%lu), heap=%p",
                 pPrior, osGetLastError(), (void*)hHeap);
   }
 }
@@ -32912,8 +33400,8 @@
   hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
   assert( hHeap!=0 );
   assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
-#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
-  assert ( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) );
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
+  assert( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior) );
 #endif
   assert( nBytes>=0 );
   if( !pPrior ){
@@ -32922,7 +33410,7 @@
     p = osHeapReAlloc(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, pPrior, (SIZE_T)nBytes);
   }
   if( !p ){
-    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to %s %u bytes (%d), heap=%p",
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to %s %u bytes (%lu), heap=%p",
                 pPrior ? "HeapReAlloc" : "HeapAlloc", nBytes, osGetLastError(),
                 (void*)hHeap);
   }
@@ -32940,13 +33428,13 @@
   hHeap = winMemGetHeap();
   assert( hHeap!=0 );
   assert( hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
-#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
-  assert ( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
+  assert( osHeapValidate(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, p) );
 #endif
   if( !p ) return 0;
   n = osHeapSize(hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, p);
   if( n==(SIZE_T)-1 ){
-    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapSize block %p (%d), heap=%p",
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapSize block %p (%lu), heap=%p",
                 p, osGetLastError(), (void*)hHeap);
     return 0;
   }
@@ -32967,23 +33455,43 @@
   winMemData *pWinMemData = (winMemData *)pAppData;
 
   if( !pWinMemData ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
-  assert( pWinMemData->magic==WINMEM_MAGIC );
+  assert( pWinMemData->magic1==WINMEM_MAGIC1 );
+  assert( pWinMemData->magic2==WINMEM_MAGIC2 );
+
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_CREATE
   if( !pWinMemData->hHeap ){
+    DWORD dwInitialSize = SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_INIT_SIZE;
+    DWORD dwMaximumSize = (DWORD)sqlite3GlobalConfig.nHeap;
+    if( dwMaximumSize==0 ){
+      dwMaximumSize = SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_MAX_SIZE;
+    }else if( dwInitialSize>dwMaximumSize ){
+      dwInitialSize = dwMaximumSize;
+    }
     pWinMemData->hHeap = osHeapCreate(SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS,
-                                      SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_INIT_SIZE,
-                                      SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_MAX_SIZE);
+                                      dwInitialSize, dwMaximumSize);
     if( !pWinMemData->hHeap ){
       sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM,
-          "failed to HeapCreate (%d), flags=%u, initSize=%u, maxSize=%u",
-          osGetLastError(), SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS,
-          SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_INIT_SIZE, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_MAX_SIZE);
+          "failed to HeapCreate (%lu), flags=%u, initSize=%lu, maxSize=%lu",
+          osGetLastError(), SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, dwInitialSize,
+          dwMaximumSize);
       return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
     pWinMemData->bOwned = TRUE;
+    assert( pWinMemData->bOwned );
   }
+#else
+  pWinMemData->hHeap = osGetProcessHeap();
+  if( !pWinMemData->hHeap ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM,
+        "failed to GetProcessHeap (%lu)", osGetLastError());
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  pWinMemData->bOwned = FALSE;
+  assert( !pWinMemData->bOwned );
+#endif
   assert( pWinMemData->hHeap!=0 );
   assert( pWinMemData->hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
-#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
   assert( osHeapValidate(pWinMemData->hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
 #endif
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -32996,14 +33504,17 @@
   winMemData *pWinMemData = (winMemData *)pAppData;
 
   if( !pWinMemData ) return;
+  assert( pWinMemData->magic1==WINMEM_MAGIC1 );
+  assert( pWinMemData->magic2==WINMEM_MAGIC2 );
+
   if( pWinMemData->hHeap ){
     assert( pWinMemData->hHeap!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
-#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC_VALIDATE)
     assert( osHeapValidate(pWinMemData->hHeap, SQLITE_WIN32_HEAP_FLAGS, NULL) );
 #endif
     if( pWinMemData->bOwned ){
       if( !osHeapDestroy(pWinMemData->hHeap) ){
-        sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapDestroy (%d), heap=%p",
+        sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOMEM, "failed to HeapDestroy (%lu), heap=%p",
                     osGetLastError(), (void*)pWinMemData->hHeap);
       }
       pWinMemData->bOwned = FALSE;
@@ -33040,11 +33551,11 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC */
 
 /*
-** Convert a UTF-8 string to Microsoft Unicode (UTF-16?). 
+** Convert a UTF-8 string to Microsoft Unicode (UTF-16?).
 **
 ** Space to hold the returned string is obtained from malloc.
 */
-static LPWSTR utf8ToUnicode(const char *zFilename){
+static LPWSTR winUtf8ToUnicode(const char *zFilename){
   int nChar;
   LPWSTR zWideFilename;
 
@@ -33052,7 +33563,7 @@
   if( nChar==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  zWideFilename = sqlite3_malloc( nChar*sizeof(zWideFilename[0]) );
+  zWideFilename = sqlite3MallocZero( nChar*sizeof(zWideFilename[0]) );
   if( zWideFilename==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
@@ -33069,7 +33580,7 @@
 ** Convert Microsoft Unicode to UTF-8.  Space to hold the returned string is
 ** obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
 */
-static char *unicodeToUtf8(LPCWSTR zWideFilename){
+static char *winUnicodeToUtf8(LPCWSTR zWideFilename){
   int nByte;
   char *zFilename;
 
@@ -33077,7 +33588,7 @@
   if( nByte == 0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  zFilename = sqlite3_malloc( nByte );
+  zFilename = sqlite3MallocZero( nByte );
   if( zFilename==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
@@ -33093,11 +33604,11 @@
 /*
 ** Convert an ANSI string to Microsoft Unicode, based on the
 ** current codepage settings for file apis.
-** 
+**
 ** Space to hold the returned string is obtained
 ** from sqlite3_malloc.
 */
-static LPWSTR mbcsToUnicode(const char *zFilename){
+static LPWSTR winMbcsToUnicode(const char *zFilename){
   int nByte;
   LPWSTR zMbcsFilename;
   int codepage = osAreFileApisANSI() ? CP_ACP : CP_OEMCP;
@@ -33107,7 +33618,7 @@
   if( nByte==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  zMbcsFilename = sqlite3_malloc( nByte*sizeof(zMbcsFilename[0]) );
+  zMbcsFilename = sqlite3MallocZero( nByte*sizeof(zMbcsFilename[0]) );
   if( zMbcsFilename==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
@@ -33127,7 +33638,7 @@
 ** Space to hold the returned string is obtained from
 ** sqlite3_malloc().
 */
-static char *unicodeToMbcs(LPCWSTR zWideFilename){
+static char *winUnicodeToMbcs(LPCWSTR zWideFilename){
   int nByte;
   char *zFilename;
   int codepage = osAreFileApisANSI() ? CP_ACP : CP_OEMCP;
@@ -33136,7 +33647,7 @@
   if( nByte == 0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  zFilename = sqlite3_malloc( nByte );
+  zFilename = sqlite3MallocZero( nByte );
   if( zFilename==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
@@ -33157,39 +33668,75 @@
   char *zFilenameUtf8;
   LPWSTR zTmpWide;
 
-  zTmpWide = mbcsToUnicode(zFilename);
+  zTmpWide = winMbcsToUnicode(zFilename);
   if( zTmpWide==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  zFilenameUtf8 = unicodeToUtf8(zTmpWide);
+  zFilenameUtf8 = winUnicodeToUtf8(zTmpWide);
   sqlite3_free(zTmpWide);
   return zFilenameUtf8;
 }
 
 /*
-** Convert UTF-8 to multibyte character string.  Space to hold the 
+** Convert UTF-8 to multibyte character string.  Space to hold the
 ** returned string is obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
 */
 SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_mbcs(const char *zFilename){
   char *zFilenameMbcs;
   LPWSTR zTmpWide;
 
-  zTmpWide = utf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
+  zTmpWide = winUtf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
   if( zTmpWide==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  zFilenameMbcs = unicodeToMbcs(zTmpWide);
+  zFilenameMbcs = winUnicodeToMbcs(zTmpWide);
   sqlite3_free(zTmpWide);
   return zFilenameMbcs;
 }
 
+/*
+** This function sets the data directory or the temporary directory based on
+** the provided arguments.  The type argument must be 1 in order to set the
+** data directory or 2 in order to set the temporary directory.  The zValue
+** argument is the name of the directory to use.  The return value will be
+** SQLITE_OK if successful.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_win32_set_directory(DWORD type, LPCWSTR zValue){
+  char **ppDirectory = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINIT
+  int rc = sqlite3_initialize();
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+#endif
+  if( type==SQLITE_WIN32_DATA_DIRECTORY_TYPE ){
+    ppDirectory = &sqlite3_data_directory;
+  }else if( type==SQLITE_WIN32_TEMP_DIRECTORY_TYPE ){
+    ppDirectory = &sqlite3_temp_directory;
+  }
+  assert( !ppDirectory || type==SQLITE_WIN32_DATA_DIRECTORY_TYPE
+          || type==SQLITE_WIN32_TEMP_DIRECTORY_TYPE
+  );
+  assert( !ppDirectory || sqlite3MemdebugHasType(*ppDirectory, MEMTYPE_HEAP) );
+  if( ppDirectory ){
+    char *zValueUtf8 = 0;
+    if( zValue && zValue[0] ){
+      zValueUtf8 = winUnicodeToUtf8(zValue);
+      if ( zValueUtf8==0 ){
+        return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(*ppDirectory);
+    *ppDirectory = zValueUtf8;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_ERROR;
+}
 
 /*
-** The return value of getLastErrorMsg
+** The return value of winGetLastErrorMsg
 ** is zero if the error message fits in the buffer, or non-zero
 ** otherwise (if the message was truncated).
 */
-static int getLastErrorMsg(DWORD lastErrno, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+static int winGetLastErrorMsg(DWORD lastErrno, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
   /* FormatMessage returns 0 on failure.  Otherwise it
   ** returns the number of TCHARs written to the output
   ** buffer, excluding the terminating null char.
@@ -33197,7 +33744,18 @@
   DWORD dwLen = 0;
   char *zOut = 0;
 
-  if( isNT() ){
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+    WCHAR zTempWide[SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_ERRMSG_CHARS+1];
+    dwLen = osFormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+                             FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+                             NULL,
+                             lastErrno,
+                             0,
+                             zTempWide,
+                             SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_ERRMSG_CHARS,
+                             0);
+#else
     LPWSTR zTempWide = NULL;
     dwLen = osFormatMessageW(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER |
                              FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
@@ -33208,20 +33766,20 @@
                              (LPWSTR) &zTempWide,
                              0,
                              0);
+#endif
     if( dwLen > 0 ){
       /* allocate a buffer and convert to UTF8 */
       sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
-      zOut = unicodeToUtf8(zTempWide);
+      zOut = winUnicodeToUtf8(zTempWide);
       sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
       /* free the system buffer allocated by FormatMessage */
       osLocalFree(zTempWide);
+#endif
     }
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
     char *zTemp = NULL;
     dwLen = osFormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_ALLOCATE_BUFFER |
                              FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
@@ -33240,10 +33798,10 @@
       /* free the system buffer allocated by FormatMessage */
       osLocalFree(zTemp);
     }
-#endif
   }
+#endif
   if( 0 == dwLen ){
-    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf, "OsError 0x%x (%u)", lastErrno, lastErrno);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf, "OsError 0x%lx (%lu)", lastErrno, lastErrno);
   }else{
     /* copy a maximum of nBuf chars to output buffer */
     sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf, zBuf, "%s", zOut);
@@ -33260,13 +33818,13 @@
 **
 ** This routine is invoked after an error occurs in an OS function.
 ** It logs a message using sqlite3_log() containing the current value of
-** error code and, if possible, the human-readable equivalent from 
+** error code and, if possible, the human-readable equivalent from
 ** FormatMessage.
 **
 ** The first argument passed to the macro should be the error code that
-** will be returned to SQLite (e.g. SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, SQLITE_CANTOPEN). 
+** will be returned to SQLite (e.g. SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, SQLITE_CANTOPEN).
 ** The two subsequent arguments should be the name of the OS function that
-** failed and the the associated file-system path, if any.
+** failed and the associated file-system path, if any.
 */
 #define winLogError(a,b,c,d)   winLogErrorAtLine(a,b,c,d,__LINE__)
 static int winLogErrorAtLine(
@@ -33280,13 +33838,13 @@
   int i;                          /* Loop counter */
 
   zMsg[0] = 0;
-  getLastErrorMsg(lastErrno, sizeof(zMsg), zMsg);
+  winGetLastErrorMsg(lastErrno, sizeof(zMsg), zMsg);
   assert( errcode!=SQLITE_OK );
   if( zPath==0 ) zPath = "";
   for(i=0; zMsg[i] && zMsg[i]!='\r' && zMsg[i]!='\n'; i++){}
   zMsg[i] = 0;
   sqlite3_log(errcode,
-      "os_win.c:%d: (%d) %s(%s) - %s",
+      "os_win.c:%d: (%lu) %s(%s) - %s",
       iLine, lastErrno, zFunc, zPath, zMsg
   );
 
@@ -33295,7 +33853,7 @@
 
 /*
 ** The number of times that a ReadFile(), WriteFile(), and DeleteFile()
-** will be retried following a locking error - probably caused by 
+** will be retried following a locking error - probably caused by
 ** antivirus software.  Also the initial delay before the first retry.
 ** The delay increases linearly with each retry.
 */
@@ -33305,29 +33863,60 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY_DELAY
 # define SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY_DELAY 25
 #endif
-static int win32IoerrRetry = SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY;
-static int win32IoerrRetryDelay = SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY_DELAY;
+static int winIoerrRetry = SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY;
+static int winIoerrRetryDelay = SQLITE_WIN32_IOERR_RETRY_DELAY;
+
+/*
+** The "winIoerrCanRetry1" macro is used to determine if a particular I/O
+** error code obtained via GetLastError() is eligible to be retried.  It
+** must accept the error code DWORD as its only argument and should return
+** non-zero if the error code is transient in nature and the operation
+** responsible for generating the original error might succeed upon being
+** retried.  The argument to this macro should be a variable.
+**
+** Additionally, a macro named "winIoerrCanRetry2" may be defined.  If it
+** is defined, it will be consulted only when the macro "winIoerrCanRetry1"
+** returns zero.  The "winIoerrCanRetry2" macro is completely optional and
+** may be used to include additional error codes in the set that should
+** result in the failing I/O operation being retried by the caller.  If
+** defined, the "winIoerrCanRetry2" macro must exhibit external semantics
+** identical to those of the "winIoerrCanRetry1" macro.
+*/
+#if !defined(winIoerrCanRetry1)
+#define winIoerrCanRetry1(a) (((a)==ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED)        || \
+                              ((a)==ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION)    || \
+                              ((a)==ERROR_LOCK_VIOLATION)       || \
+                              ((a)==ERROR_DEV_NOT_EXIST)        || \
+                              ((a)==ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED)      || \
+                              ((a)==ERROR_SEM_TIMEOUT)          || \
+                              ((a)==ERROR_NETWORK_UNREACHABLE))
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** If a ReadFile() or WriteFile() error occurs, invoke this routine
 ** to see if it should be retried.  Return TRUE to retry.  Return FALSE
 ** to give up with an error.
 */
-static int retryIoerr(int *pnRetry, DWORD *pError){
+static int winRetryIoerr(int *pnRetry, DWORD *pError){
   DWORD e = osGetLastError();
-  if( *pnRetry>=win32IoerrRetry ){
+  if( *pnRetry>=winIoerrRetry ){
     if( pError ){
       *pError = e;
     }
     return 0;
   }
-  if( e==ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED ||
-      e==ERROR_LOCK_VIOLATION ||
-      e==ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION ){
-    osSleep(win32IoerrRetryDelay*(1+*pnRetry));
+  if( winIoerrCanRetry1(e) ){
+    sqlite3_win32_sleep(winIoerrRetryDelay*(1+*pnRetry));
     ++*pnRetry;
     return 1;
   }
+#if defined(winIoerrCanRetry2)
+  else if( winIoerrCanRetry2(e) ){
+    sqlite3_win32_sleep(winIoerrRetryDelay*(1+*pnRetry));
+    ++*pnRetry;
+    return 1;
+  }
+#endif
   if( pError ){
     *pError = e;
   }
@@ -33337,11 +33926,11 @@
 /*
 ** Log a I/O error retry episode.
 */
-static void logIoerr(int nRetry){
+static void winLogIoerr(int nRetry){
   if( nRetry ){
-    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_IOERR, 
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_IOERR,
       "delayed %dms for lock/sharing conflict",
-      win32IoerrRetryDelay*nRetry*(nRetry+1)/2
+      winIoerrRetryDelay*nRetry*(nRetry+1)/2
     );
   }
 }
@@ -33350,9 +33939,10 @@
 /*************************************************************************
 ** This section contains code for WinCE only.
 */
+#if !defined(SQLITE_MSVC_LOCALTIME_API) || !SQLITE_MSVC_LOCALTIME_API
 /*
-** Windows CE does not have a localtime() function.  So create a
-** substitute.
+** The MSVC CRT on Windows CE may not have a localtime() function.  So
+** create a substitute.
 */
 /* #include <time.h> */
 struct tm *__cdecl localtime(const time_t *t)
@@ -33376,6 +33966,7 @@
   y.tm_sec = pTm.wSecond;
   return &y;
 }
+#endif
 
 #define HANDLE_TO_WINFILE(a) (winFile*)&((char*)a)[-(int)offsetof(winFile,h)]
 
@@ -33385,7 +33976,7 @@
 static void winceMutexAcquire(HANDLE h){
    DWORD dwErr;
    do {
-     dwErr = WaitForSingleObject(h, INFINITE);
+     dwErr = osWaitForSingleObject(h, INFINITE);
    } while (dwErr != WAIT_OBJECT_0 && dwErr != WAIT_ABANDONED);
 }
 /*
@@ -33397,15 +33988,17 @@
 ** Create the mutex and shared memory used for locking in the file
 ** descriptor pFile
 */
-static BOOL winceCreateLock(const char *zFilename, winFile *pFile){
+static int winceCreateLock(const char *zFilename, winFile *pFile){
   LPWSTR zTok;
   LPWSTR zName;
+  DWORD lastErrno;
+  BOOL bLogged = FALSE;
   BOOL bInit = TRUE;
 
-  zName = utf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
+  zName = winUtf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
   if( zName==0 ){
     /* out of memory */
-    return FALSE;
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
   }
 
   /* Initialize the local lockdata */
@@ -33422,60 +34015,68 @@
   pFile->hMutex = osCreateMutexW(NULL, FALSE, zName);
   if (!pFile->hMutex){
     pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
-    winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, pFile->lastErrno, "winceCreateLock1", zFilename);
     sqlite3_free(zName);
-    return FALSE;
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR, pFile->lastErrno,
+                       "winceCreateLock1", zFilename);
   }
 
   /* Acquire the mutex before continuing */
   winceMutexAcquire(pFile->hMutex);
-  
-  /* Since the names of named mutexes, semaphores, file mappings etc are 
+
+  /* Since the names of named mutexes, semaphores, file mappings etc are
   ** case-sensitive, take advantage of that by uppercasing the mutex name
   ** and using that as the shared filemapping name.
   */
   osCharUpperW(zName);
   pFile->hShared = osCreateFileMappingW(INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, NULL,
                                         PAGE_READWRITE, 0, sizeof(winceLock),
-                                        zName);  
+                                        zName);
 
-  /* Set a flag that indicates we're the first to create the memory so it 
+  /* Set a flag that indicates we're the first to create the memory so it
   ** must be zero-initialized */
-  if (osGetLastError() == ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS){
+  lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+  if (lastErrno == ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS){
     bInit = FALSE;
   }
 
   sqlite3_free(zName);
 
   /* If we succeeded in making the shared memory handle, map it. */
-  if (pFile->hShared){
-    pFile->shared = (winceLock*)osMapViewOfFile(pFile->hShared, 
+  if( pFile->hShared ){
+    pFile->shared = (winceLock*)osMapViewOfFile(pFile->hShared,
              FILE_MAP_READ|FILE_MAP_WRITE, 0, 0, sizeof(winceLock));
     /* If mapping failed, close the shared memory handle and erase it */
-    if (!pFile->shared){
+    if( !pFile->shared ){
       pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
-      winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, pFile->lastErrno,
-               "winceCreateLock2", zFilename);
+      winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR, pFile->lastErrno,
+                  "winceCreateLock2", zFilename);
+      bLogged = TRUE;
       osCloseHandle(pFile->hShared);
       pFile->hShared = NULL;
     }
   }
 
   /* If shared memory could not be created, then close the mutex and fail */
-  if (pFile->hShared == NULL){
+  if( pFile->hShared==NULL ){
+    if( !bLogged ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
+      winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR, pFile->lastErrno,
+                  "winceCreateLock3", zFilename);
+      bLogged = TRUE;
+    }
     winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);
     osCloseHandle(pFile->hMutex);
     pFile->hMutex = NULL;
-    return FALSE;
+    return SQLITE_IOERR;
   }
-  
+
   /* Initialize the shared memory if we're supposed to */
-  if (bInit) {
+  if( bInit ){
     memset(pFile->shared, 0, sizeof(winceLock));
   }
 
   winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);
-  return TRUE;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -33506,17 +34107,17 @@
     osCloseHandle(pFile->hShared);
 
     /* Done with the mutex */
-    winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);    
+    winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);
     osCloseHandle(pFile->hMutex);
     pFile->hMutex = NULL;
   }
 }
 
-/* 
+/*
 ** An implementation of the LockFile() API of Windows for CE
 */
 static BOOL winceLockFile(
-  HANDLE *phFile,
+  LPHANDLE phFile,
   DWORD dwFileOffsetLow,
   DWORD dwFileOffsetHigh,
   DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockLow,
@@ -33554,7 +34155,8 @@
   }
 
   /* Want a pending lock? */
-  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)PENDING_BYTE && nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == 1){
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)PENDING_BYTE
+           && nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == 1){
     /* If no pending lock has been acquired, then acquire it */
     if (pFile->shared->bPending == 0) {
       pFile->shared->bPending = TRUE;
@@ -33564,7 +34166,8 @@
   }
 
   /* Want a reserved lock? */
-  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)RESERVED_BYTE && nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == 1){
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)RESERVED_BYTE
+           && nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == 1){
     if (pFile->shared->bReserved == 0) {
       pFile->shared->bReserved = TRUE;
       pFile->local.bReserved = TRUE;
@@ -33580,7 +34183,7 @@
 ** An implementation of the UnlockFile API of Windows for CE
 */
 static BOOL winceUnlockFile(
-  HANDLE *phFile,
+  LPHANDLE phFile,
   DWORD dwFileOffsetLow,
   DWORD dwFileOffsetHigh,
   DWORD nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow,
@@ -33607,7 +34210,8 @@
 
     /* Did we just have a reader lock? */
     else if (pFile->local.nReaders){
-      assert(nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == (DWORD)SHARED_SIZE || nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1);
+      assert(nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == (DWORD)SHARED_SIZE
+             || nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1);
       pFile->local.nReaders --;
       if (pFile->local.nReaders == 0)
       {
@@ -33618,7 +34222,8 @@
   }
 
   /* Releasing a pending lock */
-  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)PENDING_BYTE && nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1){
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)PENDING_BYTE
+           && nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1){
     if (pFile->local.bPending){
       pFile->local.bPending = FALSE;
       pFile->shared->bPending = FALSE;
@@ -33626,7 +34231,8 @@
     }
   }
   /* Releasing a reserved lock */
-  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)RESERVED_BYTE && nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1){
+  else if (dwFileOffsetLow == (DWORD)RESERVED_BYTE
+           && nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow == 1){
     if (pFile->local.bReserved) {
       pFile->local.bReserved = FALSE;
       pFile->shared->bReserved = FALSE;
@@ -33637,35 +34243,74 @@
   winceMutexRelease(pFile->hMutex);
   return bReturn;
 }
-
-/*
-** An implementation of the LockFileEx() API of Windows for CE
-*/
-static BOOL winceLockFileEx(
-  HANDLE *phFile,
-  DWORD dwFlags,
-  DWORD dwReserved,
-  DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockLow,
-  DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh,
-  LPOVERLAPPED lpOverlapped
-){
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(dwReserved);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh);
-
-  /* If the caller wants a shared read lock, forward this call
-  ** to winceLockFile */
-  if (lpOverlapped->Offset == (DWORD)SHARED_FIRST &&
-      dwFlags == 1 &&
-      nNumberOfBytesToLockLow == (DWORD)SHARED_SIZE){
-    return winceLockFile(phFile, SHARED_FIRST, 0, 1, 0);
-  }
-  return FALSE;
-}
 /*
 ** End of the special code for wince
 *****************************************************************************/
 #endif /* SQLITE_OS_WINCE */
 
+/*
+** Lock a file region.
+*/
+static BOOL winLockFile(
+  LPHANDLE phFile,
+  DWORD flags,
+  DWORD offsetLow,
+  DWORD offsetHigh,
+  DWORD numBytesLow,
+  DWORD numBytesHigh
+){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  /*
+  ** NOTE: Windows CE is handled differently here due its lack of the Win32
+  **       API LockFile.
+  */
+  return winceLockFile(phFile, offsetLow, offsetHigh,
+                       numBytesLow, numBytesHigh);
+#else
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    OVERLAPPED ovlp;
+    memset(&ovlp, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+    ovlp.Offset = offsetLow;
+    ovlp.OffsetHigh = offsetHigh;
+    return osLockFileEx(*phFile, flags, 0, numBytesLow, numBytesHigh, &ovlp);
+  }else{
+    return osLockFile(*phFile, offsetLow, offsetHigh, numBytesLow,
+                      numBytesHigh);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Unlock a file region.
+ */
+static BOOL winUnlockFile(
+  LPHANDLE phFile,
+  DWORD offsetLow,
+  DWORD offsetHigh,
+  DWORD numBytesLow,
+  DWORD numBytesHigh
+){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  /*
+  ** NOTE: Windows CE is handled differently here due its lack of the Win32
+  **       API UnlockFile.
+  */
+  return winceUnlockFile(phFile, offsetLow, offsetHigh,
+                         numBytesLow, numBytesHigh);
+#else
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    OVERLAPPED ovlp;
+    memset(&ovlp, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+    ovlp.Offset = offsetLow;
+    ovlp.OffsetHigh = offsetHigh;
+    return osUnlockFileEx(*phFile, 0, numBytesLow, numBytesHigh, &ovlp);
+  }else{
+    return osUnlockFile(*phFile, offsetLow, offsetHigh, numBytesLow,
+                        numBytesHigh);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
 /*****************************************************************************
 ** The next group of routines implement the I/O methods specified
 ** by the sqlite3_io_methods object.
@@ -33679,24 +34324,27 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
-** Move the current position of the file handle passed as the first 
-** argument to offset iOffset within the file. If successful, return 0. 
+** Move the current position of the file handle passed as the first
+** argument to offset iOffset within the file. If successful, return 0.
 ** Otherwise, set pFile->lastErrno and return non-zero.
 */
-static int seekWinFile(winFile *pFile, sqlite3_int64 iOffset){
+static int winSeekFile(winFile *pFile, sqlite3_int64 iOffset){
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   LONG upperBits;                 /* Most sig. 32 bits of new offset */
   LONG lowerBits;                 /* Least sig. 32 bits of new offset */
   DWORD dwRet;                    /* Value returned by SetFilePointer() */
   DWORD lastErrno;                /* Value returned by GetLastError() */
 
+  OSTRACE(("SEEK file=%p, offset=%lld\n", pFile->h, iOffset));
+
   upperBits = (LONG)((iOffset>>32) & 0x7fffffff);
   lowerBits = (LONG)(iOffset & 0xffffffff);
 
-  /* API oddity: If successful, SetFilePointer() returns a dword 
+  /* API oddity: If successful, SetFilePointer() returns a dword
   ** containing the lower 32-bits of the new file-offset. Or, if it fails,
-  ** it returns INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER. However according to MSDN, 
-  ** INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER may also be a valid new offset. So to determine 
-  ** whether an error has actually occured, it is also necessary to call 
+  ** it returns INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER. However according to MSDN,
+  ** INVALID_SET_FILE_POINTER may also be a valid new offset. So to determine
+  ** whether an error has actually occurred, it is also necessary to call
   ** GetLastError().
   */
   dwRet = osSetFilePointer(pFile->h, lowerBits, &upperBits, FILE_BEGIN);
@@ -33705,13 +34353,43 @@
       && ((lastErrno = osGetLastError())!=NO_ERROR)) ){
     pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
     winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "seekWinFile", pFile->zPath);
+                "winSeekFile", pFile->zPath);
+    OSTRACE(("SEEK file=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK\n", pFile->h));
     return 1;
   }
 
+  OSTRACE(("SEEK file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
   return 0;
+#else
+  /*
+  ** Same as above, except that this implementation works for WinRT.
+  */
+
+  LARGE_INTEGER x;                /* The new offset */
+  BOOL bRet;                      /* Value returned by SetFilePointerEx() */
+
+  x.QuadPart = iOffset;
+  bRet = osSetFilePointerEx(pFile->h, x, 0, FILE_BEGIN);
+
+  if(!bRet){
+    pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+    winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK, pFile->lastErrno,
+                "winSeekFile", pFile->zPath);
+    OSTRACE(("SEEK file=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK\n", pFile->h));
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  OSTRACE(("SEEK file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
+  return 0;
+#endif
 }
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+/* Forward references to VFS helper methods used for memory mapped files */
+static int winMapfile(winFile*, sqlite3_int64);
+static int winUnmapfile(winFile*);
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Close a file.
 **
@@ -33728,12 +34406,20 @@
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
 
   assert( id!=0 );
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
   assert( pFile->pShm==0 );
-  OSTRACE(("CLOSE %d\n", pFile->h));
+#endif
+  assert( pFile->h!=NULL && pFile->h!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE );
+  OSTRACE(("CLOSE file=%p\n", pFile->h));
+
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  winUnmapfile(pFile);
+#endif
+
   do{
     rc = osCloseHandle(pFile->h);
     /* SimulateIOError( rc=0; cnt=MX_CLOSE_ATTEMPT; ); */
-  }while( rc==0 && ++cnt < MX_CLOSE_ATTEMPT && (osSleep(100), 1) );
+  }while( rc==0 && ++cnt < MX_CLOSE_ATTEMPT && (sqlite3_win32_sleep(100), 1) );
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
 #define WINCE_DELETION_ATTEMPTS 3
   winceDestroyLock(pFile);
@@ -33741,16 +34427,19 @@
     int cnt = 0;
     while(
            osDeleteFileW(pFile->zDeleteOnClose)==0
-        && osGetFileAttributesW(pFile->zDeleteOnClose)!=0xffffffff 
+        && osGetFileAttributesW(pFile->zDeleteOnClose)!=0xffffffff
         && cnt++ < WINCE_DELETION_ATTEMPTS
     ){
-       osSleep(100);  /* Wait a little before trying again */
+       sqlite3_win32_sleep(100);  /* Wait a little before trying again */
     }
     sqlite3_free(pFile->zDeleteOnClose);
   }
 #endif
-  OSTRACE(("CLOSE %d %s\n", pFile->h, rc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+  if( rc ){
+    pFile->h = NULL;
+  }
   OpenCounter(-1);
+  OSTRACE(("CLOSE file=%p, rc=%s\n", pFile->h, rc ? "ok" : "failed"));
   return rc ? SQLITE_OK
             : winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE, osGetLastError(),
                           "winClose", pFile->zPath);
@@ -33767,31 +34456,67 @@
   int amt,                   /* Number of bytes to read */
   sqlite3_int64 offset       /* Begin reading at this offset */
 ){
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  OVERLAPPED overlapped;          /* The offset for ReadFile. */
+#endif
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;  /* file handle */
   DWORD nRead;                    /* Number of bytes actually read from file */
   int nRetry = 0;                 /* Number of retrys */
 
   assert( id!=0 );
+  assert( amt>0 );
+  assert( offset>=0 );
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_READ);
-  OSTRACE(("READ %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
+  OSTRACE(("READ file=%p, buffer=%p, amount=%d, offset=%lld, lock=%d\n",
+           pFile->h, pBuf, amt, offset, pFile->locktype));
 
-  if( seekWinFile(pFile, offset) ){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  /* Deal with as much of this read request as possible by transfering
+  ** data from the memory mapping using memcpy().  */
+  if( offset<pFile->mmapSize ){
+    if( offset+amt <= pFile->mmapSize ){
+      memcpy(pBuf, &((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], amt);
+      OSTRACE(("READ-MMAP file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }else{
+      int nCopy = (int)(pFile->mmapSize - offset);
+      memcpy(pBuf, &((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], nCopy);
+      pBuf = &((u8 *)pBuf)[nCopy];
+      amt -= nCopy;
+      offset += nCopy;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  if( winSeekFile(pFile, offset) ){
+    OSTRACE(("READ file=%p, rc=SQLITE_FULL\n", pFile->h));
     return SQLITE_FULL;
   }
   while( !osReadFile(pFile->h, pBuf, amt, &nRead, 0) ){
+#else
+  memset(&overlapped, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+  overlapped.Offset = (LONG)(offset & 0xffffffff);
+  overlapped.OffsetHigh = (LONG)((offset>>32) & 0x7fffffff);
+  while( !osReadFile(pFile->h, pBuf, amt, &nRead, &overlapped) &&
+         osGetLastError()!=ERROR_HANDLE_EOF ){
+#endif
     DWORD lastErrno;
-    if( retryIoerr(&nRetry, &lastErrno) ) continue;
+    if( winRetryIoerr(&nRetry, &lastErrno) ) continue;
     pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
+    OSTRACE(("READ file=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_READ\n", pFile->h));
     return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_READ, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "winRead", pFile->zPath);
+                       "winRead", pFile->zPath);
   }
-  logIoerr(nRetry);
+  winLogIoerr(nRetry);
   if( nRead<(DWORD)amt ){
     /* Unread parts of the buffer must be zero-filled */
     memset(&((char*)pBuf)[nRead], 0, amt-nRead);
+    OSTRACE(("READ file=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ\n", pFile->h));
     return SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ;
   }
 
+  OSTRACE(("READ file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -33805,7 +34530,7 @@
   int amt,                        /* Number of bytes to write */
   sqlite3_int64 offset            /* Offset into the file to begin writing at */
 ){
-  int rc;                         /* True if error has occured, else false */
+  int rc = 0;                     /* True if error has occurred, else false */
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;  /* File handle */
   int nRetry = 0;                 /* Number of retries */
 
@@ -33814,21 +34539,66 @@
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE);
   SimulateDiskfullError(return SQLITE_FULL);
 
-  OSTRACE(("WRITE %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
+  OSTRACE(("WRITE file=%p, buffer=%p, amount=%d, offset=%lld, lock=%d\n",
+           pFile->h, pBuf, amt, offset, pFile->locktype));
 
-  rc = seekWinFile(pFile, offset);
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  /* Deal with as much of this write request as possible by transfering
+  ** data from the memory mapping using memcpy().  */
+  if( offset<pFile->mmapSize ){
+    if( offset+amt <= pFile->mmapSize ){
+      memcpy(&((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], pBuf, amt);
+      OSTRACE(("WRITE-MMAP file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }else{
+      int nCopy = (int)(pFile->mmapSize - offset);
+      memcpy(&((u8 *)(pFile->pMapRegion))[offset], pBuf, nCopy);
+      pBuf = &((u8 *)pBuf)[nCopy];
+      amt -= nCopy;
+      offset += nCopy;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+  rc = winSeekFile(pFile, offset);
   if( rc==0 ){
+#else
+  {
+#endif
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+    OVERLAPPED overlapped;        /* The offset for WriteFile. */
+#endif
     u8 *aRem = (u8 *)pBuf;        /* Data yet to be written */
     int nRem = amt;               /* Number of bytes yet to be written */
     DWORD nWrite;                 /* Bytes written by each WriteFile() call */
     DWORD lastErrno = NO_ERROR;   /* Value returned by GetLastError() */
 
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+    memset(&overlapped, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+    overlapped.Offset = (LONG)(offset & 0xffffffff);
+    overlapped.OffsetHigh = (LONG)((offset>>32) & 0x7fffffff);
+#endif
+
     while( nRem>0 ){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
       if( !osWriteFile(pFile->h, aRem, nRem, &nWrite, 0) ){
-        if( retryIoerr(&nRetry, &lastErrno) ) continue;
+#else
+      if( !osWriteFile(pFile->h, aRem, nRem, &nWrite, &overlapped) ){
+#endif
+        if( winRetryIoerr(&nRetry, &lastErrno) ) continue;
         break;
       }
-      if( nWrite<=0 ) break;
+      assert( nWrite==0 || nWrite<=(DWORD)nRem );
+      if( nWrite==0 || nWrite>(DWORD)nRem ){
+        lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+        break;
+      }
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+      offset += nWrite;
+      overlapped.Offset = (LONG)(offset & 0xffffffff);
+      overlapped.OffsetHigh = (LONG)((offset>>32) & 0x7fffffff);
+#endif
       aRem += nWrite;
       nRem -= nWrite;
     }
@@ -33841,13 +34611,17 @@
   if( rc ){
     if(   ( pFile->lastErrno==ERROR_HANDLE_DISK_FULL )
        || ( pFile->lastErrno==ERROR_DISK_FULL )){
-      return SQLITE_FULL;
+      OSTRACE(("WRITE file=%p, rc=SQLITE_FULL\n", pFile->h));
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_FULL, pFile->lastErrno,
+                         "winWrite1", pFile->zPath);
     }
+    OSTRACE(("WRITE file=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE\n", pFile->h));
     return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "winWrite", pFile->zPath);
+                       "winWrite2", pFile->zPath);
   }else{
-    logIoerr(nRetry);
+    winLogIoerr(nRetry);
   }
+  OSTRACE(("WRITE file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -33857,11 +34631,12 @@
 static int winTruncate(sqlite3_file *id, sqlite3_int64 nByte){
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;  /* File handle object */
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code for this function */
+  DWORD lastErrno;
 
   assert( pFile );
-
-  OSTRACE(("TRUNCATE %d %lld\n", pFile->h, nByte));
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE);
+  OSTRACE(("TRUNCATE file=%p, size=%lld, lock=%d\n",
+           pFile->h, nByte, pFile->locktype));
 
   /* If the user has configured a chunk-size for this file, truncate the
   ** file so that it consists of an integer number of chunks (i.e. the
@@ -33873,16 +34648,27 @@
   }
 
   /* SetEndOfFile() returns non-zero when successful, or zero when it fails. */
-  if( seekWinFile(pFile, nByte) ){
+  if( winSeekFile(pFile, nByte) ){
     rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "winTruncate1", pFile->zPath);
-  }else if( 0==osSetEndOfFile(pFile->h) ){
-    pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+                     "winTruncate1", pFile->zPath);
+  }else if( 0==osSetEndOfFile(pFile->h) &&
+            ((lastErrno = osGetLastError())!=ERROR_USER_MAPPED_FILE) ){
+    pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
     rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "winTruncate2", pFile->zPath);
+                     "winTruncate2", pFile->zPath);
   }
 
-  OSTRACE(("TRUNCATE %d %lld %s\n", pFile->h, nByte, rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  /* If the file was truncated to a size smaller than the currently
+  ** mapped region, reduce the effective mapping size as well. SQLite will
+  ** use read() and write() to access data beyond this point from now on.
+  */
+  if( pFile->pMapRegion && nByte<pFile->mmapSize ){
+    pFile->mmapSize = nByte;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  OSTRACE(("TRUNCATE file=%p, rc=%s\n", pFile->h, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -33922,13 +34708,14 @@
       || (flags&0x0F)==SQLITE_SYNC_FULL
   );
 
-  OSTRACE(("SYNC %d lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
-
   /* Unix cannot, but some systems may return SQLITE_FULL from here. This
   ** line is to test that doing so does not cause any problems.
   */
   SimulateDiskfullError( return SQLITE_FULL );
 
+  OSTRACE(("SYNC file=%p, flags=%x, lock=%d\n",
+           pFile->h, flags, pFile->locktype));
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_TEST
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(flags);
 #else
@@ -33942,16 +34729,19 @@
   ** no-op
   */
 #ifdef SQLITE_NO_SYNC
+  OSTRACE(("SYNC-NOP file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
   return SQLITE_OK;
 #else
   rc = osFlushFileBuffers(pFile->h);
   SimulateIOError( rc=FALSE );
   if( rc ){
+    OSTRACE(("SYNC file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
     pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+    OSTRACE(("SYNC file=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC\n", pFile->h));
     return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "winSync", pFile->zPath);
+                       "winSync", pFile->zPath);
   }
 #endif
 }
@@ -33960,23 +34750,45 @@
 ** Determine the current size of a file in bytes
 */
 static int winFileSize(sqlite3_file *id, sqlite3_int64 *pSize){
-  DWORD upperBits;
-  DWORD lowerBits;
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
-  DWORD lastErrno;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
 
   assert( id!=0 );
+  assert( pSize!=0 );
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT);
-  lowerBits = osGetFileSize(pFile->h, &upperBits);
-  if(   (lowerBits == INVALID_FILE_SIZE)
-     && ((lastErrno = osGetLastError())!=NO_ERROR) )
+  OSTRACE(("SIZE file=%p, pSize=%p\n", pFile->h, pSize));
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
   {
-    pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
-    return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "winFileSize", pFile->zPath);
+    FILE_STANDARD_INFO info;
+    if( osGetFileInformationByHandleEx(pFile->h, FileStandardInfo,
+                                     &info, sizeof(info)) ){
+      *pSize = info.EndOfFile.QuadPart;
+    }else{
+      pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+      rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT, pFile->lastErrno,
+                       "winFileSize", pFile->zPath);
+    }
   }
-  *pSize = (((sqlite3_int64)upperBits)<<32) + lowerBits;
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+#else
+  {
+    DWORD upperBits;
+    DWORD lowerBits;
+    DWORD lastErrno;
+
+    lowerBits = osGetFileSize(pFile->h, &upperBits);
+    *pSize = (((sqlite3_int64)upperBits)<<32) + lowerBits;
+    if(   (lowerBits == INVALID_FILE_SIZE)
+       && ((lastErrno = osGetLastError())!=NO_ERROR) ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
+      rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT, pFile->lastErrno,
+                       "winFileSize", pFile->zPath);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  OSTRACE(("SIZE file=%p, pSize=%p, *pSize=%lld, rc=%s\n",
+           pFile->h, pSize, *pSize, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -33986,57 +34798,88 @@
 # define LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY 1
 #endif
 
+#ifndef LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK
+# define LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK 2
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Historically, SQLite has used both the LockFile and LockFileEx functions.
+** When the LockFile function was used, it was always expected to fail
+** immediately if the lock could not be obtained.  Also, it always expected to
+** obtain an exclusive lock.  These flags are used with the LockFileEx function
+** and reflect those expectations; therefore, they should not be changed.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_LOCKFILE_FLAGS
+# define SQLITE_LOCKFILE_FLAGS   (LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY | \
+                                  LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Currently, SQLite never calls the LockFileEx function without wanting the
+** call to fail immediately if the lock cannot be obtained.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_LOCKFILEEX_FLAGS
+# define SQLITE_LOCKFILEEX_FLAGS (LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY)
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Acquire a reader lock.
 ** Different API routines are called depending on whether or not this
 ** is Win9x or WinNT.
 */
-static int getReadLock(winFile *pFile){
+static int winGetReadLock(winFile *pFile){
   int res;
-  if( isNT() ){
-    OVERLAPPED ovlp;
-    ovlp.Offset = SHARED_FIRST;
-    ovlp.OffsetHigh = 0;
-    ovlp.hEvent = 0;
-    res = osLockFileEx(pFile->h, LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY,
-                       0, SHARED_SIZE, 0, &ovlp);
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
+  OSTRACE(("READ-LOCK file=%p, lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+    /*
+    ** NOTE: Windows CE is handled differently here due its lack of the Win32
+    **       API LockFileEx.
+    */
+    res = winceLockFile(&pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, 1, 0);
+#else
+    res = winLockFile(&pFile->h, SQLITE_LOCKFILEEX_FLAGS, SHARED_FIRST, 0,
+                      SHARED_SIZE, 0);
+#endif
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
     int lk;
     sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(lk), &lk);
     pFile->sharedLockByte = (short)((lk & 0x7fffffff)%(SHARED_SIZE - 1));
-    res = osLockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST+pFile->sharedLockByte, 0, 1, 0);
-#endif
+    res = winLockFile(&pFile->h, SQLITE_LOCKFILE_FLAGS,
+                      SHARED_FIRST+pFile->sharedLockByte, 0, 1, 0);
   }
+#endif
   if( res == 0 ){
     pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
     /* No need to log a failure to lock */
   }
+  OSTRACE(("READ-LOCK file=%p, result=%d\n", pFile->h, res));
   return res;
 }
 
 /*
 ** Undo a readlock
 */
-static int unlockReadLock(winFile *pFile){
+static int winUnlockReadLock(winFile *pFile){
   int res;
   DWORD lastErrno;
-  if( isNT() ){
-    res = osUnlockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
-    res = osUnlockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST + pFile->sharedLockByte, 0, 1, 0);
-#endif
+  OSTRACE(("READ-UNLOCK file=%p, lock=%d\n", pFile->h, pFile->locktype));
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    res = winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
   }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
+    res = winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST+pFile->sharedLockByte, 0, 1, 0);
+  }
+#endif
   if( res==0 && ((lastErrno = osGetLastError())!=ERROR_NOT_LOCKED) ){
     pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
     winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK, pFile->lastErrno,
-             "unlockReadLock", pFile->zPath);
+                "winUnlockReadLock", pFile->zPath);
   }
+  OSTRACE(("READ-UNLOCK file=%p, result=%d\n", pFile->h, res));
   return res;
 }
 
@@ -34075,14 +34918,15 @@
   DWORD lastErrno = NO_ERROR;
 
   assert( id!=0 );
-  OSTRACE(("LOCK %d %d was %d(%d)\n",
-           pFile->h, locktype, pFile->locktype, pFile->sharedLockByte));
+  OSTRACE(("LOCK file=%p, oldLock=%d(%d), newLock=%d\n",
+           pFile->h, pFile->locktype, pFile->sharedLockByte, locktype));
 
   /* If there is already a lock of this type or more restrictive on the
   ** OsFile, do nothing. Don't use the end_lock: exit path, as
   ** sqlite3OsEnterMutex() hasn't been called yet.
   */
   if( pFile->locktype>=locktype ){
+    OSTRACE(("LOCK-HELD file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
@@ -34102,15 +34946,25 @@
          && (pFile->locktype==RESERVED_LOCK))
   ){
     int cnt = 3;
-    while( cnt-->0 && (res = osLockFile(pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0))==0 ){
+    while( cnt-->0 && (res = winLockFile(&pFile->h, SQLITE_LOCKFILE_FLAGS,
+                                         PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0))==0 ){
       /* Try 3 times to get the pending lock.  This is needed to work
       ** around problems caused by indexing and/or anti-virus software on
       ** Windows systems.
       ** If you are using this code as a model for alternative VFSes, do not
       ** copy this retry logic.  It is a hack intended for Windows only.
       */
-      OSTRACE(("could not get a PENDING lock. cnt=%d\n", cnt));
-      if( cnt ) osSleep(1);
+      lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+      OSTRACE(("LOCK-PENDING-FAIL file=%p, count=%d, result=%d\n",
+               pFile->h, cnt, res));
+      if( lastErrno==ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE ){
+        pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
+        rc = SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK;
+        OSTRACE(("LOCK-FAIL file=%p, count=%d, rc=%s\n",
+                 pFile->h, cnt, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+        return rc;
+      }
+      if( cnt ) sqlite3_win32_sleep(1);
     }
     gotPendingLock = res;
     if( !res ){
@@ -34122,7 +34976,7 @@
   */
   if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && res ){
     assert( pFile->locktype==NO_LOCK );
-    res = getReadLock(pFile);
+    res = winGetReadLock(pFile);
     if( res ){
       newLocktype = SHARED_LOCK;
     }else{
@@ -34134,7 +34988,7 @@
   */
   if( locktype==RESERVED_LOCK && res ){
     assert( pFile->locktype==SHARED_LOCK );
-    res = osLockFile(pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    res = winLockFile(&pFile->h, SQLITE_LOCKFILE_FLAGS, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
     if( res ){
       newLocktype = RESERVED_LOCK;
     }else{
@@ -34153,15 +35007,14 @@
   */
   if( locktype==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK && res ){
     assert( pFile->locktype>=SHARED_LOCK );
-    res = unlockReadLock(pFile);
-    OSTRACE(("unreadlock = %d\n", res));
-    res = osLockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
+    res = winUnlockReadLock(pFile);
+    res = winLockFile(&pFile->h, SQLITE_LOCKFILE_FLAGS, SHARED_FIRST, 0,
+                      SHARED_SIZE, 0);
     if( res ){
       newLocktype = EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
     }else{
       lastErrno = osGetLastError();
-      OSTRACE(("error-code = %d\n", lastErrno));
-      getReadLock(pFile);
+      winGetReadLock(pFile);
     }
   }
 
@@ -34169,7 +35022,7 @@
   ** release it now.
   */
   if( gotPendingLock && locktype==SHARED_LOCK ){
-    osUnlockFile(pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
   }
 
   /* Update the state of the lock has held in the file descriptor then
@@ -34178,12 +35031,14 @@
   if( res ){
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
-    OSTRACE(("LOCK FAILED %d trying for %d but got %d\n", pFile->h,
-           locktype, newLocktype));
     pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
     rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    OSTRACE(("LOCK-FAIL file=%p, wanted=%d, got=%d\n",
+             pFile->h, locktype, newLocktype));
   }
   pFile->locktype = (u8)newLocktype;
+  OSTRACE(("LOCK file=%p, lock=%d, rc=%s\n",
+           pFile->h, pFile->locktype, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -34193,24 +35048,27 @@
 ** non-zero, otherwise zero.
 */
 static int winCheckReservedLock(sqlite3_file *id, int *pResOut){
-  int rc;
+  int res;
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
 
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK; );
+  OSTRACE(("TEST-WR-LOCK file=%p, pResOut=%p\n", pFile->h, pResOut));
 
   assert( id!=0 );
   if( pFile->locktype>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
-    rc = 1;
-    OSTRACE(("TEST WR-LOCK %d %d (local)\n", pFile->h, rc));
+    res = 1;
+    OSTRACE(("TEST-WR-LOCK file=%p, result=%d (local)\n", pFile->h, res));
   }else{
-    rc = osLockFile(pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
-    if( rc ){
-      osUnlockFile(pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    res = winLockFile(&pFile->h, SQLITE_LOCKFILEEX_FLAGS,RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    if( res ){
+      winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
     }
-    rc = !rc;
-    OSTRACE(("TEST WR-LOCK %d %d (remote)\n", pFile->h, rc));
+    res = !res;
+    OSTRACE(("TEST-WR-LOCK file=%p, result=%d (remote)\n", pFile->h, res));
   }
-  *pResOut = rc;
+  *pResOut = res;
+  OSTRACE(("TEST-WR-LOCK file=%p, pResOut=%p, *pResOut=%d, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+           pFile->h, pResOut, *pResOut));
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -34231,28 +35089,30 @@
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   assert( pFile!=0 );
   assert( locktype<=SHARED_LOCK );
-  OSTRACE(("UNLOCK %d to %d was %d(%d)\n", pFile->h, locktype,
-          pFile->locktype, pFile->sharedLockByte));
+  OSTRACE(("UNLOCK file=%p, oldLock=%d(%d), newLock=%d\n",
+           pFile->h, pFile->locktype, pFile->sharedLockByte, locktype));
   type = pFile->locktype;
   if( type>=EXCLUSIVE_LOCK ){
-    osUnlockFile(pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
-    if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && !getReadLock(pFile) ){
+    winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, SHARED_FIRST, 0, SHARED_SIZE, 0);
+    if( locktype==SHARED_LOCK && !winGetReadLock(pFile) ){
       /* This should never happen.  We should always be able to
       ** reacquire the read lock */
       rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK, osGetLastError(),
-               "winUnlock", pFile->zPath);
+                       "winUnlock", pFile->zPath);
     }
   }
   if( type>=RESERVED_LOCK ){
-    osUnlockFile(pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, RESERVED_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
   }
   if( locktype==NO_LOCK && type>=SHARED_LOCK ){
-    unlockReadLock(pFile);
+    winUnlockReadLock(pFile);
   }
   if( type>=PENDING_LOCK ){
-    osUnlockFile(pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
+    winUnlockFile(&pFile->h, PENDING_BYTE, 0, 1, 0);
   }
   pFile->locktype = (u8)locktype;
+  OSTRACE(("UNLOCK file=%p, lock=%d, rc=%s\n",
+           pFile->h, pFile->locktype, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -34272,22 +35132,31 @@
   }
 }
 
+/* Forward references to VFS helper methods used for temporary files */
+static int winGetTempname(sqlite3_vfs *, char **);
+static int winIsDir(const void *);
+static BOOL winIsDriveLetterAndColon(const char *);
+
 /*
 ** Control and query of the open file handle.
 */
 static int winFileControl(sqlite3_file *id, int op, void *pArg){
   winFile *pFile = (winFile*)id;
+  OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, op=%d, pArg=%p\n", pFile->h, op, pArg));
   switch( op ){
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE: {
       *(int*)pArg = pFile->locktype;
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_LAST_ERRNO: {
       *(int*)pArg = (int)pFile->lastErrno;
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_CHUNK_SIZE: {
       pFile->szChunk = *(int *)pArg;
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT: {
@@ -34302,37 +35171,83 @@
             SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
           }
         }
+        OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=%s\n", pFile->h, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
         return rc;
       }
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL: {
       winModeBit(pFile, WINFILE_PERSIST_WAL, (int*)pArg);
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE: {
       winModeBit(pFile, WINFILE_PSOW, (int*)pArg);
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_VFSNAME: {
-      *(char**)pArg = sqlite3_mprintf("win32");
+      *(char**)pArg = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", pFile->pVfs->zName);
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
     case SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY: {
       int *a = (int*)pArg;
       if( a[0]>0 ){
-        win32IoerrRetry = a[0];
+        winIoerrRetry = a[0];
       }else{
-        a[0] = win32IoerrRetry;
+        a[0] = winIoerrRetry;
       }
       if( a[1]>0 ){
-        win32IoerrRetryDelay = a[1];
+        winIoerrRetryDelay = a[1];
       }else{
-        a[1] = win32IoerrRetryDelay;
+        a[1] = winIoerrRetryDelay;
       }
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", pFile->h));
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE: {
+      LPHANDLE phFile = (LPHANDLE)pArg;
+      HANDLE hOldFile = pFile->h;
+      pFile->h = *phFile;
+      *phFile = hOldFile;
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL oldFile=%p, newFile=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+               hOldFile, pFile->h));
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+#endif
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME: {
+      char *zTFile = 0;
+      int rc = winGetTempname(pFile->pVfs, &zTFile);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        *(char**)pArg = zTFile;
+      }
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=%s\n", pFile->h, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+      return rc;
+    }
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+    case SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE: {
+      i64 newLimit = *(i64*)pArg;
+      int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      if( newLimit>sqlite3GlobalConfig.mxMmap ){
+        newLimit = sqlite3GlobalConfig.mxMmap;
+      }
+      *(i64*)pArg = pFile->mmapSizeMax;
+      if( newLimit>=0 && newLimit!=pFile->mmapSizeMax && pFile->nFetchOut==0 ){
+        pFile->mmapSizeMax = newLimit;
+        if( pFile->mmapSize>0 ){
+          winUnmapfile(pFile);
+          rc = winMapfile(pFile, -1);
+        }
+      }
+      OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=%s\n", pFile->h, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+      return rc;
+    }
+#endif
   }
+  OSTRACE(("FCNTL file=%p, rc=SQLITE_NOTFOUND\n", pFile->h));
   return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
 }
 
@@ -34360,23 +35275,23 @@
          ((p->ctrlFlags & WINFILE_PSOW)?SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE:0);
 }
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-
-/* 
+/*
 ** Windows will only let you create file view mappings
 ** on allocation size granularity boundaries.
 ** During sqlite3_os_init() we do a GetSystemInfo()
 ** to get the granularity size.
 */
-SYSTEM_INFO winSysInfo;
+static SYSTEM_INFO winSysInfo;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
 
 /*
 ** Helper functions to obtain and relinquish the global mutex. The
-** global mutex is used to protect the winLockInfo objects used by 
+** global mutex is used to protect the winLockInfo objects used by
 ** this file, all of which may be shared by multiple threads.
 **
-** Function winShmMutexHeld() is used to assert() that the global mutex 
-** is held when required. This function is only used as part of assert() 
+** Function winShmMutexHeld() is used to assert() that the global mutex
+** is held when required. This function is only used as part of assert()
 ** statements. e.g.
 **
 **   winShmEnterMutex()
@@ -34389,7 +35304,7 @@
 static void winShmLeaveMutex(void){
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
 }
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#ifndef NDEBUG
 static int winShmMutexHeld(void) {
   return sqlite3_mutex_held(sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER));
 }
@@ -34406,10 +35321,10 @@
 ** this object or while reading or writing the following fields:
 **
 **      nRef
-**      pNext 
+**      pNext
 **
 ** The following fields are read-only after the object is created:
-** 
+**
 **      fid
 **      zFilename
 **
@@ -34488,27 +35403,24 @@
   int ofst,             /* Offset to first byte to be locked/unlocked */
   int nByte             /* Number of bytes to lock or unlock */
 ){
-  OVERLAPPED ovlp;
-  DWORD dwFlags;
   int rc = 0;           /* Result code form Lock/UnlockFileEx() */
 
   /* Access to the winShmNode object is serialized by the caller */
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pFile->mutex) || pFile->nRef==0 );
 
-  /* Initialize the locking parameters */
-  dwFlags = LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY;
-  if( lockType == _SHM_WRLCK ) dwFlags |= LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
-
-  memset(&ovlp, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
-  ovlp.Offset = ofst;
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK file=%p, lock=%d, offset=%d, size=%d\n",
+           pFile->hFile.h, lockType, ofst, nByte));
 
   /* Release/Acquire the system-level lock */
   if( lockType==_SHM_UNLCK ){
-    rc = osUnlockFileEx(pFile->hFile.h, 0, nByte, 0, &ovlp);
+    rc = winUnlockFile(&pFile->hFile.h, ofst, 0, nByte, 0);
   }else{
-    rc = osLockFileEx(pFile->hFile.h, dwFlags, 0, nByte, 0, &ovlp);
+    /* Initialize the locking parameters */
+    DWORD dwFlags = LOCKFILE_FAIL_IMMEDIATELY;
+    if( lockType == _SHM_WRLCK ) dwFlags |= LOCKFILE_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
+    rc = winLockFile(&pFile->hFile.h, dwFlags, ofst, 0, nByte, 0);
   }
-  
+
   if( rc!= 0 ){
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
@@ -34516,11 +35428,9 @@
     rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
   }
 
-  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK %d %s %s 0x%08lx\n", 
-           pFile->hFile.h,
-           rc==SQLITE_OK ? "ok" : "failed",
-           lockType==_SHM_UNLCK ? "UnlockFileEx" : "LockFileEx",
-           pFile->lastErrno));
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK file=%p, func=%s, errno=%lu, rc=%s\n",
+           pFile->hFile.h, (lockType == _SHM_UNLCK) ? "winUnlockFile" :
+           "winLockFile", pFile->lastErrno, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
 
   return rc;
 }
@@ -34538,24 +35448,25 @@
 static void winShmPurge(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int deleteFlag){
   winShmNode **pp;
   winShmNode *p;
-  BOOL bRc;
   assert( winShmMutexHeld() );
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid=%lu, deleteFlag=%d\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), deleteFlag));
   pp = &winShmNodeList;
   while( (p = *pp)!=0 ){
     if( p->nRef==0 ){
       int i;
-      if( p->mutex ) sqlite3_mutex_free(p->mutex);
+      if( p->mutex ){ sqlite3_mutex_free(p->mutex); }
       for(i=0; i<p->nRegion; i++){
-        bRc = osUnmapViewOfFile(p->aRegion[i].pMap);
-        OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid-%d unmap region=%d %s\n",
-                 (int)osGetCurrentProcessId(), i,
-                 bRc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+        BOOL bRc = osUnmapViewOfFile(p->aRegion[i].pMap);
+        OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE-UNMAP pid=%lu, region=%d, rc=%s\n",
+                 osGetCurrentProcessId(), i, bRc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+        UNUSED_VARIABLE_VALUE(bRc);
         bRc = osCloseHandle(p->aRegion[i].hMap);
-        OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE pid-%d close region=%d %s\n",
-                 (int)osGetCurrentProcessId(), i,
-                 bRc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+        OSTRACE(("SHM-PURGE-CLOSE pid=%lu, region=%d, rc=%s\n",
+                 osGetCurrentProcessId(), i, bRc ? "ok" : "failed"));
+        UNUSED_VARIABLE_VALUE(bRc);
       }
-      if( p->hFile.h != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ){
+      if( p->hFile.h!=NULL && p->hFile.h!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ){
         SimulateIOErrorBenign(1);
         winClose((sqlite3_file *)&p->hFile);
         SimulateIOErrorBenign(0);
@@ -34595,19 +35506,17 @@
   /* Allocate space for the new sqlite3_shm object.  Also speculatively
   ** allocate space for a new winShmNode and filename.
   */
-  p = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*p) );
+  p = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*p) );
   if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
-  memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
   nName = sqlite3Strlen30(pDbFd->zPath);
-  pNew = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pShmNode) + nName + 17 );
+  pNew = sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(*pShmNode) + nName + 17 );
   if( pNew==0 ){
     sqlite3_free(p);
     return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
   }
-  memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(*pNew) + nName + 17);
   pNew->zFilename = (char*)&pNew[1];
   sqlite3_snprintf(nName+15, pNew->zFilename, "%s-shm", pDbFd->zPath);
-  sqlite3FileSuffix3(pDbFd->zPath, pNew->zFilename); 
+  sqlite3FileSuffix3(pDbFd->zPath, pNew->zFilename);
 
   /* Look to see if there is an existing winShmNode that can be used.
   ** If no matching winShmNode currently exists, create a new one.
@@ -34637,20 +35546,20 @@
     rc = winOpen(pDbFd->pVfs,
                  pShmNode->zFilename,             /* Name of the file (UTF-8) */
                  (sqlite3_file*)&pShmNode->hFile,  /* File handle here */
-                 SQLITE_OPEN_WAL | SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, /* Mode flags */
+                 SQLITE_OPEN_WAL | SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE,
                  0);
     if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
       goto shm_open_err;
     }
 
     /* Check to see if another process is holding the dead-man switch.
-    ** If not, truncate the file to zero length. 
+    ** If not, truncate the file to zero length.
     */
     if( winShmSystemLock(pShmNode, _SHM_WRLCK, WIN_SHM_DMS, 1)==SQLITE_OK ){
       rc = winTruncate((sqlite3_file *)&pShmNode->hFile, 0);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN, osGetLastError(),
-                 "winOpenShm", pDbFd->zPath);
+                         "winOpenShm", pDbFd->zPath);
       }
     }
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -34673,7 +35582,7 @@
   ** the cover of the winShmEnterMutex() mutex and the pointer from the
   ** new (struct winShm) object to the pShmNode has been set. All that is
   ** left to do is to link the new object into the linked list starting
-  ** at pShmNode->pFirst. This must be done while holding the pShmNode->mutex 
+  ** at pShmNode->pFirst. This must be done while holding the pShmNode->mutex
   ** mutex.
   */
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(pShmNode->mutex);
@@ -34693,7 +35602,7 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Close a connection to shared-memory.  Delete the underlying 
+** Close a connection to shared-memory.  Delete the underlying
 ** storage if deleteFlag is true.
 */
 static int winShmUnmap(
@@ -34782,7 +35691,7 @@
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       p->exclMask &= ~mask;
       p->sharedMask &= ~mask;
-    } 
+    }
   }else if( flags & SQLITE_SHM_SHARED ){
     u16 allShared = 0;  /* Union of locks held by connections other than "p" */
 
@@ -34821,7 +35730,7 @@
         break;
       }
     }
-  
+
     /* Get the exclusive locks at the system level.  Then if successful
     ** also mark the local connection as being locked.
     */
@@ -34834,14 +35743,14 @@
     }
   }
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(pShmNode->mutex);
-  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK shmid-%d, pid-%d got %03x,%03x %s\n",
-           p->id, (int)osGetCurrentProcessId(), p->sharedMask, p->exclMask,
-           rc ? "failed" : "ok"));
+  OSTRACE(("SHM-LOCK pid=%lu, id=%d, sharedMask=%03x, exclMask=%03x, rc=%s\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), p->id, p->sharedMask, p->exclMask,
+           sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
-** Implement a memory barrier or memory fence on shared memory.  
+** Implement a memory barrier or memory fence on shared memory.
 **
 ** All loads and stores begun before the barrier must complete before
 ** any load or store begun after the barrier.
@@ -34856,22 +35765,22 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** This function is called to obtain a pointer to region iRegion of the 
-** shared-memory associated with the database file fd. Shared-memory regions 
-** are numbered starting from zero. Each shared-memory region is szRegion 
+** This function is called to obtain a pointer to region iRegion of the
+** shared-memory associated with the database file fd. Shared-memory regions
+** are numbered starting from zero. Each shared-memory region is szRegion
 ** bytes in size.
 **
 ** If an error occurs, an error code is returned and *pp is set to NULL.
 **
 ** Otherwise, if the isWrite parameter is 0 and the requested shared-memory
 ** region has not been allocated (by any client, including one running in a
-** separate process), then *pp is set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned. If 
-** isWrite is non-zero and the requested shared-memory region has not yet 
+** separate process), then *pp is set to NULL and SQLITE_OK returned. If
+** isWrite is non-zero and the requested shared-memory region has not yet
 ** been allocated, it is allocated by this function.
 **
 ** If the shared-memory region has already been allocated or is allocated by
-** this call as described above, then it is mapped into this processes 
-** address space (if it is not already), *pp is set to point to the mapped 
+** this call as described above, then it is mapped into this processes
+** address space (if it is not already), *pp is set to point to the mapped
 ** memory and SQLITE_OK returned.
 */
 static int winShmMap(
@@ -34910,7 +35819,7 @@
     rc = winFileSize((sqlite3_file *)&pShmNode->hFile, &sz);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, osGetLastError(),
-               "winShmMap1", pDbFd->zPath);
+                       "winShmMap1", pDbFd->zPath);
       goto shmpage_out;
     }
 
@@ -34925,7 +35834,7 @@
       rc = winTruncate((sqlite3_file *)&pShmNode->hFile, nByte);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE, osGetLastError(),
-                 "winShmMap2", pDbFd->zPath);
+                         "winShmMap2", pDbFd->zPath);
         goto shmpage_out;
       }
     }
@@ -34941,29 +35850,45 @@
     pShmNode->aRegion = apNew;
 
     while( pShmNode->nRegion<=iRegion ){
-      HANDLE hMap;                /* file-mapping handle */
+      HANDLE hMap = NULL;         /* file-mapping handle */
       void *pMap = 0;             /* Mapped memory region */
-     
-      hMap = osCreateFileMapping(pShmNode->hFile.h, 
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+      hMap = osCreateFileMappingFromApp(pShmNode->hFile.h,
+          NULL, PAGE_READWRITE, nByte, NULL
+      );
+#elif defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+      hMap = osCreateFileMappingW(pShmNode->hFile.h,
           NULL, PAGE_READWRITE, 0, nByte, NULL
       );
-      OSTRACE(("SHM-MAP pid-%d create region=%d nbyte=%d %s\n",
-               (int)osGetCurrentProcessId(), pShmNode->nRegion, nByte,
+#elif defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+      hMap = osCreateFileMappingA(pShmNode->hFile.h,
+          NULL, PAGE_READWRITE, 0, nByte, NULL
+      );
+#endif
+      OSTRACE(("SHM-MAP-CREATE pid=%lu, region=%d, size=%d, rc=%s\n",
+               osGetCurrentProcessId(), pShmNode->nRegion, nByte,
                hMap ? "ok" : "failed"));
       if( hMap ){
         int iOffset = pShmNode->nRegion*szRegion;
         int iOffsetShift = iOffset % winSysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity;
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+        pMap = osMapViewOfFileFromApp(hMap, FILE_MAP_WRITE | FILE_MAP_READ,
+            iOffset - iOffsetShift, szRegion + iOffsetShift
+        );
+#else
         pMap = osMapViewOfFile(hMap, FILE_MAP_WRITE | FILE_MAP_READ,
             0, iOffset - iOffsetShift, szRegion + iOffsetShift
         );
-        OSTRACE(("SHM-MAP pid-%d map region=%d offset=%d size=%d %s\n",
-                 (int)osGetCurrentProcessId(), pShmNode->nRegion, iOffset,
+#endif
+        OSTRACE(("SHM-MAP-MAP pid=%lu, region=%d, offset=%d, size=%d, rc=%s\n",
+                 osGetCurrentProcessId(), pShmNode->nRegion, iOffset,
                  szRegion, pMap ? "ok" : "failed"));
       }
       if( !pMap ){
         pShmNode->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
         rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP, pShmNode->lastErrno,
-                 "winShmMap3", pDbFd->zPath);
+                         "winShmMap3", pDbFd->zPath);
         if( hMap ) osCloseHandle(hMap);
         goto shmpage_out;
       }
@@ -34995,6 +35920,231 @@
 #endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
 
 /*
+** Cleans up the mapped region of the specified file, if any.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+static int winUnmapfile(winFile *pFile){
+  assert( pFile!=0 );
+  OSTRACE(("UNMAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, hMap=%p, pMapRegion=%p, "
+           "mmapSize=%lld, mmapSizeActual=%lld, mmapSizeMax=%lld\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFile, pFile->hMap, pFile->pMapRegion,
+           pFile->mmapSize, pFile->mmapSizeActual, pFile->mmapSizeMax));
+  if( pFile->pMapRegion ){
+    if( !osUnmapViewOfFile(pFile->pMapRegion) ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+      OSTRACE(("UNMAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, pMapRegion=%p, "
+               "rc=SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP\n", osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFile,
+               pFile->pMapRegion));
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP, pFile->lastErrno,
+                         "winUnmapfile1", pFile->zPath);
+    }
+    pFile->pMapRegion = 0;
+    pFile->mmapSize = 0;
+    pFile->mmapSizeActual = 0;
+  }
+  if( pFile->hMap!=NULL ){
+    if( !osCloseHandle(pFile->hMap) ){
+      pFile->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+      OSTRACE(("UNMAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, hMap=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP\n",
+               osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFile, pFile->hMap));
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP, pFile->lastErrno,
+                         "winUnmapfile2", pFile->zPath);
+    }
+    pFile->hMap = NULL;
+  }
+  OSTRACE(("UNMAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFile));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Memory map or remap the file opened by file-descriptor pFd (if the file
+** is already mapped, the existing mapping is replaced by the new). Or, if
+** there already exists a mapping for this file, and there are still
+** outstanding xFetch() references to it, this function is a no-op.
+**
+** If parameter nByte is non-negative, then it is the requested size of
+** the mapping to create. Otherwise, if nByte is less than zero, then the
+** requested size is the size of the file on disk. The actual size of the
+** created mapping is either the requested size or the value configured
+** using SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE, whichever is smaller.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error occurs (even if the mapping is not
+** recreated as a result of outstanding references) or an SQLite error
+** code otherwise.
+*/
+static int winMapfile(winFile *pFd, sqlite3_int64 nByte){
+  sqlite3_int64 nMap = nByte;
+  int rc;
+
+  assert( nMap>=0 || pFd->nFetchOut==0 );
+  OSTRACE(("MAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, size=%lld\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd, nByte));
+
+  if( pFd->nFetchOut>0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( nMap<0 ){
+    rc = winFileSize((sqlite3_file*)pFd, &nMap);
+    if( rc ){
+      OSTRACE(("MAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT\n",
+               osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd));
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT;
+    }
+  }
+  if( nMap>pFd->mmapSizeMax ){
+    nMap = pFd->mmapSizeMax;
+  }
+  nMap &= ~(sqlite3_int64)(winSysInfo.dwPageSize - 1);
+
+  if( nMap==0 && pFd->mmapSize>0 ){
+    winUnmapfile(pFd);
+  }
+  if( nMap!=pFd->mmapSize ){
+    void *pNew = 0;
+    DWORD protect = PAGE_READONLY;
+    DWORD flags = FILE_MAP_READ;
+
+    winUnmapfile(pFd);
+    if( (pFd->ctrlFlags & WINFILE_RDONLY)==0 ){
+      protect = PAGE_READWRITE;
+      flags |= FILE_MAP_WRITE;
+    }
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+    pFd->hMap = osCreateFileMappingFromApp(pFd->h, NULL, protect, nMap, NULL);
+#elif defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+    pFd->hMap = osCreateFileMappingW(pFd->h, NULL, protect,
+                                (DWORD)((nMap>>32) & 0xffffffff),
+                                (DWORD)(nMap & 0xffffffff), NULL);
+#elif defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI)
+    pFd->hMap = osCreateFileMappingA(pFd->h, NULL, protect,
+                                (DWORD)((nMap>>32) & 0xffffffff),
+                                (DWORD)(nMap & 0xffffffff), NULL);
+#endif
+    if( pFd->hMap==NULL ){
+      pFd->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+      rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP, pFd->lastErrno,
+                       "winMapfile1", pFd->zPath);
+      /* Log the error, but continue normal operation using xRead/xWrite */
+      OSTRACE(("MAP-FILE-CREATE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=%s\n",
+               osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    assert( (nMap % winSysInfo.dwPageSize)==0 );
+    assert( sizeof(SIZE_T)==sizeof(sqlite3_int64) || nMap<=0xffffffff );
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+    pNew = osMapViewOfFileFromApp(pFd->hMap, flags, 0, (SIZE_T)nMap);
+#else
+    pNew = osMapViewOfFile(pFd->hMap, flags, 0, 0, (SIZE_T)nMap);
+#endif
+    if( pNew==NULL ){
+      osCloseHandle(pFd->hMap);
+      pFd->hMap = NULL;
+      pFd->lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+      rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP, pFd->lastErrno,
+                       "winMapfile2", pFd->zPath);
+      /* Log the error, but continue normal operation using xRead/xWrite */
+      OSTRACE(("MAP-FILE-MAP pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=%s\n",
+               osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    pFd->pMapRegion = pNew;
+    pFd->mmapSize = nMap;
+    pFd->mmapSizeActual = nMap;
+  }
+
+  OSTRACE(("MAP-FILE pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0 */
+
+/*
+** If possible, return a pointer to a mapping of file fd starting at offset
+** iOff. The mapping must be valid for at least nAmt bytes.
+**
+** If such a pointer can be obtained, store it in *pp and return SQLITE_OK.
+** Or, if one cannot but no error occurs, set *pp to 0 and return SQLITE_OK.
+** Finally, if an error does occur, return an SQLite error code. The final
+** value of *pp is undefined in this case.
+**
+** If this function does return a pointer, the caller must eventually
+** release the reference by calling winUnfetch().
+*/
+static int winFetch(sqlite3_file *fd, i64 iOff, int nAmt, void **pp){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  winFile *pFd = (winFile*)fd;   /* The underlying database file */
+#endif
+  *pp = 0;
+
+  OSTRACE(("FETCH pid=%lu, pFile=%p, offset=%lld, amount=%d, pp=%p\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), fd, iOff, nAmt, pp));
+
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  if( pFd->mmapSizeMax>0 ){
+    if( pFd->pMapRegion==0 ){
+      int rc = winMapfile(pFd, -1);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        OSTRACE(("FETCH pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=%s\n",
+                 osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }
+    if( pFd->mmapSize >= iOff+nAmt ){
+      *pp = &((u8 *)pFd->pMapRegion)[iOff];
+      pFd->nFetchOut++;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  OSTRACE(("FETCH pid=%lu, pFile=%p, pp=%p, *pp=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), fd, pp, *pp));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** If the third argument is non-NULL, then this function releases a
+** reference obtained by an earlier call to winFetch(). The second
+** argument passed to this function must be the same as the corresponding
+** argument that was passed to the winFetch() invocation.
+**
+** Or, if the third argument is NULL, then this function is being called
+** to inform the VFS layer that, according to POSIX, any existing mapping
+** may now be invalid and should be unmapped.
+*/
+static int winUnfetch(sqlite3_file *fd, i64 iOff, void *p){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  winFile *pFd = (winFile*)fd;   /* The underlying database file */
+
+  /* If p==0 (unmap the entire file) then there must be no outstanding
+  ** xFetch references. Or, if p!=0 (meaning it is an xFetch reference),
+  ** then there must be at least one outstanding.  */
+  assert( (p==0)==(pFd->nFetchOut==0) );
+
+  /* If p!=0, it must match the iOff value. */
+  assert( p==0 || p==&((u8 *)pFd->pMapRegion)[iOff] );
+
+  OSTRACE(("UNFETCH pid=%lu, pFile=%p, offset=%lld, p=%p\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), pFd, iOff, p));
+
+  if( p ){
+    pFd->nFetchOut--;
+  }else{
+    /* FIXME:  If Windows truly always prevents truncating or deleting a
+    ** file while a mapping is held, then the following winUnmapfile() call
+    ** is unnecessary can can be omitted - potentially improving
+    ** performance.  */
+    winUnmapfile(pFd);
+  }
+
+  assert( pFd->nFetchOut>=0 );
+#endif
+
+  OSTRACE(("UNFETCH pid=%lu, pFile=%p, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+           osGetCurrentProcessId(), fd));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Here ends the implementation of all sqlite3_file methods.
 **
 ********************** End sqlite3_file Methods *******************************
@@ -35005,7 +36155,7 @@
 ** sqlite3_file for win32.
 */
 static const sqlite3_io_methods winIoMethod = {
-  2,                              /* iVersion */
+  3,                              /* iVersion */
   winClose,                       /* xClose */
   winRead,                        /* xRead */
   winWrite,                       /* xWrite */
@@ -35021,7 +36171,9 @@
   winShmMap,                      /* xShmMap */
   winShmLock,                     /* xShmLock */
   winShmBarrier,                  /* xShmBarrier */
-  winShmUnmap                     /* xShmUnmap */
+  winShmUnmap,                    /* xShmUnmap */
+  winFetch,                       /* xFetch */
+  winUnfetch                      /* xUnfetch */
 };
 
 /****************************************************************************
@@ -35031,89 +36183,285 @@
 ** sqlite3_vfs object.
 */
 
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+/*
+** Convert a filename from whatever the underlying operating system
+** supports for filenames into UTF-8.  Space to hold the result is
+** obtained from malloc and must be freed by the calling function.
+*/
+static char *winConvertToUtf8Filename(const void *zFilename){
+  char *zConverted = 0;
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    zConverted = winUnicodeToUtf8(zFilename);
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
+    zConverted = sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(zFilename);
+  }
+#endif
+  /* caller will handle out of memory */
+  return zConverted;
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Convert a UTF-8 filename into whatever form the underlying
 ** operating system wants filenames in.  Space to hold the result
 ** is obtained from malloc and must be freed by the calling
 ** function.
 */
-static void *convertUtf8Filename(const char *zFilename){
+static void *winConvertFromUtf8Filename(const char *zFilename){
   void *zConverted = 0;
-  if( isNT() ){
-    zConverted = utf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
-    zConverted = sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_mbcs(zFilename);
-#endif
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    zConverted = winUtf8ToUnicode(zFilename);
   }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
+    zConverted = sqlite3_win32_utf8_to_mbcs(zFilename);
+  }
+#endif
   /* caller will handle out of memory */
   return zConverted;
 }
 
 /*
-** Create a temporary file name in zBuf.  zBuf must be big enough to
-** hold at pVfs->mxPathname characters.
+** This function returns non-zero if the specified UTF-8 string buffer
+** ends with a directory separator character or one was successfully
+** added to it.
 */
-static int getTempname(int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+static int winMakeEndInDirSep(int nBuf, char *zBuf){
+  if( zBuf ){
+    int nLen = sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf);
+    if( nLen>0 ){
+      if( winIsDirSep(zBuf[nLen-1]) ){
+        return 1;
+      }else if( nLen+1<nBuf ){
+        zBuf[nLen] = winGetDirSep();
+        zBuf[nLen+1] = '\0';
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a temporary file name and store the resulting pointer into pzBuf.
+** The pointer returned in pzBuf must be freed via sqlite3_free().
+*/
+static int winGetTempname(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, char **pzBuf){
   static char zChars[] =
     "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
     "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
     "0123456789";
   size_t i, j;
-  char zTempPath[MAX_PATH+2];
+  int nPre = sqlite3Strlen30(SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX);
+  int nMax, nBuf, nDir, nLen;
+  char *zBuf;
 
   /* It's odd to simulate an io-error here, but really this is just
   ** using the io-error infrastructure to test that SQLite handles this
-  ** function failing. 
+  ** function failing.
   */
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR );
 
+  /* Allocate a temporary buffer to store the fully qualified file
+  ** name for the temporary file.  If this fails, we cannot continue.
+  */
+  nMax = pVfs->mxPathname; nBuf = nMax + 2;
+  zBuf = sqlite3MallocZero( nBuf );
+  if( !zBuf ){
+    OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
+    return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  /* Figure out the effective temporary directory.  First, check if one
+  ** has been explicitly set by the application; otherwise, use the one
+  ** configured by the operating system.
+  */
+  nDir = nMax - (nPre + 15);
+  assert( nDir>0 );
   if( sqlite3_temp_directory ){
-    sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", sqlite3_temp_directory);
-  }else if( isNT() ){
+    int nDirLen = sqlite3Strlen30(sqlite3_temp_directory);
+    if( nDirLen>0 ){
+      if( !winIsDirSep(sqlite3_temp_directory[nDirLen-1]) ){
+        nDirLen++;
+      }
+      if( nDirLen>nDir ){
+        sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+        OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_ERROR\n"));
+        return winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, 0, "winGetTempname1", 0);
+      }
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nMax, zBuf, "%s", sqlite3_temp_directory);
+    }
+  }
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+  else{
+    static const char *azDirs[] = {
+       0, /* getenv("SQLITE_TMPDIR") */
+       0, /* getenv("TMPDIR") */
+       0, /* getenv("TMP") */
+       0, /* getenv("TEMP") */
+       0, /* getenv("USERPROFILE") */
+       "/var/tmp",
+       "/usr/tmp",
+       "/tmp",
+       ".",
+       0        /* List terminator */
+    };
+    unsigned int i;
+    const char *zDir = 0;
+
+    if( !azDirs[0] ) azDirs[0] = getenv("SQLITE_TMPDIR");
+    if( !azDirs[1] ) azDirs[1] = getenv("TMPDIR");
+    if( !azDirs[2] ) azDirs[2] = getenv("TMP");
+    if( !azDirs[3] ) azDirs[3] = getenv("TEMP");
+    if( !azDirs[4] ) azDirs[4] = getenv("USERPROFILE");
+    for(i=0; i<sizeof(azDirs)/sizeof(azDirs[0]); zDir=azDirs[i++]){
+      void *zConverted;
+      if( zDir==0 ) continue;
+      /* If the path starts with a drive letter followed by the colon
+      ** character, assume it is already a native Win32 path; otherwise,
+      ** it must be converted to a native Win32 path via the Cygwin API
+      ** prior to using it.
+      */
+      if( winIsDriveLetterAndColon(zDir) ){
+        zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zDir);
+        if( !zConverted ){
+          sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+          OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
+          return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+        }
+        if( winIsDir(zConverted) ){
+          sqlite3_snprintf(nMax, zBuf, "%s", zDir);
+          sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+          break;
+        }
+        sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+      }else{
+        zConverted = sqlite3MallocZero( nMax+1 );
+        if( !zConverted ){
+          sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+          OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
+          return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+        }
+        if( cygwin_conv_path(
+                osIsNT() ? CCP_POSIX_TO_WIN_W : CCP_POSIX_TO_WIN_A, zDir,
+                zConverted, nMax+1)<0 ){
+          sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+          sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+          OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH\n"));
+          return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH, (DWORD)errno,
+                             "winGetTempname2", zDir);
+        }
+        if( winIsDir(zConverted) ){
+          /* At this point, we know the candidate directory exists and should
+          ** be used.  However, we may need to convert the string containing
+          ** its name into UTF-8 (i.e. if it is UTF-16 right now).
+          */
+          char *zUtf8 = winConvertToUtf8Filename(zConverted);
+          if( !zUtf8 ){
+            sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+            sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+            OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
+            return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+          }
+          sqlite3_snprintf(nMax, zBuf, "%s", zUtf8);
+          sqlite3_free(zUtf8);
+          sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+          break;
+        }
+        sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#elif !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+  else if( osIsNT() ){
     char *zMulti;
-    WCHAR zWidePath[MAX_PATH];
-    osGetTempPathW(MAX_PATH-30, zWidePath);
-    zMulti = unicodeToUtf8(zWidePath);
-    if( zMulti ){
-      sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", zMulti);
-      sqlite3_free(zMulti);
-    }else{
+    LPWSTR zWidePath = sqlite3MallocZero( nMax*sizeof(WCHAR) );
+    if( !zWidePath ){
+      sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+      OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
       return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
     }
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
+    if( osGetTempPathW(nMax, zWidePath)==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zWidePath);
+      sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+      OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH\n"));
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH, osGetLastError(),
+                         "winGetTempname2", 0);
+    }
+    zMulti = winUnicodeToUtf8(zWidePath);
+    if( zMulti ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nMax, zBuf, "%s", zMulti);
+      sqlite3_free(zMulti);
+      sqlite3_free(zWidePath);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_free(zWidePath);
+      sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+      OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
     char *zUtf8;
-    char zMbcsPath[MAX_PATH];
-    osGetTempPathA(MAX_PATH-30, zMbcsPath);
+    char *zMbcsPath = sqlite3MallocZero( nMax );
+    if( !zMbcsPath ){
+      sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+      OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+    }
+    if( osGetTempPathA(nMax, zMbcsPath)==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+      OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH\n"));
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH, osGetLastError(),
+                         "winGetTempname3", 0);
+    }
     zUtf8 = sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(zMbcsPath);
     if( zUtf8 ){
-      sqlite3_snprintf(MAX_PATH-30, zTempPath, "%s", zUtf8);
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nMax, zBuf, "%s", zUtf8);
       sqlite3_free(zUtf8);
     }else{
+      sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+      OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n"));
       return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
     }
-#endif
   }
+#endif /* SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI */
+#endif /* !SQLITE_OS_WINRT */
 
-  /* Check that the output buffer is large enough for the temporary file 
-  ** name. If it is not, return SQLITE_ERROR.
+  /*
+  ** Check to make sure the temporary directory ends with an appropriate
+  ** separator.  If it does not and there is not enough space left to add
+  ** one, fail.
   */
-  if( (sqlite3Strlen30(zTempPath) + sqlite3Strlen30(SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX) + 18) >= nBuf ){
-    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  if( !winMakeEndInDirSep(nDir+1, zBuf) ){
+    sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+    OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_ERROR\n"));
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, 0, "winGetTempname4", 0);
   }
 
-  for(i=sqlite3Strlen30(zTempPath); i>0 && zTempPath[i-1]=='\\'; i--){}
-  zTempPath[i] = 0;
+  /*
+  ** Check that the output buffer is large enough for the temporary file
+  ** name in the following format:
+  **
+  **   "<temporary_directory>/etilqs_XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX\0\0"
+  **
+  ** If not, return SQLITE_ERROR.  The number 17 is used here in order to
+  ** account for the space used by the 15 character random suffix and the
+  ** two trailing NUL characters.  The final directory separator character
+  ** has already added if it was not already present.
+  */
+  nLen = sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf);
+  if( (nLen + nPre + 17) > nBuf ){
+    sqlite3_free(zBuf);
+    OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME rc=SQLITE_ERROR\n"));
+    return winLogError(SQLITE_ERROR, 0, "winGetTempname5", 0);
+  }
 
-  sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf-18, zBuf,
-                   "%s\\"SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX, zTempPath);
+  sqlite3_snprintf(nBuf-16-nLen, zBuf+nLen, SQLITE_TEMP_FILE_PREFIX);
+
   j = sqlite3Strlen30(zBuf);
   sqlite3_randomness(15, &zBuf[j]);
   for(i=0; i<15; i++, j++){
@@ -35121,23 +36469,53 @@
   }
   zBuf[j] = 0;
   zBuf[j+1] = 0;
+  *pzBuf = zBuf;
 
-  OSTRACE(("TEMP FILENAME: %s\n", zBuf));
-  return SQLITE_OK; 
+  OSTRACE(("TEMP-FILENAME name=%s, rc=SQLITE_OK\n", zBuf));
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the named file is really a directory.  Return false if
+** it is something other than a directory, or if there is any kind of memory
+** allocation failure.
+*/
+static int winIsDir(const void *zConverted){
+  DWORD attr;
+  int rc = 0;
+  DWORD lastErrno;
+
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    int cnt = 0;
+    WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA sAttrData;
+    memset(&sAttrData, 0, sizeof(sAttrData));
+    while( !(rc = osGetFileAttributesExW((LPCWSTR)zConverted,
+                             GetFileExInfoStandard,
+                             &sAttrData)) && winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
+    if( !rc ){
+      return 0; /* Invalid name? */
+    }
+    attr = sAttrData.dwFileAttributes;
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
+  }else{
+    attr = osGetFileAttributesA((char*)zConverted);
+#endif
+  }
+  return (attr!=INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES) && (attr&FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY);
 }
 
 /*
 ** Open a file.
 */
 static int winOpen(
-  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,        /* Not used */
+  sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,        /* Used to get maximum path name length */
   const char *zName,        /* Name of the file (UTF-8) */
   sqlite3_file *id,         /* Write the SQLite file handle here */
   int flags,                /* Open mode flags */
   int *pOutFlags            /* Status return flags */
 ){
   HANDLE h;
-  DWORD lastErrno;
+  DWORD lastErrno = 0;
   DWORD dwDesiredAccess;
   DWORD dwShareMode;
   DWORD dwCreationDisposition;
@@ -35153,7 +36531,7 @@
   /* If argument zPath is a NULL pointer, this function is required to open
   ** a temporary file. Use this buffer to store the file name in.
   */
-  char zTmpname[MAX_PATH+2];     /* Buffer used to create temp filename */
+  char *zTmpname = 0; /* For temporary filename, if necessary. */
 
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;            /* Function Return Code */
 #if !defined(NDEBUG) || SQLITE_OS_WINCE
@@ -35163,22 +36541,23 @@
   int isExclusive  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE);
   int isDelete     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE);
   int isCreate     = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE);
-#ifndef NDEBUG
   int isReadonly   = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
-#endif
   int isReadWrite  = (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE);
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   int isOpenJournal = (isCreate && (
-        eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
-     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL 
+        eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL
+     || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL
      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
   ));
 #endif
 
-  /* Check the following statements are true: 
+  OSTRACE(("OPEN name=%s, pFile=%p, flags=%x, pOutFlags=%p\n",
+           zUtf8Name, id, flags, pOutFlags));
+
+  /* Check the following statements are true:
   **
-  **   (a) Exactly one of the READWRITE and READONLY flags must be set, and 
+  **   (a) Exactly one of the READWRITE and READONLY flags must be set, and
   **   (b) if CREATE is set, then READWRITE must also be set, and
   **   (c) if EXCLUSIVE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
   **   (d) if DELETEONCLOSE is set, then CREATE must also be set.
@@ -35188,7 +36567,7 @@
   assert(isExclusive==0 || isCreate);
   assert(isDelete==0 || isCreate);
 
-  /* The main DB, main journal, WAL file and master journal are never 
+  /* The main DB, main journal, WAL file and master journal are never
   ** automatically deleted. Nor are they ever temporary files.  */
   assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB );
   assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL );
@@ -35196,24 +36575,31 @@
   assert( (!isDelete && zName) || eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_WAL );
 
   /* Assert that the upper layer has set one of the "file-type" flags. */
-  assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB 
-       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL 
-       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL   || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL 
+  assert( eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB      || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL
+       || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_SUBJOURNAL   || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MASTER_JOURNAL
        || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB || eType==SQLITE_OPEN_WAL
   );
 
-  assert( id!=0 );
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-
+  assert( pFile!=0 );
+  memset(pFile, 0, sizeof(winFile));
   pFile->h = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
 
-  /* If the second argument to this function is NULL, generate a 
-  ** temporary file name to use 
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  if( !zUtf8Name && !sqlite3_temp_directory ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_ERROR,
+        "sqlite3_temp_directory variable should be set for WinRT");
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* If the second argument to this function is NULL, generate a
+  ** temporary file name to use
   */
   if( !zUtf8Name ){
-    assert(isDelete && !isOpenJournal);
-    rc = getTempname(MAX_PATH+2, zTmpname);
+    assert( isDelete && !isOpenJournal );
+    rc = winGetTempname(pVfs, &zTmpname);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      OSTRACE(("OPEN name=%s, rc=%s", zUtf8Name, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
       return rc;
     }
     zUtf8Name = zTmpname;
@@ -35224,22 +36610,31 @@
   ** sqlite3_uri_parameter().
   */
   assert( (eType!=SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB) || (flags & SQLITE_OPEN_URI) ||
-        zUtf8Name[strlen(zUtf8Name)+1]==0 );
+       zUtf8Name[sqlite3Strlen30(zUtf8Name)+1]==0 );
 
   /* Convert the filename to the system encoding. */
-  zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zUtf8Name);
+  zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zUtf8Name);
   if( zConverted==0 ){
+    sqlite3_free(zTmpname);
+    OSTRACE(("OPEN name=%s, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM", zUtf8Name));
     return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
   }
 
+  if( winIsDir(zConverted) ){
+    sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+    sqlite3_free(zTmpname);
+    OSTRACE(("OPEN name=%s, rc=SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR", zUtf8Name));
+    return SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR;
+  }
+
   if( isReadWrite ){
     dwDesiredAccess = GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE;
   }else{
     dwDesiredAccess = GENERIC_READ;
   }
 
-  /* SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE is used to make sure that a new file is 
-  ** created. SQLite doesn't use it to indicate "exclusive access" 
+  /* SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE is used to make sure that a new file is
+  ** created. SQLite doesn't use it to indicate "exclusive access"
   ** as it is usually understood.
   */
   if( isExclusive ){
@@ -35274,43 +36669,64 @@
   dwFlagsAndAttributes |= FILE_FLAG_RANDOM_ACCESS;
 #endif
 
-  if( isNT() ){
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+    CREATEFILE2_EXTENDED_PARAMETERS extendedParameters;
+    extendedParameters.dwSize = sizeof(CREATEFILE2_EXTENDED_PARAMETERS);
+    extendedParameters.dwFileAttributes =
+            dwFlagsAndAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_MASK;
+    extendedParameters.dwFileFlags = dwFlagsAndAttributes & FILE_FLAG_MASK;
+    extendedParameters.dwSecurityQosFlags = SECURITY_ANONYMOUS;
+    extendedParameters.lpSecurityAttributes = NULL;
+    extendedParameters.hTemplateFile = NULL;
+    while( (h = osCreateFile2((LPCWSTR)zConverted,
+                              dwDesiredAccess,
+                              dwShareMode,
+                              dwCreationDisposition,
+                              &extendedParameters))==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE &&
+                              winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){
+               /* Noop */
+    }
+#else
     while( (h = osCreateFileW((LPCWSTR)zConverted,
                               dwDesiredAccess,
                               dwShareMode, NULL,
                               dwCreationDisposition,
                               dwFlagsAndAttributes,
                               NULL))==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE &&
-                              retryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
+                              winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){
+               /* Noop */
+    }
+#endif
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
     while( (h = osCreateFileA((LPCSTR)zConverted,
                               dwDesiredAccess,
                               dwShareMode, NULL,
                               dwCreationDisposition,
                               dwFlagsAndAttributes,
                               NULL))==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE &&
-                              retryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
-#endif
+                              winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){
+               /* Noop */
+    }
   }
+#endif
+  winLogIoerr(cnt);
 
-  logIoerr(cnt);
-
-  OSTRACE(("OPEN %d %s 0x%lx %s\n", 
-           h, zName, dwDesiredAccess, 
-           h==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ? "failed" : "ok"));
+  OSTRACE(("OPEN file=%p, name=%s, access=%lx, rc=%s\n", h, zUtf8Name,
+           dwDesiredAccess, (h==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) ? "failed" : "ok"));
 
   if( h==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE ){
     pFile->lastErrno = lastErrno;
     winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN, pFile->lastErrno, "winOpen", zUtf8Name);
     sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+    sqlite3_free(zTmpname);
     if( isReadWrite && !isExclusive ){
-      return winOpen(pVfs, zName, id, 
-             ((flags|SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY)&~(SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE)), pOutFlags);
+      return winOpen(pVfs, zName, id,
+         ((flags|SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY) &
+                     ~(SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE)),
+         pOutFlags);
     }else{
       return SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
     }
@@ -35324,24 +36740,19 @@
     }
   }
 
-  memset(pFile, 0, sizeof(*pFile));
-  pFile->pMethod = &winIoMethod;
-  pFile->h = h;
-  pFile->lastErrno = NO_ERROR;
-  pFile->pVfs = pVfs;
-  pFile->pShm = 0;
-  pFile->zPath = zName;
-  if( sqlite3_uri_boolean(zName, "psow", SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE) ){
-    pFile->ctrlFlags |= WINFILE_PSOW;
-  }
+  OSTRACE(("OPEN file=%p, name=%s, access=%lx, pOutFlags=%p, *pOutFlags=%d, "
+           "rc=%s\n", h, zUtf8Name, dwDesiredAccess, pOutFlags, pOutFlags ?
+           *pOutFlags : 0, (h==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) ? "failed" : "ok"));
 
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   if( isReadWrite && eType==SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB
-       && !winceCreateLock(zName, pFile)
+       && (rc = winceCreateLock(zName, pFile))!=SQLITE_OK
   ){
     osCloseHandle(h);
     sqlite3_free(zConverted);
-    return SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
+    sqlite3_free(zTmpname);
+    OSTRACE(("OPEN-CE-LOCK name=%s, rc=%s\n", zName, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
+    return rc;
   }
   if( isTemp ){
     pFile->zDeleteOnClose = zConverted;
@@ -35351,6 +36762,26 @@
     sqlite3_free(zConverted);
   }
 
+  sqlite3_free(zTmpname);
+  pFile->pMethod = &winIoMethod;
+  pFile->pVfs = pVfs;
+  pFile->h = h;
+  if( isReadonly ){
+    pFile->ctrlFlags |= WINFILE_RDONLY;
+  }
+  if( sqlite3_uri_boolean(zName, "psow", SQLITE_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE) ){
+    pFile->ctrlFlags |= WINFILE_PSOW;
+  }
+  pFile->lastErrno = NO_ERROR;
+  pFile->zPath = zName;
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  pFile->hMap = NULL;
+  pFile->pMapRegion = 0;
+  pFile->mmapSize = 0;
+  pFile->mmapSizeActual = 0;
+  pFile->mmapSizeMax = sqlite3GlobalConfig.szMmap;
+#endif
+
   OpenCounter(+1);
   return rc;
 }
@@ -35374,46 +36805,106 @@
 ){
   int cnt = 0;
   int rc;
-  DWORD lastErrno;
+  DWORD attr;
+  DWORD lastErrno = 0;
   void *zConverted;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(syncDir);
 
   SimulateIOError(return SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE);
-  zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zFilename);
+  OSTRACE(("DELETE name=%s, syncDir=%d\n", zFilename, syncDir));
+
+  zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zFilename);
   if( zConverted==0 ){
+    OSTRACE(("DELETE name=%s, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n", zFilename));
     return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
   }
-  if( isNT() ){
-    rc = 1;
-    while( osGetFileAttributesW(zConverted)!=INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES &&
-         (rc = osDeleteFileW(zConverted))==0 && retryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
-    rc = rc ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_ERROR;
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
-    rc = 1;
-    while( osGetFileAttributesA(zConverted)!=INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES &&
-         (rc = osDeleteFileA(zConverted))==0 && retryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
-    rc = rc ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_ERROR;
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+    do {
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+      WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA sAttrData;
+      memset(&sAttrData, 0, sizeof(sAttrData));
+      if ( osGetFileAttributesExW(zConverted, GetFileExInfoStandard,
+                                  &sAttrData) ){
+        attr = sAttrData.dwFileAttributes;
+      }else{
+        lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+        if( lastErrno==ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
+         || lastErrno==ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND ){
+          rc = SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT; /* Already gone? */
+        }else{
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+#else
+      attr = osGetFileAttributesW(zConverted);
 #endif
+      if ( attr==INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES ){
+        lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+        if( lastErrno==ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
+         || lastErrno==ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND ){
+          rc = SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT; /* Already gone? */
+        }else{
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      if ( attr&FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY ){
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR; /* Files only. */
+        break;
+      }
+      if ( osDeleteFileW(zConverted) ){
+        rc = SQLITE_OK; /* Deleted OK. */
+        break;
+      }
+      if ( !winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR; /* No more retries. */
+        break;
+      }
+    } while(1);
   }
-  if( rc ){
-    rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, lastErrno,
-             "winDelete", zFilename);
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
+    do {
+      attr = osGetFileAttributesA(zConverted);
+      if ( attr==INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES ){
+        lastErrno = osGetLastError();
+        if( lastErrno==ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
+         || lastErrno==ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND ){
+          rc = SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT; /* Already gone? */
+        }else{
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+      if ( attr&FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY ){
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR; /* Files only. */
+        break;
+      }
+      if ( osDeleteFileA(zConverted) ){
+        rc = SQLITE_OK; /* Deleted OK. */
+        break;
+      }
+      if ( !winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){
+        rc = SQLITE_ERROR; /* No more retries. */
+        break;
+      }
+    } while(1);
+  }
+#endif
+  if( rc && rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT ){
+    rc = winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE, lastErrno, "winDelete", zFilename);
   }else{
-    logIoerr(cnt);
+    winLogIoerr(cnt);
   }
   sqlite3_free(zConverted);
-  OSTRACE(("DELETE \"%s\" %s\n", zFilename, (rc ? "failed" : "ok" )));
+  OSTRACE(("DELETE name=%s, rc=%s\n", zFilename, sqlite3ErrName(rc)));
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
-** Check the existance and status of a file.
+** Check the existence and status of a file.
 */
 static int winAccess(
   sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,         /* Not used on win32 */
@@ -35423,52 +36914,53 @@
 ){
   DWORD attr;
   int rc = 0;
-  DWORD lastErrno;
+  DWORD lastErrno = 0;
   void *zConverted;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
 
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS; );
-  zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zFilename);
+  OSTRACE(("ACCESS name=%s, flags=%x, pResOut=%p\n",
+           zFilename, flags, pResOut));
+
+  zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zFilename);
   if( zConverted==0 ){
+    OSTRACE(("ACCESS name=%s, rc=SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM\n", zFilename));
     return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
   }
-  if( isNT() ){
+  if( osIsNT() ){
     int cnt = 0;
     WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA sAttrData;
     memset(&sAttrData, 0, sizeof(sAttrData));
     while( !(rc = osGetFileAttributesExW((LPCWSTR)zConverted,
-                             GetFileExInfoStandard, 
-                             &sAttrData)) && retryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
+                             GetFileExInfoStandard,
+                             &sAttrData)) && winRetryIoerr(&cnt, &lastErrno) ){}
     if( rc ){
       /* For an SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS query, treat a zero-length file
       ** as if it does not exist.
       */
       if(    flags==SQLITE_ACCESS_EXISTS
-          && sAttrData.nFileSizeHigh==0 
+          && sAttrData.nFileSizeHigh==0
           && sAttrData.nFileSizeLow==0 ){
         attr = INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES;
       }else{
         attr = sAttrData.dwFileAttributes;
       }
     }else{
-      logIoerr(cnt);
-      if( lastErrno!=ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND ){
-        winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS, lastErrno, "winAccess", zFilename);
+      winLogIoerr(cnt);
+      if( lastErrno!=ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND && lastErrno!=ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND ){
         sqlite3_free(zConverted);
-        return SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS;
+        return winLogError(SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS, lastErrno, "winAccess",
+                           zFilename);
       }else{
         attr = INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES;
       }
     }
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
-    attr = osGetFileAttributesA((char*)zConverted);
-#endif
   }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
+    attr = osGetFileAttributesA((char*)zConverted);
+  }
+#endif
   sqlite3_free(zConverted);
   switch( flags ){
     case SQLITE_ACCESS_READ:
@@ -35483,9 +36975,57 @@
       assert(!"Invalid flags argument");
   }
   *pResOut = rc;
+  OSTRACE(("ACCESS name=%s, pResOut=%p, *pResOut=%d, rc=SQLITE_OK\n",
+           zFilename, pResOut, *pResOut));
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Returns non-zero if the specified path name starts with a drive letter
+** followed by a colon character.
+*/
+static BOOL winIsDriveLetterAndColon(
+  const char *zPathname
+){
+  return ( sqlite3Isalpha(zPathname[0]) && zPathname[1]==':' );
+}
+
+/*
+** Returns non-zero if the specified path name should be used verbatim.  If
+** non-zero is returned from this function, the calling function must simply
+** use the provided path name verbatim -OR- resolve it into a full path name
+** using the GetFullPathName Win32 API function (if available).
+*/
+static BOOL winIsVerbatimPathname(
+  const char *zPathname
+){
+  /*
+  ** If the path name starts with a forward slash or a backslash, it is either
+  ** a legal UNC name, a volume relative path, or an absolute path name in the
+  ** "Unix" format on Windows.  There is no easy way to differentiate between
+  ** the final two cases; therefore, we return the safer return value of TRUE
+  ** so that callers of this function will simply use it verbatim.
+  */
+  if ( winIsDirSep(zPathname[0]) ){
+    return TRUE;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** If the path name starts with a letter and a colon it is either a volume
+  ** relative path or an absolute path.  Callers of this function must not
+  ** attempt to treat it as a relative path name (i.e. they should simply use
+  ** it verbatim).
+  */
+  if ( winIsDriveLetterAndColon(zPathname) ){
+    return TRUE;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  ** If we get to this point, the path name should almost certainly be a purely
+  ** relative one (i.e. not a UNC name, not absolute, and not volume relative).
+  */
+  return FALSE;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Turn a relative pathname into a full pathname.  Write the full
@@ -35498,31 +37038,92 @@
   int nFull,                    /* Size of output buffer in bytes */
   char *zFull                   /* Output buffer */
 ){
-  
+
 #if defined(__CYGWIN__)
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_ERROR );
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFull);
-  cygwin_conv_to_full_win32_path(zRelative, zFull);
+  assert( nFull>=pVfs->mxPathname );
+  if ( sqlite3_data_directory && !winIsVerbatimPathname(zRelative) ){
+    /*
+    ** NOTE: We are dealing with a relative path name and the data
+    **       directory has been set.  Therefore, use it as the basis
+    **       for converting the relative path name to an absolute
+    **       one by prepending the data directory and a slash.
+    */
+    char *zOut = sqlite3MallocZero( pVfs->mxPathname+1 );
+    if( !zOut ){
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+    }
+    if( cygwin_conv_path(
+            (osIsNT() ? CCP_POSIX_TO_WIN_W : CCP_POSIX_TO_WIN_A) |
+            CCP_RELATIVE, zRelative, zOut, pVfs->mxPathname+1)<0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zOut);
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH, (DWORD)errno,
+                         "winFullPathname1", zRelative);
+    }else{
+      char *zUtf8 = winConvertToUtf8Filename(zOut);
+      if( !zUtf8 ){
+        sqlite3_free(zOut);
+        return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+      }
+      sqlite3_snprintf(MIN(nFull, pVfs->mxPathname), zFull, "%s%c%s",
+                       sqlite3_data_directory, winGetDirSep(), zUtf8);
+      sqlite3_free(zUtf8);
+      sqlite3_free(zOut);
+    }
+  }else{
+    char *zOut = sqlite3MallocZero( pVfs->mxPathname+1 );
+    if( !zOut ){
+      return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+    }
+    if( cygwin_conv_path(
+            (osIsNT() ? CCP_POSIX_TO_WIN_W : CCP_POSIX_TO_WIN_A),
+            zRelative, zOut, pVfs->mxPathname+1)<0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zOut);
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH, (DWORD)errno,
+                         "winFullPathname2", zRelative);
+    }else{
+      char *zUtf8 = winConvertToUtf8Filename(zOut);
+      if( !zUtf8 ){
+        sqlite3_free(zOut);
+        return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
+      }
+      sqlite3_snprintf(MIN(nFull, pVfs->mxPathname), zFull, "%s", zUtf8);
+      sqlite3_free(zUtf8);
+      sqlite3_free(zOut);
+    }
+  }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 #endif
 
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
+#if (SQLITE_OS_WINCE || SQLITE_OS_WINRT) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_ERROR );
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFull);
   /* WinCE has no concept of a relative pathname, or so I am told. */
-  sqlite3_snprintf(pVfs->mxPathname, zFull, "%s", zRelative);
+  /* WinRT has no way to convert a relative path to an absolute one. */
+  if ( sqlite3_data_directory && !winIsVerbatimPathname(zRelative) ){
+    /*
+    ** NOTE: We are dealing with a relative path name and the data
+    **       directory has been set.  Therefore, use it as the basis
+    **       for converting the relative path name to an absolute
+    **       one by prepending the data directory and a backslash.
+    */
+    sqlite3_snprintf(MIN(nFull, pVfs->mxPathname), zFull, "%s%c%s",
+                     sqlite3_data_directory, winGetDirSep(), zRelative);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_snprintf(MIN(nFull, pVfs->mxPathname), zFull, "%s", zRelative);
+  }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 #endif
 
-#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
-  int nByte;
+#if !SQLITE_OS_WINCE && !SQLITE_OS_WINRT && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+  DWORD nByte;
   void *zConverted;
   char *zOut;
 
   /* If this path name begins with "/X:", where "X" is any alphabetic
   ** character, discard the initial "/" from the pathname.
   */
-  if( zRelative[0]=='/' && sqlite3Isalpha(zRelative[1]) && zRelative[2]==':' ){
+  if( zRelative[0]=='/' && winIsDriveLetterAndColon(zRelative+1) ){
     zRelative++;
   }
 
@@ -35532,44 +37133,75 @@
   ** current working directory has been unlinked.
   */
   SimulateIOError( return SQLITE_ERROR );
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nFull);
-  zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zRelative);
+  if ( sqlite3_data_directory && !winIsVerbatimPathname(zRelative) ){
+    /*
+    ** NOTE: We are dealing with a relative path name and the data
+    **       directory has been set.  Therefore, use it as the basis
+    **       for converting the relative path name to an absolute
+    **       one by prepending the data directory and a backslash.
+    */
+    sqlite3_snprintf(MIN(nFull, pVfs->mxPathname), zFull, "%s%c%s",
+                     sqlite3_data_directory, winGetDirSep(), zRelative);
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zRelative);
   if( zConverted==0 ){
     return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
   }
-  if( isNT() ){
+  if( osIsNT() ){
     LPWSTR zTemp;
-    nByte = osGetFullPathNameW((LPCWSTR)zConverted, 0, 0, 0) + 3;
-    zTemp = sqlite3_malloc( nByte*sizeof(zTemp[0]) );
+    nByte = osGetFullPathNameW((LPCWSTR)zConverted, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( nByte==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH, osGetLastError(),
+                         "winFullPathname1", zRelative);
+    }
+    nByte += 3;
+    zTemp = sqlite3MallocZero( nByte*sizeof(zTemp[0]) );
     if( zTemp==0 ){
       sqlite3_free(zConverted);
       return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
     }
-    osGetFullPathNameW((LPCWSTR)zConverted, nByte, zTemp, 0);
+    nByte = osGetFullPathNameW((LPCWSTR)zConverted, nByte, zTemp, 0);
+    if( nByte==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+      sqlite3_free(zTemp);
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH, osGetLastError(),
+                         "winFullPathname2", zRelative);
+    }
     sqlite3_free(zConverted);
-    zOut = unicodeToUtf8(zTemp);
+    zOut = winUnicodeToUtf8(zTemp);
     sqlite3_free(zTemp);
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
     char *zTemp;
-    nByte = osGetFullPathNameA((char*)zConverted, 0, 0, 0) + 3;
-    zTemp = sqlite3_malloc( nByte*sizeof(zTemp[0]) );
+    nByte = osGetFullPathNameA((char*)zConverted, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( nByte==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH, osGetLastError(),
+                         "winFullPathname3", zRelative);
+    }
+    nByte += 3;
+    zTemp = sqlite3MallocZero( nByte*sizeof(zTemp[0]) );
     if( zTemp==0 ){
       sqlite3_free(zConverted);
       return SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM;
     }
-    osGetFullPathNameA((char*)zConverted, nByte, zTemp, 0);
+    nByte = osGetFullPathNameA((char*)zConverted, nByte, zTemp, 0);
+    if( nByte==0 ){
+      sqlite3_free(zConverted);
+      sqlite3_free(zTemp);
+      return winLogError(SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH, osGetLastError(),
+                         "winFullPathname4", zRelative);
+    }
     sqlite3_free(zConverted);
     zOut = sqlite3_win32_mbcs_to_utf8(zTemp);
     sqlite3_free(zTemp);
-#endif
   }
+#endif
   if( zOut ){
-    sqlite3_snprintf(pVfs->mxPathname, zFull, "%s", zOut);
+    sqlite3_snprintf(MIN(nFull, pVfs->mxPathname), zFull, "%s", zOut);
     sqlite3_free(zOut);
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
@@ -35583,42 +37215,63 @@
 ** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
 ** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
 */
-/*
-** Interfaces for opening a shared library, finding entry points
-** within the shared library, and closing the shared library.
-*/
 static void *winDlOpen(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, const char *zFilename){
   HANDLE h;
-  void *zConverted = convertUtf8Filename(zFilename);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  if( zConverted==0 ){
+#if defined(__CYGWIN__)
+  int nFull = pVfs->mxPathname+1;
+  char *zFull = sqlite3MallocZero( nFull );
+  void *zConverted = 0;
+  if( zFull==0 ){
+    OSTRACE(("DLOPEN name=%s, handle=%p\n", zFilename, (void*)0));
     return 0;
   }
-  if( isNT() ){
+  if( winFullPathname(pVfs, zFilename, nFull, zFull)!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_free(zFull);
+    OSTRACE(("DLOPEN name=%s, handle=%p\n", zFilename, (void*)0));
+    return 0;
+  }
+  zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zFull);
+  sqlite3_free(zFull);
+#else
+  void *zConverted = winConvertFromUtf8Filename(zFilename);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
+#endif
+  if( zConverted==0 ){
+    OSTRACE(("DLOPEN name=%s, handle=%p\n", zFilename, (void*)0));
+    return 0;
+  }
+  if( osIsNT() ){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+    h = osLoadPackagedLibrary((LPCWSTR)zConverted, 0);
+#else
     h = osLoadLibraryW((LPCWSTR)zConverted);
-/* isNT() is 1 if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==1, so this else is never executed. 
-** Since the ANSI version of these Windows API do not exist for WINCE,
-** it's important to not reference them for WINCE builds.
-*/
-#if SQLITE_OS_WINCE==0
-  }else{
-    h = osLoadLibraryA((char*)zConverted);
 #endif
   }
+#ifdef SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_ANSI
+  else{
+    h = osLoadLibraryA((char*)zConverted);
+  }
+#endif
+  OSTRACE(("DLOPEN name=%s, handle=%p\n", zFilename, (void*)h));
   sqlite3_free(zConverted);
   return (void*)h;
 }
 static void winDlError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBufOut){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  getLastErrorMsg(osGetLastError(), nBuf, zBufOut);
+  winGetLastErrorMsg(osGetLastError(), nBuf, zBufOut);
 }
-static void (*winDlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle, const char *zSymbol))(void){
+static void (*winDlSym(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs,void *pH,const char *zSym))(void){
+  FARPROC proc;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  return (void(*)(void))osGetProcAddressA((HANDLE)pHandle, zSymbol);
+  proc = osGetProcAddressA((HANDLE)pH, zSym);
+  OSTRACE(("DLSYM handle=%p, symbol=%s, address=%p\n",
+           (void*)pH, zSym, (void*)proc));
+  return (void(*)(void))proc;
 }
 static void winDlClose(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, void *pHandle){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
   osFreeLibrary((HANDLE)pHandle);
+  OSTRACE(("DLCLOSE handle=%p\n", (void*)pHandle));
 }
 #else /* if SQLITE_OMIT_LOAD_EXTENSION is defined: */
   #define winDlOpen  0
@@ -35649,11 +37302,19 @@
     memcpy(&zBuf[n], &pid, sizeof(pid));
     n += sizeof(pid);
   }
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  if( sizeof(ULONGLONG)<=nBuf-n ){
+    ULONGLONG cnt = osGetTickCount64();
+    memcpy(&zBuf[n], &cnt, sizeof(cnt));
+    n += sizeof(cnt);
+  }
+#else
   if( sizeof(DWORD)<=nBuf-n ){
     DWORD cnt = osGetTickCount();
     memcpy(&zBuf[n], &cnt, sizeof(cnt));
     n += sizeof(cnt);
   }
+#endif
   if( sizeof(LARGE_INTEGER)<=nBuf-n ){
     LARGE_INTEGER i;
     osQueryPerformanceCounter(&i);
@@ -35669,7 +37330,7 @@
 ** Sleep for a little while.  Return the amount of time slept.
 */
 static int winSleep(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int microsec){
-  osSleep((microsec+999)/1000);
+  sqlite3_win32_sleep((microsec+999)/1000);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
   return ((microsec+999)/1000)*1000;
 }
@@ -35690,12 +37351,12 @@
 ** epoch of noon in Greenwich on November 24, 4714 B.C according to the
 ** proleptic Gregorian calendar.
 **
-** On success, return SQLITE_OK.  Return SQLITE_ERROR if the time and date 
+** On success, return SQLITE_OK.  Return SQLITE_ERROR if the time and date
 ** cannot be found.
 */
 static int winCurrentTimeInt64(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, sqlite3_int64 *piNow){
-  /* FILETIME structure is a 64-bit value representing the number of 
-     100-nanosecond intervals since January 1, 1601 (= JD 2305813.5). 
+  /* FILETIME structure is a 64-bit value representing the number of
+     100-nanosecond intervals since January 1, 1601 (= JD 2305813.5).
   */
   FILETIME ft;
   static const sqlite3_int64 winFiletimeEpoch = 23058135*(sqlite3_int64)8640000;
@@ -35703,8 +37364,9 @@
   static const sqlite3_int64 unixEpoch = 24405875*(sqlite3_int64)8640000;
 #endif
   /* 2^32 - to avoid use of LL and warnings in gcc */
-  static const sqlite3_int64 max32BitValue = 
-      (sqlite3_int64)2000000000 + (sqlite3_int64)2000000000 + (sqlite3_int64)294967296;
+  static const sqlite3_int64 max32BitValue =
+      (sqlite3_int64)2000000000 + (sqlite3_int64)2000000000 +
+      (sqlite3_int64)294967296;
 
 #if SQLITE_OS_WINCE
   SYSTEMTIME time;
@@ -35718,7 +37380,7 @@
 #endif
 
   *piNow = winFiletimeEpoch +
-            ((((sqlite3_int64)ft.dwHighDateTime)*max32BitValue) + 
+            ((((sqlite3_int64)ft.dwHighDateTime)*max32BitValue) +
                (sqlite3_int64)ft.dwLowDateTime)/(sqlite3_int64)10000;
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
@@ -35777,7 +37439,7 @@
 */
 static int winGetLastError(sqlite3_vfs *pVfs, int nBuf, char *zBuf){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVfs);
-  return getLastErrorMsg(osGetLastError(), nBuf, zBuf);
+  return winGetLastErrorMsg(osGetLastError(), nBuf, zBuf);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -35787,7 +37449,7 @@
   static sqlite3_vfs winVfs = {
     3,                   /* iVersion */
     sizeof(winFile),     /* szOsFile */
-    MAX_PATH,            /* mxPathname */
+    SQLITE_WIN32_MAX_PATH_BYTES, /* mxPathname */
     0,                   /* pNext */
     "win32",             /* zName */
     0,                   /* pAppData */
@@ -35808,23 +37470,63 @@
     winGetSystemCall,    /* xGetSystemCall */
     winNextSystemCall,   /* xNextSystemCall */
   };
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+  static sqlite3_vfs winLongPathVfs = {
+    3,                   /* iVersion */
+    sizeof(winFile),     /* szOsFile */
+    SQLITE_WINNT_MAX_PATH_BYTES, /* mxPathname */
+    0,                   /* pNext */
+    "win32-longpath",    /* zName */
+    0,                   /* pAppData */
+    winOpen,             /* xOpen */
+    winDelete,           /* xDelete */
+    winAccess,           /* xAccess */
+    winFullPathname,     /* xFullPathname */
+    winDlOpen,           /* xDlOpen */
+    winDlError,          /* xDlError */
+    winDlSym,            /* xDlSym */
+    winDlClose,          /* xDlClose */
+    winRandomness,       /* xRandomness */
+    winSleep,            /* xSleep */
+    winCurrentTime,      /* xCurrentTime */
+    winGetLastError,     /* xGetLastError */
+    winCurrentTimeInt64, /* xCurrentTimeInt64 */
+    winSetSystemCall,    /* xSetSystemCall */
+    winGetSystemCall,    /* xGetSystemCall */
+    winNextSystemCall,   /* xNextSystemCall */
+  };
+#endif
 
   /* Double-check that the aSyscall[] array has been constructed
   ** correctly.  See ticket [bb3a86e890c8e96ab] */
-  assert( ArraySize(aSyscall)==60 );
+  assert( ArraySize(aSyscall)==77 );
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
   /* get memory map allocation granularity */
   memset(&winSysInfo, 0, sizeof(SYSTEM_INFO));
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  osGetNativeSystemInfo(&winSysInfo);
+#else
   osGetSystemInfo(&winSysInfo);
-  assert(winSysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity > 0);
 #endif
+  assert( winSysInfo.dwAllocationGranularity>0 );
+  assert( winSysInfo.dwPageSize>0 );
 
   sqlite3_vfs_register(&winVfs, 1);
-  return SQLITE_OK; 
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_WIN32_HAS_WIDE)
+  sqlite3_vfs_register(&winLongPathVfs, 0);
+#endif
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){ 
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_os_end(void){
+#if SQLITE_OS_WINRT
+  if( sleepObj!=NULL ){
+    osCloseHandle(sleepObj);
+    sleepObj = NULL;
+  }
+#endif
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -35905,7 +37607,7 @@
 /*
 ** A bitmap is an instance of the following structure.
 **
-** This bitmap records the existance of zero or more bits
+** This bitmap records the existence of zero or more bits
 ** with values between 1 and iSize, inclusive.
 **
 ** There are three possible representations of the bitmap.
@@ -36173,10 +37875,9 @@
   /* Allocate the Bitvec to be tested and a linear array of
   ** bits to act as the reference */
   pBitvec = sqlite3BitvecCreate( sz );
-  pV = sqlite3_malloc( (sz+7)/8 + 1 );
+  pV = sqlite3MallocZero( (sz+7)/8 + 1 );
   pTmpSpace = sqlite3_malloc(BITVEC_SZ);
   if( pBitvec==0 || pV==0 || pTmpSpace==0  ) goto bitvec_end;
-  memset(pV, 0, (sz+7)/8 + 1);
 
   /* NULL pBitvec tests */
   sqlite3BitvecSet(0, 1);
@@ -36266,7 +37967,8 @@
   int szCache;                        /* Configured cache size */
   int szPage;                         /* Size of every page in this cache */
   int szExtra;                        /* Size of extra space for each page */
-  int bPurgeable;                     /* True if pages are on backing store */
+  u8 bPurgeable;                      /* True if pages are on backing store */
+  u8 eCreate;                         /* eCreate value for for xFetch() */
   int (*xStress)(void*,PgHdr*);       /* Call to try make a page clean */
   void *pStress;                      /* Argument to xStress */
   sqlite3_pcache *pCache;             /* Pluggable cache module */
@@ -36333,6 +38035,10 @@
   }else{
     assert( pPage==p->pDirty );
     p->pDirty = pPage->pDirtyNext;
+    if( p->pDirty==0 && p->bPurgeable ){
+      assert( p->eCreate==1 );
+      p->eCreate = 2;
+    }
   }
   pPage->pDirtyNext = 0;
   pPage->pDirtyPrev = 0;
@@ -36353,6 +38059,9 @@
   if( pPage->pDirtyNext ){
     assert( pPage->pDirtyNext->pDirtyPrev==0 );
     pPage->pDirtyNext->pDirtyPrev = pPage;
+  }else if( p->bPurgeable ){
+    assert( p->eCreate==2 );
+    p->eCreate = 1;
   }
   p->pDirty = pPage;
   if( !p->pDirtyTail ){
@@ -36422,6 +38131,7 @@
   p->szPage = szPage;
   p->szExtra = szExtra;
   p->bPurgeable = bPurgeable;
+  p->eCreate = 2;
   p->xStress = xStress;
   p->pStress = pStress;
   p->szCache = 100;
@@ -36461,7 +38171,7 @@
   int createFlag,       /* If true, create page if it does not exist already */
   PgHdr **ppPage        /* Write the page here */
 ){
-  sqlite3_pcache_page *pPage = 0;
+  sqlite3_pcache_page *pPage;
   PgHdr *pPgHdr = 0;
   int eCreate;
 
@@ -36472,8 +38182,12 @@
   /* If the pluggable cache (sqlite3_pcache*) has not been allocated,
   ** allocate it now.
   */
-  if( !pCache->pCache && createFlag ){
+  if( !pCache->pCache ){
     sqlite3_pcache *p;
+    if( !createFlag ){
+      *ppPage = 0;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
     p = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache2.xCreate(
         pCache->szPage, pCache->szExtra + sizeof(PgHdr), pCache->bPurgeable
     );
@@ -36484,11 +38198,16 @@
     pCache->pCache = p;
   }
 
-  eCreate = createFlag * (1 + (!pCache->bPurgeable || !pCache->pDirty));
-  if( pCache->pCache ){
-    pPage = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache2.xFetch(pCache->pCache, pgno, eCreate);
-  }
-
+  /* eCreate defines what to do if the page does not exist.
+  **    0     Do not allocate a new page.  (createFlag==0)
+  **    1     Allocate a new page if doing so is inexpensive.
+  **          (createFlag==1 AND bPurgeable AND pDirty)
+  **    2     Allocate a new page even it doing so is difficult.
+  **          (createFlag==1 AND !(bPurgeable AND pDirty)
+  */
+  eCreate = createFlag==0 ? 0 : pCache->eCreate;
+  assert( (createFlag*(1+(!pCache->bPurgeable||!pCache->pDirty)))==eCreate );
+  pPage = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pcache2.xFetch(pCache->pCache, pgno, eCreate);
   if( !pPage && eCreate==1 ){
     PgHdr *pPg;
 
@@ -36960,6 +38679,7 @@
 struct PgHdr1 {
   sqlite3_pcache_page page;
   unsigned int iKey;             /* Key value (page number) */
+  u8 isPinned;                   /* Page in use, not on the LRU list */
   PgHdr1 *pNext;                 /* Next in hash table chain */
   PCache1 *pCache;               /* Cache that currently owns this page */
   PgHdr1 *pLruNext;              /* Next in LRU list of unpinned pages */
@@ -37076,12 +38796,14 @@
     ** it from sqlite3Malloc instead.
     */
     p = sqlite3Malloc(nByte);
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW_STATS
     if( p ){
       int sz = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
       sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex);
       sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW, sz);
       sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex);
     }
+#endif
     sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_PCACHE);
   }
   return p;
@@ -37108,9 +38830,11 @@
     assert( sqlite3MemdebugHasType(p, MEMTYPE_PCACHE) );
     sqlite3MemdebugSetType(p, MEMTYPE_HEAP);
     nFreed = sqlite3MallocSize(p);
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW_STATS
     sqlite3_mutex_enter(pcache1.mutex);
     sqlite3StatusAdd(SQLITE_STATUS_PAGECACHE_OVERFLOW, -nFreed);
     sqlite3_mutex_leave(pcache1.mutex);
+#endif
     sqlite3_free(p);
   }
   return nFreed;
@@ -37256,11 +38980,10 @@
 
   pcache1LeaveMutex(p->pGroup);
   if( p->nHash ){ sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc(); }
-  apNew = (PgHdr1 **)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(PgHdr1 *)*nNew);
+  apNew = (PgHdr1 **)sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(PgHdr1 *)*nNew);
   if( p->nHash ){ sqlite3EndBenignMalloc(); }
   pcache1EnterMutex(p->pGroup);
   if( apNew ){
-    memset(apNew, 0, sizeof(PgHdr1 *)*nNew);
     for(i=0; i<p->nHash; i++){
       PgHdr1 *pPage;
       PgHdr1 *pNext = p->apHash[i];
@@ -37285,34 +39008,32 @@
 ** LRU list, then this function is a no-op.
 **
 ** The PGroup mutex must be held when this function is called.
-**
-** If pPage is NULL then this routine is a no-op.
 */
 static void pcache1PinPage(PgHdr1 *pPage){
   PCache1 *pCache;
   PGroup *pGroup;
 
-  if( pPage==0 ) return;
+  assert( pPage!=0 );
+  assert( pPage->isPinned==0 );
   pCache = pPage->pCache;
   pGroup = pCache->pGroup;
+  assert( pPage->pLruNext || pPage==pGroup->pLruTail );
+  assert( pPage->pLruPrev || pPage==pGroup->pLruHead );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pGroup->mutex) );
-  if( pPage->pLruNext || pPage==pGroup->pLruTail ){
-    if( pPage->pLruPrev ){
-      pPage->pLruPrev->pLruNext = pPage->pLruNext;
-    }
-    if( pPage->pLruNext ){
-      pPage->pLruNext->pLruPrev = pPage->pLruPrev;
-    }
-    if( pGroup->pLruHead==pPage ){
-      pGroup->pLruHead = pPage->pLruNext;
-    }
-    if( pGroup->pLruTail==pPage ){
-      pGroup->pLruTail = pPage->pLruPrev;
-    }
-    pPage->pLruNext = 0;
-    pPage->pLruPrev = 0;
-    pPage->pCache->nRecyclable--;
+  if( pPage->pLruPrev ){
+    pPage->pLruPrev->pLruNext = pPage->pLruNext;
+  }else{
+    pGroup->pLruHead = pPage->pLruNext;
   }
+  if( pPage->pLruNext ){
+    pPage->pLruNext->pLruPrev = pPage->pLruPrev;
+  }else{
+    pGroup->pLruTail = pPage->pLruPrev;
+  }
+  pPage->pLruNext = 0;
+  pPage->pLruPrev = 0;
+  pPage->isPinned = 1;
+  pCache->nRecyclable--;
 }
 
 
@@ -37344,6 +39065,7 @@
   while( pGroup->nCurrentPage>pGroup->nMaxPage && pGroup->pLruTail ){
     PgHdr1 *p = pGroup->pLruTail;
     assert( p->pCache->pGroup==pGroup );
+    assert( p->isPinned==0 );
     pcache1PinPage(p);
     pcache1RemoveFromHash(p);
     pcache1FreePage(p);
@@ -37371,7 +39093,7 @@
       if( pPage->iKey>=iLimit ){
         pCache->nPage--;
         *pp = pPage->pNext;
-        pcache1PinPage(pPage);
+        if( !pPage->isPinned ) pcache1PinPage(pPage);
         pcache1FreePage(pPage);
       }else{
         pp = &pPage->pNext;
@@ -37423,7 +39145,7 @@
   int sz;               /* Bytes of memory required to allocate the new cache */
 
   /*
-  ** The seperateCache variable is true if each PCache has its own private
+  ** The separateCache variable is true if each PCache has its own private
   ** PGroup.  In other words, separateCache is true for mode (1) where no
   ** mutexing is required.
   **
@@ -37444,9 +39166,8 @@
   assert( szExtra < 300 );
 
   sz = sizeof(PCache1) + sizeof(PGroup)*separateCache;
-  pCache = (PCache1 *)sqlite3_malloc(sz);
+  pCache = (PCache1 *)sqlite3MallocZero(sz);
   if( pCache ){
-    memset(pCache, 0, sz);
     if( separateCache ){
       pGroup = (PGroup*)&pCache[1];
       pGroup->mxPinned = 10;
@@ -37582,6 +39303,7 @@
   PGroup *pGroup;
   PgHdr1 *pPage = 0;
 
+  assert( offsetof(PgHdr1,page)==0 );
   assert( pCache->bPurgeable || createFlag!=1 );
   assert( pCache->bPurgeable || pCache->nMin==0 );
   assert( pCache->bPurgeable==0 || pCache->nMin==10 );
@@ -37595,8 +39317,11 @@
   }
 
   /* Step 2: Abort if no existing page is found and createFlag is 0 */
-  if( pPage || createFlag==0 ){
-    pcache1PinPage(pPage);
+  if( pPage ){
+    if( !pPage->isPinned ) pcache1PinPage(pPage);
+    goto fetch_out;
+  }
+  if( createFlag==0 ){
     goto fetch_out;
   }
 
@@ -37627,6 +39352,7 @@
   if( pCache->nPage>=pCache->nHash && pcache1ResizeHash(pCache) ){
     goto fetch_out;
   }
+  assert( pCache->nHash>0 && pCache->apHash );
 
   /* Step 4. Try to recycle a page. */
   if( pCache->bPurgeable && pGroup->pLruTail && (
@@ -37636,6 +39362,7 @@
   )){
     PCache1 *pOther;
     pPage = pGroup->pLruTail;
+    assert( pPage->isPinned==0 );
     pcache1RemoveFromHash(pPage);
     pcache1PinPage(pPage);
     pOther = pPage->pCache;
@@ -37672,6 +39399,7 @@
     pPage->pCache = pCache;
     pPage->pLruPrev = 0;
     pPage->pLruNext = 0;
+    pPage->isPinned = 1;
     *(void **)pPage->page.pExtra = 0;
     pCache->apHash[h] = pPage;
   }
@@ -37681,7 +39409,7 @@
     pCache->iMaxKey = iKey;
   }
   pcache1LeaveMutex(pGroup);
-  return &pPage->page;
+  return (sqlite3_pcache_page*)pPage;
 }
 
 
@@ -37707,6 +39435,7 @@
   */
   assert( pPage->pLruPrev==0 && pPage->pLruNext==0 );
   assert( pGroup->pLruHead!=pPage && pGroup->pLruTail!=pPage );
+  assert( pPage->isPinned==1 );
 
   if( reuseUnlikely || pGroup->nCurrentPage>pGroup->nMaxPage ){
     pcache1RemoveFromHash(pPage);
@@ -37722,6 +39451,7 @@
       pGroup->pLruHead = pPage;
     }
     pCache->nRecyclable++;
+    pPage->isPinned = 0;
   }
 
   pcache1LeaveMutex(pCache->pGroup);
@@ -37848,6 +39578,7 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_PCACHE_SEPARATE_HEADER
       nFree += sqlite3MemSize(p);
 #endif
+      assert( p->isPinned==0 );
       pcache1PinPage(p);
       pcache1RemoveFromHash(p);
       pcache1FreePage(p);
@@ -37872,6 +39603,7 @@
   PgHdr1 *p;
   int nRecyclable = 0;
   for(p=pcache1.grp.pLruHead; p; p=p->pLruNext){
+    assert( p->isPinned==0 );
     nRecyclable++;
   }
   *pnCurrent = pcache1.grp.nCurrentPage;
@@ -37960,6 +39692,11 @@
 
 /*
 ** Each entry in a RowSet is an instance of the following object.
+**
+** This same object is reused to store a linked list of trees of RowSetEntry
+** objects.  In that alternative use, pRight points to the next entry
+** in the list, pLeft points to the tree, and v is unused.  The
+** RowSet.pForest value points to the head of this forest list.
 */
 struct RowSetEntry {            
   i64 v;                        /* ROWID value for this entry */
@@ -37989,13 +39726,19 @@
   struct RowSetEntry *pEntry;    /* List of entries using pRight */
   struct RowSetEntry *pLast;     /* Last entry on the pEntry list */
   struct RowSetEntry *pFresh;    /* Source of new entry objects */
-  struct RowSetEntry *pTree;     /* Binary tree of entries */
+  struct RowSetEntry *pForest;   /* List of binary trees of entries */
   u16 nFresh;                    /* Number of objects on pFresh */
-  u8 isSorted;                   /* True if pEntry is sorted */
-  u8 iBatch;                     /* Current insert batch */
+  u16 rsFlags;                   /* Various flags */
+  int iBatch;                    /* Current insert batch */
 };
 
 /*
+** Allowed values for RowSet.rsFlags
+*/
+#define ROWSET_SORTED  0x01   /* True if RowSet.pEntry is sorted */
+#define ROWSET_NEXT    0x02   /* True if sqlite3RowSetNext() has been called */
+
+/*
 ** Turn bulk memory into a RowSet object.  N bytes of memory
 ** are available at pSpace.  The db pointer is used as a memory context
 ** for any subsequent allocations that need to occur.
@@ -38015,10 +39758,10 @@
   p->db = db;
   p->pEntry = 0;
   p->pLast = 0;
-  p->pTree = 0;
+  p->pForest = 0;
   p->pFresh = (struct RowSetEntry*)(ROUND8(sizeof(*p)) + (char*)p);
   p->nFresh = (u16)((N - ROUND8(sizeof(*p)))/sizeof(struct RowSetEntry));
-  p->isSorted = 1;
+  p->rsFlags = ROWSET_SORTED;
   p->iBatch = 0;
   return p;
 }
@@ -38038,8 +39781,33 @@
   p->nFresh = 0;
   p->pEntry = 0;
   p->pLast = 0;
-  p->pTree = 0;
-  p->isSorted = 1;
+  p->pForest = 0;
+  p->rsFlags = ROWSET_SORTED;
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate a new RowSetEntry object that is associated with the
+** given RowSet.  Return a pointer to the new and completely uninitialized
+** objected.
+**
+** In an OOM situation, the RowSet.db->mallocFailed flag is set and this
+** routine returns NULL.
+*/
+static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetEntryAlloc(RowSet *p){
+  assert( p!=0 );
+  if( p->nFresh==0 ){
+    struct RowSetChunk *pNew;
+    pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(p->db, sizeof(*pNew));
+    if( pNew==0 ){
+      return 0;
+    }
+    pNew->pNextChunk = p->pChunk;
+    p->pChunk = pNew;
+    p->pFresh = pNew->aEntry;
+    p->nFresh = ROWSET_ENTRY_PER_CHUNK;
+  }
+  p->nFresh--;
+  return p->pFresh++;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -38051,30 +39819,21 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowSetInsert(RowSet *p, i64 rowid){
   struct RowSetEntry *pEntry;  /* The new entry */
   struct RowSetEntry *pLast;   /* The last prior entry */
-  assert( p!=0 );
-  if( p->nFresh==0 ){
-    struct RowSetChunk *pNew;
-    pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(p->db, sizeof(*pNew));
-    if( pNew==0 ){
-      return;
-    }
-    pNew->pNextChunk = p->pChunk;
-    p->pChunk = pNew;
-    p->pFresh = pNew->aEntry;
-    p->nFresh = ROWSET_ENTRY_PER_CHUNK;
-  }
-  pEntry = p->pFresh++;
-  p->nFresh--;
+
+  /* This routine is never called after sqlite3RowSetNext() */
+  assert( p!=0 && (p->rsFlags & ROWSET_NEXT)==0 );
+
+  pEntry = rowSetEntryAlloc(p);
+  if( pEntry==0 ) return;
   pEntry->v = rowid;
   pEntry->pRight = 0;
   pLast = p->pLast;
   if( pLast ){
-    if( p->isSorted && rowid<=pLast->v ){
-      p->isSorted = 0;
+    if( (p->rsFlags & ROWSET_SORTED)!=0 && rowid<=pLast->v ){
+      p->rsFlags &= ~ROWSET_SORTED;
     }
     pLast->pRight = pEntry;
   }else{
-    assert( p->pEntry==0 ); /* Fires if INSERT after SMALLEST */
     p->pEntry = pEntry;
   }
   p->pLast = pEntry;
@@ -38086,7 +39845,7 @@
 ** The input lists are connected via pRight pointers and are 
 ** assumed to each already be in sorted order.
 */
-static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetMerge(
+static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetEntryMerge(
   struct RowSetEntry *pA,    /* First sorted list to be merged */
   struct RowSetEntry *pB     /* Second sorted list to be merged */
 ){
@@ -38120,32 +39879,29 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Sort all elements on the pEntry list of the RowSet into ascending order.
+** Sort all elements on the list of RowSetEntry objects into order of
+** increasing v.
 */ 
-static void rowSetSort(RowSet *p){
+static struct RowSetEntry *rowSetEntrySort(struct RowSetEntry *pIn){
   unsigned int i;
-  struct RowSetEntry *pEntry;
-  struct RowSetEntry *aBucket[40];
+  struct RowSetEntry *pNext, *aBucket[40];
 
-  assert( p->isSorted==0 );
   memset(aBucket, 0, sizeof(aBucket));
-  while( p->pEntry ){
-    pEntry = p->pEntry;
-    p->pEntry = pEntry->pRight;
-    pEntry->pRight = 0;
+  while( pIn ){
+    pNext = pIn->pRight;
+    pIn->pRight = 0;
     for(i=0; aBucket[i]; i++){
-      pEntry = rowSetMerge(aBucket[i], pEntry);
+      pIn = rowSetEntryMerge(aBucket[i], pIn);
       aBucket[i] = 0;
     }
-    aBucket[i] = pEntry;
+    aBucket[i] = pIn;
+    pIn = pNext;
   }
-  pEntry = 0;
+  pIn = 0;
   for(i=0; i<sizeof(aBucket)/sizeof(aBucket[0]); i++){
-    pEntry = rowSetMerge(pEntry, aBucket[i]);
+    pIn = rowSetEntryMerge(pIn, aBucket[i]);
   }
-  p->pEntry = pEntry;
-  p->pLast = 0;
-  p->isSorted = 1;
+  return pIn;
 }
 
 
@@ -38239,20 +39995,37 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Convert the list in p->pEntry into a sorted list if it is not
-** sorted already.  If there is a binary tree on p->pTree, then
-** convert it into a list too and merge it into the p->pEntry list.
+** Take all the entries on p->pEntry and on the trees in p->pForest and
+** sort them all together into one big ordered list on p->pEntry.
+**
+** This routine should only be called once in the life of a RowSet.
 */
 static void rowSetToList(RowSet *p){
-  if( !p->isSorted ){
-    rowSetSort(p);
+
+  /* This routine is called only once */
+  assert( p!=0 && (p->rsFlags & ROWSET_NEXT)==0 );
+
+  if( (p->rsFlags & ROWSET_SORTED)==0 ){
+    p->pEntry = rowSetEntrySort(p->pEntry);
   }
-  if( p->pTree ){
-    struct RowSetEntry *pHead, *pTail;
-    rowSetTreeToList(p->pTree, &pHead, &pTail);
-    p->pTree = 0;
-    p->pEntry = rowSetMerge(p->pEntry, pHead);
+
+  /* While this module could theoretically support it, sqlite3RowSetNext()
+  ** is never called after sqlite3RowSetText() for the same RowSet.  So
+  ** there is never a forest to deal with.  Should this change, simply
+  ** remove the assert() and the #if 0. */
+  assert( p->pForest==0 );
+#if 0
+  while( p->pForest ){
+    struct RowSetEntry *pTree = p->pForest->pLeft;
+    if( pTree ){
+      struct RowSetEntry *pHead, *pTail;
+      rowSetTreeToList(pTree, &pHead, &pTail);
+      p->pEntry = rowSetEntryMerge(p->pEntry, pHead);
+    }
+    p->pForest = p->pForest->pRight;
   }
+#endif
+  p->rsFlags |= ROWSET_NEXT;  /* Verify this routine is never called again */
 }
 
 /*
@@ -38264,7 +40037,12 @@
 ** routine may not be called again.  
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetNext(RowSet *p, i64 *pRowid){
-  rowSetToList(p);
+  assert( p!=0 );
+
+  /* Merge the forest into a single sorted list on first call */
+  if( (p->rsFlags & ROWSET_NEXT)==0 ) rowSetToList(p);
+
+  /* Return the next entry on the list */
   if( p->pEntry ){
     *pRowid = p->pEntry->v;
     p->pEntry = p->pEntry->pRight;
@@ -38278,28 +40056,68 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Check to see if element iRowid was inserted into the the rowset as
+** Check to see if element iRowid was inserted into the rowset as
 ** part of any insert batch prior to iBatch.  Return 1 or 0.
+**
+** If this is the first test of a new batch and if there exist entires
+** on pRowSet->pEntry, then sort those entires into the forest at
+** pRowSet->pForest so that they can be tested.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetTest(RowSet *pRowSet, u8 iBatch, sqlite3_int64 iRowid){
-  struct RowSetEntry *p;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3RowSetTest(RowSet *pRowSet, int iBatch, sqlite3_int64 iRowid){
+  struct RowSetEntry *p, *pTree;
+
+  /* This routine is never called after sqlite3RowSetNext() */
+  assert( pRowSet!=0 && (pRowSet->rsFlags & ROWSET_NEXT)==0 );
+
+  /* Sort entries into the forest on the first test of a new batch 
+  */
   if( iBatch!=pRowSet->iBatch ){
-    if( pRowSet->pEntry ){
-      rowSetToList(pRowSet);
-      pRowSet->pTree = rowSetListToTree(pRowSet->pEntry);
+    p = pRowSet->pEntry;
+    if( p ){
+      struct RowSetEntry **ppPrevTree = &pRowSet->pForest;
+      if( (pRowSet->rsFlags & ROWSET_SORTED)==0 ){
+        p = rowSetEntrySort(p);
+      }
+      for(pTree = pRowSet->pForest; pTree; pTree=pTree->pRight){
+        ppPrevTree = &pTree->pRight;
+        if( pTree->pLeft==0 ){
+          pTree->pLeft = rowSetListToTree(p);
+          break;
+        }else{
+          struct RowSetEntry *pAux, *pTail;
+          rowSetTreeToList(pTree->pLeft, &pAux, &pTail);
+          pTree->pLeft = 0;
+          p = rowSetEntryMerge(pAux, p);
+        }
+      }
+      if( pTree==0 ){
+        *ppPrevTree = pTree = rowSetEntryAlloc(pRowSet);
+        if( pTree ){
+          pTree->v = 0;
+          pTree->pRight = 0;
+          pTree->pLeft = rowSetListToTree(p);
+        }
+      }
       pRowSet->pEntry = 0;
       pRowSet->pLast = 0;
+      pRowSet->rsFlags |= ROWSET_SORTED;
     }
     pRowSet->iBatch = iBatch;
   }
-  p = pRowSet->pTree;
-  while( p ){
-    if( p->v<iRowid ){
-      p = p->pRight;
-    }else if( p->v>iRowid ){
-      p = p->pLeft;
-    }else{
-      return 1;
+
+  /* Test to see if the iRowid value appears anywhere in the forest.
+  ** Return 1 if it does and 0 if not.
+  */
+  for(pTree = pRowSet->pForest; pTree; pTree=pTree->pRight){
+    p = pTree->pLeft;
+    while( p ){
+      if( p->v<iRowid ){
+        p = p->pRight;
+      }else if( p->v>iRowid ){
+        p = p->pLeft;
+      }else{
+        return 1;
+      }
     }
   }
   return 0;
@@ -38362,7 +40180,6 @@
 # define sqlite3WalClose(w,x,y,z)                0
 # define sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(y,z)     0
 # define sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(z)
-# define sqlite3WalRead(v,w,x,y,z)               0
 # define sqlite3WalDbsize(y)                     0
 # define sqlite3WalBeginWriteTransaction(y)      0
 # define sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(x)        0
@@ -38375,6 +40192,7 @@
 # define sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(y,z)            0
 # define sqlite3WalHeapMemory(z)                 0
 # define sqlite3WalFramesize(z)                  0
+# define sqlite3WalFindFrame(x,y,z)              0
 #else
 
 #define WAL_SAVEPOINT_NDATA 4
@@ -38402,7 +40220,8 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WalEndReadTransaction(Wal *pWal);
 
 /* Read a page from the write-ahead log, if it is present. */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalRead(Wal *pWal, Pgno pgno, int *pInWal, int nOut, u8 *pOut);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalFindFrame(Wal *, Pgno, u32 *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalReadFrame(Wal *, u32, int, u8 *);
 
 /* If the WAL is not empty, return the size of the database. */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Pgno sqlite3WalDbsize(Wal *pWal);
@@ -38522,7 +40341,7 @@
 ** 
 ** Definition: Two databases (or the same database at two points it time)
 ** are said to be "logically equivalent" if they give the same answer to
-** all queries.  Note in particular the the content of freelist leaf
+** all queries.  Note in particular the content of freelist leaf
 ** pages can be changed arbitarily without effecting the logical equivalence
 ** of the database.
 ** 
@@ -38720,7 +40539,7 @@
 **    * A write transaction is active.
 **    * An EXCLUSIVE or greater lock is held on the database file.
 **    * All writing and syncing of journal and database data has finished.
-**      If no error occured, all that remains is to finalize the journal to
+**      If no error occurred, all that remains is to finalize the journal to
 **      commit the transaction. If an error did occur, the caller will need
 **      to rollback the transaction. 
 **
@@ -38901,6 +40720,13 @@
 };
 
 /*
+** Bits of the Pager.doNotSpill flag.  See further description below.
+*/
+#define SPILLFLAG_OFF         0x01      /* Never spill cache.  Set via pragma */
+#define SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK    0x02      /* Current rolling back, so do not spill */
+#define SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC      0x04      /* Spill is ok, but do not sync */
+
+/*
 ** A open page cache is an instance of struct Pager. A description of
 ** some of the more important member variables follows:
 **
@@ -38966,19 +40792,21 @@
 **   journal file from being successfully finalized, the setMaster flag
 **   is cleared anyway (and the pager will move to ERROR state).
 **
-** doNotSpill, doNotSyncSpill
+** doNotSpill
 **
-**   These two boolean variables control the behaviour of cache-spills
-**   (calls made by the pcache module to the pagerStress() routine to
-**   write cached data to the file-system in order to free up memory).
+**   This variables control the behavior of cache-spills  (calls made by
+**   the pcache module to the pagerStress() routine to write cached data
+**   to the file-system in order to free up memory).
 **
-**   When doNotSpill is non-zero, writing to the database from pagerStress()
-**   is disabled altogether. This is done in a very obscure case that
+**   When bits SPILLFLAG_OFF or SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK of doNotSpill are set,
+**   writing to the database from pagerStress() is disabled altogether.
+**   The SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK case is done in a very obscure case that
 **   comes up during savepoint rollback that requires the pcache module
 **   to allocate a new page to prevent the journal file from being written
-**   while it is being traversed by code in pager_playback().
+**   while it is being traversed by code in pager_playback().  The SPILLFLAG_OFF
+**   case is a user preference.
 ** 
-**   If doNotSyncSpill is non-zero, writing to the database from pagerStress()
+**   If the SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC bit is set, writing to the database from pagerStress()
 **   is permitted, but syncing the journal file is not. This flag is set
 **   by sqlite3PagerWrite() when the file-system sector-size is larger than
 **   the database page-size in order to prevent a journal sync from happening 
@@ -39064,7 +40892,8 @@
   u8 ckptSyncFlags;           /* SYNC_NORMAL or SYNC_FULL for checkpoint */
   u8 walSyncFlags;            /* SYNC_NORMAL or SYNC_FULL for wal writes */
   u8 syncFlags;               /* SYNC_NORMAL or SYNC_FULL otherwise */
-  u8 tempFile;                /* zFilename is a temporary file */
+  u8 tempFile;                /* zFilename is a temporary or immutable file */
+  u8 noLock;                  /* Do not lock (except in WAL mode) */
   u8 readOnly;                /* True for a read-only database */
   u8 memDb;                   /* True to inhibit all file I/O */
 
@@ -39082,7 +40911,6 @@
   u8 changeCountDone;         /* Set after incrementing the change-counter */
   u8 setMaster;               /* True if a m-j name has been written to jrnl */
   u8 doNotSpill;              /* Do not spill the cache when non-zero */
-  u8 doNotSyncSpill;          /* Do not do a spill that requires jrnl sync */
   u8 subjInMemory;            /* True to use in-memory sub-journals */
   Pgno dbSize;                /* Number of pages in the database */
   Pgno dbOrigSize;            /* dbSize before the current transaction */
@@ -39102,6 +40930,11 @@
   PagerSavepoint *aSavepoint; /* Array of active savepoints */
   int nSavepoint;             /* Number of elements in aSavepoint[] */
   char dbFileVers[16];        /* Changes whenever database file changes */
+
+  u8 bUseFetch;               /* True to use xFetch() */
+  int nMmapOut;               /* Number of mmap pages currently outstanding */
+  sqlite3_int64 szMmap;       /* Desired maximum mmap size */
+  PgHdr *pMmapFreelist;       /* List of free mmap page headers (pDirty) */
   /*
   ** End of the routinely-changing class members
   ***************************************************************************/
@@ -39117,9 +40950,9 @@
   char *zJournal;             /* Name of the journal file */
   int (*xBusyHandler)(void*); /* Function to call when busy */
   void *pBusyHandlerArg;      /* Context argument for xBusyHandler */
-  int nHit, nMiss;            /* Total cache hits and misses */
+  int aStat[3];               /* Total cache hits, misses and writes */
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-  int nRead, nWrite;          /* Database pages read/written */
+  int nRead;                  /* Database pages read */
 #endif
   void (*xReiniter)(DbPage*); /* Call this routine when reloading pages */
 #ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
@@ -39137,6 +40970,15 @@
 };
 
 /*
+** Indexes for use with Pager.aStat[]. The Pager.aStat[] array contains
+** the values accessed by passing SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT, CACHE_MISS 
+** or CACHE_WRITE to sqlite3_db_status().
+*/
+#define PAGER_STAT_HIT   0
+#define PAGER_STAT_MISS  1
+#define PAGER_STAT_WRITE 2
+
+/*
 ** The following global variables hold counters used for
 ** testing purposes only.  These variables do not exist in
 ** a non-testing build.  These variables are not thread-safe.
@@ -39204,6 +41046,16 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
+** The macro USEFETCH is true if we are allowed to use the xFetch and xUnfetch
+** interfaces to access the database using memory-mapped I/O.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+# define USEFETCH(x) ((x)->bUseFetch)
+#else
+# define USEFETCH(x) 0
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** The maximum legal page number is (2^31 - 1).
 */
 #define PAGER_MAX_PGNO 2147483647
@@ -39437,11 +41289,12 @@
 **     PagerSavepoint.pInSavepoint.
 */
 static int subjRequiresPage(PgHdr *pPg){
-  Pgno pgno = pPg->pgno;
   Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+  PagerSavepoint *p;
+  Pgno pgno = pPg->pgno;
   int i;
   for(i=0; i<pPager->nSavepoint; i++){
-    PagerSavepoint *p = &pPager->aSavepoint[i];
+    p = &pPager->aSavepoint[i];
     if( p->nOrig>=pgno && 0==sqlite3BitvecTest(p->pInSavepoint, pgno) ){
       return 1;
     }
@@ -39452,8 +41305,8 @@
 /*
 ** Return true if the page is already in the journal file.
 */
-static int pageInJournal(PgHdr *pPg){
-  return sqlite3BitvecTest(pPg->pPager->pInJournal, pPg->pgno);
+static int pageInJournal(Pager *pPager, PgHdr *pPg){
+  return sqlite3BitvecTest(pPager->pInJournal, pPg->pgno);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -39505,7 +41358,7 @@
   assert( eLock!=NO_LOCK || pagerUseWal(pPager)==0 );
   if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
     assert( pPager->eLock>=eLock );
-    rc = sqlite3OsUnlock(pPager->fd, eLock);
+    rc = pPager->noLock ? SQLITE_OK : sqlite3OsUnlock(pPager->fd, eLock);
     if( pPager->eLock!=UNKNOWN_LOCK ){
       pPager->eLock = (u8)eLock;
     }
@@ -39529,7 +41382,7 @@
 
   assert( eLock==SHARED_LOCK || eLock==RESERVED_LOCK || eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
   if( pPager->eLock<eLock || pPager->eLock==UNKNOWN_LOCK ){
-    rc = sqlite3OsLock(pPager->fd, eLock);
+    rc = pPager->noLock ? SQLITE_OK : sqlite3OsLock(pPager->fd, eLock);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (pPager->eLock!=UNKNOWN_LOCK||eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK) ){
       pPager->eLock = (u8)eLock;
       IOTRACE(("LOCK %p %d\n", pPager, eLock))
@@ -39660,6 +41513,7 @@
    || szJ<16
    || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = read32bits(pJrnl, szJ-16, &len))
    || len>=nMaster 
+   || len==0 
    || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = read32bits(pJrnl, szJ-12, &cksum))
    || SQLITE_OK!=(rc = sqlite3OsRead(pJrnl, aMagic, 8, szJ-8))
    || memcmp(aMagic, aJournalMagic, 8)
@@ -39837,7 +41691,7 @@
     memset(zHeader, 0, sizeof(aJournalMagic)+4);
   }
 
-  /* The random check-hash initialiser */ 
+  /* The random check-hash initializer */ 
   sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(pPager->cksumInit), &pPager->cksumInit);
   put32bits(&zHeader[sizeof(aJournalMagic)+4], pPager->cksumInit);
   /* The initial database size */
@@ -40037,12 +41891,11 @@
 
   if( !zMaster 
    || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY 
-   || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF 
+   || !isOpen(pPager->jfd)
   ){
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
   pPager->setMaster = 1;
-  assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) );
   assert( pPager->journalHdr <= pPager->journalOff );
 
   /* Calculate the length in bytes and the checksum of zMaster */
@@ -40096,7 +41949,7 @@
 ** already in memory.
 */
 static PgHdr *pager_lookup(Pager *pPager, Pgno pgno){
-  PgHdr *p;                         /* Return value */
+  PgHdr *p = 0;                     /* Return value */
 
   /* It is not possible for a call to PcacheFetch() with createFlag==0 to
   ** fail, since no attempt to allocate dynamic memory will be made.
@@ -40235,6 +42088,7 @@
     pPager->changeCountDone = pPager->tempFile;
     pPager->eState = PAGER_OPEN;
     pPager->errCode = SQLITE_OK;
+    if( USEFETCH(pPager) ) sqlite3OsUnfetch(pPager->fd, 0, 0);
   }
 
   pPager->journalOff = 0;
@@ -40276,6 +42130,8 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+static int pager_truncate(Pager *pPager, Pgno nPage);
+
 /*
 ** This routine ends a transaction. A transaction is usually ended by 
 ** either a COMMIT or a ROLLBACK operation. This routine may be called 
@@ -40329,7 +42185,7 @@
 ** to the first error encountered (the journal finalization one) is
 ** returned.
 */
-static int pager_end_transaction(Pager *pPager, int hasMaster){
+static int pager_end_transaction(Pager *pPager, int hasMaster, int bCommit){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;      /* Error code from journal finalization operation */
   int rc2 = SQLITE_OK;     /* Error code from db file unlock operation */
 
@@ -40379,12 +42235,13 @@
       ** file should be closed and deleted. If this connection writes to
       ** the database file, it will do so using an in-memory journal. 
       */
+      int bDelete = (!pPager->tempFile && sqlite3JournalExists(pPager->jfd));
       assert( pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE 
            || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY 
            || pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL 
       );
       sqlite3OsClose(pPager->jfd);
-      if( !pPager->tempFile ){
+      if( bDelete ){
         rc = sqlite3OsDelete(pPager->pVfs, pPager->zJournal, 0);
       }
     }
@@ -40396,7 +42253,7 @@
     PgHdr *p = pager_lookup(pPager, 1);
     if( p ){
       p->pageHash = 0;
-      sqlite3PagerUnref(p);
+      sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(p);
     }
   }
 #endif
@@ -40414,7 +42271,22 @@
     */
     rc2 = sqlite3WalEndWriteTransaction(pPager->pWal);
     assert( rc2==SQLITE_OK );
+  }else if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bCommit && pPager->dbFileSize>pPager->dbSize ){
+    /* This branch is taken when committing a transaction in rollback-journal
+    ** mode if the database file on disk is larger than the database image.
+    ** At this point the journal has been finalized and the transaction 
+    ** successfully committed, but the EXCLUSIVE lock is still held on the
+    ** file. So it is safe to truncate the database file to its minimum
+    ** required size.  */
+    assert( pPager->eLock==EXCLUSIVE_LOCK );
+    rc = pager_truncate(pPager, pPager->dbSize);
   }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bCommit && isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
   if( !pPager->exclusiveMode 
    && (!pagerUseWal(pPager) || sqlite3WalExclusiveMode(pPager->pWal, 0))
   ){
@@ -40453,7 +42325,7 @@
       sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
     }else if( !pPager->exclusiveMode ){
       assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_READER );
-      pager_end_transaction(pPager, 0);
+      pager_end_transaction(pPager, 0, 0);
     }
   }
   pager_unlock(pPager);
@@ -40677,7 +42549,7 @@
     i64 ofst = (pgno-1)*(i64)pPager->pageSize;
     testcase( !isSavepnt && pPg!=0 && (pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)!=0 );
     assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
-    rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, (u8*)aData, pPager->pageSize, ofst);
+    rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, (u8 *)aData, pPager->pageSize, ofst);
     if( pgno>pPager->dbFileSize ){
       pPager->dbFileSize = pgno;
     }
@@ -40704,11 +42576,11 @@
     ** requiring a journal-sync before it is written.
     */
     assert( isSavepnt );
-    assert( pPager->doNotSpill==0 );
-    pPager->doNotSpill++;
+    assert( (pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK)==0 );
+    pPager->doNotSpill |= SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK;
     rc = sqlite3PagerAcquire(pPager, pgno, &pPg, 1);
-    assert( pPager->doNotSpill==1 );
-    pPager->doNotSpill--;
+    assert( (pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK)!=0 );
+    pPager->doNotSpill &= ~SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK;
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
     pPg->flags &= ~PGHDR_NEED_READ;
     sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPg);
@@ -40948,6 +42820,21 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Return a sanitized version of the sector-size of OS file pFile. The
+** return value is guaranteed to lie between 32 and MAX_SECTOR_SIZE.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3SectorSize(sqlite3_file *pFile){
+  int iRet = sqlite3OsSectorSize(pFile);
+  if( iRet<32 ){
+    iRet = 512;
+  }else if( iRet>MAX_SECTOR_SIZE ){
+    assert( MAX_SECTOR_SIZE>=512 );
+    iRet = MAX_SECTOR_SIZE;
+  }
+  return iRet;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Set the value of the Pager.sectorSize variable for the given
 ** pager based on the value returned by the xSectorSize method
 ** of the open database file. The sector size will be used used 
@@ -40982,14 +42869,7 @@
     ** call will segfault. */
     pPager->sectorSize = 512;
   }else{
-    pPager->sectorSize = sqlite3OsSectorSize(pPager->fd);
-    if( pPager->sectorSize<32 ){
-      pPager->sectorSize = 512;
-    }
-    if( pPager->sectorSize>MAX_SECTOR_SIZE ){
-      assert( MAX_SECTOR_SIZE>=512 );
-      pPager->sectorSize = MAX_SECTOR_SIZE;
-    }
+    pPager->sectorSize = sqlite3SectorSize(pPager->fd);
   }
 }
 
@@ -41060,6 +42940,7 @@
   int res = 1;             /* Value returned by sqlite3OsAccess() */
   char *zMaster = 0;       /* Name of master journal file if any */
   int needPagerReset;      /* True to reset page prior to first page rollback */
+  int nPlayback = 0;       /* Total number of pages restored from journal */
 
   /* Figure out how many records are in the journal.  Abort early if
   ** the journal is empty.
@@ -41160,7 +43041,9 @@
         needPagerReset = 0;
       }
       rc = pager_playback_one_page(pPager,&pPager->journalOff,0,1,0);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        nPlayback++;
+      }else{
         if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
           pPager->journalOff = szJ;
           break;
@@ -41217,10 +43100,10 @@
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK
    && (pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD || pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN)
   ){
-    rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pPager);
+    rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pPager, 0);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, zMaster[0]!='\0');
+    rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, zMaster[0]!='\0', 0);
     testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && zMaster[0] && res ){
@@ -41230,6 +43113,10 @@
     rc = pager_delmaster(pPager, zMaster);
     testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
   }
+  if( isHot && nPlayback ){
+    sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_ROLLBACK, "recovered %d pages from %s",
+                nPlayback, pPager->zJournal);
+  }
 
   /* The Pager.sectorSize variable may have been updated while rolling
   ** back a journal created by a process with a different sector size
@@ -41251,27 +43138,22 @@
 ** If an IO error occurs, then the IO error is returned to the caller.
 ** Otherwise, SQLITE_OK is returned.
 */
-static int readDbPage(PgHdr *pPg){
+static int readDbPage(PgHdr *pPg, u32 iFrame){
   Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager; /* Pager object associated with page pPg */
   Pgno pgno = pPg->pgno;       /* Page number to read */
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;          /* Return code */
-  int isInWal = 0;             /* True if page is in log file */
   int pgsz = pPager->pageSize; /* Number of bytes to read */
 
   assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_READER && !MEMDB );
   assert( isOpen(pPager->fd) );
 
-  if( NEVER(!isOpen(pPager->fd)) ){
-    assert( pPager->tempFile );
-    memset(pPg->pData, 0, pPager->pageSize);
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-
-  if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+  if( iFrame ){
     /* Try to pull the page from the write-ahead log. */
-    rc = sqlite3WalRead(pPager->pWal, pgno, &isInWal, pgsz, pPg->pData);
-  }
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !isInWal ){
+    rc = sqlite3WalReadFrame(pPager->pWal, iFrame, pgsz, pPg->pData);
+  }else
+#endif
+  {
     i64 iOffset = (pgno-1)*(i64)pPager->pageSize;
     rc = sqlite3OsRead(pPager->fd, pPg->pData, pgsz, iOffset);
     if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ ){
@@ -41350,16 +43232,21 @@
   Pager *pPager = (Pager *)pCtx;
   PgHdr *pPg;
 
+  assert( pagerUseWal(pPager) );
   pPg = sqlite3PagerLookup(pPager, iPg);
   if( pPg ){
     if( sqlite3PcachePageRefcount(pPg)==1 ){
       sqlite3PcacheDrop(pPg);
     }else{
-      rc = readDbPage(pPg);
+      u32 iFrame = 0;
+      rc = sqlite3WalFindFrame(pPager->pWal, pPg->pgno, &iFrame);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = readDbPage(pPg, iFrame);
+      }
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         pPager->xReiniter(pPg);
       }
-      sqlite3PagerUnref(pPg);
+      sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPg);
     }
   }
 
@@ -41418,6 +43305,7 @@
   int isCommit                    /* True if this is a commit */
 ){
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int nList;                      /* Number of pages in pList */
 #if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_CHECK_PAGES)
   PgHdr *p;                       /* For looping over pages */
 #endif
@@ -41431,6 +43319,7 @@
   }
 #endif
 
+  assert( pList->pDirty==0 || isCommit );
   if( isCommit ){
     /* If a WAL transaction is being committed, there is no point in writing
     ** any pages with page numbers greater than nTruncate into the WAL file.
@@ -41438,11 +43327,18 @@
     ** list here. */
     PgHdr *p;
     PgHdr **ppNext = &pList;
-    for(p=pList; (*ppNext = p); p=p->pDirty){
-      if( p->pgno<=nTruncate ) ppNext = &p->pDirty;
+    nList = 0;
+    for(p=pList; (*ppNext = p)!=0; p=p->pDirty){
+      if( p->pgno<=nTruncate ){
+        ppNext = &p->pDirty;
+        nList++;
+      }
     }
     assert( pList );
+  }else{
+    nList = 1;
   }
+  pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_WRITE] += nList;
 
   if( pList->pgno==1 ) pager_write_changecounter(pList);
   rc = sqlite3WalFrames(pPager->pWal, 
@@ -41490,6 +43386,7 @@
   rc = sqlite3WalBeginReadTransaction(pPager->pWal, &changed);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || changed ){
     pager_reset(pPager);
+    if( USEFETCH(pPager) ) sqlite3OsUnfetch(pPager->fd, 0, 0);
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -41580,6 +43477,7 @@
     if( rc ) return rc;
     if( nPage==0 ){
       rc = sqlite3OsDelete(pPager->pVfs, pPager->zWal, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
       isWal = 0;
     }else{
       rc = sqlite3OsAccess(
@@ -41751,6 +43649,29 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Invoke SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE based on the current value of szMmap.
+*/
+static void pagerFixMaplimit(Pager *pPager){
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+  sqlite3_file *fd = pPager->fd;
+  if( isOpen(fd) && fd->pMethods->iVersion>=3 ){
+    sqlite3_int64 sz;
+    sz = pPager->szMmap;
+    pPager->bUseFetch = (sz>0);
+    sqlite3OsFileControlHint(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE, &sz);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Change the maximum size of any memory mapping made of the database file.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetMmapLimit(Pager *pPager, sqlite3_int64 szMmap){
+  pPager->szMmap = szMmap;
+  pagerFixMaplimit(pPager);
+}
+
+/*
 ** Free as much memory as possible from the pager.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerShrink(Pager *pPager){
@@ -41758,9 +43679,12 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Adjust the robustness of the database to damage due to OS crashes
-** or power failures by changing the number of syncs()s when writing
-** the rollback journal.  There are three levels:
+** Adjust settings of the pager to those specified in the pgFlags parameter.
+**
+** The "level" in pgFlags & PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_MASK sets the robustness
+** of the database to damage due to OS crashes or power failures by
+** changing the number of syncs()s when writing the journals.
+** There are three levels:
 **
 **    OFF       sqlite3OsSync() is never called.  This is the default
 **              for temporary and transient files.
@@ -41801,22 +43725,21 @@
 ** and FULL=3.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerSetFlags(
   Pager *pPager,        /* The pager to set safety level for */
-  int level,            /* PRAGMA synchronous.  1=OFF, 2=NORMAL, 3=FULL */  
-  int bFullFsync,       /* PRAGMA fullfsync */
-  int bCkptFullFsync    /* PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfsync */
+  unsigned pgFlags      /* Various flags */
 ){
+  unsigned level = pgFlags & PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_MASK;
   assert( level>=1 && level<=3 );
   pPager->noSync =  (level==1 || pPager->tempFile) ?1:0;
   pPager->fullSync = (level==3 && !pPager->tempFile) ?1:0;
   if( pPager->noSync ){
     pPager->syncFlags = 0;
     pPager->ckptSyncFlags = 0;
-  }else if( bFullFsync ){
+  }else if( pgFlags & PAGER_FULLFSYNC ){
     pPager->syncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
     pPager->ckptSyncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
-  }else if( bCkptFullFsync ){
+  }else if( pgFlags & PAGER_CKPT_FULLFSYNC ){
     pPager->syncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL;
     pPager->ckptSyncFlags = SQLITE_SYNC_FULL;
   }else{
@@ -41827,6 +43750,11 @@
   if( pPager->fullSync ){
     pPager->walSyncFlags |= WAL_SYNC_TRANSACTIONS;
   }
+  if( pgFlags & PAGER_CACHESPILL ){
+    pPager->doNotSpill &= ~SPILLFLAG_OFF;
+  }else{
+    pPager->doNotSpill |= SPILLFLAG_OFF;
+  }
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -41897,9 +43825,16 @@
   Pager *pPager,                       /* Pager object */
   int (*xBusyHandler)(void *),         /* Pointer to busy-handler function */
   void *pBusyHandlerArg                /* Argument to pass to xBusyHandler */
-){  
+){
   pPager->xBusyHandler = xBusyHandler;
   pPager->pBusyHandlerArg = pBusyHandlerArg;
+
+  if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+    void **ap = (void **)&pPager->xBusyHandler;
+    assert( ((int(*)(void *))(ap[0]))==xBusyHandler );
+    assert( ap[1]==pBusyHandlerArg );
+    sqlite3OsFileControlHint(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER, (void *)ap);
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -41978,6 +43913,7 @@
     assert( nReserve>=0 && nReserve<1000 );
     pPager->nReserve = (i16)nReserve;
     pagerReportSize(pPager);
+    pagerFixMaplimit(pPager);
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -42131,7 +44067,7 @@
 ** dirty page were to be discarded from the cache via the pagerStress()
 ** routine, pagerStress() would not write the current page content to
 ** the database file. If a savepoint transaction were rolled back after
-** this happened, the correct behaviour would be to restore the current
+** this happened, the correct behavior would be to restore the current
 ** content of the page. However, since this content is not present in either
 ** the database file or the portion of the rollback journal and 
 ** sub-journal rolled back the content could not be restored and the
@@ -42155,12 +44091,26 @@
 ** function does not actually modify the database file on disk. It 
 ** just sets the internal state of the pager object so that the 
 ** truncation will be done when the current transaction is committed.
+**
+** This function is only called right before committing a transaction.
+** Once this function has been called, the transaction must either be
+** rolled back or committed. It is not safe to call this function and
+** then continue writing to the database.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(Pager *pPager, Pgno nPage){
   assert( pPager->dbSize>=nPage );
   assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_CACHEMOD );
   pPager->dbSize = nPage;
-  assertTruncateConstraint(pPager);
+
+  /* At one point the code here called assertTruncateConstraint() to
+  ** ensure that all pages being truncated away by this operation are,
+  ** if one or more savepoints are open, present in the savepoint 
+  ** journal so that they can be restored if the savepoint is rolled
+  ** back. This is no longer necessary as this function is now only
+  ** called right before committing a transaction. So although the 
+  ** Pager object may still have open savepoints (Pager.nSavepoint!=0), 
+  ** they cannot be rolled back. So the assertTruncateConstraint() call
+  ** is no longer correct. */
 }
 
 
@@ -42190,6 +44140,81 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Obtain a reference to a memory mapped page object for page number pgno. 
+** The new object will use the pointer pData, obtained from xFetch().
+** If successful, set *ppPage to point to the new page reference
+** and return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, return an SQLite error code and set
+** *ppPage to zero.
+**
+** Page references obtained by calling this function should be released
+** by calling pagerReleaseMapPage().
+*/
+static int pagerAcquireMapPage(
+  Pager *pPager,                  /* Pager object */
+  Pgno pgno,                      /* Page number */
+  void *pData,                    /* xFetch()'d data for this page */
+  PgHdr **ppPage                  /* OUT: Acquired page object */
+){
+  PgHdr *p;                       /* Memory mapped page to return */
+
+  if( pPager->pMmapFreelist ){
+    *ppPage = p = pPager->pMmapFreelist;
+    pPager->pMmapFreelist = p->pDirty;
+    p->pDirty = 0;
+    memset(p->pExtra, 0, pPager->nExtra);
+  }else{
+    *ppPage = p = (PgHdr *)sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(PgHdr) + pPager->nExtra);
+    if( p==0 ){
+      sqlite3OsUnfetch(pPager->fd, (i64)(pgno-1) * pPager->pageSize, pData);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    p->pExtra = (void *)&p[1];
+    p->flags = PGHDR_MMAP;
+    p->nRef = 1;
+    p->pPager = pPager;
+  }
+
+  assert( p->pExtra==(void *)&p[1] );
+  assert( p->pPage==0 );
+  assert( p->flags==PGHDR_MMAP );
+  assert( p->pPager==pPager );
+  assert( p->nRef==1 );
+
+  p->pgno = pgno;
+  p->pData = pData;
+  pPager->nMmapOut++;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Release a reference to page pPg. pPg must have been returned by an 
+** earlier call to pagerAcquireMapPage().
+*/
+static void pagerReleaseMapPage(PgHdr *pPg){
+  Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+  pPager->nMmapOut--;
+  pPg->pDirty = pPager->pMmapFreelist;
+  pPager->pMmapFreelist = pPg;
+
+  assert( pPager->fd->pMethods->iVersion>=3 );
+  sqlite3OsUnfetch(pPager->fd, (i64)(pPg->pgno-1)*pPager->pageSize, pPg->pData);
+}
+
+/*
+** Free all PgHdr objects stored in the Pager.pMmapFreelist list.
+*/
+static void pagerFreeMapHdrs(Pager *pPager){
+  PgHdr *p;
+  PgHdr *pNext;
+  for(p=pPager->pMmapFreelist; p; p=pNext){
+    pNext = p->pDirty;
+    sqlite3_free(p);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** Shutdown the page cache.  Free all memory and close all files.
 **
 ** If a transaction was in progress when this routine is called, that
@@ -42209,6 +44234,7 @@
   assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
   disable_simulated_io_errors();
   sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+  pagerFreeMapHdrs(pPager);
   /* pPager->errCode = 0; */
   pPager->exclusiveMode = 0;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
@@ -42278,7 +44304,7 @@
 **
 ** If the Pager.noSync flag is set, then this function is a no-op.
 ** Otherwise, the actions required depend on the journal-mode and the 
-** device characteristics of the the file-system, as follows:
+** device characteristics of the file-system, as follows:
 **
 **   * If the journal file is an in-memory journal file, no action need
 **     be taken.
@@ -42470,7 +44496,10 @@
   ** file size will be.
   */
   assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || isOpen(pPager->fd) );
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pPager->dbSize>pPager->dbHintSize ){
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK 
+   && pPager->dbHintSize<pPager->dbSize
+   && (pList->pDirty || pList->pgno>pPager->dbHintSize)
+  ){
     sqlite3_int64 szFile = pPager->pageSize * (sqlite3_int64)pPager->dbSize;
     sqlite3OsFileControlHint(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_SIZE_HINT, &szFile);
     pPager->dbHintSize = pPager->dbSize;
@@ -42510,6 +44539,7 @@
       if( pgno>pPager->dbFileSize ){
         pPager->dbFileSize = pgno;
       }
+      pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_WRITE]++;
 
       /* Update any backup objects copying the contents of this pager. */
       sqlite3BackupUpdate(pPager->pBackup, pgno, (u8*)pList->pData);
@@ -42518,7 +44548,6 @@
                    PAGERID(pPager), pgno, pager_pagehash(pList)));
       IOTRACE(("PGOUT %p %d\n", pPager, pgno));
       PAGER_INCR(sqlite3_pager_writedb_count);
-      PAGER_INCR(pPager->nWrite);
     }else{
       PAGERTRACE(("NOSTORE %d page %d\n", PAGERID(pPager), pgno));
     }
@@ -42572,7 +44601,7 @@
     assert( isOpen(pPager->jfd) || pagerUseWal(pPager) );
     assert( isOpen(pPager->sjfd) || pPager->nSubRec==0 );
     assert( pagerUseWal(pPager) 
-         || pageInJournal(pPg) 
+         || pageInJournal(pPager, pPg) 
          || pPg->pgno>pPager->dbOrigSize 
     );
     rc = openSubJournal(pPager);
@@ -42626,13 +44655,14 @@
   assert( pPg->pPager==pPager );
   assert( pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY );
 
-  /* The doNotSyncSpill flag is set during times when doing a sync of
+  /* The doNotSpill NOSYNC bit is set during times when doing a sync of
   ** journal (and adding a new header) is not allowed.  This occurs
   ** during calls to sqlite3PagerWrite() while trying to journal multiple
   ** pages belonging to the same sector.
   **
-  ** The doNotSpill flag inhibits all cache spilling regardless of whether
-  ** or not a sync is required.  This is set during a rollback.
+  ** The doNotSpill ROLLBACK and OFF bits inhibits all cache spilling
+  ** regardless of whether or not a sync is required.  This is set during
+  ** a rollback or by user request, respectively.
   **
   ** Spilling is also prohibited when in an error state since that could
   ** lead to database corruption.   In the current implementaton it 
@@ -42642,8 +44672,13 @@
   ** test for the error state as a safeguard against future changes.
   */
   if( NEVER(pPager->errCode) ) return SQLITE_OK;
-  if( pPager->doNotSpill ) return SQLITE_OK;
-  if( pPager->doNotSyncSpill && (pPg->flags & PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)!=0 ){
+  testcase( pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK );
+  testcase( pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_OFF );
+  testcase( pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC );
+  if( pPager->doNotSpill
+   && ((pPager->doNotSpill & (SPILLFLAG_ROLLBACK|SPILLFLAG_OFF))!=0
+      || (pPg->flags & PGHDR_NEED_SYNC)!=0)
+  ){
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
@@ -42789,7 +44824,12 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MEMORYDB
   if( flags & PAGER_MEMORY ){
     memDb = 1;
-    zFilename = 0;
+    if( zFilename && zFilename[0] ){
+      zPathname = sqlite3DbStrDup(0, zFilename);
+      if( zPathname==0  ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      nPathname = sqlite3Strlen30(zPathname);
+      zFilename = 0;
+    }
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -42800,7 +44840,7 @@
   if( zFilename && zFilename[0] ){
     const char *z;
     nPathname = pVfs->mxPathname+1;
-    zPathname = sqlite3Malloc(nPathname*2);
+    zPathname = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, nPathname*2);
     if( zPathname==0 ){
       return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
@@ -42824,7 +44864,7 @@
       rc = SQLITE_CANTOPEN_BKPT;
     }
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      sqlite3_free(zPathname);
+      sqlite3DbFree(0, zPathname);
       return rc;
     }
   }
@@ -42854,7 +44894,7 @@
   );
   assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(journalFileSize)) );
   if( !pPtr ){
-    sqlite3_free(zPathname);
+    sqlite3DbFree(0, zPathname);
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
   pPager =              (Pager*)(pPtr);
@@ -42870,9 +44910,9 @@
     assert( nPathname>0 );
     pPager->zJournal =   (char*)(pPtr += nPathname + 1 + nUri);
     memcpy(pPager->zFilename, zPathname, nPathname);
-    memcpy(&pPager->zFilename[nPathname+1], zUri, nUri);
+    if( nUri ) memcpy(&pPager->zFilename[nPathname+1], zUri, nUri);
     memcpy(pPager->zJournal, zPathname, nPathname);
-    memcpy(&pPager->zJournal[nPathname], "-journal\000", 8+1);
+    memcpy(&pPager->zJournal[nPathname], "-journal\000", 8+2);
     sqlite3FileSuffix3(pPager->zFilename, pPager->zJournal);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
     pPager->zWal = &pPager->zJournal[nPathname+8+1];
@@ -42880,7 +44920,7 @@
     memcpy(&pPager->zWal[nPathname], "-wal\000", 4+1);
     sqlite3FileSuffix3(pPager->zFilename, pPager->zWal);
 #endif
-    sqlite3_free(zPathname);
+    sqlite3DbFree(0, zPathname);
   }
   pPager->pVfs = pVfs;
   pPager->vfsFlags = vfsFlags;
@@ -42901,30 +44941,38 @@
     **    + The value returned by sqlite3OsSectorSize()
     **    + The largest page size that can be written atomically.
     */
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !readOnly ){
-      setSectorSize(pPager);
-      assert(SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE<=SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE);
-      if( szPageDflt<pPager->sectorSize ){
-        if( pPager->sectorSize>SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE ){
-          szPageDflt = SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE;
-        }else{
-          szPageDflt = (u32)pPager->sectorSize;
-        }
-      }
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
-      {
-        int iDc = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->fd);
-        int ii;
-        assert(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512==(512>>8));
-        assert(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC64K==(65536>>8));
-        assert(SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE<=65536);
-        for(ii=szPageDflt; ii<=SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE; ii=ii*2){
-          if( iDc&(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC|(ii>>8)) ){
-            szPageDflt = ii;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int iDc = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pPager->fd);
+      if( !readOnly ){
+        setSectorSize(pPager);
+        assert(SQLITE_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE<=SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE);
+        if( szPageDflt<pPager->sectorSize ){
+          if( pPager->sectorSize>SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE ){
+            szPageDflt = SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE;
+          }else{
+            szPageDflt = (u32)pPager->sectorSize;
           }
         }
-      }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
+        {
+          int ii;
+          assert(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512==(512>>8));
+          assert(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC64K==(65536>>8));
+          assert(SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE<=65536);
+          for(ii=szPageDflt; ii<=SQLITE_MAX_DEFAULT_PAGE_SIZE; ii=ii*2){
+            if( iDc&(SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC|(ii>>8)) ){
+              szPageDflt = ii;
+            }
+          }
+        }
 #endif
+      }
+      pPager->noLock = sqlite3_uri_boolean(zFilename, "nolock", 0);
+      if( (iDc & SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE)!=0
+       || sqlite3_uri_boolean(zFilename, "immutable", 0) ){
+          vfsFlags |= SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY;
+          goto act_like_temp_file;
+      }
     }
   }else{
     /* If a temporary file is requested, it is not opened immediately.
@@ -42934,10 +44982,14 @@
     ** This branch is also run for an in-memory database. An in-memory
     ** database is the same as a temp-file that is never written out to
     ** disk and uses an in-memory rollback journal.
+    **
+    ** This branch also runs for files marked as immutable.
     */ 
+act_like_temp_file:
     tempFile = 1;
-    pPager->eState = PAGER_READER;
-    pPager->eLock = EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;
+    pPager->eState = PAGER_READER;     /* Pretend we already have a lock */
+    pPager->eLock = EXCLUSIVE_LOCK;    /* Pretend we are in EXCLUSIVE locking mode */
+    pPager->noLock = 1;                /* Do no locking */
     readOnly = (vfsFlags&SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY);
   }
 
@@ -42978,9 +45030,6 @@
   /* pPager->nPage = 0; */
   pPager->mxPgno = SQLITE_MAX_PAGE_COUNT;
   /* pPager->state = PAGER_UNLOCK; */
-#if 0
-  assert( pPager->state == (tempFile ? PAGER_EXCLUSIVE : PAGER_UNLOCK) );
-#endif
   /* pPager->errMask = 0; */
   pPager->tempFile = (u8)tempFile;
   assert( tempFile==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL 
@@ -43019,12 +45068,37 @@
   /* pPager->pBusyHandlerArg = 0; */
   pPager->xReiniter = xReinit;
   /* memset(pPager->aHash, 0, sizeof(pPager->aHash)); */
+  /* pPager->szMmap = SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE // will be set by btree.c */
 
   *ppPager = pPager;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 
+/* Verify that the database file has not be deleted or renamed out from
+** under the pager.  Return SQLITE_OK if the database is still were it ought
+** to be on disk.  Return non-zero (SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED or some other error
+** code from sqlite3OsAccess()) if the database has gone missing.
+*/
+static int databaseIsUnmoved(Pager *pPager){
+  int bHasMoved = 0;
+  int rc;
+
+  if( pPager->tempFile ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  if( pPager->dbSize==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( pPager->zFilename && pPager->zFilename[0] );
+  rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED, &bHasMoved);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ){
+    /* If the HAS_MOVED file-control is unimplemented, assume that the file
+    ** has not been moved.  That is the historical behavior of SQLite: prior to
+    ** version 3.8.3, it never checked */
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bHasMoved ){
+    rc = SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
 
 /*
 ** This function is called after transitioning from PAGER_UNLOCK to
@@ -43090,15 +45164,17 @@
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !locked ){
       Pgno nPage;                 /* Number of pages in database file */
 
-      /* Check the size of the database file. If it consists of 0 pages,
-      ** then delete the journal file. See the header comment above for 
-      ** the reasoning here.  Delete the obsolete journal file under
-      ** a RESERVED lock to avoid race conditions and to avoid violating
-      ** [H33020].
-      */
       rc = pagerPagecount(pPager, &nPage);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        if( nPage==0 ){
+        /* If the database is zero pages in size, that means that either (1) the
+        ** journal is a remnant from a prior database with the same name where
+        ** the database file but not the journal was deleted, or (2) the initial
+        ** transaction that populates a new database is being rolled back.
+        ** In either case, the journal file can be deleted.  However, take care
+        ** not to delete the journal file if it is already open due to
+        ** journal_mode=PERSIST.
+        */
+        if( nPage==0 && !jrnlOpen ){
           sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
           if( pagerLockDb(pPager, RESERVED_LOCK)==SQLITE_OK ){
             sqlite3OsDelete(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, 0);
@@ -43208,6 +45284,11 @@
       goto failed;
     }
     if( bHotJournal ){
+      if( pPager->readOnly ){
+        rc = SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK;
+        goto failed;
+      }
+
       /* Get an EXCLUSIVE lock on the database file. At this point it is
       ** important that a RESERVED lock is not obtained on the way to the
       ** EXCLUSIVE lock. If it were, another process might open the
@@ -43305,9 +45386,11 @@
       );
     }
 
-    if( !pPager->tempFile 
-     && (pPager->pBackup || sqlite3PcachePagecount(pPager->pPCache)>0) 
-    ){
+    if( !pPager->tempFile && (
+        pPager->pBackup 
+     || sqlite3PcachePagecount(pPager->pPCache)>0 
+     || USEFETCH(pPager)
+    )){
       /* The shared-lock has just been acquired on the database file
       ** and there are already pages in the cache (from a previous
       ** read or write transaction).  Check to see if the database
@@ -43333,7 +45416,7 @@
       if( nPage>0 ){
         IOTRACE(("CKVERS %p %d\n", pPager, sizeof(dbFileVers)));
         rc = sqlite3OsRead(pPager->fd, &dbFileVers, sizeof(dbFileVers), 24);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ ){
           goto failed;
         }
       }else{
@@ -43342,6 +45425,16 @@
 
       if( memcmp(pPager->dbFileVers, dbFileVers, sizeof(dbFileVers))!=0 ){
         pager_reset(pPager);
+
+        /* Unmap the database file. It is possible that external processes
+        ** may have truncated the database file and then extended it back
+        ** to its original size while this process was not holding a lock.
+        ** In this case there may exist a Pager.pMap mapping that appears
+        ** to be the right size but is not actually valid. Avoid this
+        ** possibility by unmapping the db here. */
+        if( USEFETCH(pPager) ){
+          sqlite3OsUnfetch(pPager->fd, 0, 0);
+        }
       }
     }
 
@@ -43383,7 +45476,7 @@
 ** nothing to rollback, so this routine is a no-op.
 */ 
 static void pagerUnlockIfUnused(Pager *pPager){
-  if( (sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache)==0) ){
+  if( pPager->nMmapOut==0 && (sqlite3PcacheRefCount(pPager->pPCache)==0) ){
     pagerUnlockAndRollback(pPager);
   }
 }
@@ -43411,7 +45504,7 @@
 ** page is initialized to all zeros. 
 **
 ** If noContent is true, it means that we do not care about the contents
-** of the page. This occurs in two seperate scenarios:
+** of the page. This occurs in two scenarios:
 **
 **   a) When reading a free-list leaf page from the database, and
 **
@@ -43442,13 +45535,27 @@
   Pager *pPager,      /* The pager open on the database file */
   Pgno pgno,          /* Page number to fetch */
   DbPage **ppPage,    /* Write a pointer to the page here */
-  int noContent       /* Do not bother reading content from disk if true */
+  int flags           /* PAGER_GET_XXX flags */
 ){
-  int rc;
-  PgHdr *pPg;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  PgHdr *pPg = 0;
+  u32 iFrame = 0;                 /* Frame to read from WAL file */
+  const int noContent = (flags & PAGER_GET_NOCONTENT);
+
+  /* It is acceptable to use a read-only (mmap) page for any page except
+  ** page 1 if there is no write-transaction open or the ACQUIRE_READONLY
+  ** flag was specified by the caller. And so long as the db is not a 
+  ** temporary or in-memory database.  */
+  const int bMmapOk = (pgno!=1 && USEFETCH(pPager)
+   && (pPager->eState==PAGER_READER || (flags & PAGER_GET_READONLY))
+#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
+   && pPager->xCodec==0
+#endif
+  );
 
   assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_READER );
   assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
+  assert( noContent==0 || bMmapOk==0 );
 
   if( pgno==0 ){
     return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
@@ -43459,6 +45566,39 @@
   if( pPager->errCode!=SQLITE_OK ){
     rc = pPager->errCode;
   }else{
+
+    if( bMmapOk && pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+      rc = sqlite3WalFindFrame(pPager->pWal, pgno, &iFrame);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto pager_acquire_err;
+    }
+
+    if( bMmapOk && iFrame==0 ){
+      void *pData = 0;
+
+      rc = sqlite3OsFetch(pPager->fd, 
+          (i64)(pgno-1) * pPager->pageSize, pPager->pageSize, &pData
+      );
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pData ){
+        if( pPager->eState>PAGER_READER ){
+          (void)sqlite3PcacheFetch(pPager->pPCache, pgno, 0, &pPg);
+        }
+        if( pPg==0 ){
+          rc = pagerAcquireMapPage(pPager, pgno, pData, &pPg);
+        }else{
+          sqlite3OsUnfetch(pPager->fd, (i64)(pgno-1)*pPager->pageSize, pData);
+        }
+        if( pPg ){
+          assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+          *ppPage = pPg;
+          return SQLITE_OK;
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto pager_acquire_err;
+      }
+    }
+
     rc = sqlite3PcacheFetch(pPager->pPCache, pgno, 1, ppPage);
   }
 
@@ -43476,7 +45616,7 @@
     /* In this case the pcache already contains an initialized copy of
     ** the page. Return without further ado.  */
     assert( pgno<=PAGER_MAX_PGNO && pgno!=PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) );
-    pPager->nHit++;
+    pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_HIT]++;
     return SQLITE_OK;
 
   }else{
@@ -43517,9 +45657,13 @@
       memset(pPg->pData, 0, pPager->pageSize);
       IOTRACE(("ZERO %p %d\n", pPager, pgno));
     }else{
+      if( pagerUseWal(pPager) && bMmapOk==0 ){
+        rc = sqlite3WalFindFrame(pPager->pWal, pgno, &iFrame);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto pager_acquire_err;
+      }
       assert( pPg->pPager==pPager );
-      pPager->nMiss++;
-      rc = readDbPage(pPg);
+      pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_MISS]++;
+      rc = readDbPage(pPg, iFrame);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         goto pager_acquire_err;
       }
@@ -43569,12 +45713,19 @@
 ** are released, a rollback occurs and the lock on the database is
 ** removed.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnref(DbPage *pPg){
-  if( pPg ){
-    Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(DbPage *pPg){
+  Pager *pPager;
+  assert( pPg!=0 );
+  pPager = pPg->pPager;
+  if( pPg->flags & PGHDR_MMAP ){
+    pagerReleaseMapPage(pPg);
+  }else{
     sqlite3PcacheRelease(pPg);
-    pagerUnlockIfUnused(pPager);
   }
+  pagerUnlockIfUnused(pPager);
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerUnref(DbPage *pPg){
+  if( pPg ) sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPg);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -43629,13 +45780,19 @@
             (SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE|SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_JOURNAL):
             (SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_JOURNAL)
           );
-  #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
-        rc = sqlite3JournalOpen(
-            pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, flags, jrnlBufferSize(pPager)
-        );
-  #else
-        rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, flags, 0);
-  #endif
+
+        /* Verify that the database still has the same name as it did when
+        ** it was originally opened. */
+        rc = databaseIsUnmoved(pPager);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ATOMIC_WRITE
+          rc = sqlite3JournalOpen(
+              pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, flags, jrnlBufferSize(pPager)
+          );
+#else
+          rc = sqlite3OsOpen(pVfs, pPager->zJournal, pPager->jfd, flags, 0);
+#endif
+        }
       }
       assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || isOpen(pPager->jfd) );
     }
@@ -43756,9 +45913,9 @@
 ** of any open savepoints as appropriate.
 */
 static int pager_write(PgHdr *pPg){
-  void *pData = pPg->pData;
   Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int inJournal;
 
   /* This routine is not called unless a write-transaction has already 
   ** been started. The journal file may or may not be open at this point.
@@ -43769,14 +45926,8 @@
        || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD
   );
   assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
-
-  /* If an error has been previously detected, report the same error
-  ** again. This should not happen, but the check provides robustness. */
-  if( NEVER(pPager->errCode) )  return pPager->errCode;
-
-  /* Higher-level routines never call this function if database is not
-  ** writable.  But check anyway, just for robustness. */
-  if( NEVER(pPager->readOnly) ) return SQLITE_PERM;
+  assert( pPager->errCode==0 );
+  assert( pPager->readOnly==0 );
 
   CHECK_PAGE(pPg);
 
@@ -43800,7 +45951,8 @@
   ** to the journal then we can return right away.
   */
   sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPg);
-  if( pageInJournal(pPg) && !subjRequiresPage(pPg) ){
+  inJournal = pageInJournal(pPager, pPg);
+  if( inJournal && (pPager->nSavepoint==0 || !subjRequiresPage(pPg)) ){
     assert( !pagerUseWal(pPager) );
   }else{
   
@@ -43808,7 +45960,7 @@
     ** EXCLUSIVE lock on the main database file.  Write the current page to
     ** the transaction journal if it is not there already.
     */
-    if( !pageInJournal(pPg) && !pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
+    if( !inJournal && !pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
       assert( pagerUseWal(pPager)==0 );
       if( pPg->pgno<=pPager->dbOrigSize && isOpen(pPager->jfd) ){
         u32 cksum;
@@ -43821,7 +45973,7 @@
         assert( pPg->pgno!=PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager) );
 
         assert( pPager->journalHdr<=pPager->journalOff );
-        CODEC2(pPager, pData, pPg->pgno, 7, return SQLITE_NOMEM, pData2);
+        CODEC2(pPager, pPg->pData, pPg->pgno, 7, return SQLITE_NOMEM, pData2);
         cksum = pager_cksum(pPager, (u8*)pData2);
 
         /* Even if an IO or diskfull error occurs while journalling the
@@ -43873,7 +46025,7 @@
     ** the statement journal format differs from the standard journal format
     ** in that it omits the checksums and the header.
     */
-    if( subjRequiresPage(pPg) ){
+    if( pPager->nSavepoint>0 && subjRequiresPage(pPg) ){
       rc = subjournalPage(pPg);
     }
   }
@@ -43905,26 +46057,27 @@
 
   PgHdr *pPg = pDbPage;
   Pager *pPager = pPg->pPager;
-  Pgno nPagePerSector = (pPager->sectorSize/pPager->pageSize);
 
+  assert( (pPg->flags & PGHDR_MMAP)==0 );
   assert( pPager->eState>=PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED );
   assert( pPager->eState!=PAGER_ERROR );
   assert( assert_pager_state(pPager) );
 
-  if( nPagePerSector>1 ){
+  if( pPager->sectorSize > (u32)pPager->pageSize ){
     Pgno nPageCount;          /* Total number of pages in database file */
     Pgno pg1;                 /* First page of the sector pPg is located on. */
     int nPage = 0;            /* Number of pages starting at pg1 to journal */
     int ii;                   /* Loop counter */
     int needSync = 0;         /* True if any page has PGHDR_NEED_SYNC */
+    Pgno nPagePerSector = (pPager->sectorSize/pPager->pageSize);
 
-    /* Set the doNotSyncSpill flag to 1. This is because we cannot allow
+    /* Set the doNotSpill NOSYNC bit to 1. This is because we cannot allow
     ** a journal header to be written between the pages journaled by
     ** this function.
     */
     assert( !MEMDB );
-    assert( pPager->doNotSyncSpill==0 );
-    pPager->doNotSyncSpill++;
+    assert( (pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC)==0 );
+    pPager->doNotSpill |= SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC;
 
     /* This trick assumes that both the page-size and sector-size are
     ** an integer power of 2. It sets variable pg1 to the identifier
@@ -43955,14 +46108,14 @@
             if( pPage->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC ){
               needSync = 1;
             }
-            sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
+            sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPage);
           }
         }
       }else if( (pPage = pager_lookup(pPager, pg))!=0 ){
         if( pPage->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC ){
           needSync = 1;
         }
-        sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
+        sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPage);
       }
     }
 
@@ -43978,13 +46131,13 @@
         PgHdr *pPage = pager_lookup(pPager, pg1+ii);
         if( pPage ){
           pPage->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
-          sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
+          sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPage);
         }
       }
     }
 
-    assert( pPager->doNotSyncSpill==1 );
-    pPager->doNotSyncSpill--;
+    assert( (pPager->doNotSpill & SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC)!=0 );
+    pPager->doNotSpill &= ~SPILLFLAG_NOSYNC;
   }else{
     rc = pager_write(pDbPage);
   }
@@ -44074,7 +46227,7 @@
 # define DIRECT_MODE isDirectMode
 #endif
 
-  if( !pPager->changeCountDone && pPager->dbSize>0 ){
+  if( !pPager->changeCountDone && ALWAYS(pPager->dbSize>0) ){
     PgHdr *pPgHdr;                /* Reference to page 1 */
 
     assert( !pPager->tempFile && isOpen(pPager->fd) );
@@ -44103,8 +46256,14 @@
         CODEC2(pPager, pPgHdr->pData, 1, 6, rc=SQLITE_NOMEM, zBuf);
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
           rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pPager->fd, zBuf, pPager->pageSize, 0);
+          pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_WRITE]++;
         }
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          /* Update the pager's copy of the change-counter. Otherwise, the
+          ** next time a read transaction is opened the cache will be
+          ** flushed (as the change-counter values will not match).  */
+          const void *pCopy = (const void *)&((const char *)zBuf)[24];
+          memcpy(&pPager->dbFileVers, pCopy, sizeof(pPager->dbFileVers));
           pPager->changeCountDone = 1;
         }
       }else{
@@ -44125,17 +46284,17 @@
 ** If successful, or if called on a pager for which it is a no-op, this
 ** function returns SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, an IO error code is returned.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSync(Pager *pPager){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerSync(Pager *pPager, const char *zMaster){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  if( !pPager->noSync ){
+
+  if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
+    void *pArg = (void*)zMaster;
+    rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC, pArg);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pPager->noSync ){
     assert( !MEMDB );
     rc = sqlite3OsSync(pPager->fd, pPager->syncFlags);
-  }else if( isOpen(pPager->fd) ){
-    assert( !MEMDB );
-    rc = sqlite3OsFileControl(pPager->fd, SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED, 0);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ){
-      rc = SQLITE_OK;
-    }
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -44291,38 +46450,6 @@
   #endif
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
   
-      /* If this transaction has made the database smaller, then all pages
-      ** being discarded by the truncation must be written to the journal
-      ** file. This can only happen in auto-vacuum mode.
-      **
-      ** Before reading the pages with page numbers larger than the 
-      ** current value of Pager.dbSize, set dbSize back to the value
-      ** that it took at the start of the transaction. Otherwise, the
-      ** calls to sqlite3PagerGet() return zeroed pages instead of 
-      ** reading data from the database file.
-      */
-  #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-      if( pPager->dbSize<pPager->dbOrigSize 
-       && pPager->journalMode!=PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF
-      ){
-        Pgno i;                                   /* Iterator variable */
-        const Pgno iSkip = PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager); /* Pending lock page */
-        const Pgno dbSize = pPager->dbSize;       /* Database image size */ 
-        pPager->dbSize = pPager->dbOrigSize;
-        for( i=dbSize+1; i<=pPager->dbOrigSize; i++ ){
-          if( !sqlite3BitvecTest(pPager->pInJournal, i) && i!=iSkip ){
-            PgHdr *pPage;             /* Page to journal */
-            rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pPager, i, &pPage);
-            if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
-            rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage);
-            sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage);
-            if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto commit_phase_one_exit;
-          }
-        }
-        pPager->dbSize = dbSize;
-      } 
-  #endif
-  
       /* Write the master journal name into the journal file. If a master 
       ** journal file name has already been written to the journal file, 
       ** or if zMaster is NULL (no master journal), then this call is a no-op.
@@ -44350,11 +46477,14 @@
         goto commit_phase_one_exit;
       }
       sqlite3PcacheCleanAll(pPager->pPCache);
-  
-      /* If the file on disk is not the same size as the database image,
-      ** then use pager_truncate to grow or shrink the file here.
-      */
-      if( pPager->dbSize!=pPager->dbFileSize ){
+
+      /* If the file on disk is smaller than the database image, use 
+      ** pager_truncate to grow the file here. This can happen if the database
+      ** image was extended as part of the current transaction and then the
+      ** last page in the db image moved to the free-list. In this case the
+      ** last page is never written out to disk, leaving the database file
+      ** undersized. Fix this now if it is the case.  */
+      if( pPager->dbSize>pPager->dbFileSize ){
         Pgno nNew = pPager->dbSize - (pPager->dbSize==PAGER_MJ_PGNO(pPager));
         assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_DBMOD );
         rc = pager_truncate(pPager, nNew);
@@ -44363,7 +46493,7 @@
   
       /* Finally, sync the database file. */
       if( !noSync ){
-        rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pPager);
+        rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pPager, zMaster);
       }
       IOTRACE(("DBSYNC %p\n", pPager))
     }
@@ -44427,7 +46557,7 @@
   }
 
   PAGERTRACE(("COMMIT %d\n", PAGERID(pPager)));
-  rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, pPager->setMaster);
+  rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, pPager->setMaster, 1);
   return pager_error(pPager, rc);
 }
 
@@ -44472,11 +46602,11 @@
   if( pagerUseWal(pPager) ){
     int rc2;
     rc = sqlite3PagerSavepoint(pPager, SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, -1);
-    rc2 = pager_end_transaction(pPager, pPager->setMaster);
+    rc2 = pager_end_transaction(pPager, pPager->setMaster, 0);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
   }else if( !isOpen(pPager->jfd) || pPager->eState==PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED ){
     int eState = pPager->eState;
-    rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, 0);
+    rc = pager_end_transaction(pPager, 0, 0);
     if( !MEMDB && eState>PAGER_WRITER_LOCKED ){
       /* This can happen using journal_mode=off. Move the pager to the error 
       ** state to indicate that the contents of the cache may not be trusted.
@@ -44491,8 +46621,10 @@
   }
 
   assert( pPager->eState==PAGER_READER || rc!=SQLITE_OK );
-  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_FULL
-          || rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || (rc&0xFF)==SQLITE_IOERR );
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_FULL || rc==SQLITE_CORRUPT
+          || rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || (rc&0xFF)==SQLITE_IOERR 
+          || rc==SQLITE_CANTOPEN
+  );
 
   /* If an error occurs during a ROLLBACK, we can no longer trust the pager
   ** cache. So call pager_error() on the way out to make any error persistent.
@@ -44546,11 +46678,11 @@
   a[3] = pPager->eState==PAGER_OPEN ? -1 : (int) pPager->dbSize;
   a[4] = pPager->eState;
   a[5] = pPager->errCode;
-  a[6] = pPager->nHit;
-  a[7] = pPager->nMiss;
+  a[6] = pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_HIT];
+  a[7] = pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_MISS];
   a[8] = 0;  /* Used to be pPager->nOvfl */
   a[9] = pPager->nRead;
-  a[10] = pPager->nWrite;
+  a[10] = pPager->aStat[PAGER_STAT_WRITE];
   return a;
 }
 #endif
@@ -44563,20 +46695,19 @@
 ** returning.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3PagerCacheStat(Pager *pPager, int eStat, int reset, int *pnVal){
-  int *piStat;
 
   assert( eStat==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT
        || eStat==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS
+       || eStat==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE
   );
-  if( eStat==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT ){
-    piStat = &pPager->nHit;
-  }else{
-    piStat = &pPager->nMiss;
-  }
 
-  *pnVal += *piStat;
+  assert( SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT+1==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS );
+  assert( SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT+2==SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE );
+  assert( PAGER_STAT_HIT==0 && PAGER_STAT_MISS==1 && PAGER_STAT_WRITE==2 );
+
+  *pnVal += pPager->aStat[eStat - SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT];
   if( reset ){
-    *piStat = 0;
+    pPager->aStat[eStat - SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT] = 0;
   }
 }
 
@@ -44725,9 +46856,16 @@
 
 /*
 ** Return the full pathname of the database file.
+**
+** Except, if the pager is in-memory only, then return an empty string if
+** nullIfMemDb is true.  This routine is called with nullIfMemDb==1 when
+** used to report the filename to the user, for compatibility with legacy
+** behavior.  But when the Btree needs to know the filename for matching to
+** shared cache, it uses nullIfMemDb==0 so that in-memory databases can
+** participate in shared-cache.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerFilename(Pager *pPager){
-  return pPager->zFilename;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3PagerFilename(Pager *pPager, int nullIfMemDb){
+  return (nullIfMemDb && pPager->memDb) ? "" : pPager->zFilename;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -44782,7 +46920,27 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerGetCodec(Pager *pPager){
   return pPager->pCodec;
 }
-#endif
+
+/*
+** This function is called by the wal module when writing page content
+** into the log file.
+**
+** This function returns a pointer to a buffer containing the encrypted
+** page content. If a malloc fails, this function may return NULL.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerCodec(PgHdr *pPg){
+  void *aData = 0;
+  CODEC2(pPg->pPager, pPg->pData, pPg->pgno, 6, return 0, aData);
+  return aData;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the current pager state
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3PagerState(Pager *pPager){
+  return pPager->eState;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_HAS_CODEC */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
 /*
@@ -44868,7 +47026,8 @@
   */
   if( (pPg->flags&PGHDR_NEED_SYNC) && !isCommit ){
     needSyncPgno = pPg->pgno;
-    assert( pageInJournal(pPg) || pPg->pgno>pPager->dbOrigSize );
+    assert( pPager->journalMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF ||
+            pageInJournal(pPager, pPg) || pPg->pgno>pPager->dbOrigSize );
     assert( pPg->flags&PGHDR_DIRTY );
   }
 
@@ -44902,7 +47061,7 @@
   if( MEMDB ){
     assert( pPgOld );
     sqlite3PcacheMove(pPgOld, origPgno);
-    sqlite3PagerUnref(pPgOld);
+    sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPgOld);
   }
 
   if( needSyncPgno ){
@@ -44931,7 +47090,7 @@
     }
     pPgHdr->flags |= PGHDR_NEED_SYNC;
     sqlite3PcacheMakeDirty(pPgHdr);
-    sqlite3PagerUnref(pPgHdr);
+    sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPgHdr);
   }
 
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -45218,11 +47377,12 @@
   ** (e.g. due to malloc() failure), return an error code.
   */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = sqlite3WalOpen(pPager->pVfs, 
+    rc = sqlite3WalOpen(pPager->pVfs,
         pPager->fd, pPager->zWal, pPager->exclusiveMode,
         pPager->journalSizeLimit, &pPager->pWal
     );
   }
+  pagerFixMaplimit(pPager);
 
   return rc;
 }
@@ -45313,11 +47473,14 @@
       rc = sqlite3WalClose(pPager->pWal, pPager->ckptSyncFlags,
                            pPager->pageSize, (u8*)pPager->pTmpSpace);
       pPager->pWal = 0;
+      pagerFixMaplimit(pPager);
     }
   }
   return rc;
 }
 
+#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
+
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ZIPVFS
 /*
 ** A read-lock must be held on the pager when this function is called. If
@@ -45332,23 +47495,6 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
-/*
-** This function is called by the wal module when writing page content
-** into the log file.
-**
-** This function returns a pointer to a buffer containing the encrypted
-** page content. If a malloc fails, this function may return NULL.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3PagerCodec(PgHdr *pPg){
-  void *aData = 0;
-  CODEC2(pPg->pPager, pPg->pData, pPg->pgno, 6, return 0, aData);
-  return aData;
-}
-#endif /* SQLITE_HAS_CODEC */
-
-#endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
-
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_DISKIO */
 
 /************** End of pager.c ***********************************************/
@@ -45497,14 +47643,15 @@
 ** byte order of the host computer.
 **
 ** The purpose of the wal-index is to answer this question quickly:  Given
-** a page number P, return the index of the last frame for page P in the WAL,
-** or return NULL if there are no frames for page P in the WAL.
+** a page number P and a maximum frame index M, return the index of the 
+** last frame in the wal before frame M for page P in the WAL, or return
+** NULL if there are no frames for page P in the WAL prior to M.
 **
 ** The wal-index consists of a header region, followed by an one or
 ** more index blocks.  
 **
 ** The wal-index header contains the total number of frames within the WAL
-** in the the mxFrame field.  
+** in the mxFrame field.
 **
 ** Each index block except for the first contains information on 
 ** HASHTABLE_NPAGE frames. The first index block contains information on
@@ -46552,6 +48699,7 @@
     pInfo->nBackfill = 0;
     pInfo->aReadMark[0] = 0;
     for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++) pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
+    if( pWal->hdr.mxFrame ) pInfo->aReadMark[1] = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;
 
     /* If more than one frame was recovered from the log file, report an
     ** event via sqlite3_log(). This is to help with identifying performance
@@ -46559,8 +48707,9 @@
     ** checkpointing the log file.
     */
     if( pWal->hdr.nPage ){
-      sqlite3_log(SQLITE_OK, "Recovered %d frames from WAL file %s",
-          pWal->hdr.nPage, pWal->zWalName
+      sqlite3_log(SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_WAL,
+          "recovered %d frames from WAL file %s",
+          pWal->hdr.mxFrame, pWal->zWalName
       );
     }
   }
@@ -46657,7 +48806,7 @@
     sqlite3OsClose(pRet->pWalFd);
     sqlite3_free(pRet);
   }else{
-    int iDC = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pRet->pWalFd);
+    int iDC = sqlite3OsDeviceCharacteristics(pDbFd);
     if( iDC & SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL ){ pRet->syncHeader = 0; }
     if( iDC & SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE ){
       pRet->padToSectorBoundary = 0;
@@ -47052,7 +49201,7 @@
       assert( y<=pWal->hdr.mxFrame );
       rc = walBusyLock(pWal, xBusy, pBusyArg, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
+        pInfo->aReadMark[i] = (i==1 ? mxSafeFrame : READMARK_NOT_USED);
         walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(i), 1);
       }else if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
         mxSafeFrame = y;
@@ -47074,8 +49223,8 @@
       rc = sqlite3OsSync(pWal->pWalFd, sync_flags);
     }
 
-    /* If the database file may grow as a result of this checkpoint, hint
-    ** about the eventual size of the db file to the VFS layer. 
+    /* If the database may grow as a result of this checkpoint, hint
+    ** about the eventual size of the db file to the VFS layer.
     */
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       i64 nReq = ((i64)mxPage * szPage);
@@ -47085,6 +49234,7 @@
       }
     }
 
+
     /* Iterate through the contents of the WAL, copying data to the db file. */
     while( rc==SQLITE_OK && 0==walIteratorNext(pIter, &iDbpage, &iFrame) ){
       i64 iOffset;
@@ -47446,8 +49596,8 @@
   ** calls to sqlite3OsSleep() have a delay of 1 microsecond.  Really this
   ** is more of a scheduler yield than an actual delay.  But on the 10th
   ** an subsequent retries, the delays start becoming longer and longer, 
-  ** so that on the 100th (and last) RETRY we delay for 21 milliseconds.
-  ** The total delay time before giving up is less than 1 second.
+  ** so that on the 100th (and last) RETRY we delay for 323 milliseconds.
+  ** The total delay time before giving up is less than 10 seconds.
   */
   if( cnt>5 ){
     int nDelay = 1;                      /* Pause time in microseconds */
@@ -47455,7 +49605,7 @@
       VVA_ONLY( pWal->lockError = 1; )
       return SQLITE_PROTOCOL;
     }
-    if( cnt>=10 ) nDelay = (cnt-9)*238;  /* Max delay 21ms. Total delay 996ms */
+    if( cnt>=10 ) nDelay = (cnt-9)*(cnt-9)*39;
     sqlite3OsSleep(pWal->pVfs, nDelay);
   }
 
@@ -47639,19 +49789,17 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Read a page from the WAL, if it is present in the WAL and if the 
-** current read transaction is configured to use the WAL.  
+** Search the wal file for page pgno. If found, set *piRead to the frame that
+** contains the page. Otherwise, if pgno is not in the wal file, set *piRead
+** to zero.
 **
-** The *pInWal is set to 1 if the requested page is in the WAL and
-** has been loaded.  Or *pInWal is set to 0 if the page was not in 
-** the WAL and needs to be read out of the database.
+** Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an error code if an error occurs. If an
+** error does occur, the final value of *piRead is undefined.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalRead(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalFindFrame(
   Wal *pWal,                      /* WAL handle */
   Pgno pgno,                      /* Database page number to read data for */
-  int *pInWal,                    /* OUT: True if data is read from WAL */
-  int nOut,                       /* Size of buffer pOut in bytes */
-  u8 *pOut                        /* Buffer to write page data to */
+  u32 *piRead                     /* OUT: Frame number (or zero) */
 ){
   u32 iRead = 0;                  /* If !=0, WAL frame to return data from */
   u32 iLast = pWal->hdr.mxFrame;  /* Last page in WAL for this reader */
@@ -47667,7 +49815,7 @@
   ** WAL were empty.
   */
   if( iLast==0 || pWal->readLock==0 ){
-    *pInWal = 0;
+    *piRead = 0;
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
@@ -47738,26 +49886,31 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-  /* If iRead is non-zero, then it is the log frame number that contains the
-  ** required page. Read and return data from the log file.
-  */
-  if( iRead ){
-    int sz;
-    i64 iOffset;
-    sz = pWal->hdr.szPage;
-    sz = (sz&0xfe00) + ((sz&0x0001)<<16);
-    testcase( sz<=32768 );
-    testcase( sz>=65536 );
-    iOffset = walFrameOffset(iRead, sz) + WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
-    *pInWal = 1;
-    /* testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) ); // requires a 4GiB WAL */
-    return sqlite3OsRead(pWal->pWalFd, pOut, (nOut>sz ? sz : nOut), iOffset);
-  }
-
-  *pInWal = 0;
+  *piRead = iRead;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Read the contents of frame iRead from the wal file into buffer pOut
+** (which is nOut bytes in size). Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an
+** error code otherwise.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalReadFrame(
+  Wal *pWal,                      /* WAL handle */
+  u32 iRead,                      /* Frame to read */
+  int nOut,                       /* Size of buffer pOut in bytes */
+  u8 *pOut                        /* Buffer to write page data to */
+){
+  int sz;
+  i64 iOffset;
+  sz = pWal->hdr.szPage;
+  sz = (sz&0xfe00) + ((sz&0x0001)<<16);
+  testcase( sz<=32768 );
+  testcase( sz>=65536 );
+  iOffset = walFrameOffset(iRead, sz) + WAL_FRAME_HDRSIZE;
+  /* testcase( IS_BIG_INT(iOffset) ); // requires a 4GiB WAL */
+  return sqlite3OsRead(pWal->pWalFd, pOut, (nOut>sz ? sz : nOut), iOffset);
+}
 
 /* 
 ** Return the size of the database in pages (or zero, if unknown).
@@ -47810,7 +49963,7 @@
   if( memcmp(&pWal->hdr, (void *)walIndexHdr(pWal), sizeof(WalIndexHdr))!=0 ){
     walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_WRITE_LOCK, 1);
     pWal->writeLock = 0;
-    rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
+    rc = SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT;
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -47870,7 +50023,7 @@
       assert( walFramePgno(pWal, iFrame)!=1 );
       rc = xUndo(pUndoCtx, walFramePgno(pWal, iFrame));
     }
-    walCleanupHash(pWal);
+    if( iMax!=pWal->hdr.mxFrame ) walCleanupHash(pWal);
   }
   assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
   return rc;
@@ -47965,7 +50118,8 @@
         aSalt[1] = salt1;
         walIndexWriteHdr(pWal);
         pInfo->nBackfill = 0;
-        for(i=1; i<WAL_NREADER; i++) pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
+        pInfo->aReadMark[1] = 0;
+        for(i=2; i<WAL_NREADER; i++) pInfo->aReadMark[i] = READMARK_NOT_USED;
         assert( pInfo->aReadMark[0]==0 );
         walUnlockExclusive(pWal, WAL_READ_LOCK(1), WAL_NREADER-1);
       }else if( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY ){
@@ -48023,7 +50177,7 @@
     iAmt -= iFirstAmt;
     pContent = (void*)(iFirstAmt + (char*)pContent);
     assert( p->syncFlags & (SQLITE_SYNC_NORMAL|SQLITE_SYNC_FULL) );
-    rc = sqlite3OsSync(p->pFd, p->syncFlags);
+    rc = sqlite3OsSync(p->pFd, p->syncFlags & SQLITE_SYNC_MASK);
     if( iAmt==0 || rc ) return rc;
   }
   rc = sqlite3OsWrite(p->pFd, pContent, iAmt, iOffset);
@@ -48179,7 +50333,7 @@
   */
   if( isCommit && (sync_flags & WAL_SYNC_TRANSACTIONS)!=0 ){
     if( pWal->padToSectorBoundary ){
-      int sectorSize = sqlite3OsSectorSize(pWal->pWalFd);
+      int sectorSize = sqlite3SectorSize(pWal->pWalFd);
       w.iSyncPoint = ((iOffset+sectorSize-1)/sectorSize)*sectorSize;
       while( iOffset<w.iSyncPoint ){
         rc = walWriteOneFrame(&w, pLast, nTruncate, iOffset);
@@ -48303,6 +50457,9 @@
   /* Read the wal-index header. */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     rc = walIndexReadHdr(pWal, &isChanged);
+    if( isChanged && pWal->pDbFd->pMethods->iVersion>=3 ){
+      sqlite3OsUnfetch(pWal->pDbFd, 0, 0);
+    }
   }
 
   /* Copy data from the log to the database file. */
@@ -48515,13 +50672,13 @@
 **
 **   OFFSET   SIZE    DESCRIPTION
 **      0      16     Header string: "SQLite format 3\000"
-**     16       2     Page size in bytes.  
+**     16       2     Page size in bytes.  (1 means 65536)
 **     18       1     File format write version
 **     19       1     File format read version
 **     20       1     Bytes of unused space at the end of each page
-**     21       1     Max embedded payload fraction
-**     22       1     Min embedded payload fraction
-**     23       1     Min leaf payload fraction
+**     21       1     Max embedded payload fraction (must be 64)
+**     22       1     Min embedded payload fraction (must be 32)
+**     23       1     Min leaf payload fraction (must be 32)
 **     24       4     File change counter
 **     28       4     Reserved for future use
 **     32       4     First freelist page
@@ -48535,9 +50692,10 @@
 **     56       4     1=UTF-8 2=UTF16le 3=UTF16be
 **     60       4     User version
 **     64       4     Incremental vacuum mode
-**     68       4     unused
-**     72       4     unused
-**     76       4     unused
+**     68       4     Application-ID
+**     72      20     unused
+**     92       4     The version-valid-for number
+**     96       4     SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER
 **
 ** All of the integer values are big-endian (most significant byte first).
 **
@@ -48869,6 +51027,7 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
   u8 autoVacuum;        /* True if auto-vacuum is enabled */
   u8 incrVacuum;        /* True if incr-vacuum is enabled */
+  u8 bDoTruncate;       /* True to truncate db on commit */
 #endif
   u8 inTransaction;     /* Transaction state */
   u8 max1bytePayload;   /* Maximum first byte of cell for a 1-byte payload */
@@ -48952,38 +51111,46 @@
   BtShared *pBt;            /* The BtShared this cursor points to */
   BtCursor *pNext, *pPrev;  /* Forms a linked list of all cursors */
   struct KeyInfo *pKeyInfo; /* Argument passed to comparison function */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
   Pgno *aOverflow;          /* Cache of overflow page locations */
-#endif
-  Pgno pgnoRoot;            /* The root page of this tree */
-  sqlite3_int64 cachedRowid; /* Next rowid cache.  0 means not valid */
   CellInfo info;            /* A parse of the cell we are pointing at */
-  i64 nKey;        /* Size of pKey, or last integer key */
-  void *pKey;      /* Saved key that was cursor's last known position */
+  i64 nKey;                 /* Size of pKey, or last integer key */
+  void *pKey;               /* Saved key that was cursor last known position */
+  Pgno pgnoRoot;            /* The root page of this tree */
+  int nOvflAlloc;           /* Allocated size of aOverflow[] array */
   int skipNext;    /* Prev() is noop if negative. Next() is noop if positive */
-  u8 wrFlag;                /* True if writable */
-  u8 atLast;                /* Cursor pointing to the last entry */
-  u8 validNKey;             /* True if info.nKey is valid */
+  u8 curFlags;              /* zero or more BTCF_* flags defined below */
   u8 eState;                /* One of the CURSOR_XXX constants (see below) */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
-  u8 isIncrblobHandle;      /* True if this cursor is an incr. io handle */
-#endif
+  u8 hints;                             /* As configured by CursorSetHints() */
   i16 iPage;                            /* Index of current page in apPage */
   u16 aiIdx[BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH];        /* Current index in apPage[i] */
   MemPage *apPage[BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH];  /* Pages from root to current page */
 };
 
 /*
+** Legal values for BtCursor.curFlags
+*/
+#define BTCF_WriteFlag    0x01   /* True if a write cursor */
+#define BTCF_ValidNKey    0x02   /* True if info.nKey is valid */
+#define BTCF_ValidOvfl    0x04   /* True if aOverflow is valid */
+#define BTCF_AtLast       0x08   /* Cursor is pointing ot the last entry */
+#define BTCF_Incrblob     0x10   /* True if an incremental I/O handle */
+
+/*
 ** Potential values for BtCursor.eState.
 **
-** CURSOR_VALID:
-**   Cursor points to a valid entry. getPayload() etc. may be called.
-**
 ** CURSOR_INVALID:
 **   Cursor does not point to a valid entry. This can happen (for example) 
 **   because the table is empty or because BtreeCursorFirst() has not been
 **   called.
 **
+** CURSOR_VALID:
+**   Cursor points to a valid entry. getPayload() etc. may be called.
+**
+** CURSOR_SKIPNEXT:
+**   Cursor is valid except that the Cursor.skipNext field is non-zero
+**   indicating that the next sqlite3BtreeNext() or sqlite3BtreePrevious()
+**   operation should be a no-op.
+**
 ** CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK:
 **   The table that this cursor was opened on still exists, but has been 
 **   modified since the cursor was last used. The cursor position is saved
@@ -49000,8 +51167,9 @@
 */
 #define CURSOR_INVALID           0
 #define CURSOR_VALID             1
-#define CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK       2
-#define CURSOR_FAULT             3
+#define CURSOR_SKIPNEXT          2
+#define CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK       3
+#define CURSOR_FAULT             4
 
 /* 
 ** The database page the PENDING_BYTE occupies. This page is never used.
@@ -49089,12 +51257,18 @@
 /*
 ** This structure is passed around through all the sanity checking routines
 ** in order to keep track of some global state information.
+**
+** The aRef[] array is allocated so that there is 1 bit for each page in
+** the database. As the integrity-check proceeds, for each page used in
+** the database the corresponding bit is set. This allows integrity-check to 
+** detect pages that are used twice and orphaned pages (both of which 
+** indicate corruption).
 */
 typedef struct IntegrityCk IntegrityCk;
 struct IntegrityCk {
   BtShared *pBt;    /* The tree being checked out */
   Pager *pPager;    /* The associated pager.  Also accessible by pBt->pPager */
-  int *anRef;       /* Number of times each page is referenced */
+  u8 *aPgRef;       /* 1 bit per page in the db (see above) */
   Pgno nPage;       /* Number of pages in the database */
   int mxErr;        /* Stop accumulating errors when this reaches zero */
   int nErr;         /* Number of messages written to zErrMsg so far */
@@ -49428,6 +51602,25 @@
 */
 #define get2byteNotZero(X)  (((((int)get2byte(X))-1)&0xffff)+1)
 
+/*
+** Values passed as the 5th argument to allocateBtreePage()
+*/
+#define BTALLOC_ANY   0           /* Allocate any page */
+#define BTALLOC_EXACT 1           /* Allocate exact page if possible */
+#define BTALLOC_LE    2           /* Allocate any page <= the parameter */
+
+/*
+** Macro IfNotOmitAV(x) returns (x) if SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM is not 
+** defined, or 0 if it is. For example:
+**
+**   bIncrVacuum = IfNotOmitAV(pBtShared->incrVacuum);
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+#define IfNotOmitAV(expr) (expr)
+#else
+#define IfNotOmitAV(expr) 0
+#endif
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
 /*
 ** A list of BtShared objects that are eligible for participation
@@ -49528,7 +51721,7 @@
   ** the correct locks are held.  So do not bother - just return true.
   ** This case does not come up very often anyhow.
   */
-  if( isIndex && (!pSchema || (pSchema->flags&DB_SchemaLoaded)==0) ){
+  if( isIndex && (!pSchema || (pSchema->schemaFlags&DB_SchemaLoaded)==0) ){
     return 1;
   }
 
@@ -49812,16 +52005,11 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
 /*
-** Invalidate the overflow page-list cache for cursor pCur, if any.
+** Invalidate the overflow cache of the cursor passed as the first argument.
+** on the shared btree structure pBt.
 */
-static void invalidateOverflowCache(BtCursor *pCur){
-  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  sqlite3_free(pCur->aOverflow);
-  pCur->aOverflow = 0;
-}
+#define invalidateOverflowCache(pCur) (pCur->curFlags &= ~BTCF_ValidOvfl)
 
 /*
 ** Invalidate the overflow page-list cache for all cursors opened
@@ -49835,6 +52023,7 @@
   }
 }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
 /*
 ** This function is called before modifying the contents of a table
 ** to invalidate any incrblob cursors that are open on the
@@ -49857,16 +52046,14 @@
   BtShared *pBt = pBtree->pBt;
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(pBtree) );
   for(p=pBt->pCursor; p; p=p->pNext){
-    if( p->isIncrblobHandle && (isClearTable || p->info.nKey==iRow) ){
+    if( (p->curFlags & BTCF_Incrblob)!=0 && (isClearTable || p->info.nKey==iRow) ){
       p->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
     }
   }
 }
 
 #else
-  /* Stub functions when INCRBLOB is omitted */
-  #define invalidateOverflowCache(x)
-  #define invalidateAllOverflowCache(x)
+  /* Stub function when INCRBLOB is omitted */
   #define invalidateIncrblobCursors(x,y,z)
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB */
 
@@ -49942,6 +52129,19 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Release all of the apPage[] pages for a cursor.
+*/
+static void btreeReleaseAllCursorPages(BtCursor *pCur){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<=pCur->iPage; i++){
+    releasePage(pCur->apPage[i]);
+    pCur->apPage[i] = 0;
+  }
+  pCur->iPage = -1;
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** Save the current cursor position in the variables BtCursor.nKey 
 ** and BtCursor.pKey. The cursor's state is set to CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK.
 **
@@ -49980,12 +52180,7 @@
   assert( !pCur->apPage[0]->intKey || !pCur->pKey );
 
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    int i;
-    for(i=0; i<=pCur->iPage; i++){
-      releasePage(pCur->apPage[i]);
-      pCur->apPage[i] = 0;
-    }
-    pCur->iPage = -1;
+    btreeReleaseAllCursorPages(pCur);
     pCur->eState = CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK;
   }
 
@@ -50003,11 +52198,15 @@
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
   assert( pExcept==0 || pExcept->pBt==pBt );
   for(p=pBt->pCursor; p; p=p->pNext){
-    if( p!=pExcept && (0==iRoot || p->pgnoRoot==iRoot) && 
-        p->eState==CURSOR_VALID ){
-      int rc = saveCursorPosition(p);
-      if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
-        return rc;
+    if( p!=pExcept && (0==iRoot || p->pgnoRoot==iRoot) ){
+      if( p->eState==CURSOR_VALID ){
+        int rc = saveCursorPosition(p);
+        if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
+          return rc;
+        }
+      }else{
+        testcase( p->iPage>0 );
+        btreeReleaseAllCursorPages(p);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -50038,7 +52237,7 @@
 ){
   int rc;                    /* Status code */
   UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;   /* Unpacked index key */
-  char aSpace[150];          /* Temp space for pIdxKey - to avoid a malloc */
+  char aSpace[200];          /* Temp space for pIdxKey - to avoid a malloc */
   char *pFree = 0;
 
   if( pKey ){
@@ -50048,6 +52247,10 @@
     );
     if( pIdxKey==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(pCur->pKeyInfo, (int)nKey, pKey, pIdxKey);
+    if( pIdxKey->nField==0 ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(pCur->pKeyInfo->db, pFree);
+      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }
   }else{
     pIdxKey = 0;
   }
@@ -50078,6 +52281,9 @@
     sqlite3_free(pCur->pKey);
     pCur->pKey = 0;
     assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID || pCur->eState==CURSOR_INVALID );
+    if( pCur->skipNext && pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID ){
+      pCur->eState = CURSOR_SKIPNEXT;
+    }
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -50093,20 +52299,32 @@
 ** at is deleted out from under them.
 **
 ** This routine returns an error code if something goes wrong.  The
-** integer *pHasMoved is set to one if the cursor has moved and 0 if not.
+** integer *pHasMoved is set as follows:
+**
+**    0:   The cursor is unchanged
+**    1:   The cursor is still pointing at the same row, but the pointers
+**         returned by sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch() or sqlite3BtreeDataFetch()
+**         might now be invalid because of a balance() or other change to the
+**         b-tree.
+**    2:   The cursor is no longer pointing to the row.  The row might have
+**         been deleted out from under the cursor.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursorHasMoved(BtCursor *pCur, int *pHasMoved){
   int rc;
 
+  if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID ){
+    *pHasMoved = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
   rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCur);
   if( rc ){
-    *pHasMoved = 1;
+    *pHasMoved = 2;
     return rc;
   }
-  if( pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID || pCur->skipNext!=0 ){
-    *pHasMoved = 1;
+  if( pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID || NEVER(pCur->skipNext!=0) ){
+    *pHasMoved = 2;
   }else{
-    *pHasMoved = 0;
+    *pHasMoved = 1;
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -50291,7 +52509,8 @@
   assert( n==4-4*pPage->leaf );
   if( pPage->intKey ){
     if( pPage->hasData ){
-      n += getVarint32(&pCell[n], nPayload);
+      assert( n==0 );
+      n = getVarint32(pCell, nPayload);
     }else{
       nPayload = 0;
     }
@@ -50569,7 +52788,7 @@
   }else if( gap+2<=top ){
     /* Search the freelist looking for a free slot big enough to satisfy 
     ** the request. The allocation is made from the first free slot in 
-    ** the list that is large enough to accomadate it.
+    ** the list that is large enough to accommodate it.
     */
     int pc, addr;
     for(addr=hdr+1; (pc = get2byte(&data[addr]))>0; addr=pc){
@@ -50846,7 +53065,7 @@
       size = get2byte(&data[pc+2]);
       if( (next>0 && next<=pc+size+3) || pc+size>usableSize ){
         /* Free blocks must be in ascending order. And the last byte of
-	** the free-block must lie on the database page.  */
+        ** the free-block must lie on the database page.  */
         return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT; 
       }
       nFree = nFree + size;
@@ -50888,13 +53107,12 @@
     memset(&data[hdr], 0, pBt->usableSize - hdr);
   }
   data[hdr] = (char)flags;
-  first = hdr + 8 + 4*((flags&PTF_LEAF)==0 ?1:0);
+  first = hdr + ((flags&PTF_LEAF)==0 ? 12 : 8);
   memset(&data[hdr+1], 0, 4);
   data[hdr+7] = 0;
   put2byte(&data[hdr+5], pBt->usableSize);
   pPage->nFree = (u16)(pBt->usableSize - first);
   decodeFlags(pPage, flags);
-  pPage->hdrOffset = hdr;
   pPage->cellOffset = first;
   pPage->aDataEnd = &data[pBt->usableSize];
   pPage->aCellIdx = &data[first];
@@ -50935,13 +53153,14 @@
   BtShared *pBt,       /* The btree */
   Pgno pgno,           /* Number of the page to fetch */
   MemPage **ppPage,    /* Return the page in this parameter */
-  int noContent        /* Do not load page content if true */
+  int flags            /* PAGER_GET_NOCONTENT or PAGER_GET_READONLY */
 ){
   int rc;
   DbPage *pDbPage;
 
+  assert( flags==0 || flags==PAGER_GET_NOCONTENT || flags==PAGER_GET_READONLY );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
-  rc = sqlite3PagerAcquire(pBt->pPager, pgno, (DbPage**)&pDbPage, noContent);
+  rc = sqlite3PagerAcquire(pBt->pPager, pgno, (DbPage**)&pDbPage, flags);
   if( rc ) return rc;
   *ppPage = btreePageFromDbPage(pDbPage, pgno, pBt);
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -50972,7 +53191,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3BtreeLastPage(Btree *p){
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
   assert( ((p->pBt->nPage)&0x8000000)==0 );
-  return (int)btreePagecount(p->pBt);
+  return btreePagecount(p->pBt);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -50984,18 +53203,20 @@
 ** may remain unchanged, or it may be set to an invalid value.
 */
 static int getAndInitPage(
-  BtShared *pBt,          /* The database file */
-  Pgno pgno,           /* Number of the page to get */
-  MemPage **ppPage     /* Write the page pointer here */
+  BtShared *pBt,                  /* The database file */
+  Pgno pgno,                      /* Number of the page to get */
+  MemPage **ppPage,               /* Write the page pointer here */
+  int bReadonly                   /* PAGER_GET_READONLY or 0 */
 ){
   int rc;
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( bReadonly==PAGER_GET_READONLY || bReadonly==0 );
 
   if( pgno>btreePagecount(pBt) ){
     rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
   }else{
-    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pgno, ppPage, 0);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pgno, ppPage, bReadonly);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (*ppPage)->isInit==0 ){
       rc = btreeInitPage(*ppPage);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         releasePage(*ppPage);
@@ -51016,10 +53237,11 @@
   if( pPage ){
     assert( pPage->aData );
     assert( pPage->pBt );
+    assert( pPage->pDbPage!=0 );
     assert( sqlite3PagerGetExtra(pPage->pDbPage) == (void*)pPage );
     assert( sqlite3PagerGetData(pPage->pDbPage)==pPage->aData );
     assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
-    sqlite3PagerUnref(pPage->pDbPage);
+    sqlite3PagerUnrefNotNull(pPage->pDbPage);
   }
 }
 
@@ -51106,7 +53328,8 @@
   const int isMemdb = 0;
 #else
   const int isMemdb = (zFilename && strcmp(zFilename, ":memory:")==0)
-                       || (isTempDb && sqlite3TempInMemory(db));
+                       || (isTempDb && sqlite3TempInMemory(db))
+                       || (vfsFlags & SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY)!=0;
 #endif
 
   assert( db!=0 );
@@ -51142,7 +53365,7 @@
   ** If this Btree is a candidate for shared cache, try to find an
   ** existing BtShared object that we can share with
   */
-  if( isMemdb==0 && isTempDb==0 ){
+  if( isTempDb==0 && (isMemdb==0 || (vfsFlags&SQLITE_OPEN_URI)!=0) ){
     if( vfsFlags & SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE ){
       int nFullPathname = pVfs->mxPathname+1;
       char *zFullPathname = sqlite3Malloc(nFullPathname);
@@ -51152,11 +53375,16 @@
         sqlite3_free(p);
         return SQLITE_NOMEM;
       }
-      rc = sqlite3OsFullPathname(pVfs, zFilename, nFullPathname, zFullPathname);
-      if( rc ){
-        sqlite3_free(zFullPathname);
-        sqlite3_free(p);
-        return rc;
+      if( isMemdb ){
+        memcpy(zFullPathname, zFilename, sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename)+1);
+      }else{
+        rc = sqlite3OsFullPathname(pVfs, zFilename,
+                                   nFullPathname, zFullPathname);
+        if( rc ){
+          sqlite3_free(zFullPathname);
+          sqlite3_free(p);
+          return rc;
+        }
       }
 #if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
       mutexOpen = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN);
@@ -51166,7 +53394,7 @@
 #endif
       for(pBt=GLOBAL(BtShared*,sqlite3SharedCacheList); pBt; pBt=pBt->pNext){
         assert( pBt->nRef>0 );
-        if( 0==strcmp(zFullPathname, sqlite3PagerFilename(pBt->pPager))
+        if( 0==strcmp(zFullPathname, sqlite3PagerFilename(pBt->pPager, 0))
                  && sqlite3PagerVfs(pBt->pPager)==pVfs ){
           int iDb;
           for(iDb=db->nDb-1; iDb>=0; iDb--){
@@ -51219,6 +53447,7 @@
     rc = sqlite3PagerOpen(pVfs, &pBt->pPager, zFilename,
                           EXTRA_SIZE, flags, vfsFlags, pageReinit);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3PagerSetMmapLimit(pBt->pPager, db->szMmap);
       rc = sqlite3PagerReadFileheader(pBt->pPager,sizeof(zDbHeader),zDbHeader);
     }
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -51392,6 +53621,18 @@
 static void allocateTempSpace(BtShared *pBt){
   if( !pBt->pTmpSpace ){
     pBt->pTmpSpace = sqlite3PageMalloc( pBt->pageSize );
+
+    /* One of the uses of pBt->pTmpSpace is to format cells before
+    ** inserting them into a leaf page (function fillInCell()). If
+    ** a cell is less than 4 bytes in size, it is rounded up to 4 bytes
+    ** by the various routines that manipulate binary cells. Which
+    ** can mean that fillInCell() only initializes the first 2 or 3
+    ** bytes of pTmpSpace, but that the first 4 bytes are copied from
+    ** it into a database page. This is not actually a problem, but it
+    ** does cause a valgrind error when the 1 or 2 bytes of unitialized 
+    ** data is passed to system call write(). So to avoid this error,
+    ** zero the first 4 bytes of temp space here.  */
+    if( pBt->pTmpSpace ) memset(pBt->pTmpSpace, 0, 4);
   }
 }
 
@@ -51485,6 +53726,21 @@
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+/*
+** Change the limit on the amount of the database file that may be
+** memory mapped.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetMmapLimit(Btree *p, sqlite3_int64 szMmap){
+  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  sqlite3PagerSetMmapLimit(pBt->pPager, szMmap);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0 */
+
 /*
 ** Change the way data is synced to disk in order to increase or decrease
 ** how well the database resists damage due to OS crashes and power
@@ -51494,17 +53750,14 @@
 ** probability of damage to near zero but with a write performance reduction.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeSetPagerFlags(
   Btree *p,              /* The btree to set the safety level on */
-  int level,             /* PRAGMA synchronous.  1=OFF, 2=NORMAL, 3=FULL */
-  int fullSync,          /* PRAGMA fullfsync. */
-  int ckptFullSync       /* PRAGMA checkpoint_fullfync */
+  unsigned pgFlags       /* Various PAGER_* flags */
 ){
   BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->db->mutex) );
-  assert( level>=1 && level<=3 );
   sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
-  sqlite3PagerSetSafetyLevel(pBt->pPager, level, fullSync, ckptFullSync);
+  sqlite3PagerSetFlags(pBt->pPager, pgFlags);
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -51579,6 +53832,24 @@
   return p->pBt->pageSize;
 }
 
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+/*
+** This function is similar to sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(), except that it
+** may only be called if it is guaranteed that the b-tree mutex is already
+** held.
+**
+** This is useful in one special case in the backup API code where it is
+** known that the shared b-tree mutex is held, but the mutex on the 
+** database handle that owns *p is not. In this case if sqlite3BtreeEnter()
+** were to be called, it might collide with some other operation on the
+** database handle that owns *p, causing undefined behavior.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(Btree *p){
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(p->pBt->mutex) );
+  return p->pBt->pageSize - p->pBt->usableSize;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_HAS_CODEC || SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VACUUM)
 /*
 ** Return the number of bytes of space at the end of every page that
@@ -51828,6 +54099,30 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+/*
+** Return the number of cursors open on pBt. This is for use
+** in assert() expressions, so it is only compiled if NDEBUG is not
+** defined.
+**
+** Only write cursors are counted if wrOnly is true.  If wrOnly is
+** false then all cursors are counted.
+**
+** For the purposes of this routine, a cursor is any cursor that
+** is capable of reading or writing to the databse.  Cursors that
+** have been tripped into the CURSOR_FAULT state are not counted.
+*/
+static int countValidCursors(BtShared *pBt, int wrOnly){
+  BtCursor *pCur;
+  int r = 0;
+  for(pCur=pBt->pCursor; pCur; pCur=pCur->pNext){
+    if( (wrOnly==0 || (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_WriteFlag)!=0)
+     && pCur->eState!=CURSOR_FAULT ) r++; 
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** If there are no outstanding cursors and we are not in the middle
 ** of a transaction but there is a read lock on the database, then
@@ -51838,7 +54133,7 @@
 */
 static void unlockBtreeIfUnused(BtShared *pBt){
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
-  assert( pBt->pCursor==0 || pBt->inTransaction>TRANS_NONE );
+  assert( countValidCursors(pBt,0)==0 || pBt->inTransaction>TRANS_NONE );
   if( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_NONE && pBt->pPage1!=0 ){
     assert( pBt->pPage1->aData );
     assert( sqlite3PagerRefcount(pBt->pPager)==1 );
@@ -51893,6 +54188,20 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Initialize the first page of the database file (creating a database
+** consisting of a single page and no schema objects). Return SQLITE_OK
+** if successful, or an SQLite error code otherwise.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeNewDb(Btree *p){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
+  p->pBt->nPage = 0;
+  rc = newDatabase(p->pBt);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Attempt to start a new transaction. A write-transaction
 ** is started if the second argument is nonzero, otherwise a read-
 ** transaction.  If the second argument is 2 or more and exclusive
@@ -51942,6 +54251,7 @@
   if( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE || (p->inTrans==TRANS_READ && !wrflag) ){
     goto trans_begun;
   }
+  assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE || IfNotOmitAV(pBt->bDoTruncate)==0 );
 
   /* Write transactions are not possible on a read-only database */
   if( (pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)!=0 && wrflag ){
@@ -52014,7 +54324,7 @@
       pBt->nTransaction++;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
       if( p->sharable ){
-	assert( p->lock.pBtree==p && p->lock.iTable==1 );
+        assert( p->lock.pBtree==p && p->lock.iTable==1 );
         p->lock.eLock = READ_LOCK;
         p->lock.pNext = pBt->pLock;
         pBt->pLock = &p->lock;
@@ -52258,24 +54568,23 @@
 static int allocateBtreePage(BtShared *, MemPage **, Pgno *, Pgno, u8);
 
 /*
-** Perform a single step of an incremental-vacuum. If successful,
-** return SQLITE_OK. If there is no work to do (and therefore no
-** point in calling this function again), return SQLITE_DONE.
+** Perform a single step of an incremental-vacuum. If successful, return
+** SQLITE_OK. If there is no work to do (and therefore no point in 
+** calling this function again), return SQLITE_DONE. Or, if an error 
+** occurs, return some other error code.
 **
-** More specificly, this function attempts to re-organize the 
-** database so that the last page of the file currently in use
-** is no longer in use.
+** More specificly, this function attempts to re-organize the database so 
+** that the last page of the file currently in use is no longer in use.
 **
-** If the nFin parameter is non-zero, this function assumes
-** that the caller will keep calling incrVacuumStep() until
-** it returns SQLITE_DONE or an error, and that nFin is the
-** number of pages the database file will contain after this 
-** process is complete.  If nFin is zero, it is assumed that
-** incrVacuumStep() will be called a finite amount of times
-** which may or may not empty the freelist.  A full autovacuum
-** has nFin>0.  A "PRAGMA incremental_vacuum" has nFin==0.
+** Parameter nFin is the number of pages that this database would contain
+** were this function called until it returns SQLITE_DONE.
+**
+** If the bCommit parameter is non-zero, this function assumes that the 
+** caller will keep calling incrVacuumStep() until it returns SQLITE_DONE 
+** or an error. bCommit is passed true for an auto-vacuum-on-commmit 
+** operation, or false for an incremental vacuum.
 */
-static int incrVacuumStep(BtShared *pBt, Pgno nFin, Pgno iLastPg){
+static int incrVacuumStep(BtShared *pBt, Pgno nFin, Pgno iLastPg, int bCommit){
   Pgno nFreeList;           /* Number of pages still on the free-list */
   int rc;
 
@@ -52300,15 +54609,15 @@
     }
 
     if( eType==PTRMAP_FREEPAGE ){
-      if( nFin==0 ){
+      if( bCommit==0 ){
         /* Remove the page from the files free-list. This is not required
-        ** if nFin is non-zero. In that case, the free-list will be
+        ** if bCommit is non-zero. In that case, the free-list will be
         ** truncated to zero after this function returns, so it doesn't 
         ** matter if it still contains some garbage entries.
         */
         Pgno iFreePg;
         MemPage *pFreePg;
-        rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pFreePg, &iFreePg, iLastPg, 1);
+        rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pFreePg, &iFreePg, iLastPg, BTALLOC_EXACT);
         if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
           return rc;
         }
@@ -52318,34 +54627,37 @@
     } else {
       Pgno iFreePg;             /* Index of free page to move pLastPg to */
       MemPage *pLastPg;
+      u8 eMode = BTALLOC_ANY;   /* Mode parameter for allocateBtreePage() */
+      Pgno iNear = 0;           /* nearby parameter for allocateBtreePage() */
 
       rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, iLastPg, &pLastPg, 0);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         return rc;
       }
 
-      /* If nFin is zero, this loop runs exactly once and page pLastPg
+      /* If bCommit is zero, this loop runs exactly once and page pLastPg
       ** is swapped with the first free page pulled off the free list.
       **
-      ** On the other hand, if nFin is greater than zero, then keep
+      ** On the other hand, if bCommit is greater than zero, then keep
       ** looping until a free-page located within the first nFin pages
       ** of the file is found.
       */
+      if( bCommit==0 ){
+        eMode = BTALLOC_LE;
+        iNear = nFin;
+      }
       do {
         MemPage *pFreePg;
-        rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pFreePg, &iFreePg, 0, 0);
+        rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pFreePg, &iFreePg, iNear, eMode);
         if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
           releasePage(pLastPg);
           return rc;
         }
         releasePage(pFreePg);
-      }while( nFin!=0 && iFreePg>nFin );
+      }while( bCommit && iFreePg>nFin );
       assert( iFreePg<iLastPg );
       
-      rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pLastPg->pDbPage);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = relocatePage(pBt, pLastPg, eType, iPtrPage, iFreePg, nFin!=0);
-      }
+      rc = relocatePage(pBt, pLastPg, eType, iPtrPage, iFreePg, bCommit);
       releasePage(pLastPg);
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         return rc;
@@ -52353,30 +54665,40 @@
     }
   }
 
-  if( nFin==0 ){
-    iLastPg--;
-    while( iLastPg==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt)||PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, iLastPg) ){
-      if( PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, iLastPg) ){
-        MemPage *pPg;
-        rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, iLastPg, &pPg, 0);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-          return rc;
-        }
-        rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPg->pDbPage);
-        releasePage(pPg);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-          return rc;
-        }
-      }
+  if( bCommit==0 ){
+    do {
       iLastPg--;
-    }
-    sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pBt->pPager, iLastPg);
+    }while( iLastPg==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) || PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, iLastPg) );
+    pBt->bDoTruncate = 1;
     pBt->nPage = iLastPg;
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
+** The database opened by the first argument is an auto-vacuum database
+** nOrig pages in size containing nFree free pages. Return the expected 
+** size of the database in pages following an auto-vacuum operation.
+*/
+static Pgno finalDbSize(BtShared *pBt, Pgno nOrig, Pgno nFree){
+  int nEntry;                     /* Number of entries on one ptrmap page */
+  Pgno nPtrmap;                   /* Number of PtrMap pages to be freed */
+  Pgno nFin;                      /* Return value */
+
+  nEntry = pBt->usableSize/5;
+  nPtrmap = (nFree-nOrig+PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, nOrig)+nEntry)/nEntry;
+  nFin = nOrig - nFree - nPtrmap;
+  if( nOrig>PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) && nFin<PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
+    nFin--;
+  }
+  while( PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, nFin) || nFin==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
+    nFin--;
+  }
+
+  return nFin;
+}
+
+/*
 ** A write-transaction must be opened before calling this function.
 ** It performs a single unit of work towards an incremental vacuum.
 **
@@ -52393,11 +54715,24 @@
   if( !pBt->autoVacuum ){
     rc = SQLITE_DONE;
   }else{
-    invalidateAllOverflowCache(pBt);
-    rc = incrVacuumStep(pBt, 0, btreePagecount(pBt));
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
-      put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[28], pBt->nPage);
+    Pgno nOrig = btreePagecount(pBt);
+    Pgno nFree = get4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[36]);
+    Pgno nFin = finalDbSize(pBt, nOrig, nFree);
+
+    if( nOrig<nFin ){
+      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    }else if( nFree>0 ){
+      rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, 0, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        invalidateAllOverflowCache(pBt);
+        rc = incrVacuumStep(pBt, nFin, nOrig, 0);
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
+        put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[28], pBt->nPage);
+      }
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_DONE;
     }
   }
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
@@ -52406,7 +54741,7 @@
 
 /*
 ** This routine is called prior to sqlite3PagerCommit when a transaction
-** is commited for an auto-vacuum database.
+** is committed for an auto-vacuum database.
 **
 ** If SQLITE_OK is returned, then *pnTrunc is set to the number of pages
 ** the database file should be truncated to during the commit process. 
@@ -52424,9 +54759,7 @@
   if( !pBt->incrVacuum ){
     Pgno nFin;         /* Number of pages in database after autovacuuming */
     Pgno nFree;        /* Number of pages on the freelist initially */
-    Pgno nPtrmap;      /* Number of PtrMap pages to be freed */
     Pgno iFree;        /* The next page to be freed */
-    int nEntry;        /* Number of entries on one ptrmap page */
     Pgno nOrig;        /* Database size before freeing */
 
     nOrig = btreePagecount(pBt);
@@ -52439,26 +54772,20 @@
     }
 
     nFree = get4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[36]);
-    nEntry = pBt->usableSize/5;
-    nPtrmap = (nFree-nOrig+PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, nOrig)+nEntry)/nEntry;
-    nFin = nOrig - nFree - nPtrmap;
-    if( nOrig>PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) && nFin<PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
-      nFin--;
-    }
-    while( PTRMAP_ISPAGE(pBt, nFin) || nFin==PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) ){
-      nFin--;
-    }
+    nFin = finalDbSize(pBt, nOrig, nFree);
     if( nFin>nOrig ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
-
+    if( nFin<nOrig ){
+      rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, 0, 0);
+    }
     for(iFree=nOrig; iFree>nFin && rc==SQLITE_OK; iFree--){
-      rc = incrVacuumStep(pBt, nFin, iFree);
+      rc = incrVacuumStep(pBt, nFin, iFree, 1);
     }
     if( (rc==SQLITE_DONE || rc==SQLITE_OK) && nFree>0 ){
       rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
       put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[32], 0);
       put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[36], 0);
       put4byte(&pBt->pPage1->aData[28], nFin);
-      sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pBt->pPager, nFin);
+      pBt->bDoTruncate = 1;
       pBt->nPage = nFin;
     }
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -52466,7 +54793,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  assert( nRef==sqlite3PagerRefcount(pPager) );
+  assert( nRef>=sqlite3PagerRefcount(pPager) );
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -52513,6 +54840,9 @@
         return rc;
       }
     }
+    if( pBt->bDoTruncate ){
+      sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pBt->pPager, pBt->nPage);
+    }
 #endif
     rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pBt->pPager, zMaster, 0);
     sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
@@ -52526,10 +54856,13 @@
 */
 static void btreeEndTransaction(Btree *p){
   BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(p) );
 
-  btreeClearHasContent(pBt);
-  if( p->inTrans>TRANS_NONE && p->db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
+  pBt->bDoTruncate = 0;
+#endif
+  if( p->inTrans>TRANS_NONE && db->nVdbeRead>1 ){
     /* If there are other active statements that belong to this database
     ** handle, downgrade to a read-only transaction. The other statements
     ** may still be reading from the database.  */
@@ -52603,6 +54936,7 @@
       return rc;
     }
     pBt->inTransaction = TRANS_READ;
+    btreeClearHasContent(pBt);
   }
 
   btreeEndTransaction(p);
@@ -52624,27 +54958,6 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-/*
-** Return the number of write-cursors open on this handle. This is for use
-** in assert() expressions, so it is only compiled if NDEBUG is not
-** defined.
-**
-** For the purposes of this routine, a write-cursor is any cursor that
-** is capable of writing to the databse.  That means the cursor was
-** originally opened for writing and the cursor has not be disabled
-** by having its state changed to CURSOR_FAULT.
-*/
-static int countWriteCursors(BtShared *pBt){
-  BtCursor *pCur;
-  int r = 0;
-  for(pCur=pBt->pCursor; pCur; pCur=pCur->pNext){
-    if( pCur->wrFlag && pCur->eState!=CURSOR_FAULT ) r++; 
-  }
-  return r;
-}
-#endif
-
 /*
 ** This routine sets the state to CURSOR_FAULT and the error
 ** code to errCode for every cursor on BtShared that pBtree
@@ -52724,8 +55037,9 @@
       pBt->nPage = nPage;
       releasePage(pPage1);
     }
-    assert( countWriteCursors(pBt)==0 );
+    assert( countValidCursors(pBt, 1)==0 );
     pBt->inTransaction = TRANS_READ;
+    btreeClearHasContent(pBt);
   }
 
   btreeEndTransaction(p);
@@ -52878,14 +55192,14 @@
   pCur->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
   pCur->pBtree = p;
   pCur->pBt = pBt;
-  pCur->wrFlag = (u8)wrFlag;
+  assert( wrFlag==0 || wrFlag==BTCF_WriteFlag );
+  pCur->curFlags = wrFlag;
   pCur->pNext = pBt->pCursor;
   if( pCur->pNext ){
     pCur->pNext->pPrev = pCur;
   }
   pBt->pCursor = pCur;
   pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
-  pCur->cachedRowid = 0;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeCursor(
@@ -52927,36 +55241,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Set the cached rowid value of every cursor in the same database file
-** as pCur and having the same root page number as pCur.  The value is
-** set to iRowid.
-**
-** Only positive rowid values are considered valid for this cache.
-** The cache is initialized to zero, indicating an invalid cache.
-** A btree will work fine with zero or negative rowids.  We just cannot
-** cache zero or negative rowids, which means tables that use zero or
-** negative rowids might run a little slower.  But in practice, zero
-** or negative rowids are very uncommon so this should not be a problem.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(BtCursor *pCur, sqlite3_int64 iRowid){
-  BtCursor *p;
-  for(p=pCur->pBt->pCursor; p; p=p->pNext){
-    if( p->pgnoRoot==pCur->pgnoRoot ) p->cachedRowid = iRowid;
-  }
-  assert( pCur->cachedRowid==iRowid );
-}
-
-/*
-** Return the cached rowid for the given cursor.  A negative or zero
-** return value indicates that the rowid cache is invalid and should be
-** ignored.  If the rowid cache has never before been set, then a
-** zero is returned.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_int64 sqlite3BtreeGetCachedRowid(BtCursor *pCur){
-  return pCur->cachedRowid;
-}
-
-/*
 ** Close a cursor.  The read lock on the database file is released
 ** when the last cursor is closed.
 */
@@ -52979,7 +55263,7 @@
       releasePage(pCur->apPage[i]);
     }
     unlockBtreeIfUnused(pBt);
-    invalidateOverflowCache(pCur);
+    sqlite3DbFree(pBtree->db, pCur->aOverflow);
     /* sqlite3_free(pCur); */
     sqlite3BtreeLeave(pBtree);
   }
@@ -53007,7 +55291,7 @@
     int iPage = pCur->iPage;
     memset(&info, 0, sizeof(info));
     btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[iPage], pCur->aiIdx[iPage], &info);
-    assert( memcmp(&info, &pCur->info, sizeof(info))==0 );
+    assert( CORRUPT_DB || memcmp(&info, &pCur->info, sizeof(info))==0 );
   }
 #else
   #define assertCellInfo(x)
@@ -53018,7 +55302,7 @@
     if( pCur->info.nSize==0 ){
       int iPage = pCur->iPage;
       btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[iPage],pCur->aiIdx[iPage],&pCur->info);
-      pCur->validNKey = 1;
+      pCur->curFlags |= BTCF_ValidNKey;
     }else{
       assertCellInfo(pCur);
     }
@@ -53028,8 +55312,8 @@
 #define getCellInfo(pCur)                                                      \
   if( pCur->info.nSize==0 ){                                                   \
     int iPage = pCur->iPage;                                                   \
-    btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[iPage],pCur->aiIdx[iPage],&pCur->info); \
-    pCur->validNKey = 1;                                                       \
+    btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[iPage],pCur->aiIdx[iPage],&pCur->info);        \
+    pCur->curFlags |= BTCF_ValidNKey;                                          \
   }else{                                                                       \
     assertCellInfo(pCur);                                                      \
   }
@@ -53150,7 +55434,7 @@
 
   assert( next==0 || rc==SQLITE_DONE );
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, ovfl, &pPage, 0);
+    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, ovfl, &pPage, (ppPage==0) ? PAGER_GET_READONLY : 0);
     assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pPage==0 );
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       next = get4byte(pPage->aData);
@@ -53200,10 +55484,12 @@
 
 /*
 ** This function is used to read or overwrite payload information
-** for the entry that the pCur cursor is pointing to. If the eOp
-** parameter is 0, this is a read operation (data copied into
-** buffer pBuf). If it is non-zero, a write (data copied from
-** buffer pBuf).
+** for the entry that the pCur cursor is pointing to. The eOp
+** argument is interpreted as follows:
+**
+**   0: The operation is a read. Populate the overflow cache.
+**   1: The operation is a write. Populate the overflow cache.
+**   2: The operation is a read. Do not populate the overflow cache.
 **
 ** A total of "amt" bytes are read or written beginning at "offset".
 ** Data is read to or from the buffer pBuf.
@@ -53211,11 +55497,11 @@
 ** The content being read or written might appear on the main page
 ** or be scattered out on multiple overflow pages.
 **
-** If the BtCursor.isIncrblobHandle flag is set, and the current
-** cursor entry uses one or more overflow pages, this function
-** allocates space for and lazily popluates the overflow page-list 
-** cache array (BtCursor.aOverflow). Subsequent calls use this
-** cache to make seeking to the supplied offset more efficient.
+** If the current cursor entry uses one or more overflow pages and the
+** eOp argument is not 2, this function may allocate space for and lazily 
+** popluates the overflow page-list cache array (BtCursor.aOverflow). 
+** Subsequent calls use this cache to make seeking to the supplied offset 
+** more efficient.
 **
 ** Once an overflow page-list cache has been allocated, it may be
 ** invalidated if some other cursor writes to the same table, or if
@@ -53239,15 +55525,22 @@
   int iIdx = 0;
   MemPage *pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]; /* Btree page of current entry */
   BtShared *pBt = pCur->pBt;                  /* Btree this cursor belongs to */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DIRECT_OVERFLOW_READ
+  int bEnd;                                   /* True if reading to end of data */
+#endif
 
   assert( pPage );
   assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
   assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pPage->nCell );
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
+  assert( eOp!=2 || offset==0 );      /* Always start from beginning for eOp==2 */
 
   getCellInfo(pCur);
   aPayload = pCur->info.pCell + pCur->info.nHeader;
   nKey = (pPage->intKey ? 0 : (int)pCur->info.nKey);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DIRECT_OVERFLOW_READ
+  bEnd = (offset+amt==nKey+pCur->info.nData);
+#endif
 
   if( NEVER(offset+amt > nKey+pCur->info.nData) 
    || &aPayload[pCur->info.nLocal] > &pPage->aData[pBt->usableSize]
@@ -53262,7 +55555,7 @@
     if( a+offset>pCur->info.nLocal ){
       a = pCur->info.nLocal - offset;
     }
-    rc = copyPayload(&aPayload[offset], pBuf, a, eOp, pPage->pDbPage);
+    rc = copyPayload(&aPayload[offset], pBuf, a, (eOp & 0x01), pPage->pDbPage);
     offset = 0;
     pBuf += a;
     amt -= a;
@@ -53276,21 +55569,30 @@
 
     nextPage = get4byte(&aPayload[pCur->info.nLocal]);
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
-    /* If the isIncrblobHandle flag is set and the BtCursor.aOverflow[]
-    ** has not been allocated, allocate it now. The array is sized at
-    ** one entry for each overflow page in the overflow chain. The
-    ** page number of the first overflow page is stored in aOverflow[0],
-    ** etc. A value of 0 in the aOverflow[] array means "not yet known"
-    ** (the cache is lazily populated).
+    /* If the BtCursor.aOverflow[] has not been allocated, allocate it now.
+    ** Except, do not allocate aOverflow[] for eOp==2.
+    **
+    ** The aOverflow[] array is sized at one entry for each overflow page
+    ** in the overflow chain. The page number of the first overflow page is
+    ** stored in aOverflow[0], etc. A value of 0 in the aOverflow[] array
+    ** means "not yet known" (the cache is lazily populated).
     */
-    if( pCur->isIncrblobHandle && !pCur->aOverflow ){
+    if( eOp!=2 && (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_ValidOvfl)==0 ){
       int nOvfl = (pCur->info.nPayload-pCur->info.nLocal+ovflSize-1)/ovflSize;
-      pCur->aOverflow = (Pgno *)sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(Pgno)*nOvfl);
-      /* nOvfl is always positive.  If it were zero, fetchPayload would have
-      ** been used instead of this routine. */
-      if( ALWAYS(nOvfl) && !pCur->aOverflow ){
-        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      if( nOvfl>pCur->nOvflAlloc ){
+        Pgno *aNew = (Pgno*)sqlite3DbRealloc(
+            pCur->pBtree->db, pCur->aOverflow, nOvfl*2*sizeof(Pgno)
+        );
+        if( aNew==0 ){
+          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        }else{
+          pCur->nOvflAlloc = nOvfl*2;
+          pCur->aOverflow = aNew;
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        memset(pCur->aOverflow, 0, nOvfl*sizeof(Pgno));
+        pCur->curFlags |= BTCF_ValidOvfl;
       }
     }
 
@@ -53298,22 +55600,19 @@
     ** entry for the first required overflow page is valid, skip
     ** directly to it.
     */
-    if( pCur->aOverflow && pCur->aOverflow[offset/ovflSize] ){
+    if( (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_ValidOvfl)!=0 && pCur->aOverflow[offset/ovflSize] ){
       iIdx = (offset/ovflSize);
       nextPage = pCur->aOverflow[iIdx];
       offset = (offset%ovflSize);
     }
-#endif
 
     for( ; rc==SQLITE_OK && amt>0 && nextPage; iIdx++){
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
       /* If required, populate the overflow page-list cache. */
-      if( pCur->aOverflow ){
+      if( (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_ValidOvfl)!=0 ){
         assert(!pCur->aOverflow[iIdx] || pCur->aOverflow[iIdx]==nextPage);
         pCur->aOverflow[iIdx] = nextPage;
       }
-#endif
 
       if( offset>=ovflSize ){
         /* The only reason to read this page is to obtain the page
@@ -53321,13 +55620,17 @@
         ** data is not required. So first try to lookup the overflow
         ** page-list cache, if any, then fall back to the getOverflowPage()
         ** function.
+        **
+        ** Note that the aOverflow[] array must be allocated because eOp!=2
+        ** here.  If eOp==2, then offset==0 and this branch is never taken.
         */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INCRBLOB
-        if( pCur->aOverflow && pCur->aOverflow[iIdx+1] ){
+        assert( eOp!=2 );
+        assert( pCur->curFlags & BTCF_ValidOvfl );
+        if( pCur->aOverflow[iIdx+1] ){
           nextPage = pCur->aOverflow[iIdx+1];
-        } else 
-#endif
+        }else{
           rc = getOverflowPage(pBt, nextPage, 0, &nextPage);
+        }
         offset -= ovflSize;
       }else{
         /* Need to read this page properly. It contains some of the
@@ -53349,13 +55652,15 @@
         **   3) the database is file-backed, and
         **   4) there is no open write-transaction, and
         **   5) the database is not a WAL database,
+        **   6) all data from the page is being read.
         **
         ** then data can be read directly from the database file into the
         ** output buffer, bypassing the page-cache altogether. This speeds
         ** up loading large records that span many overflow pages.
         */
-        if( eOp==0                                             /* (1) */
+        if( (eOp&0x01)==0                                      /* (1) */
          && offset==0                                          /* (2) */
+         && (bEnd || a==ovflSize)                              /* (6) */
          && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_READ                     /* (4) */
          && (fd = sqlite3PagerFile(pBt->pPager))->pMethods     /* (3) */
          && pBt->pPage1->aData[19]==0x01                       /* (5) */
@@ -53371,11 +55676,13 @@
 
         {
           DbPage *pDbPage;
-          rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pBt->pPager, nextPage, &pDbPage);
+          rc = sqlite3PagerAcquire(pBt->pPager, nextPage, &pDbPage,
+              ((eOp&0x01)==0 ? PAGER_GET_READONLY : 0)
+          );
           if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
             aPayload = sqlite3PagerGetData(pDbPage);
             nextPage = get4byte(aPayload);
-            rc = copyPayload(&aPayload[offset+4], pBuf, a, eOp, pDbPage);
+            rc = copyPayload(&aPayload[offset+4], pBuf, a, (eOp&0x01), pDbPage);
             sqlite3PagerUnref(pDbPage);
             offset = 0;
           }
@@ -53444,10 +55751,10 @@
 /*
 ** Return a pointer to payload information from the entry that the 
 ** pCur cursor is pointing to.  The pointer is to the beginning of
-** the key if skipKey==0 and it points to the beginning of data if
-** skipKey==1.  The number of bytes of available key/data is written
-** into *pAmt.  If *pAmt==0, then the value returned will not be
-** a valid pointer.
+** the key if index btrees (pPage->intKey==0) and is the data for
+** table btrees (pPage->intKey==1). The number of bytes of available
+** key/data is written into *pAmt.  If *pAmt==0, then the value
+** returned will not be a valid pointer.
 **
 ** This routine is an optimization.  It is common for the entire key
 ** and data to fit on the local page and for there to be no overflow
@@ -53460,41 +55767,18 @@
 ** page of the database.  The data might change or move the next time
 ** any btree routine is called.
 */
-static const unsigned char *fetchPayload(
+static const void *fetchPayload(
   BtCursor *pCur,      /* Cursor pointing to entry to read from */
-  int *pAmt,           /* Write the number of available bytes here */
-  int skipKey          /* read beginning at data if this is true */
+  u32 *pAmt            /* Write the number of available bytes here */
 ){
-  unsigned char *aPayload;
-  MemPage *pPage;
-  u32 nKey;
-  u32 nLocal;
-
   assert( pCur!=0 && pCur->iPage>=0 && pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]);
   assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
-  assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pPage->nCell );
-  if( NEVER(pCur->info.nSize==0) ){
-    btreeParseCell(pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage], pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage],
-                   &pCur->info);
-  }
-  aPayload = pCur->info.pCell;
-  aPayload += pCur->info.nHeader;
-  if( pPage->intKey ){
-    nKey = 0;
-  }else{
-    nKey = (int)pCur->info.nKey;
-  }
-  if( skipKey ){
-    aPayload += nKey;
-    nLocal = pCur->info.nLocal - nKey;
-  }else{
-    nLocal = pCur->info.nLocal;
-    assert( nLocal<=nKey );
-  }
-  *pAmt = nLocal;
-  return aPayload;
+  assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell );
+  assert( pCur->info.nSize>0 );
+  *pAmt = pCur->info.nLocal;
+  return (void*)(pCur->info.pCell + pCur->info.nHeader);
 }
 
 
@@ -53512,23 +55796,11 @@
 ** These routines is used to get quick access to key and data
 ** in the common case where no overflow pages are used.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(BtCursor *pCur, int *pAmt){
-  const void *p = 0;
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
-  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  if( ALWAYS(pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID) ){
-    p = (const void*)fetchPayload(pCur, pAmt, 0);
-  }
-  return p;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(BtCursor *pCur, u32 *pAmt){
+  return fetchPayload(pCur, pAmt);
 }
-SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(BtCursor *pCur, int *pAmt){
-  const void *p = 0;
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
-  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  if( ALWAYS(pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID) ){
-    p = (const void*)fetchPayload(pCur, pAmt, 1);
-  }
-  return p;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const void *sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(BtCursor *pCur, u32 *pAmt){
+  return fetchPayload(pCur, pAmt);
 }
 
 
@@ -53550,17 +55822,19 @@
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
   assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
   assert( pCur->iPage<BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH );
+  assert( pCur->iPage>=0 );
   if( pCur->iPage>=(BTCURSOR_MAX_DEPTH-1) ){
     return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
   }
-  rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, newPgno, &pNewPage);
+  rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, newPgno, &pNewPage,
+               (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_WriteFlag)==0 ? PAGER_GET_READONLY : 0);
   if( rc ) return rc;
   pCur->apPage[i+1] = pNewPage;
   pCur->aiIdx[i+1] = 0;
   pCur->iPage++;
 
   pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+  pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_ValidNKey|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
   if( pNewPage->nCell<1 || pNewPage->intKey!=pCur->apPage[i]->intKey ){
     return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
   }
@@ -53618,7 +55892,7 @@
   releasePage(pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]);
   pCur->iPage--;
   pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+  pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_ValidNKey|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -53645,8 +55919,6 @@
 static int moveToRoot(BtCursor *pCur){
   MemPage *pRoot;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-  Btree *p = pCur->pBtree;
-  BtShared *pBt = p->pBt;
 
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
   assert( CURSOR_INVALID < CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK );
@@ -53661,55 +55933,51 @@
   }
 
   if( pCur->iPage>=0 ){
-    int i;
-    for(i=1; i<=pCur->iPage; i++){
-      releasePage(pCur->apPage[i]);
-    }
-    pCur->iPage = 0;
+    while( pCur->iPage ) releasePage(pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage--]);
   }else if( pCur->pgnoRoot==0 ){
     pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }else{
-    rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pCur->pgnoRoot, &pCur->apPage[0]);
+    rc = getAndInitPage(pCur->pBtree->pBt, pCur->pgnoRoot, &pCur->apPage[0],
+                 (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_WriteFlag)==0 ? PAGER_GET_READONLY : 0);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
       return rc;
     }
     pCur->iPage = 0;
-
-    /* If pCur->pKeyInfo is not NULL, then the caller that opened this cursor
-    ** expected to open it on an index b-tree. Otherwise, if pKeyInfo is
-    ** NULL, the caller expects a table b-tree. If this is not the case,
-    ** return an SQLITE_CORRUPT error.  */
-    assert( pCur->apPage[0]->intKey==1 || pCur->apPage[0]->intKey==0 );
-    if( (pCur->pKeyInfo==0)!=pCur->apPage[0]->intKey ){
-      return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
-    }
   }
-
-  /* Assert that the root page is of the correct type. This must be the
-  ** case as the call to this function that loaded the root-page (either
-  ** this call or a previous invocation) would have detected corruption 
-  ** if the assumption were not true, and it is not possible for the flags 
-  ** byte to have been modified while this cursor is holding a reference
-  ** to the page.  */
   pRoot = pCur->apPage[0];
   assert( pRoot->pgno==pCur->pgnoRoot );
-  assert( pRoot->isInit && (pCur->pKeyInfo==0)==pRoot->intKey );
+
+  /* If pCur->pKeyInfo is not NULL, then the caller that opened this cursor
+  ** expected to open it on an index b-tree. Otherwise, if pKeyInfo is
+  ** NULL, the caller expects a table b-tree. If this is not the case,
+  ** return an SQLITE_CORRUPT error. 
+  **
+  ** Earlier versions of SQLite assumed that this test could not fail
+  ** if the root page was already loaded when this function was called (i.e.
+  ** if pCur->iPage>=0). But this is not so if the database is corrupted 
+  ** in such a way that page pRoot is linked into a second b-tree table 
+  ** (or the freelist).  */
+  assert( pRoot->intKey==1 || pRoot->intKey==0 );
+  if( pRoot->isInit==0 || (pCur->pKeyInfo==0)!=pRoot->intKey ){
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  }
 
   pCur->aiIdx[0] = 0;
   pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-  pCur->atLast = 0;
-  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+  pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_AtLast|BTCF_ValidNKey|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
 
-  if( pRoot->nCell==0 && !pRoot->leaf ){
+  if( pRoot->nCell>0 ){
+    pCur->eState = CURSOR_VALID;
+  }else if( !pRoot->leaf ){
     Pgno subpage;
     if( pRoot->pgno!=1 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
     subpage = get4byte(&pRoot->aData[pRoot->hdrOffset+8]);
     pCur->eState = CURSOR_VALID;
     rc = moveToChild(pCur, subpage);
   }else{
-    pCur->eState = ((pRoot->nCell>0)?CURSOR_VALID:CURSOR_INVALID);
+    pCur->eState = CURSOR_INVALID;
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -53761,7 +56029,7 @@
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = pPage->nCell-1;
     pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-    pCur->validNKey = 0;
+    pCur->curFlags &= ~BTCF_ValidNKey;
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -53800,7 +56068,7 @@
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
 
   /* If the cursor already points to the last entry, this is a no-op. */
-  if( CURSOR_VALID==pCur->eState && pCur->atLast ){
+  if( CURSOR_VALID==pCur->eState && (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_AtLast)!=0 ){
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     /* This block serves to assert() that the cursor really does point 
     ** to the last entry in the b-tree. */
@@ -53823,7 +56091,12 @@
       assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID );
       *pRes = 0;
       rc = moveToRightmost(pCur);
-      pCur->atLast = rc==SQLITE_OK ?1:0;
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        pCur->curFlags |= BTCF_AtLast;
+      }else{
+        pCur->curFlags &= ~BTCF_AtLast;
+      }
+   
     }
   }
   return rc;
@@ -53865,6 +56138,7 @@
   int *pRes                /* Write search results here */
 ){
   int rc;
+  RecordCompare xRecordCompare;
 
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
@@ -53873,19 +56147,30 @@
 
   /* If the cursor is already positioned at the point we are trying
   ** to move to, then just return without doing any work */
-  if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID && pCur->validNKey 
+  if( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID && (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_ValidNKey)!=0
    && pCur->apPage[0]->intKey 
   ){
     if( pCur->info.nKey==intKey ){
       *pRes = 0;
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
-    if( pCur->atLast && pCur->info.nKey<intKey ){
+    if( (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_AtLast)!=0 && pCur->info.nKey<intKey ){
       *pRes = -1;
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
   }
 
+  if( pIdxKey ){
+    xRecordCompare = sqlite3VdbeFindCompare(pIdxKey);
+    pIdxKey->isCorrupt = 0;
+    assert( pIdxKey->default_rc==1 
+         || pIdxKey->default_rc==0 
+         || pIdxKey->default_rc==-1
+    );
+  }else{
+    xRecordCompare = 0; /* All keys are integers */
+  }
+
   rc = moveToRoot(pCur);
   if( rc ){
     return rc;
@@ -53900,10 +56185,10 @@
   }
   assert( pCur->apPage[0]->intKey || pIdxKey );
   for(;;){
-    int lwr, upr, idx;
+    int lwr, upr, idx, c;
     Pgno chldPg;
     MemPage *pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
-    int c;
+    u8 *pCell;                          /* Pointer to current cell in pPage */
 
     /* pPage->nCell must be greater than zero. If this is the root-page
     ** the cursor would have been INVALID above and this for(;;) loop
@@ -53915,35 +56200,47 @@
     assert( pPage->intKey==(pIdxKey==0) );
     lwr = 0;
     upr = pPage->nCell-1;
-    if( biasRight ){
-      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)(idx = upr);
-    }else{
-      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)(idx = (upr+lwr)/2);
-    }
-    for(;;){
-      u8 *pCell;                          /* Pointer to current cell in pPage */
-
-      assert( idx==pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] );
-      pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-      pCell = findCell(pPage, idx) + pPage->childPtrSize;
-      if( pPage->intKey ){
+    assert( biasRight==0 || biasRight==1 );
+    idx = upr>>(1-biasRight); /* idx = biasRight ? upr : (lwr+upr)/2; */
+    pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)idx;
+    if( xRecordCompare==0 ){
+      for(;;){
         i64 nCellKey;
+        pCell = findCell(pPage, idx) + pPage->childPtrSize;
         if( pPage->hasData ){
-          u32 dummy;
-          pCell += getVarint32(pCell, dummy);
+          while( 0x80 <= *(pCell++) ){
+            if( pCell>=pPage->aDataEnd ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+          }
         }
         getVarint(pCell, (u64*)&nCellKey);
-        if( nCellKey==intKey ){
-          c = 0;
-        }else if( nCellKey<intKey ){
-          c = -1;
+        if( nCellKey<intKey ){
+          lwr = idx+1;
+          if( lwr>upr ){ c = -1; break; }
+        }else if( nCellKey>intKey ){
+          upr = idx-1;
+          if( lwr>upr ){ c = +1; break; }
         }else{
-          assert( nCellKey>intKey );
-          c = +1;
+          assert( nCellKey==intKey );
+          pCur->curFlags |= BTCF_ValidNKey;
+          pCur->info.nKey = nCellKey;
+          pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)idx;
+          if( !pPage->leaf ){
+            lwr = idx;
+            goto moveto_next_layer;
+          }else{
+            *pRes = 0;
+            rc = SQLITE_OK;
+            goto moveto_finish;
+          }
         }
-        pCur->validNKey = 1;
-        pCur->info.nKey = nCellKey;
-      }else{
+        assert( lwr+upr>=0 );
+        idx = (lwr+upr)>>1;  /* idx = (lwr+upr)/2; */
+      }
+    }else{
+      for(;;){
+        int nCell;
+        pCell = findCell(pPage, idx) + pPage->childPtrSize;
+
         /* The maximum supported page-size is 65536 bytes. This means that
         ** the maximum number of record bytes stored on an index B-Tree
         ** page is less than 16384 bytes and may be stored as a 2-byte
@@ -53952,23 +56249,20 @@
         ** stored entirely within the b-tree page by inspecting the first 
         ** 2 bytes of the cell.
         */
-        int nCell = pCell[0];
-        if( nCell<=pPage->max1bytePayload
-         /* && (pCell+nCell)<pPage->aDataEnd */
-        ){
+        nCell = pCell[0];
+        if( nCell<=pPage->max1bytePayload ){
           /* This branch runs if the record-size field of the cell is a
           ** single byte varint and the record fits entirely on the main
           ** b-tree page.  */
           testcase( pCell+nCell+1==pPage->aDataEnd );
-          c = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nCell, (void*)&pCell[1], pIdxKey);
+          c = xRecordCompare(nCell, (void*)&pCell[1], pIdxKey, 0);
         }else if( !(pCell[1] & 0x80) 
           && (nCell = ((nCell&0x7f)<<7) + pCell[1])<=pPage->maxLocal
-          /* && (pCell+nCell+2)<=pPage->aDataEnd */
         ){
           /* The record-size field is a 2 byte varint and the record 
           ** fits entirely on the main b-tree page.  */
           testcase( pCell+nCell+2==pPage->aDataEnd );
-          c = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nCell, (void*)&pCell[2], pIdxKey);
+          c = xRecordCompare(nCell, (void*)&pCell[2], pIdxKey, 0);
         }else{
           /* The record flows over onto one or more overflow pages. In
           ** this case the whole cell needs to be parsed, a buffer allocated
@@ -53983,57 +56277,55 @@
             rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
             goto moveto_finish;
           }
-          rc = accessPayload(pCur, 0, nCell, (unsigned char*)pCellKey, 0);
+          pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)idx;
+          rc = accessPayload(pCur, 0, nCell, (unsigned char*)pCellKey, 2);
           if( rc ){
             sqlite3_free(pCellKey);
             goto moveto_finish;
           }
-          c = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nCell, pCellKey, pIdxKey);
+          c = xRecordCompare(nCell, pCellKey, pIdxKey, 0);
           sqlite3_free(pCellKey);
         }
-      }
-      if( c==0 ){
-        if( pPage->intKey && !pPage->leaf ){
-          lwr = idx;
-          break;
+        assert( pIdxKey->isCorrupt==0 || c==0 );
+        if( c<0 ){
+          lwr = idx+1;
+        }else if( c>0 ){
+          upr = idx-1;
         }else{
+          assert( c==0 );
           *pRes = 0;
           rc = SQLITE_OK;
+          pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)idx;
+          if( pIdxKey->isCorrupt ) rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT;
           goto moveto_finish;
         }
+        if( lwr>upr ) break;
+        assert( lwr+upr>=0 );
+        idx = (lwr+upr)>>1;  /* idx = (lwr+upr)/2 */
       }
-      if( c<0 ){
-        lwr = idx+1;
-      }else{
-        upr = idx-1;
-      }
-      if( lwr>upr ){
-        break;
-      }
-      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)(idx = (lwr+upr)/2);
     }
     assert( lwr==upr+1 || (pPage->intKey && !pPage->leaf) );
     assert( pPage->isInit );
     if( pPage->leaf ){
-      chldPg = 0;
-    }else if( lwr>=pPage->nCell ){
-      chldPg = get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]);
-    }else{
-      chldPg = get4byte(findCell(pPage, lwr));
-    }
-    if( chldPg==0 ){
       assert( pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]<pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage]->nCell );
+      pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)idx;
       *pRes = c;
       rc = SQLITE_OK;
       goto moveto_finish;
     }
+moveto_next_layer:
+    if( lwr>=pPage->nCell ){
+      chldPg = get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]);
+    }else{
+      chldPg = get4byte(findCell(pPage, lwr));
+    }
     pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage] = (u16)lwr;
-    pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-    pCur->validNKey = 0;
     rc = moveToChild(pCur, chldPg);
-    if( rc ) goto moveto_finish;
+    if( rc ) break;
   }
 moveto_finish:
+  pCur->info.nSize = 0;
+  pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_ValidNKey|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -54058,6 +56350,15 @@
 ** successful then set *pRes=0.  If the cursor
 ** was already pointing to the last entry in the database before
 ** this routine was called, then set *pRes=1.
+**
+** The calling function will set *pRes to 0 or 1.  The initial *pRes value
+** will be 1 if the cursor being stepped corresponds to an SQL index and
+** if this routine could have been skipped if that SQL index had been
+** a unique index.  Otherwise the caller will have set *pRes to zero.
+** Zero is the common case. The btree implementation is free to use the
+** initial *pRes value as a hint to improve performance, but the current
+** SQLite btree implementation does not. (Note that the comdb2 btree
+** implementation does use this hint, however.)
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeNext(BtCursor *pCur, int *pRes){
   int rc;
@@ -54065,21 +56366,31 @@
   MemPage *pPage;
 
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCur);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-    return rc;
-  }
   assert( pRes!=0 );
-  if( CURSOR_INVALID==pCur->eState ){
-    *pRes = 1;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( *pRes==0 || *pRes==1 );
+  assert( pCur->skipNext==0 || pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID );
+  if( pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID ){
+    invalidateOverflowCache(pCur);
+    rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCur);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      *pRes = 0;
+      return rc;
+    }
+    if( CURSOR_INVALID==pCur->eState ){
+      *pRes = 1;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    if( pCur->skipNext ){
+      assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID || pCur->eState==CURSOR_SKIPNEXT );
+      pCur->eState = CURSOR_VALID;
+      if( pCur->skipNext>0 ){
+        pCur->skipNext = 0;
+        *pRes = 0;
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+      pCur->skipNext = 0;
+    }
   }
-  if( pCur->skipNext>0 ){
-    pCur->skipNext = 0;
-    *pRes = 0;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-  pCur->skipNext = 0;
 
   pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
   idx = ++pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage];
@@ -54093,11 +56404,14 @@
   testcase( idx>pPage->nCell );
 
   pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-  pCur->validNKey = 0;
+  pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_ValidNKey|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
   if( idx>=pPage->nCell ){
     if( !pPage->leaf ){
       rc = moveToChild(pCur, get4byte(&pPage->aData[pPage->hdrOffset+8]));
-      if( rc ) return rc;
+      if( rc ){
+        *pRes = 0;
+        return rc;
+      }
       rc = moveToLeftmost(pCur);
       *pRes = 0;
       return rc;
@@ -54133,27 +56447,48 @@
 ** successful then set *pRes=0.  If the cursor
 ** was already pointing to the first entry in the database before
 ** this routine was called, then set *pRes=1.
+**
+** The calling function will set *pRes to 0 or 1.  The initial *pRes value
+** will be 1 if the cursor being stepped corresponds to an SQL index and
+** if this routine could have been skipped if that SQL index had been
+** a unique index.  Otherwise the caller will have set *pRes to zero.
+** Zero is the common case. The btree implementation is free to use the
+** initial *pRes value as a hint to improve performance, but the current
+** SQLite btree implementation does not. (Note that the comdb2 btree
+** implementation does use this hint, however.)
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreePrevious(BtCursor *pCur, int *pRes){
   int rc;
   MemPage *pPage;
 
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCur);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-    return rc;
+  assert( pRes!=0 );
+  assert( *pRes==0 || *pRes==1 );
+  assert( pCur->skipNext==0 || pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID );
+  pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_AtLast|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
+  if( pCur->eState!=CURSOR_VALID ){
+    if( ALWAYS(pCur->eState>=CURSOR_REQUIRESEEK) ){
+      rc = btreeRestoreCursorPosition(pCur);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        *pRes = 0;
+        return rc;
+      }
+    }
+    if( CURSOR_INVALID==pCur->eState ){
+      *pRes = 1;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+    if( pCur->skipNext ){
+      assert( pCur->eState==CURSOR_VALID || pCur->eState==CURSOR_SKIPNEXT );
+      pCur->eState = CURSOR_VALID;
+      if( pCur->skipNext<0 ){
+        pCur->skipNext = 0;
+        *pRes = 0;
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+      pCur->skipNext = 0;
+    }
   }
-  pCur->atLast = 0;
-  if( CURSOR_INVALID==pCur->eState ){
-    *pRes = 1;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-  if( pCur->skipNext<0 ){
-    pCur->skipNext = 0;
-    *pRes = 0;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-  pCur->skipNext = 0;
 
   pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
   assert( pPage->isInit );
@@ -54161,6 +56496,7 @@
     int idx = pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage];
     rc = moveToChild(pCur, get4byte(findCell(pPage, idx)));
     if( rc ){
+      *pRes = 0;
       return rc;
     }
     rc = moveToRightmost(pCur);
@@ -54174,7 +56510,7 @@
       moveToParent(pCur);
     }
     pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-    pCur->validNKey = 0;
+    pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_ValidNKey|BTCF_ValidOvfl);
 
     pCur->aiIdx[pCur->iPage]--;
     pPage = pCur->apPage[pCur->iPage];
@@ -54200,21 +56536,23 @@
 ** an error.  *ppPage and *pPgno are undefined in the event of an error.
 ** Do not invoke sqlite3PagerUnref() on *ppPage if an error is returned.
 **
-** If the "nearby" parameter is not 0, then a (feeble) effort is made to 
+** If the "nearby" parameter is not 0, then an effort is made to 
 ** locate a page close to the page number "nearby".  This can be used in an
 ** attempt to keep related pages close to each other in the database file,
 ** which in turn can make database access faster.
 **
-** If the "exact" parameter is not 0, and the page-number nearby exists 
-** anywhere on the free-list, then it is guarenteed to be returned. This
-** is only used by auto-vacuum databases when allocating a new table.
+** If the eMode parameter is BTALLOC_EXACT and the nearby page exists
+** anywhere on the free-list, then it is guaranteed to be returned.  If
+** eMode is BTALLOC_LT then the page returned will be less than or equal
+** to nearby if any such page exists.  If eMode is BTALLOC_ANY then there
+** are no restrictions on which page is returned.
 */
 static int allocateBtreePage(
-  BtShared *pBt, 
-  MemPage **ppPage, 
-  Pgno *pPgno, 
-  Pgno nearby,
-  u8 exact
+  BtShared *pBt,         /* The btree */
+  MemPage **ppPage,      /* Store pointer to the allocated page here */
+  Pgno *pPgno,           /* Store the page number here */
+  Pgno nearby,           /* Search for a page near this one */
+  u8 eMode               /* BTALLOC_EXACT, BTALLOC_LT, or BTALLOC_ANY */
 ){
   MemPage *pPage1;
   int rc;
@@ -54225,6 +56563,7 @@
   Pgno mxPage;     /* Total size of the database file */
 
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
+  assert( eMode==BTALLOC_ANY || (nearby>0 && IfNotOmitAV(pBt->autoVacuum)) );
   pPage1 = pBt->pPage1;
   mxPage = btreePagecount(pBt);
   n = get4byte(&pPage1->aData[36]);
@@ -54237,21 +56576,24 @@
     Pgno iTrunk;
     u8 searchList = 0; /* If the free-list must be searched for 'nearby' */
     
-    /* If the 'exact' parameter was true and a query of the pointer-map
+    /* If eMode==BTALLOC_EXACT and a query of the pointer-map
     ** shows that the page 'nearby' is somewhere on the free-list, then
     ** the entire-list will be searched for that page.
     */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-    if( exact && nearby<=mxPage ){
-      u8 eType;
-      assert( nearby>0 );
-      assert( pBt->autoVacuum );
-      rc = ptrmapGet(pBt, nearby, &eType, 0);
-      if( rc ) return rc;
-      if( eType==PTRMAP_FREEPAGE ){
-        searchList = 1;
+    if( eMode==BTALLOC_EXACT ){
+      if( nearby<=mxPage ){
+        u8 eType;
+        assert( nearby>0 );
+        assert( pBt->autoVacuum );
+        rc = ptrmapGet(pBt, nearby, &eType, 0);
+        if( rc ) return rc;
+        if( eType==PTRMAP_FREEPAGE ){
+          searchList = 1;
+        }
       }
-      *pPgno = nearby;
+    }else if( eMode==BTALLOC_LE ){
+      searchList = 1;
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -54264,7 +56606,8 @@
 
     /* The code within this loop is run only once if the 'searchList' variable
     ** is not true. Otherwise, it runs once for each trunk-page on the
-    ** free-list until the page 'nearby' is located.
+    ** free-list until the page 'nearby' is located (eMode==BTALLOC_EXACT)
+    ** or until a page less than 'nearby' is located (eMode==BTALLOC_LT)
     */
     do {
       pPrevTrunk = pTrunk;
@@ -54306,11 +56649,13 @@
         rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
         goto end_allocate_page;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-      }else if( searchList && nearby==iTrunk ){
+      }else if( searchList 
+            && (nearby==iTrunk || (iTrunk<nearby && eMode==BTALLOC_LE)) 
+      ){
         /* The list is being searched and this trunk page is the page
         ** to allocate, regardless of whether it has leaves.
         */
-        assert( *pPgno==iTrunk );
+        *pPgno = iTrunk;
         *ppPage = pTrunk;
         searchList = 0;
         rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pTrunk->pDbPage);
@@ -54373,14 +56718,24 @@
         unsigned char *aData = pTrunk->aData;
         if( nearby>0 ){
           u32 i;
-          int dist;
           closest = 0;
-          dist = sqlite3AbsInt32(get4byte(&aData[8]) - nearby);
-          for(i=1; i<k; i++){
-            int d2 = sqlite3AbsInt32(get4byte(&aData[8+i*4]) - nearby);
-            if( d2<dist ){
-              closest = i;
-              dist = d2;
+          if( eMode==BTALLOC_LE ){
+            for(i=0; i<k; i++){
+              iPage = get4byte(&aData[8+i*4]);
+              if( iPage<=nearby ){
+                closest = i;
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+          }else{
+            int dist;
+            dist = sqlite3AbsInt32(get4byte(&aData[8]) - nearby);
+            for(i=1; i<k; i++){
+              int d2 = sqlite3AbsInt32(get4byte(&aData[8+i*4]) - nearby);
+              if( d2<dist ){
+                closest = i;
+                dist = d2;
+              }
             }
           }
         }else{
@@ -54394,7 +56749,9 @@
           goto end_allocate_page;
         }
         testcase( iPage==mxPage );
-        if( !searchList || iPage==nearby ){
+        if( !searchList 
+         || (iPage==nearby || (iPage<nearby && eMode==BTALLOC_LE)) 
+        ){
           int noContent;
           *pPgno = iPage;
           TRACE(("ALLOCATE: %d was leaf %d of %d on trunk %d"
@@ -54406,7 +56763,7 @@
             memcpy(&aData[8+closest*4], &aData[4+k*4], 4);
           }
           put4byte(&aData[4], k-1);
-          noContent = !btreeGetHasContent(pBt, *pPgno);
+          noContent = !btreeGetHasContent(pBt, *pPgno) ? PAGER_GET_NOCONTENT : 0;
           rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, *pPgno, ppPage, noContent);
           if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
             rc = sqlite3PagerWrite((*ppPage)->pDbPage);
@@ -54421,8 +56778,26 @@
       pPrevTrunk = 0;
     }while( searchList );
   }else{
-    /* There are no pages on the freelist, so create a new page at the
-    ** end of the file */
+    /* There are no pages on the freelist, so append a new page to the
+    ** database image.
+    **
+    ** Normally, new pages allocated by this block can be requested from the
+    ** pager layer with the 'no-content' flag set. This prevents the pager
+    ** from trying to read the pages content from disk. However, if the
+    ** current transaction has already run one or more incremental-vacuum
+    ** steps, then the page we are about to allocate may contain content
+    ** that is required in the event of a rollback. In this case, do
+    ** not set the no-content flag. This causes the pager to load and journal
+    ** the current page content before overwriting it.
+    **
+    ** Note that the pager will not actually attempt to load or journal 
+    ** content for any page that really does lie past the end of the database
+    ** file on disk. So the effects of disabling the no-content optimization
+    ** here are confined to those pages that lie between the end of the
+    ** database image and the end of the database file.
+    */
+    int bNoContent = (0==IfNotOmitAV(pBt->bDoTruncate)) ? PAGER_GET_NOCONTENT : 0;
+
     rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pBt->pPage1->pDbPage);
     if( rc ) return rc;
     pBt->nPage++;
@@ -54437,7 +56812,7 @@
       MemPage *pPg = 0;
       TRACE(("ALLOCATE: %d from end of file (pointer-map page)\n", pBt->nPage));
       assert( pBt->nPage!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) );
-      rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pBt->nPage, &pPg, 1);
+      rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pBt->nPage, &pPg, bNoContent);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPg->pDbPage);
         releasePage(pPg);
@@ -54451,7 +56826,7 @@
     *pPgno = pBt->nPage;
 
     assert( *pPgno!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt) );
-    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, *pPgno, ppPage, 1);
+    rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, *pPgno, ppPage, bNoContent);
     if( rc ) return rc;
     rc = sqlite3PagerWrite((*ppPage)->pDbPage);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -54468,6 +56843,7 @@
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     if( sqlite3PagerPageRefcount((*ppPage)->pDbPage)>1 ){
       releasePage(*ppPage);
+      *ppPage = 0;
       return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
     }
     (*ppPage)->isInit = 0;
@@ -54635,7 +57011,7 @@
     return SQLITE_OK;  /* No overflow pages. Return without doing anything */
   }
   if( pCell+info.iOverflow+3 > pPage->aData+pPage->maskPage ){
-    return SQLITE_CORRUPT;  /* Cell extends past end of page */
+    return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;  /* Cell extends past end of page */
   }
   ovflPgno = get4byte(&pCell[info.iOverflow]);
   assert( pBt->usableSize > 4 );
@@ -54729,7 +57105,7 @@
     nHeader += 4;
   }
   if( pPage->hasData ){
-    nHeader += putVarint(&pCell[nHeader], nData+nZero);
+    nHeader += putVarint32(&pCell[nHeader], nData+nZero);
   }else{
     nData = nZero = 0;
   }
@@ -54779,7 +57155,7 @@
       ** If this is the first overflow page, then write a partial entry 
       ** to the pointer-map. If we write nothing to this pointer-map slot,
       ** then the optimistic overflow chain processing in clearCell()
-      ** may misinterpret the uninitialised values and delete the
+      ** may misinterpret the uninitialized values and delete the
       ** wrong pages from the database.
       */
       if( pBt->autoVacuum && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -54857,7 +57233,6 @@
   u32 pc;         /* Offset to cell content of cell being deleted */
   u8 *data;       /* pPage->aData */
   u8 *ptr;        /* Used to move bytes around within data[] */
-  u8 *endPtr;     /* End of loop */
   int rc;         /* The return code */
   int hdr;        /* Beginning of the header.  0 most pages.  100 page 1 */
 
@@ -54882,13 +57257,8 @@
     *pRC = rc;
     return;
   }
-  endPtr = &pPage->aCellIdx[2*pPage->nCell - 2];
-  assert( (SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(ptr)&1)==0 );  /* ptr is always 2-byte aligned */
-  while( ptr<endPtr ){
-    *(u16*)ptr = *(u16*)&ptr[2];
-    ptr += 2;
-  }
   pPage->nCell--;
+  memmove(ptr, ptr+2, 2*(pPage->nCell - idx));
   put2byte(&data[hdr+3], pPage->nCell);
   pPage->nFree += 2;
 }
@@ -54925,15 +57295,13 @@
   int ins;          /* Index in data[] where new cell pointer is inserted */
   int cellOffset;   /* Address of first cell pointer in data[] */
   u8 *data;         /* The content of the whole page */
-  u8 *ptr;          /* Used for moving information around in data[] */
-  u8 *endPtr;       /* End of the loop */
-
   int nSkip = (iChild ? 4 : 0);
 
   if( *pRC ) return;
 
   assert( i>=0 && i<=pPage->nCell+pPage->nOverflow );
-  assert( pPage->nCell<=MX_CELL(pPage->pBt) && MX_CELL(pPage->pBt)<=10921 );
+  assert( MX_CELL(pPage->pBt)<=10921 );
+  assert( pPage->nCell<=MX_CELL(pPage->pBt) || CORRUPT_DB );
   assert( pPage->nOverflow<=ArraySize(pPage->apOvfl) );
   assert( ArraySize(pPage->apOvfl)==ArraySize(pPage->aiOvfl) );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pPage->pBt->mutex) );
@@ -54978,13 +57346,7 @@
     if( iChild ){
       put4byte(&data[idx], iChild);
     }
-    ptr = &data[end];
-    endPtr = &data[ins];
-    assert( (SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(ptr)&1)==0 );  /* ptr is always 2-byte aligned */
-    while( ptr>endPtr ){
-      *(u16*)ptr = *(u16*)&ptr[-2];
-      ptr -= 2;
-    }
+    memmove(&data[ins+2], &data[ins], end-ins);
     put2byte(&data[ins], idx);
     put2byte(&data[pPage->hdrOffset+3], pPage->nCell);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
@@ -55091,7 +57453,7 @@
   assert( pPage->nOverflow==1 );
 
   /* This error condition is now caught prior to reaching this function */
-  if( pPage->nCell<=0 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  if( pPage->nCell==0 ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
 
   /* Allocate a new page. This page will become the right-sibling of 
   ** pPage. Make the parent page writable, so that the new divider cell
@@ -55301,11 +57663,15 @@
 ** If aOvflSpace is set to a null pointer, this function returns 
 ** SQLITE_NOMEM.
 */
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700 && defined(_M_ARM)
+#pragma optimize("", off)
+#endif
 static int balance_nonroot(
   MemPage *pParent,               /* Parent page of siblings being balanced */
   int iParentIdx,                 /* Index of "the page" in pParent */
   u8 *aOvflSpace,                 /* page-size bytes of space for parent ovfl */
-  int isRoot                      /* True if pParent is a root-page */
+  int isRoot,                     /* True if pParent is a root-page */
+  int bBulk                       /* True if this call is part of a bulk load */
 ){
   BtShared *pBt;               /* The whole database */
   int nCell = 0;               /* Number of cells in apCell[] */
@@ -55369,18 +57735,19 @@
   i = pParent->nOverflow + pParent->nCell;
   if( i<2 ){
     nxDiv = 0;
-    nOld = i+1;
   }else{
-    nOld = 3;
+    assert( bBulk==0 || bBulk==1 );
     if( iParentIdx==0 ){                 
       nxDiv = 0;
     }else if( iParentIdx==i ){
-      nxDiv = i-2;
+      nxDiv = i-2+bBulk;
     }else{
+      assert( bBulk==0 );
       nxDiv = iParentIdx-1;
     }
-    i = 2;
+    i = 2-bBulk;
   }
+  nOld = i+1;
   if( (i+nxDiv-pParent->nOverflow)==pParent->nCell ){
     pRight = &pParent->aData[pParent->hdrOffset+8];
   }else{
@@ -55388,7 +57755,7 @@
   }
   pgno = get4byte(pRight);
   while( 1 ){
-    rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pgno, &apOld[i]);
+    rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pgno, &apOld[i], 0);
     if( rc ){
       memset(apOld, 0, (i+1)*sizeof(MemPage*));
       goto balance_cleanup;
@@ -55460,7 +57827,7 @@
   /*
   ** Load pointers to all cells on sibling pages and the divider cells
   ** into the local apCell[] array.  Make copies of the divider cells
-  ** into space obtained from aSpace1[] and remove the the divider Cells
+  ** into space obtained from aSpace1[] and remove the divider cells
   ** from pParent.
   **
   ** If the siblings are on leaf pages, then the child pointers of the
@@ -55589,7 +57956,9 @@
     d = r + 1 - leafData;
     assert( d<nMaxCells );
     assert( r<nMaxCells );
-    while( szRight==0 || szRight+szCell[d]+2<=szLeft-(szCell[r]+2) ){
+    while( szRight==0 
+       || (!bBulk && szRight+szCell[d]+2<=szLeft-(szCell[r]+2)) 
+    ){
       szRight += szCell[d] + 2;
       szLeft -= szCell[r] + 2;
       cntNew[i-1]--;
@@ -55636,7 +58005,7 @@
       if( rc ) goto balance_cleanup;
     }else{
       assert( i>0 );
-      rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pNew, &pgno, pgno, 0);
+      rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pNew, &pgno, (bBulk ? 1 : pgno), 0);
       if( rc ) goto balance_cleanup;
       apNew[i] = pNew;
       nNew++;
@@ -55848,6 +58217,7 @@
         ** sibling page j. If the siblings are not leaf pages of an
         ** intkey b-tree, then cell i was a divider cell. */
         assert( j+1 < ArraySize(apCopy) );
+        assert( j+1 < nOld );
         pOld = apCopy[++j];
         iNextOld = i + !leafData + pOld->nCell + pOld->nOverflow;
         if( pOld->nOverflow ){
@@ -55926,6 +58296,9 @@
 
   return rc;
 }
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1700 && defined(_M_ARM)
+#pragma optimize("", on)
+#endif
 
 
 /*
@@ -56086,7 +58459,7 @@
           ** pSpace buffer passed to the latter call to balance_nonroot().
           */
           u8 *pSpace = sqlite3PageMalloc(pCur->pBt->pageSize);
-          rc = balance_nonroot(pParent, iIdx, pSpace, iPage==1);
+          rc = balance_nonroot(pParent, iIdx, pSpace, iPage==1, pCur->hints);
           if( pFree ){
             /* If pFree is not NULL, it points to the pSpace buffer used 
             ** by a previous call to balance_nonroot(). Its contents are
@@ -56163,7 +58536,7 @@
   }
 
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  assert( pCur->wrFlag && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE
+  assert( (pCur->curFlags & BTCF_WriteFlag)!=0 && pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE
               && (pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)==0 );
   assert( hasSharedCacheTableLock(p, pCur->pgnoRoot, pCur->pKeyInfo!=0, 2) );
 
@@ -56174,13 +58547,6 @@
   ** blob of associated data.  */
   assert( (pKey==0)==(pCur->pKeyInfo==0) );
 
-  /* If this is an insert into a table b-tree, invalidate any incrblob 
-  ** cursors open on the row being replaced (assuming this is a replace
-  ** operation - if it is not, the following is a no-op).  */
-  if( pCur->pKeyInfo==0 ){
-    invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, nKey, 0);
-  }
-
   /* Save the positions of any other cursors open on this table.
   **
   ** In some cases, the call to btreeMoveto() below is a no-op. For
@@ -56194,6 +58560,20 @@
   */
   rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, pCur->pgnoRoot, pCur);
   if( rc ) return rc;
+
+  if( pCur->pKeyInfo==0 ){
+    /* If this is an insert into a table b-tree, invalidate any incrblob 
+    ** cursors open on the row being replaced */
+    invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, nKey, 0);
+
+    /* If the cursor is currently on the last row and we are appending a
+    ** new row onto the end, set the "loc" to avoid an unnecessary btreeMoveto()
+    ** call */
+    if( (pCur->curFlags&BTCF_ValidNKey)!=0 && nKey>0 && pCur->info.nKey==nKey-1 ){
+      loc = -1;
+    }
+  }
+
   if( !loc ){
     rc = btreeMoveto(pCur, pKey, nKey, appendBias, &loc);
     if( rc ) return rc;
@@ -56240,9 +58620,9 @@
   insertCell(pPage, idx, newCell, szNew, 0, 0, &rc);
   assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pPage->nCell>0 || pPage->nOverflow>0 );
 
-  /* If no error has occured and pPage has an overflow cell, call balance() 
+  /* If no error has occurred and pPage has an overflow cell, call balance() 
   ** to redistribute the cells within the tree. Since balance() may move
-  ** the cursor, zero the BtCursor.info.nSize and BtCursor.validNKey
+  ** the cursor, zero the BtCursor.info.nSize and BTCF_ValidNKey
   ** variables.
   **
   ** Previous versions of SQLite called moveToRoot() to move the cursor
@@ -56261,8 +58641,8 @@
   ** row without seeking the cursor. This can be a big performance boost.
   */
   pCur->info.nSize = 0;
-  pCur->validNKey = 0;
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pPage->nOverflow ){
+    pCur->curFlags &= ~(BTCF_ValidNKey);
     rc = balance(pCur);
 
     /* Must make sure nOverflow is reset to zero even if the balance()
@@ -56294,7 +58674,7 @@
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
   assert( pBt->inTransaction==TRANS_WRITE );
   assert( (pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)==0 );
-  assert( pCur->wrFlag );
+  assert( pCur->curFlags & BTCF_WriteFlag );
   assert( hasSharedCacheTableLock(p, pCur->pgnoRoot, pCur->pKeyInfo!=0, 2) );
   assert( !hasReadConflicts(p, pCur->pgnoRoot) );
 
@@ -56304,12 +58684,6 @@
     return SQLITE_ERROR;  /* Something has gone awry. */
   }
 
-  /* If this is a delete operation to remove a row from a table b-tree,
-  ** invalidate any incrblob cursors open on the row being deleted.  */
-  if( pCur->pKeyInfo==0 ){
-    invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, pCur->info.nKey, 0);
-  }
-
   iCellDepth = pCur->iPage;
   iCellIdx = pCur->aiIdx[iCellDepth];
   pPage = pCur->apPage[iCellDepth];
@@ -56323,7 +58697,7 @@
   ** sub-tree headed by the child page of the cell being deleted. This makes
   ** balancing the tree following the delete operation easier.  */
   if( !pPage->leaf ){
-    int notUsed;
+    int notUsed = 0;
     rc = sqlite3BtreePrevious(pCur, &notUsed);
     if( rc ) return rc;
   }
@@ -56335,6 +58709,13 @@
   */
   rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, pCur->pgnoRoot, pCur);
   if( rc ) return rc;
+
+  /* If this is a delete operation to remove a row from a table b-tree,
+  ** invalidate any incrblob cursors open on the row being deleted.  */
+  if( pCur->pKeyInfo==0 ){
+    invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, pCur->info.nKey, 0);
+  }
+
   rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage->pDbPage);
   if( rc ) return rc;
   rc = clearCell(pPage, pCell);
@@ -56453,7 +58834,7 @@
     ** be moved to the allocated page (unless the allocated page happens
     ** to reside at pgnoRoot).
     */
-    rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pPageMove, &pgnoMove, pgnoRoot, 1);
+    rc = allocateBtreePage(pBt, &pPageMove, &pgnoMove, pgnoRoot, BTALLOC_EXACT);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       return rc;
     }
@@ -56468,7 +58849,14 @@
       u8 eType = 0;
       Pgno iPtrPage = 0;
 
+      /* Save the positions of any open cursors. This is required in
+      ** case they are holding a reference to an xFetch reference
+      ** corresponding to page pgnoRoot.  */
+      rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, 0, 0);
       releasePage(pPageMove);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
 
       /* Move the page currently at pgnoRoot to pgnoMove. */
       rc = btreeGetPage(pBt, pgnoRoot, &pRoot, 0);
@@ -56562,14 +58950,16 @@
   int rc;
   unsigned char *pCell;
   int i;
+  int hdr;
 
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pBt->mutex) );
   if( pgno>btreePagecount(pBt) ){
     return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
   }
 
-  rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pgno, &pPage);
+  rc = getAndInitPage(pBt, pgno, &pPage, 0);
   if( rc ) return rc;
+  hdr = pPage->hdrOffset;
   for(i=0; i<pPage->nCell; i++){
     pCell = findCell(pPage, i);
     if( !pPage->leaf ){
@@ -56580,7 +58970,7 @@
     if( rc ) goto cleardatabasepage_out;
   }
   if( !pPage->leaf ){
-    rc = clearDatabasePage(pBt, get4byte(&pPage->aData[8]), 1, pnChange);
+    rc = clearDatabasePage(pBt, get4byte(&pPage->aData[hdr+8]), 1, pnChange);
     if( rc ) goto cleardatabasepage_out;
   }else if( pnChange ){
     assert( pPage->intKey );
@@ -56589,7 +58979,7 @@
   if( freePageFlag ){
     freePage(pPage, &rc);
   }else if( (rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPage->pDbPage))==0 ){
-    zeroPage(pPage, pPage->aData[0] | PTF_LEAF);
+    zeroPage(pPage, pPage->aData[hdr] | PTF_LEAF);
   }
 
 cleardatabasepage_out:
@@ -56616,13 +59006,13 @@
   sqlite3BtreeEnter(p);
   assert( p->inTrans==TRANS_WRITE );
 
-  /* Invalidate all incrblob cursors open on table iTable (assuming iTable
-  ** is the root of a table b-tree - if it is not, the following call is
-  ** a no-op).  */
-  invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, 0, 1);
-
   rc = saveAllCursors(pBt, (Pgno)iTable, 0);
+
   if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
+    /* Invalidate all incrblob cursors open on table iTable (assuming iTable
+    ** is the root of a table b-tree - if it is not, the following call is
+    ** a no-op).  */
+    invalidateIncrblobCursors(p, 0, 1);
     rc = clearDatabasePage(pBt, (Pgno)iTable, 0, pnChange);
   }
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
@@ -56630,6 +59020,15 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Delete all information from the single table that pCur is open on.
+**
+** This routine only work for pCur on an ephemeral table.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeClearTableOfCursor(BtCursor *pCur){
+  return sqlite3BtreeClearTable(pCur->pBtree, pCur->pgnoRoot, 0);
+}
+
+/*
 ** Erase all information in a table and add the root of the table to
 ** the freelist.  Except, the root of the principle table (the one on
 ** page 1) is never added to the freelist.
@@ -56926,17 +59325,36 @@
     sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&pCheck->errMsg, "\n", 1);
   }
   if( zMsg1 ){
-    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&pCheck->errMsg, zMsg1, -1);
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(&pCheck->errMsg, zMsg1);
   }
   sqlite3VXPrintf(&pCheck->errMsg, 1, zFormat, ap);
   va_end(ap);
-  if( pCheck->errMsg.mallocFailed ){
+  if( pCheck->errMsg.accError==STRACCUM_NOMEM ){
     pCheck->mallocFailed = 1;
   }
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK
+
+/*
+** Return non-zero if the bit in the IntegrityCk.aPgRef[] array that
+** corresponds to page iPg is already set.
+*/
+static int getPageReferenced(IntegrityCk *pCheck, Pgno iPg){
+  assert( iPg<=pCheck->nPage && sizeof(pCheck->aPgRef[0])==1 );
+  return (pCheck->aPgRef[iPg/8] & (1 << (iPg & 0x07)));
+}
+
+/*
+** Set the bit in the IntegrityCk.aPgRef[] array that corresponds to page iPg.
+*/
+static void setPageReferenced(IntegrityCk *pCheck, Pgno iPg){
+  assert( iPg<=pCheck->nPage && sizeof(pCheck->aPgRef[0])==1 );
+  pCheck->aPgRef[iPg/8] |= (1 << (iPg & 0x07));
+}
+
+
 /*
 ** Add 1 to the reference count for page iPage.  If this is the second
 ** reference to the page, add an error message to pCheck->zErrMsg.
@@ -56951,11 +59369,12 @@
     checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, "invalid page number %d", iPage);
     return 1;
   }
-  if( pCheck->anRef[iPage]==1 ){
+  if( getPageReferenced(pCheck, iPage) ){
     checkAppendMsg(pCheck, zContext, "2nd reference to page %d", iPage);
     return 1;
   }
-  return  (pCheck->anRef[iPage]++)>1;
+  setPageReferenced(pCheck, iPage);
+  return 0;
 }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
@@ -57331,18 +59750,16 @@
     sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
     return 0;
   }
-  sCheck.anRef = sqlite3Malloc( (sCheck.nPage+1)*sizeof(sCheck.anRef[0]) );
-  if( !sCheck.anRef ){
+
+  sCheck.aPgRef = sqlite3MallocZero((sCheck.nPage / 8)+ 1);
+  if( !sCheck.aPgRef ){
     *pnErr = 1;
     sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
     return 0;
   }
-  for(i=0; i<=sCheck.nPage; i++){ sCheck.anRef[i] = 0; }
   i = PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(pBt);
-  if( i<=sCheck.nPage ){
-    sCheck.anRef[i] = 1;
-  }
-  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&sCheck.errMsg, zErr, sizeof(zErr), 20000);
+  if( i<=sCheck.nPage ) setPageReferenced(&sCheck, i);
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&sCheck.errMsg, zErr, sizeof(zErr), SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH);
   sCheck.errMsg.useMalloc = 2;
 
   /* Check the integrity of the freelist
@@ -57366,18 +59783,18 @@
   */
   for(i=1; i<=sCheck.nPage && sCheck.mxErr; i++){
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-    if( sCheck.anRef[i]==0 ){
+    if( getPageReferenced(&sCheck, i)==0 ){
       checkAppendMsg(&sCheck, 0, "Page %d is never used", i);
     }
 #else
     /* If the database supports auto-vacuum, make sure no tables contain
     ** references to pointer-map pages.
     */
-    if( sCheck.anRef[i]==0 && 
+    if( getPageReferenced(&sCheck, i)==0 && 
        (PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, i)!=i || !pBt->autoVacuum) ){
       checkAppendMsg(&sCheck, 0, "Page %d is never used", i);
     }
-    if( sCheck.anRef[i]!=0 && 
+    if( getPageReferenced(&sCheck, i)!=0 && 
        (PTRMAP_PAGENO(pBt, i)==i && pBt->autoVacuum) ){
       checkAppendMsg(&sCheck, 0, "Pointer map page %d is referenced", i);
     }
@@ -57398,7 +59815,7 @@
   /* Clean  up and report errors.
   */
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p);
-  sqlite3_free(sCheck.anRef);
+  sqlite3_free(sCheck.aPgRef);
   if( sCheck.mallocFailed ){
     sqlite3StrAccumReset(&sCheck.errMsg);
     *pnErr = sCheck.nErr+1;
@@ -57411,14 +59828,15 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
 
 /*
-** Return the full pathname of the underlying database file.
+** Return the full pathname of the underlying database file.  Return
+** an empty string if the database is in-memory or a TEMP database.
 **
 ** The pager filename is invariant as long as the pager is
 ** open so it is safe to access without the BtShared mutex.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3BtreeGetFilename(Btree *p){
   assert( p->pBt->pPager!=0 );
-  return sqlite3PagerFilename(p->pBt->pPager);
+  return sqlite3PagerFilename(p->pBt->pPager, 1);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -57569,7 +59987,7 @@
   int rc;
   assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCsr) );
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCsr->pBtree->db->mutex) );
-  assert( pCsr->isIncrblobHandle );
+  assert( pCsr->curFlags & BTCF_Incrblob );
 
   rc = restoreCursorPosition(pCsr);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -57580,6 +59998,17 @@
     return SQLITE_ABORT;
   }
 
+  /* Save the positions of all other cursors open on this table. This is
+  ** required in case any of them are holding references to an xFetch
+  ** version of the b-tree page modified by the accessPayload call below.
+  **
+  ** Note that pCsr must be open on a BTREE_INTKEY table and saveCursorPosition()
+  ** and hence saveAllCursors() cannot fail on a BTREE_INTKEY table, hence
+  ** saveAllCursors can only return SQLITE_OK.
+  */
+  VVA_ONLY(rc =) saveAllCursors(pCsr->pBt, pCsr->pgnoRoot, pCsr);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+
   /* Check some assumptions: 
   **   (a) the cursor is open for writing,
   **   (b) there is a read/write transaction open,
@@ -57587,7 +60016,7 @@
   **   (d) there are no conflicting read-locks, and
   **   (e) the cursor points at a valid row of an intKey table.
   */
-  if( !pCsr->wrFlag ){
+  if( (pCsr->curFlags & BTCF_WriteFlag)==0 ){
     return SQLITE_READONLY;
   }
   assert( (pCsr->pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)==0
@@ -57600,20 +60029,10 @@
 }
 
 /* 
-** Set a flag on this cursor to cache the locations of pages from the 
-** overflow list for the current row. This is used by cursors opened
-** for incremental blob IO only.
-**
-** This function sets a flag only. The actual page location cache
-** (stored in BtCursor.aOverflow[]) is allocated and used by function
-** accessPayload() (the worker function for sqlite3BtreeData() and
-** sqlite3BtreePutData()).
+** Mark this cursor as an incremental blob cursor.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCacheOverflow(BtCursor *pCur){
-  assert( cursorHoldsMutex(pCur) );
-  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCur->pBtree->db->mutex) );
-  invalidateOverflowCache(pCur);
-  pCur->isIncrblobHandle = 1;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeIncrblobCursor(BtCursor *pCur){
+  pCur->curFlags |= BTCF_Incrblob;
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -57653,6 +60072,22 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** set the mask of hint flags for cursor pCsr. Currently the only valid
+** values are 0 and BTREE_BULKLOAD.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BtreeCursorHints(BtCursor *pCsr, unsigned int mask){
+  assert( mask==BTREE_BULKLOAD || mask==0 );
+  pCsr->hints = mask;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if the given Btree is read-only.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3BtreeIsReadonly(Btree *p){
+  return (p->pBt->btsFlags & BTS_READ_ONLY)!=0;
+}
+
 /************** End of btree.c ***********************************************/
 /************** Begin file backup.c ******************************************/
 /*
@@ -57670,12 +60105,6 @@
 ** API functions and the related features.
 */
 
-/* Macro to find the minimum of two numeric values.
-*/
-#ifndef MIN
-# define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
-#endif
-
 /*
 ** Structure allocated for each backup operation.
 */
@@ -57757,6 +60186,7 @@
         rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
       }
       sqlite3DbFree(pErrorDb, pParse->zErrMsg);
+      sqlite3ParserReset(pParse);
       sqlite3StackFree(pErrorDb, pParse);
     }
     if( rc ){
@@ -57819,7 +60249,7 @@
     ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-64852-21591 The sqlite3_backup object is created by a
     ** call to sqlite3_backup_init() and is destroyed by a call to
     ** sqlite3_backup_finish(). */
-    p = (sqlite3_backup *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(sqlite3_backup));
+    p = (sqlite3_backup *)sqlite3MallocZero(sizeof(sqlite3_backup));
     if( !p ){
       sqlite3Error(pDestDb, SQLITE_NOMEM, 0);
     }
@@ -57827,7 +60257,6 @@
 
   /* If the allocation succeeded, populate the new object. */
   if( p ){
-    memset(p, 0, sizeof(sqlite3_backup));
     p->pSrc = findBtree(pDestDb, pSrcDb, zSrcDb);
     p->pDest = findBtree(pDestDb, pDestDb, zDestDb);
     p->pDestDb = pDestDb;
@@ -57868,20 +60297,28 @@
 ** page iSrcPg from the source database. Copy this data into the 
 ** destination database.
 */
-static int backupOnePage(sqlite3_backup *p, Pgno iSrcPg, const u8 *zSrcData){
+static int backupOnePage(
+  sqlite3_backup *p,              /* Backup handle */
+  Pgno iSrcPg,                    /* Source database page to backup */
+  const u8 *zSrcData,             /* Source database page data */
+  int bUpdate                     /* True for an update, false otherwise */
+){
   Pager * const pDestPager = sqlite3BtreePager(p->pDest);
   const int nSrcPgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pSrc);
   int nDestPgsz = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(p->pDest);
   const int nCopy = MIN(nSrcPgsz, nDestPgsz);
   const i64 iEnd = (i64)iSrcPg*(i64)nSrcPgsz;
 #ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
-  int nSrcReserve = sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(p->pSrc);
+  /* Use BtreeGetReserveNoMutex() for the source b-tree, as although it is
+  ** guaranteed that the shared-mutex is held by this thread, handle
+  ** p->pSrc may not actually be the owner.  */
+  int nSrcReserve = sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(p->pSrc);
   int nDestReserve = sqlite3BtreeGetReserve(p->pDest);
 #endif
-
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   i64 iOff;
 
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeGetReserveNoMutex(p->pSrc)>=0 );
   assert( p->bDestLocked );
   assert( !isFatalError(p->rc) );
   assert( iSrcPg!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pSrc->pBt) );
@@ -57938,6 +60375,9 @@
       */
       memcpy(zOut, zIn, nCopy);
       ((u8 *)sqlite3PagerGetExtra(pDestPg))[0] = 0;
+      if( iOff==0 && bUpdate==0 ){
+        sqlite3Put4byte(&zOut[28], sqlite3BtreeLastPage(p->pSrc));
+      }
     }
     sqlite3PagerUnref(pDestPg);
   }
@@ -58042,9 +60482,10 @@
       const Pgno iSrcPg = p->iNext;                 /* Source page number */
       if( iSrcPg!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pSrc->pBt) ){
         DbPage *pSrcPg;                             /* Source page object */
-        rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pSrcPager, iSrcPg, &pSrcPg);
+        rc = sqlite3PagerAcquire(pSrcPager, iSrcPg, &pSrcPg,
+                                 PAGER_GET_READONLY);
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-          rc = backupOnePage(p, iSrcPg, sqlite3PagerGetData(pSrcPg));
+          rc = backupOnePage(p, iSrcPg, sqlite3PagerGetData(pSrcPg), 0);
           sqlite3PagerUnref(pSrcPg);
         }
       }
@@ -58066,10 +60507,16 @@
     ** same schema version.
     */
     if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(p->pDest,1,p->iDestSchema+1);
+      if( nSrcPage==0 ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeNewDb(p->pDest);
+        nSrcPage = 1;
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(p->pDest,1,p->iDestSchema+1);
+      }
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         if( p->pDestDb ){
-          sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(p->pDestDb, -1);
+          sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(p->pDestDb);
         }
         if( destMode==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ){
           rc = sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(p->pDest, 2);
@@ -58100,7 +60547,7 @@
         }else{
           nDestTruncate = nSrcPage * (pgszSrc/pgszDest);
         }
-        sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pDestPager, nDestTruncate);
+        assert( nDestTruncate>0 );
 
         if( pgszSrc<pgszDest ){
           /* If the source page-size is smaller than the destination page-size,
@@ -58114,22 +60561,38 @@
           */
           const i64 iSize = (i64)pgszSrc * (i64)nSrcPage;
           sqlite3_file * const pFile = sqlite3PagerFile(pDestPager);
+          Pgno iPg;
+          int nDstPage;
           i64 iOff;
           i64 iEnd;
 
           assert( pFile );
-          assert( (i64)nDestTruncate*(i64)pgszDest >= iSize || (
+          assert( nDestTruncate==0 
+              || (i64)nDestTruncate*(i64)pgszDest >= iSize || (
                 nDestTruncate==(int)(PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pDest->pBt)-1)
              && iSize>=PENDING_BYTE && iSize<=PENDING_BYTE+pgszDest
           ));
 
-          /* This call ensures that all data required to recreate the original
+          /* This block ensures that all data required to recreate the original
           ** database has been stored in the journal for pDestPager and the
           ** journal synced to disk. So at this point we may safely modify
           ** the database file in any way, knowing that if a power failure
           ** occurs, the original database will be reconstructed from the 
           ** journal file.  */
-          rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pDestPager, 0, 1);
+          sqlite3PagerPagecount(pDestPager, &nDstPage);
+          for(iPg=nDestTruncate; rc==SQLITE_OK && iPg<=(Pgno)nDstPage; iPg++){
+            if( iPg!=PENDING_BYTE_PAGE(p->pDest->pBt) ){
+              DbPage *pPg;
+              rc = sqlite3PagerGet(pDestPager, iPg, &pPg);
+              if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+                rc = sqlite3PagerWrite(pPg);
+                sqlite3PagerUnref(pPg);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pDestPager, 0, 1);
+          }
 
           /* Write the extra pages and truncate the database file as required */
           iEnd = MIN(PENDING_BYTE + pgszDest, iSize);
@@ -58153,9 +60616,10 @@
 
           /* Sync the database file to disk. */
           if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-            rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pDestPager);
+            rc = sqlite3PagerSync(pDestPager, 0);
           }
         }else{
+          sqlite3PagerTruncateImage(pDestPager, nDestTruncate);
           rc = sqlite3PagerCommitPhaseOne(pDestPager, 0, 0);
         }
     
@@ -58198,14 +60662,14 @@
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_backup_finish(sqlite3_backup *p){
   sqlite3_backup **pp;                 /* Ptr to head of pagers backup list */
-  MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *mutex; ) /* Mutex to protect source database */
+  sqlite3 *pSrcDb;                     /* Source database connection */
   int rc;                              /* Value to return */
 
   /* Enter the mutexes */
   if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
-  sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pSrcDb->mutex);
+  pSrcDb = p->pSrcDb;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(pSrcDb->mutex);
   sqlite3BtreeEnter(p->pSrc);
-  MUTEX_LOGIC( mutex = p->pSrcDb->mutex; )
   if( p->pDestDb ){
     sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pDestDb->mutex);
   }
@@ -58227,11 +60691,11 @@
 
   /* Set the error code of the destination database handle. */
   rc = (p->rc==SQLITE_DONE) ? SQLITE_OK : p->rc;
-  sqlite3Error(p->pDestDb, rc, 0);
-
-  /* Exit the mutexes and free the backup context structure. */
   if( p->pDestDb ){
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->pDestDb->mutex);
+    sqlite3Error(p->pDestDb, rc, 0);
+
+    /* Exit the mutexes and free the backup context structure. */
+    sqlite3LeaveMutexAndCloseZombie(p->pDestDb);
   }
   sqlite3BtreeLeave(p->pSrc);
   if( p->pDestDb ){
@@ -58240,7 +60704,7 @@
     ** sqlite3_backup_finish(). */
     sqlite3_free(p);
   }
-  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  sqlite3LeaveMutexAndCloseZombie(pSrcDb);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -58284,7 +60748,7 @@
       int rc;
       assert( p->pDestDb );
       sqlite3_mutex_enter(p->pDestDb->mutex);
-      rc = backupOnePage(p, iPage, aData);
+      rc = backupOnePage(p, iPage, aData, 1);
       sqlite3_mutex_leave(p->pDestDb->mutex);
       assert( rc!=SQLITE_BUSY && rc!=SQLITE_LOCKED );
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -58393,6 +60857,42 @@
 ** name sqlite_value
 */
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** Check invariants on a Mem object.
+**
+** This routine is intended for use inside of assert() statements, like
+** this:    assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(pMem) );
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(Mem *p){
+  /* The MEM_Dyn bit is set if and only if Mem.xDel is a non-NULL destructor
+  ** function for Mem.z 
+  */
+  assert( (p->flags & MEM_Dyn)==0 || p->xDel!=0 );
+  assert( (p->flags & MEM_Dyn)!=0 || p->xDel==0 );
+
+  /* If p holds a string or blob, the Mem.z must point to exactly
+  ** one of the following:
+  **
+  **   (1) Memory in Mem.zMalloc and managed by the Mem object
+  **   (2) Memory to be freed using Mem.xDel
+  **   (3) An ephermal string or blob
+  **   (4) A static string or blob
+  */
+  if( (p->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob)) && p->z!=0 ){
+    assert( 
+      ((p->z==p->zMalloc)? 1 : 0) +
+      ((p->flags&MEM_Dyn)!=0 ? 1 : 0) +
+      ((p->flags&MEM_Ephem)!=0 ? 1 : 0) +
+      ((p->flags&MEM_Static)!=0 ? 1 : 0) == 1
+    );
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+
 /*
 ** If pMem is an object with a valid string representation, this routine
 ** ensures the internal encoding for the string representation is
@@ -58407,7 +60907,9 @@
 ** between formats.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(Mem *pMem, int desiredEnc){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
   int rc;
+#endif
   assert( (pMem->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
   assert( desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF8 || desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF16LE
            || desiredEnc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
@@ -58432,53 +60934,51 @@
 
 /*
 ** Make sure pMem->z points to a writable allocation of at least 
-** n bytes.
+** min(n,32) bytes.
 **
-** If the memory cell currently contains string or blob data
-** and the third argument passed to this function is true, the 
-** current content of the cell is preserved. Otherwise, it may
-** be discarded.  
-**
-** This function sets the MEM_Dyn flag and clears any xDel callback.
-** It also clears MEM_Ephem and MEM_Static. If the preserve flag is 
-** not set, Mem.n is zeroed.
+** If the bPreserve argument is true, then copy of the content of
+** pMem->z into the new allocation.  pMem must be either a string or
+** blob if bPreserve is true.  If bPreserve is false, any prior content
+** in pMem->z is discarded.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(Mem *pMem, int n, int preserve){
-  assert( 1 >=
-    ((pMem->zMalloc && pMem->zMalloc==pMem->z) ? 1 : 0) +
-    (((pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn)&&pMem->xDel) ? 1 : 0) + 
-    ((pMem->flags&MEM_Ephem) ? 1 : 0) + 
-    ((pMem->flags&MEM_Static) ? 1 : 0)
-  );
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(Mem *pMem, int n, int bPreserve){
+  assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(pMem) );
   assert( (pMem->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
 
-  if( n<32 ) n = 32;
-  if( sqlite3DbMallocSize(pMem->db, pMem->zMalloc)<n ){
-    if( preserve && pMem->z==pMem->zMalloc ){
+  /* If the bPreserve flag is set to true, then the memory cell must already
+  ** contain a valid string or blob value.  */
+  assert( bPreserve==0 || pMem->flags&(MEM_Blob|MEM_Str) );
+  testcase( bPreserve && pMem->z==0 );
+
+  if( pMem->zMalloc==0 || sqlite3DbMallocSize(pMem->db, pMem->zMalloc)<n ){
+    if( n<32 ) n = 32;
+    if( bPreserve && pMem->z==pMem->zMalloc ){
       pMem->z = pMem->zMalloc = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(pMem->db, pMem->z, n);
-      preserve = 0;
+      bPreserve = 0;
     }else{
       sqlite3DbFree(pMem->db, pMem->zMalloc);
       pMem->zMalloc = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(pMem->db, n);
     }
+    if( pMem->zMalloc==0 ){
+      VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
+      pMem->z = 0;
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Null;  
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
   }
 
-  if( pMem->z && preserve && pMem->zMalloc && pMem->z!=pMem->zMalloc ){
+  if( pMem->z && bPreserve && pMem->z!=pMem->zMalloc ){
     memcpy(pMem->zMalloc, pMem->z, pMem->n);
   }
-  if( pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn && pMem->xDel ){
-    assert( pMem->xDel!=SQLITE_DYNAMIC );
+  if( (pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn)!=0 ){
+    assert( pMem->xDel!=0 && pMem->xDel!=SQLITE_DYNAMIC );
     pMem->xDel((void *)(pMem->z));
   }
 
   pMem->z = pMem->zMalloc;
-  if( pMem->z==0 ){
-    pMem->flags = MEM_Null;
-  }else{
-    pMem->flags &= ~(MEM_Ephem|MEM_Static);
-  }
+  pMem->flags &= ~(MEM_Dyn|MEM_Ephem|MEM_Static);
   pMem->xDel = 0;
-  return (pMem->z ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_NOMEM);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -58645,9 +61145,9 @@
     sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(p, p->u.pDef);
     assert( (p->flags & MEM_Agg)==0 );
     sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(p);
-  }else if( p->flags&MEM_Dyn && p->xDel ){
+  }else if( p->flags&MEM_Dyn ){
     assert( (p->flags&MEM_RowSet)==0 );
-    assert( p->xDel!=SQLITE_DYNAMIC );
+    assert( p->xDel!=SQLITE_DYNAMIC && p->xDel!=0 );
     p->xDel((void *)p->z);
     p->xDel = 0;
   }else if( p->flags&MEM_RowSet ){
@@ -58660,27 +61160,23 @@
 /*
 ** Release any memory held by the Mem. This may leave the Mem in an
 ** inconsistent state, for example with (Mem.z==0) and
-** (Mem.type==SQLITE_TEXT).
+** (Mem.flags==MEM_Str).
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(Mem *p){
+  assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(p) );
   VdbeMemRelease(p);
-  sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p->zMalloc);
+  if( p->zMalloc ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p->zMalloc);
+    p->zMalloc = 0;
+  }
   p->z = 0;
-  p->zMalloc = 0;
-  p->xDel = 0;
+  assert( p->xDel==0 );  /* Zeroed by VdbeMemRelease() above */
 }
 
 /*
 ** Convert a 64-bit IEEE double into a 64-bit signed integer.
-** If the double is too large, return 0x8000000000000000.
-**
-** Most systems appear to do this simply by assigning
-** variables and without the extra range tests.  But
-** there are reports that windows throws an expection
-** if the floating point value is out of range. (See ticket #2880.)
-** Because we do not completely understand the problem, we will
-** take the conservative approach and always do range tests
-** before attempting the conversion.
+** If the double is out of range of a 64-bit signed integer then
+** return the closest available 64-bit signed integer.
 */
 static i64 doubleToInt64(double r){
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
@@ -58697,14 +61193,10 @@
   static const i64 maxInt = LARGEST_INT64;
   static const i64 minInt = SMALLEST_INT64;
 
-  if( r<(double)minInt ){
+  if( r<=(double)minInt ){
     return minInt;
-  }else if( r>(double)maxInt ){
-    /* minInt is correct here - not maxInt.  It turns out that assigning
-    ** a very large positive number to an integer results in a very large
-    ** negative integer.  This makes no sense, but it is what x86 hardware
-    ** does so for compatibility we will do the same in software. */
-    return minInt;
+  }else if( r>=(double)maxInt ){
+    return maxInt;
   }else{
     return (i64)r;
   }
@@ -58786,17 +61278,11 @@
   **
   ** The second and third terms in the following conditional enforces
   ** the second condition under the assumption that addition overflow causes
-  ** values to wrap around.  On x86 hardware, the third term is always
-  ** true and could be omitted.  But we leave it in because other
-  ** architectures might behave differently.
+  ** values to wrap around.
   */
   if( pMem->r==(double)pMem->u.i
    && pMem->u.i>SMALLEST_INT64
-#if defined(__i486__) || defined(__x86_64__)
-   && ALWAYS(pMem->u.i<LARGEST_INT64)
-#else
    && pMem->u.i<LARGEST_INT64
-#endif
   ){
     pMem->flags |= MEM_Int;
   }
@@ -58866,7 +61352,9 @@
     sqlite3RowSetClear(pMem->u.pRowSet);
   }
   MemSetTypeFlag(pMem, MEM_Null);
-  pMem->type = SQLITE_NULL;
+}
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueSetNull(sqlite3_value *p){
+  sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull((Mem*)p); 
 }
 
 /*
@@ -58876,7 +61364,6 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemSetZeroBlob(Mem *pMem, int n){
   sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
   pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Zero;
-  pMem->type = SQLITE_BLOB;
   pMem->n = 0;
   if( n<0 ) n = 0;
   pMem->u.nZero = n;
@@ -58899,7 +61386,6 @@
   sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
   pMem->u.i = val;
   pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
-  pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
 }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
@@ -58914,7 +61400,6 @@
     sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
     pMem->r = val;
     pMem->flags = MEM_Real;
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_FLOAT;
   }
 }
 #endif
@@ -58970,7 +61455,7 @@
   Mem *pX;
   for(i=1, pX=&pVdbe->aMem[1]; i<=pVdbe->nMem; i++, pX++){
     if( pX->pScopyFrom==pMem ){
-      pX->flags |= MEM_Invalid;
+      pX->flags |= MEM_Undefined;
       pX->pScopyFrom = 0;
     }
   }
@@ -58981,7 +61466,7 @@
 /*
 ** Size of struct Mem not including the Mem.zMalloc member.
 */
-#define MEMCELLSIZE (size_t)(&(((Mem *)0)->zMalloc))
+#define MEMCELLSIZE offsetof(Mem,zMalloc)
 
 /*
 ** Make an shallow copy of pFrom into pTo.  Prior contents of
@@ -59012,6 +61497,7 @@
   VdbeMemRelease(pTo);
   memcpy(pTo, pFrom, MEMCELLSIZE);
   pTo->flags &= ~MEM_Dyn;
+  pTo->xDel = 0;
 
   if( pTo->flags&(MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) ){
     if( 0==(pFrom->flags&MEM_Static) ){
@@ -59122,7 +61608,6 @@
   pMem->n = nByte;
   pMem->flags = flags;
   pMem->enc = (enc==0 ? SQLITE_UTF8 : enc);
-  pMem->type = (enc==0 ? SQLITE_BLOB : SQLITE_TEXT);
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
   if( pMem->enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 && sqlite3VdbeMemHandleBom(pMem) ){
@@ -59138,124 +61623,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Compare the values contained by the two memory cells, returning
-** negative, zero or positive if pMem1 is less than, equal to, or greater
-** than pMem2. Sorting order is NULL's first, followed by numbers (integers
-** and reals) sorted numerically, followed by text ordered by the collating
-** sequence pColl and finally blob's ordered by memcmp().
-**
-** Two NULL values are considered equal by this function.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemCompare(const Mem *pMem1, const Mem *pMem2, const CollSeq *pColl){
-  int rc;
-  int f1, f2;
-  int combined_flags;
-
-  f1 = pMem1->flags;
-  f2 = pMem2->flags;
-  combined_flags = f1|f2;
-  assert( (combined_flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
- 
-  /* If one value is NULL, it is less than the other. If both values
-  ** are NULL, return 0.
-  */
-  if( combined_flags&MEM_Null ){
-    return (f2&MEM_Null) - (f1&MEM_Null);
-  }
-
-  /* If one value is a number and the other is not, the number is less.
-  ** If both are numbers, compare as reals if one is a real, or as integers
-  ** if both values are integers.
-  */
-  if( combined_flags&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ){
-    if( !(f1&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real)) ){
-      return 1;
-    }
-    if( !(f2&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real)) ){
-      return -1;
-    }
-    if( (f1 & f2 & MEM_Int)==0 ){
-      double r1, r2;
-      if( (f1&MEM_Real)==0 ){
-        r1 = (double)pMem1->u.i;
-      }else{
-        r1 = pMem1->r;
-      }
-      if( (f2&MEM_Real)==0 ){
-        r2 = (double)pMem2->u.i;
-      }else{
-        r2 = pMem2->r;
-      }
-      if( r1<r2 ) return -1;
-      if( r1>r2 ) return 1;
-      return 0;
-    }else{
-      assert( f1&MEM_Int );
-      assert( f2&MEM_Int );
-      if( pMem1->u.i < pMem2->u.i ) return -1;
-      if( pMem1->u.i > pMem2->u.i ) return 1;
-      return 0;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* If one value is a string and the other is a blob, the string is less.
-  ** If both are strings, compare using the collating functions.
-  */
-  if( combined_flags&MEM_Str ){
-    if( (f1 & MEM_Str)==0 ){
-      return 1;
-    }
-    if( (f2 & MEM_Str)==0 ){
-      return -1;
-    }
-
-    assert( pMem1->enc==pMem2->enc );
-    assert( pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || 
-            pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
-
-    /* The collation sequence must be defined at this point, even if
-    ** the user deletes the collation sequence after the vdbe program is
-    ** compiled (this was not always the case).
-    */
-    assert( !pColl || pColl->xCmp );
-
-    if( pColl ){
-      if( pMem1->enc==pColl->enc ){
-        /* The strings are already in the correct encoding.  Call the
-        ** comparison function directly */
-        return pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser,pMem1->n,pMem1->z,pMem2->n,pMem2->z);
-      }else{
-        const void *v1, *v2;
-        int n1, n2;
-        Mem c1;
-        Mem c2;
-        memset(&c1, 0, sizeof(c1));
-        memset(&c2, 0, sizeof(c2));
-        sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(&c1, pMem1, MEM_Ephem);
-        sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(&c2, pMem2, MEM_Ephem);
-        v1 = sqlite3ValueText((sqlite3_value*)&c1, pColl->enc);
-        n1 = v1==0 ? 0 : c1.n;
-        v2 = sqlite3ValueText((sqlite3_value*)&c2, pColl->enc);
-        n2 = v2==0 ? 0 : c2.n;
-        rc = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, n1, v1, n2, v2);
-        sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&c1);
-        sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&c2);
-        return rc;
-      }
-    }
-    /* If a NULL pointer was passed as the collate function, fall through
-    ** to the blob case and use memcmp().  */
-  }
- 
-  /* Both values must be blobs.  Compare using memcmp().  */
-  rc = memcmp(pMem1->z, pMem2->z, (pMem1->n>pMem2->n)?pMem2->n:pMem1->n);
-  if( rc==0 ){
-    rc = pMem1->n - pMem2->n;
-  }
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
 ** Move data out of a btree key or data field and into a Mem structure.
 ** The data or key is taken from the entry that pCur is currently pointing
 ** to.  offset and amt determine what portion of the data or key to retrieve.
@@ -59270,13 +61637,13 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(
   BtCursor *pCur,   /* Cursor pointing at record to retrieve. */
-  int offset,       /* Offset from the start of data to return bytes from. */
-  int amt,          /* Number of bytes to return. */
+  u32 offset,       /* Offset from the start of data to return bytes from. */
+  u32 amt,          /* Number of bytes to return. */
   int key,          /* If true, retrieve from the btree key, not data. */
   Mem *pMem         /* OUT: Return data in this Mem structure. */
 ){
   char *zData;        /* Data from the btree layer */
-  int available = 0;  /* Number of bytes available on the local btree page */
+  u32 available = 0;  /* Number of bytes available on the local btree page */
   int rc = SQLITE_OK; /* Return code */
 
   assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
@@ -59291,26 +61658,26 @@
   }
   assert( zData!=0 );
 
-  if( offset+amt<=available && (pMem->flags&MEM_Dyn)==0 ){
+  if( offset+amt<=available ){
     sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
     pMem->z = &zData[offset];
     pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Ephem;
+    pMem->n = (int)amt;
   }else if( SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, amt+2, 0)) ){
-    pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Dyn|MEM_Term;
-    pMem->enc = 0;
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_BLOB;
     if( key ){
       rc = sqlite3BtreeKey(pCur, offset, amt, pMem->z);
     }else{
       rc = sqlite3BtreeData(pCur, offset, amt, pMem->z);
     }
-    pMem->z[amt] = 0;
-    pMem->z[amt+1] = 0;
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pMem->z[amt] = 0;
+      pMem->z[amt+1] = 0;
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Blob|MEM_Term;
+      pMem->n = (int)amt;
+    }else{
       sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pMem);
     }
   }
-  pMem->n = amt;
 
   return rc;
 }
@@ -59368,13 +61735,187 @@
   Mem *p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*p));
   if( p ){
     p->flags = MEM_Null;
-    p->type = SQLITE_NULL;
     p->db = db;
   }
   return p;
 }
 
 /*
+** Context object passed by sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue() through to 
+** valueNew(). See comments above valueNew() for details.
+*/
+struct ValueNewStat4Ctx {
+  Parse *pParse;
+  Index *pIdx;
+  UnpackedRecord **ppRec;
+  int iVal;
+};
+
+/*
+** Allocate and return a pointer to a new sqlite3_value object. If
+** the second argument to this function is NULL, the object is allocated
+** by calling sqlite3ValueNew().
+**
+** Otherwise, if the second argument is non-zero, then this function is 
+** being called indirectly by sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(). If it has not
+** already been allocated, allocate the UnpackedRecord structure that 
+** that function will return to its caller here. Then return a pointer 
+** an sqlite3_value within the UnpackedRecord.a[] array.
+*/
+static sqlite3_value *valueNew(sqlite3 *db, struct ValueNewStat4Ctx *p){
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  if( p ){
+    UnpackedRecord *pRec = p->ppRec[0];
+
+    if( pRec==0 ){
+      Index *pIdx = p->pIdx;      /* Index being probed */
+      int nByte;                  /* Bytes of space to allocate */
+      int i;                      /* Counter variable */
+      int nCol = pIdx->nColumn;   /* Number of index columns including rowid */
+  
+      nByte = sizeof(Mem) * nCol + ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord));
+      pRec = (UnpackedRecord*)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
+      if( pRec ){
+        pRec->pKeyInfo = sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(p->pParse, pIdx);
+        if( pRec->pKeyInfo ){
+          assert( pRec->pKeyInfo->nField+pRec->pKeyInfo->nXField==nCol );
+          assert( pRec->pKeyInfo->enc==ENC(db) );
+          pRec->aMem = (Mem *)((u8*)pRec + ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)));
+          for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+            pRec->aMem[i].flags = MEM_Null;
+            pRec->aMem[i].db = db;
+          }
+        }else{
+          sqlite3DbFree(db, pRec);
+          pRec = 0;
+        }
+      }
+      if( pRec==0 ) return 0;
+      p->ppRec[0] = pRec;
+    }
+  
+    pRec->nField = p->iVal+1;
+    return &pRec->aMem[p->iVal];
+  }
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4) */
+  return sqlite3ValueNew(db);
+}
+
+/*
+** Extract a value from the supplied expression in the manner described
+** above sqlite3ValueFromExpr(). Allocate the sqlite3_value object
+** using valueNew().
+**
+** If pCtx is NULL and an error occurs after the sqlite3_value object
+** has been allocated, it is freed before returning. Or, if pCtx is not
+** NULL, it is assumed that the caller will free any allocated object
+** in all cases.
+*/
+static int valueFromExpr(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* The database connection */
+  Expr *pExpr,                    /* The expression to evaluate */
+  u8 enc,                         /* Encoding to use */
+  u8 affinity,                    /* Affinity to use */
+  sqlite3_value **ppVal,          /* Write the new value here */
+  struct ValueNewStat4Ctx *pCtx   /* Second argument for valueNew() */
+){
+  int op;
+  char *zVal = 0;
+  sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
+  int negInt = 1;
+  const char *zNeg = "";
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( !pExpr ){
+    *ppVal = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  op = pExpr->op;
+  if( NEVER(op==TK_REGISTER) ) op = pExpr->op2;
+
+  /* Handle negative integers in a single step.  This is needed in the
+  ** case when the value is -9223372036854775808.
+  */
+  if( op==TK_UMINUS
+   && (pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_INTEGER || pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_FLOAT) ){
+    pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
+    op = pExpr->op;
+    negInt = -1;
+    zNeg = "-";
+  }
+
+  if( op==TK_STRING || op==TK_FLOAT || op==TK_INTEGER ){
+    pVal = valueNew(db, pCtx);
+    if( pVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
+    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pVal, (i64)pExpr->u.iValue*negInt);
+    }else{
+      zVal = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s%s", zNeg, pExpr->u.zToken);
+      if( zVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
+      sqlite3ValueSetStr(pVal, -1, zVal, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+    }
+    if( (op==TK_INTEGER || op==TK_FLOAT ) && affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
+      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC, SQLITE_UTF8);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, SQLITE_UTF8);
+    }
+    if( pVal->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ) pVal->flags &= ~MEM_Str;
+    if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pVal, enc);
+    }
+  }else if( op==TK_UMINUS ) {
+    /* This branch happens for multiple negative signs.  Ex: -(-5) */
+    if( SQLITE_OK==sqlite3ValueFromExpr(db,pExpr->pLeft,enc,affinity,&pVal) 
+     && pVal!=0
+    ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(pVal);
+      if( pVal->u.i==SMALLEST_INT64 ){
+        pVal->flags &= ~MEM_Int;
+        pVal->flags |= MEM_Real;
+        pVal->r = (double)SMALLEST_INT64;
+      }else{
+        pVal->u.i = -pVal->u.i;
+      }
+      pVal->r = -pVal->r;
+      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, enc);
+    }
+  }else if( op==TK_NULL ){
+    pVal = valueNew(db, pCtx);
+    if( pVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
+  else if( op==TK_BLOB ){
+    int nVal;
+    assert( pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='x' || pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='X' );
+    assert( pExpr->u.zToken[1]=='\'' );
+    pVal = valueNew(db, pCtx);
+    if( !pVal ) goto no_mem;
+    zVal = &pExpr->u.zToken[2];
+    nVal = sqlite3Strlen30(zVal)-1;
+    assert( zVal[nVal]=='\'' );
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pVal, sqlite3HexToBlob(db, zVal, nVal), nVal/2,
+                         0, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  *ppVal = pVal;
+  return rc;
+
+no_mem:
+  db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, zVal);
+  assert( *ppVal==0 );
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  if( pCtx==0 ) sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+#else
+  assert( pCtx==0 ); sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+#endif
+  return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Create a new sqlite3_value object, containing the value of pExpr.
 **
 ** This only works for very simple expressions that consist of one constant
@@ -59391,107 +61932,269 @@
   u8 affinity,              /* Affinity to use */
   sqlite3_value **ppVal     /* Write the new value here */
 ){
-  int op;
-  char *zVal = 0;
+  return valueFromExpr(db, pExpr, enc, affinity, ppVal, 0);
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+/*
+** The implementation of the sqlite_record() function. This function accepts
+** a single argument of any type. The return value is a formatted database 
+** record (a blob) containing the argument value.
+**
+** This is used to convert the value stored in the 'sample' column of the
+** sqlite_stat3 table to the record format SQLite uses internally.
+*/
+static void recordFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const int file_format = 1;
+  int iSerial;                    /* Serial type */
+  int nSerial;                    /* Bytes of space for iSerial as varint */
+  int nVal;                       /* Bytes of space required for argv[0] */
+  int nRet;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  u8 *aRet;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( argc );
+  iSerial = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(argv[0], file_format);
+  nSerial = sqlite3VarintLen(iSerial);
+  nVal = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(iSerial);
+  db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+
+  nRet = 1 + nSerial + nVal;
+  aRet = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, nRet);
+  if( aRet==0 ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+  }else{
+    aRet[0] = nSerial+1;
+    sqlite3PutVarint(&aRet[1], iSerial);
+    sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(&aRet[1+nSerial], argv[0], iSerial);
+    sqlite3_result_blob(context, aRet, nRet, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, aRet);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Register built-in functions used to help read ANALYZE data.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3AnalyzeFunctions(void){
+  static SQLITE_WSD FuncDef aAnalyzeTableFuncs[] = {
+    FUNCTION(sqlite_record,   1, 0, 0, recordFunc),
+  };
+  int i;
+  FuncDefHash *pHash = &GLOBAL(FuncDefHash, sqlite3GlobalFunctions);
+  FuncDef *aFunc = (FuncDef*)&GLOBAL(FuncDef, aAnalyzeTableFuncs);
+  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aAnalyzeTableFuncs); i++){
+    sqlite3FuncDefInsert(pHash, &aFunc[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to extract a value from pExpr and use it to construct *ppVal.
+**
+** If pAlloc is not NULL, then an UnpackedRecord object is created for
+** pAlloc if one does not exist and the new value is added to the
+** UnpackedRecord object.
+**
+** A value is extracted in the following cases:
+**
+**  * (pExpr==0). In this case the value is assumed to be an SQL NULL,
+**
+**  * The expression is a bound variable, and this is a reprepare, or
+**
+**  * The expression is a literal value.
+**
+** On success, *ppVal is made to point to the extracted value.  The caller
+** is responsible for ensuring that the value is eventually freed.
+*/
+static int stat4ValueFromExpr(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Expr *pExpr,                    /* The expression to extract a value from */
+  u8 affinity,                    /* Affinity to use */
+  struct ValueNewStat4Ctx *pAlloc,/* How to allocate space.  Or NULL */
+  sqlite3_value **ppVal           /* OUT: New value object (or NULL) */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
-  int negInt = 1;
-  const char *zNeg = "";
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  /* Skip over any TK_COLLATE nodes */
+  pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pExpr);
 
   if( !pExpr ){
-    *ppVal = 0;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-  op = pExpr->op;
-
-  /* op can only be TK_REGISTER if we have compiled with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3.
-  ** The ifdef here is to enable us to achieve 100% branch test coverage even
-  ** when SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 is omitted.
-  */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-  if( op==TK_REGISTER ) op = pExpr->op2;
-#else
-  if( NEVER(op==TK_REGISTER) ) op = pExpr->op2;
-#endif
-
-  /* Handle negative integers in a single step.  This is needed in the
-  ** case when the value is -9223372036854775808.
-  */
-  if( op==TK_UMINUS
-   && (pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_INTEGER || pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_FLOAT) ){
-    pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
-    op = pExpr->op;
-    negInt = -1;
-    zNeg = "-";
-  }
-
-  if( op==TK_STRING || op==TK_FLOAT || op==TK_INTEGER ){
-    pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
-    if( pVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
-    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pVal, (i64)pExpr->u.iValue*negInt);
-    }else{
-      zVal = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s%s", zNeg, pExpr->u.zToken);
-      if( zVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
-      sqlite3ValueSetStr(pVal, -1, zVal, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
-      if( op==TK_FLOAT ) pVal->type = SQLITE_FLOAT;
+    pVal = valueNew(db, pAlloc);
+    if( pVal ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull((Mem*)pVal);
     }
-    if( (op==TK_INTEGER || op==TK_FLOAT ) && affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
-      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC, SQLITE_UTF8);
-    }else{
-      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, SQLITE_UTF8);
-    }
-    if( pVal->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ) pVal->flags &= ~MEM_Str;
-    if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pVal, enc);
-    }
-  }else if( op==TK_UMINUS ) {
-    /* This branch happens for multiple negative signs.  Ex: -(-5) */
-    if( SQLITE_OK==sqlite3ValueFromExpr(db,pExpr->pLeft,enc,affinity,&pVal) ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemNumerify(pVal);
-      if( pVal->u.i==SMALLEST_INT64 ){
-        pVal->flags &= MEM_Int;
-        pVal->flags |= MEM_Real;
-        pVal->r = (double)LARGEST_INT64;
-      }else{
-        pVal->u.i = -pVal->u.i;
+  }else if( pExpr->op==TK_VARIABLE
+        || NEVER(pExpr->op==TK_REGISTER && pExpr->op2==TK_VARIABLE)
+  ){
+    Vdbe *v;
+    int iBindVar = pExpr->iColumn;
+    sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(pParse->pVdbe, iBindVar);
+    if( (v = pParse->pReprepare)!=0 ){
+      pVal = valueNew(db, pAlloc);
+      if( pVal ){
+        rc = sqlite3VdbeMemCopy((Mem*)pVal, &v->aVar[iBindVar-1]);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, ENC(db));
+        }
+        pVal->db = pParse->db;
       }
-      pVal->r = -pVal->r;
-      sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pVal, affinity, enc);
     }
-  }else if( op==TK_NULL ){
-    pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
-    if( pVal==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  }else{
+    rc = valueFromExpr(db, pExpr, ENC(db), affinity, &pVal, pAlloc);
   }
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
-  else if( op==TK_BLOB ){
-    int nVal;
-    assert( pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='x' || pExpr->u.zToken[0]=='X' );
-    assert( pExpr->u.zToken[1]=='\'' );
-    pVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
-    if( !pVal ) goto no_mem;
-    zVal = &pExpr->u.zToken[2];
-    nVal = sqlite3Strlen30(zVal)-1;
-    assert( zVal[nVal]=='\'' );
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pVal, sqlite3HexToBlob(db, zVal, nVal), nVal/2,
-                         0, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
-  }
-#endif
 
-  if( pVal ){
-    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(pVal);
-  }
+  assert( pVal==0 || pVal->db==db );
   *ppVal = pVal;
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-
-no_mem:
-  db->mallocFailed = 1;
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, zVal);
-  sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
-  *ppVal = 0;
-  return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
+** This function is used to allocate and populate UnpackedRecord 
+** structures intended to be compared against sample index keys stored 
+** in the sqlite_stat4 table.
+**
+** A single call to this function attempts to populates field iVal (leftmost 
+** is 0 etc.) of the unpacked record with a value extracted from expression
+** pExpr. Extraction of values is possible if:
+**
+**  * (pExpr==0). In this case the value is assumed to be an SQL NULL,
+**
+**  * The expression is a bound variable, and this is a reprepare, or
+**
+**  * The sqlite3ValueFromExpr() function is able to extract a value 
+**    from the expression (i.e. the expression is a literal value).
+**
+** If a value can be extracted, the affinity passed as the 5th argument
+** is applied to it before it is copied into the UnpackedRecord. Output
+** parameter *pbOk is set to true if a value is extracted, or false 
+** otherwise.
+**
+** When this function is called, *ppRec must either point to an object
+** allocated by an earlier call to this function, or must be NULL. If it
+** is NULL and a value can be successfully extracted, a new UnpackedRecord
+** is allocated (and *ppRec set to point to it) before returning.
+**
+** Unless an error is encountered, SQLITE_OK is returned. It is not an
+** error if a value cannot be extracted from pExpr. If an error does
+** occur, an SQLite error code is returned.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Index *pIdx,                    /* Index being probed */
+  UnpackedRecord **ppRec,         /* IN/OUT: Probe record */
+  Expr *pExpr,                    /* The expression to extract a value from */
+  u8 affinity,                    /* Affinity to use */
+  int iVal,                       /* Array element to populate */
+  int *pbOk                       /* OUT: True if value was extracted */
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
+  struct ValueNewStat4Ctx alloc;
+
+  alloc.pParse = pParse;
+  alloc.pIdx = pIdx;
+  alloc.ppRec = ppRec;
+  alloc.iVal = iVal;
+
+  rc = stat4ValueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, affinity, &alloc, &pVal);
+  assert( pVal==0 || pVal->db==pParse->db );
+  *pbOk = (pVal!=0);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to extract a value from expression pExpr using the methods
+** as described for sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue() above. 
+**
+** If successful, set *ppVal to point to a new value object and return 
+** SQLITE_OK. If no value can be extracted, but no other error occurs
+** (e.g. OOM), return SQLITE_OK and set *ppVal to NULL. Or, if an error
+** does occur, return an SQLite error code. The final value of *ppVal
+** is undefined in this case.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Stat4ValueFromExpr(
+  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
+  Expr *pExpr,                    /* The expression to extract a value from */
+  u8 affinity,                    /* Affinity to use */
+  sqlite3_value **ppVal           /* OUT: New value object (or NULL) */
+){
+  return stat4ValueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, affinity, 0, ppVal);
+}
+
+/*
+** Extract the iCol-th column from the nRec-byte record in pRec.  Write
+** the column value into *ppVal.  If *ppVal is initially NULL then a new
+** sqlite3_value object is allocated.
+**
+** If *ppVal is initially NULL then the caller is responsible for 
+** ensuring that the value written into *ppVal is eventually freed.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Stat4Column(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
+  const void *pRec,               /* Pointer to buffer containing record */
+  int nRec,                       /* Size of buffer pRec in bytes */
+  int iCol,                       /* Column to extract */
+  sqlite3_value **ppVal           /* OUT: Extracted value */
+){
+  u32 t;                          /* a column type code */
+  int nHdr;                       /* Size of the header in the record */
+  int iHdr;                       /* Next unread header byte */
+  int iField;                     /* Next unread data byte */
+  int szField;                    /* Size of the current data field */
+  int i;                          /* Column index */
+  u8 *a = (u8*)pRec;              /* Typecast byte array */
+  Mem *pMem = *ppVal;             /* Write result into this Mem object */
+
+  assert( iCol>0 );
+  iHdr = getVarint32(a, nHdr);
+  if( nHdr>nRec || iHdr>=nHdr ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  iField = nHdr;
+  for(i=0; i<=iCol; i++){
+    iHdr += getVarint32(&a[iHdr], t);
+    testcase( iHdr==nHdr );
+    testcase( iHdr==nHdr+1 );
+    if( iHdr>nHdr ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    szField = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(t);
+    iField += szField;
+  }
+  testcase( iField==nRec );
+  testcase( iField==nRec+1 );
+  if( iField>nRec ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+  if( pMem==0 ){
+    pMem = *ppVal = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
+    if( pMem==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(&a[iField-szField], t, pMem);
+  pMem->enc = ENC(db);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Unless it is NULL, the argument must be an UnpackedRecord object returned
+** by an earlier call to sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(). This call deletes
+** the object.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Stat4ProbeFree(UnpackedRecord *pRec){
+  if( pRec ){
+    int i;
+    int nCol = pRec->pKeyInfo->nField+pRec->pKeyInfo->nXField;
+    Mem *aMem = pRec->aMem;
+    sqlite3 *db = aMem[0].db;
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, aMem[i].zMalloc);
+    }
+    sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pRec->pKeyInfo);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pRec);
+  }
+}
+#endif /* ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 */
+
+/*
 ** Change the string value of an sqlite3_value object
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ValueSetStr(
@@ -59548,22 +62251,11 @@
 ** But that file was getting too big so this subroutines were split out.
 */
 
-
-
-/*
-** When debugging the code generator in a symbolic debugger, one can
-** set the sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace to 1 and all opcodes will be printed
-** as they are added to the instruction stream.
-*/
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace = 0;
-#endif
-
-
 /*
 ** Create a new virtual database engine.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3VdbeCreate(sqlite3 *db){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3VdbeCreate(Parse *pParse){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
   Vdbe *p;
   p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Vdbe) );
   if( p==0 ) return 0;
@@ -59575,6 +62267,10 @@
   p->pPrev = 0;
   db->pVdbe = p;
   p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_INIT;
+  p->pParse = pParse;
+  assert( pParse->aLabel==0 );
+  assert( pParse->nLabel==0 );
+  assert( pParse->nOpAlloc==0 );
   return p;
 }
 
@@ -59584,7 +62280,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetSql(Vdbe *p, const char *z, int n, int isPrepareV2){
   assert( isPrepareV2==1 || isPrepareV2==0 );
   if( p==0 ) return;
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+#if defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE) && !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG)
   if( !isPrepareV2 ) return;
 #endif
   assert( p->zSql==0 );
@@ -59621,35 +62317,55 @@
   pB->isPrepareV2 = pA->isPrepareV2;
 }
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
 /*
-** Turn tracing on or off
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeTrace(Vdbe *p, FILE *trace){
-  p->trace = trace;
-}
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Resize the Vdbe.aOp array so that it is at least one op larger than 
-** it was.
+** Resize the Vdbe.aOp array so that it is at least nOp elements larger 
+** than its current size. nOp is guaranteed to be less than or equal
+** to 1024/sizeof(Op).
 **
 ** If an out-of-memory error occurs while resizing the array, return
-** SQLITE_NOMEM. In this case Vdbe.aOp and Vdbe.nOpAlloc remain 
+** SQLITE_NOMEM. In this case Vdbe.aOp and Parse.nOpAlloc remain 
 ** unchanged (this is so that any opcodes already allocated can be 
 ** correctly deallocated along with the rest of the Vdbe).
 */
-static int growOpArray(Vdbe *p){
+static int growOpArray(Vdbe *v, int nOp){
   VdbeOp *pNew;
+  Parse *p = v->pParse;
+
+  /* The SQLITE_TEST_REALLOC_STRESS compile-time option is designed to force
+  ** more frequent reallocs and hence provide more opportunities for 
+  ** simulated OOM faults.  SQLITE_TEST_REALLOC_STRESS is generally used
+  ** during testing only.  With SQLITE_TEST_REALLOC_STRESS grow the op array
+  ** by the minimum* amount required until the size reaches 512.  Normal
+  ** operation (without SQLITE_TEST_REALLOC_STRESS) is to double the current
+  ** size of the op array or add 1KB of space, whichever is smaller. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST_REALLOC_STRESS
+  int nNew = (p->nOpAlloc>=512 ? p->nOpAlloc*2 : p->nOpAlloc+nOp);
+#else
   int nNew = (p->nOpAlloc ? p->nOpAlloc*2 : (int)(1024/sizeof(Op)));
-  pNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, p->aOp, nNew*sizeof(Op));
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nOp);
+#endif
+
+  assert( nOp<=(1024/sizeof(Op)) );
+  assert( nNew>=(p->nOpAlloc+nOp) );
+  pNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(p->db, v->aOp, nNew*sizeof(Op));
   if( pNew ){
     p->nOpAlloc = sqlite3DbMallocSize(p->db, pNew)/sizeof(Op);
-    p->aOp = pNew;
+    v->aOp = pNew;
   }
   return (pNew ? SQLITE_OK : SQLITE_NOMEM);
 }
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/* This routine is just a convenient place to set a breakpoint that will
+** fire after each opcode is inserted and displayed using
+** "PRAGMA vdbe_addoptrace=on".
+*/
+static void test_addop_breakpoint(void){
+  static int n = 0;
+  n++;
+}
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Add a new instruction to the list of instructions current in the
 ** VDBE.  Return the address of the new instruction.
@@ -59673,8 +62389,8 @@
   i = p->nOp;
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
   assert( op>0 && op<0xff );
-  if( p->nOpAlloc<=i ){
-    if( growOpArray(p) ){
+  if( p->pParse->nOpAlloc<=i ){
+    if( growOpArray(p, 1) ){
       return 1;
     }
   }
@@ -59687,14 +62403,31 @@
   pOp->p3 = p3;
   pOp->p4.p = 0;
   pOp->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
   pOp->zComment = 0;
-  if( sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace ) sqlite3VdbePrintOp(0, i, &p->aOp[i]);
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace ){
+    int jj, kk;
+    Parse *pParse = p->pParse;
+    for(jj=kk=0; jj<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; jj++){
+      struct yColCache *x = pParse->aColCache + jj;
+      if( x->iLevel>pParse->iCacheLevel || x->iReg==0 ) continue;
+      printf(" r[%d]={%d:%d}", x->iReg, x->iTable, x->iColumn);
+      kk++;
+    }
+    if( kk ) printf("\n");
+    sqlite3VdbePrintOp(0, i, &p->aOp[i]);
+    test_addop_breakpoint();
+  }
 #endif
 #ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
   pOp->cycles = 0;
   pOp->cnt = 0;
 #endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+  pOp->iSrcLine = 0;
+#endif
   return i;
 }
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(Vdbe *p, int op){
@@ -59770,9 +62503,10 @@
 **
 ** Zero is returned if a malloc() fails.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(Vdbe *p){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(Vdbe *v){
+  Parse *p = v->pParse;
   int i = p->nLabel++;
-  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  assert( v->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
   if( (i & (i-1))==0 ){
     p->aLabel = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(p->db, p->aLabel, 
                                        (i*2+1)*sizeof(p->aLabel[0]));
@@ -59788,13 +62522,15 @@
 ** be inserted.  The parameter "x" must have been obtained from
 ** a prior call to sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel().
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(Vdbe *p, int x){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(Vdbe *v, int x){
+  Parse *p = v->pParse;
   int j = -1-x;
-  assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
-  assert( j>=0 && j<p->nLabel );
-  if( p->aLabel ){
-    p->aLabel[j] = p->nOp;
+  assert( v->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  assert( j<p->nLabel );
+  if( ALWAYS(j>=0) && p->aLabel ){
+    p->aLabel[j] = v->nOp;
   }
+  p->iFixedOp = v->nOp - 1;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -59908,7 +62644,7 @@
      || (opcode==OP_FkCounter && pOp->p1==0 && pOp->p2==1) 
 #endif
      || ((opcode==OP_Halt || opcode==OP_HaltIfNull) 
-      && (pOp->p1==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT && pOp->p2==OE_Abort))
+      && ((pOp->p1&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT && pOp->p2==OE_Abort))
     ){
       hasAbort = 1;
       break;
@@ -59916,7 +62652,7 @@
   }
   sqlite3DbFree(v->db, sIter.apSub);
 
-  /* Return true if hasAbort==mayAbort. Or if a malloc failure occured.
+  /* Return true if hasAbort==mayAbort. Or if a malloc failure occurred.
   ** If malloc failed, then the while() loop above may not have iterated
   ** through all opcodes and hasAbort may be set incorrectly. Return
   ** true for this case to prevent the assert() in the callers frame
@@ -59942,43 +62678,79 @@
   int i;
   int nMaxArgs = *pMaxFuncArgs;
   Op *pOp;
-  int *aLabel = p->aLabel;
+  Parse *pParse = p->pParse;
+  int *aLabel = pParse->aLabel;
   p->readOnly = 1;
+  p->bIsReader = 0;
   for(pOp=p->aOp, i=p->nOp-1; i>=0; i--, pOp++){
     u8 opcode = pOp->opcode;
 
-    pOp->opflags = sqlite3OpcodeProperty[opcode];
-    if( opcode==OP_Function || opcode==OP_AggStep ){
-      if( pOp->p5>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = pOp->p5;
-    }else if( (opcode==OP_Transaction && pOp->p2!=0) || opcode==OP_Vacuum ){
-      p->readOnly = 0;
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-    }else if( opcode==OP_VUpdate ){
-      if( pOp->p2>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = pOp->p2;
-    }else if( opcode==OP_VFilter ){
-      int n;
-      assert( p->nOp - i >= 3 );
-      assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_Integer );
-      n = pOp[-1].p1;
-      if( n>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = n;
+    /* NOTE: Be sure to update mkopcodeh.awk when adding or removing
+    ** cases from this switch! */
+    switch( opcode ){
+      case OP_Function:
+      case OP_AggStep: {
+        if( pOp->p5>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = pOp->p5;
+        break;
+      }
+      case OP_Transaction: {
+        if( pOp->p2!=0 ) p->readOnly = 0;
+        /* fall thru */
+      }
+      case OP_AutoCommit:
+      case OP_Savepoint: {
+        p->bIsReader = 1;
+        break;
+      }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
+      case OP_Checkpoint:
 #endif
-    }else if( opcode==OP_Next || opcode==OP_SorterNext ){
-      pOp->p4.xAdvance = sqlite3BtreeNext;
-      pOp->p4type = P4_ADVANCE;
-    }else if( opcode==OP_Prev ){
-      pOp->p4.xAdvance = sqlite3BtreePrevious;
-      pOp->p4type = P4_ADVANCE;
+      case OP_Vacuum:
+      case OP_JournalMode: {
+        p->readOnly = 0;
+        p->bIsReader = 1;
+        break;
+      }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+      case OP_VUpdate: {
+        if( pOp->p2>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = pOp->p2;
+        break;
+      }
+      case OP_VFilter: {
+        int n;
+        assert( p->nOp - i >= 3 );
+        assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_Integer );
+        n = pOp[-1].p1;
+        if( n>nMaxArgs ) nMaxArgs = n;
+        break;
+      }
+#endif
+      case OP_Next:
+      case OP_NextIfOpen:
+      case OP_SorterNext: {
+        pOp->p4.xAdvance = sqlite3BtreeNext;
+        pOp->p4type = P4_ADVANCE;
+        break;
+      }
+      case OP_Prev:
+      case OP_PrevIfOpen: {
+        pOp->p4.xAdvance = sqlite3BtreePrevious;
+        pOp->p4type = P4_ADVANCE;
+        break;
+      }
     }
 
+    pOp->opflags = sqlite3OpcodeProperty[opcode];
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_JUMP)!=0 && pOp->p2<0 ){
-      assert( -1-pOp->p2<p->nLabel );
+      assert( -1-pOp->p2<pParse->nLabel );
       pOp->p2 = aLabel[-1-pOp->p2];
     }
   }
-  sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p->aLabel);
-  p->aLabel = 0;
-
+  sqlite3DbFree(p->db, pParse->aLabel);
+  pParse->aLabel = 0;
+  pParse->nLabel = 0;
   *pMaxFuncArgs = nMaxArgs;
+  assert( p->bIsReader!=0 || DbMaskAllZero(p->btreeMask) );
 }
 
 /*
@@ -60005,7 +62777,7 @@
   assert( aOp && !p->db->mallocFailed );
 
   /* Check that sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree() was not called on this VM */
-  assert( p->btreeMask==0 );
+  assert( DbMaskAllZero(p->btreeMask) );
 
   resolveP2Values(p, pnMaxArg);
   *pnOp = p->nOp;
@@ -60017,10 +62789,10 @@
 ** Add a whole list of operations to the operation stack.  Return the
 ** address of the first operation added.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(Vdbe *p, int nOp, VdbeOpList const *aOp){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(Vdbe *p, int nOp, VdbeOpList const *aOp, int iLineno){
   int addr;
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
-  if( p->nOp + nOp > p->nOpAlloc && growOpArray(p) ){
+  if( p->nOp + nOp > p->pParse->nOpAlloc && growOpArray(p, nOp) ){
     return 0;
   }
   addr = p->nOp;
@@ -60032,7 +62804,8 @@
       VdbeOp *pOut = &p->aOp[i+addr];
       pOut->opcode = pIn->opcode;
       pOut->p1 = pIn->p1;
-      if( p2<0 && (sqlite3OpcodeProperty[pOut->opcode] & OPFLG_JUMP)!=0 ){
+      if( p2<0 ){
+        assert( sqlite3OpcodeProperty[pOut->opcode] & OPFLG_JUMP );
         pOut->p2 = addr + ADDR(p2);
       }else{
         pOut->p2 = p2;
@@ -60041,9 +62814,16 @@
       pOut->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
       pOut->p4.p = 0;
       pOut->p5 = 0;
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
       pOut->zComment = 0;
-      if( sqlite3VdbeAddopTrace ){
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+      pOut->iSrcLine = iLineno+i;
+#else
+      (void)iLineno;
+#endif
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      if( p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace ){
         sqlite3VdbePrintOp(0, i+addr, &p->aOp[i+addr]);
       }
 #endif
@@ -60104,8 +62884,8 @@
 ** the address of the next instruction to be coded.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(Vdbe *p, int addr){
-  assert( addr>=0 || p->db->mallocFailed );
-  if( addr>=0 ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(p, addr, p->nOp);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(p, addr, p->nOp);
+  p->pParse->iFixedOp = p->nOp - 1;
 }
 
 
@@ -60114,7 +62894,7 @@
 ** the FuncDef is not ephermal, then do nothing.
 */
 static void freeEphemeralFunction(sqlite3 *db, FuncDef *pDef){
-  if( ALWAYS(pDef) && (pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM)!=0 ){
+  if( ALWAYS(pDef) && (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM)!=0 ){
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pDef);
   }
 }
@@ -60131,23 +62911,18 @@
       case P4_REAL:
       case P4_INT64:
       case P4_DYNAMIC:
-      case P4_KEYINFO:
-      case P4_INTARRAY:
-      case P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF: {
+      case P4_INTARRAY: {
         sqlite3DbFree(db, p4);
         break;
       }
+      case P4_KEYINFO: {
+        if( db->pnBytesFreed==0 ) sqlite3KeyInfoUnref((KeyInfo*)p4);
+        break;
+      }
       case P4_MPRINTF: {
         if( db->pnBytesFreed==0 ) sqlite3_free(p4);
         break;
       }
-      case P4_VDBEFUNC: {
-        VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc = (VdbeFunc *)p4;
-        freeEphemeralFunction(db, pVdbeFunc->pFunc);
-        if( db->pnBytesFreed==0 ) sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(pVdbeFunc, 0);
-        sqlite3DbFree(db, pVdbeFunc);
-        break;
-      }
       case P4_FUNCDEF: {
         freeEphemeralFunction(db, (FuncDef*)p4);
         break;
@@ -60180,7 +62955,7 @@
     Op *pOp;
     for(pOp=aOp; pOp<&aOp[nOp]; pOp++){
       freeP4(db, pOp->p4type, pOp->p4.p);
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
       sqlite3DbFree(db, pOp->zComment);
 #endif     
     }
@@ -60202,12 +62977,25 @@
 ** Change the opcode at addr into OP_Noop
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(Vdbe *p, int addr){
-  if( p->aOp ){
+  if( addr<p->nOp ){
     VdbeOp *pOp = &p->aOp[addr];
     sqlite3 *db = p->db;
     freeP4(db, pOp->p4type, pOp->p4.p);
     memset(pOp, 0, sizeof(pOp[0]));
     pOp->opcode = OP_Noop;
+    if( addr==p->nOp-1 ) p->nOp--;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove the last opcode inserted
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeDeletePriorOpcode(Vdbe *p, u8 op){
+  if( (p->nOp-1)>(p->pParse->iFixedOp) && p->aOp[p->nOp-1].opcode==op ){
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(p, p->nOp-1);
+    return 1;
+  }else{
+    return 0;
   }
 }
 
@@ -60221,14 +63009,6 @@
 ** the string is made into memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc().
 ** A value of n==0 means copy bytes of zP4 up to and including the
 ** first null byte.  If n>0 then copy n+1 bytes of zP4.
-**
-** If n==P4_KEYINFO it means that zP4 is a pointer to a KeyInfo structure.
-** A copy is made of the KeyInfo structure into memory obtained from
-** sqlite3_malloc, to be freed when the Vdbe is finalized.
-** n==P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF indicates that zP4 points to a KeyInfo structure
-** stored in memory that the caller has obtained from sqlite3_malloc. The 
-** caller should not free the allocation, it will be freed when the Vdbe is
-** finalized.
 ** 
 ** Other values of n (P4_STATIC, P4_COLLSEQ etc.) indicate that zP4 points
 ** to a string or structure that is guaranteed to exist for the lifetime of
@@ -60243,7 +63023,7 @@
   db = p->db;
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
   if( p->aOp==0 || db->mallocFailed ){
-    if ( n!=P4_KEYINFO && n!=P4_VTAB ) {
+    if( n!=P4_VTAB ){
       freeP4(db, n, (void*)*(char**)&zP4);
     }
     return;
@@ -60254,6 +63034,9 @@
     addr = p->nOp - 1;
   }
   pOp = &p->aOp[addr];
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_NOTUSED
+       || pOp->p4type==P4_INT32
+       || pOp->p4type==P4_KEYINFO );
   freeP4(db, pOp->p4type, pOp->p4.p);
   pOp->p4.p = 0;
   if( n==P4_INT32 ){
@@ -60265,27 +63048,6 @@
     pOp->p4.p = 0;
     pOp->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
   }else if( n==P4_KEYINFO ){
-    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
-    int nField, nByte;
-
-    nField = ((KeyInfo*)zP4)->nField;
-    nByte = sizeof(*pKeyInfo) + (nField-1)*sizeof(pKeyInfo->aColl[0]) + nField;
-    pKeyInfo = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, nByte);
-    pOp->p4.pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
-    if( pKeyInfo ){
-      u8 *aSortOrder;
-      memcpy((char*)pKeyInfo, zP4, nByte - nField);
-      aSortOrder = pKeyInfo->aSortOrder;
-      if( aSortOrder ){
-        pKeyInfo->aSortOrder = (unsigned char*)&pKeyInfo->aColl[nField];
-        memcpy(pKeyInfo->aSortOrder, aSortOrder, nField);
-      }
-      pOp->p4type = P4_KEYINFO;
-    }else{
-      p->db->mallocFailed = 1;
-      pOp->p4type = P4_NOTUSED;
-    }
-  }else if( n==P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF ){
     pOp->p4.p = (void*)zP4;
     pOp->p4type = P4_KEYINFO;
   }else if( n==P4_VTAB ){
@@ -60303,9 +63065,21 @@
   }
 }
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
 /*
-** Change the comment on the the most recently coded instruction.  Or
+** Set the P4 on the most recently added opcode to the KeyInfo for the
+** index given.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(Parse *pParse, Index *pIdx){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  assert( v!=0 );
+  assert( pIdx!=0 );
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(pParse, pIdx),
+                      P4_KEYINFO);
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
+/*
+** Change the comment on the most recently coded instruction.  Or
 ** insert a No-op and add the comment to that new instruction.  This
 ** makes the code easier to read during debugging.  None of this happens
 ** in a production build.
@@ -60338,6 +63112,15 @@
 }
 #endif  /* NDEBUG */
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+/*
+** Set the value if the iSrcLine field for the previously coded instruction.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSetLineNumber(Vdbe *v, int iLine){
+  sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v,-1)->iSrcLine = iLine;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE */
+
 /*
 ** Return the opcode for a given address.  If the address is -1, then
 ** return the most recently inserted opcode.
@@ -60350,14 +63133,6 @@
 ** this routine is a valid pointer.  But because the dummy.opcode is 0,
 ** dummy will never be written to.  This is verified by code inspection and
 ** by running with Valgrind.
-**
-** About the #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE:  Normally, this routine is never called
-** unless p->nOp>0.  This is because in the absense of SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE,
-** an OP_Trace instruction is always inserted by sqlite3VdbeGet() as soon as
-** a new VDBE is created.  So we are free to set addr to p->nOp-1 without
-** having to double-check to make sure that the result is non-negative. But
-** if SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE is defined, the OP_Trace is omitted and we do need to
-** check the value of p->nOp-1 before continuing.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE VdbeOp *sqlite3VdbeGetOp(Vdbe *p, int addr){
   /* C89 specifies that the constant "dummy" will be initialized to all
@@ -60365,9 +63140,6 @@
   static VdbeOp dummy;  /* Ignore the MSVC warning about no initializer */
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
   if( addr<0 ){
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
-    if( p->nOp==0 ) return (VdbeOp*)&dummy;
-#endif
     addr = p->nOp - 1;
   }
   assert( (addr>=0 && addr<p->nOp) || p->db->mallocFailed );
@@ -60378,6 +63150,97 @@
   }
 }
 
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS)
+/*
+** Return an integer value for one of the parameters to the opcode pOp
+** determined by character c.
+*/
+static int translateP(char c, const Op *pOp){
+  if( c=='1' ) return pOp->p1;
+  if( c=='2' ) return pOp->p2;
+  if( c=='3' ) return pOp->p3;
+  if( c=='4' ) return pOp->p4.i;
+  return pOp->p5;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compute a string for the "comment" field of a VDBE opcode listing.
+**
+** The Synopsis: field in comments in the vdbe.c source file gets converted
+** to an extra string that is appended to the sqlite3OpcodeName().  In the
+** absence of other comments, this synopsis becomes the comment on the opcode.
+** Some translation occurs:
+**
+**       "PX"      ->  "r[X]"
+**       "PX@PY"   ->  "r[X..X+Y-1]"  or "r[x]" if y is 0 or 1
+**       "PX@PY+1" ->  "r[X..X+Y]"    or "r[x]" if y is 0
+**       "PY..PY"  ->  "r[X..Y]"      or "r[x]" if y<=x
+*/
+static int displayComment(
+  const Op *pOp,     /* The opcode to be commented */
+  const char *zP4,   /* Previously obtained value for P4 */
+  char *zTemp,       /* Write result here */
+  int nTemp          /* Space available in zTemp[] */
+){
+  const char *zOpName;
+  const char *zSynopsis;
+  int nOpName;
+  int ii, jj;
+  zOpName = sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode);
+  nOpName = sqlite3Strlen30(zOpName);
+  if( zOpName[nOpName+1] ){
+    int seenCom = 0;
+    char c;
+    zSynopsis = zOpName += nOpName + 1;
+    for(ii=jj=0; jj<nTemp-1 && (c = zSynopsis[ii])!=0; ii++){
+      if( c=='P' ){
+        c = zSynopsis[++ii];
+        if( c=='4' ){
+          sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "%s", zP4);
+        }else if( c=='X' ){
+          sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "%s", pOp->zComment);
+          seenCom = 1;
+        }else{
+          int v1 = translateP(c, pOp);
+          int v2;
+          sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "%d", v1);
+          if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1, "@P", 2)==0 ){
+            ii += 3;
+            jj += sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp+jj);
+            v2 = translateP(zSynopsis[ii], pOp);
+            if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1,"+1",2)==0 ){
+              ii += 2;
+              v2++;
+            }
+            if( v2>1 ){
+              sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "..%d", v1+v2-1);
+            }
+          }else if( strncmp(zSynopsis+ii+1, "..P3", 4)==0 && pOp->p3==0 ){
+            ii += 4;
+          }
+        }
+        jj += sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp+jj);
+      }else{
+        zTemp[jj++] = c;
+      }
+    }
+    if( !seenCom && jj<nTemp-5 && pOp->zComment ){
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp-jj, zTemp+jj, "; %s", pOp->zComment);
+      jj += sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp+jj);
+    }
+    if( jj<nTemp ) zTemp[jj] = 0;
+  }else if( pOp->zComment ){
+    sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "%s", pOp->zComment);
+    jj = sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp);
+  }else{
+    zTemp[0] = 0;
+    jj = 0;
+  }
+  return jj;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
+
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN) || !defined(NDEBUG) \
      || defined(VDBE_PROFILE) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
 /*
@@ -60388,30 +63251,30 @@
   char *zP4 = zTemp;
   assert( nTemp>=20 );
   switch( pOp->p4type ){
-    case P4_KEYINFO_STATIC:
     case P4_KEYINFO: {
       int i, j;
       KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
-      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "keyinfo(%d", pKeyInfo->nField);
+      assert( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder!=0 );
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "k(%d", pKeyInfo->nField);
       i = sqlite3Strlen30(zTemp);
       for(j=0; j<pKeyInfo->nField; j++){
         CollSeq *pColl = pKeyInfo->aColl[j];
-        if( pColl ){
-          int n = sqlite3Strlen30(pColl->zName);
-          if( i+n>nTemp-6 ){
-            memcpy(&zTemp[i],",...",4);
-            break;
-          }
-          zTemp[i++] = ',';
-          if( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder && pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[j] ){
-            zTemp[i++] = '-';
-          }
-          memcpy(&zTemp[i], pColl->zName,n+1);
-          i += n;
-        }else if( i+4<nTemp-6 ){
-          memcpy(&zTemp[i],",nil",4);
-          i += 4;
+        const char *zColl = pColl ? pColl->zName : "nil";
+        int n = sqlite3Strlen30(zColl);
+        if( n==6 && memcmp(zColl,"BINARY",6)==0 ){
+          zColl = "B";
+          n = 1;
         }
+        if( i+n>nTemp-6 ){
+          memcpy(&zTemp[i],",...",4);
+          break;
+        }
+        zTemp[i++] = ',';
+        if( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[j] ){
+          zTemp[i++] = '-';
+        }
+        memcpy(&zTemp[i], zColl, n+1);
+        i += n;
       }
       zTemp[i++] = ')';
       zTemp[i] = 0;
@@ -60420,7 +63283,7 @@
     }
     case P4_COLLSEQ: {
       CollSeq *pColl = pOp->p4.pColl;
-      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "collseq(%.20s)", pColl->zName);
+      sqlite3_snprintf(nTemp, zTemp, "(%.20s)", pColl->zName);
       break;
     }
     case P4_FUNCDEF: {
@@ -60499,9 +63362,9 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(Vdbe *p, int i){
   assert( i>=0 && i<p->db->nDb && i<(int)sizeof(yDbMask)*8 );
   assert( i<(int)sizeof(p->btreeMask)*8 );
-  p->btreeMask |= ((yDbMask)1)<<i;
+  DbMaskSet(p->btreeMask, i);
   if( i!=1 && sqlite3BtreeSharable(p->db->aDb[i].pBt) ){
-    p->lockMask |= ((yDbMask)1)<<i;
+    DbMaskSet(p->lockMask, i);
   }
 }
 
@@ -60529,16 +63392,15 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeEnter(Vdbe *p){
   int i;
-  yDbMask mask;
   sqlite3 *db;
   Db *aDb;
   int nDb;
-  if( p->lockMask==0 ) return;  /* The common case */
+  if( DbMaskAllZero(p->lockMask) ) return;  /* The common case */
   db = p->db;
   aDb = db->aDb;
   nDb = db->nDb;
-  for(i=0, mask=1; i<nDb; i++, mask += mask){
-    if( i!=1 && (mask & p->lockMask)!=0 && ALWAYS(aDb[i].pBt!=0) ){
+  for(i=0; i<nDb; i++){
+    if( i!=1 && DbMaskTest(p->lockMask,i) && ALWAYS(aDb[i].pBt!=0) ){
       sqlite3BtreeEnter(aDb[i].pBt);
     }
   }
@@ -60551,16 +63413,15 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeLeave(Vdbe *p){
   int i;
-  yDbMask mask;
   sqlite3 *db;
   Db *aDb;
   int nDb;
-  if( p->lockMask==0 ) return;  /* The common case */
+  if( DbMaskAllZero(p->lockMask) ) return;  /* The common case */
   db = p->db;
   aDb = db->aDb;
   nDb = db->nDb;
-  for(i=0, mask=1; i<nDb; i++, mask += mask){
-    if( i!=1 && (mask & p->lockMask)!=0 && ALWAYS(aDb[i].pBt!=0) ){
+  for(i=0; i<nDb; i++){
+    if( i!=1 && DbMaskTest(p->lockMask,i) && ALWAYS(aDb[i].pBt!=0) ){
       sqlite3BtreeLeave(aDb[i].pBt);
     }
   }
@@ -60574,16 +63435,21 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbePrintOp(FILE *pOut, int pc, Op *pOp){
   char *zP4;
   char zPtr[50];
-  static const char *zFormat1 = "%4d %-13s %4d %4d %4d %-4s %.2X %s\n";
+  char zCom[100];
+  static const char *zFormat1 = "%4d %-13s %4d %4d %4d %-13s %.2X %s\n";
   if( pOut==0 ) pOut = stdout;
   zP4 = displayP4(pOp, zPtr, sizeof(zPtr));
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
+  displayComment(pOp, zP4, zCom, sizeof(zCom));
+#else
+  zCom[0] = 0;
+#endif
+  /* NB:  The sqlite3OpcodeName() function is implemented by code created
+  ** by the mkopcodeh.awk and mkopcodec.awk scripts which extract the
+  ** information from the vdbe.c source text */
   fprintf(pOut, zFormat1, pc, 
       sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode), pOp->p1, pOp->p2, pOp->p3, zP4, pOp->p5,
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-      pOp->zComment ? pOp->zComment : ""
-#else
-      ""
-#endif
+      zCom
   );
   fflush(pOut);
 }
@@ -60605,6 +63471,7 @@
     }
     for(pEnd=&p[N]; p<pEnd; p++){
       assert( (&p[1])==pEnd || p[0].db==p[1].db );
+      assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(p) );
 
       /* This block is really an inlined version of sqlite3VdbeMemRelease()
       ** that takes advantage of the fact that the memory cell value is 
@@ -60618,6 +63485,10 @@
       ** with no indexes using a single prepared INSERT statement, bind() 
       ** and reset(). Inserts are grouped into a transaction.
       */
+      testcase( p->flags & MEM_Agg );
+      testcase( p->flags & MEM_Dyn );
+      testcase( p->flags & MEM_Frame );
+      testcase( p->flags & MEM_RowSet );
       if( p->flags&(MEM_Agg|MEM_Dyn|MEM_Frame|MEM_RowSet) ){
         sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(p);
       }else if( p->zMalloc ){
@@ -60625,7 +63496,7 @@
         p->zMalloc = 0;
       }
 
-      p->flags = MEM_Invalid;
+      p->flags = MEM_Undefined;
     }
     db->mallocFailed = malloc_failed;
   }
@@ -60729,7 +63600,7 @@
     rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
     sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3ErrStr(p->rc));
   }else{
-    char *z;
+    char *zP4;
     Op *pOp;
     if( i<p->nOp ){
       /* The output line number is small enough that we are still in the
@@ -60747,15 +63618,13 @@
     }
     if( p->explain==1 ){
       pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
-      pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
       pMem->u.i = i;                                /* Program counter */
       pMem++;
   
       pMem->flags = MEM_Static|MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
-      pMem->z = (char*)sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode);  /* Opcode */
+      pMem->z = (char*)sqlite3OpcodeName(pOp->opcode); /* Opcode */
       assert( pMem->z!=0 );
       pMem->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pMem->z);
-      pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
       pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
       pMem++;
 
@@ -60770,7 +63639,7 @@
         for(j=0; j<nSub; j++){
           if( apSub[j]==pOp->p4.pProgram ) break;
         }
-        if( j==nSub && SQLITE_OK==sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pSub, nByte, 1) ){
+        if( j==nSub && SQLITE_OK==sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pSub, nByte, nSub!=0) ){
           apSub = (SubProgram **)pSub->z;
           apSub[nSub++] = pOp->p4.pProgram;
           pSub->flags |= MEM_Blob;
@@ -60781,33 +63650,29 @@
 
     pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
     pMem->u.i = pOp->p1;                          /* P1 */
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
     pMem++;
 
     pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
     pMem->u.i = pOp->p2;                          /* P2 */
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
     pMem++;
 
     pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
     pMem->u.i = pOp->p3;                          /* P3 */
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
     pMem++;
 
     if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, 32, 0) ){            /* P4 */
       assert( p->db->mallocFailed );
       return SQLITE_ERROR;
     }
-    pMem->flags = MEM_Dyn|MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
-    z = displayP4(pOp, pMem->z, 32);
-    if( z!=pMem->z ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pMem, z, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
+    pMem->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
+    zP4 = displayP4(pOp, pMem->z, 32);
+    if( zP4!=pMem->z ){
+      sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pMem, zP4, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
     }else{
       assert( pMem->z!=0 );
       pMem->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pMem->z);
       pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
     }
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
     pMem++;
 
     if( p->explain==1 ){
@@ -60815,26 +63680,23 @@
         assert( p->db->mallocFailed );
         return SQLITE_ERROR;
       }
-      pMem->flags = MEM_Dyn|MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
       pMem->n = 2;
       sqlite3_snprintf(3, pMem->z, "%.2x", pOp->p5);   /* P5 */
-      pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
       pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
       pMem++;
   
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-      if( pOp->zComment ){
-        pMem->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
-        pMem->z = pOp->zComment;
-        pMem->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pMem->z);
-        pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
-        pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
-      }else
-#endif
-      {
-        pMem->flags = MEM_Null;                       /* Comment */
-        pMem->type = SQLITE_NULL;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
+      if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pMem, 500, 0) ){
+        assert( p->db->mallocFailed );
+        return SQLITE_ERROR;
       }
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Term;
+      pMem->n = displayComment(pOp, zP4, pMem->z, 500);
+      pMem->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
+#else
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Null;                       /* Comment */
+#endif
     }
 
     p->nResColumn = 8 - 4*(p->explain-1);
@@ -60851,15 +63713,17 @@
 ** Print the SQL that was used to generate a VDBE program.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbePrintSql(Vdbe *p){
-  int nOp = p->nOp;
-  VdbeOp *pOp;
-  if( nOp<1 ) return;
-  pOp = &p->aOp[0];
-  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Trace && pOp->p4.z!=0 ){
-    const char *z = pOp->p4.z;
-    while( sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z++;
-    printf("SQL: [%s]\n", z);
+  const char *z = 0;
+  if( p->zSql ){
+    z = p->zSql;
+  }else if( p->nOp>=1 ){
+    const VdbeOp *pOp = &p->aOp[0];
+    if( pOp->opcode==OP_Init && pOp->p4.z!=0 ){
+      z = pOp->p4.z;
+      while( sqlite3Isspace(*z) ) z++;
+    }
   }
+  if( z ) printf("SQL: [%s]\n", z);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -60873,7 +63737,7 @@
   if( sqlite3IoTrace==0 ) return;
   if( nOp<1 ) return;
   pOp = &p->aOp[0];
-  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Trace && pOp->p4.z!=0 ){
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Init && pOp->p4.z!=0 ){
     int i, j;
     char z[1000];
     sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(z), z, "%s", pOp->p4.z);
@@ -61010,6 +63874,7 @@
   assert( p->nOp>0 );
   assert( pParse!=0 );
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_INIT );
+  assert( pParse==p->pParse );
   db = p->db;
   assert( db->mallocFailed==0 );
   nVar = pParse->nVar;
@@ -61033,8 +63898,8 @@
   /* Allocate space for memory registers, SQL variables, VDBE cursors and 
   ** an array to marshal SQL function arguments in.
   */
-  zCsr = (u8*)&p->aOp[p->nOp];       /* Memory avaliable for allocation */
-  zEnd = (u8*)&p->aOp[p->nOpAlloc];  /* First byte past end of zCsr[] */
+  zCsr = (u8*)&p->aOp[p->nOp];            /* Memory avaliable for allocation */
+  zEnd = (u8*)&p->aOp[pParse->nOpAlloc];  /* First byte past end of zCsr[] */
 
   resolveP2Values(p, &nArg);
   p->usesStmtJournal = (u8)(pParse->isMultiWrite && pParse->mayAbort);
@@ -61072,7 +63937,7 @@
     zEnd = &zCsr[nByte];
   }while( nByte && !db->mallocFailed );
 
-  p->nCursor = (u16)nCursor;
+  p->nCursor = nCursor;
   p->nOnceFlag = nOnce;
   if( p->aVar ){
     p->nVar = (ynVar)nVar;
@@ -61090,7 +63955,7 @@
     p->aMem--;                      /* aMem[] goes from 1..nMem */
     p->nMem = nMem;                 /*       not from 0..nMem-1 */
     for(n=1; n<=nMem; n++){
-      p->aMem[n].flags = MEM_Invalid;
+      p->aMem[n].flags = MEM_Undefined;
       p->aMem[n].db = db;
     }
   }
@@ -61117,7 +63982,7 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
   if( pCx->pVtabCursor ){
     sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor = pCx->pVtabCursor;
-    const sqlite3_module *pModule = pCx->pModule;
+    const sqlite3_module *pModule = pVtabCursor->pVtab->pModule;
     p->inVtabMethod = 1;
     pModule->xClose(pVtabCursor);
     p->inVtabMethod = 0;
@@ -61180,6 +64045,10 @@
     p->pDelFrame = pDel->pParent;
     sqlite3VdbeFrameDelete(pDel);
   }
+
+  /* Delete any auxdata allocations made by the VM */
+  sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(p, -1, 0);
+  assert( p->pAuxData==0 );
 }
 
 /*
@@ -61198,7 +64067,7 @@
   int i;
   if( p->apCsr ) for(i=0; i<p->nCursor; i++) assert( p->apCsr[i]==0 );
   if( p->aMem ){
-    for(i=1; i<=p->nMem; i++) assert( p->aMem[i].flags==MEM_Invalid );
+    for(i=1; i<=p->nMem; i++) assert( p->aMem[i].flags==MEM_Undefined );
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -61288,7 +64157,7 @@
   ** required, as an xSync() callback may add an attached database
   ** to the transaction.
   */
-  rc = sqlite3VtabSync(db, &p->zErrMsg);
+  rc = sqlite3VtabSync(db, p);
 
   /* This loop determines (a) if the commit hook should be invoked and
   ** (b) how many database files have open write transactions, not 
@@ -61301,7 +64170,9 @@
     if( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pBt) ){
       needXcommit = 1;
       if( i!=1 ) nTrans++;
+      sqlite3BtreeEnter(pBt);
       rc = sqlite3PagerExclusiveLock(sqlite3BtreePager(pBt));
+      sqlite3BtreeLeave(pBt);
     }
   }
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -61312,7 +64183,7 @@
   if( needXcommit && db->xCommitCallback ){
     rc = db->xCommitCallback(db->pCommitArg);
     if( rc ){
-      return SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+      return SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_COMMITHOOK;
     }
   }
 
@@ -61505,7 +64376,7 @@
 }
 
 /* 
-** This routine checks that the sqlite3.activeVdbeCnt count variable
+** This routine checks that the sqlite3.nVdbeActive count variable
 ** matches the number of vdbe's in the list sqlite3.pVdbe that are
 ** currently active. An assertion fails if the two counts do not match.
 ** This is an internal self-check only - it is not an essential processing
@@ -61518,16 +64389,19 @@
   Vdbe *p;
   int cnt = 0;
   int nWrite = 0;
+  int nRead = 0;
   p = db->pVdbe;
   while( p ){
-    if( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN && p->pc>=0 ){
+    if( sqlite3_stmt_busy((sqlite3_stmt*)p) ){
       cnt++;
       if( p->readOnly==0 ) nWrite++;
+      if( p->bIsReader ) nRead++;
     }
     p = p->pNext;
   }
-  assert( cnt==db->activeVdbeCnt );
-  assert( nWrite==db->writeVdbeCnt );
+  assert( cnt==db->nVdbeActive );
+  assert( nWrite==db->nVdbeWrite );
+  assert( nRead==db->nVdbeRead );
 }
 #else
 #define checkActiveVdbeCnt(x)
@@ -61538,7 +64412,7 @@
 ** close it now. Argument eOp must be either SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK or
 ** SAVEPOINT_RELEASE. If it is SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK, then the statement
 ** transaction is rolled back. If eOp is SAVEPOINT_RELEASE, then the 
-** statement transaction is commtted.
+** statement transaction is committed.
 **
 ** If an IO error occurs, an SQLITE_IOERR_XXX error code is returned. 
 ** Otherwise SQLITE_OK.
@@ -61549,7 +64423,7 @@
 
   /* If p->iStatement is greater than zero, then this Vdbe opened a 
   ** statement transaction that should be closed here. The only exception
-  ** is that an IO error may have occured, causing an emergency rollback.
+  ** is that an IO error may have occurred, causing an emergency rollback.
   ** In this case (db->nStatement==0), and there is nothing to do.
   */
   if( db->nStatement && p->iStatement ){
@@ -61592,6 +64466,7 @@
     ** the statement transaction was opened.  */
     if( eOp==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK ){
       db->nDeferredCons = p->nStmtDefCons;
+      db->nDeferredImmCons = p->nStmtDefImmCons;
     }
   }
   return rc;
@@ -61604,16 +64479,18 @@
 ** violations, return SQLITE_ERROR. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
 **
 ** If there are outstanding FK violations and this function returns 
-** SQLITE_ERROR, set the result of the VM to SQLITE_CONSTRAINT and write
-** an error message to it. Then return SQLITE_ERROR.
+** SQLITE_ERROR, set the result of the VM to SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY
+** and write an error message to it. Then return SQLITE_ERROR.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(Vdbe *p, int deferred){
   sqlite3 *db = p->db;
-  if( (deferred && db->nDeferredCons>0) || (!deferred && p->nFkConstraint>0) ){
-    p->rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+  if( (deferred && (db->nDeferredCons+db->nDeferredImmCons)>0) 
+   || (!deferred && p->nFkConstraint>0) 
+  ){
+    p->rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY;
     p->errorAction = OE_Abort;
-    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "foreign key constraint failed");
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "FOREIGN KEY constraint failed");
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -61663,8 +64540,9 @@
   }
   checkActiveVdbeCnt(db);
 
-  /* No commit or rollback needed if the program never started */
-  if( p->pc>=0 ){
+  /* No commit or rollback needed if the program never started or if the
+  ** SQL statement does not read or write a database file.  */
+  if( p->pc>=0 && p->bIsReader ){
     int mrc;   /* Primary error code from p->rc */
     int eStatementOp = 0;
     int isSpecialError;            /* Set to true if a 'special' error */
@@ -61674,7 +64552,6 @@
 
     /* Check for one of the special errors */
     mrc = p->rc & 0xff;
-    assert( p->rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED );  /* This error no longer exists */
     isSpecialError = mrc==SQLITE_NOMEM || mrc==SQLITE_IOERR
                      || mrc==SQLITE_INTERRUPT || mrc==SQLITE_FULL;
     if( isSpecialError ){
@@ -61685,7 +64562,7 @@
       **
       ** Even if the statement is read-only, it is important to perform
       ** a statement or transaction rollback operation. If the error 
-      ** occured while writing to the journal, sub-journal or database
+      ** occurred while writing to the journal, sub-journal or database
       ** file as part of an effort to free up cache space (see function
       ** pagerStress() in pager.c), the rollback is required to restore 
       ** the pager to a consistent state.
@@ -61717,7 +64594,7 @@
     */
     if( !sqlite3VtabInSync(db) 
      && db->autoCommit 
-     && db->writeVdbeCnt==(p->readOnly==0) 
+     && db->nVdbeWrite==(p->readOnly==0) 
     ){
       if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || (p->errorAction==OE_Fail && !isSpecialError) ){
         rc = sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 1);
@@ -61726,7 +64603,7 @@
             sqlite3VdbeLeave(p);
             return SQLITE_ERROR;
           }
-          rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
+          rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY;
         }else{ 
           /* The auto-commit flag is true, the vdbe program was successful 
           ** or hit an 'OR FAIL' constraint and there are no deferred foreign
@@ -61742,6 +64619,8 @@
           sqlite3RollbackAll(db, SQLITE_OK);
         }else{
           db->nDeferredCons = 0;
+          db->nDeferredImmCons = 0;
+          db->flags &= ~SQLITE_DeferFKs;
           sqlite3CommitInternalChanges(db);
         }
       }else{
@@ -61769,7 +64648,7 @@
     if( eStatementOp ){
       rc = sqlite3VdbeCloseStatement(p, eStatementOp);
       if( rc ){
-        if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT ){
+        if( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || (p->rc&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT ){
           p->rc = rc;
           sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
           p->zErrMsg = 0;
@@ -61798,11 +64677,12 @@
 
   /* We have successfully halted and closed the VM.  Record this fact. */
   if( p->pc>=0 ){
-    db->activeVdbeCnt--;
-    if( !p->readOnly ){
-      db->writeVdbeCnt--;
-    }
-    assert( db->activeVdbeCnt>=db->writeVdbeCnt );
+    db->nVdbeActive--;
+    if( !p->readOnly ) db->nVdbeWrite--;
+    if( p->bIsReader ) db->nVdbeRead--;
+    assert( db->nVdbeActive>=db->nVdbeRead );
+    assert( db->nVdbeRead>=db->nVdbeWrite );
+    assert( db->nVdbeWrite>=0 );
   }
   p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_HALT;
   checkActiveVdbeCnt(db);
@@ -61818,7 +64698,7 @@
     sqlite3ConnectionUnlocked(db);
   }
 
-  assert( db->activeVdbeCnt>0 || db->autoCommit==0 || db->nStatement==0 );
+  assert( db->nVdbeActive>0 || db->autoCommit==0 || db->nStatement==0 );
   return (p->rc==SQLITE_BUSY ? SQLITE_BUSY : SQLITE_OK);
 }
 
@@ -61845,6 +64725,7 @@
   if( p->zErrMsg ){
     u8 mallocFailed = db->mallocFailed;
     sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+    if( db->pErr==0 ) db->pErr = sqlite3ValueNew(db);
     sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, p->zErrMsg, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
     sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
     db->mallocFailed = mallocFailed;
@@ -61855,6 +64736,27 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
+/*
+** If an SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG hook is registered and the VM has been run, 
+** invoke it.
+*/
+static void vdbeInvokeSqllog(Vdbe *v){
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog && v->rc==SQLITE_OK && v->zSql && v->pc>=0 ){
+    char *zExpanded = sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(v, v->zSql);
+    assert( v->db->init.busy==0 );
+    if( zExpanded ){
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog(
+          sqlite3GlobalConfig.pSqllogArg, v->db, zExpanded, 1
+      );
+      sqlite3DbFree(v->db, zExpanded);
+    }
+  }
+}
+#else
+# define vdbeInvokeSqllog(x)
+#endif
+
 /*
 ** Clean up a VDBE after execution but do not delete the VDBE just yet.
 ** Write any error messages into *pzErrMsg.  Return the result code.
@@ -61882,6 +64784,7 @@
   ** instructions yet, leave the main database error information unchanged.
   */
   if( p->pc>=0 ){
+    vdbeInvokeSqllog(p);
     sqlite3VdbeTransferError(p);
     sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
     p->zErrMsg = 0;
@@ -61891,8 +64794,7 @@
     ** to sqlite3_step(). For consistency (since sqlite3_step() was
     ** called), set the database error in this case as well.
     */
-    sqlite3Error(db, p->rc, 0);
-    sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, p->zErrMsg, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+    sqlite3Error(db, p->rc, p->zErrMsg ? "%s" : 0, p->zErrMsg);
     sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
     p->zErrMsg = 0;
   }
@@ -61913,18 +64815,31 @@
         fprintf(out, "%02x", p->aOp[i].opcode);
       }
       fprintf(out, "\n");
+      if( p->zSql ){
+        char c, pc = 0;
+        fprintf(out, "-- ");
+        for(i=0; (c = p->zSql[i])!=0; i++){
+          if( pc=='\n' ) fprintf(out, "-- ");
+          putc(c, out);
+          pc = c;
+        }
+        if( pc!='\n' ) fprintf(out, "\n");
+      }
       for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
-        fprintf(out, "%6d %10lld %8lld ",
+        char zHdr[100];
+        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zHdr), zHdr, "%6u %12llu %8llu ",
            p->aOp[i].cnt,
            p->aOp[i].cycles,
            p->aOp[i].cnt>0 ? p->aOp[i].cycles/p->aOp[i].cnt : 0
         );
+        fprintf(out, "%s", zHdr);
         sqlite3VdbePrintOp(out, i, &p->aOp[i]);
       }
       fclose(out);
     }
   }
 #endif
+  p->iCurrentTime = 0;
   p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_INIT;
   return p->rc & db->errMask;
 }
@@ -61944,31 +64859,49 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Call the destructor for each auxdata entry in pVdbeFunc for which
-** the corresponding bit in mask is clear.  Auxdata entries beyond 31
-** are always destroyed.  To destroy all auxdata entries, call this
-** routine with mask==0.
+** If parameter iOp is less than zero, then invoke the destructor for
+** all auxiliary data pointers currently cached by the VM passed as
+** the first argument.
+**
+** Or, if iOp is greater than or equal to zero, then the destructor is
+** only invoked for those auxiliary data pointers created by the user 
+** function invoked by the OP_Function opcode at instruction iOp of 
+** VM pVdbe, and only then if:
+**
+**    * the associated function parameter is the 32nd or later (counting
+**      from left to right), or
+**
+**    * the corresponding bit in argument mask is clear (where the first
+**      function parameter corrsponds to bit 0 etc.).
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc, int mask){
-  int i;
-  for(i=0; i<pVdbeFunc->nAux; i++){
-    struct AuxData *pAux = &pVdbeFunc->apAux[i];
-    if( (i>31 || !(mask&(((u32)1)<<i))) && pAux->pAux ){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(Vdbe *pVdbe, int iOp, int mask){
+  AuxData **pp = &pVdbe->pAuxData;
+  while( *pp ){
+    AuxData *pAux = *pp;
+    if( (iOp<0)
+     || (pAux->iOp==iOp && (pAux->iArg>31 || !(mask & MASKBIT32(pAux->iArg))))
+    ){
+      testcase( pAux->iArg==31 );
       if( pAux->xDelete ){
         pAux->xDelete(pAux->pAux);
       }
-      pAux->pAux = 0;
+      *pp = pAux->pNext;
+      sqlite3DbFree(pVdbe->db, pAux);
+    }else{
+      pp= &pAux->pNext;
     }
   }
 }
 
 /*
-** Free all memory associated with the Vdbe passed as the second argument.
+** Free all memory associated with the Vdbe passed as the second argument,
+** except for object itself, which is preserved.
+**
 ** The difference between this function and sqlite3VdbeDelete() is that
 ** VdbeDelete() also unlinks the Vdbe from the list of VMs associated with
-** the database connection.
+** the database connection and frees the object itself.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeClearObject(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
   SubProgram *pSub, *pNext;
   int i;
   assert( p->db==0 || p->db==db );
@@ -61981,7 +64914,6 @@
   }
   for(i=p->nzVar-1; i>=0; i--) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azVar[i]);
   vdbeFreeOpArray(db, p->aOp, p->nOp);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aLabel);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aColName);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zSql);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->pFree);
@@ -61989,7 +64921,6 @@
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zExplain);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->pExplain);
 #endif
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -62000,6 +64931,8 @@
 
   if( NEVER(p==0) ) return;
   db = p->db;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  sqlite3VdbeClearObject(db, p);
   if( p->pPrev ){
     p->pPrev->pNext = p->pNext;
   }else{
@@ -62011,7 +64944,7 @@
   }
   p->magic = VDBE_MAGIC_DEAD;
   p->db = 0;
-  sqlite3VdbeDeleteObject(db, p);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -62044,13 +64977,13 @@
 #endif
     p->deferredMoveto = 0;
     p->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  }else if( ALWAYS(p->pCursor) ){
+  }else if( p->pCursor ){
     int hasMoved;
     int rc = sqlite3BtreeCursorHasMoved(p->pCursor, &hasMoved);
     if( rc ) return rc;
     if( hasMoved ){
       p->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-      p->nullRow = 1;
+      if( hasMoved==2 ) p->nullRow = 1;
     }
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -62074,7 +65007,7 @@
 ** the blob of data that it corresponds to. In a table record, all serial
 ** types are stored at the start of the record, and the blobs of data at
 ** the end. Hence these functions allow the caller to handle the
-** serial-type and data blob seperately.
+** serial-type and data blob separately.
 **
 ** The following table describes the various storage classes for data:
 **
@@ -62103,7 +65036,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialType(Mem *pMem, int file_format){
   int flags = pMem->flags;
-  int n;
+  u32 n;
 
   if( flags&MEM_Null ){
     return 0;
@@ -62113,9 +65046,6 @@
 #   define MAX_6BYTE ((((i64)0x00008000)<<32)-1)
     i64 i = pMem->u.i;
     u64 u;
-    if( file_format>=4 && (i&1)==i ){
-      return 8+(u32)i;
-    }
     if( i<0 ){
       if( i<(-MAX_6BYTE) ) return 6;
       /* Previous test prevents:  u = -(-9223372036854775808) */
@@ -62123,7 +65053,9 @@
     }else{
       u = i;
     }
-    if( u<=127 ) return 1;
+    if( u<=127 ){
+      return ((i&1)==i && file_format>=4) ? 8+(u32)u : 1;
+    }
     if( u<=32767 ) return 2;
     if( u<=8388607 ) return 3;
     if( u<=2147483647 ) return 4;
@@ -62134,11 +65066,11 @@
     return 7;
   }
   assert( pMem->db->mallocFailed || flags&(MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) );
-  n = pMem->n;
+  assert( pMem->n>=0 );
+  n = (u32)pMem->n;
   if( flags & MEM_Zero ){
     n += pMem->u.nZero;
   }
-  assert( n>=0 );
   return ((n*2) + 12 + ((flags&MEM_Str)!=0));
 }
 
@@ -62212,21 +65144,15 @@
 ** buf. It is assumed that the caller has allocated sufficient space.
 ** Return the number of bytes written.
 **
-** nBuf is the amount of space left in buf[].  nBuf must always be
-** large enough to hold the entire field.  Except, if the field is
-** a blob with a zero-filled tail, then buf[] might be just the right
-** size to hold everything except for the zero-filled tail.  If buf[]
-** is only big enough to hold the non-zero prefix, then only write that
-** prefix into buf[].  But if buf[] is large enough to hold both the
-** prefix and the tail then write the prefix and set the tail to all
-** zeros.
+** nBuf is the amount of space left in buf[].  The caller is responsible
+** for allocating enough space to buf[] to hold the entire field, exclusive
+** of the pMem->u.nZero bytes for a MEM_Zero value.
 **
 ** Return the number of bytes actually written into buf[].  The number
 ** of bytes in the zero-filled tail is included in the return value only
 ** if those bytes were zeroed in buf[].
 */ 
-SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(u8 *buf, int nBuf, Mem *pMem, int file_format){
-  u32 serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(pMem, file_format);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u32 sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(u8 *buf, Mem *pMem, u32 serial_type){
   u32 len;
 
   /* Integer and Real */
@@ -62241,7 +65167,6 @@
       v = pMem->u.i;
     }
     len = i = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type);
-    assert( len<=(u32)nBuf );
     while( i-- ){
       buf[i] = (u8)(v&0xFF);
       v >>= 8;
@@ -62253,17 +65178,8 @@
   if( serial_type>=12 ){
     assert( pMem->n + ((pMem->flags & MEM_Zero)?pMem->u.nZero:0)
              == (int)sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type) );
-    assert( pMem->n<=nBuf );
     len = pMem->n;
     memcpy(buf, pMem->z, len);
-    if( pMem->flags & MEM_Zero ){
-      len += pMem->u.nZero;
-      assert( nBuf>=0 );
-      if( len > (u32)nBuf ){
-        len = (u32)nBuf;
-      }
-      memset(&buf[pMem->n], 0, len-pMem->n);
-    }
     return len;
   }
 
@@ -62271,6 +65187,14 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
+/* Input "x" is a sequence of unsigned characters that represent a
+** big-endian integer.  Return the equivalent native integer
+*/
+#define ONE_BYTE_INT(x)    ((i8)(x)[0])
+#define TWO_BYTE_INT(x)    (256*(i8)((x)[0])|(x)[1])
+#define THREE_BYTE_INT(x)  (65536*(i8)((x)[0])|((x)[1]<<8)|(x)[2])
+#define FOUR_BYTE_UINT(x)  (((u32)(x)[0]<<24)|((x)[1]<<16)|((x)[2]<<8)|(x)[3])
+
 /*
 ** Deserialize the data blob pointed to by buf as serial type serial_type
 ** and store the result in pMem.  Return the number of bytes read.
@@ -62280,6 +65204,8 @@
   u32 serial_type,              /* Serial type to deserialize */
   Mem *pMem                     /* Memory cell to write value into */
 ){
+  u64 x;
+  u32 y;
   switch( serial_type ){
     case 10:   /* Reserved for future use */
     case 11:   /* Reserved for future use */
@@ -62288,37 +65214,38 @@
       break;
     }
     case 1: { /* 1-byte signed integer */
-      pMem->u.i = (signed char)buf[0];
+      pMem->u.i = ONE_BYTE_INT(buf);
       pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      testcase( pMem->u.i<0 );
       return 1;
     }
     case 2: { /* 2-byte signed integer */
-      pMem->u.i = (((signed char)buf[0])<<8) | buf[1];
+      pMem->u.i = TWO_BYTE_INT(buf);
       pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      testcase( pMem->u.i<0 );
       return 2;
     }
     case 3: { /* 3-byte signed integer */
-      pMem->u.i = (((signed char)buf[0])<<16) | (buf[1]<<8) | buf[2];
+      pMem->u.i = THREE_BYTE_INT(buf);
       pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      testcase( pMem->u.i<0 );
       return 3;
     }
     case 4: { /* 4-byte signed integer */
-      pMem->u.i = (buf[0]<<24) | (buf[1]<<16) | (buf[2]<<8) | buf[3];
+      y = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(buf);
+      pMem->u.i = (i64)*(int*)&y;
       pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      testcase( pMem->u.i<0 );
       return 4;
     }
     case 5: { /* 6-byte signed integer */
-      u64 x = (((signed char)buf[0])<<8) | buf[1];
-      u32 y = (buf[2]<<24) | (buf[3]<<16) | (buf[4]<<8) | buf[5];
-      x = (x<<32) | y;
-      pMem->u.i = *(i64*)&x;
+      pMem->u.i = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(buf+2) + (((i64)1)<<32)*TWO_BYTE_INT(buf);
       pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+      testcase( pMem->u.i<0 );
       return 6;
     }
     case 6:   /* 8-byte signed integer */
     case 7: { /* IEEE floating point */
-      u64 x;
-      u32 y;
 #if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT)
       /* Verify that integers and floating point values use the same
       ** byte order.  Or, that if SQLITE_MIXED_ENDIAN_64BIT_FLOAT is
@@ -62331,13 +65258,13 @@
       swapMixedEndianFloat(t2);
       assert( sizeof(r1)==sizeof(t2) && memcmp(&r1, &t2, sizeof(r1))==0 );
 #endif
-
-      x = (buf[0]<<24) | (buf[1]<<16) | (buf[2]<<8) | buf[3];
-      y = (buf[4]<<24) | (buf[5]<<16) | (buf[6]<<8) | buf[7];
+      x = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(buf);
+      y = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(buf+4);
       x = (x<<32) | y;
       if( serial_type==6 ){
         pMem->u.i = *(i64*)&x;
         pMem->flags = MEM_Int;
+        testcase( pMem->u.i<0 );
       }else{
         assert( sizeof(x)==8 && sizeof(pMem->r)==8 );
         swapMixedEndianFloat(x);
@@ -62353,15 +65280,12 @@
       return 0;
     }
     default: {
+      static const u16 aFlag[] = { MEM_Blob|MEM_Ephem, MEM_Str|MEM_Ephem };
       u32 len = (serial_type-12)/2;
       pMem->z = (char *)buf;
       pMem->n = len;
       pMem->xDel = 0;
-      if( serial_type&0x01 ){
-        pMem->flags = MEM_Str | MEM_Ephem;
-      }else{
-        pMem->flags = MEM_Blob | MEM_Ephem;
-      }
+      pMem->flags = aFlag[serial_type&1];
       return len;
     }
   }
@@ -62408,6 +65332,7 @@
   }
 
   p->aMem = (Mem*)&((char*)p)[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord))];
+  assert( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder!=0 );
   p->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
   p->nField = pKeyInfo->nField + 1;
   return p;
@@ -62431,7 +65356,7 @@
   u32 szHdr;
   Mem *pMem = p->aMem;
 
-  p->flags = 0;
+  p->default_rc = 0;
   assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pMem) );
   idx = getVarint32(aKey, szHdr);
   d = szHdr;
@@ -62452,32 +65377,23 @@
   p->nField = u;
 }
 
+#if SQLITE_DEBUG
 /*
-** This function compares the two table rows or index records
-** specified by {nKey1, pKey1} and pPKey2.  It returns a negative, zero
-** or positive integer if key1 is less than, equal to or 
-** greater than key2.  The {nKey1, pKey1} key must be a blob
-** created by th OP_MakeRecord opcode of the VDBE.  The pPKey2
-** key must be a parsed key such as obtained from
-** sqlite3VdbeParseRecord.
-**
-** Key1 and Key2 do not have to contain the same number of fields.
-** The key with fewer fields is usually compares less than the 
-** longer key.  However if the UNPACKED_INCRKEY flags in pPKey2 is set
-** and the common prefixes are equal, then key1 is less than key2.
-** Or if the UNPACKED_MATCH_PREFIX flag is set and the prefixes are
-** equal, then the keys are considered to be equal and
-** the parts beyond the common prefix are ignored.
+** This function compares two index or table record keys in the same way
+** as the sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() routine. Unlike VdbeRecordCompare(),
+** this function deserializes and compares values using the
+** sqlite3VdbeSerialGet() and sqlite3MemCompare() functions. It is used
+** in assert() statements to ensure that the optimized code in
+** sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() returns results with these two primitives.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(
+static int vdbeRecordCompareDebug(
   int nKey1, const void *pKey1, /* Left key */
-  UnpackedRecord *pPKey2        /* Right key */
+  const UnpackedRecord *pPKey2  /* Right key */
 ){
-  int d1;            /* Offset into aKey[] of next data element */
+  u32 d1;            /* Offset into aKey[] of next data element */
   u32 idx1;          /* Offset into aKey[] of next header element */
   u32 szHdr1;        /* Number of bytes in header */
   int i = 0;
-  int nField;
   int rc = 0;
   const unsigned char *aKey1 = (const unsigned char *)pKey1;
   KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
@@ -62500,13 +65416,27 @@
   
   idx1 = getVarint32(aKey1, szHdr1);
   d1 = szHdr1;
-  nField = pKeyInfo->nField;
-  while( idx1<szHdr1 && i<pPKey2->nField ){
+  assert( pKeyInfo->nField+pKeyInfo->nXField>=pPKey2->nField || CORRUPT_DB );
+  assert( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder!=0 );
+  assert( pKeyInfo->nField>0 );
+  assert( idx1<=szHdr1 || CORRUPT_DB );
+  do{
     u32 serial_type1;
 
     /* Read the serial types for the next element in each key. */
     idx1 += getVarint32( aKey1+idx1, serial_type1 );
-    if( d1>=nKey1 && sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type1)>0 ) break;
+
+    /* Verify that there is enough key space remaining to avoid
+    ** a buffer overread.  The "d1+serial_type1+2" subexpression will
+    ** always be greater than or equal to the amount of required key space.
+    ** Use that approximation to avoid the more expensive call to
+    ** sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen() in the common case.
+    */
+    if( d1+serial_type1+2>(u32)nKey1
+     && d1+sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type1)>(u32)nKey1 
+    ){
+      break;
+    }
 
     /* Extract the values to be compared.
     */
@@ -62514,32 +65444,16 @@
 
     /* Do the comparison
     */
-    rc = sqlite3MemCompare(&mem1, &pPKey2->aMem[i],
-                           i<nField ? pKeyInfo->aColl[i] : 0);
+    rc = sqlite3MemCompare(&mem1, &pPKey2->aMem[i], pKeyInfo->aColl[i]);
     if( rc!=0 ){
       assert( mem1.zMalloc==0 );  /* See comment below */
-
-      /* Invert the result if we are using DESC sort order. */
-      if( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder && i<nField && pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[i] ){
-        rc = -rc;
+      if( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[i] ){
+        rc = -rc;  /* Invert the result for DESC sort order. */
       }
-    
-      /* If the PREFIX_SEARCH flag is set and all fields except the final
-      ** rowid field were equal, then clear the PREFIX_SEARCH flag and set 
-      ** pPKey2->rowid to the value of the rowid field in (pKey1, nKey1).
-      ** This is used by the OP_IsUnique opcode.
-      */
-      if( (pPKey2->flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH) && i==(pPKey2->nField-1) ){
-        assert( idx1==szHdr1 && rc );
-        assert( mem1.flags & MEM_Int );
-        pPKey2->flags &= ~UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH;
-        pPKey2->rowid = mem1.u.i;
-      }
-    
       return rc;
     }
     i++;
-  }
+  }while( idx1<szHdr1 && i<pPKey2->nField );
 
   /* No memory allocation is ever used on mem1.  Prove this using
   ** the following assert().  If the assert() fails, it indicates a
@@ -62548,24 +65462,594 @@
   assert( mem1.zMalloc==0 );
 
   /* rc==0 here means that one of the keys ran out of fields and
-  ** all the fields up to that point were equal. If the UNPACKED_INCRKEY
-  ** flag is set, then break the tie by treating key2 as larger.
-  ** If the UPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH flag is set, then keys with common prefixes
-  ** are considered to be equal.  Otherwise, the longer key is the 
-  ** larger.  As it happens, the pPKey2 will always be the longer
-  ** if there is a difference.
+  ** all the fields up to that point were equal. Return the the default_rc
+  ** value.  */
+  return pPKey2->default_rc;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Both *pMem1 and *pMem2 contain string values. Compare the two values
+** using the collation sequence pColl. As usual, return a negative , zero
+** or positive value if *pMem1 is less than, equal to or greater than 
+** *pMem2, respectively. Similar in spirit to "rc = (*pMem1) - (*pMem2);".
+*/
+static int vdbeCompareMemString(
+  const Mem *pMem1,
+  const Mem *pMem2,
+  const CollSeq *pColl
+){
+  if( pMem1->enc==pColl->enc ){
+    /* The strings are already in the correct encoding.  Call the
+     ** comparison function directly */
+    return pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser,pMem1->n,pMem1->z,pMem2->n,pMem2->z);
+  }else{
+    int rc;
+    const void *v1, *v2;
+    int n1, n2;
+    Mem c1;
+    Mem c2;
+    memset(&c1, 0, sizeof(c1));
+    memset(&c2, 0, sizeof(c2));
+    sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(&c1, pMem1, MEM_Ephem);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(&c2, pMem2, MEM_Ephem);
+    v1 = sqlite3ValueText((sqlite3_value*)&c1, pColl->enc);
+    n1 = v1==0 ? 0 : c1.n;
+    v2 = sqlite3ValueText((sqlite3_value*)&c2, pColl->enc);
+    n2 = v2==0 ? 0 : c2.n;
+    rc = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, n1, v1, n2, v2);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&c1);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&c2);
+    return rc;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Compare the values contained by the two memory cells, returning
+** negative, zero or positive if pMem1 is less than, equal to, or greater
+** than pMem2. Sorting order is NULL's first, followed by numbers (integers
+** and reals) sorted numerically, followed by text ordered by the collating
+** sequence pColl and finally blob's ordered by memcmp().
+**
+** Two NULL values are considered equal by this function.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MemCompare(const Mem *pMem1, const Mem *pMem2, const CollSeq *pColl){
+  int rc;
+  int f1, f2;
+  int combined_flags;
+
+  f1 = pMem1->flags;
+  f2 = pMem2->flags;
+  combined_flags = f1|f2;
+  assert( (combined_flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 );
+ 
+  /* If one value is NULL, it is less than the other. If both values
+  ** are NULL, return 0.
   */
-  assert( rc==0 );
-  if( pPKey2->flags & UNPACKED_INCRKEY ){
-    rc = -1;
-  }else if( pPKey2->flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH ){
-    /* Leave rc==0 */
-  }else if( idx1<szHdr1 ){
-    rc = 1;
+  if( combined_flags&MEM_Null ){
+    return (f2&MEM_Null) - (f1&MEM_Null);
+  }
+
+  /* If one value is a number and the other is not, the number is less.
+  ** If both are numbers, compare as reals if one is a real, or as integers
+  ** if both values are integers.
+  */
+  if( combined_flags&(MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ){
+    double r1, r2;
+    if( (f1 & f2 & MEM_Int)!=0 ){
+      if( pMem1->u.i < pMem2->u.i ) return -1;
+      if( pMem1->u.i > pMem2->u.i ) return 1;
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if( (f1&MEM_Real)!=0 ){
+      r1 = pMem1->r;
+    }else if( (f1&MEM_Int)!=0 ){
+      r1 = (double)pMem1->u.i;
+    }else{
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( (f2&MEM_Real)!=0 ){
+      r2 = pMem2->r;
+    }else if( (f2&MEM_Int)!=0 ){
+      r2 = (double)pMem2->u.i;
+    }else{
+      return -1;
+    }
+    if( r1<r2 ) return -1;
+    if( r1>r2 ) return 1;
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  /* If one value is a string and the other is a blob, the string is less.
+  ** If both are strings, compare using the collating functions.
+  */
+  if( combined_flags&MEM_Str ){
+    if( (f1 & MEM_Str)==0 ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( (f2 & MEM_Str)==0 ){
+      return -1;
+    }
+
+    assert( pMem1->enc==pMem2->enc );
+    assert( pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || 
+            pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || pMem1->enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+
+    /* The collation sequence must be defined at this point, even if
+    ** the user deletes the collation sequence after the vdbe program is
+    ** compiled (this was not always the case).
+    */
+    assert( !pColl || pColl->xCmp );
+
+    if( pColl ){
+      return vdbeCompareMemString(pMem1, pMem2, pColl);
+    }
+    /* If a NULL pointer was passed as the collate function, fall through
+    ** to the blob case and use memcmp().  */
+  }
+ 
+  /* Both values must be blobs.  Compare using memcmp().  */
+  rc = memcmp(pMem1->z, pMem2->z, (pMem1->n>pMem2->n)?pMem2->n:pMem1->n);
+  if( rc==0 ){
+    rc = pMem1->n - pMem2->n;
   }
   return rc;
 }
- 
+
+
+/*
+** The first argument passed to this function is a serial-type that
+** corresponds to an integer - all values between 1 and 9 inclusive 
+** except 7. The second points to a buffer containing an integer value
+** serialized according to serial_type. This function deserializes
+** and returns the value.
+*/
+static i64 vdbeRecordDecodeInt(u32 serial_type, const u8 *aKey){
+  u32 y;
+  assert( CORRUPT_DB || (serial_type>=1 && serial_type<=9 && serial_type!=7) );
+  switch( serial_type ){
+    case 0:
+    case 1:
+      testcase( aKey[0]&0x80 );
+      return ONE_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+    case 2:
+      testcase( aKey[0]&0x80 );
+      return TWO_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+    case 3:
+      testcase( aKey[0]&0x80 );
+      return THREE_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+    case 4: {
+      testcase( aKey[0]&0x80 );
+      y = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey);
+      return (i64)*(int*)&y;
+    }
+    case 5: {
+      testcase( aKey[0]&0x80 );
+      return FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey+2) + (((i64)1)<<32)*TWO_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+    }
+    case 6: {
+      u64 x = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey);
+      testcase( aKey[0]&0x80 );
+      x = (x<<32) | FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey+4);
+      return (i64)*(i64*)&x;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return (serial_type - 8);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function compares the two table rows or index records
+** specified by {nKey1, pKey1} and pPKey2.  It returns a negative, zero
+** or positive integer if key1 is less than, equal to or 
+** greater than key2.  The {nKey1, pKey1} key must be a blob
+** created by th OP_MakeRecord opcode of the VDBE.  The pPKey2
+** key must be a parsed key such as obtained from
+** sqlite3VdbeParseRecord.
+**
+** If argument bSkip is non-zero, it is assumed that the caller has already
+** determined that the first fields of the keys are equal.
+**
+** Key1 and Key2 do not have to contain the same number of fields. If all 
+** fields that appear in both keys are equal, then pPKey2->default_rc is 
+** returned.
+**
+** If database corruption is discovered, set pPKey2->isCorrupt to non-zero
+** and return 0.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(
+  int nKey1, const void *pKey1,   /* Left key */
+  UnpackedRecord *pPKey2,         /* Right key */
+  int bSkip                       /* If true, skip the first field */
+){
+  u32 d1;                         /* Offset into aKey[] of next data element */
+  int i;                          /* Index of next field to compare */
+  u32 szHdr1;                     /* Size of record header in bytes */
+  u32 idx1;                       /* Offset of first type in header */
+  int rc = 0;                     /* Return value */
+  Mem *pRhs = pPKey2->aMem;       /* Next field of pPKey2 to compare */
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = pPKey2->pKeyInfo;
+  const unsigned char *aKey1 = (const unsigned char *)pKey1;
+  Mem mem1;
+
+  /* If bSkip is true, then the caller has already determined that the first
+  ** two elements in the keys are equal. Fix the various stack variables so
+  ** that this routine begins comparing at the second field. */
+  if( bSkip ){
+    u32 s1;
+    idx1 = 1 + getVarint32(&aKey1[1], s1);
+    szHdr1 = aKey1[0];
+    d1 = szHdr1 + sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(s1);
+    i = 1;
+    pRhs++;
+  }else{
+    idx1 = getVarint32(aKey1, szHdr1);
+    d1 = szHdr1;
+    if( d1>(unsigned)nKey1 ){ 
+      pPKey2->isCorrupt = (u8)SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      return 0;  /* Corruption */
+    }
+    i = 0;
+  }
+
+  VVA_ONLY( mem1.zMalloc = 0; ) /* Only needed by assert() statements */
+  assert( pPKey2->pKeyInfo->nField+pPKey2->pKeyInfo->nXField>=pPKey2->nField 
+       || CORRUPT_DB );
+  assert( pPKey2->pKeyInfo->aSortOrder!=0 );
+  assert( pPKey2->pKeyInfo->nField>0 );
+  assert( idx1<=szHdr1 || CORRUPT_DB );
+  do{
+    u32 serial_type;
+
+    /* RHS is an integer */
+    if( pRhs->flags & MEM_Int ){
+      serial_type = aKey1[idx1];
+      testcase( serial_type==12 );
+      if( serial_type>=12 ){
+        rc = +1;
+      }else if( serial_type==0 ){
+        rc = -1;
+      }else if( serial_type==7 ){
+        double rhs = (double)pRhs->u.i;
+        sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(&aKey1[d1], serial_type, &mem1);
+        if( mem1.r<rhs ){
+          rc = -1;
+        }else if( mem1.r>rhs ){
+          rc = +1;
+        }
+      }else{
+        i64 lhs = vdbeRecordDecodeInt(serial_type, &aKey1[d1]);
+        i64 rhs = pRhs->u.i;
+        if( lhs<rhs ){
+          rc = -1;
+        }else if( lhs>rhs ){
+          rc = +1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* RHS is real */
+    else if( pRhs->flags & MEM_Real ){
+      serial_type = aKey1[idx1];
+      if( serial_type>=12 ){
+        rc = +1;
+      }else if( serial_type==0 ){
+        rc = -1;
+      }else{
+        double rhs = pRhs->r;
+        double lhs;
+        sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(&aKey1[d1], serial_type, &mem1);
+        if( serial_type==7 ){
+          lhs = mem1.r;
+        }else{
+          lhs = (double)mem1.u.i;
+        }
+        if( lhs<rhs ){
+          rc = -1;
+        }else if( lhs>rhs ){
+          rc = +1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* RHS is a string */
+    else if( pRhs->flags & MEM_Str ){
+      getVarint32(&aKey1[idx1], serial_type);
+      testcase( serial_type==12 );
+      if( serial_type<12 ){
+        rc = -1;
+      }else if( !(serial_type & 0x01) ){
+        rc = +1;
+      }else{
+        mem1.n = (serial_type - 12) / 2;
+        testcase( (d1+mem1.n)==(unsigned)nKey1 );
+        testcase( (d1+mem1.n+1)==(unsigned)nKey1 );
+        if( (d1+mem1.n) > (unsigned)nKey1 ){
+          pPKey2->isCorrupt = (u8)SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+          return 0;                /* Corruption */
+        }else if( pKeyInfo->aColl[i] ){
+          mem1.enc = pKeyInfo->enc;
+          mem1.db = pKeyInfo->db;
+          mem1.flags = MEM_Str;
+          mem1.z = (char*)&aKey1[d1];
+          rc = vdbeCompareMemString(&mem1, pRhs, pKeyInfo->aColl[i]);
+        }else{
+          int nCmp = MIN(mem1.n, pRhs->n);
+          rc = memcmp(&aKey1[d1], pRhs->z, nCmp);
+          if( rc==0 ) rc = mem1.n - pRhs->n; 
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* RHS is a blob */
+    else if( pRhs->flags & MEM_Blob ){
+      getVarint32(&aKey1[idx1], serial_type);
+      testcase( serial_type==12 );
+      if( serial_type<12 || (serial_type & 0x01) ){
+        rc = -1;
+      }else{
+        int nStr = (serial_type - 12) / 2;
+        testcase( (d1+nStr)==(unsigned)nKey1 );
+        testcase( (d1+nStr+1)==(unsigned)nKey1 );
+        if( (d1+nStr) > (unsigned)nKey1 ){
+          pPKey2->isCorrupt = (u8)SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+          return 0;                /* Corruption */
+        }else{
+          int nCmp = MIN(nStr, pRhs->n);
+          rc = memcmp(&aKey1[d1], pRhs->z, nCmp);
+          if( rc==0 ) rc = nStr - pRhs->n;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* RHS is null */
+    else{
+      serial_type = aKey1[idx1];
+      rc = (serial_type!=0);
+    }
+
+    if( rc!=0 ){
+      if( pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[i] ){
+        rc = -rc;
+      }
+      assert( CORRUPT_DB
+          || (rc<0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)<0)
+          || (rc>0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)>0)
+          || pKeyInfo->db->mallocFailed
+      );
+      assert( mem1.zMalloc==0 );  /* See comment below */
+      return rc;
+    }
+
+    i++;
+    pRhs++;
+    d1 += sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type);
+    idx1 += sqlite3VarintLen(serial_type);
+  }while( idx1<(unsigned)szHdr1 && i<pPKey2->nField && d1<=(unsigned)nKey1 );
+
+  /* No memory allocation is ever used on mem1.  Prove this using
+  ** the following assert().  If the assert() fails, it indicates a
+  ** memory leak and a need to call sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&mem1).  */
+  assert( mem1.zMalloc==0 );
+
+  /* rc==0 here means that one or both of the keys ran out of fields and
+  ** all the fields up to that point were equal. Return the the default_rc
+  ** value.  */
+  assert( CORRUPT_DB 
+       || pPKey2->default_rc==vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2) 
+       || pKeyInfo->db->mallocFailed
+  );
+  return pPKey2->default_rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is an optimized version of sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() 
+** that (a) the first field of pPKey2 is an integer, and (b) the 
+** size-of-header varint at the start of (pKey1/nKey1) fits in a single
+** byte (i.e. is less than 128).
+**
+** To avoid concerns about buffer overreads, this routine is only used
+** on schemas where the maximum valid header size is 63 bytes or less.
+*/
+static int vdbeRecordCompareInt(
+  int nKey1, const void *pKey1, /* Left key */
+  UnpackedRecord *pPKey2,       /* Right key */
+  int bSkip                     /* Ignored */
+){
+  const u8 *aKey = &((const u8*)pKey1)[*(const u8*)pKey1 & 0x3F];
+  int serial_type = ((const u8*)pKey1)[1];
+  int res;
+  u32 y;
+  u64 x;
+  i64 v = pPKey2->aMem[0].u.i;
+  i64 lhs;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(bSkip);
+
+  assert( bSkip==0 );
+  assert( (*(u8*)pKey1)<=0x3F || CORRUPT_DB );
+  switch( serial_type ){
+    case 1: { /* 1-byte signed integer */
+      lhs = ONE_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+      testcase( lhs<0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case 2: { /* 2-byte signed integer */
+      lhs = TWO_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+      testcase( lhs<0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case 3: { /* 3-byte signed integer */
+      lhs = THREE_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+      testcase( lhs<0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case 4: { /* 4-byte signed integer */
+      y = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey);
+      lhs = (i64)*(int*)&y;
+      testcase( lhs<0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case 5: { /* 6-byte signed integer */
+      lhs = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey+2) + (((i64)1)<<32)*TWO_BYTE_INT(aKey);
+      testcase( lhs<0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case 6: { /* 8-byte signed integer */
+      x = FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey);
+      x = (x<<32) | FOUR_BYTE_UINT(aKey+4);
+      lhs = *(i64*)&x;
+      testcase( lhs<0 );
+      break;
+    }
+    case 8: 
+      lhs = 0;
+      break;
+    case 9:
+      lhs = 1;
+      break;
+
+    /* This case could be removed without changing the results of running
+    ** this code. Including it causes gcc to generate a faster switch 
+    ** statement (since the range of switch targets now starts at zero and
+    ** is contiguous) but does not cause any duplicate code to be generated
+    ** (as gcc is clever enough to combine the two like cases). Other 
+    ** compilers might be similar.  */ 
+    case 0: case 7:
+      return sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2, 0);
+
+    default:
+      return sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2, 0);
+  }
+
+  if( v>lhs ){
+    res = pPKey2->r1;
+  }else if( v<lhs ){
+    res = pPKey2->r2;
+  }else if( pPKey2->nField>1 ){
+    /* The first fields of the two keys are equal. Compare the trailing 
+    ** fields.  */
+    res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2, 1);
+  }else{
+    /* The first fields of the two keys are equal and there are no trailing
+    ** fields. Return pPKey2->default_rc in this case. */
+    res = pPKey2->default_rc;
+  }
+
+  assert( (res==0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)==0)
+       || (res<0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)<0)
+       || (res>0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)>0)
+       || CORRUPT_DB
+  );
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is an optimized version of sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() 
+** that (a) the first field of pPKey2 is a string, that (b) the first field
+** uses the collation sequence BINARY and (c) that the size-of-header varint 
+** at the start of (pKey1/nKey1) fits in a single byte.
+*/
+static int vdbeRecordCompareString(
+  int nKey1, const void *pKey1, /* Left key */
+  UnpackedRecord *pPKey2,       /* Right key */
+  int bSkip
+){
+  const u8 *aKey1 = (const u8*)pKey1;
+  int serial_type;
+  int res;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(bSkip);
+
+  assert( bSkip==0 );
+  getVarint32(&aKey1[1], serial_type);
+
+  if( serial_type<12 ){
+    res = pPKey2->r1;      /* (pKey1/nKey1) is a number or a null */
+  }else if( !(serial_type & 0x01) ){ 
+    res = pPKey2->r2;      /* (pKey1/nKey1) is a blob */
+  }else{
+    int nCmp;
+    int nStr;
+    int szHdr = aKey1[0];
+
+    nStr = (serial_type-12) / 2;
+    if( (szHdr + nStr) > nKey1 ){
+      pPKey2->isCorrupt = (u8)SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+      return 0;    /* Corruption */
+    }
+    nCmp = MIN( pPKey2->aMem[0].n, nStr );
+    res = memcmp(&aKey1[szHdr], pPKey2->aMem[0].z, nCmp);
+
+    if( res==0 ){
+      res = nStr - pPKey2->aMem[0].n;
+      if( res==0 ){
+        if( pPKey2->nField>1 ){
+          res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2, 1);
+        }else{
+          res = pPKey2->default_rc;
+        }
+      }else if( res>0 ){
+        res = pPKey2->r2;
+      }else{
+        res = pPKey2->r1;
+      }
+    }else if( res>0 ){
+      res = pPKey2->r2;
+    }else{
+      res = pPKey2->r1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert( (res==0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)==0)
+       || (res<0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)<0)
+       || (res>0 && vdbeRecordCompareDebug(nKey1, pKey1, pPKey2)>0)
+       || CORRUPT_DB
+       || pPKey2->pKeyInfo->db->mallocFailed
+  );
+  return res;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a pointer to an sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() compatible function
+** suitable for comparing serialized records to the unpacked record passed
+** as the only argument.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE RecordCompare sqlite3VdbeFindCompare(UnpackedRecord *p){
+  /* varintRecordCompareInt() and varintRecordCompareString() both assume
+  ** that the size-of-header varint that occurs at the start of each record
+  ** fits in a single byte (i.e. is 127 or less). varintRecordCompareInt()
+  ** also assumes that it is safe to overread a buffer by at least the 
+  ** maximum possible legal header size plus 8 bytes. Because there is
+  ** guaranteed to be at least 74 (but not 136) bytes of padding following each
+  ** buffer passed to varintRecordCompareInt() this makes it convenient to
+  ** limit the size of the header to 64 bytes in cases where the first field
+  ** is an integer.
+  **
+  ** The easiest way to enforce this limit is to consider only records with
+  ** 13 fields or less. If the first field is an integer, the maximum legal
+  ** header size is (12*5 + 1 + 1) bytes.  */
+  if( (p->pKeyInfo->nField + p->pKeyInfo->nXField)<=13 ){
+    int flags = p->aMem[0].flags;
+    if( p->pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[0] ){
+      p->r1 = 1;
+      p->r2 = -1;
+    }else{
+      p->r1 = -1;
+      p->r2 = 1;
+    }
+    if( (flags & MEM_Int) ){
+      return vdbeRecordCompareInt;
+    }
+    testcase( flags & MEM_Real );
+    testcase( flags & MEM_Null );
+    testcase( flags & MEM_Blob );
+    if( (flags & (MEM_Real|MEM_Null|MEM_Blob))==0 && p->pKeyInfo->aColl[0]==0 ){
+      assert( flags & MEM_Str );
+      return vdbeRecordCompareString;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare;
+}
 
 /*
 ** pCur points at an index entry created using the OP_MakeRecord opcode.
@@ -62597,7 +66081,7 @@
 
   /* Read in the complete content of the index entry */
   memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCur, 0, (int)nCellKey, 1, &m);
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCur, 0, (u32)nCellKey, 1, &m);
   if( rc ){
     return rc;
   }
@@ -62656,9 +66140,9 @@
 ** of the keys prior to the final rowid, not the entire key.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(
-  VdbeCursor *pC,             /* The cursor to compare against */
-  UnpackedRecord *pUnpacked,  /* Unpacked version of key to compare against */
-  int *res                    /* Write the comparison result here */
+  VdbeCursor *pC,                  /* The cursor to compare against */
+  UnpackedRecord *pUnpacked,       /* Unpacked version of key */
+  int *res                         /* Write the comparison result here */
 ){
   i64 nCellKey = 0;
   int rc;
@@ -62668,19 +66152,18 @@
   assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCur) );
   VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCur, &nCellKey);
   assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );    /* pCur is always valid so KeySize cannot fail */
-  /* nCellKey will always be between 0 and 0xffffffff because of the say
+  /* nCellKey will always be between 0 and 0xffffffff because of the way
   ** that btreeParseCellPtr() and sqlite3GetVarint32() are implemented */
   if( nCellKey<=0 || nCellKey>0x7fffffff ){
     *res = 0;
     return SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
   }
   memset(&m, 0, sizeof(m));
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pC->pCursor, 0, (int)nCellKey, 1, &m);
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pC->pCursor, 0, (u32)nCellKey, 1, &m);
   if( rc ){
     return rc;
   }
-  assert( pUnpacked->flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH );
-  *res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(m.n, m.z, pUnpacked);
+  *res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(m.n, m.z, pUnpacked, 0);
   sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&m);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -62735,7 +66218,7 @@
 **
 ** The returned value must be freed by the caller using sqlite3ValueFree().
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3VdbeGetValue(Vdbe *v, int iVar, u8 aff){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_value *sqlite3VdbeGetBoundValue(Vdbe *v, int iVar, u8 aff){
   assert( iVar>0 );
   if( v ){
     Mem *pMem = &v->aVar[iVar-1];
@@ -62744,7 +66227,6 @@
       if( pRet ){
         sqlite3VdbeMemCopy((Mem *)pRet, pMem);
         sqlite3ValueApplyAffinity(pRet, aff, SQLITE_UTF8);
-        sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType((Mem *)pRet);
       }
       return pRet;
     }
@@ -62766,6 +66248,21 @@
   }
 }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/*
+** Transfer error message text from an sqlite3_vtab.zErrMsg (text stored
+** in memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc) into a Vdbe.zErrMsg (text stored
+** in memory obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(Vdbe *p, sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
+  p->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pVtab->zErrMsg);
+  sqlite3_free(pVtab->zErrMsg);
+  pVtab->zErrMsg = 0;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
 /************** End of vdbeaux.c *********************************************/
 /************** Begin file vdbeapi.c *****************************************/
 /*
@@ -62839,17 +66336,11 @@
   }else{
     Vdbe *v = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
     sqlite3 *db = v->db;
-#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
-    sqlite3_mutex *mutex;
-#endif
     if( vdbeSafety(v) ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
-#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
-    mutex = v->db->mutex;
-#endif
-    sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+    sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
     rc = sqlite3VdbeFinalize(v);
     rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
-    sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+    sqlite3LeaveMutexAndCloseZombie(db);
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -62909,7 +66400,6 @@
   Mem *p = (Mem*)pVal;
   if( p->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str) ){
     sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(p);
-    p->flags &= ~MEM_Str;
     p->flags |= MEM_Blob;
     return p->n ? p->z : 0;
   }else{
@@ -62946,7 +66436,41 @@
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_type(sqlite3_value* pVal){
-  return pVal->type;
+  static const u8 aType[] = {
+     SQLITE_BLOB,     /* 0x00 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x01 */
+     SQLITE_TEXT,     /* 0x02 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x03 */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x04 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x05 */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x06 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x07 */
+     SQLITE_FLOAT,    /* 0x08 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x09 */
+     SQLITE_FLOAT,    /* 0x0a */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x0b */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x0c */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x0d */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x0e */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x0f */
+     SQLITE_BLOB,     /* 0x10 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x11 */
+     SQLITE_TEXT,     /* 0x12 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x13 */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x14 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x15 */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x16 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x17 */
+     SQLITE_FLOAT,    /* 0x18 */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x19 */
+     SQLITE_FLOAT,    /* 0x1a */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x1b */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x1c */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x1d */
+     SQLITE_INTEGER,  /* 0x1e */
+     SQLITE_NULL,     /* 0x1f */
+  };
+  return aType[pVal->flags&MEM_AffMask];
 }
 
 /**************************** sqlite3_result_  *******************************
@@ -62985,12 +66509,14 @@
 SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error(sqlite3_context *pCtx, const char *z, int n){
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
   pCtx->isError = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  pCtx->fErrorOrAux = 1;
   sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, z, n, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
 }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
 SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error16(sqlite3_context *pCtx, const void *z, int n){
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
   pCtx->isError = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  pCtx->fErrorOrAux = 1;
   sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, z, n, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
 }
 #endif
@@ -63054,6 +66580,7 @@
 }
 SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_code(sqlite3_context *pCtx, int errCode){
   pCtx->isError = errCode;
+  pCtx->fErrorOrAux = 1;
   if( pCtx->s.flags & MEM_Null ){
     sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, sqlite3ErrStr(errCode), -1, 
                          SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
@@ -63064,6 +66591,7 @@
 SQLITE_API void sqlite3_result_error_toobig(sqlite3_context *pCtx){
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
   pCtx->isError = SQLITE_TOOBIG;
+  pCtx->fErrorOrAux = 1;
   sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&pCtx->s, "string or blob too big", -1, 
                        SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
 }
@@ -63073,6 +66601,7 @@
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
   sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(&pCtx->s);
   pCtx->isError = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pCtx->fErrorOrAux = 1;
   pCtx->s.db->mallocFailed = 1;
 }
 
@@ -63156,11 +66685,13 @@
     ** reset the interrupt flag.  This prevents a call to sqlite3_interrupt
     ** from interrupting a statement that has not yet started.
     */
-    if( db->activeVdbeCnt==0 ){
+    if( db->nVdbeActive==0 ){
       db->u1.isInterrupted = 0;
     }
 
-    assert( db->writeVdbeCnt>0 || db->autoCommit==0 || db->nDeferredCons==0 );
+    assert( db->nVdbeWrite>0 || db->autoCommit==0 
+        || (db->nDeferredCons==0 && db->nDeferredImmCons==0)
+    );
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
     if( db->xProfile && !db->init.busy ){
@@ -63168,8 +66699,9 @@
     }
 #endif
 
-    db->activeVdbeCnt++;
-    if( p->readOnly==0 ) db->writeVdbeCnt++;
+    db->nVdbeActive++;
+    if( p->readOnly==0 ) db->nVdbeWrite++;
+    if( p->bIsReader ) db->nVdbeRead++;
     p->pc = 0;
   }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
@@ -63178,9 +66710,9 @@
   }else
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN */
   {
-    db->vdbeExecCnt++;
+    db->nVdbeExec++;
     rc = sqlite3VdbeExec(p);
-    db->vdbeExecCnt--;
+    db->nVdbeExec--;
   }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
@@ -63219,7 +66751,7 @@
   assert( p->rc!=SQLITE_ROW && p->rc!=SQLITE_DONE );
   if( p->isPrepareV2 && rc!=SQLITE_ROW && rc!=SQLITE_DONE ){
     /* If this statement was prepared using sqlite3_prepare_v2(), and an
-    ** error has occured, then return the error code in p->rc to the
+    ** error has occurred, then return the error code in p->rc to the
     ** caller. Set the error code in the database handle to the same value.
     */ 
     rc = sqlite3VdbeTransferError(p);
@@ -63228,14 +66760,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** The maximum number of times that a statement will try to reparse
-** itself before giving up and returning SQLITE_SCHEMA.
-*/
-#ifndef SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
-# define SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY 5
-#endif
-
-/*
 ** This is the top-level implementation of sqlite3_step().  Call
 ** sqlite3Step() to do most of the work.  If a schema error occurs,
 ** call sqlite3Reprepare() and try again.
@@ -63252,13 +66776,15 @@
   }
   db = v->db;
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
+  v->doingRerun = 0;
   while( (rc = sqlite3Step(v))==SQLITE_SCHEMA
          && cnt++ < SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY
          && (rc2 = rc = sqlite3Reprepare(v))==SQLITE_OK ){
     sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+    v->doingRerun = 1;
     assert( v->expired==0 );
   }
-  if( rc2!=SQLITE_OK && ALWAYS(v->isPrepareV2) && ALWAYS(db->pErr) ){
+  if( rc2!=SQLITE_OK ){
     /* This case occurs after failing to recompile an sql statement. 
     ** The error message from the SQL compiler has already been loaded 
     ** into the database handle. This block copies the error message 
@@ -63268,6 +66794,7 @@
     ** sqlite3_errmsg() and sqlite3_errcode().
     */
     const char *zErr = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(db->pErr); 
+    assert( zErr!=0 || db->mallocFailed );
     sqlite3DbFree(db, v->zErrMsg);
     if( !db->mallocFailed ){
       v->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zErr);
@@ -63282,6 +66809,7 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+
 /*
 ** Extract the user data from a sqlite3_context structure and return a
 ** pointer to it.
@@ -63307,6 +66835,19 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Return the current time for a statement
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE sqlite3_int64 sqlite3StmtCurrentTime(sqlite3_context *p){
+  Vdbe *v = p->pVdbe;
+  int rc;
+  if( v->iCurrentTime==0 ){
+    rc = sqlite3OsCurrentTimeInt64(p->s.db->pVfs, &v->iCurrentTime);
+    if( rc ) v->iCurrentTime = 0;
+  }
+  return v->iCurrentTime;
+}
+
+/*
 ** The following is the implementation of an SQL function that always
 ** fails with an error message stating that the function is used in the
 ** wrong context.  The sqlite3_overload_function() API might construct
@@ -63361,14 +66902,14 @@
 ** the user-function defined by pCtx.
 */
 SQLITE_API void *sqlite3_get_auxdata(sqlite3_context *pCtx, int iArg){
-  VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc;
+  AuxData *pAuxData;
 
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
-  pVdbeFunc = pCtx->pVdbeFunc;
-  if( !pVdbeFunc || iArg>=pVdbeFunc->nAux || iArg<0 ){
-    return 0;
+  for(pAuxData=pCtx->pVdbe->pAuxData; pAuxData; pAuxData=pAuxData->pNext){
+    if( pAuxData->iOp==pCtx->iOp && pAuxData->iArg==iArg ) break;
   }
-  return pVdbeFunc->apAux[iArg].pAux;
+
+  return (pAuxData ? pAuxData->pAux : 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -63382,29 +66923,30 @@
   void *pAux, 
   void (*xDelete)(void*)
 ){
-  struct AuxData *pAuxData;
-  VdbeFunc *pVdbeFunc;
-  if( iArg<0 ) goto failed;
+  AuxData *pAuxData;
+  Vdbe *pVdbe = pCtx->pVdbe;
 
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(pCtx->s.db->mutex) );
-  pVdbeFunc = pCtx->pVdbeFunc;
-  if( !pVdbeFunc || pVdbeFunc->nAux<=iArg ){
-    int nAux = (pVdbeFunc ? pVdbeFunc->nAux : 0);
-    int nMalloc = sizeof(VdbeFunc) + sizeof(struct AuxData)*iArg;
-    pVdbeFunc = sqlite3DbRealloc(pCtx->s.db, pVdbeFunc, nMalloc);
-    if( !pVdbeFunc ){
-      goto failed;
-    }
-    pCtx->pVdbeFunc = pVdbeFunc;
-    memset(&pVdbeFunc->apAux[nAux], 0, sizeof(struct AuxData)*(iArg+1-nAux));
-    pVdbeFunc->nAux = iArg+1;
-    pVdbeFunc->pFunc = pCtx->pFunc;
-  }
+  if( iArg<0 ) goto failed;
 
-  pAuxData = &pVdbeFunc->apAux[iArg];
-  if( pAuxData->pAux && pAuxData->xDelete ){
+  for(pAuxData=pVdbe->pAuxData; pAuxData; pAuxData=pAuxData->pNext){
+    if( pAuxData->iOp==pCtx->iOp && pAuxData->iArg==iArg ) break;
+  }
+  if( pAuxData==0 ){
+    pAuxData = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pVdbe->db, sizeof(AuxData));
+    if( !pAuxData ) goto failed;
+    pAuxData->iOp = pCtx->iOp;
+    pAuxData->iArg = iArg;
+    pAuxData->pNext = pVdbe->pAuxData;
+    pVdbe->pAuxData = pAuxData;
+    if( pCtx->fErrorOrAux==0 ){
+      pCtx->isError = 0;
+      pCtx->fErrorOrAux = 1;
+    }
+  }else if( pAuxData->xDelete ){
     pAuxData->xDelete(pAuxData->pAux);
   }
+
   pAuxData->pAux = pAux;
   pAuxData->xDelete = xDelete;
   return;
@@ -63449,6 +66991,30 @@
   return pVm->nResColumn;
 }
 
+/*
+** Return a pointer to static memory containing an SQL NULL value.
+*/
+static const Mem *columnNullValue(void){
+  /* Even though the Mem structure contains an element
+  ** of type i64, on certain architectures (x86) with certain compiler
+  ** switches (-Os), gcc may align this Mem object on a 4-byte boundary
+  ** instead of an 8-byte one. This all works fine, except that when
+  ** running with SQLITE_DEBUG defined the SQLite code sometimes assert()s
+  ** that a Mem structure is located on an 8-byte boundary. To prevent
+  ** these assert()s from failing, when building with SQLITE_DEBUG defined
+  ** using gcc, we force nullMem to be 8-byte aligned using the magical
+  ** __attribute__((aligned(8))) macro.  */
+  static const Mem nullMem 
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) && defined(__GNUC__)
+    __attribute__((aligned(8))) 
+#endif
+    = {0, "", (double)0, {0}, 0, MEM_Null, 0,
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+       0, 0,  /* pScopyFrom, pFiller */
+#endif
+       0, 0 };
+  return &nullMem;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Check to see if column iCol of the given statement is valid.  If
@@ -63465,32 +67031,11 @@
     sqlite3_mutex_enter(pVm->db->mutex);
     pOut = &pVm->pResultSet[i];
   }else{
-    /* If the value passed as the second argument is out of range, return
-    ** a pointer to the following static Mem object which contains the
-    ** value SQL NULL. Even though the Mem structure contains an element
-    ** of type i64, on certain architectures (x86) with certain compiler
-    ** switches (-Os), gcc may align this Mem object on a 4-byte boundary
-    ** instead of an 8-byte one. This all works fine, except that when
-    ** running with SQLITE_DEBUG defined the SQLite code sometimes assert()s
-    ** that a Mem structure is located on an 8-byte boundary. To prevent
-    ** these assert()s from failing, when building with SQLITE_DEBUG defined
-    ** using gcc, we force nullMem to be 8-byte aligned using the magical
-    ** __attribute__((aligned(8))) macro.  */
-    static const Mem nullMem 
-#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) && defined(__GNUC__)
-      __attribute__((aligned(8))) 
-#endif
-      = {0, "", (double)0, {0}, 0, MEM_Null, SQLITE_NULL, 0,
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-         0, 0,  /* pScopyFrom, pFiller */
-#endif
-         0, 0 };
-
     if( pVm && ALWAYS(pVm->db) ){
       sqlite3_mutex_enter(pVm->db->mutex);
       sqlite3Error(pVm->db, SQLITE_RANGE, 0);
     }
-    pOut = (Mem*)&nullMem;
+    pOut = (Mem*)columnNullValue();
   }
   return pOut;
 }
@@ -63593,13 +67138,6 @@
   return iType;
 }
 
-/* The following function is experimental and subject to change or
-** removal */
-/*int sqlite3_column_numeric_type(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i){
-**  return sqlite3_value_numeric_type( columnMem(pStmt,i) );
-**}
-*/
-
 /*
 ** Convert the N-th element of pStmt->pColName[] into a string using
 ** xFunc() then return that string.  If N is out of range, return 0.
@@ -63894,7 +67432,7 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_bind_value(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int i, const sqlite3_value *pValue){
   int rc;
-  switch( pValue->type ){
+  switch( sqlite3_value_type((sqlite3_value*)pValue) ){
     case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
       rc = sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, i, pValue->u.i);
       break;
@@ -63970,7 +67508,7 @@
   if( zName ){
     for(i=0; i<p->nzVar; i++){
       const char *z = p->azVar[i];
-      if( z && memcmp(z,zName,nName)==0 && z[nName]==0 ){
+      if( z && strncmp(z,zName,nName)==0 && z[nName]==0 ){
         return i+1;
       }
     }
@@ -64050,7 +67588,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_busy(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt){
   Vdbe *v = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
-  return v!=0 && v->pc>0 && v->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN;
+  return v!=0 && v->pc>=0 && v->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -64076,9 +67614,9 @@
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_stmt_status(sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, int op, int resetFlag){
   Vdbe *pVdbe = (Vdbe*)pStmt;
-  int v = pVdbe->aCounter[op-1];
-  if( resetFlag ) pVdbe->aCounter[op-1] = 0;
-  return v;
+  u32 v = pVdbe->aCounter[op];
+  if( resetFlag ) pVdbe->aCounter[op] = 0;
+  return (int)v;
 }
 
 /************** End of vdbeapi.c *********************************************/
@@ -64130,12 +67668,17 @@
 
 /*
 ** This function returns a pointer to a nul-terminated string in memory
-** obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc(). If sqlite3.vdbeExecCnt is 1, then the
+** obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc(). If sqlite3.nVdbeExec is 1, then the
 ** string contains a copy of zRawSql but with host parameters expanded to 
-** their current bindings. Or, if sqlite3.vdbeExecCnt is greater than 1, 
+** their current bindings. Or, if sqlite3.nVdbeExec is greater than 1, 
 ** then the returned string holds a copy of zRawSql with "-- " prepended
 ** to each line of text.
 **
+** If the SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT macro is defined to an integer, then
+** then long strings and blobs are truncated to that many bytes.  This
+** can be used to prevent unreasonably large trace strings when dealing
+** with large (multi-megabyte) strings and blobs.
+**
 ** The calling function is responsible for making sure the memory returned
 ** is eventually freed.
 **
@@ -64165,11 +67708,12 @@
   sqlite3StrAccumInit(&out, zBase, sizeof(zBase), 
                       db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]);
   out.db = db;
-  if( db->vdbeExecCnt>1 ){
+  if( db->nVdbeExec>1 ){
     while( *zRawSql ){
       const char *zStart = zRawSql;
       while( *(zRawSql++)!='\n' && *zRawSql );
       sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "-- ", 3);
+      assert( (zRawSql - zStart) > 0 );
       sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, zStart, (int)(zRawSql-zStart));
     }
   }else{
@@ -64202,34 +67746,57 @@
       if( pVar->flags & MEM_Null ){
         sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "NULL", 4);
       }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Int ){
-        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%lld", pVar->u.i);
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "%lld", pVar->u.i);
       }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Real ){
-        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%!.15g", pVar->r);
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "%!.15g", pVar->r);
       }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Str ){
+        int nOut;  /* Number of bytes of the string text to include in output */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
         u8 enc = ENC(db);
+        Mem utf8;
         if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
-          Mem utf8;
           memset(&utf8, 0, sizeof(utf8));
           utf8.db = db;
           sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(&utf8, pVar->z, pVar->n, enc, SQLITE_STATIC);
           sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&utf8, SQLITE_UTF8);
-          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "'%.*q'", utf8.n, utf8.z);
-          sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&utf8);
-        }else
-#endif
-        {
-          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "'%.*q'", pVar->n, pVar->z);
+          pVar = &utf8;
         }
+#endif
+        nOut = pVar->n;
+#ifdef SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT
+        if( nOut>SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT ){
+          nOut = SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT;
+          while( nOut<pVar->n && (pVar->z[nOut]&0xc0)==0x80 ){ nOut++; }
+        }
+#endif    
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "'%.*q'", nOut, pVar->z);
+#ifdef SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT
+        if( nOut<pVar->n ){
+          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "/*+%d bytes*/", pVar->n-nOut);
+        }
+#endif
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
+        if( enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ) sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&utf8);
+#endif
       }else if( pVar->flags & MEM_Zero ){
-        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "zeroblob(%d)", pVar->u.nZero);
+        sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "zeroblob(%d)", pVar->u.nZero);
       }else{
+        int nOut;  /* Number of bytes of the blob to include in output */
         assert( pVar->flags & MEM_Blob );
         sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "x'", 2);
-        for(i=0; i<pVar->n; i++){
-          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, "%02x", pVar->z[i]&0xff);
+        nOut = pVar->n;
+#ifdef SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT
+        if( nOut>SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT ) nOut = SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT;
+#endif
+        for(i=0; i<nOut; i++){
+          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "%02x", pVar->z[i]&0xff);
         }
         sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&out, "'", 1);
+#ifdef SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT
+        if( nOut<pVar->n ){
+          sqlite3XPrintf(&out, 0, "/*+%d bytes*/", pVar->n-nOut);
+        }
+#endif
       }
     }
   }
@@ -64250,10 +67817,10 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExplainBegin(Vdbe *pVdbe){
   if( pVdbe ){
+    Explain *p;
     sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
-    Explain *p = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(Explain) );
+    p = (Explain *)sqlite3MallocZero( sizeof(Explain) );
     if( p ){
-      memset(p, 0, sizeof(*p));
       p->pVdbe = pVdbe;
       sqlite3_free(pVdbe->pExplain);
       pVdbe->pExplain = p;
@@ -64287,7 +67854,7 @@
       sqlite3AppendSpace(&p->str, p->aIndent[n-1]);
     }   
     va_start(ap, zFormat);
-    sqlite3VXPrintf(&p->str, 1, zFormat, ap);
+    sqlite3VXPrintf(&p->str, SQLITE_PRINTF_INTERNAL, zFormat, ap);
     va_end(ap);
   }
 }
@@ -64366,33 +67933,8 @@
 **    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
 **
 *************************************************************************
-** The code in this file implements execution method of the 
-** Virtual Database Engine (VDBE).  A separate file ("vdbeaux.c")
-** handles housekeeping details such as creating and deleting
-** VDBE instances.  This file is solely interested in executing
-** the VDBE program.
-**
-** In the external interface, an "sqlite3_stmt*" is an opaque pointer
-** to a VDBE.
-**
-** The SQL parser generates a program which is then executed by
-** the VDBE to do the work of the SQL statement.  VDBE programs are 
-** similar in form to assembly language.  The program consists of
-** a linear sequence of operations.  Each operation has an opcode 
-** and 5 operands.  Operands P1, P2, and P3 are integers.  Operand P4 
-** is a null-terminated string.  Operand P5 is an unsigned character.
-** Few opcodes use all 5 operands.
-**
-** Computation results are stored on a set of registers numbered beginning
-** with 1 and going up to Vdbe.nMem.  Each register can store
-** either an integer, a null-terminated string, a floating point
-** number, or the SQL "NULL" value.  An implicit conversion from one
-** type to the other occurs as necessary.
-** 
-** Most of the code in this file is taken up by the sqlite3VdbeExec()
-** function which does the work of interpreting a VDBE program.
-** But other routines are also provided to help in building up
-** a program instruction by instruction.
+** The code in this file implements the function that runs the
+** bytecode of a prepared statement.
 **
 ** Various scripts scan this source file in order to generate HTML
 ** documentation, headers files, or other derived files.  The formatting
@@ -64404,7 +67946,11 @@
 /*
 ** Invoke this macro on memory cells just prior to changing the
 ** value of the cell.  This macro verifies that shallow copies are
-** not misused.
+** not misused.  A shallow copy of a string or blob just copies a
+** pointer to the string or blob, not the content.  If the original
+** is changed while the copy is still in use, the string or blob might
+** be changed out from under the copy.  This macro verifies that nothing
+** like that ever happens.
 */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
 # define memAboutToChange(P,M) sqlite3VdbeMemAboutToChange(P,M)
@@ -64463,7 +68009,7 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
-** The next global variable is incremented each type the OP_Found opcode
+** The next global variable is incremented each time the OP_Found opcode
 ** is executed. This is used to test whether or not the foreign key
 ** operation implemented using OP_FkIsZero is working. This variable
 ** has no function other than to help verify the correct operation of the
@@ -64484,6 +68030,40 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
+** Invoke the VDBE coverage callback, if that callback is defined.  This
+** feature is used for test suite validation only and does not appear an
+** production builds.
+**
+** M is an integer, 2 or 3, that indices how many different ways the
+** branch can go.  It is usually 2.  "I" is the direction the branch
+** goes.  0 means falls through.  1 means branch is taken.  2 means the
+** second alternative branch is taken.
+**
+** iSrcLine is the source code line (from the __LINE__ macro) that
+** generated the VDBE instruction.  This instrumentation assumes that all
+** source code is in a single file (the amalgamation).  Special values 1
+** and 2 for the iSrcLine parameter mean that this particular branch is
+** always taken or never taken, respectively.
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE)
+# define VdbeBranchTaken(I,M)
+#else
+# define VdbeBranchTaken(I,M) vdbeTakeBranch(pOp->iSrcLine,I,M)
+  static void vdbeTakeBranch(int iSrcLine, u8 I, u8 M){
+    if( iSrcLine<=2 && ALWAYS(iSrcLine>0) ){
+      M = iSrcLine;
+      /* Assert the truth of VdbeCoverageAlwaysTaken() and 
+      ** VdbeCoverageNeverTaken() */
+      assert( (M & I)==I );
+    }else{
+      if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xVdbeBranch==0 ) return;  /*NO_TEST*/
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.xVdbeBranch(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pVdbeBranchArg,
+                                      iSrcLine,I,M);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** Convert the given register into a string if it isn't one
 ** already. Return non-zero if a malloc() fails.
 */
@@ -64500,42 +68080,14 @@
 **
 ** This routine converts an ephemeral string into a dynamically allocated
 ** string that the register itself controls.  In other words, it
-** converts an MEM_Ephem string into an MEM_Dyn string.
+** converts an MEM_Ephem string into a string with P.z==P.zMalloc.
 */
 #define Deephemeralize(P) \
    if( ((P)->flags&MEM_Ephem)!=0 \
        && sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(P) ){ goto no_mem;}
 
 /* Return true if the cursor was opened using the OP_OpenSorter opcode. */
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-# define isSorter(x) 0
-#else
-# define isSorter(x) ((x)->pSorter!=0)
-#endif
-
-/*
-** Argument pMem points at a register that will be passed to a
-** user-defined function or returned to the user as the result of a query.
-** This routine sets the pMem->type variable used by the sqlite3_value_*() 
-** routines.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(Mem *pMem){
-  int flags = pMem->flags;
-  if( flags & MEM_Null ){
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_NULL;
-  }
-  else if( flags & MEM_Int ){
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_INTEGER;
-  }
-  else if( flags & MEM_Real ){
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_FLOAT;
-  }
-  else if( flags & MEM_Str ){
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_TEXT;
-  }else{
-    pMem->type = SQLITE_BLOB;
-  }
-}
+#define isSorter(x) ((x)->pSorter!=0)
 
 /*
 ** Allocate VdbeCursor number iCur.  Return a pointer to it.  Return NULL
@@ -64571,9 +68123,8 @@
   int nByte;
   VdbeCursor *pCx = 0;
   nByte = 
-      ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor)) + 
-      (isBtreeCursor?sqlite3BtreeCursorSize():0) + 
-      2*nField*sizeof(u32);
+      ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor)) + 2*sizeof(u32)*nField + 
+      (isBtreeCursor?sqlite3BtreeCursorSize():0);
 
   assert( iCur<p->nCursor );
   if( p->apCsr[iCur] ){
@@ -64585,12 +68136,9 @@
     memset(pCx, 0, sizeof(VdbeCursor));
     pCx->iDb = iDb;
     pCx->nField = nField;
-    if( nField ){
-      pCx->aType = (u32 *)&pMem->z[ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor))];
-    }
     if( isBtreeCursor ){
       pCx->pCursor = (BtCursor*)
-          &pMem->z[ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor))+2*nField*sizeof(u32)];
+          &pMem->z[ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeCursor))+2*sizeof(u32)*nField];
       sqlite3BtreeCursorZero(pCx->pCursor);
     }
   }
@@ -64604,21 +68152,21 @@
 ** look like a number, leave it alone.
 */
 static void applyNumericAffinity(Mem *pRec){
-  if( (pRec->flags & (MEM_Real|MEM_Int))==0 ){
-    double rValue;
-    i64 iValue;
-    u8 enc = pRec->enc;
-    if( (pRec->flags&MEM_Str)==0 ) return;
-    if( sqlite3AtoF(pRec->z, &rValue, pRec->n, enc)==0 ) return;
-    if( 0==sqlite3Atoi64(pRec->z, &iValue, pRec->n, enc) ){
-      pRec->u.i = iValue;
-      pRec->flags |= MEM_Int;
-    }else{
-      pRec->r = rValue;
-      pRec->flags |= MEM_Real;
-    }
+  double rValue;
+  i64 iValue;
+  u8 enc = pRec->enc;
+  if( (pRec->flags&MEM_Str)==0 ) return;
+  if( sqlite3AtoF(pRec->z, &rValue, pRec->n, enc)==0 ) return;
+  if( 0==sqlite3Atoi64(pRec->z, &iValue, pRec->n, enc) ){
+    pRec->u.i = iValue;
+    pRec->flags |= MEM_Int;
+  }else{
+    pRec->r = rValue;
+    pRec->flags |= MEM_Real;
   }
 }
+#define ApplyNumericAffinity(X)  \
+   if(((X)->flags&(MEM_Real|MEM_Int))==0){applyNumericAffinity(X);}
 
 /*
 ** Processing is determine by the affinity parameter:
@@ -64655,7 +68203,7 @@
   }else if( affinity!=SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
     assert( affinity==SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER || affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL
              || affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC );
-    applyNumericAffinity(pRec);
+    ApplyNumericAffinity(pRec);
     if( pRec->flags & MEM_Real ){
       sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(pRec);
     }
@@ -64669,12 +68217,13 @@
 ** loss of information and return the revised type of the argument.
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_value_numeric_type(sqlite3_value *pVal){
-  Mem *pMem = (Mem*)pVal;
-  if( pMem->type==SQLITE_TEXT ){
+  int eType = sqlite3_value_type(pVal);
+  if( eType==SQLITE_TEXT ){
+    Mem *pMem = (Mem*)pVal;
     applyNumericAffinity(pMem);
-    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(pMem);
+    eType = sqlite3_value_type(pVal);
   }
-  return pMem->type;
+  return eType;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -64689,6 +68238,29 @@
   applyAffinity((Mem *)pVal, affinity, enc);
 }
 
+/*
+** Return the numeric type for pMem, either MEM_Int or MEM_Real or both or
+** none.  
+**
+** Unlike applyNumericAffinity(), this routine does not modify pMem->flags.
+** But it does set pMem->r and pMem->u.i appropriately.
+*/
+static u16 numericType(Mem *pMem){
+  if( pMem->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real) ){
+    return pMem->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Real);
+  }
+  if( pMem->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob) ){
+    if( sqlite3AtoF(pMem->z, &pMem->r, pMem->n, pMem->enc)==0 ){
+      return 0;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3Atoi64(pMem->z, &pMem->u.i, pMem->n, pMem->enc)==SQLITE_OK ){
+      return MEM_Int;
+    }
+    return MEM_Real;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
 /*
 ** Write a nice string representation of the contents of cell pMem
@@ -64776,35 +68348,36 @@
 /*
 ** Print the value of a register for tracing purposes:
 */
-static void memTracePrint(FILE *out, Mem *p){
-  if( p->flags & MEM_Null ){
-    fprintf(out, " NULL");
+static void memTracePrint(Mem *p){
+  if( p->flags & MEM_Undefined ){
+    printf(" undefined");
+  }else if( p->flags & MEM_Null ){
+    printf(" NULL");
   }else if( (p->flags & (MEM_Int|MEM_Str))==(MEM_Int|MEM_Str) ){
-    fprintf(out, " si:%lld", p->u.i);
+    printf(" si:%lld", p->u.i);
   }else if( p->flags & MEM_Int ){
-    fprintf(out, " i:%lld", p->u.i);
+    printf(" i:%lld", p->u.i);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
   }else if( p->flags & MEM_Real ){
-    fprintf(out, " r:%g", p->r);
+    printf(" r:%g", p->r);
 #endif
   }else if( p->flags & MEM_RowSet ){
-    fprintf(out, " (rowset)");
+    printf(" (rowset)");
   }else{
     char zBuf[200];
     sqlite3VdbeMemPrettyPrint(p, zBuf);
-    fprintf(out, " ");
-    fprintf(out, "%s", zBuf);
+    printf(" %s", zBuf);
   }
 }
-static void registerTrace(FILE *out, int iReg, Mem *p){
-  fprintf(out, "REG[%d] = ", iReg);
-  memTracePrint(out, p);
-  fprintf(out, "\n");
+static void registerTrace(int iReg, Mem *p){
+  printf("REG[%d] = ", iReg);
+  memTracePrint(p);
+  printf("\n");
 }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-#  define REGISTER_TRACE(R,M) if(p->trace)registerTrace(p->trace,R,M)
+#  define REGISTER_TRACE(R,M) if(db->flags&SQLITE_VdbeTrace)registerTrace(R,M)
 #else
 #  define REGISTER_TRACE(R,M)
 #endif
@@ -64909,20 +68482,6 @@
 
 #endif
 
-/*
-** The CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT macro defined here looks to see if the
-** sqlite3_interrupt() routine has been called.  If it has been, then
-** processing of the VDBE program is interrupted.
-**
-** This macro added to every instruction that does a jump in order to
-** implement a loop.  This test used to be on every single instruction,
-** but that meant we more testing than we needed.  By only testing the
-** flag on jump instructions, we get a (small) speed improvement.
-*/
-#define CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT \
-   if( db->u1.isInterrupted ) goto abort_due_to_interrupt;
-
-
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 /*
 ** This function is only called from within an assert() expression. It
@@ -64943,50 +68502,10 @@
 }
 #endif
 
-/*
-** Transfer error message text from an sqlite3_vtab.zErrMsg (text stored
-** in memory obtained from sqlite3_malloc) into a Vdbe.zErrMsg (text stored
-** in memory obtained from sqlite3DbMalloc).
-*/
-static void importVtabErrMsg(Vdbe *p, sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
-  sqlite3 *db = p->db;
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
-  p->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pVtab->zErrMsg);
-  sqlite3_free(pVtab->zErrMsg);
-  pVtab->zErrMsg = 0;
-}
-
 
 /*
-** Execute as much of a VDBE program as we can then return.
-**
-** sqlite3VdbeMakeReady() must be called before this routine in order to
-** close the program with a final OP_Halt and to set up the callbacks
-** and the error message pointer.
-**
-** Whenever a row or result data is available, this routine will either
-** invoke the result callback (if there is one) or return with
-** SQLITE_ROW.
-**
-** If an attempt is made to open a locked database, then this routine
-** will either invoke the busy callback (if there is one) or it will
-** return SQLITE_BUSY.
-**
-** If an error occurs, an error message is written to memory obtained
-** from sqlite3_malloc() and p->zErrMsg is made to point to that memory.
-** The error code is stored in p->rc and this routine returns SQLITE_ERROR.
-**
-** If the callback ever returns non-zero, then the program exits
-** immediately.  There will be no error message but the p->rc field is
-** set to SQLITE_ABORT and this routine will return SQLITE_ERROR.
-**
-** A memory allocation error causes p->rc to be set to SQLITE_NOMEM and this
-** routine to return SQLITE_ERROR.
-**
-** Other fatal errors return SQLITE_ERROR.
-**
-** After this routine has finished, sqlite3VdbeFinalize() should be
-** used to clean up the mess that was left behind.
+** Execute as much of a VDBE program as we can.
+** This is the core of sqlite3_step().  
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeExec(
   Vdbe *p                    /* The VDBE */
@@ -64998,445 +68517,22 @@
   sqlite3 *db = p->db;       /* The database */
   u8 resetSchemaOnFault = 0; /* Reset schema after an error if positive */
   u8 encoding = ENC(db);     /* The database encoding */
+  int iCompare = 0;          /* Result of last OP_Compare operation */
+  unsigned nVmStep = 0;      /* Number of virtual machine steps */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
-  int checkProgress;         /* True if progress callbacks are enabled */
-  int nProgressOps = 0;      /* Opcodes executed since progress callback. */
+  unsigned nProgressLimit = 0;/* Invoke xProgress() when nVmStep reaches this */
 #endif
   Mem *aMem = p->aMem;       /* Copy of p->aMem */
   Mem *pIn1 = 0;             /* 1st input operand */
   Mem *pIn2 = 0;             /* 2nd input operand */
   Mem *pIn3 = 0;             /* 3rd input operand */
   Mem *pOut = 0;             /* Output operand */
-  int iCompare = 0;          /* Result of last OP_Compare operation */
   int *aPermute = 0;         /* Permutation of columns for OP_Compare */
   i64 lastRowid = db->lastRowid;  /* Saved value of the last insert ROWID */
 #ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
   u64 start;                 /* CPU clock count at start of opcode */
-  int origPc;                /* Program counter at start of opcode */
 #endif
-  /********************************************************************
-  ** Automatically generated code
-  **
-  ** The following union is automatically generated by the
-  ** vdbe-compress.tcl script.  The purpose of this union is to
-  ** reduce the amount of stack space required by this function.
-  ** See comments in the vdbe-compress.tcl script for details.
-  */
-  union vdbeExecUnion {
-    struct OP_Yield_stack_vars {
-      int pcDest;
-    } aa;
-    struct OP_Null_stack_vars {
-      int cnt;
-    } ab;
-    struct OP_Variable_stack_vars {
-      Mem *pVar;       /* Value being transferred */
-    } ac;
-    struct OP_Move_stack_vars {
-      char *zMalloc;   /* Holding variable for allocated memory */
-      int n;           /* Number of registers left to copy */
-      int p1;          /* Register to copy from */
-      int p2;          /* Register to copy to */
-    } ad;
-    struct OP_ResultRow_stack_vars {
-      Mem *pMem;
-      int i;
-    } ae;
-    struct OP_Concat_stack_vars {
-      i64 nByte;
-    } af;
-    struct OP_Remainder_stack_vars {
-      int flags;      /* Combined MEM_* flags from both inputs */
-      i64 iA;         /* Integer value of left operand */
-      i64 iB;         /* Integer value of right operand */
-      double rA;      /* Real value of left operand */
-      double rB;      /* Real value of right operand */
-    } ag;
-    struct OP_Function_stack_vars {
-      int i;
-      Mem *pArg;
-      sqlite3_context ctx;
-      sqlite3_value **apVal;
-      int n;
-    } ah;
-    struct OP_ShiftRight_stack_vars {
-      i64 iA;
-      u64 uA;
-      i64 iB;
-      u8 op;
-    } ai;
-    struct OP_Ge_stack_vars {
-      int res;            /* Result of the comparison of pIn1 against pIn3 */
-      char affinity;      /* Affinity to use for comparison */
-      u16 flags1;         /* Copy of initial value of pIn1->flags */
-      u16 flags3;         /* Copy of initial value of pIn3->flags */
-    } aj;
-    struct OP_Compare_stack_vars {
-      int n;
-      int i;
-      int p1;
-      int p2;
-      const KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
-      int idx;
-      CollSeq *pColl;    /* Collating sequence to use on this term */
-      int bRev;          /* True for DESCENDING sort order */
-    } ak;
-    struct OP_Or_stack_vars {
-      int v1;    /* Left operand:  0==FALSE, 1==TRUE, 2==UNKNOWN or NULL */
-      int v2;    /* Right operand: 0==FALSE, 1==TRUE, 2==UNKNOWN or NULL */
-    } al;
-    struct OP_IfNot_stack_vars {
-      int c;
-    } am;
-    struct OP_Column_stack_vars {
-      u32 payloadSize;   /* Number of bytes in the record */
-      i64 payloadSize64; /* Number of bytes in the record */
-      int p1;            /* P1 value of the opcode */
-      int p2;            /* column number to retrieve */
-      VdbeCursor *pC;    /* The VDBE cursor */
-      char *zRec;        /* Pointer to complete record-data */
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;   /* The BTree cursor */
-      u32 *aType;        /* aType[i] holds the numeric type of the i-th column */
-      u32 *aOffset;      /* aOffset[i] is offset to start of data for i-th column */
-      int nField;        /* number of fields in the record */
-      int len;           /* The length of the serialized data for the column */
-      int i;             /* Loop counter */
-      char *zData;       /* Part of the record being decoded */
-      Mem *pDest;        /* Where to write the extracted value */
-      Mem sMem;          /* For storing the record being decoded */
-      u8 *zIdx;          /* Index into header */
-      u8 *zEndHdr;       /* Pointer to first byte after the header */
-      u32 offset;        /* Offset into the data */
-      u32 szField;       /* Number of bytes in the content of a field */
-      int szHdr;         /* Size of the header size field at start of record */
-      int avail;         /* Number of bytes of available data */
-      u32 t;             /* A type code from the record header */
-      Mem *pReg;         /* PseudoTable input register */
-    } an;
-    struct OP_Affinity_stack_vars {
-      const char *zAffinity;   /* The affinity to be applied */
-      char cAff;               /* A single character of affinity */
-    } ao;
-    struct OP_MakeRecord_stack_vars {
-      u8 *zNewRecord;        /* A buffer to hold the data for the new record */
-      Mem *pRec;             /* The new record */
-      u64 nData;             /* Number of bytes of data space */
-      int nHdr;              /* Number of bytes of header space */
-      i64 nByte;             /* Data space required for this record */
-      int nZero;             /* Number of zero bytes at the end of the record */
-      int nVarint;           /* Number of bytes in a varint */
-      u32 serial_type;       /* Type field */
-      Mem *pData0;           /* First field to be combined into the record */
-      Mem *pLast;            /* Last field of the record */
-      int nField;            /* Number of fields in the record */
-      char *zAffinity;       /* The affinity string for the record */
-      int file_format;       /* File format to use for encoding */
-      int i;                 /* Space used in zNewRecord[] */
-      int len;               /* Length of a field */
-    } ap;
-    struct OP_Count_stack_vars {
-      i64 nEntry;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-    } aq;
-    struct OP_Savepoint_stack_vars {
-      int p1;                         /* Value of P1 operand */
-      char *zName;                    /* Name of savepoint */
-      int nName;
-      Savepoint *pNew;
-      Savepoint *pSavepoint;
-      Savepoint *pTmp;
-      int iSavepoint;
-      int ii;
-    } ar;
-    struct OP_AutoCommit_stack_vars {
-      int desiredAutoCommit;
-      int iRollback;
-      int turnOnAC;
-    } as;
-    struct OP_Transaction_stack_vars {
-      Btree *pBt;
-    } at;
-    struct OP_ReadCookie_stack_vars {
-      int iMeta;
-      int iDb;
-      int iCookie;
-    } au;
-    struct OP_SetCookie_stack_vars {
-      Db *pDb;
-    } av;
-    struct OP_VerifyCookie_stack_vars {
-      int iMeta;
-      int iGen;
-      Btree *pBt;
-    } aw;
-    struct OP_OpenWrite_stack_vars {
-      int nField;
-      KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
-      int p2;
-      int iDb;
-      int wrFlag;
-      Btree *pX;
-      VdbeCursor *pCur;
-      Db *pDb;
-    } ax;
-    struct OP_OpenEphemeral_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pCx;
-    } ay;
-    struct OP_SorterOpen_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pCx;
-    } az;
-    struct OP_OpenPseudo_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pCx;
-    } ba;
-    struct OP_SeekGt_stack_vars {
-      int res;
-      int oc;
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      UnpackedRecord r;
-      int nField;
-      i64 iKey;      /* The rowid we are to seek to */
-    } bb;
-    struct OP_Seek_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-    } bc;
-    struct OP_Found_stack_vars {
-      int alreadyExists;
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      int res;
-      char *pFree;
-      UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;
-      UnpackedRecord r;
-      char aTempRec[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*3 + 7];
-    } bd;
-    struct OP_IsUnique_stack_vars {
-      u16 ii;
-      VdbeCursor *pCx;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      u16 nField;
-      Mem *aMx;
-      UnpackedRecord r;                  /* B-Tree index search key */
-      i64 R;                             /* Rowid stored in register P3 */
-    } be;
-    struct OP_NotExists_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      int res;
-      u64 iKey;
-    } bf;
-    struct OP_NewRowid_stack_vars {
-      i64 v;                 /* The new rowid */
-      VdbeCursor *pC;        /* Cursor of table to get the new rowid */
-      int res;               /* Result of an sqlite3BtreeLast() */
-      int cnt;               /* Counter to limit the number of searches */
-      Mem *pMem;             /* Register holding largest rowid for AUTOINCREMENT */
-      VdbeFrame *pFrame;     /* Root frame of VDBE */
-    } bg;
-    struct OP_InsertInt_stack_vars {
-      Mem *pData;       /* MEM cell holding data for the record to be inserted */
-      Mem *pKey;        /* MEM cell holding key  for the record */
-      i64 iKey;         /* The integer ROWID or key for the record to be inserted */
-      VdbeCursor *pC;   /* Cursor to table into which insert is written */
-      int nZero;        /* Number of zero-bytes to append */
-      int seekResult;   /* Result of prior seek or 0 if no USESEEKRESULT flag */
-      const char *zDb;  /* database name - used by the update hook */
-      const char *zTbl; /* Table name - used by the opdate hook */
-      int op;           /* Opcode for update hook: SQLITE_UPDATE or SQLITE_INSERT */
-    } bh;
-    struct OP_Delete_stack_vars {
-      i64 iKey;
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-    } bi;
-    struct OP_SorterCompare_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      int res;
-    } bj;
-    struct OP_SorterData_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-    } bk;
-    struct OP_RowData_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      u32 n;
-      i64 n64;
-    } bl;
-    struct OP_Rowid_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      i64 v;
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      const sqlite3_module *pModule;
-    } bm;
-    struct OP_NullRow_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-    } bn;
-    struct OP_Last_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      int res;
-    } bo;
-    struct OP_Rewind_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      int res;
-    } bp;
-    struct OP_Next_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      int res;
-    } bq;
-    struct OP_IdxInsert_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      int nKey;
-      const char *zKey;
-    } br;
-    struct OP_IdxDelete_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      int res;
-      UnpackedRecord r;
-    } bs;
-    struct OP_IdxRowid_stack_vars {
-      BtCursor *pCrsr;
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      i64 rowid;
-    } bt;
-    struct OP_IdxGE_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pC;
-      int res;
-      UnpackedRecord r;
-    } bu;
-    struct OP_Destroy_stack_vars {
-      int iMoved;
-      int iCnt;
-      Vdbe *pVdbe;
-      int iDb;
-    } bv;
-    struct OP_Clear_stack_vars {
-      int nChange;
-    } bw;
-    struct OP_CreateTable_stack_vars {
-      int pgno;
-      int flags;
-      Db *pDb;
-    } bx;
-    struct OP_ParseSchema_stack_vars {
-      int iDb;
-      const char *zMaster;
-      char *zSql;
-      InitData initData;
-    } by;
-    struct OP_IntegrityCk_stack_vars {
-      int nRoot;      /* Number of tables to check.  (Number of root pages.) */
-      int *aRoot;     /* Array of rootpage numbers for tables to be checked */
-      int j;          /* Loop counter */
-      int nErr;       /* Number of errors reported */
-      char *z;        /* Text of the error report */
-      Mem *pnErr;     /* Register keeping track of errors remaining */
-    } bz;
-    struct OP_RowSetRead_stack_vars {
-      i64 val;
-    } ca;
-    struct OP_RowSetTest_stack_vars {
-      int iSet;
-      int exists;
-    } cb;
-    struct OP_Program_stack_vars {
-      int nMem;               /* Number of memory registers for sub-program */
-      int nByte;              /* Bytes of runtime space required for sub-program */
-      Mem *pRt;               /* Register to allocate runtime space */
-      Mem *pMem;              /* Used to iterate through memory cells */
-      Mem *pEnd;              /* Last memory cell in new array */
-      VdbeFrame *pFrame;      /* New vdbe frame to execute in */
-      SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Sub-program to execute */
-      void *t;                /* Token identifying trigger */
-    } cc;
-    struct OP_Param_stack_vars {
-      VdbeFrame *pFrame;
-      Mem *pIn;
-    } cd;
-    struct OP_MemMax_stack_vars {
-      Mem *pIn1;
-      VdbeFrame *pFrame;
-    } ce;
-    struct OP_AggStep_stack_vars {
-      int n;
-      int i;
-      Mem *pMem;
-      Mem *pRec;
-      sqlite3_context ctx;
-      sqlite3_value **apVal;
-    } cf;
-    struct OP_AggFinal_stack_vars {
-      Mem *pMem;
-    } cg;
-    struct OP_Checkpoint_stack_vars {
-      int i;                          /* Loop counter */
-      int aRes[3];                    /* Results */
-      Mem *pMem;                      /* Write results here */
-    } ch;
-    struct OP_JournalMode_stack_vars {
-      Btree *pBt;                     /* Btree to change journal mode of */
-      Pager *pPager;                  /* Pager associated with pBt */
-      int eNew;                       /* New journal mode */
-      int eOld;                       /* The old journal mode */
-      const char *zFilename;          /* Name of database file for pPager */
-    } ci;
-    struct OP_IncrVacuum_stack_vars {
-      Btree *pBt;
-    } cj;
-    struct OP_VBegin_stack_vars {
-      VTable *pVTab;
-    } ck;
-    struct OP_VOpen_stack_vars {
-      VdbeCursor *pCur;
-      sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      sqlite3_module *pModule;
-    } cl;
-    struct OP_VFilter_stack_vars {
-      int nArg;
-      int iQuery;
-      const sqlite3_module *pModule;
-      Mem *pQuery;
-      Mem *pArgc;
-      sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      VdbeCursor *pCur;
-      int res;
-      int i;
-      Mem **apArg;
-    } cm;
-    struct OP_VColumn_stack_vars {
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      const sqlite3_module *pModule;
-      Mem *pDest;
-      sqlite3_context sContext;
-    } cn;
-    struct OP_VNext_stack_vars {
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      const sqlite3_module *pModule;
-      int res;
-      VdbeCursor *pCur;
-    } co;
-    struct OP_VRename_stack_vars {
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      Mem *pName;
-    } cp;
-    struct OP_VUpdate_stack_vars {
-      sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
-      sqlite3_module *pModule;
-      int nArg;
-      int i;
-      sqlite_int64 rowid;
-      Mem **apArg;
-      Mem *pX;
-    } cq;
-    struct OP_Trace_stack_vars {
-      char *zTrace;
-      char *z;
-    } cr;
-  } u;
-  /* End automatically generated code
-  ********************************************************************/
+  /*** INSERT STACK UNION HERE ***/
 
   assert( p->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN );  /* sqlite3_step() verifies this */
   sqlite3VdbeEnter(p);
@@ -65446,24 +68542,49 @@
     goto no_mem;
   }
   assert( p->rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_BUSY );
+  assert( p->bIsReader || p->readOnly!=0 );
   p->rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  p->iCurrentTime = 0;
   assert( p->explain==0 );
   p->pResultSet = 0;
   db->busyHandler.nBusy = 0;
-  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
+  if( db->u1.isInterrupted ) goto abort_due_to_interrupt;
   sqlite3VdbeIOTraceSql(p);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
-  checkProgress = db->xProgress!=0;
+  if( db->xProgress ){
+    assert( 0 < db->nProgressOps );
+    nProgressLimit = (unsigned)p->aCounter[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP];
+    if( nProgressLimit==0 ){
+      nProgressLimit = db->nProgressOps;
+    }else{
+      nProgressLimit %= (unsigned)db->nProgressOps;
+    }
+  }
 #endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
-  if( p->pc==0  && (p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeListing)!=0 ){
+  if( p->pc==0
+   && (p->db->flags & (SQLITE_VdbeListing|SQLITE_VdbeEQP|SQLITE_VdbeTrace))!=0
+  ){
     int i;
-    printf("VDBE Program Listing:\n");
+    int once = 1;
     sqlite3VdbePrintSql(p);
-    for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
-      sqlite3VdbePrintOp(stdout, i, &aOp[i]);
+    if( p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeListing ){
+      printf("VDBE Program Listing:\n");
+      for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
+        sqlite3VdbePrintOp(stdout, i, &aOp[i]);
+      }
     }
+    if( p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeEQP ){
+      for(i=0; i<p->nOp; i++){
+        if( aOp[i].opcode==OP_Explain ){
+          if( once ) printf("VDBE Query Plan:\n");
+          printf("%s\n", aOp[i].p4.z);
+          once = 0;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if( p->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeTrace )  printf("VDBE Trace:\n");
   }
   sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
 #endif
@@ -65471,20 +68592,16 @@
     assert( pc>=0 && pc<p->nOp );
     if( db->mallocFailed ) goto no_mem;
 #ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
-    origPc = pc;
     start = sqlite3Hwtime();
 #endif
+    nVmStep++;
     pOp = &aOp[pc];
 
     /* Only allow tracing if SQLITE_DEBUG is defined.
     */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    if( p->trace ){
-      if( pc==0 ){
-        printf("VDBE Execution Trace:\n");
-        sqlite3VdbePrintSql(p);
-      }
-      sqlite3VdbePrintOp(p->trace, pc, pOp);
+    if( db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeTrace ){
+      sqlite3VdbePrintOp(stdout, pc, pOp);
     }
 #endif
       
@@ -65501,28 +68618,7 @@
     }
 #endif
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
-    /* Call the progress callback if it is configured and the required number
-    ** of VDBE ops have been executed (either since this invocation of
-    ** sqlite3VdbeExec() or since last time the progress callback was called).
-    ** If the progress callback returns non-zero, exit the virtual machine with
-    ** a return code SQLITE_ABORT.
-    */
-    if( checkProgress ){
-      if( db->nProgressOps==nProgressOps ){
-        int prc;
-        prc = db->xProgress(db->pProgressArg);
-        if( prc!=0 ){
-          rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
-          goto vdbe_error_halt;
-        }
-        nProgressOps = 0;
-      }
-      nProgressOps++;
-    }
-#endif
-
-    /* On any opcode with the "out2-prerelase" tag, free any
+    /* On any opcode with the "out2-prerelease" tag, free any
     ** external allocations out of mem[p2] and set mem[p2] to be
     ** an undefined integer.  Opcodes will either fill in the integer
     ** value or convert mem[p2] to a different type.
@@ -65530,7 +68626,7 @@
     assert( pOp->opflags==sqlite3OpcodeProperty[pOp->opcode] );
     if( pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT2_PRERELEASE ){
       assert( pOp->p2>0 );
-      assert( pOp->p2<=p->nMem );
+      assert( pOp->p2<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
       pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
       memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
       VdbeMemRelease(pOut);
@@ -65541,30 +68637,33 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_IN1)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p1>0 );
-      assert( pOp->p1<=p->nMem );
+      assert( pOp->p1<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
       assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p1]) );
+      assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(&aMem[pOp->p1]) );
       REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, &aMem[pOp->p1]);
     }
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_IN2)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p2>0 );
-      assert( pOp->p2<=p->nMem );
+      assert( pOp->p2<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
       assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p2]) );
+      assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(&aMem[pOp->p2]) );
       REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
     }
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_IN3)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p3>0 );
-      assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+      assert( pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
       assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p3]) );
+      assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(&aMem[pOp->p3]) );
       REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
     }
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT2)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p2>0 );
-      assert( pOp->p2<=p->nMem );
+      assert( pOp->p2<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
       memAboutToChange(p, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
     }
     if( (pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT3)!=0 ){
       assert( pOp->p3>0 );
-      assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+      assert( pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
       memAboutToChange(p, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
     }
 #endif
@@ -65612,10 +68711,44 @@
 ** The next instruction executed will be 
 ** the one at index P2 from the beginning of
 ** the program.
+**
+** The P1 parameter is not actually used by this opcode.  However, it
+** is sometimes set to 1 instead of 0 as a hint to the command-line shell
+** that this Goto is the bottom of a loop and that the lines from P2 down
+** to the current line should be indented for EXPLAIN output.
 */
 case OP_Goto: {             /* jump */
-  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
   pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+
+  /* Opcodes that are used as the bottom of a loop (OP_Next, OP_Prev,
+  ** OP_VNext, OP_RowSetNext, or OP_SorterNext) all jump here upon
+  ** completion.  Check to see if sqlite3_interrupt() has been called
+  ** or if the progress callback needs to be invoked. 
+  **
+  ** This code uses unstructured "goto" statements and does not look clean.
+  ** But that is not due to sloppy coding habits. The code is written this
+  ** way for performance, to avoid having to run the interrupt and progress
+  ** checks on every opcode.  This helps sqlite3_step() to run about 1.5%
+  ** faster according to "valgrind --tool=cachegrind" */
+check_for_interrupt:
+  if( db->u1.isInterrupted ) goto abort_due_to_interrupt;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+  /* Call the progress callback if it is configured and the required number
+  ** of VDBE ops have been executed (either since this invocation of
+  ** sqlite3VdbeExec() or since last time the progress callback was called).
+  ** If the progress callback returns non-zero, exit the virtual machine with
+  ** a return code SQLITE_ABORT.
+  */
+  if( db->xProgress!=0 && nVmStep>=nProgressLimit ){
+    assert( db->nProgressOps!=0 );
+    nProgressLimit = nVmStep + db->nProgressOps - (nVmStep%db->nProgressOps);
+    if( db->xProgress(db->pProgressArg) ){
+      rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
+      goto vdbe_error_halt;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  
   break;
 }
 
@@ -65625,9 +68758,9 @@
 ** and then jump to address P2.
 */
 case OP_Gosub: {            /* jump */
-  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=p->nMem );
+  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  assert( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Dyn)==0 );
+  assert( VdbeMemDynamic(pIn1)==0 );
   memAboutToChange(p, pIn1);
   pIn1->flags = MEM_Int;
   pIn1->u.i = pc;
@@ -65638,38 +68771,93 @@
 
 /* Opcode:  Return P1 * * * *
 **
-** Jump to the next instruction after the address in register P1.
+** Jump to the next instruction after the address in register P1.  After
+** the jump, register P1 becomes undefined.
 */
 case OP_Return: {           /* in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  assert( pIn1->flags & MEM_Int );
+  assert( pIn1->flags==MEM_Int );
   pc = (int)pIn1->u.i;
+  pIn1->flags = MEM_Undefined;
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode:  Yield P1 * * * *
+/* Opcode: InitCoroutine P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
-** Swap the program counter with the value in register P1.
+** Set up register P1 so that it will Yield to the coroutine
+** located at address P3.
+**
+** If P2!=0 then the coroutine implementation immediately follows
+** this opcode.  So jump over the coroutine implementation to
+** address P2.
+**
+** See also: EndCoroutine
 */
-case OP_Yield: {            /* in1 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.aa */
-  int pcDest;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.aa */
+case OP_InitCoroutine: {     /* jump */
+  assert( pOp->p1>0 &&  pOp->p1<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  assert( pOp->p2>=0 && pOp->p2<p->nOp );
+  assert( pOp->p3>=0 && pOp->p3<p->nOp );
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( !VdbeMemDynamic(pOut) );
+  pOut->u.i = pOp->p3 - 1;
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
+  if( pOp->p2 ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode:  EndCoroutine P1 * * * *
+**
+** The instruction at the address in register P1 is a Yield.
+** Jump to the P2 parameter of that Yield.
+** After the jump, register P1 becomes undefined.
+**
+** See also: InitCoroutine
+*/
+case OP_EndCoroutine: {           /* in1 */
+  VdbeOp *pCaller;
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  assert( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Dyn)==0 );
+  assert( pIn1->flags==MEM_Int );
+  assert( pIn1->u.i>=0 && pIn1->u.i<p->nOp );
+  pCaller = &aOp[pIn1->u.i];
+  assert( pCaller->opcode==OP_Yield );
+  assert( pCaller->p2>=0 && pCaller->p2<p->nOp );
+  pc = pCaller->p2 - 1;
+  pIn1->flags = MEM_Undefined;
+  break;
+}
+
+/* Opcode:  Yield P1 P2 * * *
+**
+** Swap the program counter with the value in register P1.  This
+** has the effect of yielding to a coroutine.
+**
+** If the coroutine that is launched by this instruction ends with
+** Yield or Return then continue to the next instruction.  But if
+** the coroutine launched by this instruction ends with
+** EndCoroutine, then jump to P2 rather than continuing with the
+** next instruction.
+**
+** See also: InitCoroutine
+*/
+case OP_Yield: {            /* in1, jump */
+  int pcDest;
+  pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( VdbeMemDynamic(pIn1)==0 );
   pIn1->flags = MEM_Int;
-  u.aa.pcDest = (int)pIn1->u.i;
+  pcDest = (int)pIn1->u.i;
   pIn1->u.i = pc;
   REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, pIn1);
-  pc = u.aa.pcDest;
+  pc = pcDest;
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode:  HaltIfNull  P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode:  HaltIfNull  P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis:  if r[P3]=null halt
 **
 ** Check the value in register P3.  If it is NULL then Halt using
 ** parameter P1, P2, and P4 as if this were a Halt instruction.  If the
 ** value in register P3 is not NULL, then this routine is a no-op.
+** The P5 parameter should be 1.
 */
 case OP_HaltIfNull: {      /* in3 */
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
@@ -65677,7 +68865,7 @@
   /* Fall through into OP_Halt */
 }
 
-/* Opcode:  Halt P1 P2 * P4 *
+/* Opcode:  Halt P1 P2 * P4 P5
 **
 ** Exit immediately.  All open cursors, etc are closed
 ** automatically.
@@ -65692,11 +68880,25 @@
 **
 ** If P4 is not null then it is an error message string.
 **
+** P5 is a value between 0 and 4, inclusive, that modifies the P4 string.
+**
+**    0:  (no change)
+**    1:  NOT NULL contraint failed: P4
+**    2:  UNIQUE constraint failed: P4
+**    3:  CHECK constraint failed: P4
+**    4:  FOREIGN KEY constraint failed: P4
+**
+** If P5 is not zero and P4 is NULL, then everything after the ":" is
+** omitted.
+**
 ** There is an implied "Halt 0 0 0" instruction inserted at the very end of
 ** every program.  So a jump past the last instruction of the program
 ** is the same as executing Halt.
 */
 case OP_Halt: {
+  const char *zType;
+  const char *zLogFmt;
+
   if( pOp->p1==SQLITE_OK && p->pFrame ){
     /* Halt the sub-program. Return control to the parent frame. */
     VdbeFrame *pFrame = p->pFrame;
@@ -65717,32 +68919,48 @@
     aMem = p->aMem;
     break;
   }
-
   p->rc = pOp->p1;
   p->errorAction = (u8)pOp->p2;
   p->pc = pc;
-  if( pOp->p4.z ){
-    assert( p->rc!=SQLITE_OK );
-    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", pOp->p4.z);
-    testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
-    sqlite3_log(pOp->p1, "abort at %d in [%s]: %s", pc, p->zSql, pOp->p4.z);
-  }else if( p->rc ){
-    testcase( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xLog!=0 );
-    sqlite3_log(pOp->p1, "constraint failed at %d in [%s]", pc, p->zSql);
+  if( p->rc ){
+    if( pOp->p5 ){
+      static const char * const azType[] = { "NOT NULL", "UNIQUE", "CHECK",
+                                             "FOREIGN KEY" };
+      assert( pOp->p5>=1 && pOp->p5<=4 );
+      testcase( pOp->p5==1 );
+      testcase( pOp->p5==2 );
+      testcase( pOp->p5==3 );
+      testcase( pOp->p5==4 );
+      zType = azType[pOp->p5-1];
+    }else{
+      zType = 0;
+    }
+    assert( zType!=0 || pOp->p4.z!=0 );
+    zLogFmt = "abort at %d in [%s]: %s";
+    if( zType && pOp->p4.z ){
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s constraint failed: %s", 
+                       zType, pOp->p4.z);
+    }else if( pOp->p4.z ){
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", pOp->p4.z);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s constraint failed", zType);
+    }
+    sqlite3_log(pOp->p1, zLogFmt, pc, p->zSql, p->zErrMsg);
   }
   rc = sqlite3VdbeHalt(p);
   assert( rc==SQLITE_BUSY || rc==SQLITE_OK || rc==SQLITE_ERROR );
   if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
     p->rc = rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
   }else{
-    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || p->rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT );
-    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || db->nDeferredCons>0 );
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || (p->rc&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT );
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || db->nDeferredCons>0 || db->nDeferredImmCons>0 );
     rc = p->rc ? SQLITE_ERROR : SQLITE_DONE;
   }
   goto vdbe_return;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Integer P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=P1
 **
 ** The 32-bit integer value P1 is written into register P2.
 */
@@ -65752,6 +68970,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Int64 * P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=P4
 **
 ** P4 is a pointer to a 64-bit integer value.
 ** Write that value into register P2.
@@ -65764,6 +68983,7 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
 /* Opcode: Real * P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=P4
 **
 ** P4 is a pointer to a 64-bit floating point value.
 ** Write that value into register P2.
@@ -65777,9 +68997,12 @@
 #endif
 
 /* Opcode: String8 * P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]='P4'
 **
 ** P4 points to a nul terminated UTF-8 string. This opcode is transformed 
-** into an OP_String before it is executed for the first time.
+** into a String before it is executed for the first time.  During
+** this transformation, the length of string P4 is computed and stored
+** as the P1 parameter.
 */
 case OP_String8: {         /* same as TK_STRING, out2-prerelease */
   assert( pOp->p4.z!=0 );
@@ -65792,10 +69015,9 @@
     if( rc==SQLITE_TOOBIG ) goto too_big;
     if( SQLITE_OK!=sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pOut, encoding) ) goto no_mem;
     assert( pOut->zMalloc==pOut->z );
-    assert( pOut->flags & MEM_Dyn );
+    assert( VdbeMemDynamic(pOut)==0 );
     pOut->zMalloc = 0;
     pOut->flags |= MEM_Static;
-    pOut->flags &= ~MEM_Dyn;
     if( pOp->p4type==P4_DYNAMIC ){
       sqlite3DbFree(db, pOp->p4.z);
     }
@@ -65811,6 +69033,7 @@
 }
   
 /* Opcode: String P1 P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]='P4' (len=P1)
 **
 ** The string value P4 of length P1 (bytes) is stored in register P2.
 */
@@ -65824,32 +69047,51 @@
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: Null * P2 P3 * *
+/* Opcode: Null P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P2..P3]=NULL
 **
 ** Write a NULL into registers P2.  If P3 greater than P2, then also write
-** NULL into register P3 and ever register in between P2 and P3.  If P3
+** NULL into register P3 and every register in between P2 and P3.  If P3
 ** is less than P2 (typically P3 is zero) then only register P2 is
-** set to NULL
+** set to NULL.
+**
+** If the P1 value is non-zero, then also set the MEM_Cleared flag so that
+** NULL values will not compare equal even if SQLITE_NULLEQ is set on
+** OP_Ne or OP_Eq.
 */
 case OP_Null: {           /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ab */
   int cnt;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ab */
-  u.ab.cnt = pOp->p3-pOp->p2;
-  assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
-  while( u.ab.cnt>0 ){
+  u16 nullFlag;
+  cnt = pOp->p3-pOp->p2;
+  assert( pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pOut->flags = nullFlag = pOp->p1 ? (MEM_Null|MEM_Cleared) : MEM_Null;
+  while( cnt>0 ){
     pOut++;
     memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
     VdbeMemRelease(pOut);
-    pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
-    u.ab.cnt--;
+    pOut->flags = nullFlag;
+    cnt--;
   }
   break;
 }
 
+/* Opcode: SoftNull P1 * * * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P1]=NULL
+**
+** Set register P1 to have the value NULL as seen by the OP_MakeRecord
+** instruction, but do not free any string or blob memory associated with
+** the register, so that if the value was a string or blob that was
+** previously copied using OP_SCopy, the copies will continue to be valid.
+*/
+case OP_SoftNull: {
+  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pOut = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  pOut->flags = (pOut->flags|MEM_Null)&~MEM_Undefined;
+  break;
+}
 
-/* Opcode: Blob P1 P2 * P4
+/* Opcode: Blob P1 P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=P4 (len=P1)
 **
 ** P4 points to a blob of data P1 bytes long.  Store this
 ** blob in register P2.
@@ -65863,90 +69105,104 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Variable P1 P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=parameter(P1,P4)
 **
 ** Transfer the values of bound parameter P1 into register P2
 **
-** If the parameter is named, then its name appears in P4 and P3==1.
+** If the parameter is named, then its name appears in P4.
 ** The P4 value is used by sqlite3_bind_parameter_name().
 */
 case OP_Variable: {            /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ac */
   Mem *pVar;       /* Value being transferred */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ac */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=p->nVar );
   assert( pOp->p4.z==0 || pOp->p4.z==p->azVar[pOp->p1-1] );
-  u.ac.pVar = &p->aVar[pOp->p1 - 1];
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.ac.pVar) ){
+  pVar = &p->aVar[pOp->p1 - 1];
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(pVar) ){
     goto too_big;
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, u.ac.pVar, MEM_Static);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, pVar, MEM_Static);
   UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Move P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P2@P3]=r[P1@P3]
 **
-** Move the values in register P1..P1+P3-1 over into
-** registers P2..P2+P3-1.  Registers P1..P1+P1-1 are
+** Move the P3 values in register P1..P1+P3-1 over into
+** registers P2..P2+P3-1.  Registers P1..P1+P3-1 are
 ** left holding a NULL.  It is an error for register ranges
-** P1..P1+P3-1 and P2..P2+P3-1 to overlap.
+** P1..P1+P3-1 and P2..P2+P3-1 to overlap.  It is an error
+** for P3 to be less than 1.
 */
 case OP_Move: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ad */
   char *zMalloc;   /* Holding variable for allocated memory */
   int n;           /* Number of registers left to copy */
   int p1;          /* Register to copy from */
   int p2;          /* Register to copy to */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ad */
 
-  u.ad.n = pOp->p3;
-  u.ad.p1 = pOp->p1;
-  u.ad.p2 = pOp->p2;
-  assert( u.ad.n>0 && u.ad.p1>0 && u.ad.p2>0 );
-  assert( u.ad.p1+u.ad.n<=u.ad.p2 || u.ad.p2+u.ad.n<=u.ad.p1 );
+  n = pOp->p3;
+  p1 = pOp->p1;
+  p2 = pOp->p2;
+  assert( n>0 && p1>0 && p2>0 );
+  assert( p1+n<=p2 || p2+n<=p1 );
 
-  pIn1 = &aMem[u.ad.p1];
-  pOut = &aMem[u.ad.p2];
-  while( u.ad.n-- ){
-    assert( pOut<=&aMem[p->nMem] );
-    assert( pIn1<=&aMem[p->nMem] );
+  pIn1 = &aMem[p1];
+  pOut = &aMem[p2];
+  do{
+    assert( pOut<=&aMem[(p->nMem-p->nCursor)] );
+    assert( pIn1<=&aMem[(p->nMem-p->nCursor)] );
     assert( memIsValid(pIn1) );
     memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
-    u.ad.zMalloc = pOut->zMalloc;
-    pOut->zMalloc = 0;
-    sqlite3VdbeMemMove(pOut, pIn1);
+    VdbeMemRelease(pOut);
+    zMalloc = pOut->zMalloc;
+    memcpy(pOut, pIn1, sizeof(Mem));
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    if( pOut->pScopyFrom>=&aMem[u.ad.p1] && pOut->pScopyFrom<&aMem[u.ad.p1+pOp->p3] ){
-      pOut->pScopyFrom += u.ad.p1 - pOp->p2;
+    if( pOut->pScopyFrom>=&aMem[p1] && pOut->pScopyFrom<&aMem[p1+pOp->p3] ){
+      pOut->pScopyFrom += p1 - pOp->p2;
     }
 #endif
-    pIn1->zMalloc = u.ad.zMalloc;
-    REGISTER_TRACE(u.ad.p2++, pOut);
+    pIn1->flags = MEM_Undefined;
+    pIn1->xDel = 0;
+    pIn1->zMalloc = zMalloc;
+    REGISTER_TRACE(p2++, pOut);
     pIn1++;
     pOut++;
-  }
+  }while( --n );
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: Copy P1 P2 * * *
+/* Opcode: Copy P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2@P3+1]=r[P1@P3+1]
 **
-** Make a copy of register P1 into register P2.
+** Make a copy of registers P1..P1+P3 into registers P2..P2+P3.
 **
 ** This instruction makes a deep copy of the value.  A duplicate
 ** is made of any string or blob constant.  See also OP_SCopy.
 */
-case OP_Copy: {             /* in1, out2 */
+case OP_Copy: {
+  int n;
+
+  n = pOp->p3;
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   assert( pOut!=pIn1 );
-  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, pIn1, MEM_Ephem);
-  Deephemeralize(pOut);
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
+  while( 1 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, pIn1, MEM_Ephem);
+    Deephemeralize(pOut);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    pOut->pScopyFrom = 0;
+#endif
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2+pOp->p3-n, pOut);
+    if( (n--)==0 ) break;
+    pOut++;
+    pIn1++;
+  }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: SCopy P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=r[P1]
 **
 ** Make a shallow copy of register P1 into register P2.
 **
@@ -65958,7 +69214,7 @@
 ** during the lifetime of the copy.  Use OP_Copy to make a complete
 ** copy.
 */
-case OP_SCopy: {            /* in1, out2 */
+case OP_SCopy: {            /* out2 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   assert( pOut!=pIn1 );
@@ -65966,26 +69222,36 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   if( pOut->pScopyFrom==0 ) pOut->pScopyFrom = pIn1;
 #endif
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: ResultRow P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis:  output=r[P1@P2]
 **
 ** The registers P1 through P1+P2-1 contain a single row of
 ** results. This opcode causes the sqlite3_step() call to terminate
 ** with an SQLITE_ROW return code and it sets up the sqlite3_stmt
-** structure to provide access to the top P1 values as the result
-** row.
+** structure to provide access to the r(P1)..r(P1+P2-1) values as
+** the result row.
 */
 case OP_ResultRow: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ae */
   Mem *pMem;
   int i;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ae */
   assert( p->nResColumn==pOp->p2 );
   assert( pOp->p1>0 );
-  assert( pOp->p1+pOp->p2<=p->nMem+1 );
+  assert( pOp->p1+pOp->p2<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PROGRESS_CALLBACK
+  /* Run the progress counter just before returning.
+  */
+  if( db->xProgress!=0
+   && nVmStep>=nProgressLimit
+   && db->xProgress(db->pProgressArg)!=0
+  ){
+    rc = SQLITE_INTERRUPT;
+    goto vdbe_error_halt;
+  }
+#endif
 
   /* If this statement has violated immediate foreign key constraints, do
   ** not return the number of rows modified. And do not RELEASE the statement
@@ -65996,8 +69262,8 @@
     break;
   }
 
-  /* If the SQLITE_CountRows flag is set in sqlite3.flags mask, then
-  ** DML statements invoke this opcode to return the number of rows
+  /* If the SQLITE_CountRows flag is set in sqlite3.flags mask, then 
+  ** DML statements invoke this opcode to return the number of rows 
   ** modified to the user. This is the only way that a VM that
   ** opens a statement transaction may invoke this opcode.
   **
@@ -66024,15 +69290,14 @@
   ** and have an assigned type.  The results are de-ephemeralized as
   ** a side effect.
   */
-  u.ae.pMem = p->pResultSet = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  for(u.ae.i=0; u.ae.i<pOp->p2; u.ae.i++){
-    assert( memIsValid(&u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i]) );
-    Deephemeralize(&u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i]);
-    assert( (u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i].flags & MEM_Ephem)==0
-            || (u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i].flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
-    sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(&u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i]);
-    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(&u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i]);
-    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1+u.ae.i, &u.ae.pMem[u.ae.i]);
+  pMem = p->pResultSet = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  for(i=0; i<pOp->p2; i++){
+    assert( memIsValid(&pMem[i]) );
+    Deephemeralize(&pMem[i]);
+    assert( (pMem[i].flags & MEM_Ephem)==0
+            || (pMem[i].flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
+    sqlite3VdbeMemNulTerminate(&pMem[i]);
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1+i, &pMem[i]);
   }
   if( db->mallocFailed ) goto no_mem;
 
@@ -66044,6 +69309,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Concat P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P3]=r[P2]+r[P1]
 **
 ** Add the text in register P1 onto the end of the text in
 ** register P2 and store the result in register P3.
@@ -66056,9 +69322,7 @@
 ** to avoid a memcpy().
 */
 case OP_Concat: {           /* same as TK_CONCAT, in1, in2, out3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.af */
   i64 nByte;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.af */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
@@ -66071,34 +69335,36 @@
   if( ExpandBlob(pIn1) || ExpandBlob(pIn2) ) goto no_mem;
   Stringify(pIn1, encoding);
   Stringify(pIn2, encoding);
-  u.af.nByte = pIn1->n + pIn2->n;
-  if( u.af.nByte>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+  nByte = pIn1->n + pIn2->n;
+  if( nByte>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
     goto too_big;
   }
-  MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Str);
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, (int)u.af.nByte+2, pOut==pIn2) ){
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, (int)nByte+2, pOut==pIn2) ){
     goto no_mem;
   }
+  MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Str);
   if( pOut!=pIn2 ){
     memcpy(pOut->z, pIn2->z, pIn2->n);
   }
   memcpy(&pOut->z[pIn2->n], pIn1->z, pIn1->n);
-  pOut->z[u.af.nByte] = 0;
-  pOut->z[u.af.nByte+1] = 0;
+  pOut->z[nByte]=0;
+  pOut->z[nByte+1] = 0;
   pOut->flags |= MEM_Term;
-  pOut->n = (int)u.af.nByte;
+  pOut->n = (int)nByte;
   pOut->enc = encoding;
   UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Add P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P1]+r[P2]
 **
 ** Add the value in register P1 to the value in register P2
 ** and store the result in register P3.
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: Multiply P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P1]*r[P2]
 **
 **
 ** Multiply the value in register P1 by the value in register P2
@@ -66106,12 +69372,14 @@
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: Subtract P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P2]-r[P1]
 **
 ** Subtract the value in register P1 from the value in register P2
 ** and store the result in register P3.
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: Divide P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P2]/r[P1]
 **
 ** Divide the value in register P1 by the value in register P2
 ** and store the result in register P3 (P3=P2/P1). If the value in 
@@ -66119,10 +69387,11 @@
 ** NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: Remainder P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P2]%r[P1]
 **
-** Compute the remainder after integer division of the value in
-** register P1 by the value in register P2 and store the result in P3. 
-** If the value in register P2 is zero the result is NULL.
+** Compute the remainder after integer register P2 is divided by 
+** register P1 and store the result in register P3. 
+** If the value in register P1 is zero the result is NULL.
 ** If either operand is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 case OP_Add:                   /* same as TK_PLUS, in1, in2, out3 */
@@ -66130,76 +69399,79 @@
 case OP_Multiply:              /* same as TK_STAR, in1, in2, out3 */
 case OP_Divide:                /* same as TK_SLASH, in1, in2, out3 */
 case OP_Remainder: {           /* same as TK_REM, in1, in2, out3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ag */
-  int flags;      /* Combined MEM_* flags from both inputs */
+  char bIntint;   /* Started out as two integer operands */
+  u16 flags;      /* Combined MEM_* flags from both inputs */
+  u16 type1;      /* Numeric type of left operand */
+  u16 type2;      /* Numeric type of right operand */
   i64 iA;         /* Integer value of left operand */
   i64 iB;         /* Integer value of right operand */
   double rA;      /* Real value of left operand */
   double rB;      /* Real value of right operand */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ag */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  applyNumericAffinity(pIn1);
+  type1 = numericType(pIn1);
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-  applyNumericAffinity(pIn2);
+  type2 = numericType(pIn2);
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.ag.flags = pIn1->flags | pIn2->flags;
-  if( (u.ag.flags & MEM_Null)!=0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
-  if( (pIn1->flags & pIn2->flags & MEM_Int)==MEM_Int ){
-    u.ag.iA = pIn1->u.i;
-    u.ag.iB = pIn2->u.i;
+  flags = pIn1->flags | pIn2->flags;
+  if( (flags & MEM_Null)!=0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+  if( (type1 & type2 & MEM_Int)!=0 ){
+    iA = pIn1->u.i;
+    iB = pIn2->u.i;
+    bIntint = 1;
     switch( pOp->opcode ){
-      case OP_Add:       if( sqlite3AddInt64(&u.ag.iB,u.ag.iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
-      case OP_Subtract:  if( sqlite3SubInt64(&u.ag.iB,u.ag.iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
-      case OP_Multiply:  if( sqlite3MulInt64(&u.ag.iB,u.ag.iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
+      case OP_Add:       if( sqlite3AddInt64(&iB,iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
+      case OP_Subtract:  if( sqlite3SubInt64(&iB,iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
+      case OP_Multiply:  if( sqlite3MulInt64(&iB,iA) ) goto fp_math;  break;
       case OP_Divide: {
-        if( u.ag.iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
-        if( u.ag.iA==-1 && u.ag.iB==SMALLEST_INT64 ) goto fp_math;
-        u.ag.iB /= u.ag.iA;
+        if( iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+        if( iA==-1 && iB==SMALLEST_INT64 ) goto fp_math;
+        iB /= iA;
         break;
       }
       default: {
-        if( u.ag.iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
-        if( u.ag.iA==-1 ) u.ag.iA = 1;
-        u.ag.iB %= u.ag.iA;
+        if( iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+        if( iA==-1 ) iA = 1;
+        iB %= iA;
         break;
       }
     }
-    pOut->u.i = u.ag.iB;
+    pOut->u.i = iB;
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
   }else{
+    bIntint = 0;
 fp_math:
-    u.ag.rA = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn1);
-    u.ag.rB = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn2);
+    rA = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn1);
+    rB = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn2);
     switch( pOp->opcode ){
-      case OP_Add:         u.ag.rB += u.ag.rA;       break;
-      case OP_Subtract:    u.ag.rB -= u.ag.rA;       break;
-      case OP_Multiply:    u.ag.rB *= u.ag.rA;       break;
+      case OP_Add:         rB += rA;       break;
+      case OP_Subtract:    rB -= rA;       break;
+      case OP_Multiply:    rB *= rA;       break;
       case OP_Divide: {
         /* (double)0 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
-        if( u.ag.rA==(double)0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
-        u.ag.rB /= u.ag.rA;
+        if( rA==(double)0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+        rB /= rA;
         break;
       }
       default: {
-        u.ag.iA = (i64)u.ag.rA;
-        u.ag.iB = (i64)u.ag.rB;
-        if( u.ag.iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
-        if( u.ag.iA==-1 ) u.ag.iA = 1;
-        u.ag.rB = (double)(u.ag.iB % u.ag.iA);
+        iA = (i64)rA;
+        iB = (i64)rB;
+        if( iA==0 ) goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
+        if( iA==-1 ) iA = 1;
+        rB = (double)(iB % iA);
         break;
       }
     }
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
-    pOut->u.i = u.ag.rB;
+    pOut->u.i = rB;
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
 #else
-    if( sqlite3IsNaN(u.ag.rB) ){
+    if( sqlite3IsNaN(rB) ){
       goto arithmetic_result_is_null;
     }
-    pOut->r = u.ag.rB;
+    pOut->r = rB;
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Real);
-    if( (u.ag.flags & MEM_Real)==0 ){
+    if( ((type1|type2)&MEM_Real)==0 && !bIntint ){
       sqlite3VdbeIntegerAffinity(pOut);
     }
 #endif
@@ -66235,6 +69507,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Function P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: r[P3]=func(r[P2@P5])
 **
 ** Invoke a user function (P4 is a pointer to a Function structure that
 ** defines the function) with P5 arguments taken from register P2 and
@@ -66251,92 +69524,78 @@
 ** See also: AggStep and AggFinal
 */
 case OP_Function: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ah */
   int i;
   Mem *pArg;
   sqlite3_context ctx;
   sqlite3_value **apVal;
   int n;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ah */
 
-  u.ah.n = pOp->p5;
-  u.ah.apVal = p->apArg;
-  assert( u.ah.apVal || u.ah.n==0 );
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
+  n = pOp->p5;
+  apVal = p->apArg;
+  assert( apVal || n==0 );
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
 
-  assert( u.ah.n==0 || (pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+u.ah.n<=p->nMem+1) );
-  assert( pOp->p3<pOp->p2 || pOp->p3>=pOp->p2+u.ah.n );
-  u.ah.pArg = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-  for(u.ah.i=0; u.ah.i<u.ah.n; u.ah.i++, u.ah.pArg++){
-    assert( memIsValid(u.ah.pArg) );
-    u.ah.apVal[u.ah.i] = u.ah.pArg;
-    Deephemeralize(u.ah.pArg);
-    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.ah.pArg);
-    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2+u.ah.i, u.ah.pArg);
+  assert( n==0 || (pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+n<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1) );
+  assert( pOp->p3<pOp->p2 || pOp->p3>=pOp->p2+n );
+  pArg = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  for(i=0; i<n; i++, pArg++){
+    assert( memIsValid(pArg) );
+    apVal[i] = pArg;
+    Deephemeralize(pArg);
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2+i, pArg);
   }
 
-  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_FUNCDEF || pOp->p4type==P4_VDBEFUNC );
-  if( pOp->p4type==P4_FUNCDEF ){
-    u.ah.ctx.pFunc = pOp->p4.pFunc;
-    u.ah.ctx.pVdbeFunc = 0;
-  }else{
-    u.ah.ctx.pVdbeFunc = (VdbeFunc*)pOp->p4.pVdbeFunc;
-    u.ah.ctx.pFunc = u.ah.ctx.pVdbeFunc->pFunc;
-  }
-
-  u.ah.ctx.s.flags = MEM_Null;
-  u.ah.ctx.s.db = db;
-  u.ah.ctx.s.xDel = 0;
-  u.ah.ctx.s.zMalloc = 0;
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_FUNCDEF );
+  ctx.pFunc = pOp->p4.pFunc;
+  ctx.iOp = pc;
+  ctx.pVdbe = p;
 
   /* The output cell may already have a buffer allocated. Move
-  ** the pointer to u.ah.ctx.s so in case the user-function can use
+  ** the pointer to ctx.s so in case the user-function can use
   ** the already allocated buffer instead of allocating a new one.
   */
-  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&u.ah.ctx.s, pOut);
-  MemSetTypeFlag(&u.ah.ctx.s, MEM_Null);
+  memcpy(&ctx.s, pOut, sizeof(Mem));
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
+  pOut->xDel = 0;
+  pOut->zMalloc = 0;
+  MemSetTypeFlag(&ctx.s, MEM_Null);
 
-  u.ah.ctx.isError = 0;
-  if( u.ah.ctx.pFunc->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+  ctx.fErrorOrAux = 0;
+  if( ctx.pFunc->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
     assert( pOp>aOp );
     assert( pOp[-1].p4type==P4_COLLSEQ );
     assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_CollSeq );
-    u.ah.ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
+    ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
   }
   db->lastRowid = lastRowid;
-  (*u.ah.ctx.pFunc->xFunc)(&u.ah.ctx, u.ah.n, u.ah.apVal); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
+  (*ctx.pFunc->xFunc)(&ctx, n, apVal); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
   lastRowid = db->lastRowid;
 
-  /* If any auxiliary data functions have been called by this user function,
-  ** immediately call the destructor for any non-static values.
-  */
-  if( u.ah.ctx.pVdbeFunc ){
-    sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(u.ah.ctx.pVdbeFunc, pOp->p1);
-    pOp->p4.pVdbeFunc = u.ah.ctx.pVdbeFunc;
-    pOp->p4type = P4_VDBEFUNC;
-  }
-
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     /* Even though a malloc() has failed, the implementation of the
     ** user function may have called an sqlite3_result_XXX() function
     ** to return a value. The following call releases any resources
     ** associated with such a value.
     */
-    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.ah.ctx.s);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&ctx.s);
     goto no_mem;
   }
 
   /* If the function returned an error, throw an exception */
-  if( u.ah.ctx.isError ){
-    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&u.ah.ctx.s));
-    rc = u.ah.ctx.isError;
+  if( ctx.fErrorOrAux ){
+    if( ctx.isError ){
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&ctx.s));
+      rc = ctx.isError;
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeDeleteAuxData(p, pc, pOp->p1);
   }
 
   /* Copy the result of the function into register P3 */
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&u.ah.ctx.s, encoding);
-  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(pOut, &u.ah.ctx.s);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&ctx.s, encoding);
+  assert( pOut->flags==MEM_Null );
+  memcpy(pOut, &ctx.s, sizeof(Mem));
   if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(pOut) ){
     goto too_big;
   }
@@ -66355,18 +69614,21 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: BitAnd P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P1]&r[P2]
 **
 ** Take the bit-wise AND of the values in register P1 and P2 and
 ** store the result in register P3.
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: BitOr P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P1]|r[P2]
 **
 ** Take the bit-wise OR of the values in register P1 and P2 and
 ** store the result in register P3.
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: ShiftLeft P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P2]<<r[P1]
 **
 ** Shift the integer value in register P2 to the left by the
 ** number of bits specified by the integer in register P1.
@@ -66374,6 +69636,7 @@
 ** If either input is NULL, the result is NULL.
 */
 /* Opcode: ShiftRight P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=r[P2]>>r[P1]
 **
 ** Shift the integer value in register P2 to the right by the
 ** number of bits specified by the integer in register P1.
@@ -66384,12 +69647,10 @@
 case OP_BitOr:                  /* same as TK_BITOR, in1, in2, out3 */
 case OP_ShiftLeft:              /* same as TK_LSHIFT, in1, in2, out3 */
 case OP_ShiftRight: {           /* same as TK_RSHIFT, in1, in2, out3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ai */
   i64 iA;
   u64 uA;
   i64 iB;
   u8 op;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ai */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
@@ -66398,43 +69659,44 @@
     sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pOut);
     break;
   }
-  u.ai.iA = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
-  u.ai.iB = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1);
-  u.ai.op = pOp->opcode;
-  if( u.ai.op==OP_BitAnd ){
-    u.ai.iA &= u.ai.iB;
-  }else if( u.ai.op==OP_BitOr ){
-    u.ai.iA |= u.ai.iB;
-  }else if( u.ai.iB!=0 ){
-    assert( u.ai.op==OP_ShiftRight || u.ai.op==OP_ShiftLeft );
+  iA = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
+  iB = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1);
+  op = pOp->opcode;
+  if( op==OP_BitAnd ){
+    iA &= iB;
+  }else if( op==OP_BitOr ){
+    iA |= iB;
+  }else if( iB!=0 ){
+    assert( op==OP_ShiftRight || op==OP_ShiftLeft );
 
     /* If shifting by a negative amount, shift in the other direction */
-    if( u.ai.iB<0 ){
+    if( iB<0 ){
       assert( OP_ShiftRight==OP_ShiftLeft+1 );
-      u.ai.op = 2*OP_ShiftLeft + 1 - u.ai.op;
-      u.ai.iB = u.ai.iB>(-64) ? -u.ai.iB : 64;
+      op = 2*OP_ShiftLeft + 1 - op;
+      iB = iB>(-64) ? -iB : 64;
     }
 
-    if( u.ai.iB>=64 ){
-      u.ai.iA = (u.ai.iA>=0 || u.ai.op==OP_ShiftLeft) ? 0 : -1;
+    if( iB>=64 ){
+      iA = (iA>=0 || op==OP_ShiftLeft) ? 0 : -1;
     }else{
-      memcpy(&u.ai.uA, &u.ai.iA, sizeof(u.ai.uA));
-      if( u.ai.op==OP_ShiftLeft ){
-        u.ai.uA <<= u.ai.iB;
+      memcpy(&uA, &iA, sizeof(uA));
+      if( op==OP_ShiftLeft ){
+        uA <<= iB;
       }else{
-        u.ai.uA >>= u.ai.iB;
+        uA >>= iB;
         /* Sign-extend on a right shift of a negative number */
-        if( u.ai.iA<0 ) u.ai.uA |= ((((u64)0xffffffff)<<32)|0xffffffff) << (64-u.ai.iB);
+        if( iA<0 ) uA |= ((((u64)0xffffffff)<<32)|0xffffffff) << (64-iB);
       }
-      memcpy(&u.ai.iA, &u.ai.uA, sizeof(u.ai.iA));
+      memcpy(&iA, &uA, sizeof(iA));
     }
   }
-  pOut->u.i = u.ai.iA;
+  pOut->u.i = iA;
   MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: AddImm  P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P1]=r[P1]+P2
 ** 
 ** Add the constant P2 to the value in register P1.
 ** The result is always an integer.
@@ -66458,17 +69720,20 @@
 */
 case OP_MustBeInt: {            /* jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  applyAffinity(pIn1, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC, encoding);
   if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Int)==0 ){
-    if( pOp->p2==0 ){
-      rc = SQLITE_MISMATCH;
-      goto abort_due_to_error;
-    }else{
-      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    applyAffinity(pIn1, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC, encoding);
+    VdbeBranchTaken((pIn1->flags&MEM_Int)==0, 2);
+    if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Int)==0 ){
+      if( pOp->p2==0 ){
+        rc = SQLITE_MISMATCH;
+        goto abort_due_to_error;
+      }else{
+        pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+        break;
+      }
     }
-  }else{
-    MemSetTypeFlag(pIn1, MEM_Int);
   }
+  MemSetTypeFlag(pIn1, MEM_Int);
   break;
 }
 
@@ -66496,7 +69761,7 @@
 **
 ** Force the value in register P1 to be text.
 ** If the value is numeric, convert it to a string using the
-** equivalent of printf().  Blob values are unchanged and
+** equivalent of sprintf().  Blob values are unchanged and
 ** are afterwards simply interpreted as text.
 **
 ** A NULL value is not changed by this routine.  It remains NULL.
@@ -66593,6 +69858,7 @@
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CAST) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT) */
 
 /* Opcode: Lt P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]<r[P3] goto P2
 **
 ** Compare the values in register P1 and P3.  If reg(P3)<reg(P1) then
 ** jump to address P2.  
@@ -66621,8 +69887,13 @@
 **
 ** If the SQLITE_STOREP2 bit of P5 is set, then do not jump.  Instead,
 ** store a boolean result (either 0, or 1, or NULL) in register P2.
+**
+** If the SQLITE_NULLEQ bit is set in P5, then NULL values are considered
+** equal to one another, provided that they do not have their MEM_Cleared
+** bit set.
 */
 /* Opcode: Ne P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]!=r[P3] goto P2
 **
 ** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
 ** the operands in registers P1 and P3 are not equal.  See the Lt opcode for
@@ -66635,6 +69906,7 @@
 ** the SQLITE_NULLEQ flag were omitted from P5.
 */
 /* Opcode: Eq P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]==r[P3] goto P2
 **
 ** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
 ** the operands in registers P1 and P3 are equal.
@@ -66647,18 +69919,21 @@
 ** the SQLITE_NULLEQ flag were omitted from P5.
 */
 /* Opcode: Le P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]<=r[P3] goto P2
 **
 ** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
 ** the content of register P3 is less than or equal to the content of
 ** register P1.  See the Lt opcode for additional information.
 */
 /* Opcode: Gt P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]>r[P3] goto P2
 **
 ** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
 ** the content of register P3 is greater than the content of
 ** register P1.  See the Lt opcode for additional information.
 */
 /* Opcode: Ge P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]>=r[P3] goto P2
 **
 ** This works just like the Lt opcode except that the jump is taken if
 ** the content of register P3 is greater than or equal to the content of
@@ -66670,18 +69945,16 @@
 case OP_Le:               /* same as TK_LE, jump, in1, in3 */
 case OP_Gt:               /* same as TK_GT, jump, in1, in3 */
 case OP_Ge: {             /* same as TK_GE, jump, in1, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.aj */
   int res;            /* Result of the comparison of pIn1 against pIn3 */
   char affinity;      /* Affinity to use for comparison */
   u16 flags1;         /* Copy of initial value of pIn1->flags */
   u16 flags3;         /* Copy of initial value of pIn3->flags */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.aj */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.aj.flags1 = pIn1->flags;
-  u.aj.flags3 = pIn3->flags;
-  if( (u.aj.flags1 | u.aj.flags3)&MEM_Null ){
+  flags1 = pIn1->flags;
+  flags3 = pIn3->flags;
+  if( (flags1 | flags3)&MEM_Null ){
     /* One or both operands are NULL */
     if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_NULLEQ ){
       /* If SQLITE_NULLEQ is set (which will only happen if the operator is
@@ -66689,7 +69962,16 @@
       ** or not both operands are null.
       */
       assert( pOp->opcode==OP_Eq || pOp->opcode==OP_Ne );
-      u.aj.res = (u.aj.flags1 & u.aj.flags3 & MEM_Null)==0;
+      assert( (flags1 & MEM_Cleared)==0 );
+      assert( (pOp->p5 & SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL)==0 );
+      if( (flags1&MEM_Null)!=0
+       && (flags3&MEM_Null)!=0
+       && (flags3&MEM_Cleared)==0
+      ){
+        res = 0;  /* Results are equal */
+      }else{
+        res = 1;  /* Results are not equal */
+      }
     }else{
       /* SQLITE_NULLEQ is clear and at least one operand is NULL,
       ** then the result is always NULL.
@@ -66699,47 +69981,52 @@
         pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
         MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Null);
         REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
-      }else if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL ){
-        pc = pOp->p2-1;
+      }else{
+        VdbeBranchTaken(2,3);
+        if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL ){
+          pc = pOp->p2-1;
+        }
       }
       break;
     }
   }else{
     /* Neither operand is NULL.  Do a comparison. */
-    u.aj.affinity = pOp->p5 & SQLITE_AFF_MASK;
-    if( u.aj.affinity ){
-      applyAffinity(pIn1, u.aj.affinity, encoding);
-      applyAffinity(pIn3, u.aj.affinity, encoding);
+    affinity = pOp->p5 & SQLITE_AFF_MASK;
+    if( affinity ){
+      applyAffinity(pIn1, affinity, encoding);
+      applyAffinity(pIn3, affinity, encoding);
       if( db->mallocFailed ) goto no_mem;
     }
 
     assert( pOp->p4type==P4_COLLSEQ || pOp->p4.pColl==0 );
     ExpandBlob(pIn1);
     ExpandBlob(pIn3);
-    u.aj.res = sqlite3MemCompare(pIn3, pIn1, pOp->p4.pColl);
+    res = sqlite3MemCompare(pIn3, pIn1, pOp->p4.pColl);
   }
   switch( pOp->opcode ){
-    case OP_Eq:    u.aj.res = u.aj.res==0;     break;
-    case OP_Ne:    u.aj.res = u.aj.res!=0;     break;
-    case OP_Lt:    u.aj.res = u.aj.res<0;      break;
-    case OP_Le:    u.aj.res = u.aj.res<=0;     break;
-    case OP_Gt:    u.aj.res = u.aj.res>0;      break;
-    default:       u.aj.res = u.aj.res>=0;     break;
+    case OP_Eq:    res = res==0;     break;
+    case OP_Ne:    res = res!=0;     break;
+    case OP_Lt:    res = res<0;      break;
+    case OP_Le:    res = res<=0;     break;
+    case OP_Gt:    res = res>0;      break;
+    default:       res = res>=0;     break;
   }
 
   if( pOp->p5 & SQLITE_STOREP2 ){
     pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
     memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
-    pOut->u.i = u.aj.res;
+    pOut->u.i = res;
     REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
-  }else if( u.aj.res ){
-    pc = pOp->p2-1;
+  }else{
+    VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0, (pOp->p5 & SQLITE_NULLEQ)?2:3);
+    if( res ){
+      pc = pOp->p2-1;
+    }
   }
-
   /* Undo any changes made by applyAffinity() to the input registers. */
-  pIn1->flags = (pIn1->flags&~MEM_TypeMask) | (u.aj.flags1&MEM_TypeMask);
-  pIn3->flags = (pIn3->flags&~MEM_TypeMask) | (u.aj.flags3&MEM_TypeMask);
+  pIn1->flags = (pIn1->flags&~MEM_TypeMask) | (flags1&MEM_TypeMask);
+  pIn3->flags = (pIn3->flags&~MEM_TypeMask) | (flags3&MEM_TypeMask);
   break;
 }
 
@@ -66748,9 +70035,9 @@
 ** Set the permutation used by the OP_Compare operator to be the array
 ** of integers in P4.
 **
-** The permutation is only valid until the next OP_Permutation, OP_Compare,
-** OP_Halt, or OP_ResultRow.  Typically the OP_Permutation should occur
-** immediately prior to the OP_Compare.
+** The permutation is only valid until the next OP_Compare that has
+** the OPFLAG_PERMUTE bit set in P5. Typically the OP_Permutation should 
+** occur immediately prior to the OP_Compare.
 */
 case OP_Permutation: {
   assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INTARRAY );
@@ -66759,12 +70046,18 @@
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: Compare P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode: Compare P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: r[P1@P3] <-> r[P2@P3]
 **
 ** Compare two vectors of registers in reg(P1)..reg(P1+P3-1) (call this
 ** vector "A") and in reg(P2)..reg(P2+P3-1) ("B").  Save the result of
 ** the comparison for use by the next OP_Jump instruct.
 **
+** If P5 has the OPFLAG_PERMUTE bit set, then the order of comparison is
+** determined by the most recent OP_Permutation operator.  If the
+** OPFLAG_PERMUTE bit is clear, then register are compared in sequential
+** order.
+**
 ** P4 is a KeyInfo structure that defines collating sequences and sort
 ** orders for the comparison.  The permutation applies to registers
 ** only.  The KeyInfo elements are used sequentially.
@@ -66774,7 +70067,6 @@
 ** and strings are less than blobs.
 */
 case OP_Compare: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ak */
   int n;
   int i;
   int p1;
@@ -66783,37 +70075,37 @@
   int idx;
   CollSeq *pColl;    /* Collating sequence to use on this term */
   int bRev;          /* True for DESCENDING sort order */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ak */
 
-  u.ak.n = pOp->p3;
-  u.ak.pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
-  assert( u.ak.n>0 );
-  assert( u.ak.pKeyInfo!=0 );
-  u.ak.p1 = pOp->p1;
-  u.ak.p2 = pOp->p2;
+  if( (pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_PERMUTE)==0 ) aPermute = 0;
+  n = pOp->p3;
+  pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+  assert( n>0 );
+  assert( pKeyInfo!=0 );
+  p1 = pOp->p1;
+  p2 = pOp->p2;
 #if SQLITE_DEBUG
   if( aPermute ){
     int k, mx = 0;
-    for(k=0; k<u.ak.n; k++) if( aPermute[k]>mx ) mx = aPermute[k];
-    assert( u.ak.p1>0 && u.ak.p1+mx<=p->nMem+1 );
-    assert( u.ak.p2>0 && u.ak.p2+mx<=p->nMem+1 );
+    for(k=0; k<n; k++) if( aPermute[k]>mx ) mx = aPermute[k];
+    assert( p1>0 && p1+mx<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
+    assert( p2>0 && p2+mx<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
   }else{
-    assert( u.ak.p1>0 && u.ak.p1+u.ak.n<=p->nMem+1 );
-    assert( u.ak.p2>0 && u.ak.p2+u.ak.n<=p->nMem+1 );
+    assert( p1>0 && p1+n<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
+    assert( p2>0 && p2+n<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
   }
 #endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
-  for(u.ak.i=0; u.ak.i<u.ak.n; u.ak.i++){
-    u.ak.idx = aPermute ? aPermute[u.ak.i] : u.ak.i;
-    assert( memIsValid(&aMem[u.ak.p1+u.ak.idx]) );
-    assert( memIsValid(&aMem[u.ak.p2+u.ak.idx]) );
-    REGISTER_TRACE(u.ak.p1+u.ak.idx, &aMem[u.ak.p1+u.ak.idx]);
-    REGISTER_TRACE(u.ak.p2+u.ak.idx, &aMem[u.ak.p2+u.ak.idx]);
-    assert( u.ak.i<u.ak.pKeyInfo->nField );
-    u.ak.pColl = u.ak.pKeyInfo->aColl[u.ak.i];
-    u.ak.bRev = u.ak.pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[u.ak.i];
-    iCompare = sqlite3MemCompare(&aMem[u.ak.p1+u.ak.idx], &aMem[u.ak.p2+u.ak.idx], u.ak.pColl);
+  for(i=0; i<n; i++){
+    idx = aPermute ? aPermute[i] : i;
+    assert( memIsValid(&aMem[p1+idx]) );
+    assert( memIsValid(&aMem[p2+idx]) );
+    REGISTER_TRACE(p1+idx, &aMem[p1+idx]);
+    REGISTER_TRACE(p2+idx, &aMem[p2+idx]);
+    assert( i<pKeyInfo->nField );
+    pColl = pKeyInfo->aColl[i];
+    bRev = pKeyInfo->aSortOrder[i];
+    iCompare = sqlite3MemCompare(&aMem[p1+idx], &aMem[p2+idx], pColl);
     if( iCompare ){
-      if( u.ak.bRev ) iCompare = -iCompare;
+      if( bRev ) iCompare = -iCompare;
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -66829,16 +70121,17 @@
 */
 case OP_Jump: {             /* jump */
   if( iCompare<0 ){
-    pc = pOp->p1 - 1;
+    pc = pOp->p1 - 1;  VdbeBranchTaken(0,3);
   }else if( iCompare==0 ){
-    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;  VdbeBranchTaken(1,3);
   }else{
-    pc = pOp->p3 - 1;
+    pc = pOp->p3 - 1;  VdbeBranchTaken(2,3);
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: And P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P3]=(r[P1] && r[P2])
 **
 ** Take the logical AND of the values in registers P1 and P2 and
 ** write the result into register P3.
@@ -66848,6 +70141,7 @@
 ** a NULL output.
 */
 /* Opcode: Or P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P3]=(r[P1] || r[P2])
 **
 ** Take the logical OR of the values in register P1 and P2 and
 ** store the answer in register P3.
@@ -66858,41 +70152,40 @@
 */
 case OP_And:              /* same as TK_AND, in1, in2, out3 */
 case OP_Or: {             /* same as TK_OR, in1, in2, out3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.al */
   int v1;    /* Left operand:  0==FALSE, 1==TRUE, 2==UNKNOWN or NULL */
   int v2;    /* Right operand: 0==FALSE, 1==TRUE, 2==UNKNOWN or NULL */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.al */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Null ){
-    u.al.v1 = 2;
+    v1 = 2;
   }else{
-    u.al.v1 = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1)!=0;
+    v1 = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1)!=0;
   }
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   if( pIn2->flags & MEM_Null ){
-    u.al.v2 = 2;
+    v2 = 2;
   }else{
-    u.al.v2 = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2)!=0;
+    v2 = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2)!=0;
   }
   if( pOp->opcode==OP_And ){
     static const unsigned char and_logic[] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 2 };
-    u.al.v1 = and_logic[u.al.v1*3+u.al.v2];
+    v1 = and_logic[v1*3+v2];
   }else{
     static const unsigned char or_logic[] = { 0, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 2 };
-    u.al.v1 = or_logic[u.al.v1*3+u.al.v2];
+    v1 = or_logic[v1*3+v2];
   }
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  if( u.al.v1==2 ){
+  if( v1==2 ){
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Null);
   }else{
-    pOut->u.i = u.al.v1;
+    pOut->u.i = v1;
     MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Int);
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Not P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]= !r[P1]
 **
 ** Interpret the value in register P1 as a boolean value.  Store the
 ** boolean complement in register P2.  If the value in register P1 is 
@@ -66910,6 +70203,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: BitNot P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P1]= ~r[P1]
 **
 ** Interpret the content of register P1 as an integer.  Store the
 ** ones-complement of the P1 value into register P2.  If P1 holds
@@ -66928,13 +70222,18 @@
 
 /* Opcode: Once P1 P2 * * *
 **
-** Check if OP_Once flag P1 is set. If so, jump to instruction P2. Otherwise,
-** set the flag and fall through to the next instruction.
+** Check the "once" flag number P1. If it is set, jump to instruction P2. 
+** Otherwise, set the flag and fall through to the next instruction.
+** In other words, this opcode causes all following opcodes up through P2
+** (but not including P2) to run just once and to be skipped on subsequent
+** times through the loop.
 **
-** See also: JumpOnce
+** All "once" flags are initially cleared whenever a prepared statement
+** first begins to run.
 */
 case OP_Once: {             /* jump */
   assert( pOp->p1<p->nOnceFlag );
+  VdbeBranchTaken(p->aOnceFlag[pOp->p1]!=0, 2);
   if( p->aOnceFlag[pOp->p1] ){
     pc = pOp->p2-1;
   }else{
@@ -66947,42 +70246,43 @@
 **
 ** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is true.  The value
 ** is considered true if it is numeric and non-zero.  If the value
-** in P1 is NULL then take the jump if P3 is non-zero.
+** in P1 is NULL then take the jump if and only if P3 is non-zero.
 */
 /* Opcode: IfNot P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
 ** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is False.  The value
 ** is considered false if it has a numeric value of zero.  If the value
-** in P1 is NULL then take the jump if P3 is zero.
+** in P1 is NULL then take the jump if and only if P3 is non-zero.
 */
 case OP_If:                 /* jump, in1 */
 case OP_IfNot: {            /* jump, in1 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.am */
   int c;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.am */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   if( pIn1->flags & MEM_Null ){
-    u.am.c = pOp->p3;
+    c = pOp->p3;
   }else{
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
-    u.am.c = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1)!=0;
+    c = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn1)!=0;
 #else
-    u.am.c = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn1)!=0.0;
+    c = sqlite3VdbeRealValue(pIn1)!=0.0;
 #endif
-    if( pOp->opcode==OP_IfNot ) u.am.c = !u.am.c;
+    if( pOp->opcode==OP_IfNot ) c = !c;
   }
-  if( u.am.c ){
+  VdbeBranchTaken(c!=0, 2);
+  if( c ){
     pc = pOp->p2-1;
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IsNull P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis:  if r[P1]==NULL goto P2
 **
 ** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is NULL.
 */
 case OP_IsNull: {            /* same as TK_ISNULL, jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  VdbeBranchTaken( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)!=0, 2);
   if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)!=0 ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
@@ -66990,11 +70290,13 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: NotNull P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]!=NULL goto P2
 **
 ** Jump to P2 if the value in register P1 is not NULL.  
 */
 case OP_NotNull: {            /* same as TK_NOTNULL, jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  VdbeBranchTaken( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)==0, 2);
   if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_Null)==0 ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
@@ -67002,6 +70304,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Column P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=PX
 **
 ** Interpret the data that cursor P1 points to as a structure built using
 ** the MakeRecord instruction.  (See the MakeRecord opcode for additional
@@ -67019,152 +70322,105 @@
 ** then the cache of the cursor is reset prior to extracting the column.
 ** The first OP_Column against a pseudo-table after the value of the content
 ** register has changed should have this bit set.
+**
+** If the OPFLAG_LENGTHARG and OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG bits are set on P5 when
+** the result is guaranteed to only be used as the argument of a length()
+** or typeof() function, respectively.  The loading of large blobs can be
+** skipped for length() and all content loading can be skipped for typeof().
 */
 case OP_Column: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.an */
-  u32 payloadSize;   /* Number of bytes in the record */
   i64 payloadSize64; /* Number of bytes in the record */
-  int p1;            /* P1 value of the opcode */
   int p2;            /* column number to retrieve */
   VdbeCursor *pC;    /* The VDBE cursor */
-  char *zRec;        /* Pointer to complete record-data */
   BtCursor *pCrsr;   /* The BTree cursor */
   u32 *aType;        /* aType[i] holds the numeric type of the i-th column */
   u32 *aOffset;      /* aOffset[i] is offset to start of data for i-th column */
-  int nField;        /* number of fields in the record */
   int len;           /* The length of the serialized data for the column */
   int i;             /* Loop counter */
-  char *zData;       /* Part of the record being decoded */
   Mem *pDest;        /* Where to write the extracted value */
   Mem sMem;          /* For storing the record being decoded */
-  u8 *zIdx;          /* Index into header */
-  u8 *zEndHdr;       /* Pointer to first byte after the header */
+  const u8 *zData;   /* Part of the record being decoded */
+  const u8 *zHdr;    /* Next unparsed byte of the header */
+  const u8 *zEndHdr; /* Pointer to first byte after the header */
   u32 offset;        /* Offset into the data */
   u32 szField;       /* Number of bytes in the content of a field */
-  int szHdr;         /* Size of the header size field at start of record */
-  int avail;         /* Number of bytes of available data */
+  u32 avail;         /* Number of bytes of available data */
   u32 t;             /* A type code from the record header */
   Mem *pReg;         /* PseudoTable input register */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.an */
 
-
-  u.an.p1 = pOp->p1;
-  u.an.p2 = pOp->p2;
-  u.an.pC = 0;
-  memset(&u.an.sMem, 0, sizeof(u.an.sMem));
-  assert( u.an.p1<p->nCursor );
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  u.an.pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  memAboutToChange(p, u.an.pDest);
-  u.an.zRec = 0;
-
-  /* This block sets the variable u.an.payloadSize to be the total number of
-  ** bytes in the record.
-  **
-  ** u.an.zRec is set to be the complete text of the record if it is available.
-  ** The complete record text is always available for pseudo-tables
-  ** If the record is stored in a cursor, the complete record text
-  ** might be available in the  u.an.pC->aRow cache.  Or it might not be.
-  ** If the data is unavailable,  u.an.zRec is set to NULL.
-  **
-  ** We also compute the number of columns in the record.  For cursors,
-  ** the number of columns is stored in the VdbeCursor.nField element.
-  */
-  u.an.pC = p->apCsr[u.an.p1];
-  assert( u.an.pC!=0 );
+  p2 = pOp->p2;
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pDest);
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( p2<pC->nField );
+  aType = pC->aType;
+  aOffset = aType + pC->nField;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  assert( u.an.pC->pVtabCursor==0 );
+  assert( pC->pVtabCursor==0 ); /* OP_Column never called on virtual table */
 #endif
-  u.an.pCrsr = u.an.pC->pCursor;
-  if( u.an.pCrsr!=0 ){
-    /* The record is stored in a B-Tree */
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.an.pC);
-    if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-    if( u.an.pC->nullRow ){
-      u.an.payloadSize = 0;
-    }else if( u.an.pC->cacheStatus==p->cacheCtr ){
-      u.an.payloadSize = u.an.pC->payloadSize;
-      u.an.zRec = (char*)u.an.pC->aRow;
-    }else if( u.an.pC->isIndex ){
-      assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.an.pCrsr) );
-      VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.an.pCrsr, &u.an.payloadSize64);
-      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* True because of CursorMoveto() call above */
-      /* sqlite3BtreeParseCellPtr() uses getVarint32() to extract the
-      ** payload size, so it is impossible for u.an.payloadSize64 to be
-      ** larger than 32 bits. */
-      assert( (u.an.payloadSize64 & SQLITE_MAX_U32)==(u64)u.an.payloadSize64 );
-      u.an.payloadSize = (u32)u.an.payloadSize64;
-    }else{
-      assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.an.pCrsr) );
-      VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeDataSize(u.an.pCrsr, &u.an.payloadSize);
-      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* DataSize() cannot fail */
-    }
-  }else if( ALWAYS(u.an.pC->pseudoTableReg>0) ){
-    u.an.pReg = &aMem[u.an.pC->pseudoTableReg];
-    assert( u.an.pReg->flags & MEM_Blob );
-    assert( memIsValid(u.an.pReg) );
-    u.an.payloadSize = u.an.pReg->n;
-    u.an.zRec = u.an.pReg->z;
-    u.an.pC->cacheStatus = (pOp->p5&OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE) ? CACHE_STALE : p->cacheCtr;
-    assert( u.an.payloadSize==0 || u.an.zRec!=0 );
-  }else{
-    /* Consider the row to be NULL */
-    u.an.payloadSize = 0;
-  }
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 || pC->pseudoTableReg>0 ); /* pCrsr NULL on PseudoTables */
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 || pC->nullRow );          /* pC->nullRow on PseudoTables */
 
-  /* If u.an.payloadSize is 0, then just store a NULL.  This can happen because of
-  ** nullRow or because of a corrupt database. */
-  if( u.an.payloadSize==0 ){
-    MemSetTypeFlag(u.an.pDest, MEM_Null);
-    goto op_column_out;
-  }
-  assert( db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH]>=0 );
-  if( u.an.payloadSize > (u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
-    goto too_big;
-  }
-
-  u.an.nField = u.an.pC->nField;
-  assert( u.an.p2<u.an.nField );
-
-  /* Read and parse the table header.  Store the results of the parse
-  ** into the record header cache fields of the cursor.
-  */
-  u.an.aType = u.an.pC->aType;
-  if( u.an.pC->cacheStatus==p->cacheCtr ){
-    u.an.aOffset = u.an.pC->aOffset;
-  }else{
-    assert(u.an.aType);
-    u.an.avail = 0;
-    u.an.pC->aOffset = u.an.aOffset = &u.an.aType[u.an.nField];
-    u.an.pC->payloadSize = u.an.payloadSize;
-    u.an.pC->cacheStatus = p->cacheCtr;
-
-    /* Figure out how many bytes are in the header */
-    if( u.an.zRec ){
-      u.an.zData = u.an.zRec;
-    }else{
-      if( u.an.pC->isIndex ){
-        u.an.zData = (char*)sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(u.an.pCrsr, &u.an.avail);
+  /* If the cursor cache is stale, bring it up-to-date */
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(pC);
+  if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+  if( pC->cacheStatus!=p->cacheCtr || (pOp->p5&OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE)!=0 ){
+    if( pC->nullRow ){
+      if( pCrsr==0 ){
+        assert( pC->pseudoTableReg>0 );
+        pReg = &aMem[pC->pseudoTableReg];
+        assert( pReg->flags & MEM_Blob );
+        assert( memIsValid(pReg) );
+        pC->payloadSize = pC->szRow = avail = pReg->n;
+        pC->aRow = (u8*)pReg->z;
       }else{
-        u.an.zData = (char*)sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(u.an.pCrsr, &u.an.avail);
+        MemSetTypeFlag(pDest, MEM_Null);
+        goto op_column_out;
       }
-      /* If KeyFetch()/DataFetch() managed to get the entire payload,
-      ** save the payload in the u.an.pC->aRow cache.  That will save us from
-      ** having to make additional calls to fetch the content portion of
-      ** the record.
-      */
-      assert( u.an.avail>=0 );
-      if( u.an.payloadSize <= (u32)u.an.avail ){
-        u.an.zRec = u.an.zData;
-        u.an.pC->aRow = (u8*)u.an.zData;
+    }else{
+      assert( pCrsr );
+      if( pC->isTable==0 ){
+        assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCrsr) );
+        VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCrsr, &payloadSize64);
+        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK ); /* True because of CursorMoveto() call above */
+        /* sqlite3BtreeParseCellPtr() uses getVarint32() to extract the
+        ** payload size, so it is impossible for payloadSize64 to be
+        ** larger than 32 bits. */
+        assert( (payloadSize64 & SQLITE_MAX_U32)==(u64)payloadSize64 );
+        pC->aRow = sqlite3BtreeKeyFetch(pCrsr, &avail);
+        pC->payloadSize = (u32)payloadSize64;
       }else{
-        u.an.pC->aRow = 0;
+        assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCrsr) );
+        VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeDataSize(pCrsr, &pC->payloadSize);
+        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* DataSize() cannot fail */
+        pC->aRow = sqlite3BtreeDataFetch(pCrsr, &avail);
+      }
+      assert( avail<=65536 );  /* Maximum page size is 64KiB */
+      if( pC->payloadSize <= (u32)avail ){
+        pC->szRow = pC->payloadSize;
+      }else{
+        pC->szRow = avail;
+      }
+      if( pC->payloadSize > (u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+        goto too_big;
       }
     }
-    /* The following assert is true in all cases accept when
-    ** the database file has been corrupted externally.
-    **    assert( u.an.zRec!=0 || u.an.avail>=u.an.payloadSize || u.an.avail>=9 ); */
-    u.an.szHdr = getVarint32((u8*)u.an.zData, u.an.offset);
+    pC->cacheStatus = p->cacheCtr;
+    pC->iHdrOffset = getVarint32(pC->aRow, offset);
+    pC->nHdrParsed = 0;
+    aOffset[0] = offset;
+    if( avail<offset ){
+      /* pC->aRow does not have to hold the entire row, but it does at least
+      ** need to cover the header of the record.  If pC->aRow does not contain
+      ** the complete header, then set it to zero, forcing the header to be
+      ** dynamically allocated. */
+      pC->aRow = 0;
+      pC->szRow = 0;
+    }
 
     /* Make sure a corrupt database has not given us an oversize header.
     ** Do this now to avoid an oversize memory allocation.
@@ -67175,146 +70431,156 @@
     ** 3-byte type for each of the maximum of 32768 columns plus three
     ** extra bytes for the header length itself.  32768*3 + 3 = 98307.
     */
-    if( u.an.offset > 98307 ){
+    if( offset > 98307 || offset > pC->payloadSize ){
       rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
-      goto op_column_out;
+      goto op_column_error;
     }
+  }
 
-    /* Compute in u.an.len the number of bytes of data we need to read in order
-    ** to get u.an.nField type values.  u.an.offset is an upper bound on this.  But
-    ** u.an.nField might be significantly less than the true number of columns
-    ** in the table, and in that case, 5*u.an.nField+3 might be smaller than u.an.offset.
-    ** We want to minimize u.an.len in order to limit the size of the memory
-    ** allocation, especially if a corrupt database file has caused u.an.offset
-    ** to be oversized. Offset is limited to 98307 above.  But 98307 might
-    ** still exceed Robson memory allocation limits on some configurations.
-    ** On systems that cannot tolerate large memory allocations, u.an.nField*5+3
-    ** will likely be much smaller since u.an.nField will likely be less than
-    ** 20 or so.  This insures that Robson memory allocation limits are
-    ** not exceeded even for corrupt database files.
+  /* Make sure at least the first p2+1 entries of the header have been
+  ** parsed and valid information is in aOffset[] and aType[].
+  */
+  if( pC->nHdrParsed<=p2 ){
+    /* If there is more header available for parsing in the record, try
+    ** to extract additional fields up through the p2+1-th field 
     */
-    u.an.len = u.an.nField*5 + 3;
-    if( u.an.len > (int)u.an.offset ) u.an.len = (int)u.an.offset;
-
-    /* The KeyFetch() or DataFetch() above are fast and will get the entire
-    ** record header in most cases.  But they will fail to get the complete
-    ** record header if the record header does not fit on a single page
-    ** in the B-Tree.  When that happens, use sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree() to
-    ** acquire the complete header text.
-    */
-    if( !u.an.zRec && u.an.avail<u.an.len ){
-      u.an.sMem.flags = 0;
-      u.an.sMem.db = 0;
-      rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(u.an.pCrsr, 0, u.an.len, u.an.pC->isIndex, &u.an.sMem);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        goto op_column_out;
-      }
-      u.an.zData = u.an.sMem.z;
-    }
-    u.an.zEndHdr = (u8 *)&u.an.zData[u.an.len];
-    u.an.zIdx = (u8 *)&u.an.zData[u.an.szHdr];
-
-    /* Scan the header and use it to fill in the u.an.aType[] and u.an.aOffset[]
-    ** arrays.  u.an.aType[u.an.i] will contain the type integer for the u.an.i-th
-    ** column and u.an.aOffset[u.an.i] will contain the u.an.offset from the beginning
-    ** of the record to the start of the data for the u.an.i-th column
-    */
-    for(u.an.i=0; u.an.i<u.an.nField; u.an.i++){
-      if( u.an.zIdx<u.an.zEndHdr ){
-        u.an.aOffset[u.an.i] = u.an.offset;
-        if( u.an.zIdx[0]<0x80 ){
-          u.an.t = u.an.zIdx[0];
-          u.an.zIdx++;
-        }else{
-          u.an.zIdx += sqlite3GetVarint32(u.an.zIdx, &u.an.t);
+    if( pC->iHdrOffset<aOffset[0] ){
+      /* Make sure zData points to enough of the record to cover the header. */
+      if( pC->aRow==0 ){
+        memset(&sMem, 0, sizeof(sMem));
+        rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCrsr, 0, aOffset[0], 
+                                     !pC->isTable, &sMem);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+          goto op_column_error;
         }
-        u.an.aType[u.an.i] = u.an.t;
-        u.an.szField = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u.an.t);
-        u.an.offset += u.an.szField;
-        if( u.an.offset<u.an.szField ){  /* True if u.an.offset overflows */
-          u.an.zIdx = &u.an.zEndHdr[1];  /* Forces SQLITE_CORRUPT return below */
+        zData = (u8*)sMem.z;
+      }else{
+        zData = pC->aRow;
+      }
+  
+      /* Fill in aType[i] and aOffset[i] values through the p2-th field. */
+      i = pC->nHdrParsed;
+      offset = aOffset[i];
+      zHdr = zData + pC->iHdrOffset;
+      zEndHdr = zData + aOffset[0];
+      assert( i<=p2 && zHdr<zEndHdr );
+      do{
+        if( zHdr[0]<0x80 ){
+          t = zHdr[0];
+          zHdr++;
+        }else{
+          zHdr += sqlite3GetVarint32(zHdr, &t);
+        }
+        aType[i] = t;
+        szField = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(t);
+        offset += szField;
+        if( offset<szField ){  /* True if offset overflows */
+          zHdr = &zEndHdr[1];  /* Forces SQLITE_CORRUPT return below */
           break;
         }
-      }else{
-        /* If u.an.i is less that u.an.nField, then there are less fields in this
-        ** record than SetNumColumns indicated there are columns in the
-        ** table. Set the u.an.offset for any extra columns not present in
-        ** the record to 0. This tells code below to store a NULL
-        ** instead of deserializing a value from the record.
-        */
-        u.an.aOffset[u.an.i] = 0;
+        i++;
+        aOffset[i] = offset;
+      }while( i<=p2 && zHdr<zEndHdr );
+      pC->nHdrParsed = i;
+      pC->iHdrOffset = (u32)(zHdr - zData);
+      if( pC->aRow==0 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&sMem);
+        sMem.flags = MEM_Null;
+      }
+  
+      /* If we have read more header data than was contained in the header,
+      ** or if the end of the last field appears to be past the end of the
+      ** record, or if the end of the last field appears to be before the end
+      ** of the record (when all fields present), then we must be dealing 
+      ** with a corrupt database.
+      */
+      if( (zHdr > zEndHdr)
+       || (offset > pC->payloadSize)
+       || (zHdr==zEndHdr && offset!=pC->payloadSize)
+      ){
+        rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+        goto op_column_error;
       }
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.an.sMem);
-    u.an.sMem.flags = MEM_Null;
 
-    /* If we have read more header data than was contained in the header,
-    ** or if the end of the last field appears to be past the end of the
-    ** record, or if the end of the last field appears to be before the end
-    ** of the record (when all fields present), then we must be dealing
-    ** with a corrupt database.
+    /* If after trying to extra new entries from the header, nHdrParsed is
+    ** still not up to p2, that means that the record has fewer than p2
+    ** columns.  So the result will be either the default value or a NULL.
     */
-    if( (u.an.zIdx > u.an.zEndHdr) || (u.an.offset > u.an.payloadSize)
-         || (u.an.zIdx==u.an.zEndHdr && u.an.offset!=u.an.payloadSize) ){
-      rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
+    if( pC->nHdrParsed<=p2 ){
+      if( pOp->p4type==P4_MEM ){
+        sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pDest, pOp->p4.pMem, MEM_Static);
+      }else{
+        MemSetTypeFlag(pDest, MEM_Null);
+      }
       goto op_column_out;
     }
   }
 
-  /* Get the column information. If u.an.aOffset[u.an.p2] is non-zero, then
-  ** deserialize the value from the record. If u.an.aOffset[u.an.p2] is zero,
-  ** then there are not enough fields in the record to satisfy the
-  ** request.  In this case, set the value NULL or to P4 if P4 is
-  ** a pointer to a Mem object.
+  /* Extract the content for the p2+1-th column.  Control can only
+  ** reach this point if aOffset[p2], aOffset[p2+1], and aType[p2] are
+  ** all valid.
   */
-  if( u.an.aOffset[u.an.p2] ){
-    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
-    if( u.an.zRec ){
-      VdbeMemRelease(u.an.pDest);
-      sqlite3VdbeSerialGet((u8 *)&u.an.zRec[u.an.aOffset[u.an.p2]], u.an.aType[u.an.p2], u.an.pDest);
-    }else{
-      u.an.len = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u.an.aType[u.an.p2]);
-      sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&u.an.sMem, u.an.pDest);
-      rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(u.an.pCrsr, u.an.aOffset[u.an.p2], u.an.len, u.an.pC->isIndex, &u.an.sMem);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        goto op_column_out;
-      }
-      u.an.zData = u.an.sMem.z;
-      sqlite3VdbeSerialGet((u8*)u.an.zData, u.an.aType[u.an.p2], u.an.pDest);
-    }
-    u.an.pDest->enc = encoding;
+  assert( p2<pC->nHdrParsed );
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
+  assert( sqlite3VdbeCheckMemInvariants(pDest) );
+  if( pC->szRow>=aOffset[p2+1] ){
+    /* This is the common case where the desired content fits on the original
+    ** page - where the content is not on an overflow page */
+    VdbeMemRelease(pDest);
+    sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(pC->aRow+aOffset[p2], aType[p2], pDest);
   }else{
-    if( pOp->p4type==P4_MEM ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(u.an.pDest, pOp->p4.pMem, MEM_Static);
+    /* This branch happens only when content is on overflow pages */
+    t = aType[p2];
+    if( ((pOp->p5 & (OPFLAG_LENGTHARG|OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG))!=0
+          && ((t>=12 && (t&1)==0) || (pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG)!=0))
+     || (len = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(t))==0
+    ){
+      /* Content is irrelevant for the typeof() function and for
+      ** the length(X) function if X is a blob.  So we might as well use
+      ** bogus content rather than reading content from disk.  NULL works
+      ** for text and blob and whatever is in the payloadSize64 variable
+      ** will work for everything else.  Content is also irrelevant if
+      ** the content length is 0. */
+      zData = t<=13 ? (u8*)&payloadSize64 : 0;
+      sMem.zMalloc = 0;
     }else{
-      MemSetTypeFlag(u.an.pDest, MEM_Null);
+      memset(&sMem, 0, sizeof(sMem));
+      sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&sMem, pDest);
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree(pCrsr, aOffset[p2], len, !pC->isTable,
+                                   &sMem);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto op_column_error;
+      }
+      zData = (u8*)sMem.z;
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeSerialGet(zData, t, pDest);
+    /* If we dynamically allocated space to hold the data (in the
+    ** sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree() call above) then transfer control of that
+    ** dynamically allocated space over to the pDest structure.
+    ** This prevents a memory copy. */
+    if( sMem.zMalloc ){
+      assert( sMem.z==sMem.zMalloc );
+      assert( VdbeMemDynamic(pDest)==0 );
+      assert( (pDest->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str))==0 || pDest->z==sMem.z );
+      pDest->flags &= ~(MEM_Ephem|MEM_Static);
+      pDest->flags |= MEM_Term;
+      pDest->z = sMem.z;
+      pDest->zMalloc = sMem.zMalloc;
     }
   }
-
-  /* If we dynamically allocated space to hold the data (in the
-  ** sqlite3VdbeMemFromBtree() call above) then transfer control of that
-  ** dynamically allocated space over to the u.an.pDest structure.
-  ** This prevents a memory copy.
-  */
-  if( u.an.sMem.zMalloc ){
-    assert( u.an.sMem.z==u.an.sMem.zMalloc );
-    assert( !(u.an.pDest->flags & MEM_Dyn) );
-    assert( !(u.an.pDest->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str)) || u.an.pDest->z==u.an.sMem.z );
-    u.an.pDest->flags &= ~(MEM_Ephem|MEM_Static);
-    u.an.pDest->flags |= MEM_Term;
-    u.an.pDest->z = u.an.sMem.z;
-    u.an.pDest->zMalloc = u.an.sMem.zMalloc;
-  }
-
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemMakeWriteable(u.an.pDest);
+  pDest->enc = encoding;
 
 op_column_out:
-  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.an.pDest);
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.an.pDest);
+  Deephemeralize(pDest);
+op_column_error:
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pDest);
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pDest);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Affinity P1 P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: affinity(r[P1@P2])
 **
 ** Apply affinities to a range of P2 registers starting with P1.
 **
@@ -67323,26 +70589,24 @@
 ** memory cell in the range.
 */
 case OP_Affinity: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ao */
   const char *zAffinity;   /* The affinity to be applied */
   char cAff;               /* A single character of affinity */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ao */
 
-  u.ao.zAffinity = pOp->p4.z;
-  assert( u.ao.zAffinity!=0 );
-  assert( u.ao.zAffinity[pOp->p2]==0 );
+  zAffinity = pOp->p4.z;
+  assert( zAffinity!=0 );
+  assert( zAffinity[pOp->p2]==0 );
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  while( (u.ao.cAff = *(u.ao.zAffinity++))!=0 ){
-    assert( pIn1 <= &p->aMem[p->nMem] );
+  while( (cAff = *(zAffinity++))!=0 ){
+    assert( pIn1 <= &p->aMem[(p->nMem-p->nCursor)] );
     assert( memIsValid(pIn1) );
-    ExpandBlob(pIn1);
-    applyAffinity(pIn1, u.ao.cAff, encoding);
+    applyAffinity(pIn1, cAff, encoding);
     pIn1++;
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: MakeRecord P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: r[P3]=mkrec(r[P1@P2])
 **
 ** Convert P2 registers beginning with P1 into the [record format]
 ** use as a data record in a database table or as a key
@@ -67358,7 +70622,6 @@
 ** If P4 is NULL then all index fields have the affinity NONE.
 */
 case OP_MakeRecord: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ap */
   u8 *zNewRecord;        /* A buffer to hold the data for the new record */
   Mem *pRec;             /* The new record */
   u64 nData;             /* Number of bytes of data space */
@@ -67372,102 +70635,120 @@
   int nField;            /* Number of fields in the record */
   char *zAffinity;       /* The affinity string for the record */
   int file_format;       /* File format to use for encoding */
-  int i;                 /* Space used in zNewRecord[] */
+  int i;                 /* Space used in zNewRecord[] header */
+  int j;                 /* Space used in zNewRecord[] content */
   int len;               /* Length of a field */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ap */
 
   /* Assuming the record contains N fields, the record format looks
   ** like this:
   **
   ** ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-  ** | hdr-size | type 0 | type 1 | ... | type N-1 | data0 | ... | data N-1 |
+  ** | hdr-size | type 0 | type 1 | ... | type N-1 | data0 | ... | data N-1 | 
   ** ------------------------------------------------------------------------
   **
   ** Data(0) is taken from register P1.  Data(1) comes from register P1+1
   ** and so froth.
   **
-  ** Each type field is a varint representing the serial type of the
+  ** Each type field is a varint representing the serial type of the 
   ** corresponding data element (see sqlite3VdbeSerialType()). The
   ** hdr-size field is also a varint which is the offset from the beginning
   ** of the record to data0.
   */
-  u.ap.nData = 0;         /* Number of bytes of data space */
-  u.ap.nHdr = 0;          /* Number of bytes of header space */
-  u.ap.nZero = 0;         /* Number of zero bytes at the end of the record */
-  u.ap.nField = pOp->p1;
-  u.ap.zAffinity = pOp->p4.z;
-  assert( u.ap.nField>0 && pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+u.ap.nField<=p->nMem+1 );
-  u.ap.pData0 = &aMem[u.ap.nField];
-  u.ap.nField = pOp->p2;
-  u.ap.pLast = &u.ap.pData0[u.ap.nField-1];
-  u.ap.file_format = p->minWriteFileFormat;
+  nData = 0;         /* Number of bytes of data space */
+  nHdr = 0;          /* Number of bytes of header space */
+  nZero = 0;         /* Number of zero bytes at the end of the record */
+  nField = pOp->p1;
+  zAffinity = pOp->p4.z;
+  assert( nField>0 && pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+nField<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
+  pData0 = &aMem[nField];
+  nField = pOp->p2;
+  pLast = &pData0[nField-1];
+  file_format = p->minWriteFileFormat;
 
   /* Identify the output register */
   assert( pOp->p3<pOp->p1 || pOp->p3>=pOp->p1+pOp->p2 );
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
 
+  /* Apply the requested affinity to all inputs
+  */
+  assert( pData0<=pLast );
+  if( zAffinity ){
+    pRec = pData0;
+    do{
+      applyAffinity(pRec++, *(zAffinity++), encoding);
+      assert( zAffinity[0]==0 || pRec<=pLast );
+    }while( zAffinity[0] );
+  }
+
   /* Loop through the elements that will make up the record to figure
   ** out how much space is required for the new record.
   */
-  for(u.ap.pRec=u.ap.pData0; u.ap.pRec<=u.ap.pLast; u.ap.pRec++){
-    assert( memIsValid(u.ap.pRec) );
-    if( u.ap.zAffinity ){
-      applyAffinity(u.ap.pRec, u.ap.zAffinity[u.ap.pRec-u.ap.pData0], encoding);
+  pRec = pLast;
+  do{
+    assert( memIsValid(pRec) );
+    serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(pRec, file_format);
+    len = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(serial_type);
+    if( pRec->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+      if( nData ){
+        sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(pRec);
+      }else{
+        nZero += pRec->u.nZero;
+        len -= pRec->u.nZero;
+      }
     }
-    if( u.ap.pRec->flags&MEM_Zero && u.ap.pRec->n>0 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeMemExpandBlob(u.ap.pRec);
-    }
-    u.ap.serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(u.ap.pRec, u.ap.file_format);
-    u.ap.len = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(u.ap.serial_type);
-    u.ap.nData += u.ap.len;
-    u.ap.nHdr += sqlite3VarintLen(u.ap.serial_type);
-    if( u.ap.pRec->flags & MEM_Zero ){
-      /* Only pure zero-filled BLOBs can be input to this Opcode.
-      ** We do not allow blobs with a prefix and a zero-filled tail. */
-      u.ap.nZero += u.ap.pRec->u.nZero;
-    }else if( u.ap.len ){
-      u.ap.nZero = 0;
-    }
-  }
+    nData += len;
+    testcase( serial_type==127 );
+    testcase( serial_type==128 );
+    nHdr += serial_type<=127 ? 1 : sqlite3VarintLen(serial_type);
+  }while( (--pRec)>=pData0 );
 
   /* Add the initial header varint and total the size */
-  u.ap.nHdr += u.ap.nVarint = sqlite3VarintLen(u.ap.nHdr);
-  if( u.ap.nVarint<sqlite3VarintLen(u.ap.nHdr) ){
-    u.ap.nHdr++;
+  testcase( nHdr==126 );
+  testcase( nHdr==127 );
+  if( nHdr<=126 ){
+    /* The common case */
+    nHdr += 1;
+  }else{
+    /* Rare case of a really large header */
+    nVarint = sqlite3VarintLen(nHdr);
+    nHdr += nVarint;
+    if( nVarint<sqlite3VarintLen(nHdr) ) nHdr++;
   }
-  u.ap.nByte = u.ap.nHdr+u.ap.nData-u.ap.nZero;
-  if( u.ap.nByte>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+  nByte = nHdr+nData;
+  if( nByte>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
     goto too_big;
   }
 
-  /* Make sure the output register has a buffer large enough to store
+  /* Make sure the output register has a buffer large enough to store 
   ** the new record. The output register (pOp->p3) is not allowed to
   ** be one of the input registers (because the following call to
   ** sqlite3VdbeMemGrow() could clobber the value before it is used).
   */
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, (int)u.ap.nByte, 0) ){
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, (int)nByte, 0) ){
     goto no_mem;
   }
-  u.ap.zNewRecord = (u8 *)pOut->z;
+  zNewRecord = (u8 *)pOut->z;
 
   /* Write the record */
-  u.ap.i = putVarint32(u.ap.zNewRecord, u.ap.nHdr);
-  for(u.ap.pRec=u.ap.pData0; u.ap.pRec<=u.ap.pLast; u.ap.pRec++){
-    u.ap.serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(u.ap.pRec, u.ap.file_format);
-    u.ap.i += putVarint32(&u.ap.zNewRecord[u.ap.i], u.ap.serial_type);      /* serial type */
-  }
-  for(u.ap.pRec=u.ap.pData0; u.ap.pRec<=u.ap.pLast; u.ap.pRec++){  /* serial data */
-    u.ap.i += sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(&u.ap.zNewRecord[u.ap.i], (int)(u.ap.nByte-u.ap.i), u.ap.pRec,u.ap.file_format);
-  }
-  assert( u.ap.i==u.ap.nByte );
+  i = putVarint32(zNewRecord, nHdr);
+  j = nHdr;
+  assert( pData0<=pLast );
+  pRec = pData0;
+  do{
+    serial_type = sqlite3VdbeSerialType(pRec, file_format);
+    i += putVarint32(&zNewRecord[i], serial_type);            /* serial type */
+    j += sqlite3VdbeSerialPut(&zNewRecord[j], pRec, serial_type); /* content */
+  }while( (++pRec)<=pLast );
+  assert( i==nHdr );
+  assert( j==nByte );
 
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  pOut->n = (int)u.ap.nByte;
-  pOut->flags = MEM_Blob | MEM_Dyn;
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pOut->n = (int)nByte;
+  pOut->flags = MEM_Blob;
   pOut->xDel = 0;
-  if( u.ap.nZero ){
-    pOut->u.nZero = u.ap.nZero;
+  if( nZero ){
+    pOut->u.nZero = nZero;
     pOut->flags |= MEM_Zero;
   }
   pOut->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;  /* In case the blob is ever converted to text */
@@ -67477,24 +70758,21 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Count P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=count()
 **
 ** Store the number of entries (an integer value) in the table or index 
 ** opened by cursor P1 in register P2
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
 case OP_Count: {         /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.aq */
   i64 nEntry;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.aq */
 
-  u.aq.pCrsr = p->apCsr[pOp->p1]->pCursor;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.aq.pCrsr) ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeCount(u.aq.pCrsr, &u.aq.nEntry);
-  }else{
-    u.aq.nEntry = 0;
-  }
-  pOut->u.i = u.aq.nEntry;
+  pCrsr = p->apCsr[pOp->p1]->pCursor;
+  assert( pCrsr );
+  nEntry = 0;  /* Not needed.  Only used to silence a warning. */
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeCount(pCrsr, &nEntry);
+  pOut->u.i = nEntry;
   break;
 }
 #endif
@@ -67506,7 +70784,6 @@
 ** existing savepoint, P1==1, or to rollback an existing savepoint P1==2.
 */
 case OP_Savepoint: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ar */
   int p1;                         /* Value of P1 operand */
   char *zName;                    /* Name of savepoint */
   int nName;
@@ -67515,29 +70792,29 @@
   Savepoint *pTmp;
   int iSavepoint;
   int ii;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ar */
 
-  u.ar.p1 = pOp->p1;
-  u.ar.zName = pOp->p4.z;
+  p1 = pOp->p1;
+  zName = pOp->p4.z;
 
-  /* Assert that the u.ar.p1 parameter is valid. Also that if there is no open
-  ** transaction, then there cannot be any savepoints.
+  /* Assert that the p1 parameter is valid. Also that if there is no open
+  ** transaction, then there cannot be any savepoints. 
   */
   assert( db->pSavepoint==0 || db->autoCommit==0 );
-  assert( u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_BEGIN||u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE||u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK );
+  assert( p1==SAVEPOINT_BEGIN||p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE||p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK );
   assert( db->pSavepoint || db->isTransactionSavepoint==0 );
   assert( checkSavepointCount(db) );
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
 
-  if( u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_BEGIN ){
-    if( db->writeVdbeCnt>0 ){
-      /* A new savepoint cannot be created if there are active write
+  if( p1==SAVEPOINT_BEGIN ){
+    if( db->nVdbeWrite>0 ){
+      /* A new savepoint cannot be created if there are active write 
       ** statements (i.e. open read/write incremental blob handles).
       */
       sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "cannot open savepoint - "
         "SQL statements in progress");
       rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
     }else{
-      u.ar.nName = sqlite3Strlen30(u.ar.zName);
+      nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
       /* This call is Ok even if this savepoint is actually a transaction
@@ -67551,11 +70828,11 @@
 #endif
 
       /* Create a new savepoint structure. */
-      u.ar.pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Savepoint)+u.ar.nName+1);
-      if( u.ar.pNew ){
-        u.ar.pNew->zName = (char *)&u.ar.pNew[1];
-        memcpy(u.ar.pNew->zName, u.ar.zName, u.ar.nName+1);
-
+      pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Savepoint)+nName+1);
+      if( pNew ){
+        pNew->zName = (char *)&pNew[1];
+        memcpy(pNew->zName, zName, nName+1);
+    
         /* If there is no open transaction, then mark this as a special
         ** "transaction savepoint". */
         if( db->autoCommit ){
@@ -67564,44 +70841,45 @@
         }else{
           db->nSavepoint++;
         }
-
+    
         /* Link the new savepoint into the database handle's list. */
-        u.ar.pNew->pNext = db->pSavepoint;
-        db->pSavepoint = u.ar.pNew;
-        u.ar.pNew->nDeferredCons = db->nDeferredCons;
+        pNew->pNext = db->pSavepoint;
+        db->pSavepoint = pNew;
+        pNew->nDeferredCons = db->nDeferredCons;
+        pNew->nDeferredImmCons = db->nDeferredImmCons;
       }
     }
   }else{
-    u.ar.iSavepoint = 0;
+    iSavepoint = 0;
 
     /* Find the named savepoint. If there is no such savepoint, then an
     ** an error is returned to the user.  */
     for(
-      u.ar.pSavepoint = db->pSavepoint;
-      u.ar.pSavepoint && sqlite3StrICmp(u.ar.pSavepoint->zName, u.ar.zName);
-      u.ar.pSavepoint = u.ar.pSavepoint->pNext
+      pSavepoint = db->pSavepoint; 
+      pSavepoint && sqlite3StrICmp(pSavepoint->zName, zName);
+      pSavepoint = pSavepoint->pNext
     ){
-      u.ar.iSavepoint++;
+      iSavepoint++;
     }
-    if( !u.ar.pSavepoint ){
-      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "no such savepoint: %s", u.ar.zName);
+    if( !pSavepoint ){
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "no such savepoint: %s", zName);
       rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-    }else if( db->writeVdbeCnt>0 && u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
-      /* It is not possible to release (commit) a savepoint if there are
+    }else if( db->nVdbeWrite>0 && p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
+      /* It is not possible to release (commit) a savepoint if there are 
       ** active write statements.
       */
-      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db,
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, 
         "cannot release savepoint - SQL statements in progress"
       );
       rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
     }else{
 
       /* Determine whether or not this is a transaction savepoint. If so,
-      ** and this is a RELEASE command, then the current transaction
-      ** is committed.
+      ** and this is a RELEASE command, then the current transaction 
+      ** is committed. 
       */
-      int isTransaction = u.ar.pSavepoint->pNext==0 && db->isTransactionSavepoint;
-      if( isTransaction && u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
+      int isTransaction = pSavepoint->pNext==0 && db->isTransactionSavepoint;
+      if( isTransaction && p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
         if( (rc = sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 1))!=SQLITE_OK ){
           goto vdbe_return;
         }
@@ -67615,49 +70893,52 @@
         db->isTransactionSavepoint = 0;
         rc = p->rc;
       }else{
-        u.ar.iSavepoint = db->nSavepoint - u.ar.iSavepoint - 1;
-        for(u.ar.ii=0; u.ar.ii<db->nDb; u.ar.ii++){
-          sqlite3BtreeTripAllCursors(db->aDb[u.ar.ii].pBt, SQLITE_ABORT);
+        iSavepoint = db->nSavepoint - iSavepoint - 1;
+        if( p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK ){
+          for(ii=0; ii<db->nDb; ii++){
+            sqlite3BtreeTripAllCursors(db->aDb[ii].pBt, SQLITE_ABORT);
+          }
         }
-        for(u.ar.ii=0; u.ar.ii<db->nDb; u.ar.ii++){
-          rc = sqlite3BtreeSavepoint(db->aDb[u.ar.ii].pBt, u.ar.p1, u.ar.iSavepoint);
+        for(ii=0; ii<db->nDb; ii++){
+          rc = sqlite3BtreeSavepoint(db->aDb[ii].pBt, p1, iSavepoint);
           if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
             goto abort_due_to_error;
           }
         }
-        if( u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK && (db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges)!=0 ){
+        if( p1==SAVEPOINT_ROLLBACK && (db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges)!=0 ){
           sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
-          sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+          sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
           db->flags = (db->flags | SQLITE_InternChanges);
         }
       }
-
-      /* Regardless of whether this is a RELEASE or ROLLBACK, destroy all
+  
+      /* Regardless of whether this is a RELEASE or ROLLBACK, destroy all 
       ** savepoints nested inside of the savepoint being operated on. */
-      while( db->pSavepoint!=u.ar.pSavepoint ){
-        u.ar.pTmp = db->pSavepoint;
-        db->pSavepoint = u.ar.pTmp->pNext;
-        sqlite3DbFree(db, u.ar.pTmp);
+      while( db->pSavepoint!=pSavepoint ){
+        pTmp = db->pSavepoint;
+        db->pSavepoint = pTmp->pNext;
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pTmp);
         db->nSavepoint--;
       }
 
-      /* If it is a RELEASE, then destroy the savepoint being operated on
-      ** too. If it is a ROLLBACK TO, then set the number of deferred
+      /* If it is a RELEASE, then destroy the savepoint being operated on 
+      ** too. If it is a ROLLBACK TO, then set the number of deferred 
       ** constraint violations present in the database to the value stored
       ** when the savepoint was created.  */
-      if( u.ar.p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
-        assert( u.ar.pSavepoint==db->pSavepoint );
-        db->pSavepoint = u.ar.pSavepoint->pNext;
-        sqlite3DbFree(db, u.ar.pSavepoint);
+      if( p1==SAVEPOINT_RELEASE ){
+        assert( pSavepoint==db->pSavepoint );
+        db->pSavepoint = pSavepoint->pNext;
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pSavepoint);
         if( !isTransaction ){
           db->nSavepoint--;
         }
       }else{
-        db->nDeferredCons = u.ar.pSavepoint->nDeferredCons;
+        db->nDeferredCons = pSavepoint->nDeferredCons;
+        db->nDeferredImmCons = pSavepoint->nDeferredImmCons;
       }
 
       if( !isTransaction ){
-        rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, u.ar.p1, u.ar.iSavepoint);
+        rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, p1, iSavepoint);
         if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
       }
     }
@@ -67676,49 +70957,48 @@
 ** This instruction causes the VM to halt.
 */
 case OP_AutoCommit: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.as */
   int desiredAutoCommit;
   int iRollback;
   int turnOnAC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.as */
 
-  u.as.desiredAutoCommit = pOp->p1;
-  u.as.iRollback = pOp->p2;
-  u.as.turnOnAC = u.as.desiredAutoCommit && !db->autoCommit;
-  assert( u.as.desiredAutoCommit==1 || u.as.desiredAutoCommit==0 );
-  assert( u.as.desiredAutoCommit==1 || u.as.iRollback==0 );
-  assert( db->activeVdbeCnt>0 );  /* At least this one VM is active */
+  desiredAutoCommit = pOp->p1;
+  iRollback = pOp->p2;
+  turnOnAC = desiredAutoCommit && !db->autoCommit;
+  assert( desiredAutoCommit==1 || desiredAutoCommit==0 );
+  assert( desiredAutoCommit==1 || iRollback==0 );
+  assert( db->nVdbeActive>0 );  /* At least this one VM is active */
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
 
 #if 0
-  if( u.as.turnOnAC && u.as.iRollback && db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+  if( turnOnAC && iRollback && db->nVdbeActive>1 ){
     /* If this instruction implements a ROLLBACK and other VMs are
     ** still running, and a transaction is active, return an error indicating
-    ** that the other VMs must complete first.
+    ** that the other VMs must complete first. 
     */
     sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "cannot rollback transaction - "
         "SQL statements in progress");
     rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
   }else
 #endif
-  if( u.as.turnOnAC && !u.as.iRollback && db->writeVdbeCnt>0 ){
+  if( turnOnAC && !iRollback && db->nVdbeWrite>0 ){
     /* If this instruction implements a COMMIT and other VMs are writing
-    ** return an error indicating that the other VMs must complete first.
+    ** return an error indicating that the other VMs must complete first. 
     */
     sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "cannot commit transaction - "
         "SQL statements in progress");
     rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
-  }else if( u.as.desiredAutoCommit!=db->autoCommit ){
-    if( u.as.iRollback ){
-      assert( u.as.desiredAutoCommit==1 );
+  }else if( desiredAutoCommit!=db->autoCommit ){
+    if( iRollback ){
+      assert( desiredAutoCommit==1 );
       sqlite3RollbackAll(db, SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK);
       db->autoCommit = 1;
     }else if( (rc = sqlite3VdbeCheckFk(p, 1))!=SQLITE_OK ){
       goto vdbe_return;
     }else{
-      db->autoCommit = (u8)u.as.desiredAutoCommit;
+      db->autoCommit = (u8)desiredAutoCommit;
       if( sqlite3VdbeHalt(p)==SQLITE_BUSY ){
         p->pc = pc;
-        db->autoCommit = (u8)(1-u.as.desiredAutoCommit);
+        db->autoCommit = (u8)(1-desiredAutoCommit);
         p->rc = rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
         goto vdbe_return;
       }
@@ -67733,34 +71013,28 @@
     goto vdbe_return;
   }else{
     sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db,
-        (!u.as.desiredAutoCommit)?"cannot start a transaction within a transaction":(
-        (u.as.iRollback)?"cannot rollback - no transaction is active":
+        (!desiredAutoCommit)?"cannot start a transaction within a transaction":(
+        (iRollback)?"cannot rollback - no transaction is active":
                    "cannot commit - no transaction is active"));
-
+         
     rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: Transaction P1 P2 * * *
+/* Opcode: Transaction P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
 **
-** Begin a transaction.  The transaction ends when a Commit or Rollback
-** opcode is encountered.  Depending on the ON CONFLICT setting, the
-** transaction might also be rolled back if an error is encountered.
+** Begin a transaction on database P1 if a transaction is not already
+** active.
+** If P2 is non-zero, then a write-transaction is started, or if a 
+** read-transaction is already active, it is upgraded to a write-transaction.
+** If P2 is zero, then a read-transaction is started.
 **
 ** P1 is the index of the database file on which the transaction is
 ** started.  Index 0 is the main database file and index 1 is the
 ** file used for temporary tables.  Indices of 2 or more are used for
 ** attached databases.
 **
-** If P2 is non-zero, then a write-transaction is started.  A RESERVED lock is
-** obtained on the database file when a write-transaction is started.  No
-** other process can start another write transaction while this transaction is
-** underway.  Starting a write transaction also creates a rollback journal. A
-** write transaction must be started before any changes can be made to the
-** database.  If P2 is 2 or greater then an EXCLUSIVE lock is also obtained
-** on the file.
-**
 ** If a write-transaction is started and the Vdbe.usesStmtJournal flag is
 ** true (this flag is set if the Vdbe may modify more than one row and may
 ** throw an ABORT exception), a statement transaction may also be opened.
@@ -67771,19 +71045,34 @@
 ** entire transaction. If no error is encountered, the statement transaction
 ** will automatically commit when the VDBE halts.
 **
-** If P2 is zero, then a read-lock is obtained on the database file.
+** If P5!=0 then this opcode also checks the schema cookie against P3
+** and the schema generation counter against P4.
+** The cookie changes its value whenever the database schema changes.
+** This operation is used to detect when that the cookie has changed
+** and that the current process needs to reread the schema.  If the schema
+** cookie in P3 differs from the schema cookie in the database header or
+** if the schema generation counter in P4 differs from the current
+** generation counter, then an SQLITE_SCHEMA error is raised and execution
+** halts.  The sqlite3_step() wrapper function might then reprepare the
+** statement and rerun it from the beginning.
 */
 case OP_Transaction: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.at */
   Btree *pBt;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.at */
+  int iMeta;
+  int iGen;
 
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 || pOp->p2==0 );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
-  u.at.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p1) );
+  if( pOp->p2 && (db->flags & SQLITE_QueryOnly)!=0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_READONLY;
+    goto abort_due_to_error;
+  }
+  pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
 
-  if( u.at.pBt ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(u.at.pBt, pOp->p2);
+  if( pBt ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(pBt, pOp->p2);
     if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
       p->pc = pc;
       p->rc = rc = SQLITE_BUSY;
@@ -67793,26 +71082,56 @@
       goto abort_due_to_error;
     }
 
-    if( pOp->p2 && p->usesStmtJournal
-     && (db->autoCommit==0 || db->activeVdbeCnt>1)
+    if( pOp->p2 && p->usesStmtJournal 
+     && (db->autoCommit==0 || db->nVdbeRead>1) 
     ){
-      assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(u.at.pBt) );
+      assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pBt) );
       if( p->iStatement==0 ){
         assert( db->nStatement>=0 && db->nSavepoint>=0 );
-        db->nStatement++;
+        db->nStatement++; 
         p->iStatement = db->nSavepoint + db->nStatement;
       }
 
       rc = sqlite3VtabSavepoint(db, SAVEPOINT_BEGIN, p->iStatement-1);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginStmt(u.at.pBt, p->iStatement);
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginStmt(pBt, p->iStatement);
       }
 
       /* Store the current value of the database handles deferred constraint
       ** counter. If the statement transaction needs to be rolled back,
       ** the value of this counter needs to be restored too.  */
       p->nStmtDefCons = db->nDeferredCons;
+      p->nStmtDefImmCons = db->nDeferredImmCons;
     }
+
+    /* Gather the schema version number for checking */
+    sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(pBt, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, (u32 *)&iMeta);
+    iGen = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pSchema->iGeneration;
+  }else{
+    iGen = iMeta = 0;
+  }
+  assert( pOp->p5==0 || pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
+  if( pOp->p5 && (iMeta!=pOp->p3 || iGen!=pOp->p4.i) ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
+    p->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, "database schema has changed");
+    /* If the schema-cookie from the database file matches the cookie 
+    ** stored with the in-memory representation of the schema, do
+    ** not reload the schema from the database file.
+    **
+    ** If virtual-tables are in use, this is not just an optimization.
+    ** Often, v-tables store their data in other SQLite tables, which
+    ** are queried from within xNext() and other v-table methods using
+    ** prepared queries. If such a query is out-of-date, we do not want to
+    ** discard the database schema, as the user code implementing the
+    ** v-table would have to be ready for the sqlite3_vtab structure itself
+    ** to be invalidated whenever sqlite3_step() is called from within 
+    ** a v-table method.
+    */
+    if( db->aDb[pOp->p1].pSchema->schema_cookie!=iMeta ){
+      sqlite3ResetOneSchema(db, pOp->p1);
+    }
+    p->expired = 1;
+    rc = SQLITE_SCHEMA;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -67830,21 +71149,20 @@
 ** executing this instruction.
 */
 case OP_ReadCookie: {               /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.au */
   int iMeta;
   int iDb;
   int iCookie;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.au */
 
-  u.au.iDb = pOp->p1;
-  u.au.iCookie = pOp->p3;
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
+  iDb = pOp->p1;
+  iCookie = pOp->p3;
   assert( pOp->p3<SQLITE_N_BTREE_META );
-  assert( u.au.iDb>=0 && u.au.iDb<db->nDb );
-  assert( db->aDb[u.au.iDb].pBt!=0 );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<u.au.iDb))!=0 );
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( db->aDb[iDb].pBt!=0 );
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, iDb) );
 
-  sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(db->aDb[u.au.iDb].pBt, u.au.iCookie, (u32 *)&u.au.iMeta);
-  pOut->u.i = u.au.iMeta;
+  sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(db->aDb[iDb].pBt, iCookie, (u32 *)&iMeta);
+  pOut->u.i = iMeta;
   break;
 }
 
@@ -67859,26 +71177,25 @@
 ** A transaction must be started before executing this opcode.
 */
 case OP_SetCookie: {       /* in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.av */
   Db *pDb;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.av */
   assert( pOp->p2<SQLITE_N_BTREE_META );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
-  u.av.pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.av.pDb->pBt!=0 );
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p1) );
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pDb->pBt!=0 );
   assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, pOp->p1, 0) );
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn3);
   /* See note about index shifting on OP_ReadCookie */
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(u.av.pDb->pBt, pOp->p2, (int)pIn3->u.i);
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeUpdateMeta(pDb->pBt, pOp->p2, (int)pIn3->u.i);
   if( pOp->p2==BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION ){
     /* When the schema cookie changes, record the new cookie internally */
-    u.av.pDb->pSchema->schema_cookie = (int)pIn3->u.i;
+    pDb->pSchema->schema_cookie = (int)pIn3->u.i;
     db->flags |= SQLITE_InternChanges;
   }else if( pOp->p2==BTREE_FILE_FORMAT ){
     /* Record changes in the file format */
-    u.av.pDb->pSchema->file_format = (u8)pIn3->u.i;
+    pDb->pSchema->file_format = (u8)pIn3->u.i;
   }
   if( pOp->p1==1 ){
     /* Invalidate all prepared statements whenever the TEMP database
@@ -67889,68 +71206,8 @@
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: VerifyCookie P1 P2 P3 * *
-**
-** Check the value of global database parameter number 0 (the
-** schema version) and make sure it is equal to P2 and that the
-** generation counter on the local schema parse equals P3.
-**
-** P1 is the database number which is 0 for the main database file
-** and 1 for the file holding temporary tables and some higher number
-** for auxiliary databases.
-**
-** The cookie changes its value whenever the database schema changes.
-** This operation is used to detect when that the cookie has changed
-** and that the current process needs to reread the schema.
-**
-** Either a transaction needs to have been started or an OP_Open needs
-** to be executed (to establish a read lock) before this opcode is
-** invoked.
-*/
-case OP_VerifyCookie: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.aw */
-  int iMeta;
-  int iGen;
-  Btree *pBt;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.aw */
-
-  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
-  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, pOp->p1, 0) );
-  u.aw.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
-  if( u.aw.pBt ){
-    sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(u.aw.pBt, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, (u32 *)&u.aw.iMeta);
-    u.aw.iGen = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pSchema->iGeneration;
-  }else{
-    u.aw.iGen = u.aw.iMeta = 0;
-  }
-  if( u.aw.iMeta!=pOp->p2 || u.aw.iGen!=pOp->p3 ){
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zErrMsg);
-    p->zErrMsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, "database schema has changed");
-    /* If the schema-cookie from the database file matches the cookie
-    ** stored with the in-memory representation of the schema, do
-    ** not reload the schema from the database file.
-    **
-    ** If virtual-tables are in use, this is not just an optimization.
-    ** Often, v-tables store their data in other SQLite tables, which
-    ** are queried from within xNext() and other v-table methods using
-    ** prepared queries. If such a query is out-of-date, we do not want to
-    ** discard the database schema, as the user code implementing the
-    ** v-table would have to be ready for the sqlite3_vtab structure itself
-    ** to be invalidated whenever sqlite3_step() is called from within
-    ** a v-table method.
-    */
-    if( db->aDb[pOp->p1].pSchema->schema_cookie!=u.aw.iMeta ){
-      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, pOp->p1);
-    }
-
-    p->expired = 1;
-    rc = SQLITE_SCHEMA;
-  }
-  break;
-}
-
 /* Opcode: OpenRead P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3
 **
 ** Open a read-only cursor for the database table whose root page is
 ** P2 in a database file.  The database file is determined by P3. 
@@ -67978,9 +71235,24 @@
 ** sequence of the index being opened. Otherwise, if P4 is an integer 
 ** value, it is set to the number of columns in the table.
 **
-** See also OpenWrite.
+** See also: OpenWrite, ReopenIdx
+*/
+/* Opcode: ReopenIdx P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3
+**
+** The ReopenIdx opcode works exactly like ReadOpen except that it first
+** checks to see if the cursor on P1 is already open with a root page
+** number of P2 and if it is this opcode becomes a no-op.  In other words,
+** if the cursor is already open, do not reopen it.
+**
+** The ReopenIdx opcode may only be used with P5==0 and with P4 being
+** a P4_KEYINFO object.  Furthermore, the P3 value must be the same as
+** every other ReopenIdx or OpenRead for the same cursor number.
+**
+** See the OpenRead opcode documentation for additional information.
 */
 /* Opcode: OpenWrite P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: root=P2 iDb=P3
 **
 ** Open a read/write cursor named P1 on the table or index whose root
 ** page is P2.  Or if P5!=0 use the content of register P2 to find the
@@ -67999,9 +71271,21 @@
 **
 ** See also OpenRead.
 */
+case OP_ReopenIdx: {
+  VdbeCursor *pCur;
+
+  assert( pOp->p5==0 );
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_KEYINFO );
+  pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  if( pCur && pCur->pgnoRoot==(u32)pOp->p2 ){
+    assert( pCur->iDb==pOp->p3 );      /* Guaranteed by the code generator */
+    break;
+  }
+  /* If the cursor is not currently open or is open on a different
+  ** index, then fall through into OP_OpenRead to force a reopen */
+}
 case OP_OpenRead:
 case OP_OpenWrite: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ax */
   int nField;
   KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
   int p2;
@@ -68010,77 +71294,88 @@
   Btree *pX;
   VdbeCursor *pCur;
   Db *pDb;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ax */
+
+  assert( (pOp->p5&(OPFLAG_P2ISREG|OPFLAG_BULKCSR))==pOp->p5 );
+  assert( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenWrite || pOp->p5==0 );
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
+  assert( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenRead || pOp->opcode==OP_ReopenIdx
+          || p->readOnly==0 );
 
   if( p->expired ){
     rc = SQLITE_ABORT;
     break;
   }
 
-  u.ax.nField = 0;
-  u.ax.pKeyInfo = 0;
-  u.ax.p2 = pOp->p2;
-  u.ax.iDb = pOp->p3;
-  assert( u.ax.iDb>=0 && u.ax.iDb<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<u.ax.iDb))!=0 );
-  u.ax.pDb = &db->aDb[u.ax.iDb];
-  u.ax.pX = u.ax.pDb->pBt;
-  assert( u.ax.pX!=0 );
+  nField = 0;
+  pKeyInfo = 0;
+  p2 = pOp->p2;
+  iDb = pOp->p3;
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, iDb) );
+  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+  pX = pDb->pBt;
+  assert( pX!=0 );
   if( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenWrite ){
-    u.ax.wrFlag = 1;
-    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, u.ax.iDb, 0) );
-    if( u.ax.pDb->pSchema->file_format < p->minWriteFileFormat ){
-      p->minWriteFileFormat = u.ax.pDb->pSchema->file_format;
+    wrFlag = 1;
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    if( pDb->pSchema->file_format < p->minWriteFileFormat ){
+      p->minWriteFileFormat = pDb->pSchema->file_format;
     }
   }else{
-    u.ax.wrFlag = 0;
+    wrFlag = 0;
   }
-  if( pOp->p5 ){
-    assert( u.ax.p2>0 );
-    assert( u.ax.p2<=p->nMem );
-    pIn2 = &aMem[u.ax.p2];
+  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_P2ISREG ){
+    assert( p2>0 );
+    assert( p2<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+    pIn2 = &aMem[p2];
     assert( memIsValid(pIn2) );
     assert( (pIn2->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );
     sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn2);
-    u.ax.p2 = (int)pIn2->u.i;
-    /* The u.ax.p2 value always comes from a prior OP_CreateTable opcode and
-    ** that opcode will always set the u.ax.p2 value to 2 or more or else fail.
+    p2 = (int)pIn2->u.i;
+    /* The p2 value always comes from a prior OP_CreateTable opcode and
+    ** that opcode will always set the p2 value to 2 or more or else fail.
     ** If there were a failure, the prepared statement would have halted
     ** before reaching this instruction. */
-    if( NEVER(u.ax.p2<2) ) {
+    if( NEVER(p2<2) ) {
       rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_BKPT;
       goto abort_due_to_error;
     }
   }
   if( pOp->p4type==P4_KEYINFO ){
-    u.ax.pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
-    u.ax.pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(p->db);
-    u.ax.nField = u.ax.pKeyInfo->nField+1;
+    pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+    assert( pKeyInfo->enc==ENC(db) );
+    assert( pKeyInfo->db==db );
+    nField = pKeyInfo->nField+pKeyInfo->nXField;
   }else if( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 ){
-    u.ax.nField = pOp->p4.i;
+    nField = pOp->p4.i;
   }
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 );
-  u.ax.pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, u.ax.nField, u.ax.iDb, 1);
-  if( u.ax.pCur==0 ) goto no_mem;
-  u.ax.pCur->nullRow = 1;
-  u.ax.pCur->isOrdered = 1;
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(u.ax.pX, u.ax.p2, u.ax.wrFlag, u.ax.pKeyInfo, u.ax.pCur->pCursor);
-  u.ax.pCur->pKeyInfo = u.ax.pKeyInfo;
+  assert( nField>=0 );
+  testcase( nField==0 );  /* Table with INTEGER PRIMARY KEY and nothing else */
+  pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, nField, iDb, 1);
+  if( pCur==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  pCur->nullRow = 1;
+  pCur->isOrdered = 1;
+  pCur->pgnoRoot = p2;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(pX, p2, wrFlag, pKeyInfo, pCur->pCursor);
+  pCur->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
+  assert( OPFLAG_BULKCSR==BTREE_BULKLOAD );
+  sqlite3BtreeCursorHints(pCur->pCursor, (pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_BULKCSR));
 
   /* Since it performs no memory allocation or IO, the only value that
   ** sqlite3BtreeCursor() may return is SQLITE_OK. */
   assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
 
-  /* Set the VdbeCursor.isTable and isIndex variables. Previous versions of
+  /* Set the VdbeCursor.isTable variable. Previous versions of
   ** SQLite used to check if the root-page flags were sane at this point
   ** and report database corruption if they were not, but this check has
-  ** since moved into the btree layer.  */
-  u.ax.pCur->isTable = pOp->p4type!=P4_KEYINFO;
-  u.ax.pCur->isIndex = !u.ax.pCur->isTable;
+  ** since moved into the btree layer.  */  
+  pCur->isTable = pOp->p4type!=P4_KEYINFO;
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: OpenEphemeral P1 P2 * P4 P5
+** Synopsis: nColumn=P2
 **
 ** Open a new cursor P1 to a transient table.
 ** The cursor is always opened read/write even if 
@@ -68092,18 +71387,13 @@
 ** if P4 is not 0.  If P4 is not NULL, it points to a KeyInfo structure
 ** that defines the format of keys in the index.
 **
-** This opcode was once called OpenTemp.  But that created
-** confusion because the term "temp table", might refer either
-** to a TEMP table at the SQL level, or to a table opened by
-** this opcode.  Then this opcode was call OpenVirtual.  But
-** that created confusion with the whole virtual-table idea.
-**
 ** The P5 parameter can be a mask of the BTREE_* flags defined
 ** in btree.h.  These flags control aspects of the operation of
 ** the btree.  The BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL and BTREE_SINGLE flags are
 ** added automatically.
 */
 /* Opcode: OpenAutoindex P1 P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: nColumn=P2
 **
 ** This opcode works the same as OP_OpenEphemeral.  It has a
 ** different name to distinguish its use.  Tables created using
@@ -68112,24 +71402,25 @@
 */
 case OP_OpenAutoindex: 
 case OP_OpenEphemeral: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ay */
   VdbeCursor *pCx;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ay */
-  static const int vfsFlags =
+  KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
+
+  static const int vfsFlags = 
       SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE |
       SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE |
       SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE |
       SQLITE_OPEN_DELETEONCLOSE |
       SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB;
-
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 );
-  u.ay.pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, -1, 1);
-  if( u.ay.pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
-  u.ay.pCx->nullRow = 1;
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(db->pVfs, 0, db, &u.ay.pCx->pBt,
+  assert( pOp->p2>=0 );
+  pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, -1, 1);
+  if( pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  pCx->nullRow = 1;
+  pCx->isEphemeral = 1;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeOpen(db->pVfs, 0, db, &pCx->pBt, 
                         BTREE_OMIT_JOURNAL | BTREE_SINGLE | pOp->p5, vfsFlags);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(u.ay.pCx->pBt, 1);
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeBeginTrans(pCx->pBt, 1);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     /* If a transient index is required, create it by calling
@@ -68137,56 +71428,52 @@
     ** opening it. If a transient table is required, just use the
     ** automatically created table with root-page 1 (an BLOB_INTKEY table).
     */
-    if( pOp->p4.pKeyInfo ){
+    if( (pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo)!=0 ){
       int pgno;
       assert( pOp->p4type==P4_KEYINFO );
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(u.ay.pCx->pBt, &pgno, BTREE_BLOBKEY | pOp->p5);
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(pCx->pBt, &pgno, BTREE_BLOBKEY | pOp->p5); 
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         assert( pgno==MASTER_ROOT+1 );
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(u.ay.pCx->pBt, pgno, 1,
-                                (KeyInfo*)pOp->p4.z, u.ay.pCx->pCursor);
-        u.ay.pCx->pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
-        u.ay.pCx->pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(p->db);
+        assert( pKeyInfo->db==db );
+        assert( pKeyInfo->enc==ENC(db) );
+        pCx->pKeyInfo = pKeyInfo;
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(pCx->pBt, pgno, 1, pKeyInfo, pCx->pCursor);
       }
-      u.ay.pCx->isTable = 0;
+      pCx->isTable = 0;
     }else{
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(u.ay.pCx->pBt, MASTER_ROOT, 1, 0, u.ay.pCx->pCursor);
-      u.ay.pCx->isTable = 1;
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeCursor(pCx->pBt, MASTER_ROOT, 1, 0, pCx->pCursor);
+      pCx->isTable = 1;
     }
   }
-  u.ay.pCx->isOrdered = (pOp->p5!=BTREE_UNORDERED);
-  u.ay.pCx->isIndex = !u.ay.pCx->isTable;
+  pCx->isOrdered = (pOp->p5!=BTREE_UNORDERED);
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: OpenSorter P1 P2 * P4 *
+/* Opcode: SorterOpen P1 P2 * P4 *
 **
 ** This opcode works like OP_OpenEphemeral except that it opens
 ** a transient index that is specifically designed to sort large
 ** tables using an external merge-sort algorithm.
 */
 case OP_SorterOpen: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.az */
   VdbeCursor *pCx;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.az */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  u.az.pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, -1, 1);
-  if( u.az.pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
-  u.az.pCx->pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
-  u.az.pCx->pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(p->db);
-  u.az.pCx->isSorter = 1;
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(db, u.az.pCx);
-#else
-  pOp->opcode = OP_OpenEphemeral;
-  pc--;
-#endif
+
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 );
+  assert( pOp->p2>=0 );
+  pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, -1, 1);
+  if( pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  pCx->pKeyInfo = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+  assert( pCx->pKeyInfo->db==db );
+  assert( pCx->pKeyInfo->enc==ENC(db) );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterInit(db, pCx);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: OpenPseudo P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: P3 columns in r[P2]
 **
 ** Open a new cursor that points to a fake table that contains a single
-** row of data.  The content of that one row in the content of memory
+** row of data.  The content of that one row is the content of memory
 ** register P2.  In other words, cursor P1 becomes an alias for the 
 ** MEM_Blob content contained in register P2.
 **
@@ -68199,17 +71486,16 @@
 ** the pseudo-table.
 */
 case OP_OpenPseudo: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ba */
   VdbeCursor *pCx;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ba */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 );
-  u.ba.pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p3, -1, 0);
-  if( u.ba.pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
-  u.ba.pCx->nullRow = 1;
-  u.ba.pCx->pseudoTableReg = pOp->p2;
-  u.ba.pCx->isTable = 1;
-  u.ba.pCx->isIndex = 0;
+  assert( pOp->p3>=0 );
+  pCx = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, pOp->p3, -1, 0);
+  if( pCx==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  pCx->nullRow = 1;
+  pCx->pseudoTableReg = pOp->p2;
+  pCx->isTable = 1;
+  assert( pOp->p5==0 );
   break;
 }
 
@@ -68225,7 +71511,8 @@
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: SeekGe P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode: SeekGE P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
 ** use the value in register P3 as the key.  If cursor P1 refers 
@@ -68236,9 +71523,14 @@
 ** is greater than or equal to the key value. If there are no records 
 ** greater than or equal to the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
 **
-** See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, SeekLt, SeekGt, SeekLe
+** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in forward order,
+** from the beginning toward the end.  In other words, the cursor is
+** configured to use Next, not Prev.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, SeekLt, SeekGt, SeekLe
 */
-/* Opcode: SeekGt P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode: SeekGT P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
 ** use the value in register P3 as a key. If cursor P1 refers 
@@ -68249,9 +71541,14 @@
 ** is greater than the key value. If there are no records greater than 
 ** the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
 **
-** See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, SeekLt, SeekGe, SeekLe
+** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in forward order,
+** from the beginning toward the end.  In other words, the cursor is
+** configured to use Next, not Prev.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, SeekLt, SeekGe, SeekLe
 */
-/* Opcode: SeekLt P1 P2 P3 P4 * 
+/* Opcode: SeekLT P1 P2 P3 P4 * 
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
 ** use the value in register P3 as a key. If cursor P1 refers 
@@ -68262,9 +71559,14 @@
 ** is less than the key value. If there are no records less than 
 ** the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
 **
-** See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, SeekGt, SeekGe, SeekLe
+** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in reverse order,
+** from the end toward the beginning.  In other words, the cursor is
+** configured to use Prev, not Next.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, SeekGt, SeekGe, SeekLe
 */
-/* Opcode: SeekLe P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode: SeekLE P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** If cursor P1 refers to an SQL table (B-Tree that uses integer keys), 
 ** use the value in register P3 as a key. If cursor P1 refers 
@@ -68275,163 +71577,157 @@
 ** is less than or equal to the key value. If there are no records 
 ** less than or equal to the key and P2 is not zero, then jump to P2.
 **
-** See also: Found, NotFound, Distinct, SeekGt, SeekGe, SeekLt
+** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in reverse order,
+** from the end toward the beginning.  In other words, the cursor is
+** configured to use Prev, not Next.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, SeekGt, SeekGe, SeekLt
 */
-case OP_SeekLt:         /* jump, in3 */
-case OP_SeekLe:         /* jump, in3 */
-case OP_SeekGe:         /* jump, in3 */
-case OP_SeekGt: {       /* jump, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bb */
+case OP_SeekLT:         /* jump, in3 */
+case OP_SeekLE:         /* jump, in3 */
+case OP_SeekGE:         /* jump, in3 */
+case OP_SeekGT: {       /* jump, in3 */
   int res;
   int oc;
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   UnpackedRecord r;
   int nField;
   i64 iKey;      /* The rowid we are to seek to */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bb */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
   assert( pOp->p2!=0 );
-  u.bb.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bb.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bb.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  assert( OP_SeekLe == OP_SeekLt+1 );
-  assert( OP_SeekGe == OP_SeekLt+2 );
-  assert( OP_SeekGt == OP_SeekLt+3 );
-  assert( u.bb.pC->isOrdered );
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bb.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
-    u.bb.oc = pOp->opcode;
-    u.bb.pC->nullRow = 0;
-    if( u.bb.pC->isTable ){
-      /* The input value in P3 might be of any type: integer, real, string,
-      ** blob, or NULL.  But it needs to be an integer before we can do
-      ** the seek, so covert it. */
-      pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-      applyNumericAffinity(pIn3);
-      u.bb.iKey = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn3);
-      u.bb.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-
-      /* If the P3 value could not be converted into an integer without
-      ** loss of information, then special processing is required... */
-      if( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Int)==0 ){
-        if( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Real)==0 ){
-          /* If the P3 value cannot be converted into any kind of a number,
-          ** then the seek is not possible, so jump to P2 */
-          pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-          break;
-        }
-        /* If we reach this point, then the P3 value must be a floating
-        ** point number. */
-        assert( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Real)!=0 );
-
-        if( u.bb.iKey==SMALLEST_INT64 && (pIn3->r<(double)u.bb.iKey || pIn3->r>0) ){
-          /* The P3 value is too large in magnitude to be expressed as an
-          ** integer. */
-          u.bb.res = 1;
-          if( pIn3->r<0 ){
-            if( u.bb.oc>=OP_SeekGe ){  assert( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGe || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGt );
-              rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(u.bb.pC->pCursor, &u.bb.res);
-              if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-            }
-          }else{
-            if( u.bb.oc<=OP_SeekLe ){  assert( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLe );
-              rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.bb.pC->pCursor, &u.bb.res);
-              if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-            }
-          }
-          if( u.bb.res ){
-            pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-          }
-          break;
-        }else if( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGe ){
-          /* Use the ceiling() function to convert real->int */
-          if( pIn3->r > (double)u.bb.iKey ) u.bb.iKey++;
-        }else{
-          /* Use the floor() function to convert real->int */
-          assert( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLe || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGt );
-          if( pIn3->r < (double)u.bb.iKey ) u.bb.iKey--;
-        }
-      }
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bb.pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)u.bb.iKey, 0, &u.bb.res);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        goto abort_due_to_error;
-      }
-      if( u.bb.res==0 ){
-        u.bb.pC->rowidIsValid = 1;
-        u.bb.pC->lastRowid = u.bb.iKey;
-      }
-    }else{
-      u.bb.nField = pOp->p4.i;
-      assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-      assert( u.bb.nField>0 );
-      u.bb.r.pKeyInfo = u.bb.pC->pKeyInfo;
-      u.bb.r.nField = (u16)u.bb.nField;
-
-      /* The next line of code computes as follows, only faster:
-      **   if( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGt || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLe ){
-      **     u.bb.r.flags = UNPACKED_INCRKEY;
-      **   }else{
-      **     u.bb.r.flags = 0;
-      **   }
-      */
-      u.bb.r.flags = (u16)(UNPACKED_INCRKEY * (1 & (u.bb.oc - OP_SeekLt)));
-      assert( u.bb.oc!=OP_SeekGt || u.bb.r.flags==UNPACKED_INCRKEY );
-      assert( u.bb.oc!=OP_SeekLe || u.bb.r.flags==UNPACKED_INCRKEY );
-      assert( u.bb.oc!=OP_SeekGe || u.bb.r.flags==0 );
-      assert( u.bb.oc!=OP_SeekLt || u.bb.r.flags==0 );
-
-      u.bb.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  assert( OP_SeekLE == OP_SeekLT+1 );
+  assert( OP_SeekGE == OP_SeekLT+2 );
+  assert( OP_SeekGT == OP_SeekLT+3 );
+  assert( pC->isOrdered );
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  oc = pOp->opcode;
+  pC->nullRow = 0;
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-      { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bb.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bb.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+  pC->seekOp = pOp->opcode;
 #endif
-      ExpandBlob(u.bb.r.aMem);
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bb.pC->pCursor, &u.bb.r, 0, 0, &u.bb.res);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        goto abort_due_to_error;
+  if( pC->isTable ){
+    /* The input value in P3 might be of any type: integer, real, string,
+    ** blob, or NULL.  But it needs to be an integer before we can do
+    ** the seek, so covert it. */
+    pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+    ApplyNumericAffinity(pIn3);
+    iKey = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn3);
+    pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+
+    /* If the P3 value could not be converted into an integer without
+    ** loss of information, then special processing is required... */
+    if( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Int)==0 ){
+      if( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Real)==0 ){
+        /* If the P3 value cannot be converted into any kind of a number,
+        ** then the seek is not possible, so jump to P2 */
+        pc = pOp->p2 - 1;  VdbeBranchTaken(1,2);
+        break;
       }
-      u.bb.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+
+      /* If the approximation iKey is larger than the actual real search
+      ** term, substitute >= for > and < for <=. e.g. if the search term
+      ** is 4.9 and the integer approximation 5:
+      **
+      **        (x >  4.9)    ->     (x >= 5)
+      **        (x <= 4.9)    ->     (x <  5)
+      */
+      if( pIn3->r<(double)iKey ){
+        assert( OP_SeekGE==(OP_SeekGT-1) );
+        assert( OP_SeekLT==(OP_SeekLE-1) );
+        assert( (OP_SeekLE & 0x0001)==(OP_SeekGT & 0x0001) );
+        if( (oc & 0x0001)==(OP_SeekGT & 0x0001) ) oc--;
+      }
+
+      /* If the approximation iKey is smaller than the actual real search
+      ** term, substitute <= for < and > for >=.  */
+      else if( pIn3->r>(double)iKey ){
+        assert( OP_SeekLE==(OP_SeekLT+1) );
+        assert( OP_SeekGT==(OP_SeekGE+1) );
+        assert( (OP_SeekLT & 0x0001)==(OP_SeekGE & 0x0001) );
+        if( (oc & 0x0001)==(OP_SeekLT & 0x0001) ) oc++;
+      }
+    } 
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)iKey, 0, &res);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto abort_due_to_error;
     }
-    u.bb.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    u.bb.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-    sqlite3_search_count++;
-#endif
-    if( u.bb.oc>=OP_SeekGe ){  assert( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGe || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGt );
-      if( u.bb.res<0 || (u.bb.res==0 && u.bb.oc==OP_SeekGt) ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeNext(u.bb.pC->pCursor, &u.bb.res);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-        u.bb.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-      }else{
-        u.bb.res = 0;
-      }
-    }else{
-      assert( u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLt || u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLe );
-      if( u.bb.res>0 || (u.bb.res==0 && u.bb.oc==OP_SeekLt) ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreePrevious(u.bb.pC->pCursor, &u.bb.res);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-        u.bb.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-      }else{
-        /* u.bb.res might be negative because the table is empty.  Check to
-        ** see if this is the case.
-        */
-        u.bb.res = sqlite3BtreeEof(u.bb.pC->pCursor);
-      }
-    }
-    assert( pOp->p2>0 );
-    if( u.bb.res ){
-      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    if( res==0 ){
+      pC->rowidIsValid = 1;
+      pC->lastRowid = iKey;
     }
   }else{
-    /* This happens when attempting to open the sqlite3_master table
-    ** for read access returns SQLITE_EMPTY. In this case always
-    ** take the jump (since there are no records in the table).
+    nField = pOp->p4.i;
+    assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
+    assert( nField>0 );
+    r.pKeyInfo = pC->pKeyInfo;
+    r.nField = (u16)nField;
+
+    /* The next line of code computes as follows, only faster:
+    **   if( oc==OP_SeekGT || oc==OP_SeekLE ){
+    **     r.default_rc = -1;
+    **   }else{
+    **     r.default_rc = +1;
+    **   }
     */
+    r.default_rc = ((1 & (oc - OP_SeekLT)) ? -1 : +1);
+    assert( oc!=OP_SeekGT || r.default_rc==-1 );
+    assert( oc!=OP_SeekLE || r.default_rc==-1 );
+    assert( oc!=OP_SeekGE || r.default_rc==+1 );
+    assert( oc!=OP_SeekLT || r.default_rc==+1 );
+
+    r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    { int i; for(i=0; i<r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&r.aMem[i]) ); }
+#endif
+    ExpandBlob(r.aMem);
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pC->pCursor, &r, 0, 0, &res);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto abort_due_to_error;
+    }
+    pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  }
+  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  sqlite3_search_count++;
+#endif
+  if( oc>=OP_SeekGE ){  assert( oc==OP_SeekGE || oc==OP_SeekGT );
+    if( res<0 || (res==0 && oc==OP_SeekGT) ){
+      res = 0;
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeNext(pC->pCursor, &res);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+      pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    }else{
+      res = 0;
+    }
+  }else{
+    assert( oc==OP_SeekLT || oc==OP_SeekLE );
+    if( res>0 || (res==0 && oc==OP_SeekLT) ){
+      res = 0;
+      rc = sqlite3BtreePrevious(pC->pCursor, &res);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+      pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    }else{
+      /* res might be negative because the table is empty.  Check to
+      ** see if this is the case.
+      */
+      res = sqlite3BtreeEof(pC->pCursor);
+    }
+  }
+  assert( pOp->p2>0 );
+  VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0,2);
+  if( res ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Seek P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis:  intkey=r[P2]
 **
 ** P1 is an open table cursor and P2 is a rowid integer.  Arrange
 ** for P1 to move so that it points to the rowid given by P2.
@@ -68441,26 +71737,24 @@
 ** occur, no unnecessary I/O happens.
 */
 case OP_Seek: {    /* in2 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bc */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bc */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bc.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bc.pC!=0 );
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bc.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
-    assert( u.bc.pC->isTable );
-    u.bc.pC->nullRow = 0;
-    pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-    u.bc.pC->movetoTarget = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
-    u.bc.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-    u.bc.pC->deferredMoveto = 1;
-  }
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  assert( pC->isTable );
+  pC->nullRow = 0;
+  pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  pC->movetoTarget = sqlite3VdbeIntValue(pIn2);
+  pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  pC->deferredMoveto = 1;
   break;
 }
   
 
 /* Opcode: Found P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** If P4==0 then register P3 holds a blob constructed by MakeRecord.  If
 ** P4>0 then register P3 is the first of P4 registers that form an unpacked
@@ -68469,8 +71763,15 @@
 ** Cursor P1 is on an index btree.  If the record identified by P3 and P4
 ** is a prefix of any entry in P1 then a jump is made to P2 and
 ** P1 is left pointing at the matching entry.
+**
+** This operation leaves the cursor in a state where it can be
+** advanced in the forward direction.  The Next instruction will work,
+** but not the Prev instruction.
+**
+** See also: NotFound, NoConflict, NotExists. SeekGe
 */
 /* Opcode: NotFound P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** If P4==0 then register P3 holds a blob constructed by MakeRecord.  If
 ** P4>0 then register P3 is the first of P4 registers that form an unpacked
@@ -68482,216 +71783,172 @@
 ** falls through to the next instruction and P1 is left pointing at the
 ** matching entry.
 **
-** See also: Found, NotExists, IsUnique
+** This operation leaves the cursor in a state where it cannot be
+** advanced in either direction.  In other words, the Next and Prev
+** opcodes do not work after this operation.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotExists, NoConflict
 */
+/* Opcode: NoConflict P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
+**
+** If P4==0 then register P3 holds a blob constructed by MakeRecord.  If
+** P4>0 then register P3 is the first of P4 registers that form an unpacked
+** record.
+** 
+** Cursor P1 is on an index btree.  If the record identified by P3 and P4
+** contains any NULL value, jump immediately to P2.  If all terms of the
+** record are not-NULL then a check is done to determine if any row in the
+** P1 index btree has a matching key prefix.  If there are no matches, jump
+** immediately to P2.  If there is a match, fall through and leave the P1
+** cursor pointing to the matching row.
+**
+** This opcode is similar to OP_NotFound with the exceptions that the
+** branch is always taken if any part of the search key input is NULL.
+**
+** This operation leaves the cursor in a state where it cannot be
+** advanced in either direction.  In other words, the Next and Prev
+** opcodes do not work after this operation.
+**
+** See also: NotFound, Found, NotExists
+*/
+case OP_NoConflict:     /* jump, in3 */
 case OP_NotFound:       /* jump, in3 */
 case OP_Found: {        /* jump, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bd */
   int alreadyExists;
+  int ii;
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   int res;
   char *pFree;
   UnpackedRecord *pIdxKey;
   UnpackedRecord r;
-  char aTempRec[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*3 + 7];
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bd */
+  char aTempRec[ROUND8(sizeof(UnpackedRecord)) + sizeof(Mem)*4 + 7];
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
-  sqlite3_found_count++;
+  if( pOp->opcode!=OP_NoConflict ) sqlite3_found_count++;
 #endif
 
-  u.bd.alreadyExists = 0;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
   assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-  u.bd.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bd.pC!=0 );
-  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bd.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
-
-    assert( u.bd.pC->isTable==0 );
-    if( pOp->p4.i>0 ){
-      u.bd.r.pKeyInfo = u.bd.pC->pKeyInfo;
-      u.bd.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
-      u.bd.r.aMem = pIn3;
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-      { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bd.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bd.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+  pC->seekOp = pOp->opcode;
 #endif
-      u.bd.r.flags = UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
-      u.bd.pIdxKey = &u.bd.r;
-    }else{
-      u.bd.pIdxKey = sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(
-          u.bd.pC->pKeyInfo, u.bd.aTempRec, sizeof(u.bd.aTempRec), &u.bd.pFree
-      );
-      if( u.bd.pIdxKey==0 ) goto no_mem;
-      assert( pIn3->flags & MEM_Blob );
-      assert( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Zero)==0 );  /* zeroblobs already expanded */
-      sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(u.bd.pC->pKeyInfo, pIn3->n, pIn3->z, u.bd.pIdxKey);
-      u.bd.pIdxKey->flags |= UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
+  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  assert( pC->isTable==0 );
+  pFree = 0;  /* Not needed.  Only used to suppress a compiler warning. */
+  if( pOp->p4.i>0 ){
+    r.pKeyInfo = pC->pKeyInfo;
+    r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
+    r.aMem = pIn3;
+    for(ii=0; ii<r.nField; ii++){
+      assert( memIsValid(&r.aMem[ii]) );
+      ExpandBlob(&r.aMem[ii]);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+      if( ii ) REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3+ii, &r.aMem[ii]);
+#endif
     }
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bd.pC->pCursor, u.bd.pIdxKey, 0, 0, &u.bd.res);
-    if( pOp->p4.i==0 ){
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, u.bd.pFree);
-    }
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      break;
-    }
-    u.bd.alreadyExists = (u.bd.res==0);
-    u.bd.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    u.bd.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  }
-  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Found ){
-    if( u.bd.alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    pIdxKey = &r;
   }else{
-    if( !u.bd.alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    pIdxKey = sqlite3VdbeAllocUnpackedRecord(
+        pC->pKeyInfo, aTempRec, sizeof(aTempRec), &pFree
+    ); 
+    if( pIdxKey==0 ) goto no_mem;
+    assert( pIn3->flags & MEM_Blob );
+    assert( (pIn3->flags & MEM_Zero)==0 );  /* zeroblobs already expanded */
+    sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(pC->pKeyInfo, pIn3->n, pIn3->z, pIdxKey);
   }
-  break;
-}
-
-/* Opcode: IsUnique P1 P2 P3 P4 *
-**
-** Cursor P1 is open on an index b-tree - that is to say, a btree which
-** no data and where the key are records generated by OP_MakeRecord with
-** the list field being the integer ROWID of the entry that the index
-** entry refers to.
-**
-** The P3 register contains an integer record number. Call this record 
-** number R. Register P4 is the first in a set of N contiguous registers
-** that make up an unpacked index key that can be used with cursor P1.
-** The value of N can be inferred from the cursor. N includes the rowid
-** value appended to the end of the index record. This rowid value may
-** or may not be the same as R.
-**
-** If any of the N registers beginning with register P4 contains a NULL
-** value, jump immediately to P2.
-**
-** Otherwise, this instruction checks if cursor P1 contains an entry
-** where the first (N-1) fields match but the rowid value at the end
-** of the index entry is not R. If there is no such entry, control jumps
-** to instruction P2. Otherwise, the rowid of the conflicting index
-** entry is copied to register P3 and control falls through to the next
-** instruction.
-**
-** See also: NotFound, NotExists, Found
-*/
-case OP_IsUnique: {        /* jump, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.be */
-  u16 ii;
-  VdbeCursor *pCx;
-  BtCursor *pCrsr;
-  u16 nField;
-  Mem *aMx;
-  UnpackedRecord r;                  /* B-Tree index search key */
-  i64 R;                             /* Rowid stored in register P3 */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.be */
-
-  pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.be.aMx = &aMem[pOp->p4.i];
-  /* Assert that the values of parameters P1 and P4 are in range. */
-  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-  assert( pOp->p4.i>0 && pOp->p4.i<=p->nMem );
-  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-
-  /* Find the index cursor. */
-  u.be.pCx = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.be.pCx->deferredMoveto==0 );
-  u.be.pCx->seekResult = 0;
-  u.be.pCx->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  u.be.pCrsr = u.be.pCx->pCursor;
-
-  /* If any of the values are NULL, take the jump. */
-  u.be.nField = u.be.pCx->pKeyInfo->nField;
-  for(u.be.ii=0; u.be.ii<u.be.nField; u.be.ii++){
-    if( u.be.aMx[u.be.ii].flags & MEM_Null ){
-      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-      u.be.pCrsr = 0;
-      break;
+  pIdxKey->default_rc = 0;
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_NoConflict ){
+    /* For the OP_NoConflict opcode, take the jump if any of the
+    ** input fields are NULL, since any key with a NULL will not
+    ** conflict */
+    for(ii=0; ii<r.nField; ii++){
+      if( r.aMem[ii].flags & MEM_Null ){
+        pc = pOp->p2 - 1; VdbeBranchTaken(1,2);
+        break;
+      }
     }
   }
-  assert( (u.be.aMx[u.be.nField].flags & MEM_Null)==0 );
-
-  if( u.be.pCrsr!=0 ){
-    /* Populate the index search key. */
-    u.be.r.pKeyInfo = u.be.pCx->pKeyInfo;
-    u.be.r.nField = u.be.nField + 1;
-    u.be.r.flags = UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH;
-    u.be.r.aMem = u.be.aMx;
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    { int i; for(i=0; i<u.be.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.be.r.aMem[i]) ); }
-#endif
-
-    /* Extract the value of u.be.R from register P3. */
-    sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn3);
-    u.be.R = pIn3->u.i;
-
-    /* Search the B-Tree index. If no conflicting record is found, jump
-    ** to P2. Otherwise, copy the rowid of the conflicting record to
-    ** register P3 and fall through to the next instruction.  */
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.be.pCrsr, &u.be.r, 0, 0, &u.be.pCx->seekResult);
-    if( (u.be.r.flags & UNPACKED_PREFIX_SEARCH) || u.be.r.rowid==u.be.R ){
-      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-    }else{
-      pIn3->u.i = u.be.r.rowid;
-    }
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pC->pCursor, pIdxKey, 0, 0, &res);
+  if( pOp->p4.i==0 ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pFree);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    break;
+  }
+  pC->seekResult = res;
+  alreadyExists = (res==0);
+  pC->nullRow = 1-alreadyExists;
+  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  if( pOp->opcode==OP_Found ){
+    VdbeBranchTaken(alreadyExists!=0,2);
+    if( alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  }else{
+    VdbeBranchTaken(alreadyExists==0,2);
+    if( !alreadyExists ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: NotExists P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: intkey=r[P3]
 **
-** Use the content of register P3 as an integer key.  If a record 
-** with that key does not exist in table of P1, then jump to P2. 
-** If the record does exist, then fall through.  The cursor is left 
-** pointing to the record if it exists.
+** P1 is the index of a cursor open on an SQL table btree (with integer
+** keys).  P3 is an integer rowid.  If P1 does not contain a record with
+** rowid P3 then jump immediately to P2.  If P1 does contain a record
+** with rowid P3 then leave the cursor pointing at that record and fall
+** through to the next instruction.
 **
-** The difference between this operation and NotFound is that this
-** operation assumes the key is an integer and that P1 is a table whereas
-** NotFound assumes key is a blob constructed from MakeRecord and
-** P1 is an index.
+** The OP_NotFound opcode performs the same operation on index btrees
+** (with arbitrary multi-value keys).
 **
-** See also: Found, NotFound, IsUnique
+** This opcode leaves the cursor in a state where it cannot be advanced
+** in either direction.  In other words, the Next and Prev opcodes will
+** not work following this opcode.
+**
+** See also: Found, NotFound, NoConflict
 */
 case OP_NotExists: {        /* jump, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bf */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
   u64 iKey;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bf */
 
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
   assert( pIn3->flags & MEM_Int );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bf.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bf.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bf.pC->isTable );
-  assert( u.bf.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  u.bf.pCrsr = u.bf.pC->pCursor;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bf.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    u.bf.res = 0;
-    u.bf.iKey = pIn3->u.i;
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bf.pCrsr, 0, u.bf.iKey, 0, &u.bf.res);
-    u.bf.pC->lastRowid = pIn3->u.i;
-    u.bf.pC->rowidIsValid = u.bf.res==0 ?1:0;
-    u.bf.pC->nullRow = 0;
-    u.bf.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-    u.bf.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    if( u.bf.res!=0 ){
-      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-      assert( u.bf.pC->rowidIsValid==0 );
-    }
-    u.bf.pC->seekResult = u.bf.res;
-  }else{
-    /* This happens when an attempt to open a read cursor on the
-    ** sqlite_master table returns SQLITE_EMPTY.
-    */
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  pC->seekOp = 0;
+#endif
+  assert( pC->isTable );
+  assert( pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 );
+  res = 0;
+  iKey = pIn3->u.i;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pCrsr, 0, iKey, 0, &res);
+  pC->lastRowid = pIn3->u.i;
+  pC->rowidIsValid = res==0 ?1:0;
+  pC->nullRow = 0;
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0,2);
+  if( res!=0 ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-    assert( u.bf.pC->rowidIsValid==0 );
-    u.bf.pC->seekResult = 0;
+    assert( pC->rowidIsValid==0 );
   }
+  pC->seekResult = res;
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Sequence P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=cursor[P1].ctr++
 **
 ** Find the next available sequence number for cursor P1.
 ** Write the sequence number into register P2.
@@ -68707,6 +71964,7 @@
 
 
 /* Opcode: NewRowid P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=rowid
 **
 ** Get a new integer record number (a.k.a "rowid") used as the key to a table.
 ** The record number is not previously used as a key in the database
@@ -68721,21 +71979,19 @@
 ** AUTOINCREMENT feature.
 */
 case OP_NewRowid: {           /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bg */
   i64 v;                 /* The new rowid */
   VdbeCursor *pC;        /* Cursor of table to get the new rowid */
   int res;               /* Result of an sqlite3BtreeLast() */
   int cnt;               /* Counter to limit the number of searches */
   Mem *pMem;             /* Register holding largest rowid for AUTOINCREMENT */
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;     /* Root frame of VDBE */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bg */
 
-  u.bg.v = 0;
-  u.bg.res = 0;
+  v = 0;
+  res = 0;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bg.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bg.pC!=0 );
-  if( NEVER(u.bg.pC->pCursor==0) ){
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  if( NEVER(pC->pCursor==0) ){
     /* The zero initialization above is all that is needed */
   }else{
     /* The next rowid or record number (different terms for the same
@@ -68751,7 +72007,7 @@
     ** succeeded.  If the random rowid does exist, we select a new one
     ** and try again, up to 100 times.
     */
-    assert( u.bg.pC->isTable );
+    assert( pC->isTable );
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_32BIT_ROWID
 #   define MAX_ROWID 0x7fffffff
@@ -68763,61 +72019,56 @@
 #   define MAX_ROWID  (i64)( (((u64)0x7fffffff)<<32) | (u64)0xffffffff )
 #endif
 
-    if( !u.bg.pC->useRandomRowid ){
-      u.bg.v = sqlite3BtreeGetCachedRowid(u.bg.pC->pCursor);
-      if( u.bg.v==0 ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.bg.pC->pCursor, &u.bg.res);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-          goto abort_due_to_error;
-        }
-        if( u.bg.res ){
-          u.bg.v = 1;   /* IMP: R-61914-48074 */
+    if( !pC->useRandomRowid ){
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(pC->pCursor, &res);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        goto abort_due_to_error;
+      }
+      if( res ){
+        v = 1;   /* IMP: R-61914-48074 */
+      }else{
+        assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pC->pCursor) );
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pC->pCursor, &v);
+        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* Cannot fail following BtreeLast() */
+        if( v>=MAX_ROWID ){
+          pC->useRandomRowid = 1;
         }else{
-          assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.bg.pC->pCursor) );
-          rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bg.pC->pCursor, &u.bg.v);
-          assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );   /* Cannot fail following BtreeLast() */
-          if( u.bg.v>=MAX_ROWID ){
-            u.bg.pC->useRandomRowid = 1;
-          }else{
-            u.bg.v++;   /* IMP: R-29538-34987 */
-          }
+          v++;   /* IMP: R-29538-34987 */
         }
       }
+    }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
-      if( pOp->p3 ){
+    if( pOp->p3 ){
+      /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
+      assert( pOp->p3>0 );
+      if( p->pFrame ){
+        for(pFrame=p->pFrame; pFrame->pParent; pFrame=pFrame->pParent);
         /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
-        assert( pOp->p3>0 );
-        if( p->pFrame ){
-          for(u.bg.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.bg.pFrame->pParent; u.bg.pFrame=u.bg.pFrame->pParent);
-          /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
-          assert( pOp->p3<=u.bg.pFrame->nMem );
-          u.bg.pMem = &u.bg.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p3];
-        }else{
-          /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
-          assert( pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-          u.bg.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-          memAboutToChange(p, u.bg.pMem);
-        }
-        assert( memIsValid(u.bg.pMem) );
-
-        REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.bg.pMem);
-        sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(u.bg.pMem);
-        assert( (u.bg.pMem->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );  /* mem(P3) holds an integer */
-        if( u.bg.pMem->u.i==MAX_ROWID || u.bg.pC->useRandomRowid ){
-          rc = SQLITE_FULL;   /* IMP: R-12275-61338 */
-          goto abort_due_to_error;
-        }
-        if( u.bg.v<u.bg.pMem->u.i+1 ){
-          u.bg.v = u.bg.pMem->u.i + 1;
-        }
-        u.bg.pMem->u.i = u.bg.v;
+        assert( pOp->p3<=pFrame->nMem );
+        pMem = &pFrame->aMem[pOp->p3];
+      }else{
+        /* Assert that P3 is a valid memory cell. */
+        assert( pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+        pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+        memAboutToChange(p, pMem);
       }
-#endif
+      assert( memIsValid(pMem) );
 
-      sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bg.pC->pCursor, u.bg.v<MAX_ROWID ? u.bg.v+1 : 0);
+      REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pMem);
+      sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pMem);
+      assert( (pMem->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );  /* mem(P3) holds an integer */
+      if( pMem->u.i==MAX_ROWID || pC->useRandomRowid ){
+        rc = SQLITE_FULL;   /* IMP: R-12275-61338 */
+        goto abort_due_to_error;
+      }
+      if( v<pMem->u.i+1 ){
+        v = pMem->u.i + 1;
+      }
+      pMem->u.i = v;
     }
-    if( u.bg.pC->useRandomRowid ){
+#endif
+    if( pC->useRandomRowid ){
       /* IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-07677-41881 If the largest ROWID is equal to the
       ** largest possible integer (9223372036854775807) then the database
       ** engine starts picking positive candidate ROWIDs at random until
@@ -68825,39 +72076,40 @@
       assert( pOp->p3==0 );  /* We cannot be in random rowid mode if this is
                              ** an AUTOINCREMENT table. */
       /* on the first attempt, simply do one more than previous */
-      u.bg.v = lastRowid;
-      u.bg.v &= (MAX_ROWID>>1); /* ensure doesn't go negative */
-      u.bg.v++; /* ensure non-zero */
-      u.bg.cnt = 0;
-      while(   ((rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bg.pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)u.bg.v,
-                                                 0, &u.bg.res))==SQLITE_OK)
-            && (u.bg.res==0)
-            && (++u.bg.cnt<100)){
+      v = lastRowid;
+      v &= (MAX_ROWID>>1); /* ensure doesn't go negative */
+      v++; /* ensure non-zero */
+      cnt = 0;
+      while(   ((rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pC->pCursor, 0, (u64)v,
+                                                 0, &res))==SQLITE_OK)
+            && (res==0)
+            && (++cnt<100)){
         /* collision - try another random rowid */
-        sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(u.bg.v), &u.bg.v);
-        if( u.bg.cnt<5 ){
+        sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(v), &v);
+        if( cnt<5 ){
           /* try "small" random rowids for the initial attempts */
-          u.bg.v &= 0xffffff;
+          v &= 0xffffff;
         }else{
-          u.bg.v &= (MAX_ROWID>>1); /* ensure doesn't go negative */
+          v &= (MAX_ROWID>>1); /* ensure doesn't go negative */
         }
-        u.bg.v++; /* ensure non-zero */
+        v++; /* ensure non-zero */
       }
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.bg.res==0 ){
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && res==0 ){
         rc = SQLITE_FULL;   /* IMP: R-38219-53002 */
         goto abort_due_to_error;
       }
-      assert( u.bg.v>0 );  /* EV: R-40812-03570 */
+      assert( v>0 );  /* EV: R-40812-03570 */
     }
-    u.bg.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-    u.bg.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    u.bg.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+    pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
   }
-  pOut->u.i = u.bg.v;
+  pOut->u.i = v;
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Insert P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: intkey=r[P3] data=r[P2]
 **
 ** Write an entry into the table of cursor P1.  A new entry is
 ** created if it doesn't already exist or the data for an existing
@@ -68897,13 +72149,13 @@
 ** for indices is OP_IdxInsert.
 */
 /* Opcode: InsertInt P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis:  intkey=P3 data=r[P2]
 **
 ** This works exactly like OP_Insert except that the key is the
 ** integer value P3, not the value of the integer stored in register P3.
 */
 case OP_Insert: 
 case OP_InsertInt: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bh */
   Mem *pData;       /* MEM cell holding data for the record to be inserted */
   Mem *pKey;        /* MEM cell holding key  for the record */
   i64 iKey;         /* The integer ROWID or key for the record to be inserted */
@@ -68913,60 +72165,58 @@
   const char *zDb;  /* database name - used by the update hook */
   const char *zTbl; /* Table name - used by the opdate hook */
   int op;           /* Opcode for update hook: SQLITE_UPDATE or SQLITE_INSERT */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bh */
 
-  u.bh.pData = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  pData = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  assert( memIsValid(u.bh.pData) );
-  u.bh.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bh.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bh.pC->pCursor!=0 );
-  assert( u.bh.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  assert( u.bh.pC->isTable );
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, u.bh.pData);
+  assert( memIsValid(pData) );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  assert( pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  assert( pC->isTable );
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pData);
 
   if( pOp->opcode==OP_Insert ){
-    u.bh.pKey = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-    assert( u.bh.pKey->flags & MEM_Int );
-    assert( memIsValid(u.bh.pKey) );
-    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.bh.pKey);
-    u.bh.iKey = u.bh.pKey->u.i;
+    pKey = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+    assert( pKey->flags & MEM_Int );
+    assert( memIsValid(pKey) );
+    REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pKey);
+    iKey = pKey->u.i;
   }else{
     assert( pOp->opcode==OP_InsertInt );
-    u.bh.iKey = pOp->p3;
+    iKey = pOp->p3;
   }
 
   if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_NCHANGE ) p->nChange++;
-  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_LASTROWID ) db->lastRowid = lastRowid = u.bh.iKey;
-  if( u.bh.pData->flags & MEM_Null ){
-    u.bh.pData->z = 0;
-    u.bh.pData->n = 0;
+  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_LASTROWID ) db->lastRowid = lastRowid = iKey;
+  if( pData->flags & MEM_Null ){
+    pData->z = 0;
+    pData->n = 0;
   }else{
-    assert( u.bh.pData->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str) );
+    assert( pData->flags & (MEM_Blob|MEM_Str) );
   }
-  u.bh.seekResult = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? u.bh.pC->seekResult : 0);
-  if( u.bh.pData->flags & MEM_Zero ){
-    u.bh.nZero = u.bh.pData->u.nZero;
+  seekResult = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? pC->seekResult : 0);
+  if( pData->flags & MEM_Zero ){
+    nZero = pData->u.nZero;
   }else{
-    u.bh.nZero = 0;
+    nZero = 0;
   }
-  sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bh.pC->pCursor, 0);
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(u.bh.pC->pCursor, 0, u.bh.iKey,
-                          u.bh.pData->z, u.bh.pData->n, u.bh.nZero,
-                          pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_APPEND, u.bh.seekResult
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(pC->pCursor, 0, iKey,
+                          pData->z, pData->n, nZero,
+                          (pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_APPEND)!=0, seekResult
   );
-  u.bh.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-  u.bh.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-  u.bh.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
 
   /* Invoke the update-hook if required. */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z ){
-    u.bh.zDb = db->aDb[u.bh.pC->iDb].zName;
-    u.bh.zTbl = pOp->p4.z;
-    u.bh.op = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_ISUPDATE) ? SQLITE_UPDATE : SQLITE_INSERT);
-    assert( u.bh.pC->isTable );
-    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, u.bh.op, u.bh.zDb, u.bh.zTbl, u.bh.iKey);
-    assert( u.bh.pC->iDb>=0 );
+    zDb = db->aDb[pC->iDb].zName;
+    zTbl = pOp->p4.z;
+    op = ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_ISUPDATE) ? SQLITE_UPDATE : SQLITE_INSERT);
+    assert( pC->isTable );
+    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, op, zDb, zTbl, iKey);
+    assert( pC->iDb>=0 );
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -68978,7 +72228,7 @@
 ** The cursor will be left pointing at either the next or the previous
 ** record in the table. If it is left pointing at the next record, then
 ** the next Next instruction will be a no-op.  Hence it is OK to delete
-** a record from within an Next loop.
+** a record from within a Next loop.
 **
 ** If the OPFLAG_NCHANGE flag of P2 is set, then the row change count is
 ** incremented (otherwise not).
@@ -68992,47 +72242,34 @@
 ** using OP_NotFound prior to invoking this opcode.
 */
 case OP_Delete: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bi */
   i64 iKey;
   VdbeCursor *pC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bi */
 
-  u.bi.iKey = 0;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bi.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bi.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bi.pC->pCursor!=0 );  /* Only valid for real tables, no pseudotables */
-
-  /* If the update-hook will be invoked, set u.bi.iKey to the rowid of the
-  ** row being deleted.
-  */
-  if( db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z ){
-    assert( u.bi.pC->isTable );
-    assert( u.bi.pC->rowidIsValid );  /* lastRowid set by previous OP_NotFound */
-    u.bi.iKey = u.bi.pC->lastRowid;
-  }
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );  /* Only valid for real tables, no pseudotables */
+  iKey = pC->lastRowid;      /* Only used for the update hook */
 
   /* The OP_Delete opcode always follows an OP_NotExists or OP_Last or
   ** OP_Column on the same table without any intervening operations that
-  ** might move or invalidate the cursor.  Hence cursor u.bi.pC is always pointing
+  ** might move or invalidate the cursor.  Hence cursor pC is always pointing
   ** to the row to be deleted and the sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto() operation
   ** below is always a no-op and cannot fail.  We will run it anyhow, though,
   ** to guard against future changes to the code generator.
   **/
-  assert( u.bi.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bi.pC);
+  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(pC);
   if( NEVER(rc!=SQLITE_OK) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
 
-  sqlite3BtreeSetCachedRowid(u.bi.pC->pCursor, 0);
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(u.bi.pC->pCursor);
-  u.bi.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(pC->pCursor);
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
 
   /* Invoke the update-hook if required. */
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z ){
-    const char *zDb = db->aDb[u.bi.pC->iDb].zName;
-    const char *zTbl = pOp->p4.z;
-    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, SQLITE_DELETE, zDb, zTbl, u.bi.iKey);
-    assert( u.bi.pC->iDb>=0 );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->xUpdateCallback && pOp->p4.z && pC->isTable ){
+    db->xUpdateCallback(db->pUpdateArg, SQLITE_DELETE,
+                        db->aDb[pC->iDb].zName, pOp->p4.z, iKey);
+    assert( pC->iDb>=0 );
   }
   if( pOp->p2 & OPFLAG_NCHANGE ) p->nChange++;
   break;
@@ -69050,50 +72287,57 @@
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: SorterCompare P1 P2 P3
+/* Opcode: SorterCompare P1 P2 P3 P4
+** Synopsis:  if key(P1)!=trim(r[P3],P4) goto P2
 **
-** P1 is a sorter cursor. This instruction compares the record blob in 
-** register P3 with the entry that the sorter cursor currently points to.
-** If, excluding the rowid fields at the end, the two records are a match,
-** fall through to the next instruction. Otherwise, jump to instruction P2.
+** P1 is a sorter cursor. This instruction compares a prefix of the
+** record blob in register P3 against a prefix of the entry that 
+** the sorter cursor currently points to.  Only the first P4 fields
+** of r[P3] and the sorter record are compared.
+**
+** If either P3 or the sorter contains a NULL in one of their significant
+** fields (not counting the P4 fields at the end which are ignored) then
+** the comparison is assumed to be equal.
+**
+** Fall through to next instruction if the two records compare equal to
+** each other.  Jump to P2 if they are different.
 */
 case OP_SorterCompare: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bj */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   int res;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bj */
+  int nKeyCol;
 
-  u.bj.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( isSorter(u.bj.pC) );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( isSorter(pC) );
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(u.bj.pC, pIn3, &u.bj.res);
-  if( u.bj.res ){
+  nKeyCol = pOp->p4.i;
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(pC, pIn3, nKeyCol, &res);
+  VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0,2);
+  if( res ){
     pc = pOp->p2-1;
   }
   break;
 };
 
 /* Opcode: SorterData P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=data
 **
 ** Write into register P2 the current sorter data for sorter cursor P1.
 */
 case OP_SorterData: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bk */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bk */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
+
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-  u.bk.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bk.pC->isSorter );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(u.bk.pC, pOut);
-#else
-  pOp->opcode = OP_RowKey;
-  pc--;
-#endif
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( isSorter(pC) );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(pC, pOut);
+  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || (pOut->flags & MEM_Blob) );
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: RowData P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=data
 **
 ** Write into register P2 the complete row data for cursor P1.
 ** There is no interpretation of the data.  
@@ -69104,10 +72348,11 @@
 ** of a real table, not a pseudo-table.
 */
 /* Opcode: RowKey P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=key
 **
 ** Write into register P2 the complete row key for cursor P1.
 ** There is no interpretation of the data.  
-** The key is copied onto the P3 register exactly as 
+** The key is copied onto the P2 register exactly as 
 ** it is found in the database file.
 **
 ** If the P1 cursor must be pointing to a valid row (not a NULL row)
@@ -69115,70 +72360,69 @@
 */
 case OP_RowKey:
 case OP_RowData: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bl */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   u32 n;
   i64 n64;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bl */
 
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   memAboutToChange(p, pOut);
 
   /* Note that RowKey and RowData are really exactly the same instruction */
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bl.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bl.pC->isSorter==0 );
-  assert( u.bl.pC->isTable || pOp->opcode!=OP_RowData );
-  assert( u.bl.pC->isIndex || pOp->opcode==OP_RowData );
-  assert( u.bl.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bl.pC->nullRow==0 );
-  assert( u.bl.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  assert( !u.bl.pC->isSorter );
-  assert( u.bl.pC->pCursor!=0 );
-  u.bl.pCrsr = u.bl.pC->pCursor;
-  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(u.bl.pCrsr) );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( isSorter(pC)==0 );
+  assert( pC->isTable || pOp->opcode!=OP_RowData );
+  assert( pC->isTable==0 || pOp->opcode==OP_RowData );
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->nullRow==0 );
+  assert( pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeCursorIsValid(pCrsr) );
 
   /* The OP_RowKey and OP_RowData opcodes always follow OP_NotExists or
   ** OP_Rewind/Op_Next with no intervening instructions that might invalidate
   ** the cursor.  Hence the following sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto() call is always
   ** a no-op and can never fail.  But we leave it in place as a safety.
   */
-  assert( u.bl.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bl.pC);
+  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(pC);
   if( NEVER(rc!=SQLITE_OK) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
 
-  if( u.bl.pC->isIndex ){
-    assert( !u.bl.pC->isTable );
-    VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bl.pCrsr, &u.bl.n64);
+  if( pC->isTable==0 ){
+    assert( !pC->isTable );
+    VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pCrsr, &n64);
     assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );    /* True because of CursorMoveto() call above */
-    if( u.bl.n64>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    if( n64>db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
       goto too_big;
     }
-    u.bl.n = (u32)u.bl.n64;
+    n = (u32)n64;
   }else{
-    VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeDataSize(u.bl.pCrsr, &u.bl.n);
+    VVA_ONLY(rc =) sqlite3BtreeDataSize(pCrsr, &n);
     assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );    /* DataSize() cannot fail */
-    if( u.bl.n>(u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
+    if( n>(u32)db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_LENGTH] ){
       goto too_big;
     }
   }
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, u.bl.n, 0) ){
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemGrow(pOut, n, 0) ){
     goto no_mem;
   }
-  pOut->n = u.bl.n;
+  pOut->n = n;
   MemSetTypeFlag(pOut, MEM_Blob);
-  if( u.bl.pC->isIndex ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeKey(u.bl.pCrsr, 0, u.bl.n, pOut->z);
+  if( pC->isTable==0 ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeKey(pCrsr, 0, n, pOut->z);
   }else{
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeData(u.bl.pCrsr, 0, u.bl.n, pOut->z);
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeData(pCrsr, 0, n, pOut->z);
   }
   pOut->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;  /* In case the blob is ever cast to text */
   UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pOut);
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p2, pOut);
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Rowid P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=rowid
 **
 ** Store in register P2 an integer which is the key of the table entry that
 ** P1 is currently point to.
@@ -69188,42 +72432,40 @@
 ** one opcode now works for both table types.
 */
 case OP_Rowid: {                 /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bm */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   i64 v;
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bm */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bm.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bm.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bm.pC->pseudoTableReg==0 );
-  if( u.bm.pC->nullRow ){
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->pseudoTableReg==0 || pC->nullRow );
+  if( pC->nullRow ){
     pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
     break;
-  }else if( u.bm.pC->deferredMoveto ){
-    u.bm.v = u.bm.pC->movetoTarget;
+  }else if( pC->deferredMoveto ){
+    v = pC->movetoTarget;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  }else if( u.bm.pC->pVtabCursor ){
-    u.bm.pVtab = u.bm.pC->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
-    u.bm.pModule = u.bm.pVtab->pModule;
-    assert( u.bm.pModule->xRowid );
-    rc = u.bm.pModule->xRowid(u.bm.pC->pVtabCursor, &u.bm.v);
-    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.bm.pVtab);
+  }else if( pC->pVtabCursor ){
+    pVtab = pC->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+    pModule = pVtab->pModule;
+    assert( pModule->xRowid );
+    rc = pModule->xRowid(pC->pVtabCursor, &v);
+    sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
   }else{
-    assert( u.bm.pC->pCursor!=0 );
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bm.pC);
+    assert( pC->pCursor!=0 );
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(pC);
     if( rc ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-    if( u.bm.pC->rowidIsValid ){
-      u.bm.v = u.bm.pC->lastRowid;
+    if( pC->rowidIsValid ){
+      v = pC->lastRowid;
     }else{
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(u.bm.pC->pCursor, &u.bm.v);
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeKeySize(pC->pCursor, &v);
       assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );  /* Always so because of CursorMoveto() above */
     }
   }
-  pOut->u.i = u.bm.v;
+  pOut->u.i = v;
   break;
 }
 
@@ -69234,51 +72476,54 @@
 ** write a NULL.
 */
 case OP_NullRow: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bn */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bn */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bn.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bn.pC!=0 );
-  u.bn.pC->nullRow = 1;
-  u.bn.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-  assert( u.bn.pC->pCursor || u.bn.pC->pVtabCursor );
-  if( u.bn.pC->pCursor ){
-    sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(u.bn.pC->pCursor);
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  pC->nullRow = 1;
+  pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  if( pC->pCursor ){
+    sqlite3BtreeClearCursor(pC->pCursor);
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: Last P1 P2 * * *
 **
-** The next use of the Rowid or Column or Next instruction for P1 
+** The next use of the Rowid or Column or Prev instruction for P1 
 ** will refer to the last entry in the database table or index.
 ** If the table or index is empty and P2>0, then jump immediately to P2.
 ** If P2 is 0 or if the table or index is not empty, fall through
 ** to the following instruction.
+**
+** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in reverse order,
+** from the end toward the beginning.  In other words, the cursor is
+** configured to use Prev, not Next.
 */
 case OP_Last: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bo */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bo */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bo.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bo.pC!=0 );
-  u.bo.pCrsr = u.bo.pC->pCursor;
-  u.bo.res = 0;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bo.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(u.bo.pCrsr, &u.bo.res);
-  }
-  u.bo.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bo.res;
-  u.bo.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-  u.bo.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-  u.bo.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  if( pOp->p2>0 && u.bo.res ){
-    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  res = 0;
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 );
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeLast(pCrsr, &res);
+  pC->nullRow = (u8)res;
+  pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+  pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  pC->seekOp = OP_Last;
+#endif
+  if( pOp->p2>0 ){
+    VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0,2);
+    if( res ) pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -69297,15 +72542,12 @@
 ** correctly optimizing out sorts.
 */
 case OP_SorterSort:    /* jump */
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  pOp->opcode = OP_Sort;
-#endif
 case OP_Sort: {        /* jump */
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   sqlite3_sort_count++;
   sqlite3_search_count--;
 #endif
-  p->aCounter[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT-1]++;
+  p->aCounter[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT]++;
   /* Fall through into OP_Rewind */
 }
 /* Opcode: Rewind P1 P2 * * *
@@ -69315,46 +72557,61 @@
 ** If the table or index is empty and P2>0, then jump immediately to P2.
 ** If P2 is 0 or if the table or index is not empty, fall through
 ** to the following instruction.
+**
+** This opcode leaves the cursor configured to move in forward order,
+** from the beginning toward the end.  In other words, the cursor is
+** configured to use Next, not Prev.
 */
 case OP_Rewind: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bp */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bp */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bp.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bp.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bp.pC->isSorter==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterSort) );
-  u.bp.res = 1;
-  if( isSorter(u.bp.pC) ){
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(db, u.bp.pC, &u.bp.res);
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( isSorter(pC)==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterSort) );
+  res = 1;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  pC->seekOp = OP_Rewind;
+#endif
+  if( isSorter(pC) ){
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(db, pC, &res);
   }else{
-    u.bp.pCrsr = u.bp.pC->pCursor;
-    assert( u.bp.pCrsr );
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(u.bp.pCrsr, &u.bp.res);
-    u.bp.pC->atFirst = u.bp.res==0 ?1:0;
-    u.bp.pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
-    u.bp.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-    u.bp.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+    pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+    assert( pCrsr );
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeFirst(pCrsr, &res);
+    pC->deferredMoveto = 0;
+    pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+    pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
   }
-  u.bp.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bp.res;
+  pC->nullRow = (u8)res;
   assert( pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2<p->nOp );
-  if( u.bp.res ){
+  VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0,2);
+  if( res ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: Next P1 P2 * P4 P5
+/* Opcode: Next P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
 **
 ** Advance cursor P1 so that it points to the next key/data pair in its
 ** table or index.  If there are no more key/value pairs then fall through
 ** to the following instruction.  But if the cursor advance was successful,
 ** jump immediately to P2.
 **
-** The P1 cursor must be for a real table, not a pseudo-table.
+** The Next opcode is only valid following an SeekGT, SeekGE, or
+** OP_Rewind opcode used to position the cursor.  Next is not allowed
+** to follow SeekLT, SeekLE, or OP_Last.
+**
+** The P1 cursor must be for a real table, not a pseudo-table.  P1 must have
+** been opened prior to this opcode or the program will segfault.
+**
+** The P3 value is a hint to the btree implementation. If P3==1, that
+** means P1 is an SQL index and that this instruction could have been
+** omitted if that index had been unique.  P3 is usually 0.  P3 is
+** always either 0 or 1.
 **
 ** P4 is always of type P4_ADVANCE. The function pointer points to
 ** sqlite3BtreeNext().
@@ -69362,16 +72619,32 @@
 ** If P5 is positive and the jump is taken, then event counter
 ** number P5-1 in the prepared statement is incremented.
 **
-** See also: Prev
+** See also: Prev, NextIfOpen
 */
-/* Opcode: Prev P1 P2 * * P5
+/* Opcode: NextIfOpen P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** This opcode works just like Next except that if cursor P1 is not
+** open it behaves a no-op.
+*/
+/* Opcode: Prev P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
 **
 ** Back up cursor P1 so that it points to the previous key/data pair in its
 ** table or index.  If there is no previous key/value pairs then fall through
 ** to the following instruction.  But if the cursor backup was successful,
 ** jump immediately to P2.
 **
-** The P1 cursor must be for a real table, not a pseudo-table.
+**
+** The Prev opcode is only valid following an SeekLT, SeekLE, or
+** OP_Last opcode used to position the cursor.  Prev is not allowed
+** to follow SeekGT, SeekGE, or OP_Rewind.
+**
+** The P1 cursor must be for a real table, not a pseudo-table.  If P1 is
+** not open then the behavior is undefined.
+**
+** The P3 value is a hint to the btree implementation. If P3==1, that
+** means P1 is an SQL index and that this instruction could have been
+** omitted if that index had been unique.  P3 is usually 0.  P3 is
+** always either 0 or 1.
 **
 ** P4 is always of type P4_ADVANCE. The function pointer points to
 ** sqlite3BtreePrevious().
@@ -69379,50 +72652,69 @@
 ** If P5 is positive and the jump is taken, then event counter
 ** number P5-1 in the prepared statement is incremented.
 */
-case OP_SorterNext:    /* jump */
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  pOp->opcode = OP_Next;
-#endif
-case OP_Prev:          /* jump */
-case OP_Next: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bq */
+/* Opcode: PrevIfOpen P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+**
+** This opcode works just like Prev except that if cursor P1 is not
+** open it behaves a no-op.
+*/
+case OP_SorterNext: {  /* jump */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   int res;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bq */
 
-  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( isSorter(pC) );
+  res = 0;
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(db, pC, &res);
+  goto next_tail;
+case OP_PrevIfOpen:    /* jump */
+case OP_NextIfOpen:    /* jump */
+  if( p->apCsr[pOp->p1]==0 ) break;
+  /* Fall through */
+case OP_Prev:          /* jump */
+case OP_Next:          /* jump */
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  assert( pOp->p5<=ArraySize(p->aCounter) );
-  u.bq.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  if( u.bq.pC==0 ){
-    break;  /* See ticket #2273 */
-  }
-  assert( u.bq.pC->isSorter==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterNext) );
-  if( isSorter(u.bq.pC) ){
-    assert( pOp->opcode==OP_SorterNext );
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(db, u.bq.pC, &u.bq.res);
-  }else{
-    u.bq.res = 1;
-    assert( u.bq.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-    assert( u.bq.pC->pCursor );
-    assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Next || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreeNext );
-    assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Prev || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreePrevious );
-    rc = pOp->p4.xAdvance(u.bq.pC->pCursor, &u.bq.res);
-  }
-  u.bq.pC->nullRow = (u8)u.bq.res;
-  u.bq.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-  if( u.bq.res==0 ){
+  assert( pOp->p5<ArraySize(p->aCounter) );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  res = pOp->p3;
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  assert( pC->pCursor );
+  assert( res==0 || (res==1 && pC->isTable==0) );
+  testcase( res==1 );
+  assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Next || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreeNext );
+  assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Prev || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreePrevious );
+  assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_NextIfOpen || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreeNext );
+  assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_PrevIfOpen || pOp->p4.xAdvance==sqlite3BtreePrevious);
+
+  /* The Next opcode is only used after SeekGT, SeekGE, and Rewind.
+  ** The Prev opcode is only used after SeekLT, SeekLE, and Last. */
+  assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Next || pOp->opcode!=OP_NextIfOpen
+       || pC->seekOp==OP_SeekGT || pC->seekOp==OP_SeekGE
+       || pC->seekOp==OP_Rewind || pC->seekOp==OP_Found);
+  assert( pOp->opcode!=OP_Prev || pOp->opcode!=OP_PrevIfOpen
+       || pC->seekOp==OP_SeekLT || pC->seekOp==OP_SeekLE
+       || pC->seekOp==OP_Last );
+
+  rc = pOp->p4.xAdvance(pC->pCursor, &res);
+next_tail:
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  VdbeBranchTaken(res==0,2);
+  if( res==0 ){
+    pC->nullRow = 0;
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
-    if( pOp->p5 ) p->aCounter[pOp->p5-1]++;
+    p->aCounter[pOp->p5]++;
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
     sqlite3_search_count++;
 #endif
+  }else{
+    pC->nullRow = 1;
   }
-  u.bq.pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
-  break;
+  pC->rowidIsValid = 0;
+  goto check_for_interrupt;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IdxInsert P1 P2 P3 * P5
+** Synopsis: key=r[P2]
 **
 ** Register P2 holds an SQL index key made using the
 ** MakeRecord instructions.  This opcode writes that key
@@ -69431,87 +72723,90 @@
 ** P3 is a flag that provides a hint to the b-tree layer that this
 ** insert is likely to be an append.
 **
+** If P5 has the OPFLAG_NCHANGE bit set, then the change counter is
+** incremented by this instruction.  If the OPFLAG_NCHANGE bit is clear,
+** then the change counter is unchanged.
+**
+** If P5 has the OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT bit set, then the cursor must have
+** just done a seek to the spot where the new entry is to be inserted.
+** This flag avoids doing an extra seek.
+**
 ** This instruction only works for indices.  The equivalent instruction
 ** for tables is OP_Insert.
 */
 case OP_SorterInsert:       /* in2 */
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  pOp->opcode = OP_IdxInsert;
-#endif
 case OP_IdxInsert: {        /* in2 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.br */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int nKey;
   const char *zKey;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.br */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.br.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.br.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.br.pC->isSorter==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterInsert) );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( isSorter(pC)==(pOp->opcode==OP_SorterInsert) );
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   assert( pIn2->flags & MEM_Blob );
-  u.br.pCrsr = u.br.pC->pCursor;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.br.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    assert( u.br.pC->isTable==0 );
-    rc = ExpandBlob(pIn2);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      if( isSorter(u.br.pC) ){
-        rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(db, u.br.pC, pIn2);
-      }else{
-        u.br.nKey = pIn2->n;
-        u.br.zKey = pIn2->z;
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(u.br.pCrsr, u.br.zKey, u.br.nKey, "", 0, 0, pOp->p3,
-            ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? u.br.pC->seekResult : 0)
-            );
-        assert( u.br.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-        u.br.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
-      }
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  if( pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_NCHANGE ) p->nChange++;
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 );
+  assert( pC->isTable==0 );
+  rc = ExpandBlob(pIn2);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( isSorter(pC) ){
+      rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(db, pC, pIn2);
+    }else{
+      nKey = pIn2->n;
+      zKey = pIn2->z;
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeInsert(pCrsr, zKey, nKey, "", 0, 0, pOp->p3, 
+          ((pOp->p5 & OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT) ? pC->seekResult : 0)
+          );
+      assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+      pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
     }
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IdxDelete P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: key=r[P2@P3]
 **
 ** The content of P3 registers starting at register P2 form
 ** an unpacked index key. This opcode removes that entry from the 
 ** index opened by cursor P1.
 */
 case OP_IdxDelete: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bs */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   int res;
   UnpackedRecord r;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bs */
 
   assert( pOp->p3>0 );
-  assert( pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+pOp->p3<=p->nMem+1 );
+  assert( pOp->p2>0 && pOp->p2+pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor)+1 );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bs.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bs.pC!=0 );
-  u.bs.pCrsr = u.bs.pC->pCursor;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bs.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    u.bs.r.pKeyInfo = u.bs.pC->pKeyInfo;
-    u.bs.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p3;
-    u.bs.r.flags = 0;
-    u.bs.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 );
+  assert( pOp->p5==0 );
+  r.pKeyInfo = pC->pKeyInfo;
+  r.nField = (u16)pOp->p3;
+  r.default_rc = 0;
+  r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p2];
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bs.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bs.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+  { int i; for(i=0; i<r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&r.aMem[i]) ); }
 #endif
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(u.bs.pCrsr, &u.bs.r, 0, 0, &u.bs.res);
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.bs.res==0 ){
-      rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(u.bs.pCrsr);
-    }
-    assert( u.bs.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-    u.bs.pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeMovetoUnpacked(pCrsr, &r, 0, 0, &res);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && res==0 ){
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeDelete(pCrsr);
   }
+  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  pC->cacheStatus = CACHE_STALE;
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IdxRowid P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=rowid
 **
 ** Write into register P2 an integer which is the last entry in the record at
 ** the end of the index key pointed to by cursor P1.  This integer should be
@@ -69520,97 +72815,118 @@
 ** See also: Rowid, MakeRecord.
 */
 case OP_IdxRowid: {              /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bt */
   BtCursor *pCrsr;
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   i64 rowid;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bt */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bt.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bt.pC!=0 );
-  u.bt.pCrsr = u.bt.pC->pCursor;
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  pCrsr = pC->pCursor;
+  assert( pCrsr!=0 );
   pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bt.pCrsr!=0) ){
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(u.bt.pC);
-    if( NEVER(rc) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
-    assert( u.bt.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-    assert( u.bt.pC->isTable==0 );
-    if( !u.bt.pC->nullRow ){
-      rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(db, u.bt.pCrsr, &u.bt.rowid);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        goto abort_due_to_error;
-      }
-      pOut->u.i = u.bt.rowid;
-      pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeCursorMoveto(pC);
+  if( NEVER(rc) ) goto abort_due_to_error;
+  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  assert( pC->isTable==0 );
+  if( !pC->nullRow ){
+    rowid = 0;  /* Not needed.  Only used to silence a warning. */
+    rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxRowid(db, pCrsr, &rowid);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      goto abort_due_to_error;
     }
+    pOut->u.i = rowid;
+    pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
   }
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IdxGE P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** The P4 register values beginning with P3 form an unpacked index 
-** key that omits the ROWID.  Compare this key value against the index 
-** that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the ROWID on the P1 index.
+** key that omits the PRIMARY KEY.  Compare this key value against the index 
+** that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the PRIMARY KEY or ROWID 
+** fields at the end.
 **
 ** If the P1 index entry is greater than or equal to the key value
 ** then jump to P2.  Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
-**
-** If P5 is non-zero then the key value is increased by an epsilon 
-** prior to the comparison.  This make the opcode work like IdxGT except
-** that if the key from register P3 is a prefix of the key in the cursor,
-** the result is false whereas it would be true with IdxGT.
 */
-/* Opcode: IdxLT P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+/* Opcode: IdxGT P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
 **
 ** The P4 register values beginning with P3 form an unpacked index 
-** key that omits the ROWID.  Compare this key value against the index 
-** that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the ROWID on the P1 index.
+** key that omits the PRIMARY KEY.  Compare this key value against the index 
+** that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the PRIMARY KEY or ROWID 
+** fields at the end.
+**
+** If the P1 index entry is greater than the key value
+** then jump to P2.  Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
+*/
+/* Opcode: IdxLT P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
+**
+** The P4 register values beginning with P3 form an unpacked index 
+** key that omits the PRIMARY KEY or ROWID.  Compare this key value against
+** the index that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the PRIMARY KEY or
+** ROWID on the P1 index.
 **
 ** If the P1 index entry is less than the key value then jump to P2.
 ** Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
-**
-** If P5 is non-zero then the key value is increased by an epsilon prior 
-** to the comparison.  This makes the opcode work like IdxLE.
 */
+/* Opcode: IdxLE P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: key=r[P3@P4]
+**
+** The P4 register values beginning with P3 form an unpacked index 
+** key that omits the PRIMARY KEY or ROWID.  Compare this key value against
+** the index that P1 is currently pointing to, ignoring the PRIMARY KEY or
+** ROWID on the P1 index.
+**
+** If the P1 index entry is less than or equal to the key value then jump
+** to P2. Otherwise fall through to the next instruction.
+*/
+case OP_IdxLE:          /* jump */
+case OP_IdxGT:          /* jump */
 case OP_IdxLT:          /* jump */
-case OP_IdxGE: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bu */
+case OP_IdxGE:  {       /* jump */
   VdbeCursor *pC;
   int res;
   UnpackedRecord r;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bu */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
-  u.bu.pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bu.pC!=0 );
-  assert( u.bu.pC->isOrdered );
-  if( ALWAYS(u.bu.pC->pCursor!=0) ){
-    assert( u.bu.pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
-    assert( pOp->p5==0 || pOp->p5==1 );
-    assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-    u.bu.r.pKeyInfo = u.bu.pC->pKeyInfo;
-    u.bu.r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
-    if( pOp->p5 ){
-      u.bu.r.flags = UNPACKED_INCRKEY | UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
-    }else{
-      u.bu.r.flags = UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
-    }
-    u.bu.r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  assert( pC->isOrdered );
+  assert( pC->pCursor!=0);
+  assert( pC->deferredMoveto==0 );
+  assert( pOp->p5==0 || pOp->p5==1 );
+  assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
+  r.pKeyInfo = pC->pKeyInfo;
+  r.nField = (u16)pOp->p4.i;
+  if( pOp->opcode<OP_IdxLT ){
+    assert( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxLE || pOp->opcode==OP_IdxGT );
+    r.default_rc = -1;
+  }else{
+    assert( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxGE || pOp->opcode==OP_IdxLT );
+    r.default_rc = 0;
+  }
+  r.aMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    { int i; for(i=0; i<u.bu.r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&u.bu.r.aMem[i]) ); }
+  { int i; for(i=0; i<r.nField; i++) assert( memIsValid(&r.aMem[i]) ); }
 #endif
-    rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(u.bu.pC, &u.bu.r, &u.bu.res);
-    if( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxLT ){
-      u.bu.res = -u.bu.res;
-    }else{
-      assert( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxGE );
-      u.bu.res++;
-    }
-    if( u.bu.res>0 ){
-      pc = pOp->p2 - 1 ;
-    }
+  res = 0;  /* Not needed.  Only used to silence a warning. */
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeIdxKeyCompare(pC, &r, &res);
+  assert( (OP_IdxLE&1)==(OP_IdxLT&1) && (OP_IdxGE&1)==(OP_IdxGT&1) );
+  if( (pOp->opcode&1)==(OP_IdxLT&1) ){
+    assert( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxLE || pOp->opcode==OP_IdxLT );
+    res = -res;
+  }else{
+    assert( pOp->opcode==OP_IdxGE || pOp->opcode==OP_IdxGT );
+    res++;
+  }
+  VdbeBranchTaken(res>0,2);
+  if( res>0 ){
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1 ;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -69636,39 +72952,42 @@
 ** See also: Clear
 */
 case OP_Destroy: {     /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bv */
   int iMoved;
   int iCnt;
   Vdbe *pVdbe;
   int iDb;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bv */
+
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  u.bv.iCnt = 0;
-  for(u.bv.pVdbe=db->pVdbe; u.bv.pVdbe; u.bv.pVdbe = u.bv.pVdbe->pNext){
-    if( u.bv.pVdbe->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN && u.bv.pVdbe->inVtabMethod<2 && u.bv.pVdbe->pc>=0 ){
-      u.bv.iCnt++;
+  iCnt = 0;
+  for(pVdbe=db->pVdbe; pVdbe; pVdbe = pVdbe->pNext){
+    if( pVdbe->magic==VDBE_MAGIC_RUN && pVdbe->bIsReader 
+     && pVdbe->inVtabMethod<2 && pVdbe->pc>=0 
+    ){
+      iCnt++;
     }
   }
 #else
-  u.bv.iCnt = db->activeVdbeCnt;
+  iCnt = db->nVdbeRead;
 #endif
   pOut->flags = MEM_Null;
-  if( u.bv.iCnt>1 ){
+  if( iCnt>1 ){
     rc = SQLITE_LOCKED;
     p->errorAction = OE_Abort;
   }else{
-    u.bv.iDb = pOp->p3;
-    assert( u.bv.iCnt==1 );
-    assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<u.bv.iDb))!=0 );
-    rc = sqlite3BtreeDropTable(db->aDb[u.bv.iDb].pBt, pOp->p1, &u.bv.iMoved);
+    iDb = pOp->p3;
+    assert( iCnt==1 );
+    assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, iDb) );
+    iMoved = 0;  /* Not needed.  Only to silence a warning. */
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeDropTable(db->aDb[iDb].pBt, pOp->p1, &iMoved);
     pOut->flags = MEM_Int;
-    pOut->u.i = u.bv.iMoved;
+    pOut->u.i = iMoved;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && u.bv.iMoved!=0 ){
-      sqlite3RootPageMoved(db, u.bv.iDb, u.bv.iMoved, pOp->p1);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && iMoved!=0 ){
+      sqlite3RootPageMoved(db, iDb, iMoved, pOp->p1);
       /* All OP_Destroy operations occur on the same btree */
-      assert( resetSchemaOnFault==0 || resetSchemaOnFault==u.bv.iDb+1 );
-      resetSchemaOnFault = u.bv.iDb+1;
+      assert( resetSchemaOnFault==0 || resetSchemaOnFault==iDb+1 );
+      resetSchemaOnFault = iDb+1;
     }
 #endif
   }
@@ -69694,27 +73013,50 @@
 ** See also: Destroy
 */
 case OP_Clear: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bw */
   int nChange;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bw */
-
-  u.bw.nChange = 0;
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p2))!=0 );
+ 
+  nChange = 0;
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p2) );
   rc = sqlite3BtreeClearTable(
-      db->aDb[pOp->p2].pBt, pOp->p1, (pOp->p3 ? &u.bw.nChange : 0)
+      db->aDb[pOp->p2].pBt, pOp->p1, (pOp->p3 ? &nChange : 0)
   );
   if( pOp->p3 ){
-    p->nChange += u.bw.nChange;
+    p->nChange += nChange;
     if( pOp->p3>0 ){
       assert( memIsValid(&aMem[pOp->p3]) );
       memAboutToChange(p, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
-      aMem[pOp->p3].u.i += u.bw.nChange;
+      aMem[pOp->p3].u.i += nChange;
     }
   }
   break;
 }
 
+/* Opcode: ResetSorter P1 * * * *
+**
+** Delete all contents from the ephemeral table or sorter
+** that is open on cursor P1.
+**
+** This opcode only works for cursors used for sorting and
+** opened with OP_OpenEphemeral or OP_SorterOpen.
+*/
+case OP_ResetSorter: {
+  VdbeCursor *pC;
+ 
+  assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<p->nCursor );
+  pC = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pC!=0 );
+  if( pC->pSorter ){
+    sqlite3VdbeSorterReset(db, pC->pSorter);
+  }else{
+    assert( pC->isEphemeral );
+    rc = sqlite3BtreeClearTableOfCursor(pC->pCursor);
+  }
+  break;
+}
+
 /* Opcode: CreateTable P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=root iDb=P1
 **
 ** Allocate a new table in the main database file if P1==0 or in the
 ** auxiliary database file if P1==1 or in an attached database if
@@ -69728,6 +73070,7 @@
 ** See also: CreateIndex
 */
 /* Opcode: CreateIndex P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P2]=root iDb=P1
 **
 ** Allocate a new index in the main database file if P1==0 or in the
 ** auxiliary database file if P1==1 or in an attached database if
@@ -69738,25 +73081,24 @@
 */
 case OP_CreateIndex:            /* out2-prerelease */
 case OP_CreateTable: {          /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bx */
   int pgno;
   int flags;
   Db *pDb;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bx */
 
-  u.bx.pgno = 0;
+  pgno = 0;
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
-  u.bx.pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.bx.pDb->pBt!=0 );
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p1) );
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  pDb = &db->aDb[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pDb->pBt!=0 );
   if( pOp->opcode==OP_CreateTable ){
-    /* u.bx.flags = BTREE_INTKEY; */
-    u.bx.flags = BTREE_INTKEY;
+    /* flags = BTREE_INTKEY; */
+    flags = BTREE_INTKEY;
   }else{
-    u.bx.flags = BTREE_BLOBKEY;
+    flags = BTREE_BLOBKEY;
   }
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(u.bx.pDb->pBt, &u.bx.pgno, u.bx.flags);
-  pOut->u.i = u.bx.pgno;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeCreateTable(pDb->pBt, &pgno, flags);
+  pOut->u.i = pgno;
   break;
 }
 
@@ -69769,52 +73111,50 @@
 ** then runs the new virtual machine.  It is thus a re-entrant opcode.
 */
 case OP_ParseSchema: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.by */
   int iDb;
   const char *zMaster;
   char *zSql;
   InitData initData;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.by */
 
   /* Any prepared statement that invokes this opcode will hold mutexes
-  ** on every btree.  This is a prerequisite for invoking
+  ** on every btree.  This is a prerequisite for invoking 
   ** sqlite3InitCallback().
   */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-  for(u.by.iDb=0; u.by.iDb<db->nDb; u.by.iDb++){
-    assert( u.by.iDb==1 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[u.by.iDb].pBt) );
+  for(iDb=0; iDb<db->nDb; iDb++){
+    assert( iDb==1 || sqlite3BtreeHoldsMutex(db->aDb[iDb].pBt) );
   }
 #endif
 
-  u.by.iDb = pOp->p1;
-  assert( u.by.iDb>=0 && u.by.iDb<db->nDb );
-  assert( DbHasProperty(db, u.by.iDb, DB_SchemaLoaded) );
+  iDb = pOp->p1;
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( DbHasProperty(db, iDb, DB_SchemaLoaded) );
   /* Used to be a conditional */ {
-    u.by.zMaster = SCHEMA_TABLE(u.by.iDb);
-    u.by.initData.db = db;
-    u.by.initData.iDb = pOp->p1;
-    u.by.initData.pzErrMsg = &p->zErrMsg;
-    u.by.zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db,
+    zMaster = SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb);
+    initData.db = db;
+    initData.iDb = pOp->p1;
+    initData.pzErrMsg = &p->zErrMsg;
+    zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db,
        "SELECT name, rootpage, sql FROM '%q'.%s WHERE %s ORDER BY rowid",
-       db->aDb[u.by.iDb].zName, u.by.zMaster, pOp->p4.z);
-    if( u.by.zSql==0 ){
+       db->aDb[iDb].zName, zMaster, pOp->p4.z);
+    if( zSql==0 ){
       rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }else{
       assert( db->init.busy==0 );
       db->init.busy = 1;
-      u.by.initData.rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      initData.rc = SQLITE_OK;
       assert( !db->mallocFailed );
-      rc = sqlite3_exec(db, u.by.zSql, sqlite3InitCallback, &u.by.initData, 0);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = u.by.initData.rc;
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, u.by.zSql);
+      rc = sqlite3_exec(db, zSql, sqlite3InitCallback, &initData, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = initData.rc;
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, zSql);
       db->init.busy = 0;
     }
   }
-  if( rc ) sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  if( rc ) sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
   if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ){
     goto no_mem;
   }
-  break;
+  break;  
 }
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE)
@@ -69835,7 +73175,8 @@
 **
 ** Remove the internal (in-memory) data structures that describe
 ** the table named P4 in database P1.  This is called after a table
-** is dropped in order to keep the internal representation of the
+** is dropped from disk (using the Destroy opcode) in order to keep 
+** the internal representation of the
 ** schema consistent with what is on disk.
 */
 case OP_DropTable: {
@@ -69847,7 +73188,8 @@
 **
 ** Remove the internal (in-memory) data structures that describe
 ** the index named P4 in database P1.  This is called after an index
-** is dropped in order to keep the internal representation of the
+** is dropped from disk (using the Destroy opcode)
+** in order to keep the internal representation of the
 ** schema consistent with what is on disk.
 */
 case OP_DropIndex: {
@@ -69859,7 +73201,8 @@
 **
 ** Remove the internal (in-memory) data structures that describe
 ** the trigger named P4 in database P1.  This is called after a trigger
-** is dropped in order to keep the internal representation of the
+** is dropped from disk (using the Destroy opcode) in order to keep 
+** the internal representation of the
 ** schema consistent with what is on disk.
 */
 case OP_DropTrigger: {
@@ -69890,41 +73233,40 @@
 ** This opcode is used to implement the integrity_check pragma.
 */
 case OP_IntegrityCk: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.bz */
   int nRoot;      /* Number of tables to check.  (Number of root pages.) */
   int *aRoot;     /* Array of rootpage numbers for tables to be checked */
   int j;          /* Loop counter */
   int nErr;       /* Number of errors reported */
   char *z;        /* Text of the error report */
   Mem *pnErr;     /* Register keeping track of errors remaining */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.bz */
 
-  u.bz.nRoot = pOp->p2;
-  assert( u.bz.nRoot>0 );
-  u.bz.aRoot = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*(u.bz.nRoot+1) );
-  if( u.bz.aRoot==0 ) goto no_mem;
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  u.bz.pnErr = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  assert( (u.bz.pnErr->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );
-  assert( (u.bz.pnErr->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
+  nRoot = pOp->p2;
+  assert( nRoot>0 );
+  aRoot = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*(nRoot+1) );
+  if( aRoot==0 ) goto no_mem;
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pnErr = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  assert( (pnErr->flags & MEM_Int)!=0 );
+  assert( (pnErr->flags & (MEM_Str|MEM_Blob))==0 );
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  for(u.bz.j=0; u.bz.j<u.bz.nRoot; u.bz.j++){
-    u.bz.aRoot[u.bz.j] = (int)sqlite3VdbeIntValue(&pIn1[u.bz.j]);
+  for(j=0; j<nRoot; j++){
+    aRoot[j] = (int)sqlite3VdbeIntValue(&pIn1[j]);
   }
-  u.bz.aRoot[u.bz.j] = 0;
+  aRoot[j] = 0;
   assert( pOp->p5<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p5))!=0 );
-  u.bz.z = sqlite3BtreeIntegrityCheck(db->aDb[pOp->p5].pBt, u.bz.aRoot, u.bz.nRoot,
-                                 (int)u.bz.pnErr->u.i, &u.bz.nErr);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, u.bz.aRoot);
-  u.bz.pnErr->u.i -= u.bz.nErr;
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p5) );
+  z = sqlite3BtreeIntegrityCheck(db->aDb[pOp->p5].pBt, aRoot, nRoot,
+                                 (int)pnErr->u.i, &nErr);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, aRoot);
+  pnErr->u.i -= nErr;
   sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pIn1);
-  if( u.bz.nErr==0 ){
-    assert( u.bz.z==0 );
-  }else if( u.bz.z==0 ){
+  if( nErr==0 ){
+    assert( z==0 );
+  }else if( z==0 ){
     goto no_mem;
   }else{
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pIn1, u.bz.z, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, sqlite3_free);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetStr(pIn1, z, -1, SQLITE_UTF8, sqlite3_free);
   }
   UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pIn1);
   sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pIn1, encoding);
@@ -69933,6 +73275,7 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
 
 /* Opcode: RowSetAdd P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis:  rowset(P1)=r[P2]
 **
 ** Insert the integer value held by register P2 into a boolean index
 ** held in register P1.
@@ -69952,31 +73295,33 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: RowSetRead P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis:  r[P3]=rowset(P1)
 **
 ** Extract the smallest value from boolean index P1 and put that value into
 ** register P3.  Or, if boolean index P1 is initially empty, leave P3
 ** unchanged and jump to instruction P2.
 */
 case OP_RowSetRead: {       /* jump, in1, out3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ca */
   i64 val;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ca */
-  CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPT;
+
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0
-   || sqlite3RowSetNext(pIn1->u.pRowSet, &u.ca.val)==0
+  if( (pIn1->flags & MEM_RowSet)==0 
+   || sqlite3RowSetNext(pIn1->u.pRowSet, &val)==0
   ){
     /* The boolean index is empty */
     sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pIn1);
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
+    VdbeBranchTaken(1,2);
   }else{
     /* A value was pulled from the index */
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&aMem[pOp->p3], u.ca.val);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&aMem[pOp->p3], val);
+    VdbeBranchTaken(0,2);
   }
-  break;
+  goto check_for_interrupt;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: RowSetTest P1 P2 P3 P4
+** Synopsis: if r[P3] in rowset(P1) goto P2
 **
 ** Register P3 is assumed to hold a 64-bit integer value. If register P1
 ** contains a RowSet object and that RowSet object contains
@@ -70000,14 +73345,12 @@
 ** inserted as part of some other set).
 */
 case OP_RowSetTest: {                     /* jump, in1, in3 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cb */
   int iSet;
   int exists;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cb */
 
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   pIn3 = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.cb.iSet = pOp->p4.i;
+  iSet = pOp->p4.i;
   assert( pIn3->flags&MEM_Int );
 
   /* If there is anything other than a rowset object in memory cell P1,
@@ -70019,17 +73362,16 @@
   }
 
   assert( pOp->p4type==P4_INT32 );
-  assert( u.cb.iSet==-1 || u.cb.iSet>=0 );
-  if( u.cb.iSet ){
-    u.cb.exists = sqlite3RowSetTest(pIn1->u.pRowSet,
-                               (u8)(u.cb.iSet>=0 ? u.cb.iSet & 0xf : 0xff),
-                               pIn3->u.i);
-    if( u.cb.exists ){
+  assert( iSet==-1 || iSet>=0 );
+  if( iSet ){
+    exists = sqlite3RowSetTest(pIn1->u.pRowSet, iSet, pIn3->u.i);
+    VdbeBranchTaken(exists!=0,2);
+    if( exists ){
       pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
       break;
     }
   }
-  if( u.cb.iSet>=0 ){
+  if( iSet>=0 ){
     sqlite3RowSetInsert(pIn1->u.pRowSet, pIn3->u.i);
   }
   break;
@@ -70038,7 +73380,7 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
 
-/* Opcode: Program P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode: Program P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
 **
 ** Execute the trigger program passed as P4 (type P4_SUBPROGRAM). 
 **
@@ -70050,9 +73392,10 @@
 ** memory required by the sub-vdbe at runtime.
 **
 ** P4 is a pointer to the VM containing the trigger program.
+**
+** If P5 is non-zero, then recursive program invocation is enabled.
 */
 case OP_Program: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cc */
   int nMem;               /* Number of memory registers for sub-program */
   int nByte;              /* Bytes of runtime space required for sub-program */
   Mem *pRt;               /* Register to allocate runtime space */
@@ -70061,27 +73404,26 @@
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;      /* New vdbe frame to execute in */
   SubProgram *pProgram;   /* Sub-program to execute */
   void *t;                /* Token identifying trigger */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cc */
 
-  u.cc.pProgram = pOp->p4.pProgram;
-  u.cc.pRt = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  assert( u.cc.pProgram->nOp>0 );
-
-  /* If the p5 flag is clear, then recursive invocation of triggers is
+  pProgram = pOp->p4.pProgram;
+  pRt = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  assert( pProgram->nOp>0 );
+  
+  /* If the p5 flag is clear, then recursive invocation of triggers is 
   ** disabled for backwards compatibility (p5 is set if this sub-program
   ** is really a trigger, not a foreign key action, and the flag set
   ** and cleared by the "PRAGMA recursive_triggers" command is clear).
-  **
-  ** It is recursive invocation of triggers, at the SQL level, that is
-  ** disabled. In some cases a single trigger may generate more than one
-  ** SubProgram (if the trigger may be executed with more than one different
+  ** 
+  ** It is recursive invocation of triggers, at the SQL level, that is 
+  ** disabled. In some cases a single trigger may generate more than one 
+  ** SubProgram (if the trigger may be executed with more than one different 
   ** ON CONFLICT algorithm). SubProgram structures associated with a
-  ** single trigger all have the same value for the SubProgram.token
+  ** single trigger all have the same value for the SubProgram.token 
   ** variable.  */
   if( pOp->p5 ){
-    u.cc.t = u.cc.pProgram->token;
-    for(u.cc.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.cc.pFrame && u.cc.pFrame->token!=u.cc.t; u.cc.pFrame=u.cc.pFrame->pParent);
-    if( u.cc.pFrame ) break;
+    t = pProgram->token;
+    for(pFrame=p->pFrame; pFrame && pFrame->token!=t; pFrame=pFrame->pParent);
+    if( pFrame ) break;
   }
 
   if( p->nFrame>=db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_TRIGGER_DEPTH] ){
@@ -70090,69 +73432,69 @@
     break;
   }
 
-  /* Register u.cc.pRt is used to store the memory required to save the state
+  /* Register pRt is used to store the memory required to save the state
   ** of the current program, and the memory required at runtime to execute
-  ** the trigger program. If this trigger has been fired before, then u.cc.pRt
+  ** the trigger program. If this trigger has been fired before, then pRt 
   ** is already allocated. Otherwise, it must be initialized.  */
-  if( (u.cc.pRt->flags&MEM_Frame)==0 ){
-    /* SubProgram.nMem is set to the number of memory cells used by the
+  if( (pRt->flags&MEM_Frame)==0 ){
+    /* SubProgram.nMem is set to the number of memory cells used by the 
     ** program stored in SubProgram.aOp. As well as these, one memory
     ** cell is required for each cursor used by the program. Set local
-    ** variable u.cc.nMem (and later, VdbeFrame.nChildMem) to this value.
+    ** variable nMem (and later, VdbeFrame.nChildMem) to this value.
     */
-    u.cc.nMem = u.cc.pProgram->nMem + u.cc.pProgram->nCsr;
-    u.cc.nByte = ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeFrame))
-              + u.cc.nMem * sizeof(Mem)
-              + u.cc.pProgram->nCsr * sizeof(VdbeCursor *)
-              + u.cc.pProgram->nOnce * sizeof(u8);
-    u.cc.pFrame = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, u.cc.nByte);
-    if( !u.cc.pFrame ){
+    nMem = pProgram->nMem + pProgram->nCsr;
+    nByte = ROUND8(sizeof(VdbeFrame))
+              + nMem * sizeof(Mem)
+              + pProgram->nCsr * sizeof(VdbeCursor *)
+              + pProgram->nOnce * sizeof(u8);
+    pFrame = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
+    if( !pFrame ){
       goto no_mem;
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(u.cc.pRt);
-    u.cc.pRt->flags = MEM_Frame;
-    u.cc.pRt->u.pFrame = u.cc.pFrame;
+    sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(pRt);
+    pRt->flags = MEM_Frame;
+    pRt->u.pFrame = pFrame;
 
-    u.cc.pFrame->v = p;
-    u.cc.pFrame->nChildMem = u.cc.nMem;
-    u.cc.pFrame->nChildCsr = u.cc.pProgram->nCsr;
-    u.cc.pFrame->pc = pc;
-    u.cc.pFrame->aMem = p->aMem;
-    u.cc.pFrame->nMem = p->nMem;
-    u.cc.pFrame->apCsr = p->apCsr;
-    u.cc.pFrame->nCursor = p->nCursor;
-    u.cc.pFrame->aOp = p->aOp;
-    u.cc.pFrame->nOp = p->nOp;
-    u.cc.pFrame->token = u.cc.pProgram->token;
-    u.cc.pFrame->aOnceFlag = p->aOnceFlag;
-    u.cc.pFrame->nOnceFlag = p->nOnceFlag;
+    pFrame->v = p;
+    pFrame->nChildMem = nMem;
+    pFrame->nChildCsr = pProgram->nCsr;
+    pFrame->pc = pc;
+    pFrame->aMem = p->aMem;
+    pFrame->nMem = p->nMem;
+    pFrame->apCsr = p->apCsr;
+    pFrame->nCursor = p->nCursor;
+    pFrame->aOp = p->aOp;
+    pFrame->nOp = p->nOp;
+    pFrame->token = pProgram->token;
+    pFrame->aOnceFlag = p->aOnceFlag;
+    pFrame->nOnceFlag = p->nOnceFlag;
 
-    u.cc.pEnd = &VdbeFrameMem(u.cc.pFrame)[u.cc.pFrame->nChildMem];
-    for(u.cc.pMem=VdbeFrameMem(u.cc.pFrame); u.cc.pMem!=u.cc.pEnd; u.cc.pMem++){
-      u.cc.pMem->flags = MEM_Invalid;
-      u.cc.pMem->db = db;
+    pEnd = &VdbeFrameMem(pFrame)[pFrame->nChildMem];
+    for(pMem=VdbeFrameMem(pFrame); pMem!=pEnd; pMem++){
+      pMem->flags = MEM_Undefined;
+      pMem->db = db;
     }
   }else{
-    u.cc.pFrame = u.cc.pRt->u.pFrame;
-    assert( u.cc.pProgram->nMem+u.cc.pProgram->nCsr==u.cc.pFrame->nChildMem );
-    assert( u.cc.pProgram->nCsr==u.cc.pFrame->nChildCsr );
-    assert( pc==u.cc.pFrame->pc );
+    pFrame = pRt->u.pFrame;
+    assert( pProgram->nMem+pProgram->nCsr==pFrame->nChildMem );
+    assert( pProgram->nCsr==pFrame->nChildCsr );
+    assert( pc==pFrame->pc );
   }
 
   p->nFrame++;
-  u.cc.pFrame->pParent = p->pFrame;
-  u.cc.pFrame->lastRowid = lastRowid;
-  u.cc.pFrame->nChange = p->nChange;
+  pFrame->pParent = p->pFrame;
+  pFrame->lastRowid = lastRowid;
+  pFrame->nChange = p->nChange;
   p->nChange = 0;
-  p->pFrame = u.cc.pFrame;
-  p->aMem = aMem = &VdbeFrameMem(u.cc.pFrame)[-1];
-  p->nMem = u.cc.pFrame->nChildMem;
-  p->nCursor = (u16)u.cc.pFrame->nChildCsr;
+  p->pFrame = pFrame;
+  p->aMem = aMem = &VdbeFrameMem(pFrame)[-1];
+  p->nMem = pFrame->nChildMem;
+  p->nCursor = (u16)pFrame->nChildCsr;
   p->apCsr = (VdbeCursor **)&aMem[p->nMem+1];
-  p->aOp = aOp = u.cc.pProgram->aOp;
-  p->nOp = u.cc.pProgram->nOp;
+  p->aOp = aOp = pProgram->aOp;
+  p->nOp = pProgram->nOp;
   p->aOnceFlag = (u8 *)&p->apCsr[p->nCursor];
-  p->nOnceFlag = u.cc.pProgram->nOnce;
+  p->nOnceFlag = pProgram->nOnce;
   pc = -1;
   memset(p->aOnceFlag, 0, p->nOnceFlag);
 
@@ -70172,13 +73514,11 @@
 ** calling OP_Program instruction.
 */
 case OP_Param: {           /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cd */
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;
   Mem *pIn;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cd */
-  u.cd.pFrame = p->pFrame;
-  u.cd.pIn = &u.cd.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1 + u.cd.pFrame->aOp[u.cd.pFrame->pc].p1];
-  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, u.cd.pIn, MEM_Ephem);
+  pFrame = p->pFrame;
+  pIn = &pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1 + pFrame->aOp[pFrame->pc].p1];   
+  sqlite3VdbeMemShallowCopy(pOut, pIn, MEM_Ephem);
   break;
 }
 
@@ -70186,6 +73526,7 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
 /* Opcode: FkCounter P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: fkctr[P1]+=P2
 **
 ** Increment a "constraint counter" by P2 (P2 may be negative or positive).
 ** If P1 is non-zero, the database constraint counter is incremented 
@@ -70193,7 +73534,9 @@
 ** statement counter is incremented (immediate foreign key constraints).
 */
 case OP_FkCounter: {
-  if( pOp->p1 ){
+  if( db->flags & SQLITE_DeferFKs ){
+    db->nDeferredImmCons += pOp->p2;
+  }else if( pOp->p1 ){
     db->nDeferredCons += pOp->p2;
   }else{
     p->nFkConstraint += pOp->p2;
@@ -70202,6 +73545,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: FkIfZero P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: if fkctr[P1]==0 goto P2
 **
 ** This opcode tests if a foreign key constraint-counter is currently zero.
 ** If so, jump to instruction P2. Otherwise, fall through to the next 
@@ -70214,9 +73558,11 @@
 */
 case OP_FkIfZero: {         /* jump */
   if( pOp->p1 ){
-    if( db->nDeferredCons==0 ) pc = pOp->p2-1;
+    VdbeBranchTaken(db->nDeferredCons==0 && db->nDeferredImmCons==0, 2);
+    if( db->nDeferredCons==0 && db->nDeferredImmCons==0 ) pc = pOp->p2-1;
   }else{
-    if( p->nFkConstraint==0 ) pc = pOp->p2-1;
+    VdbeBranchTaken(p->nFkConstraint==0 && db->nDeferredImmCons==0, 2);
+    if( p->nFkConstraint==0 && db->nDeferredImmCons==0 ) pc = pOp->p2-1;
   }
   break;
 }
@@ -70224,6 +73570,7 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
 /* Opcode: MemMax P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: r[P1]=max(r[P1],r[P2])
 **
 ** P1 is a register in the root frame of this VM (the root frame is
 ** different from the current frame if this instruction is being executed
@@ -70234,28 +73581,26 @@
 ** an integer.
 */
 case OP_MemMax: {        /* in2 */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ce */
-  Mem *pIn1;
   VdbeFrame *pFrame;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ce */
   if( p->pFrame ){
-    for(u.ce.pFrame=p->pFrame; u.ce.pFrame->pParent; u.ce.pFrame=u.ce.pFrame->pParent);
-    u.ce.pIn1 = &u.ce.pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1];
+    for(pFrame=p->pFrame; pFrame->pParent; pFrame=pFrame->pParent);
+    pIn1 = &pFrame->aMem[pOp->p1];
   }else{
-    u.ce.pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+    pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   }
-  assert( memIsValid(u.ce.pIn1) );
-  sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(u.ce.pIn1);
+  assert( memIsValid(pIn1) );
+  sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn1);
   pIn2 = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   sqlite3VdbeMemIntegerify(pIn2);
-  if( u.ce.pIn1->u.i<pIn2->u.i){
-    u.ce.pIn1->u.i = pIn2->u.i;
+  if( pIn1->u.i<pIn2->u.i){
+    pIn1->u.i = pIn2->u.i;
   }
   break;
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT */
 
 /* Opcode: IfPos P1 P2 * * *
+** Synopsis: if r[P1]>0 goto P2
 **
 ** If the value of register P1 is 1 or greater, jump to P2.
 **
@@ -70265,22 +73610,24 @@
 case OP_IfPos: {        /* jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   assert( pIn1->flags&MEM_Int );
+  VdbeBranchTaken( pIn1->u.i>0, 2);
   if( pIn1->u.i>0 ){
      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
   break;
 }
 
-/* Opcode: IfNeg P1 P2 * * *
+/* Opcode: IfNeg P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P1]+=P3, if r[P1]<0 goto P2
 **
-** If the value of register P1 is less than zero, jump to P2. 
-**
-** It is illegal to use this instruction on a register that does
-** not contain an integer.  An assertion fault will result if you try.
+** Register P1 must contain an integer.  Add literal P3 to the value in
+** register P1 then if the value of register P1 is less than zero, jump to P2. 
 */
 case OP_IfNeg: {        /* jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   assert( pIn1->flags&MEM_Int );
+  pIn1->u.i += pOp->p3;
+  VdbeBranchTaken(pIn1->u.i<0, 2);
   if( pIn1->u.i<0 ){
      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
@@ -70288,17 +73635,16 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: IfZero P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P1]+=P3, if r[P1]==0 goto P2
 **
 ** The register P1 must contain an integer.  Add literal P3 to the
 ** value in register P1.  If the result is exactly 0, jump to P2. 
-**
-** It is illegal to use this instruction on a register that does
-** not contain an integer.  An assertion fault will result if you try.
 */
 case OP_IfZero: {        /* jump, in1 */
   pIn1 = &aMem[pOp->p1];
   assert( pIn1->flags&MEM_Int );
   pIn1->u.i += pOp->p3;
+  VdbeBranchTaken(pIn1->u.i==0, 2);
   if( pIn1->u.i==0 ){
      pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
@@ -70306,6 +73652,7 @@
 }
 
 /* Opcode: AggStep * P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: accum=r[P3] step(r[P2@P5])
 **
 ** Execute the step function for an aggregate.  The
 ** function has P5 arguments.   P4 is a pointer to the FuncDef
@@ -70316,61 +73663,59 @@
 ** successors.
 */
 case OP_AggStep: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cf */
   int n;
   int i;
   Mem *pMem;
   Mem *pRec;
   sqlite3_context ctx;
   sqlite3_value **apVal;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cf */
 
-  u.cf.n = pOp->p5;
-  assert( u.cf.n>=0 );
-  u.cf.pRec = &aMem[pOp->p2];
-  u.cf.apVal = p->apArg;
-  assert( u.cf.apVal || u.cf.n==0 );
-  for(u.cf.i=0; u.cf.i<u.cf.n; u.cf.i++, u.cf.pRec++){
-    assert( memIsValid(u.cf.pRec) );
-    u.cf.apVal[u.cf.i] = u.cf.pRec;
-    memAboutToChange(p, u.cf.pRec);
-    sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.cf.pRec);
+  n = pOp->p5;
+  assert( n>=0 );
+  pRec = &aMem[pOp->p2];
+  apVal = p->apArg;
+  assert( apVal || n==0 );
+  for(i=0; i<n; i++, pRec++){
+    assert( memIsValid(pRec) );
+    apVal[i] = pRec;
+    memAboutToChange(p, pRec);
   }
-  u.cf.ctx.pFunc = pOp->p4.pFunc;
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  u.cf.ctx.pMem = u.cf.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.cf.pMem->n++;
-  u.cf.ctx.s.flags = MEM_Null;
-  u.cf.ctx.s.z = 0;
-  u.cf.ctx.s.zMalloc = 0;
-  u.cf.ctx.s.xDel = 0;
-  u.cf.ctx.s.db = db;
-  u.cf.ctx.isError = 0;
-  u.cf.ctx.pColl = 0;
-  u.cf.ctx.skipFlag = 0;
-  if( u.cf.ctx.pFunc->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+  ctx.pFunc = pOp->p4.pFunc;
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  ctx.pMem = pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  pMem->n++;
+  ctx.s.flags = MEM_Null;
+  ctx.s.z = 0;
+  ctx.s.zMalloc = 0;
+  ctx.s.xDel = 0;
+  ctx.s.db = db;
+  ctx.isError = 0;
+  ctx.pColl = 0;
+  ctx.skipFlag = 0;
+  if( ctx.pFunc->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
     assert( pOp>p->aOp );
     assert( pOp[-1].p4type==P4_COLLSEQ );
     assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_CollSeq );
-    u.cf.ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
+    ctx.pColl = pOp[-1].p4.pColl;
   }
-  (u.cf.ctx.pFunc->xStep)(&u.cf.ctx, u.cf.n, u.cf.apVal); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
-  if( u.cf.ctx.isError ){
-    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&u.cf.ctx.s));
-    rc = u.cf.ctx.isError;
+  (ctx.pFunc->xStep)(&ctx, n, apVal); /* IMP: R-24505-23230 */
+  if( ctx.isError ){
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(&ctx.s));
+    rc = ctx.isError;
   }
-  if( u.cf.ctx.skipFlag ){
+  if( ctx.skipFlag ){
     assert( pOp[-1].opcode==OP_CollSeq );
-    u.cf.i = pOp[-1].p1;
-    if( u.cf.i ) sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&aMem[u.cf.i], 1);
+    i = pOp[-1].p1;
+    if( i ) sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(&aMem[i], 1);
   }
 
-  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&u.cf.ctx.s);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemRelease(&ctx.s);
 
   break;
 }
 
 /* Opcode: AggFinal P1 P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis: accum=r[P1] N=P2
 **
 ** Execute the finalizer function for an aggregate.  P1 is
 ** the memory location that is the accumulator for the aggregate.
@@ -70383,19 +73728,17 @@
 ** the step function was not previously called.
 */
 case OP_AggFinal: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cg */
   Mem *pMem;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cg */
-  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=p->nMem );
-  u.cg.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  assert( (u.cg.pMem->flags & ~(MEM_Null|MEM_Agg))==0 );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(u.cg.pMem, pOp->p4.pFunc);
+  assert( pOp->p1>0 && pOp->p1<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pMem = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( (pMem->flags & ~(MEM_Null|MEM_Agg))==0 );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeMemFinalize(pMem, pOp->p4.pFunc);
   if( rc ){
-    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(u.cg.pMem));
+    sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, "%s", sqlite3_value_text(pMem));
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(u.cg.pMem, encoding);
-  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.cg.pMem);
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.cg.pMem) ){
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pMem, encoding);
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pMem);
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(pMem) ){
     goto too_big;
   }
   break;
@@ -70414,32 +73757,31 @@
 ** mem[P3+2] are initialized to -1.
 */
 case OP_Checkpoint: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ch */
   int i;                          /* Loop counter */
   int aRes[3];                    /* Results */
   Mem *pMem;                      /* Write results here */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ch */
 
-  u.ch.aRes[0] = 0;
-  u.ch.aRes[1] = u.ch.aRes[2] = -1;
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  aRes[0] = 0;
+  aRes[1] = aRes[2] = -1;
   assert( pOp->p2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE
        || pOp->p2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL
        || pOp->p2==SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART
   );
-  rc = sqlite3Checkpoint(db, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, &u.ch.aRes[1], &u.ch.aRes[2]);
+  rc = sqlite3Checkpoint(db, pOp->p1, pOp->p2, &aRes[1], &aRes[2]);
   if( rc==SQLITE_BUSY ){
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
-    u.ch.aRes[0] = 1;
+    aRes[0] = 1;
   }
-  for(u.ch.i=0, u.ch.pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3]; u.ch.i<3; u.ch.i++, u.ch.pMem++){
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(u.ch.pMem, (i64)u.ch.aRes[u.ch.i]);
-  }
+  for(i=0, pMem = &aMem[pOp->p3]; i<3; i++, pMem++){
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetInt64(pMem, (i64)aRes[i]);
+  }    
   break;
 };  
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PRAGMA
-/* Opcode: JournalMode P1 P2 P3 * P5
+/* Opcode: JournalMode P1 P2 P3 * *
 **
 ** Change the journal mode of database P1 to P3. P3 must be one of the
 ** PAGER_JOURNALMODE_XXX values. If changing between the various rollback
@@ -70451,91 +73793,92 @@
 ** Write a string containing the final journal-mode to register P2.
 */
 case OP_JournalMode: {    /* out2-prerelease */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ci */
   Btree *pBt;                     /* Btree to change journal mode of */
   Pager *pPager;                  /* Pager associated with pBt */
   int eNew;                       /* New journal mode */
   int eOld;                       /* The old journal mode */
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
   const char *zFilename;          /* Name of database file for pPager */
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ci */
+#endif
 
-  u.ci.eNew = pOp->p3;
-  assert( u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE
-       || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE
-       || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST
-       || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF
-       || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY
-       || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
-       || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY
+  eNew = pOp->p3;
+  assert( eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_DELETE 
+       || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_TRUNCATE 
+       || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_PERSIST 
+       || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF
+       || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY
+       || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
+       || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY
   );
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
 
-  u.ci.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
-  u.ci.pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(u.ci.pBt);
-  u.ci.eOld = sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(u.ci.pPager);
-  if( u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY ) u.ci.eNew = u.ci.eOld;
-  if( !sqlite3PagerOkToChangeJournalMode(u.ci.pPager) ) u.ci.eNew = u.ci.eOld;
+  pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pBt);
+  eOld = sqlite3PagerGetJournalMode(pPager);
+  if( eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_QUERY ) eNew = eOld;
+  if( !sqlite3PagerOkToChangeJournalMode(pPager) ) eNew = eOld;
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
-  u.ci.zFilename = sqlite3PagerFilename(u.ci.pPager);
+  zFilename = sqlite3PagerFilename(pPager, 1);
 
   /* Do not allow a transition to journal_mode=WAL for a database
-  ** in temporary storage or if the VFS does not support shared memory
+  ** in temporary storage or if the VFS does not support shared memory 
   */
-  if( u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
-   && (sqlite3Strlen30(u.ci.zFilename)==0           /* Temp file */
-       || !sqlite3PagerWalSupported(u.ci.pPager))   /* No shared-memory support */
+  if( eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL
+   && (sqlite3Strlen30(zFilename)==0           /* Temp file */
+       || !sqlite3PagerWalSupported(pPager))   /* No shared-memory support */
   ){
-    u.ci.eNew = u.ci.eOld;
+    eNew = eOld;
   }
 
-  if( (u.ci.eNew!=u.ci.eOld)
-   && (u.ci.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL || u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL)
+  if( (eNew!=eOld)
+   && (eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL || eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL)
   ){
-    if( !db->autoCommit || db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+    if( !db->autoCommit || db->nVdbeRead>1 ){
       rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db,
+      sqlite3SetString(&p->zErrMsg, db, 
           "cannot change %s wal mode from within a transaction",
-          (u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? "into" : "out of")
+          (eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? "into" : "out of")
       );
       break;
     }else{
-
-      if( u.ci.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ){
+ 
+      if( eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ){
         /* If leaving WAL mode, close the log file. If successful, the call
-        ** to PagerCloseWal() checkpoints and deletes the write-ahead-log
-        ** file. An EXCLUSIVE lock may still be held on the database file
-        ** after a successful return.
+        ** to PagerCloseWal() checkpoints and deletes the write-ahead-log 
+        ** file. An EXCLUSIVE lock may still be held on the database file 
+        ** after a successful return. 
         */
-        rc = sqlite3PagerCloseWal(u.ci.pPager);
+        rc = sqlite3PagerCloseWal(pPager);
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-          sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.ci.pPager, u.ci.eNew);
+          sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(pPager, eNew);
         }
-      }else if( u.ci.eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY ){
+      }else if( eOld==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_MEMORY ){
         /* Cannot transition directly from MEMORY to WAL.  Use mode OFF
         ** as an intermediate */
-        sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.ci.pPager, PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF);
+        sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(pPager, PAGER_JOURNALMODE_OFF);
       }
-
+  
       /* Open a transaction on the database file. Regardless of the journal
       ** mode, this transaction always uses a rollback journal.
       */
-      assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(u.ci.pBt)==0 );
+      assert( sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pBt)==0 );
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(u.ci.pBt, (u.ci.eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? 2 : 1));
+        rc = sqlite3BtreeSetVersion(pBt, (eNew==PAGER_JOURNALMODE_WAL ? 2 : 1));
       }
     }
   }
 #endif /* ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL */
 
   if( rc ){
-    u.ci.eNew = u.ci.eOld;
+    eNew = eOld;
   }
-  u.ci.eNew = sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(u.ci.pPager, u.ci.eNew);
+  eNew = sqlite3PagerSetJournalMode(pPager, eNew);
 
   pOut = &aMem[pOp->p2];
   pOut->flags = MEM_Str|MEM_Static|MEM_Term;
-  pOut->z = (char *)sqlite3JournalModename(u.ci.eNew);
+  pOut->z = (char *)sqlite3JournalModename(eNew);
   pOut->n = sqlite3Strlen30(pOut->z);
   pOut->enc = SQLITE_UTF8;
   sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pOut, encoding);
@@ -70551,6 +73894,7 @@
 ** a transaction.
 */
 case OP_Vacuum: {
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
   rc = sqlite3RunVacuum(&p->zErrMsg, db);
   break;
 }
@@ -70564,14 +73908,14 @@
 ** P2. Otherwise, fall through to the next instruction.
 */
 case OP_IncrVacuum: {        /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cj */
   Btree *pBt;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cj */
 
   assert( pOp->p1>=0 && pOp->p1<db->nDb );
-  assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<pOp->p1))!=0 );
-  u.cj.pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
-  rc = sqlite3BtreeIncrVacuum(u.cj.pBt);
+  assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, pOp->p1) );
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  pBt = db->aDb[pOp->p1].pBt;
+  rc = sqlite3BtreeIncrVacuum(pBt);
+  VdbeBranchTaken(rc==SQLITE_DONE,2);
   if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
@@ -70582,12 +73926,13 @@
 
 /* Opcode: Expire P1 * * * *
 **
-** Cause precompiled statements to become expired. An expired statement
-** fails with an error code of SQLITE_SCHEMA if it is ever executed 
-** (via sqlite3_step()).
+** Cause precompiled statements to expire.  When an expired statement
+** is executed using sqlite3_step() it will either automatically
+** reprepare itself (if it was originally created using sqlite3_prepare_v2())
+** or it will fail with SQLITE_SCHEMA.
 ** 
 ** If P1 is 0, then all SQL statements become expired. If P1 is non-zero,
-** then only the currently executing statement is affected. 
+** then only the currently executing statement is expired.
 */
 case OP_Expire: {
   if( !pOp->p1 ){
@@ -70600,6 +73945,7 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
 /* Opcode: TableLock P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: iDb=P1 root=P2 write=P3
 **
 ** Obtain a lock on a particular table. This instruction is only used when
 ** the shared-cache feature is enabled. 
@@ -70618,7 +73964,7 @@
   if( isWriteLock || 0==(db->flags&SQLITE_ReadUncommitted) ){
     int p1 = pOp->p1; 
     assert( p1>=0 && p1<db->nDb );
-    assert( (p->btreeMask & (((yDbMask)1)<<p1))!=0 );
+    assert( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, p1) );
     assert( isWriteLock==0 || isWriteLock==1 );
     rc = sqlite3BtreeLockTable(db->aDb[p1].pBt, pOp->p2, isWriteLock);
     if( (rc&0xFF)==SQLITE_LOCKED ){
@@ -70641,12 +73987,10 @@
 ** code will be set to SQLITE_LOCKED.
 */
 case OP_VBegin: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.ck */
   VTable *pVTab;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.ck */
-  u.ck.pVTab = pOp->p4.pVtab;
-  rc = sqlite3VtabBegin(db, u.ck.pVTab);
-  if( u.ck.pVTab ) importVtabErrMsg(p, u.ck.pVTab->pVtab);
+  pVTab = pOp->p4.pVtab;
+  rc = sqlite3VtabBegin(db, pVTab);
+  if( pVTab ) sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVTab->pVtab);
   break;
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
@@ -70685,32 +74029,30 @@
 ** table and stores that cursor in P1.
 */
 case OP_VOpen: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cl */
   VdbeCursor *pCur;
   sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor;
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   sqlite3_module *pModule;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cl */
 
-  u.cl.pCur = 0;
-  u.cl.pVtabCursor = 0;
-  u.cl.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
-  u.cl.pModule = (sqlite3_module *)u.cl.pVtab->pModule;
-  assert(u.cl.pVtab && u.cl.pModule);
-  rc = u.cl.pModule->xOpen(u.cl.pVtab, &u.cl.pVtabCursor);
-  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cl.pVtab);
+  assert( p->bIsReader );
+  pCur = 0;
+  pVtabCursor = 0;
+  pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+  pModule = (sqlite3_module *)pVtab->pModule;
+  assert(pVtab && pModule);
+  rc = pModule->xOpen(pVtab, &pVtabCursor);
+  sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
   if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
     /* Initialize sqlite3_vtab_cursor base class */
-    u.cl.pVtabCursor->pVtab = u.cl.pVtab;
+    pVtabCursor->pVtab = pVtab;
 
-    /* Initialise vdbe cursor object */
-    u.cl.pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, 0, -1, 0);
-    if( u.cl.pCur ){
-      u.cl.pCur->pVtabCursor = u.cl.pVtabCursor;
-      u.cl.pCur->pModule = u.cl.pVtabCursor->pVtab->pModule;
+    /* Initialize vdbe cursor object */
+    pCur = allocateCursor(p, pOp->p1, 0, -1, 0);
+    if( pCur ){
+      pCur->pVtabCursor = pVtabCursor;
     }else{
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
-      u.cl.pModule->xClose(u.cl.pVtabCursor);
+      pModule->xClose(pVtabCursor);
     }
   }
   break;
@@ -70719,6 +74061,7 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
 /* Opcode: VFilter P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+** Synopsis: iplan=r[P3] zplan='P4'
 **
 ** P1 is a cursor opened using VOpen.  P2 is an address to jump to if
 ** the filtered result set is empty.
@@ -70737,7 +74080,6 @@
 ** A jump is made to P2 if the result set after filtering would be empty.
 */
 case OP_VFilter: {   /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cm */
   int nArg;
   int iQuery;
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;
@@ -70749,45 +74091,43 @@
   int res;
   int i;
   Mem **apArg;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cm */
 
-  u.cm.pQuery = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  u.cm.pArgc = &u.cm.pQuery[1];
-  u.cm.pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( memIsValid(u.cm.pQuery) );
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.cm.pQuery);
-  assert( u.cm.pCur->pVtabCursor );
-  u.cm.pVtabCursor = u.cm.pCur->pVtabCursor;
-  u.cm.pVtab = u.cm.pVtabCursor->pVtab;
-  u.cm.pModule = u.cm.pVtab->pModule;
+  pQuery = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  pArgc = &pQuery[1];
+  pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( memIsValid(pQuery) );
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pQuery);
+  assert( pCur->pVtabCursor );
+  pVtabCursor = pCur->pVtabCursor;
+  pVtab = pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  pModule = pVtab->pModule;
 
   /* Grab the index number and argc parameters */
-  assert( (u.cm.pQuery->flags&MEM_Int)!=0 && u.cm.pArgc->flags==MEM_Int );
-  u.cm.nArg = (int)u.cm.pArgc->u.i;
-  u.cm.iQuery = (int)u.cm.pQuery->u.i;
+  assert( (pQuery->flags&MEM_Int)!=0 && pArgc->flags==MEM_Int );
+  nArg = (int)pArgc->u.i;
+  iQuery = (int)pQuery->u.i;
 
   /* Invoke the xFilter method */
   {
-    u.cm.res = 0;
-    u.cm.apArg = p->apArg;
-    for(u.cm.i = 0; u.cm.i<u.cm.nArg; u.cm.i++){
-      u.cm.apArg[u.cm.i] = &u.cm.pArgc[u.cm.i+1];
-      sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.cm.apArg[u.cm.i]);
+    res = 0;
+    apArg = p->apArg;
+    for(i = 0; i<nArg; i++){
+      apArg[i] = &pArgc[i+1];
     }
 
     p->inVtabMethod = 1;
-    rc = u.cm.pModule->xFilter(u.cm.pVtabCursor, u.cm.iQuery, pOp->p4.z, u.cm.nArg, u.cm.apArg);
+    rc = pModule->xFilter(pVtabCursor, iQuery, pOp->p4.z, nArg, apArg);
     p->inVtabMethod = 0;
-    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cm.pVtab);
+    sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      u.cm.res = u.cm.pModule->xEof(u.cm.pVtabCursor);
+      res = pModule->xEof(pVtabCursor);
     }
-
-    if( u.cm.res ){
+    VdbeBranchTaken(res!=0,2);
+    if( res ){
       pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
     }
   }
-  u.cm.pCur->nullRow = 0;
+  pCur->nullRow = 0;
 
   break;
 }
@@ -70795,57 +74135,56 @@
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
 /* Opcode: VColumn P1 P2 P3 * *
+** Synopsis: r[P3]=vcolumn(P2)
 **
 ** Store the value of the P2-th column of
 ** the row of the virtual-table that the 
 ** P1 cursor is pointing to into register P3.
 */
 case OP_VColumn: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cn */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;
   Mem *pDest;
   sqlite3_context sContext;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cn */
 
   VdbeCursor *pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
   assert( pCur->pVtabCursor );
-  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=p->nMem );
-  u.cn.pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-  memAboutToChange(p, u.cn.pDest);
+  assert( pOp->p3>0 && pOp->p3<=(p->nMem-p->nCursor) );
+  pDest = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+  memAboutToChange(p, pDest);
   if( pCur->nullRow ){
-    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(u.cn.pDest);
+    sqlite3VdbeMemSetNull(pDest);
     break;
   }
-  u.cn.pVtab = pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
-  u.cn.pModule = u.cn.pVtab->pModule;
-  assert( u.cn.pModule->xColumn );
-  memset(&u.cn.sContext, 0, sizeof(u.cn.sContext));
+  pVtab = pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  pModule = pVtab->pModule;
+  assert( pModule->xColumn );
+  memset(&sContext, 0, sizeof(sContext));
 
   /* The output cell may already have a buffer allocated. Move
-  ** the current contents to u.cn.sContext.s so in case the user-function
-  ** can use the already allocated buffer instead of allocating a
+  ** the current contents to sContext.s so in case the user-function 
+  ** can use the already allocated buffer instead of allocating a 
   ** new one.
   */
-  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&u.cn.sContext.s, u.cn.pDest);
-  MemSetTypeFlag(&u.cn.sContext.s, MEM_Null);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(&sContext.s, pDest);
+  MemSetTypeFlag(&sContext.s, MEM_Null);
 
-  rc = u.cn.pModule->xColumn(pCur->pVtabCursor, &u.cn.sContext, pOp->p2);
-  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cn.pVtab);
-  if( u.cn.sContext.isError ){
-    rc = u.cn.sContext.isError;
+  rc = pModule->xColumn(pCur->pVtabCursor, &sContext, pOp->p2);
+  sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
+  if( sContext.isError ){
+    rc = sContext.isError;
   }
 
   /* Copy the result of the function to the P3 register. We
   ** do this regardless of whether or not an error occurred to ensure any
-  ** dynamic allocation in u.cn.sContext.s (a Mem struct) is  released.
+  ** dynamic allocation in sContext.s (a Mem struct) is  released.
   */
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&u.cn.sContext.s, encoding);
-  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(u.cn.pDest, &u.cn.sContext.s);
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, u.cn.pDest);
-  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(u.cn.pDest);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(&sContext.s, encoding);
+  sqlite3VdbeMemMove(pDest, &sContext.s);
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p3, pDest);
+  UPDATE_MAX_BLOBSIZE(pDest);
 
-  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(u.cn.pDest) ){
+  if( sqlite3VdbeMemTooBig(pDest) ){
     goto too_big;
   }
   break;
@@ -70860,42 +74199,40 @@
 ** the end of its result set, then fall through to the next instruction.
 */
 case OP_VNext: {   /* jump */
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.co */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   const sqlite3_module *pModule;
   int res;
   VdbeCursor *pCur;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.co */
 
-  u.co.res = 0;
-  u.co.pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.co.pCur->pVtabCursor );
-  if( u.co.pCur->nullRow ){
+  res = 0;
+  pCur = p->apCsr[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pCur->pVtabCursor );
+  if( pCur->nullRow ){
     break;
   }
-  u.co.pVtab = u.co.pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
-  u.co.pModule = u.co.pVtab->pModule;
-  assert( u.co.pModule->xNext );
+  pVtab = pCur->pVtabCursor->pVtab;
+  pModule = pVtab->pModule;
+  assert( pModule->xNext );
 
   /* Invoke the xNext() method of the module. There is no way for the
   ** underlying implementation to return an error if one occurs during
-  ** xNext(). Instead, if an error occurs, true is returned (indicating that
+  ** xNext(). Instead, if an error occurs, true is returned (indicating that 
   ** data is available) and the error code returned when xColumn or
   ** some other method is next invoked on the save virtual table cursor.
   */
   p->inVtabMethod = 1;
-  rc = u.co.pModule->xNext(u.co.pCur->pVtabCursor);
+  rc = pModule->xNext(pCur->pVtabCursor);
   p->inVtabMethod = 0;
-  importVtabErrMsg(p, u.co.pVtab);
+  sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    u.co.res = u.co.pModule->xEof(u.co.pCur->pVtabCursor);
+    res = pModule->xEof(pCur->pVtabCursor);
   }
-
-  if( !u.co.res ){
+  VdbeBranchTaken(!res,2);
+  if( !res ){
     /* If there is data, jump to P2 */
     pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
-  break;
+  goto check_for_interrupt;
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
 
@@ -70907,24 +74244,23 @@
 ** in register P1 is passed as the zName argument to the xRename method.
 */
 case OP_VRename: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cp */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   Mem *pName;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cp */
 
-  u.cp.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
-  u.cp.pName = &aMem[pOp->p1];
-  assert( u.cp.pVtab->pModule->xRename );
-  assert( memIsValid(u.cp.pName) );
-  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, u.cp.pName);
-  assert( u.cp.pName->flags & MEM_Str );
-  testcase( u.cp.pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 );
-  testcase( u.cp.pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
-  testcase( u.cp.pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE );
-  rc = sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(u.cp.pName, SQLITE_UTF8);
+  pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+  pName = &aMem[pOp->p1];
+  assert( pVtab->pModule->xRename );
+  assert( memIsValid(pName) );
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  REGISTER_TRACE(pOp->p1, pName);
+  assert( pName->flags & MEM_Str );
+  testcase( pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 );
+  testcase( pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+  testcase( pName->enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE );
+  rc = sqlite3VdbeChangeEncoding(pName, SQLITE_UTF8);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = u.cp.pVtab->pModule->xRename(u.cp.pVtab, u.cp.pName->z);
-    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cp.pVtab);
+    rc = pVtab->pModule->xRename(pVtab, pName->z);
+    sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
     p->expired = 0;
   }
   break;
@@ -70932,7 +74268,8 @@
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-/* Opcode: VUpdate P1 P2 P3 P4 *
+/* Opcode: VUpdate P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
+** Synopsis: data=r[P3@P2]
 **
 ** P4 is a pointer to a virtual table object, an sqlite3_vtab structure.
 ** This opcode invokes the corresponding xUpdate method. P2 values
@@ -70954,9 +74291,11 @@
 ** P1 is a boolean flag. If it is set to true and the xUpdate call
 ** is successful, then the value returned by sqlite3_last_insert_rowid() 
 ** is set to the value of the rowid for the row just inserted.
+**
+** P5 is the error actions (OE_Replace, OE_Fail, OE_Ignore, etc) to
+** apply in the case of a constraint failure on an insert or update.
 */
 case OP_VUpdate: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cq */
   sqlite3_vtab *pVtab;
   sqlite3_module *pModule;
   int nArg;
@@ -70964,35 +74303,34 @@
   sqlite_int64 rowid;
   Mem **apArg;
   Mem *pX;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cq */
 
-  assert( pOp->p2==1        || pOp->p5==OE_Fail   || pOp->p5==OE_Rollback
+  assert( pOp->p2==1        || pOp->p5==OE_Fail   || pOp->p5==OE_Rollback 
        || pOp->p5==OE_Abort || pOp->p5==OE_Ignore || pOp->p5==OE_Replace
   );
-  u.cq.pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
-  u.cq.pModule = (sqlite3_module *)u.cq.pVtab->pModule;
-  u.cq.nArg = pOp->p2;
+  assert( p->readOnly==0 );
+  pVtab = pOp->p4.pVtab->pVtab;
+  pModule = (sqlite3_module *)pVtab->pModule;
+  nArg = pOp->p2;
   assert( pOp->p4type==P4_VTAB );
-  if( ALWAYS(u.cq.pModule->xUpdate) ){
+  if( ALWAYS(pModule->xUpdate) ){
     u8 vtabOnConflict = db->vtabOnConflict;
-    u.cq.apArg = p->apArg;
-    u.cq.pX = &aMem[pOp->p3];
-    for(u.cq.i=0; u.cq.i<u.cq.nArg; u.cq.i++){
-      assert( memIsValid(u.cq.pX) );
-      memAboutToChange(p, u.cq.pX);
-      sqlite3VdbeMemStoreType(u.cq.pX);
-      u.cq.apArg[u.cq.i] = u.cq.pX;
-      u.cq.pX++;
+    apArg = p->apArg;
+    pX = &aMem[pOp->p3];
+    for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
+      assert( memIsValid(pX) );
+      memAboutToChange(p, pX);
+      apArg[i] = pX;
+      pX++;
     }
     db->vtabOnConflict = pOp->p5;
-    rc = u.cq.pModule->xUpdate(u.cq.pVtab, u.cq.nArg, u.cq.apArg, &u.cq.rowid);
+    rc = pModule->xUpdate(pVtab, nArg, apArg, &rowid);
     db->vtabOnConflict = vtabOnConflict;
-    importVtabErrMsg(p, u.cq.pVtab);
+    sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pOp->p1 ){
-      assert( u.cq.nArg>1 && u.cq.apArg[0] && (u.cq.apArg[0]->flags&MEM_Null) );
-      db->lastRowid = lastRowid = u.cq.rowid;
+      assert( nArg>1 && apArg[0] && (apArg[0]->flags&MEM_Null) );
+      db->lastRowid = lastRowid = rowid;
     }
-    if( rc==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT && pOp->p4.pVtab->bConstraint ){
+    if( (rc&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT && pOp->p4.pVtab->bConstraint ){
       if( pOp->p5==OE_Ignore ){
         rc = SQLITE_OK;
       }else{
@@ -71043,33 +74381,54 @@
 #endif
 
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
-/* Opcode: Trace * * * P4 *
+/* Opcode: Init * P2 * P4 *
+** Synopsis:  Start at P2
+**
+** Programs contain a single instance of this opcode as the very first
+** opcode.
 **
 ** If tracing is enabled (by the sqlite3_trace()) interface, then
 ** the UTF-8 string contained in P4 is emitted on the trace callback.
+** Or if P4 is blank, use the string returned by sqlite3_sql().
+**
+** If P2 is not zero, jump to instruction P2.
 */
-case OP_Trace: {
-#if 0  /* local variables moved into u.cr */
+case OP_Init: {          /* jump */
   char *zTrace;
   char *z;
-#endif /* local variables moved into u.cr */
 
-  if( db->xTrace && (u.cr.zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0 ){
-    u.cr.z = sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(p, u.cr.zTrace);
-    db->xTrace(db->pTraceArg, u.cr.z);
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, u.cr.z);
+  if( pOp->p2 ){
+    pc = pOp->p2 - 1;
   }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
+  if( db->xTrace
+   && !p->doingRerun
+   && (zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0
+  ){
+    z = sqlite3VdbeExpandSql(p, zTrace);
+    db->xTrace(db->pTraceArg, z);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, z);
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_USE_FCNTL_TRACE
+  zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql);
+  if( zTrace ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+      if( DbMaskTest(p->btreeMask, i)==0 ) continue;
+      sqlite3_file_control(db, db->aDb[i].zName, SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE, zTrace);
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_USE_FCNTL_TRACE */
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
   if( (db->flags & SQLITE_SqlTrace)!=0
-   && (u.cr.zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0
+   && (zTrace = (pOp->p4.z ? pOp->p4.z : p->zSql))!=0
   ){
-    sqlite3DebugPrintf("SQL-trace: %s\n", u.cr.zTrace);
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("SQL-trace: %s\n", zTrace);
   }
 #endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE */
   break;
 }
-#endif
 
 
 /* Opcode: Noop * * * * *
@@ -71098,13 +74457,9 @@
 
 #ifdef VDBE_PROFILE
     {
-      u64 elapsed = sqlite3Hwtime() - start;
-      pOp->cycles += elapsed;
+      u64 endTime = sqlite3Hwtime();
+      if( endTime>start ) pOp->cycles += endTime - start;
       pOp->cnt++;
-#if 0
-        fprintf(stdout, "%10llu ", elapsed);
-        sqlite3VdbePrintOp(stdout, origPc, &aOp[origPc]);
-#endif
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -71117,13 +74472,13 @@
     assert( pc>=-1 && pc<p->nOp );
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    if( p->trace ){
-      if( rc!=0 ) fprintf(p->trace,"rc=%d\n",rc);
+    if( db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeTrace ){
+      if( rc!=0 ) printf("rc=%d\n",rc);
       if( pOp->opflags & (OPFLG_OUT2_PRERELEASE|OPFLG_OUT2) ){
-        registerTrace(p->trace, pOp->p2, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
+        registerTrace(pOp->p2, &aMem[pOp->p2]);
       }
       if( pOp->opflags & OPFLG_OUT3 ){
-        registerTrace(p->trace, pOp->p3, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
+        registerTrace(pOp->p3, &aMem[pOp->p3]);
       }
     }
 #endif  /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
@@ -71143,7 +74498,7 @@
   if( rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ) db->mallocFailed = 1;
   rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
   if( resetSchemaOnFault>0 ){
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, resetSchemaOnFault-1);
+    sqlite3ResetOneSchema(db, resetSchemaOnFault-1);
   }
 
   /* This is the only way out of this procedure.  We have to
@@ -71151,6 +74506,8 @@
   ** top. */
 vdbe_return:
   db->lastRowid = lastRowid;
+  testcase( nVmStep>0 );
+  p->aCounter[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP] += (int)nVmStep;
   sqlite3VdbeLeave(p);
   return rc;
 
@@ -71192,6 +74549,7 @@
   goto vdbe_error_halt;
 }
 
+
 /************** End of vdbe.c ************************************************/
 /************** Begin file vdbeblob.c ****************************************/
 /*
@@ -71258,7 +74616,8 @@
 
   rc = sqlite3_step(p->pStmt);
   if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
-    u32 type = v->apCsr[0]->aType[p->iCol];
+    VdbeCursor *pC = v->apCsr[0];
+    u32 type = pC->aType[p->iCol];
     if( type<12 ){
       zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(p->db, "cannot open value of type %s",
           type==0?"null": type==7?"real": "integer"
@@ -71267,12 +74626,10 @@
       sqlite3_finalize(p->pStmt);
       p->pStmt = 0;
     }else{
-      p->iOffset = v->apCsr[0]->aOffset[p->iCol];
+      p->iOffset = pC->aType[p->iCol + pC->nField];
       p->nByte = sqlite3VdbeSerialTypeLen(type);
-      p->pCsr =  v->apCsr[0]->pCursor;
-      sqlite3BtreeEnterCursor(p->pCsr);
-      sqlite3BtreeCacheOverflow(p->pCsr);
-      sqlite3BtreeLeaveCursor(p->pCsr);
+      p->pCsr =  pC->pCursor;
+      sqlite3BtreeIncrblobCursor(p->pCsr);
     }
   }
 
@@ -71326,22 +74683,20 @@
   ** which closes the b-tree cursor and (possibly) commits the 
   ** transaction.
   */
+  static const int iLn = VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(4);
   static const VdbeOpList openBlob[] = {
-    {OP_Transaction, 0, 0, 0},     /* 0: Start a transaction */
-    {OP_VerifyCookie, 0, 0, 0},    /* 1: Check the schema cookie */
-    {OP_TableLock, 0, 0, 0},       /* 2: Acquire a read or write lock */
-
+    /* {OP_Transaction, 0, 0, 0},  // 0: Inserted separately */
+    {OP_TableLock, 0, 0, 0},       /* 1: Acquire a read or write lock */
     /* One of the following two instructions is replaced by an OP_Noop. */
-    {OP_OpenRead, 0, 0, 0},        /* 3: Open cursor 0 for reading */
-    {OP_OpenWrite, 0, 0, 0},       /* 4: Open cursor 0 for read/write */
-
-    {OP_Variable, 1, 1, 1},        /* 5: Push the rowid to the stack */
-    {OP_NotExists, 0, 10, 1},      /* 6: Seek the cursor */
-    {OP_Column, 0, 0, 1},          /* 7  */
-    {OP_ResultRow, 1, 0, 0},       /* 8  */
-    {OP_Goto, 0, 5, 0},            /* 9  */
-    {OP_Close, 0, 0, 0},           /* 10 */
-    {OP_Halt, 0, 0, 0},            /* 11 */
+    {OP_OpenRead, 0, 0, 0},        /* 2: Open cursor 0 for reading */
+    {OP_OpenWrite, 0, 0, 0},       /* 3: Open cursor 0 for read/write */
+    {OP_Variable, 1, 1, 1},        /* 4: Push the rowid to the stack */
+    {OP_NotExists, 0, 10, 1},      /* 5: Seek the cursor */
+    {OP_Column, 0, 0, 1},          /* 6  */
+    {OP_ResultRow, 1, 0, 0},       /* 7  */
+    {OP_Goto, 0, 4, 0},            /* 8  */
+    {OP_Close, 0, 0, 0},           /* 9  */
+    {OP_Halt, 0, 0, 0},            /* 10 */
   };
 
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
@@ -71372,6 +74727,10 @@
       pTab = 0;
       sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot open virtual table: %s", zTable);
     }
+    if( pTab && !HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      pTab = 0;
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot open table without rowid: %s", zTable);
+    }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW
     if( pTab && pTab->pSelect ){
       pTab = 0;
@@ -71429,7 +74788,7 @@
 #endif
       for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
         int j;
-        for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
+        for(j=0; j<pIdx->nKeyCol; j++){
           if( pIdx->aiColumn[j]==iCol ){
             zFault = "indexed";
           }
@@ -71444,42 +74803,37 @@
       }
     }
 
-    pBlob->pStmt = (sqlite3_stmt *)sqlite3VdbeCreate(db);
+    pBlob->pStmt = (sqlite3_stmt *)sqlite3VdbeCreate(pParse);
     assert( pBlob->pStmt || db->mallocFailed );
     if( pBlob->pStmt ){
       Vdbe *v = (Vdbe *)pBlob->pStmt;
       int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
 
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, sizeof(openBlob)/sizeof(VdbeOpList), openBlob);
 
-
-      /* Configure the OP_Transaction */
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 0, iDb);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 0, flags);
-
-      /* Configure the OP_VerifyCookie */
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 1, iDb);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 1, pTab->pSchema->schema_cookie);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 1, pTab->pSchema->iGeneration);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Transaction, iDb, flags, 
+                           pTab->pSchema->schema_cookie,
+                           pTab->pSchema->iGeneration);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);     
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(openBlob), openBlob, iLn);
 
       /* Make sure a mutex is held on the table to be accessed */
       sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb); 
 
       /* Configure the OP_TableLock instruction */
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 2);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 1);
 #else
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 2, iDb);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 2, pTab->tnum);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 2, flags);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, 2, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, 1, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 1, pTab->tnum);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 1, flags);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, 1, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
 #endif
 
       /* Remove either the OP_OpenWrite or OpenRead. Set the P2 
       ** parameter of the other to pTab->tnum.  */
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 4 - flags);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 3 + flags, pTab->tnum);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 3 + flags, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, 3 - flags);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 2 + flags, pTab->tnum);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, 2 + flags, iDb);
 
       /* Configure the number of columns. Configure the cursor to
       ** think that the table has one more column than it really
@@ -71488,8 +74842,8 @@
       ** we can invoke OP_Column to fill in the vdbe cursors type 
       ** and offset cache without causing any IO.
       */
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, 3+flags, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(pTab->nCol+1),P4_INT32);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 7, pTab->nCol);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, 2+flags, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(pTab->nCol+1),P4_INT32);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, 6, pTab->nCol);
       if( !db->mallocFailed ){
         pParse->nVar = 1;
         pParse->nMem = 1;
@@ -71507,7 +74861,7 @@
     }
     sqlite3_bind_int64(pBlob->pStmt, 1, iRow);
     rc = blobSeekToRow(pBlob, iRow, &zErr);
-  } while( (++nAttempt)<5 && rc==SQLITE_SCHEMA );
+  } while( (++nAttempt)<SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY && rc==SQLITE_SCHEMA );
 
 blob_open_out:
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && db->mallocFailed==0 ){
@@ -71518,6 +74872,7 @@
   }
   sqlite3Error(db, rc, (zErr ? "%s" : 0), zErr);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, zErr);
+  sqlite3ParserReset(pParse);
   sqlite3StackFree(db, pParse);
   rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
@@ -71682,10 +75037,10 @@
 */
 
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
 
 typedef struct VdbeSorterIter VdbeSorterIter;
 typedef struct SorterRecord SorterRecord;
+typedef struct FileWriter FileWriter;
 
 /*
 ** NOTES ON DATA STRUCTURE USED FOR N-WAY MERGES:
@@ -71718,7 +75073,7 @@
 ** other key value. If the keys are equal (only possible with two EOF
 ** values), it doesn't matter which index is stored.
 **
-** The (N/4) elements of aTree[] that preceed the final (N/2) described 
+** The (N/4) elements of aTree[] that precede the final (N/2) described 
 ** above contains the index of the smallest of each block of 4 iterators.
 ** And so on. So that aTree[1] contains the index of the iterator that 
 ** currently points to the smallest key value. aTree[0] is unused.
@@ -71783,6 +75138,24 @@
   sqlite3_file *pFile;            /* File iterator is reading from */
   u8 *aAlloc;                     /* Allocated space */
   u8 *aKey;                       /* Pointer to current key */
+  u8 *aBuffer;                    /* Current read buffer */
+  int nBuffer;                    /* Size of read buffer in bytes */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of this structure is used to organize the stream of records
+** being written to files by the merge-sort code into aligned, page-sized
+** blocks.  Doing all I/O in aligned page-sized blocks helps I/O to go
+** faster on many operating systems.
+*/
+struct FileWriter {
+  int eFWErr;                     /* Non-zero if in an error state */
+  u8 *aBuffer;                    /* Pointer to write buffer */
+  int nBuffer;                    /* Size of write buffer in bytes */
+  int iBufStart;                  /* First byte of buffer to write */
+  int iBufEnd;                    /* Last byte of buffer to write */
+  i64 iWriteOff;                  /* Offset of start of buffer in file */
+  sqlite3_file *pFile;            /* File to write to */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -71808,10 +75181,127 @@
 */
 static void vdbeSorterIterZero(sqlite3 *db, VdbeSorterIter *pIter){
   sqlite3DbFree(db, pIter->aAlloc);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pIter->aBuffer);
   memset(pIter, 0, sizeof(VdbeSorterIter));
 }
 
 /*
+** Read nByte bytes of data from the stream of data iterated by object p.
+** If successful, set *ppOut to point to a buffer containing the data
+** and return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, if an error occurs, return an SQLite
+** error code.
+**
+** The buffer indicated by *ppOut may only be considered valid until the
+** next call to this function.
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterIterRead(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle (for malloc) */
+  VdbeSorterIter *p,              /* Iterator */
+  int nByte,                      /* Bytes of data to read */
+  u8 **ppOut                      /* OUT: Pointer to buffer containing data */
+){
+  int iBuf;                       /* Offset within buffer to read from */
+  int nAvail;                     /* Bytes of data available in buffer */
+  assert( p->aBuffer );
+
+  /* If there is no more data to be read from the buffer, read the next 
+  ** p->nBuffer bytes of data from the file into it. Or, if there are less
+  ** than p->nBuffer bytes remaining in the PMA, read all remaining data.  */
+  iBuf = p->iReadOff % p->nBuffer;
+  if( iBuf==0 ){
+    int nRead;                    /* Bytes to read from disk */
+    int rc;                       /* sqlite3OsRead() return code */
+
+    /* Determine how many bytes of data to read. */
+    if( (p->iEof - p->iReadOff) > (i64)p->nBuffer ){
+      nRead = p->nBuffer;
+    }else{
+      nRead = (int)(p->iEof - p->iReadOff);
+    }
+    assert( nRead>0 );
+
+    /* Read data from the file. Return early if an error occurs. */
+    rc = sqlite3OsRead(p->pFile, p->aBuffer, nRead, p->iReadOff);
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ );
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  }
+  nAvail = p->nBuffer - iBuf; 
+
+  if( nByte<=nAvail ){
+    /* The requested data is available in the in-memory buffer. In this
+    ** case there is no need to make a copy of the data, just return a 
+    ** pointer into the buffer to the caller.  */
+    *ppOut = &p->aBuffer[iBuf];
+    p->iReadOff += nByte;
+  }else{
+    /* The requested data is not all available in the in-memory buffer.
+    ** In this case, allocate space at p->aAlloc[] to copy the requested
+    ** range into. Then return a copy of pointer p->aAlloc to the caller.  */
+    int nRem;                     /* Bytes remaining to copy */
+
+    /* Extend the p->aAlloc[] allocation if required. */
+    if( p->nAlloc<nByte ){
+      int nNew = p->nAlloc*2;
+      while( nByte>nNew ) nNew = nNew*2;
+      p->aAlloc = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(db, p->aAlloc, nNew);
+      if( !p->aAlloc ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      p->nAlloc = nNew;
+    }
+
+    /* Copy as much data as is available in the buffer into the start of
+    ** p->aAlloc[].  */
+    memcpy(p->aAlloc, &p->aBuffer[iBuf], nAvail);
+    p->iReadOff += nAvail;
+    nRem = nByte - nAvail;
+
+    /* The following loop copies up to p->nBuffer bytes per iteration into
+    ** the p->aAlloc[] buffer.  */
+    while( nRem>0 ){
+      int rc;                     /* vdbeSorterIterRead() return code */
+      int nCopy;                  /* Number of bytes to copy */
+      u8 *aNext;                  /* Pointer to buffer to copy data from */
+
+      nCopy = nRem;
+      if( nRem>p->nBuffer ) nCopy = p->nBuffer;
+      rc = vdbeSorterIterRead(db, p, nCopy, &aNext);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+      assert( aNext!=p->aAlloc );
+      memcpy(&p->aAlloc[nByte - nRem], aNext, nCopy);
+      nRem -= nCopy;
+    }
+
+    *ppOut = p->aAlloc;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Read a varint from the stream of data accessed by p. Set *pnOut to
+** the value read.
+*/
+static int vdbeSorterIterVarint(sqlite3 *db, VdbeSorterIter *p, u64 *pnOut){
+  int iBuf;
+
+  iBuf = p->iReadOff % p->nBuffer;
+  if( iBuf && (p->nBuffer-iBuf)>=9 ){
+    p->iReadOff += sqlite3GetVarint(&p->aBuffer[iBuf], pnOut);
+  }else{
+    u8 aVarint[16], *a;
+    int i = 0, rc;
+    do{
+      rc = vdbeSorterIterRead(db, p, 1, &a);
+      if( rc ) return rc;
+      aVarint[(i++)&0xf] = a[0];
+    }while( (a[0]&0x80)!=0 );
+    sqlite3GetVarint(aVarint, pnOut);
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** Advance iterator pIter to the next key in its PMA. Return SQLITE_OK if
 ** no error occurs, or an SQLite error code if one does.
 */
@@ -71820,96 +75310,18 @@
   VdbeSorterIter *pIter           /* Iterator to advance */
 ){
   int rc;                         /* Return Code */
-  int nRead;                      /* Number of bytes read */
-  int nRec = 0;                   /* Size of record in bytes */
-  int iOff = 0;                   /* Size of serialized size varint in bytes */
+  u64 nRec = 0;                   /* Size of record in bytes */
 
-  assert( pIter->iEof>=pIter->iReadOff );
-  if( pIter->iEof-pIter->iReadOff>5 ){
-    nRead = 5;
-  }else{
-    nRead = (int)(pIter->iEof - pIter->iReadOff);
-  }
-  if( nRead<=0 ){
+  if( pIter->iReadOff>=pIter->iEof ){
     /* This is an EOF condition */
     vdbeSorterIterZero(db, pIter);
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
-  rc = sqlite3OsRead(pIter->pFile, pIter->aAlloc, nRead, pIter->iReadOff);
+  rc = vdbeSorterIterVarint(db, pIter, &nRec);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    iOff = getVarint32(pIter->aAlloc, nRec);
-    if( (iOff+nRec)>nRead ){
-      int nRead2;                   /* Number of extra bytes to read */
-      if( (iOff+nRec)>pIter->nAlloc ){
-        int nNew = pIter->nAlloc*2;
-        while( (iOff+nRec)>nNew ) nNew = nNew*2;
-        pIter->aAlloc = sqlite3DbReallocOrFree(db, pIter->aAlloc, nNew);
-        if( !pIter->aAlloc ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-        pIter->nAlloc = nNew;
-      }
-  
-      nRead2 = iOff + nRec - nRead;
-      rc = sqlite3OsRead(
-          pIter->pFile, &pIter->aAlloc[nRead], nRead2, pIter->iReadOff+nRead
-      );
-    }
-  }
-
-  assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || nRec>0 );
-  pIter->iReadOff += iOff+nRec;
-  pIter->nKey = nRec;
-  pIter->aKey = &pIter->aAlloc[iOff];
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** Write a single varint, value iVal, to file-descriptor pFile. Return
-** SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code if some error occurs.
-**
-** The value of *piOffset when this function is called is used as the byte
-** offset in file pFile to write to. Before returning, *piOffset is 
-** incremented by the number of bytes written.
-*/
-static int vdbeSorterWriteVarint(
-  sqlite3_file *pFile,            /* File to write to */
-  i64 iVal,                       /* Value to write as a varint */
-  i64 *piOffset                   /* IN/OUT: Write offset in file pFile */
-){
-  u8 aVarint[9];                  /* Buffer large enough for a varint */
-  int nVarint;                    /* Number of used bytes in varint */
-  int rc;                         /* Result of write() call */
-
-  nVarint = sqlite3PutVarint(aVarint, iVal);
-  rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pFile, aVarint, nVarint, *piOffset);
-  *piOffset += nVarint;
-
-  return rc;
-}
-
-/*
-** Read a single varint from file-descriptor pFile. Return SQLITE_OK if
-** successful, or an SQLite error code if some error occurs.
-**
-** The value of *piOffset when this function is called is used as the
-** byte offset in file pFile from whence to read the varint. If successful
-** (i.e. if no IO error occurs), then *piOffset is set to the offset of
-** the first byte past the end of the varint before returning. *piVal is
-** set to the integer value read. If an error occurs, the final values of
-** both *piOffset and *piVal are undefined.
-*/
-static int vdbeSorterReadVarint(
-  sqlite3_file *pFile,            /* File to read from */
-  i64 *piOffset,                  /* IN/OUT: Read offset in pFile */
-  i64 *piVal                      /* OUT: Value read from file */
-){
-  u8 aVarint[9];                  /* Buffer large enough for a varint */
-  i64 iOff = *piOffset;           /* Offset in file to read from */
-  int rc;                         /* Return code */
-
-  rc = sqlite3OsRead(pFile, aVarint, 9, iOff);
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    *piOffset += getVarint(aVarint, (u64 *)piVal);
+    pIter->nKey = (int)nRec;
+    rc = vdbeSorterIterRead(db, pIter, (int)nRec, &pIter->aKey);
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -71923,27 +75335,51 @@
 */
 static int vdbeSorterIterInit(
   sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
-  VdbeSorter *pSorter,            /* Sorter object */
+  const VdbeSorter *pSorter,      /* Sorter object */
   i64 iStart,                     /* Start offset in pFile */
   VdbeSorterIter *pIter,          /* Iterator to populate */
   i64 *pnByte                     /* IN/OUT: Increment this value by PMA size */
 ){
-  int rc;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nBuf;
+
+  nBuf = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(db->aDb[0].pBt);
 
   assert( pSorter->iWriteOff>iStart );
   assert( pIter->aAlloc==0 );
+  assert( pIter->aBuffer==0 );
   pIter->pFile = pSorter->pTemp1;
   pIter->iReadOff = iStart;
   pIter->nAlloc = 128;
   pIter->aAlloc = (u8 *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, pIter->nAlloc);
-  if( !pIter->aAlloc ){
+  pIter->nBuffer = nBuf;
+  pIter->aBuffer = (u8 *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, nBuf);
+
+  if( !pIter->aBuffer ){
     rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }else{
-    i64 nByte;                         /* Total size of PMA in bytes */
-    rc = vdbeSorterReadVarint(pSorter->pTemp1, &pIter->iReadOff, &nByte);
-    *pnByte += nByte;
-    pIter->iEof = pIter->iReadOff + nByte;
+    int iBuf;
+
+    iBuf = iStart % nBuf;
+    if( iBuf ){
+      int nRead = nBuf - iBuf;
+      if( (iStart + nRead) > pSorter->iWriteOff ){
+        nRead = (int)(pSorter->iWriteOff - iStart);
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3OsRead(
+          pSorter->pTemp1, &pIter->aBuffer[iBuf], nRead, iStart
+      );
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      u64 nByte;                       /* Size of PMA in bytes */
+      pIter->iEof = pSorter->iWriteOff;
+      rc = vdbeSorterIterVarint(db, pIter, &nByte);
+      pIter->iEof = pIter->iReadOff + nByte;
+      *pnByte += nByte;
+    }
   }
+
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     rc = vdbeSorterIterNext(db, pIter);
   }
@@ -71967,10 +75403,10 @@
 ** has been allocated and contains an unpacked record that is used as key2.
 */
 static void vdbeSorterCompare(
-  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Cursor object (for pKeyInfo) */
-  int bOmitRowid,                 /* Ignore rowid field at end of keys */
-  void *pKey1, int nKey1,         /* Left side of comparison */
-  void *pKey2, int nKey2,         /* Right side of comparison */
+  const VdbeCursor *pCsr,         /* Cursor object (for pKeyInfo) */
+  int nKeyCol,                    /* Num of columns. 0 means "all" */
+  const void *pKey1, int nKey1,   /* Left side of comparison */
+  const void *pKey2, int nKey2,   /* Right side of comparison */
   int *pRes                       /* OUT: Result of comparison */
 ){
   KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = pCsr->pKeyInfo;
@@ -71982,19 +75418,18 @@
     sqlite3VdbeRecordUnpack(pKeyInfo, nKey2, pKey2, r2);
   }
 
-  if( bOmitRowid ){
-    r2->nField = pKeyInfo->nField;
-    assert( r2->nField>0 );
-    for(i=0; i<r2->nField; i++){
+  if( nKeyCol ){
+    r2->nField = nKeyCol;
+    for(i=0; i<nKeyCol; i++){
       if( r2->aMem[i].flags & MEM_Null ){
         *pRes = -1;
         return;
       }
     }
-    r2->flags |= UNPACKED_PREFIX_MATCH;
+    assert( r2->default_rc==0 );
   }
 
-  *pRes = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, r2);
+  *pRes = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(nKey1, pKey1, r2, 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -72002,7 +75437,7 @@
 ** multiple b-tree segments. Parameter iOut is the index of the aTree[] 
 ** value to recalculate.
 */
-static int vdbeSorterDoCompare(VdbeCursor *pCsr, int iOut){
+static int vdbeSorterDoCompare(const VdbeCursor *pCsr, int iOut){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
   int i1;
   int i2;
@@ -72087,22 +75522,39 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Reset a sorting cursor back to its original empty state.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSorterReset(sqlite3 *db, VdbeSorter *pSorter){
+  if( pSorter->aIter ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<pSorter->nTree; i++){
+      vdbeSorterIterZero(db, &pSorter->aIter[i]);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter->aIter);
+    pSorter->aIter = 0;
+  }
+  if( pSorter->pTemp1 ){
+    sqlite3OsCloseFree(pSorter->pTemp1);
+    pSorter->pTemp1 = 0;
+  }
+  vdbeSorterRecordFree(db, pSorter->pRecord);
+  pSorter->pRecord = 0;
+  pSorter->iWriteOff = 0;
+  pSorter->iReadOff = 0;
+  pSorter->nInMemory = 0;
+  pSorter->nTree = 0;
+  pSorter->nPMA = 0;
+  pSorter->aTree = 0;
+}
+
+
+/*
 ** Free any cursor components allocated by sqlite3VdbeSorterXXX routines.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VdbeSorterClose(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
   if( pSorter ){
-    if( pSorter->aIter ){
-      int i;
-      for(i=0; i<pSorter->nTree; i++){
-        vdbeSorterIterZero(db, &pSorter->aIter[i]);
-      }
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter->aIter);
-    }
-    if( pSorter->pTemp1 ){
-      sqlite3OsCloseFree(pSorter->pTemp1);
-    }
-    vdbeSorterRecordFree(db, pSorter->pRecord);
+    sqlite3VdbeSorterReset(db, pSorter);
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter->pUnpacked);
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pSorter);
     pCsr->pSorter = 0;
@@ -72128,7 +75580,7 @@
 ** Set *ppOut to the head of the new list.
 */
 static void vdbeSorterMerge(
-  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* For pKeyInfo */
+  const VdbeCursor *pCsr,         /* For pKeyInfo */
   SorterRecord *p1,               /* First list to merge */
   SorterRecord *p2,               /* Second list to merge */
   SorterRecord **ppOut            /* OUT: Head of merged list */
@@ -72162,7 +75614,7 @@
 ** if successful, or an SQLite error code (i.e. SQLITE_NOMEM) if an error
 ** occurs.
 */
-static int vdbeSorterSort(VdbeCursor *pCsr){
+static int vdbeSorterSort(const VdbeCursor *pCsr){
   int i;
   SorterRecord **aSlot;
   SorterRecord *p;
@@ -72195,6 +75647,91 @@
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Initialize a file-writer object.
+*/
+static void fileWriterInit(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database (for malloc) */
+  sqlite3_file *pFile,            /* File to write to */
+  FileWriter *p,                  /* Object to populate */
+  i64 iStart                      /* Offset of pFile to begin writing at */
+){
+  int nBuf = sqlite3BtreeGetPageSize(db->aDb[0].pBt);
+
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(FileWriter));
+  p->aBuffer = (u8 *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, nBuf);
+  if( !p->aBuffer ){
+    p->eFWErr = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    p->iBufEnd = p->iBufStart = (iStart % nBuf);
+    p->iWriteOff = iStart - p->iBufStart;
+    p->nBuffer = nBuf;
+    p->pFile = pFile;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Write nData bytes of data to the file-write object. Return SQLITE_OK
+** if successful, or an SQLite error code if an error occurs.
+*/
+static void fileWriterWrite(FileWriter *p, u8 *pData, int nData){
+  int nRem = nData;
+  while( nRem>0 && p->eFWErr==0 ){
+    int nCopy = nRem;
+    if( nCopy>(p->nBuffer - p->iBufEnd) ){
+      nCopy = p->nBuffer - p->iBufEnd;
+    }
+
+    memcpy(&p->aBuffer[p->iBufEnd], &pData[nData-nRem], nCopy);
+    p->iBufEnd += nCopy;
+    if( p->iBufEnd==p->nBuffer ){
+      p->eFWErr = sqlite3OsWrite(p->pFile, 
+          &p->aBuffer[p->iBufStart], p->iBufEnd - p->iBufStart, 
+          p->iWriteOff + p->iBufStart
+      );
+      p->iBufStart = p->iBufEnd = 0;
+      p->iWriteOff += p->nBuffer;
+    }
+    assert( p->iBufEnd<p->nBuffer );
+
+    nRem -= nCopy;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Flush any buffered data to disk and clean up the file-writer object.
+** The results of using the file-writer after this call are undefined.
+** Return SQLITE_OK if flushing the buffered data succeeds or is not 
+** required. Otherwise, return an SQLite error code.
+**
+** Before returning, set *piEof to the offset immediately following the
+** last byte written to the file.
+*/
+static int fileWriterFinish(sqlite3 *db, FileWriter *p, i64 *piEof){
+  int rc;
+  if( p->eFWErr==0 && ALWAYS(p->aBuffer) && p->iBufEnd>p->iBufStart ){
+    p->eFWErr = sqlite3OsWrite(p->pFile, 
+        &p->aBuffer[p->iBufStart], p->iBufEnd - p->iBufStart, 
+        p->iWriteOff + p->iBufStart
+    );
+  }
+  *piEof = (p->iWriteOff + p->iBufEnd);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aBuffer);
+  rc = p->eFWErr;
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(FileWriter));
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Write value iVal encoded as a varint to the file-write object. Return 
+** SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code if an error occurs.
+*/
+static void fileWriterWriteVarint(FileWriter *p, u64 iVal){
+  int nByte; 
+  u8 aByte[10];
+  nByte = sqlite3PutVarint(aByte, iVal);
+  fileWriterWrite(p, aByte, nByte);
+}
 
 /*
 ** Write the current contents of the in-memory linked-list to a PMA. Return
@@ -72209,9 +75746,12 @@
 **       Each record consists of a varint followed by a blob of data (the 
 **       key). The varint is the number of bytes in the blob of data.
 */
-static int vdbeSorterListToPMA(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr){
+static int vdbeSorterListToPMA(sqlite3 *db, const VdbeCursor *pCsr){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
+  FileWriter writer;
+
+  memset(&writer, 0, sizeof(FileWriter));
 
   if( pSorter->nInMemory==0 ){
     assert( pSorter->pRecord==0 );
@@ -72229,39 +75769,20 @@
   }
 
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    i64 iOff = pSorter->iWriteOff;
     SorterRecord *p;
     SorterRecord *pNext = 0;
-    static const char eightZeros[8] = { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 };
 
+    fileWriterInit(db, pSorter->pTemp1, &writer, pSorter->iWriteOff);
     pSorter->nPMA++;
-    rc = vdbeSorterWriteVarint(pSorter->pTemp1, pSorter->nInMemory, &iOff);
-    for(p=pSorter->pRecord; rc==SQLITE_OK && p; p=pNext){
+    fileWriterWriteVarint(&writer, pSorter->nInMemory);
+    for(p=pSorter->pRecord; p; p=pNext){
       pNext = p->pNext;
-      rc = vdbeSorterWriteVarint(pSorter->pTemp1, p->nVal, &iOff);
-
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pSorter->pTemp1, p->pVal, p->nVal, iOff);
-        iOff += p->nVal;
-      }
-
+      fileWriterWriteVarint(&writer, p->nVal);
+      fileWriterWrite(&writer, p->pVal, p->nVal);
       sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
     }
-
-    /* This assert verifies that unless an error has occurred, the size of 
-    ** the PMA on disk is the same as the expected size stored in
-    ** pSorter->nInMemory. */ 
-    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pSorter->nInMemory==(
-          iOff-pSorter->iWriteOff-sqlite3VarintLen(pSorter->nInMemory)
-    ));
-
-    pSorter->iWriteOff = iOff;
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      /* Terminate each file with 8 extra bytes so that from any offset
-      ** in the file we can always read 9 bytes without a SHORT_READ error */
-      rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pSorter->pTemp1, eightZeros, 8, iOff);
-    }
     pSorter->pRecord = p;
+    rc = fileWriterFinish(db, &writer, &pSorter->iWriteOff);
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -72272,7 +75793,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterWrite(
   sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
-  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Sorter cursor */
+  const VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Sorter cursor */
   Mem *pVal                       /* Memory cell containing record */
 ){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
@@ -72306,8 +75827,14 @@
         (pSorter->nInMemory>pSorter->mxPmaSize)
      || (pSorter->nInMemory>pSorter->mnPmaSize && sqlite3HeapNearlyFull())
   )){
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    i64 nExpect = pSorter->iWriteOff
+                + sqlite3VarintLen(pSorter->nInMemory)
+                + pSorter->nInMemory;
+#endif
     rc = vdbeSorterListToPMA(db, pCsr);
     pSorter->nInMemory = 0;
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || (nExpect==pSorter->iWriteOff) );
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -72318,7 +75845,7 @@
 */
 static int vdbeSorterInitMerge(
   sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
-  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Cursor handle for this sorter */
+  const VdbeCursor *pCsr,         /* Cursor handle for this sorter */
   i64 *pnByte                     /* Sum of bytes in all opened PMAs */
 ){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
@@ -72348,7 +75875,7 @@
 ** Once the sorter has been populated, this function is called to prepare
 ** for iterating through its contents in sorted order.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr, int *pbEof){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRewind(sqlite3 *db, const VdbeCursor *pCsr, int *pbEof){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
   sqlite3_file *pTemp2 = 0;       /* Second temp file to use */
@@ -72368,7 +75895,7 @@
     return vdbeSorterSort(pCsr);
   }
 
-  /* Write the current b-tree to a PMA. Close the b-tree cursor. */
+  /* Write the current in-memory list to a PMA. */
   rc = vdbeSorterListToPMA(db, pCsr);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
 
@@ -72390,8 +75917,12 @@
         rc==SQLITE_OK && iNew*SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT<pSorter->nPMA; 
         iNew++
     ){
+      int rc2;                    /* Return code from fileWriterFinish() */
+      FileWriter writer;          /* Object used to write to disk */
       i64 nWrite;                 /* Number of bytes in new PMA */
 
+      memset(&writer, 0, sizeof(FileWriter));
+
       /* If there are SORTER_MAX_MERGE_COUNT or less PMAs in file pTemp1,
       ** initialize an iterator for each of them and break out of the loop.
       ** These iterators will be incrementally merged as the VDBE layer calls
@@ -72414,22 +75945,19 @@
       }
 
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        rc = vdbeSorterWriteVarint(pTemp2, nWrite, &iWrite2);
-      }
-
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         int bEof = 0;
+        fileWriterInit(db, pTemp2, &writer, iWrite2);
+        fileWriterWriteVarint(&writer, nWrite);
         while( rc==SQLITE_OK && bEof==0 ){
-          int nToWrite;
           VdbeSorterIter *pIter = &pSorter->aIter[ pSorter->aTree[1] ];
           assert( pIter->pFile );
-          nToWrite = pIter->nKey + sqlite3VarintLen(pIter->nKey);
-          rc = sqlite3OsWrite(pTemp2, pIter->aAlloc, nToWrite, iWrite2);
-          iWrite2 += nToWrite;
-          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-            rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(db, pCsr, &bEof);
-          }
+
+          fileWriterWriteVarint(&writer, pIter->nKey);
+          fileWriterWrite(&writer, pIter->aKey, pIter->nKey);
+          rc = sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(db, pCsr, &bEof);
         }
+        rc2 = fileWriterFinish(db, &writer, &iWrite2);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
       }
     }
 
@@ -72456,20 +75984,61 @@
 /*
 ** Advance to the next element in the sorter.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(sqlite3 *db, VdbeCursor *pCsr, int *pbEof){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterNext(sqlite3 *db, const VdbeCursor *pCsr, int *pbEof){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
 
   if( pSorter->aTree ){
     int iPrev = pSorter->aTree[1];/* Index of iterator to advance */
-    int i;                        /* Index of aTree[] to recalculate */
-
     rc = vdbeSorterIterNext(db, &pSorter->aIter[iPrev]);
-    for(i=(pSorter->nTree+iPrev)/2; rc==SQLITE_OK && i>0; i=i/2){
-      rc = vdbeSorterDoCompare(pCsr, i);
-    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int i;                      /* Index of aTree[] to recalculate */
+      VdbeSorterIter *pIter1;     /* First iterator to compare */
+      VdbeSorterIter *pIter2;     /* Second iterator to compare */
+      u8 *pKey2;                  /* To pIter2->aKey, or 0 if record cached */
 
-    *pbEof = (pSorter->aIter[pSorter->aTree[1]].pFile==0);
+      /* Find the first two iterators to compare. The one that was just
+      ** advanced (iPrev) and the one next to it in the array.  */
+      pIter1 = &pSorter->aIter[(iPrev & 0xFFFE)];
+      pIter2 = &pSorter->aIter[(iPrev | 0x0001)];
+      pKey2 = pIter2->aKey;
+
+      for(i=(pSorter->nTree+iPrev)/2; i>0; i=i/2){
+        /* Compare pIter1 and pIter2. Store the result in variable iRes. */
+        int iRes;
+        if( pIter1->pFile==0 ){
+          iRes = +1;
+        }else if( pIter2->pFile==0 ){
+          iRes = -1;
+        }else{
+          vdbeSorterCompare(pCsr, 0, 
+              pIter1->aKey, pIter1->nKey, pKey2, pIter2->nKey, &iRes
+          );
+        }
+
+        /* If pIter1 contained the smaller value, set aTree[i] to its index.
+        ** Then set pIter2 to the next iterator to compare to pIter1. In this
+        ** case there is no cache of pIter2 in pSorter->pUnpacked, so set
+        ** pKey2 to point to the record belonging to pIter2.
+        **
+        ** Alternatively, if pIter2 contains the smaller of the two values,
+        ** set aTree[i] to its index and update pIter1. If vdbeSorterCompare()
+        ** was actually called above, then pSorter->pUnpacked now contains
+        ** a value equivalent to pIter2. So set pKey2 to NULL to prevent
+        ** vdbeSorterCompare() from decoding pIter2 again.  */
+        if( iRes<=0 ){
+          pSorter->aTree[i] = (int)(pIter1 - pSorter->aIter);
+          pIter2 = &pSorter->aIter[ pSorter->aTree[i ^ 0x0001] ];
+          pKey2 = pIter2->aKey;
+        }else{
+          if( pIter1->pFile ) pKey2 = 0;
+          pSorter->aTree[i] = (int)(pIter2 - pSorter->aIter);
+          pIter1 = &pSorter->aIter[ pSorter->aTree[i ^ 0x0001] ];
+        }
+
+      }
+      *pbEof = (pSorter->aIter[pSorter->aTree[1]].pFile==0);
+    }
   }else{
     SorterRecord *pFree = pSorter->pRecord;
     pSorter->pRecord = pFree->pNext;
@@ -72486,7 +76055,7 @@
 ** current key.
 */
 static void *vdbeSorterRowkey(
-  VdbeSorter *pSorter,            /* Sorter object */
+  const VdbeSorter *pSorter,      /* Sorter object */
   int *pnKey                      /* OUT: Size of current key in bytes */
 ){
   void *pKey;
@@ -72505,7 +76074,7 @@
 /*
 ** Copy the current sorter key into the memory cell pOut.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(VdbeCursor *pCsr, Mem *pOut){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterRowkey(const VdbeCursor *pCsr, Mem *pOut){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
   void *pKey; int nKey;           /* Sorter key to copy into pOut */
 
@@ -72531,20 +76100,19 @@
 ** key.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VdbeSorterCompare(
-  VdbeCursor *pCsr,               /* Sorter cursor */
+  const VdbeCursor *pCsr,         /* Sorter cursor */
   Mem *pVal,                      /* Value to compare to current sorter key */
+  int nKeyCol,                    /* Only compare this many fields */
   int *pRes                       /* OUT: Result of comparison */
 ){
   VdbeSorter *pSorter = pCsr->pSorter;
   void *pKey; int nKey;           /* Sorter key to compare pVal with */
 
   pKey = vdbeSorterRowkey(pSorter, &nKey);
-  vdbeSorterCompare(pCsr, 1, pVal->z, pVal->n, pKey, nKey, pRes);
+  vdbeSorterCompare(pCsr, nKeyCol, pVal->z, pVal->n, pKey, nKey, pRes);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
-#endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT */
-
 /************** End of vdbesort.c ********************************************/
 /************** Begin file journal.c *****************************************/
 /*
@@ -72609,7 +76177,7 @@
       }
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         /* If an error occurred while writing to the file, close it before
-        ** returning. This way, SQLite uses the in-memory journal data to
+        ** returning. This way, SQLite uses the in-memory journal data to 
         ** roll back changes made to the internal page-cache before this
         ** function was called.  */
         sqlite3OsClose(pReal);
@@ -72784,6 +76352,16 @@
   return createFile((JournalFile *)p);
 }
 
+/*
+** The file-handle passed as the only argument is guaranteed to be an open
+** file. It may or may not be of class JournalFile. If the file is a
+** JournalFile, and the underlying file on disk has not yet been opened,
+** return 0. Otherwise, return 1.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3JournalExists(sqlite3_file *p){
+  return (p->pMethods!=&JournalFileMethods || ((JournalFile *)p)->pReal!=0);
+}
+
 /* 
 ** Return the number of bytes required to store a JournalFile that uses vfs
 ** pVfs to create the underlying on-disk files.
@@ -72827,12 +76405,6 @@
 */
 #define JOURNAL_CHUNKSIZE ((int)(1024-sizeof(FileChunk*)))
 
-/* Macro to find the minimum of two numeric values.
-*/
-#ifndef MIN
-# define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
-#endif
-
 /*
 ** The rollback journal is composed of a linked list of these structures.
 */
@@ -73026,7 +76598,9 @@
   0,                /* xShmMap */
   0,                /* xShmLock */
   0,                /* xShmBarrier */
-  0                 /* xShmUnlock */
+  0,                /* xShmUnmap */
+  0,                /* xFetch */
+  0                 /* xUnfetch */
 };
 
 /* 
@@ -73100,7 +76674,7 @@
   testcase( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Reduced) );
   rc = pWalker->xExprCallback(pWalker, pExpr);
   if( rc==WRC_Continue
-              && !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr,EP_TokenOnly) ){
+              && !ExprHasProperty(pExpr,EP_TokenOnly) ){
     if( sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, pExpr->pLeft) ) return WRC_Abort;
     if( sqlite3WalkExpr(pWalker, pExpr->pRight) ) return WRC_Abort;
     if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
@@ -73170,7 +76744,12 @@
 /*
 ** Call sqlite3WalkExpr() for every expression in Select statement p.
 ** Invoke sqlite3WalkSelect() for subqueries in the FROM clause and
-** on the compound select chain, p->pPrior.
+** on the compound select chain, p->pPrior. 
+**
+** If it is not NULL, the xSelectCallback() callback is invoked before
+** the walk of the expressions and FROM clause. The xSelectCallback2()
+** method, if it is not NULL, is invoked following the walk of the 
+** expressions and FROM clause.
 **
 ** Return WRC_Continue under normal conditions.  Return WRC_Abort if
 ** there is an abort request.
@@ -73180,15 +76759,28 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WalkSelect(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
   int rc;
-  if( p==0 || pWalker->xSelectCallback==0 ) return WRC_Continue;
+  if( p==0 || (pWalker->xSelectCallback==0 && pWalker->xSelectCallback2==0) ){
+    return WRC_Continue;
+  }
   rc = WRC_Continue;
-  while( p  ){
-    rc = pWalker->xSelectCallback(pWalker, p);
-    if( rc ) break;
-    if( sqlite3WalkSelectExpr(pWalker, p) ) return WRC_Abort;
-    if( sqlite3WalkSelectFrom(pWalker, p) ) return WRC_Abort;
+  pWalker->walkerDepth++;
+  while( p ){
+    if( pWalker->xSelectCallback ){
+       rc = pWalker->xSelectCallback(pWalker, p);
+       if( rc ) break;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3WalkSelectExpr(pWalker, p)
+     || sqlite3WalkSelectFrom(pWalker, p)
+    ){
+      pWalker->walkerDepth--;
+      return WRC_Abort;
+    }
+    if( pWalker->xSelectCallback2 ){
+      pWalker->xSelectCallback2(pWalker, p);
+    }
     p = p->pPrior;
   }
+  pWalker->walkerDepth--;
   return rc & WRC_Abort;
 }
 
@@ -73214,6 +76806,29 @@
 /* #include <string.h> */
 
 /*
+** Walk the expression tree pExpr and increase the aggregate function
+** depth (the Expr.op2 field) by N on every TK_AGG_FUNCTION node.
+** This needs to occur when copying a TK_AGG_FUNCTION node from an
+** outer query into an inner subquery.
+**
+** incrAggFunctionDepth(pExpr,n) is the main routine.  incrAggDepth(..)
+** is a helper function - a callback for the tree walker.
+*/
+static int incrAggDepth(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
+  if( pExpr->op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION ) pExpr->op2 += pWalker->u.i;
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+static void incrAggFunctionDepth(Expr *pExpr, int N){
+  if( N>0 ){
+    Walker w;
+    memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
+    w.xExprCallback = incrAggDepth;
+    w.u.i = N;
+    sqlite3WalkExpr(&w, pExpr);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** Turn the pExpr expression into an alias for the iCol-th column of the
 ** result set in pEList.
 **
@@ -73227,7 +76842,7 @@
 ** column reference is so that the column reference will be recognized as
 ** usable by indices within the WHERE clause processing logic. 
 **
-** Hack:  The TK_AS operator is inhibited if zType[0]=='G'.  This means
+** The TK_AS operator is inhibited if zType[0]=='G'.  This means
 ** that in a GROUP BY clause, the expression is evaluated twice.  Hence:
 **
 **     SELECT random()%5 AS x, count(*) FROM tab GROUP BY x
@@ -73237,15 +76852,32 @@
 **     SELECT random()%5 AS x, count(*) FROM tab GROUP BY random()%5
 **
 ** The result of random()%5 in the GROUP BY clause is probably different
-** from the result in the result-set.  We might fix this someday.  Or
-** then again, we might not...
+** from the result in the result-set.  On the other hand Standard SQL does
+** not allow the GROUP BY clause to contain references to result-set columns.
+** So this should never come up in well-formed queries.
+**
+** If the reference is followed by a COLLATE operator, then make sure
+** the COLLATE operator is preserved.  For example:
+**
+**     SELECT a+b, c+d FROM t1 ORDER BY 1 COLLATE nocase;
+**
+** Should be transformed into:
+**
+**     SELECT a+b, c+d FROM t1 ORDER BY (a+b) COLLATE nocase;
+**
+** The nSubquery parameter specifies how many levels of subquery the
+** alias is removed from the original expression.  The usually value is
+** zero but it might be more if the alias is contained within a subquery
+** of the original expression.  The Expr.op2 field of TK_AGG_FUNCTION
+** structures must be increased by the nSubquery amount.
 */
 static void resolveAlias(
   Parse *pParse,         /* Parsing context */
   ExprList *pEList,      /* A result set */
   int iCol,              /* A column in the result set.  0..pEList->nExpr-1 */
   Expr *pExpr,           /* Transform this into an alias to the result set */
-  const char *zType      /* "GROUP" or "ORDER" or "" */
+  const char *zType,     /* "GROUP" or "ORDER" or "" */
+  int nSubquery          /* Number of subqueries that the label is moving */
 ){
   Expr *pOrig;           /* The iCol-th column of the result set */
   Expr *pDup;            /* Copy of pOrig */
@@ -73256,40 +76888,37 @@
   assert( pOrig!=0 );
   assert( pOrig->flags & EP_Resolved );
   db = pParse->db;
+  pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrig, 0);
+  if( pDup==0 ) return;
   if( pOrig->op!=TK_COLUMN && zType[0]!='G' ){
-    pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrig, 0);
+    incrAggFunctionDepth(pDup, nSubquery);
     pDup = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_AS, pDup, 0, 0);
     if( pDup==0 ) return;
-    if( pEList->a[iCol].iAlias==0 ){
-      pEList->a[iCol].iAlias = (u16)(++pParse->nAlias);
+    ExprSetProperty(pDup, EP_Skip);
+    if( pEList->a[iCol].u.x.iAlias==0 ){
+      pEList->a[iCol].u.x.iAlias = (u16)(++pParse->nAlias);
     }
-    pDup->iTable = pEList->a[iCol].iAlias;
-  }else if( ExprHasProperty(pOrig, EP_IntValue) || pOrig->u.zToken==0 ){
-    pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrig, 0);
-    if( pDup==0 ) return;
-  }else{
-    char *zToken = pOrig->u.zToken;
-    assert( zToken!=0 );
-    pOrig->u.zToken = 0;
-    pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrig, 0);
-    pOrig->u.zToken = zToken;
-    if( pDup==0 ) return;
-    assert( (pDup->flags & (EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly))==0 );
-    pDup->flags2 |= EP2_MallocedToken;
-    pDup->u.zToken = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zToken);
+    pDup->iTable = pEList->a[iCol].u.x.iAlias;
   }
-  if( pExpr->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
-    pDup->pColl = pExpr->pColl;
-    pDup->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
+  if( pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE ){
+    pDup = sqlite3ExprAddCollateString(pParse, pDup, pExpr->u.zToken);
   }
 
   /* Before calling sqlite3ExprDelete(), set the EP_Static flag. This 
   ** prevents ExprDelete() from deleting the Expr structure itself,
   ** allowing it to be repopulated by the memcpy() on the following line.
+  ** The pExpr->u.zToken might point into memory that will be freed by the
+  ** sqlite3DbFree(db, pDup) on the last line of this block, so be sure to
+  ** make a copy of the token before doing the sqlite3DbFree().
   */
   ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Static);
   sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr);
   memcpy(pExpr, pDup, sizeof(*pExpr));
+  if( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) && pExpr->u.zToken!=0 ){
+    assert( (pExpr->flags & (EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly))==0 );
+    pExpr->u.zToken = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pExpr->u.zToken);
+    pExpr->flags |= EP_MemToken;
+  }
   sqlite3DbFree(db, pDup);
 }
 
@@ -73310,6 +76939,35 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
+/*
+** Subqueries stores the original database, table and column names for their
+** result sets in ExprList.a[].zSpan, in the form "DATABASE.TABLE.COLUMN".
+** Check to see if the zSpan given to this routine matches the zDb, zTab,
+** and zCol.  If any of zDb, zTab, and zCol are NULL then those fields will
+** match anything.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3MatchSpanName(
+  const char *zSpan,
+  const char *zCol,
+  const char *zTab,
+  const char *zDb
+){
+  int n;
+  for(n=0; ALWAYS(zSpan[n]) && zSpan[n]!='.'; n++){}
+  if( zDb && (sqlite3StrNICmp(zSpan, zDb, n)!=0 || zDb[n]!=0) ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  zSpan += n+1;
+  for(n=0; ALWAYS(zSpan[n]) && zSpan[n]!='.'; n++){}
+  if( zTab && (sqlite3StrNICmp(zSpan, zTab, n)!=0 || zTab[n]!=0) ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  zSpan += n+1;
+  if( zCol && sqlite3StrICmp(zSpan, zCol)!=0 ){
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Given the name of a column of the form X.Y.Z or Y.Z or just Z, look up
@@ -73346,24 +77004,50 @@
   NameContext *pNC,    /* The name context used to resolve the name */
   Expr *pExpr          /* Make this EXPR node point to the selected column */
 ){
-  int i, j;            /* Loop counters */
+  int i, j;                         /* Loop counters */
   int cnt = 0;                      /* Number of matching column names */
   int cntTab = 0;                   /* Number of matching table names */
+  int nSubquery = 0;                /* How many levels of subquery */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;         /* The database connection */
   struct SrcList_item *pItem;       /* Use for looping over pSrcList items */
   struct SrcList_item *pMatch = 0;  /* The matching pSrcList item */
   NameContext *pTopNC = pNC;        /* First namecontext in the list */
   Schema *pSchema = 0;              /* Schema of the expression */
-  int isTrigger = 0;
+  int isTrigger = 0;                /* True if resolved to a trigger column */
+  Table *pTab = 0;                  /* Table hold the row */
+  Column *pCol;                     /* A column of pTab */
 
   assert( pNC );     /* the name context cannot be NULL. */
   assert( zCol );    /* The Z in X.Y.Z cannot be NULL */
-  assert( ~ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
 
   /* Initialize the node to no-match */
   pExpr->iTable = -1;
   pExpr->pTab = 0;
-  ExprSetIrreducible(pExpr);
+  ExprSetVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_NoReduce);
+
+  /* Translate the schema name in zDb into a pointer to the corresponding
+  ** schema.  If not found, pSchema will remain NULL and nothing will match
+  ** resulting in an appropriate error message toward the end of this routine
+  */
+  if( zDb ){
+    testcase( pNC->ncFlags & NC_PartIdx );
+    testcase( pNC->ncFlags & NC_IsCheck );
+    if( (pNC->ncFlags & (NC_PartIdx|NC_IsCheck))!=0 ){
+      /* Silently ignore database qualifiers inside CHECK constraints and partial
+      ** indices.  Do not raise errors because that might break legacy and
+      ** because it does not hurt anything to just ignore the database name. */
+      zDb = 0;
+    }else{
+      for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+        assert( db->aDb[i].zName );
+        if( sqlite3StrICmp(db->aDb[i].zName,zDb)==0 ){
+          pSchema = db->aDb[i].pSchema;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
 
   /* Start at the inner-most context and move outward until a match is found */
   while( pNC && cnt==0 ){
@@ -73372,32 +77056,34 @@
 
     if( pSrcList ){
       for(i=0, pItem=pSrcList->a; i<pSrcList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
-        Table *pTab;
-        int iDb;
-        Column *pCol;
-  
         pTab = pItem->pTab;
         assert( pTab!=0 && pTab->zName!=0 );
-        iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
         assert( pTab->nCol>0 );
+        if( pItem->pSelect && (pItem->pSelect->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)!=0 ){
+          int hit = 0;
+          pEList = pItem->pSelect->pEList;
+          for(j=0; j<pEList->nExpr; j++){
+            if( sqlite3MatchSpanName(pEList->a[j].zSpan, zCol, zTab, zDb) ){
+              cnt++;
+              cntTab = 2;
+              pMatch = pItem;
+              pExpr->iColumn = j;
+              hit = 1;
+            }
+          }
+          if( hit || zTab==0 ) continue;
+        }
+        if( zDb && pTab->pSchema!=pSchema ){
+          continue;
+        }
         if( zTab ){
-          if( pItem->zAlias ){
-            char *zTabName = pItem->zAlias;
-            if( sqlite3StrICmp(zTabName, zTab)!=0 ) continue;
-          }else{
-            char *zTabName = pTab->zName;
-            if( NEVER(zTabName==0) || sqlite3StrICmp(zTabName, zTab)!=0 ){
-              continue;
-            }
-            if( zDb!=0 && sqlite3StrICmp(db->aDb[iDb].zName, zDb)!=0 ){
-              continue;
-            }
+          const char *zTabName = pItem->zAlias ? pItem->zAlias : pTab->zName;
+          assert( zTabName!=0 );
+          if( sqlite3StrICmp(zTabName, zTab)!=0 ){
+            continue;
           }
         }
         if( 0==(cntTab++) ){
-          pExpr->iTable = pItem->iCursor;
-          pExpr->pTab = pTab;
-          pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
           pMatch = pItem;
         }
         for(j=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; j<pTab->nCol; j++, pCol++){
@@ -73411,25 +77097,26 @@
               if( nameInUsingClause(pItem->pUsing, zCol) ) continue;
             }
             cnt++;
-            pExpr->iTable = pItem->iCursor;
-            pExpr->pTab = pTab;
             pMatch = pItem;
-            pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
             /* Substitute the rowid (column -1) for the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
             pExpr->iColumn = j==pTab->iPKey ? -1 : (i16)j;
             break;
           }
         }
       }
-    }
+      if( pMatch ){
+        pExpr->iTable = pMatch->iCursor;
+        pExpr->pTab = pMatch->pTab;
+        pSchema = pExpr->pTab->pSchema;
+      }
+    } /* if( pSrcList ) */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
     /* If we have not already resolved the name, then maybe 
     ** it is a new.* or old.* trigger argument reference
     */
-    if( zDb==0 && zTab!=0 && cnt==0 && pParse->pTriggerTab!=0 ){
+    if( zDb==0 && zTab!=0 && cntTab==0 && pParse->pTriggerTab!=0 ){
       int op = pParse->eTriggerOp;
-      Table *pTab = 0;
       assert( op==TK_DELETE || op==TK_UPDATE || op==TK_INSERT );
       if( op!=TK_DELETE && sqlite3StrICmp("new",zTab) == 0 ){
         pExpr->iTable = 1;
@@ -73437,14 +77124,15 @@
       }else if( op!=TK_INSERT && sqlite3StrICmp("old",zTab)==0 ){
         pExpr->iTable = 0;
         pTab = pParse->pTriggerTab;
+      }else{
+        pTab = 0;
       }
 
       if( pTab ){ 
         int iCol;
         pSchema = pTab->pSchema;
         cntTab++;
-        for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++){
-          Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[iCol];
+        for(iCol=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++, pCol++){
           if( sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zCol)==0 ){
             if( iCol==pTab->iPKey ){
               iCol = -1;
@@ -73452,8 +77140,10 @@
             break;
           }
         }
-        if( iCol>=pTab->nCol && sqlite3IsRowid(zCol) ){
-          iCol = -1;        /* IMP: R-44911-55124 */
+        if( iCol>=pTab->nCol && sqlite3IsRowid(zCol) && HasRowid(pTab) ){
+          /* IMP: R-51414-32910 */
+          /* IMP: R-44911-55124 */
+          iCol = -1;
         }
         if( iCol<pTab->nCol ){
           cnt++;
@@ -73479,7 +77169,8 @@
     /*
     ** Perhaps the name is a reference to the ROWID
     */
-    if( cnt==0 && cntTab==1 && sqlite3IsRowid(zCol) ){
+    if( cnt==0 && cntTab==1 && pMatch && sqlite3IsRowid(zCol)
+     && HasRowid(pMatch->pTab) ){
       cnt = 1;
       pExpr->iColumn = -1;     /* IMP: R-44911-55124 */
       pExpr->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
@@ -73496,8 +77187,17 @@
     ** forms the result set entry ("a+b" in the example) and return immediately.
     ** Note that the expression in the result set should have already been
     ** resolved by the time the WHERE clause is resolved.
+    **
+    ** The ability to use an output result-set column in the WHERE, GROUP BY,
+    ** or HAVING clauses, or as part of a larger expression in the ORDRE BY
+    ** clause is not standard SQL.  This is a (goofy) SQLite extension, that
+    ** is supported for backwards compatibility only.  TO DO: Issue a warning
+    ** on sqlite3_log() whenever the capability is used.
     */
-    if( cnt==0 && (pEList = pNC->pEList)!=0 && zTab==0 ){
+    if( (pEList = pNC->pEList)!=0
+     && zTab==0
+     && cnt==0
+    ){
       for(j=0; j<pEList->nExpr; j++){
         char *zAs = pEList->a[j].zName;
         if( zAs!=0 && sqlite3StrICmp(zAs, zCol)==0 ){
@@ -73506,11 +77206,11 @@
           assert( pExpr->x.pList==0 );
           assert( pExpr->x.pSelect==0 );
           pOrig = pEList->a[j].pExpr;
-          if( !pNC->allowAgg && ExprHasProperty(pOrig, EP_Agg) ){
+          if( (pNC->ncFlags&NC_AllowAgg)==0 && ExprHasProperty(pOrig, EP_Agg) ){
             sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "misuse of aliased aggregate %s", zAs);
             return WRC_Abort;
           }
-          resolveAlias(pParse, pEList, j, pExpr, "");
+          resolveAlias(pParse, pEList, j, pExpr, "", nSubquery);
           cnt = 1;
           pMatch = 0;
           assert( zTab==0 && zDb==0 );
@@ -73524,6 +77224,7 @@
     */
     if( cnt==0 ){
       pNC = pNC->pNext;
+      nSubquery++;
     }
   }
 
@@ -73587,7 +77288,9 @@
 lookupname_end:
   if( cnt==1 ){
     assert( pNC!=0 );
-    sqlite3AuthRead(pParse, pExpr, pSchema, pNC->pSrcList);
+    if( pExpr->op!=TK_AS ){
+      sqlite3AuthRead(pParse, pExpr, pSchema, pNC->pSrcList);
+    }
     /* Increment the nRef value on all name contexts from TopNC up to
     ** the point where the name matched. */
     for(;;){
@@ -73626,6 +77329,52 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Report an error that an expression is not valid for a partial index WHERE
+** clause.
+*/
+static void notValidPartIdxWhere(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Leave error message here */
+  NameContext *pNC,    /* The name context */
+  const char *zMsg     /* Type of error */
+){
+  if( (pNC->ncFlags & NC_PartIdx)!=0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s prohibited in partial index WHERE clauses",
+                    zMsg);
+  }
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+/*
+** Report an error that an expression is not valid for a CHECK constraint.
+*/
+static void notValidCheckConstraint(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Leave error message here */
+  NameContext *pNC,    /* The name context */
+  const char *zMsg     /* Type of error */
+){
+  if( (pNC->ncFlags & NC_IsCheck)!=0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"%s prohibited in CHECK constraints", zMsg);
+  }
+}
+#else
+# define notValidCheckConstraint(P,N,M)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Expression p should encode a floating point value between 1.0 and 0.0.
+** Return 1024 times this value.  Or return -1 if p is not a floating point
+** value between 1.0 and 0.0.
+*/
+static int exprProbability(Expr *p){
+  double r = -1.0;
+  if( p->op!=TK_FLOAT ) return -1;
+  sqlite3AtoF(p->u.zToken, &r, sqlite3Strlen30(p->u.zToken), SQLITE_UTF8);
+  assert( r>=0.0 );
+  if( r>1.0 ) return -1;
+  return (int)(r*1000.0);
+}
+
+/*
 ** This routine is callback for sqlite3WalkExpr().
 **
 ** Resolve symbolic names into TK_COLUMN operators for the current
@@ -73645,7 +77394,7 @@
   pParse = pNC->pParse;
   assert( pParse==pWalker->pParse );
 
-  if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_Resolved) ) return WRC_Prune;
+  if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Resolved) ) return WRC_Prune;
   ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Resolved);
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   if( pNC->pSrcList && pNC->pSrcList->nAlloc>0 ){
@@ -73709,7 +77458,6 @@
 
     /* Resolve function names
     */
-    case TK_CONST_FUNC:
     case TK_FUNCTION: {
       ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;    /* The argument list */
       int n = pList ? pList->nExpr : 0;    /* Number of arguments */
@@ -73722,13 +77470,13 @@
       FuncDef *pDef;              /* Information about the function */
       u8 enc = ENC(pParse->db);   /* The database encoding */
 
-      testcase( pExpr->op==TK_CONST_FUNC );
       assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      notValidPartIdxWhere(pParse, pNC, "functions");
       zId = pExpr->u.zToken;
       nId = sqlite3Strlen30(zId);
       pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(pParse->db, zId, nId, n, enc, 0);
       if( pDef==0 ){
-        pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(pParse->db, zId, nId, -1, enc, 0);
+        pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(pParse->db, zId, nId, -2, enc, 0);
         if( pDef==0 ){
           no_such_func = 1;
         }else{
@@ -73736,6 +77484,28 @@
         }
       }else{
         is_agg = pDef->xFunc==0;
+        if( pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY ){
+          ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Unlikely|EP_Skip);
+          if( n==2 ){
+            pExpr->iTable = exprProbability(pList->a[1].pExpr);
+            if( pExpr->iTable<0 ){
+              sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "second argument to likelihood() must be a "
+                                      "constant between 0.0 and 1.0");
+              pNC->nErr++;
+            }
+          }else{
+            /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-61304-29449 The unlikely(X) function is equivalent to
+            ** likelihood(X, 0.0625).
+            ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-01283-11636 The unlikely(X) function is short-hand for
+            ** likelihood(X,0.0625).
+            ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-36850-34127 The likely(X) function is short-hand for
+            ** likelihood(X,0.9375).
+            ** EVIDENCE-OF: R-53436-40973 The likely(X) function is equivalent to
+            ** likelihood(X,0.9375). */
+            /* TUNING: unlikely() probability is 0.0625.  likely() is 0.9375 */
+            pExpr->iTable = pDef->zName[0]=='u' ? 62 : 938;
+          }             
+        }
       }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTHORIZATION
       if( pDef ){
@@ -73749,13 +77519,14 @@
           pExpr->op = TK_NULL;
           return WRC_Prune;
         }
+        if( pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT ) ExprSetProperty(pExpr,EP_Constant);
       }
 #endif
-      if( is_agg && !pNC->allowAgg ){
+      if( is_agg && (pNC->ncFlags & NC_AllowAgg)==0 ){
         sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "misuse of aggregate function %.*s()", nId,zId);
         pNC->nErr++;
         is_agg = 0;
-      }else if( no_such_func ){
+      }else if( no_such_func && pParse->db->init.busy==0 ){
         sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such function: %.*s", nId, zId);
         pNC->nErr++;
       }else if( wrong_num_args ){
@@ -73763,13 +77534,19 @@
              nId, zId);
         pNC->nErr++;
       }
-      if( is_agg ){
-        pExpr->op = TK_AGG_FUNCTION;
-        pNC->hasAgg = 1;
-      }
-      if( is_agg ) pNC->allowAgg = 0;
+      if( is_agg ) pNC->ncFlags &= ~NC_AllowAgg;
       sqlite3WalkExprList(pWalker, pList);
-      if( is_agg ) pNC->allowAgg = 1;
+      if( is_agg ){
+        NameContext *pNC2 = pNC;
+        pExpr->op = TK_AGG_FUNCTION;
+        pExpr->op2 = 0;
+        while( pNC2 && !sqlite3FunctionUsesThisSrc(pExpr, pNC2->pSrcList) ){
+          pExpr->op2++;
+          pNC2 = pNC2->pNext;
+        }
+        if( pNC2 ) pNC2->ncFlags |= NC_HasAgg;
+        pNC->ncFlags |= NC_AllowAgg;
+      }
       /* FIX ME:  Compute pExpr->affinity based on the expected return
       ** type of the function 
       */
@@ -73783,11 +77560,8 @@
       testcase( pExpr->op==TK_IN );
       if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
         int nRef = pNC->nRef;
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-        if( pNC->isCheck ){
-          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"subqueries prohibited in CHECK constraints");
-        }
-#endif
+        notValidCheckConstraint(pParse, pNC, "subqueries");
+        notValidPartIdxWhere(pParse, pNC, "subqueries");
         sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pExpr->x.pSelect);
         assert( pNC->nRef>=nRef );
         if( nRef!=pNC->nRef ){
@@ -73796,14 +77570,11 @@
       }
       break;
     }
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
     case TK_VARIABLE: {
-      if( pNC->isCheck ){
-        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"parameters prohibited in CHECK constraints");
-      }
+      notValidCheckConstraint(pParse, pNC, "parameters");
+      notValidPartIdxWhere(pParse, pNC, "parameters");
       break;
     }
-#endif
   }
   return (pParse->nErr || pParse->db->mallocFailed) ? WRC_Abort : WRC_Continue;
 }
@@ -73880,7 +77651,7 @@
   nc.pParse = pParse;
   nc.pSrcList = pSelect->pSrc;
   nc.pEList = pEList;
-  nc.allowAgg = 1;
+  nc.ncFlags = NC_AllowAgg;
   nc.nErr = 0;
   db = pParse->db;
   savedSuppErr = db->suppressErr;
@@ -73894,7 +77665,7 @@
   ** result-set entry.
   */
   for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
-    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pEList->a[i].pExpr, pE)<2 ){
+    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pEList->a[i].pExpr, pE, -1)<2 ){
       return i+1;
     }
   }
@@ -73968,7 +77739,7 @@
       int iCol = -1;
       Expr *pE, *pDup;
       if( pItem->done ) continue;
-      pE = pItem->pExpr;
+      pE = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pItem->pExpr);
       if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE, &iCol) ){
         if( iCol<=0 || iCol>pEList->nExpr ){
           resolveOutOfRangeError(pParse, "ORDER", i+1, pEList->nExpr);
@@ -73986,15 +77757,21 @@
         }
       }
       if( iCol>0 ){
-        CollSeq *pColl = pE->pColl;
-        int flags = pE->flags & EP_ExpCollate;
+        /* Convert the ORDER BY term into an integer column number iCol,
+        ** taking care to preserve the COLLATE clause if it exists */
+        Expr *pNew = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_INTEGER, 0);
+        if( pNew==0 ) return 1;
+        pNew->flags |= EP_IntValue;
+        pNew->u.iValue = iCol;
+        if( pItem->pExpr==pE ){
+          pItem->pExpr = pNew;
+        }else{
+          assert( pItem->pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE );
+          assert( pItem->pExpr->pLeft==pE );
+          pItem->pExpr->pLeft = pNew;
+        }
         sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pE);
-        pItem->pExpr = pE = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_INTEGER, 0);
-        if( pE==0 ) return 1;
-        pE->pColl = pColl;
-        pE->flags |= EP_IntValue | flags;
-        pE->u.iValue = iCol;
-        pItem->iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
+        pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
         pItem->done = 1;
       }else{
         moreToDo = 1;
@@ -74015,8 +77792,8 @@
 /*
 ** Check every term in the ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause pOrderBy of
 ** the SELECT statement pSelect.  If any term is reference to a
-** result set expression (as determined by the ExprList.a.iCol field)
-** then convert that term into a copy of the corresponding result set
+** result set expression (as determined by the ExprList.a.u.x.iOrderByCol
+** field) then convert that term into a copy of the corresponding result set
 ** column.
 **
 ** If any errors are detected, add an error message to pParse and
@@ -74043,12 +77820,12 @@
   pEList = pSelect->pEList;
   assert( pEList!=0 );  /* sqlite3SelectNew() guarantees this */
   for(i=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
-    if( pItem->iOrderByCol ){
-      if( pItem->iOrderByCol>pEList->nExpr ){
+    if( pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol ){
+      if( pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol>pEList->nExpr ){
         resolveOutOfRangeError(pParse, zType, i+1, pEList->nExpr);
         return 1;
       }
-      resolveAlias(pParse, pEList, pItem->iOrderByCol-1, pItem->pExpr, zType);
+      resolveAlias(pParse, pEList, pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol-1, pItem->pExpr, zType,0);
     }
   }
   return 0;
@@ -74063,7 +77840,7 @@
 ** If the order-by term is an integer I between 1 and N (where N is the
 ** number of columns in the result set of the SELECT) then the expression
 ** in the resolution is a copy of the I-th result-set expression.  If
-** the order-by term is an identify that corresponds to the AS-name of
+** the order-by term is an identifier that corresponds to the AS-name of
 ** a result-set expression, then the term resolves to a copy of the
 ** result-set expression.  Otherwise, the expression is resolved in
 ** the usual way - using sqlite3ResolveExprNames().
@@ -74078,7 +77855,7 @@
   ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* An ORDER BY or GROUP BY clause to resolve */
   const char *zType     /* Either "ORDER" or "GROUP", as appropriate */
 ){
-  int i;                         /* Loop counter */
+  int i, j;                      /* Loop counters */
   int iCol;                      /* Column number */
   struct ExprList_item *pItem;   /* A term of the ORDER BY clause */
   Parse *pParse;                 /* Parsing context */
@@ -74089,32 +77866,40 @@
   pParse = pNC->pParse;
   for(i=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++, pItem++){
     Expr *pE = pItem->pExpr;
-    iCol = resolveAsName(pParse, pSelect->pEList, pE);
-    if( iCol>0 ){
-      /* If an AS-name match is found, mark this ORDER BY column as being
-      ** a copy of the iCol-th result-set column.  The subsequent call to
-      ** sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy() will convert the expression to a
-      ** copy of the iCol-th result-set expression. */
-      pItem->iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
-      continue;
+    Expr *pE2 = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pE);
+    if( zType[0]!='G' ){
+      iCol = resolveAsName(pParse, pSelect->pEList, pE2);
+      if( iCol>0 ){
+        /* If an AS-name match is found, mark this ORDER BY column as being
+        ** a copy of the iCol-th result-set column.  The subsequent call to
+        ** sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy() will convert the expression to a
+        ** copy of the iCol-th result-set expression. */
+        pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
+        continue;
+      }
     }
-    if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE, &iCol) ){
+    if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pE2, &iCol) ){
       /* The ORDER BY term is an integer constant.  Again, set the column
       ** number so that sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy() will convert the
       ** order-by term to a copy of the result-set expression */
-      if( iCol<1 ){
+      if( iCol<1 || iCol>0xffff ){
         resolveOutOfRangeError(pParse, zType, i+1, nResult);
         return 1;
       }
-      pItem->iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
+      pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol = (u16)iCol;
       continue;
     }
 
     /* Otherwise, treat the ORDER BY term as an ordinary expression */
-    pItem->iOrderByCol = 0;
+    pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol = 0;
     if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(pNC, pE) ){
       return 1;
     }
+    for(j=0; j<pSelect->pEList->nExpr; j++){
+      if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pE, pSelect->pEList->a[j].pExpr, -1)==0 ){
+        pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol = j+1;
+      }
+    }
   }
   return sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(pParse, pSelect, pOrderBy, zType);
 }
@@ -74174,23 +77959,6 @@
       return WRC_Abort;
     }
   
-    /* Set up the local name-context to pass to sqlite3ResolveExprNames() to
-    ** resolve the result-set expression list.
-    */
-    sNC.allowAgg = 1;
-    sNC.pSrcList = p->pSrc;
-    sNC.pNext = pOuterNC;
-  
-    /* Resolve names in the result set. */
-    pEList = p->pEList;
-    assert( pEList!=0 );
-    for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
-      Expr *pX = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
-      if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pX) ){
-        return WRC_Abort;
-      }
-    }
-  
     /* Recursively resolve names in all subqueries
     */
     for(i=0; i<p->pSrc->nSrc; i++){
@@ -74218,15 +77986,32 @@
       }
     }
   
+    /* Set up the local name-context to pass to sqlite3ResolveExprNames() to
+    ** resolve the result-set expression list.
+    */
+    sNC.ncFlags = NC_AllowAgg;
+    sNC.pSrcList = p->pSrc;
+    sNC.pNext = pOuterNC;
+  
+    /* Resolve names in the result set. */
+    pEList = p->pEList;
+    assert( pEList!=0 );
+    for(i=0; i<pEList->nExpr; i++){
+      Expr *pX = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
+      if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pX) ){
+        return WRC_Abort;
+      }
+    }
+  
     /* If there are no aggregate functions in the result-set, and no GROUP BY 
     ** expression, do not allow aggregates in any of the other expressions.
     */
     assert( (p->selFlags & SF_Aggregate)==0 );
     pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
-    if( pGroupBy || sNC.hasAgg ){
+    if( pGroupBy || (sNC.ncFlags & NC_HasAgg)!=0 ){
       p->selFlags |= SF_Aggregate;
     }else{
-      sNC.allowAgg = 0;
+      sNC.ncFlags &= ~NC_AllowAgg;
     }
   
     /* If a HAVING clause is present, then there must be a GROUP BY clause.
@@ -74236,7 +78021,7 @@
       return WRC_Abort;
     }
   
-    /* Add the expression list to the name-context before parsing the
+    /* Add the output column list to the name-context before parsing the
     ** other expressions in the SELECT statement. This is so that
     ** expressions in the WHERE clause (etc.) can refer to expressions by
     ** aliases in the result set.
@@ -74245,17 +78030,14 @@
     ** re-evaluated for each reference to it.
     */
     sNC.pEList = p->pEList;
-    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pWhere) ||
-       sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pHaving)
-    ){
-      return WRC_Abort;
-    }
+    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pHaving) ) return WRC_Abort;
+    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pWhere) ) return WRC_Abort;
 
     /* The ORDER BY and GROUP BY clauses may not refer to terms in
     ** outer queries 
     */
     sNC.pNext = 0;
-    sNC.allowAgg = 1;
+    sNC.ncFlags |= NC_AllowAgg;
 
     /* Process the ORDER BY clause for singleton SELECT statements.
     ** The ORDER BY clause for compounds SELECT statements is handled
@@ -74343,7 +78125,7 @@
 **
 ** Function calls are checked to make sure that the function is 
 ** defined and that the correct number of arguments are specified.
-** If the function is an aggregate function, then the pNC->hasAgg is
+** If the function is an aggregate function, then the NC_HasAgg flag is
 ** set and the opcode is changed from TK_FUNCTION to TK_AGG_FUNCTION.
 ** If an expression contains aggregate functions then the EP_Agg
 ** property on the expression is set.
@@ -74355,7 +78137,7 @@
   NameContext *pNC,       /* Namespace to resolve expressions in. */
   Expr *pExpr             /* The expression to be analyzed. */
 ){
-  int savedHasAgg;
+  u8 savedHasAgg;
   Walker w;
 
   if( pExpr==0 ) return 0;
@@ -74368,8 +78150,9 @@
     pParse->nHeight += pExpr->nHeight;
   }
 #endif
-  savedHasAgg = pNC->hasAgg;
-  pNC->hasAgg = 0;
+  savedHasAgg = pNC->ncFlags & NC_HasAgg;
+  pNC->ncFlags &= ~NC_HasAgg;
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
   w.xExprCallback = resolveExprStep;
   w.xSelectCallback = resolveSelectStep;
   w.pParse = pNC->pParse;
@@ -74381,10 +78164,10 @@
   if( pNC->nErr>0 || w.pParse->nErr>0 ){
     ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Error);
   }
-  if( pNC->hasAgg ){
+  if( pNC->ncFlags & NC_HasAgg ){
     ExprSetProperty(pExpr, EP_Agg);
   }else if( savedHasAgg ){
-    pNC->hasAgg = 1;
+    pNC->ncFlags |= NC_HasAgg;
   }
   return ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Error);
 }
@@ -74410,6 +78193,7 @@
   Walker w;
 
   assert( p!=0 );
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
   w.xExprCallback = resolveExprStep;
   w.xSelectCallback = resolveSelectStep;
   w.pParse = pParse;
@@ -74417,6 +78201,48 @@
   sqlite3WalkSelect(&w, p);
 }
 
+/*
+** Resolve names in expressions that can only reference a single table:
+**
+**    *   CHECK constraints
+**    *   WHERE clauses on partial indices
+**
+** The Expr.iTable value for Expr.op==TK_COLUMN nodes of the expression
+** is set to -1 and the Expr.iColumn value is set to the column number.
+**
+** Any errors cause an error message to be set in pParse.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolveSelfReference(
+  Parse *pParse,      /* Parsing context */
+  Table *pTab,        /* The table being referenced */
+  int type,           /* NC_IsCheck or NC_PartIdx */
+  Expr *pExpr,        /* Expression to resolve.  May be NULL. */
+  ExprList *pList     /* Expression list to resolve.  May be NUL. */
+){
+  SrcList sSrc;                   /* Fake SrcList for pParse->pNewTable */
+  NameContext sNC;                /* Name context for pParse->pNewTable */
+  int i;                          /* Loop counter */
+
+  assert( type==NC_IsCheck || type==NC_PartIdx );
+  memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
+  memset(&sSrc, 0, sizeof(sSrc));
+  sSrc.nSrc = 1;
+  sSrc.a[0].zName = pTab->zName;
+  sSrc.a[0].pTab = pTab;
+  sSrc.a[0].iCursor = -1;
+  sNC.pParse = pParse;
+  sNC.pSrcList = &sSrc;
+  sNC.ncFlags = type;
+  if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pExpr) ) return;
+  if( pList ){
+    for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+      if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pList->a[i].pExpr) ){
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 /************** End of resolve.c *********************************************/
 /************** Begin file expr.c ********************************************/
 /*
@@ -74451,7 +78277,10 @@
 ** SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE (select a from t1);
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3ExprAffinity(Expr *pExpr){
-  int op = pExpr->op;
+  int op;
+  pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pExpr);
+  if( pExpr->flags & EP_Generic ) return 0;
+  op = pExpr->op;
   if( op==TK_SELECT ){
     assert( pExpr->flags&EP_xIsSelect );
     return sqlite3ExprAffinity(pExpr->x.pSelect->pEList->a[0].pExpr);
@@ -74459,7 +78288,7 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CAST
   if( op==TK_CAST ){
     assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
-    return sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken);
+    return sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken, 0);
   }
 #endif
   if( (op==TK_AGG_COLUMN || op==TK_COLUMN || op==TK_REGISTER) 
@@ -74476,66 +78305,101 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Set the explicit collating sequence for an expression to the
-** collating sequence supplied in the second argument.
+** Set the collating sequence for expression pExpr to be the collating
+** sequence named by pToken.   Return a pointer to a new Expr node that
+** implements the COLLATE operator.
+**
+** If a memory allocation error occurs, that fact is recorded in pParse->db
+** and the pExpr parameter is returned unchanged.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetColl(Expr *pExpr, CollSeq *pColl){
-  if( pExpr && pColl ){
-    pExpr->pColl = pColl;
-    pExpr->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(
+  Parse *pParse,           /* Parsing context */
+  Expr *pExpr,             /* Add the "COLLATE" clause to this expression */
+  const Token *pCollName   /* Name of collating sequence */
+){
+  if( pCollName->n>0 ){
+    Expr *pNew = sqlite3ExprAlloc(pParse->db, TK_COLLATE, pCollName, 1);
+    if( pNew ){
+      pNew->pLeft = pExpr;
+      pNew->flags |= EP_Collate|EP_Skip;
+      pExpr = pNew;
+    }
   }
   return pExpr;
 }
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAddCollateString(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, const char *zC){
+  Token s;
+  assert( zC!=0 );
+  s.z = zC;
+  s.n = sqlite3Strlen30(s.z);
+  return sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, pExpr, &s);
+}
 
 /*
-** Set the collating sequence for expression pExpr to be the collating
-** sequence named by pToken.   Return a pointer to the revised expression.
-** The collating sequence is marked as "explicit" using the EP_ExpCollate
-** flag.  An explicit collating sequence will override implicit
-** collating sequences.
+** Skip over any TK_COLLATE or TK_AS operators and any unlikely()
+** or likelihood() function at the root of an expression.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, Token *pCollName){
-  char *zColl = 0;            /* Dequoted name of collation sequence */
-  CollSeq *pColl;
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-  zColl = sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pCollName);
-  pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl);
-  sqlite3ExprSetColl(pExpr, pColl);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, zColl);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(Expr *pExpr){
+  while( pExpr && ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Skip) ){
+    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_Unlikely) ){
+      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      assert( pExpr->x.pList->nExpr>0 );
+      assert( pExpr->op==TK_FUNCTION );
+      pExpr = pExpr->x.pList->a[0].pExpr;
+    }else{
+      assert( pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE || pExpr->op==TK_AS );
+      pExpr = pExpr->pLeft;
+    }
+  }   
   return pExpr;
 }
 
 /*
-** Return the default collation sequence for the expression pExpr. If
-** there is no default collation type, return 0.
+** Return the collation sequence for the expression pExpr. If
+** there is no defined collating sequence, return NULL.
+**
+** The collating sequence might be determined by a COLLATE operator
+** or by the presence of a column with a defined collating sequence.
+** COLLATE operators take first precedence.  Left operands take
+** precedence over right operands.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3ExprCollSeq(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
   CollSeq *pColl = 0;
   Expr *p = pExpr;
   while( p ){
-    int op;
-    pColl = p->pColl;
-    if( pColl ) break;
-    op = p->op;
-    if( p->pTab!=0 && (
-        op==TK_AGG_COLUMN || op==TK_COLUMN || op==TK_REGISTER || op==TK_TRIGGER
-    )){
+    int op = p->op;
+    if( p->flags & EP_Generic ) break;
+    if( op==TK_CAST || op==TK_UPLUS ){
+      p = p->pLeft;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if( op==TK_COLLATE || (op==TK_REGISTER && p->op2==TK_COLLATE) ){
+      pColl = sqlite3GetCollSeq(pParse, ENC(db), 0, p->u.zToken);
+      break;
+    }
+    if( p->pTab!=0
+     && (op==TK_AGG_COLUMN || op==TK_COLUMN
+          || op==TK_REGISTER || op==TK_TRIGGER)
+    ){
       /* op==TK_REGISTER && p->pTab!=0 happens when pExpr was originally
       ** a TK_COLUMN but was previously evaluated and cached in a register */
-      const char *zColl;
       int j = p->iColumn;
       if( j>=0 ){
-        sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-        zColl = p->pTab->aCol[j].zColl;
+        const char *zColl = p->pTab->aCol[j].zColl;
         pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, ENC(db), zColl, 0);
-        pExpr->pColl = pColl;
       }
       break;
     }
-    if( op!=TK_CAST && op!=TK_UPLUS ){
+    if( p->flags & EP_Collate ){
+      if( ALWAYS(p->pLeft) && (p->pLeft->flags & EP_Collate)!=0 ){
+        p = p->pLeft;
+      }else{
+        p = p->pRight;
+      }
+    }else{
       break;
     }
-    p = p->pLeft;
   }
   if( sqlite3CheckCollSeq(pParse, pColl) ){ 
     pColl = 0;
@@ -74639,12 +78503,10 @@
 ){
   CollSeq *pColl;
   assert( pLeft );
-  if( pLeft->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
-    assert( pLeft->pColl );
-    pColl = pLeft->pColl;
-  }else if( pRight && pRight->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
-    assert( pRight->pColl );
-    pColl = pRight->pColl;
+  if( pLeft->flags & EP_Collate ){
+    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pLeft);
+  }else if( pRight && (pRight->flags & EP_Collate)!=0 ){
+    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pRight);
   }else{
     pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pLeft);
     if( !pColl ){
@@ -74874,17 +78736,11 @@
   }else{
     if( pRight ){
       pRoot->pRight = pRight;
-      if( pRight->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
-        pRoot->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
-        pRoot->pColl = pRight->pColl;
-      }
+      pRoot->flags |= EP_Collate & pRight->flags;
     }
     if( pLeft ){
       pRoot->pLeft = pLeft;
-      if( pLeft->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
-        pRoot->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
-        pRoot->pColl = pLeft->pColl;
-      }
+      pRoot->flags |= EP_Collate & pLeft->flags;
     }
     exprSetHeight(pRoot);
   }
@@ -74904,8 +78760,14 @@
   Expr *pRight,           /* Right operand */
   const Token *pToken     /* Argument token */
 ){
-  Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAlloc(pParse->db, op, pToken, 1);
-  sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(pParse->db, p, pLeft, pRight);
+  Expr *p;
+  if( op==TK_AND && pLeft && pRight ){
+    /* Take advantage of short-circuit false optimization for AND */
+    p = sqlite3ExprAnd(pParse->db, pLeft, pRight);
+  }else{
+    p = sqlite3ExprAlloc(pParse->db, op, pToken, 1);
+    sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(pParse->db, p, pLeft, pRight);
+  }
   if( p ) {
     sqlite3ExprCheckHeight(pParse, p->nHeight);
   }
@@ -74913,14 +78775,49 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** If the expression is always either TRUE or FALSE (respectively),
+** then return 1.  If one cannot determine the truth value of the
+** expression at compile-time return 0.
+**
+** This is an optimization.  If is OK to return 0 here even if
+** the expression really is always false or false (a false negative).
+** But it is a bug to return 1 if the expression might have different
+** boolean values in different circumstances (a false positive.)
+**
+** Note that if the expression is part of conditional for a
+** LEFT JOIN, then we cannot determine at compile-time whether or not
+** is it true or false, so always return 0.
+*/
+static int exprAlwaysTrue(Expr *p){
+  int v = 0;
+  if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_FromJoin) ) return 0;
+  if( !sqlite3ExprIsInteger(p, &v) ) return 0;
+  return v!=0;
+}
+static int exprAlwaysFalse(Expr *p){
+  int v = 0;
+  if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_FromJoin) ) return 0;
+  if( !sqlite3ExprIsInteger(p, &v) ) return 0;
+  return v==0;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Join two expressions using an AND operator.  If either expression is
 ** NULL, then just return the other expression.
+**
+** If one side or the other of the AND is known to be false, then instead
+** of returning an AND expression, just return a constant expression with
+** a value of false.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Expr *sqlite3ExprAnd(sqlite3 *db, Expr *pLeft, Expr *pRight){
   if( pLeft==0 ){
     return pRight;
   }else if( pRight==0 ){
     return pLeft;
+  }else if( exprAlwaysFalse(pLeft) || exprAlwaysFalse(pRight) ){
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pLeft);
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pRight);
+    return sqlite3ExprAlloc(db, TK_INTEGER, &sqlite3IntTokens[0], 0);
   }else{
     Expr *pNew = sqlite3ExprAlloc(db, TK_AND, 0, 0);
     sqlite3ExprAttachSubtrees(db, pNew, pLeft, pRight);
@@ -74968,7 +78865,7 @@
   const char *z;
 
   if( pExpr==0 ) return;
-  assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue|EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly) );
+  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue|EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly) );
   z = pExpr->u.zToken;
   assert( z!=0 );
   assert( z[0]!=0 );
@@ -75004,7 +78901,7 @@
       */
       ynVar i;
       for(i=0; i<pParse->nzVar; i++){
-        if( pParse->azVar[i] && memcmp(pParse->azVar[i],z,n+1)==0 ){
+        if( pParse->azVar[i] && strcmp(pParse->azVar[i],z)==0 ){
           pExpr->iColumn = x = (ynVar)i+1;
           break;
         }
@@ -75038,12 +78935,12 @@
   if( p==0 ) return;
   /* Sanity check: Assert that the IntValue is non-negative if it exists */
   assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_IntValue) || p->u.iValue>=0 );
-  if( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+  if( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+    /* The Expr.x union is never used at the same time as Expr.pRight */
+    assert( p->x.pList==0 || p->pRight==0 );
     sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLeft);
     sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pRight);
-    if( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_Reduced) && (p->flags2 & EP2_MallocedToken)!=0 ){
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.zToken);
-    }
+    if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_MemToken) ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.zToken);
     if( ExprHasProperty(p, EP_xIsSelect) ){
       sqlite3SelectDelete(db, p->x.pSelect);
     }else{
@@ -75103,16 +79000,19 @@
 static int dupedExprStructSize(Expr *p, int flags){
   int nSize;
   assert( flags==EXPRDUP_REDUCE || flags==0 ); /* Only one flag value allowed */
+  assert( EXPR_FULLSIZE<=0xfff );
+  assert( (0xfff & (EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly))==0 );
   if( 0==(flags&EXPRDUP_REDUCE) ){
     nSize = EXPR_FULLSIZE;
   }else{
-    assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
     assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_FromJoin) ); 
-    assert( (p->flags2 & EP2_MallocedToken)==0 );
-    assert( (p->flags2 & EP2_Irreducible)==0 );
-    if( p->pLeft || p->pRight || p->pColl || p->x.pList ){
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_MemToken) );
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_NoReduce) );
+    if( p->pLeft || p->x.pList ){
       nSize = EXPR_REDUCEDSIZE | EP_Reduced;
     }else{
+      assert( p->pRight==0 );
       nSize = EXPR_TOKENONLYSIZE | EP_TokenOnly;
     }
   }
@@ -75206,7 +79106,7 @@
       }
 
       /* Set the EP_Reduced, EP_TokenOnly, and EP_Static flags appropriately. */
-      pNew->flags &= ~(EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly|EP_Static);
+      pNew->flags &= ~(EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly|EP_Static|EP_MemToken);
       pNew->flags |= nStructSize & (EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly);
       pNew->flags |= staticFlag;
 
@@ -75226,7 +79126,7 @@
       }
 
       /* Fill in pNew->pLeft and pNew->pRight. */
-      if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pNew, EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly) ){
+      if( ExprHasProperty(pNew, EP_Reduced|EP_TokenOnly) ){
         zAlloc += dupedExprNodeSize(p, flags);
         if( ExprHasProperty(pNew, EP_Reduced) ){
           pNew->pLeft = exprDup(db, p->pLeft, EXPRDUP_REDUCE, &zAlloc);
@@ -75236,8 +79136,7 @@
           *pzBuffer = zAlloc;
         }
       }else{
-        pNew->flags2 = 0;
-        if( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+        if( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly) ){
           pNew->pLeft = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pLeft, 0);
           pNew->pRight = sqlite3ExprDup(db, p->pRight, 0);
         }
@@ -75249,6 +79148,33 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Create and return a deep copy of the object passed as the second 
+** argument. If an OOM condition is encountered, NULL is returned
+** and the db->mallocFailed flag set.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+static With *withDup(sqlite3 *db, With *p){
+  With *pRet = 0;
+  if( p ){
+    int nByte = sizeof(*p) + sizeof(p->a[0]) * (p->nCte-1);
+    pRet = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
+    if( pRet ){
+      int i;
+      pRet->nCte = p->nCte;
+      for(i=0; i<p->nCte; i++){
+        pRet->a[i].pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, p->a[i].pSelect, 0);
+        pRet->a[i].pCols = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->a[i].pCols, 0);
+        pRet->a[i].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, p->a[i].zName);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return pRet;
+}
+#else
+# define withDup(x,y) 0
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** The following group of routines make deep copies of expressions,
 ** expression lists, ID lists, and select statements.  The copies can
 ** be deleted (by being passed to their respective ...Delete() routines)
@@ -75275,7 +79201,6 @@
   if( p==0 ) return 0;
   pNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(*pNew) );
   if( pNew==0 ) return 0;
-  pNew->iECursor = 0;
   pNew->nExpr = i = p->nExpr;
   if( (flags & EXPRDUP_REDUCE)==0 ) for(i=1; i<p->nExpr; i+=i){}
   pNew->a = pItem = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db,  i*sizeof(p->a[0]) );
@@ -75291,8 +79216,8 @@
     pItem->zSpan = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zSpan);
     pItem->sortOrder = pOldItem->sortOrder;
     pItem->done = 0;
-    pItem->iOrderByCol = pOldItem->iOrderByCol;
-    pItem->iAlias = pOldItem->iAlias;
+    pItem->bSpanIsTab = pOldItem->bSpanIsTab;
+    pItem->u = pOldItem->u;
   }
   return pNew;
 }
@@ -75318,6 +79243,7 @@
     struct SrcList_item *pNewItem = &pNew->a[i];
     struct SrcList_item *pOldItem = &p->a[i];
     Table *pTab;
+    pNewItem->pSchema = pOldItem->pSchema;
     pNewItem->zDatabase = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zDatabase);
     pNewItem->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zName);
     pNewItem->zAlias = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zAlias);
@@ -75326,6 +79252,8 @@
     pNewItem->addrFillSub = pOldItem->addrFillSub;
     pNewItem->regReturn = pOldItem->regReturn;
     pNewItem->isCorrelated = pOldItem->isCorrelated;
+    pNewItem->viaCoroutine = pOldItem->viaCoroutine;
+    pNewItem->isRecursive = pOldItem->isRecursive;
     pNewItem->zIndex = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pOldItem->zIndex);
     pNewItem->notIndexed = pOldItem->notIndexed;
     pNewItem->pIndex = pOldItem->pIndex;
@@ -75383,10 +79311,10 @@
   pNew->iLimit = 0;
   pNew->iOffset = 0;
   pNew->selFlags = p->selFlags & ~SF_UsesEphemeral;
-  pNew->pRightmost = 0;
   pNew->addrOpenEphm[0] = -1;
   pNew->addrOpenEphm[1] = -1;
-  pNew->addrOpenEphm[2] = -1;
+  pNew->nSelectRow = p->nSelectRow;
+  pNew->pWith = withDup(db, p->pWith);
   return pNew;
 }
 #else
@@ -75544,16 +79472,19 @@
   /* If pWalker->u.i is 3 then any term of the expression that comes from
   ** the ON or USING clauses of a join disqualifies the expression
   ** from being considered constant. */
-  if( pWalker->u.i==3 && ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
+  if( pWalker->u.i==3 && ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
     pWalker->u.i = 0;
     return WRC_Abort;
   }
 
   switch( pExpr->op ){
     /* Consider functions to be constant if all their arguments are constant
-    ** and pWalker->u.i==2 */
+    ** and either pWalker->u.i==2 or the function as the SQLITE_FUNC_CONST
+    ** flag. */
     case TK_FUNCTION:
-      if( pWalker->u.i==2 ) return 0;
+      if( pWalker->u.i==2 || ExprHasProperty(pExpr,EP_Constant) ){
+        return WRC_Continue;
+      }
       /* Fall through */
     case TK_ID:
     case TK_COLUMN:
@@ -75578,6 +79509,7 @@
 }
 static int exprIsConst(Expr *p, int initFlag){
   Walker w;
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
   w.u.i = initFlag;
   w.xExprCallback = exprNodeIsConstant;
   w.xSelectCallback = selectNodeIsConstant;
@@ -75646,6 +79578,7 @@
     case TK_UMINUS: {
       int v;
       if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(p->pLeft, &v) ){
+        assert( v!=(-2147483647-1) );
         *pValue = -v;
         rc = 1;
       }
@@ -75681,30 +79614,15 @@
     case TK_FLOAT:
     case TK_BLOB:
       return 0;
+    case TK_COLUMN:
+      assert( p->pTab!=0 );
+      return p->iColumn>=0 && p->pTab->aCol[p->iColumn].notNull==0;
     default:
       return 1;
   }
 }
 
 /*
-** Generate an OP_IsNull instruction that tests register iReg and jumps
-** to location iDest if the value in iReg is NULL.  The value in iReg 
-** was computed by pExpr.  If we can look at pExpr at compile-time and
-** determine that it can never generate a NULL, then the OP_IsNull operation
-** can be omitted.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(
-  Vdbe *v,            /* The VDBE under construction */
-  const Expr *pExpr,  /* Only generate OP_IsNull if this expr can be NULL */
-  int iReg,           /* Test the value in this register for NULL */
-  int iDest           /* Jump here if the value is null */
-){
-  if( sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pExpr) ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iDest);
-  }
-}
-
-/*
 ** Return TRUE if the given expression is a constant which would be
 ** unchanged by OP_Affinity with the affinity given in the second
 ** argument.
@@ -75807,68 +79725,119 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Generate code that checks the left-most column of index table iCur to see if
+** it contains any NULL entries.  Cause the register at regHasNull to be set
+** to a non-NULL value if iCur contains no NULLs.  Cause register regHasNull
+** to be set to NULL if iCur contains one or more NULL values.
+*/
+static void sqlite3SetHasNullFlag(Vdbe *v, int iCur, int regHasNull){
+  int j1;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regHasNull);
+  j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, iCur); VdbeCoverage(v);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iCur, 0, regHasNull);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG);
+  VdbeComment((v, "first_entry_in(%d)", iCur));
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+}
+
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
+/*
+** The argument is an IN operator with a list (not a subquery) on the 
+** right-hand side.  Return TRUE if that list is constant.
+*/
+static int sqlite3InRhsIsConstant(Expr *pIn){
+  Expr *pLHS;
+  int res;
+  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pIn, EP_xIsSelect) );
+  pLHS = pIn->pLeft;
+  pIn->pLeft = 0;
+  res = sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pIn);
+  pIn->pLeft = pLHS;
+  return res;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** This function is used by the implementation of the IN (...) operator.
-** It's job is to find or create a b-tree structure that may be used
-** either to test for membership of the (...) set or to iterate through
-** its members, skipping duplicates.
+** The pX parameter is the expression on the RHS of the IN operator, which
+** might be either a list of expressions or a subquery.
 **
-** The index of the cursor opened on the b-tree (database table, database index 
-** or ephermal table) is stored in pX->iTable before this function returns.
+** The job of this routine is to find or create a b-tree object that can
+** be used either to test for membership in the RHS set or to iterate through
+** all members of the RHS set, skipping duplicates.
+**
+** A cursor is opened on the b-tree object that is the RHS of the IN operator
+** and pX->iTable is set to the index of that cursor.
+**
 ** The returned value of this function indicates the b-tree type, as follows:
 **
-**   IN_INDEX_ROWID - The cursor was opened on a database table.
-**   IN_INDEX_INDEX - The cursor was opened on a database index.
-**   IN_INDEX_EPH -   The cursor was opened on a specially created and
-**                    populated epheremal table.
+**   IN_INDEX_ROWID      - The cursor was opened on a database table.
+**   IN_INDEX_INDEX_ASC  - The cursor was opened on an ascending index.
+**   IN_INDEX_INDEX_DESC - The cursor was opened on a descending index.
+**   IN_INDEX_EPH        - The cursor was opened on a specially created and
+**                         populated epheremal table.
+**   IN_INDEX_NOOP       - No cursor was allocated.  The IN operator must be
+**                         implemented as a sequence of comparisons.
 **
-** An existing b-tree may only be used if the SELECT is of the simple
-** form:
+** An existing b-tree might be used if the RHS expression pX is a simple
+** subquery such as:
 **
 **     SELECT <column> FROM <table>
 **
-** If the prNotFound parameter is 0, then the b-tree will be used to iterate
-** through the set members, skipping any duplicates. In this case an
-** epheremal table must be used unless the selected <column> is guaranteed
+** If the RHS of the IN operator is a list or a more complex subquery, then
+** an ephemeral table might need to be generated from the RHS and then
+** pX->iTable made to point to the ephermeral table instead of an
+** existing table.
+**
+** The inFlags parameter must contain exactly one of the bits
+** IN_INDEX_MEMBERSHIP or IN_INDEX_LOOP.  If inFlags contains
+** IN_INDEX_MEMBERSHIP, then the generated table will be used for a
+** fast membership test.  When the IN_INDEX_LOOP bit is set, the
+** IN index will be used to loop over all values of the RHS of the
+** IN operator.
+**
+** When IN_INDEX_LOOP is used (and the b-tree will be used to iterate
+** through the set members) then the b-tree must not contain duplicates.
+** An epheremal table must be used unless the selected <column> is guaranteed
 ** to be unique - either because it is an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY or it
 ** has a UNIQUE constraint or UNIQUE index.
 **
-** If the prNotFound parameter is not 0, then the b-tree will be used 
-** for fast set membership tests. In this case an epheremal table must 
+** When IN_INDEX_MEMBERSHIP is used (and the b-tree will be used 
+** for fast set membership tests) then an epheremal table must 
 ** be used unless <column> is an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY or an index can 
 ** be found with <column> as its left-most column.
 **
+** If the IN_INDEX_NOOP_OK and IN_INDEX_MEMBERSHIP are both set and
+** if the RHS of the IN operator is a list (not a subquery) then this
+** routine might decide that creating an ephemeral b-tree for membership
+** testing is too expensive and return IN_INDEX_NOOP.  In that case, the
+** calling routine should implement the IN operator using a sequence
+** of Eq or Ne comparison operations.
+**
 ** When the b-tree is being used for membership tests, the calling function
-** needs to know whether or not the structure contains an SQL NULL 
-** value in order to correctly evaluate expressions like "X IN (Y, Z)".
-** If there is any chance that the (...) might contain a NULL value at
+** might need to know whether or not the RHS side of the IN operator
+** contains a NULL.  If prRhsHasNull is not a NULL pointer and 
+** if there is any chance that the (...) might contain a NULL value at
 ** runtime, then a register is allocated and the register number written
-** to *prNotFound. If there is no chance that the (...) contains a
-** NULL value, then *prNotFound is left unchanged.
+** to *prRhsHasNull. If there is no chance that the (...) contains a
+** NULL value, then *prRhsHasNull is left unchanged.
 **
-** If a register is allocated and its location stored in *prNotFound, then
-** its initial value is NULL.  If the (...) does not remain constant
-** for the duration of the query (i.e. the SELECT within the (...)
-** is a correlated subquery) then the value of the allocated register is
-** reset to NULL each time the subquery is rerun. This allows the
-** caller to use vdbe code equivalent to the following:
-**
-**   if( register==NULL ){
-**     has_null = <test if data structure contains null>
-**     register = 1
-**   }
-**
-** in order to avoid running the <test if data structure contains null>
-** test more often than is necessary.
+** If a register is allocated and its location stored in *prRhsHasNull, then
+** the value in that register will be NULL if the b-tree contains one or more
+** NULL values, and it will be some non-NULL value if the b-tree contains no
+** NULL values.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *pParse, Expr *pX, int *prNotFound){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FindInIndex(Parse *pParse, Expr *pX, u32 inFlags, int *prRhsHasNull){
   Select *p;                            /* SELECT to the right of IN operator */
   int eType = 0;                        /* Type of RHS table. IN_INDEX_* */
   int iTab = pParse->nTab++;            /* Cursor of the RHS table */
-  int mustBeUnique = (prNotFound==0);   /* True if RHS must be unique */
+  int mustBeUnique;                     /* True if RHS must be unique */
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);     /* Virtual machine being coded */
 
   assert( pX->op==TK_IN );
+  mustBeUnique = (inFlags & IN_INDEX_LOOP)!=0;
 
   /* Check to see if an existing table or index can be used to
   ** satisfy the query.  This is preferable to generating a new 
@@ -75879,8 +79848,8 @@
     sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;              /* Database connection */
     Table *pTab;                           /* Table <table>. */
     Expr *pExpr;                           /* Expression <column> */
-    int iCol;                              /* Index of column <column> */
-    int iDb;                               /* Database idx for pTab */
+    i16 iCol;                              /* Index of column <column> */
+    i16 iDb;                               /* Database idx for pTab */
 
     assert( p );                        /* Because of isCandidateForInOpt(p) */
     assert( p->pEList!=0 );             /* Because of isCandidateForInOpt(p) */
@@ -75888,9 +79857,9 @@
     assert( p->pSrc!=0 );               /* Because of isCandidateForInOpt(p) */
     pTab = p->pSrc->a[0].pTab;
     pExpr = p->pEList->a[0].pExpr;
-    iCol = pExpr->iColumn;
+    iCol = (i16)pExpr->iColumn;
    
-    /* Code an OP_VerifyCookie and OP_TableLock for <table>. */
+    /* Code an OP_Transaction and OP_TableLock for <table>. */
     iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
     sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
     sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
@@ -75901,9 +79870,8 @@
     */
     assert(v);
     if( iCol<0 ){
-      int iAddr;
-
-      iAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse);
+      int iAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
 
       sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTab, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
       eType = IN_INDEX_ROWID;
@@ -75921,51 +79889,60 @@
       ** comparison is the same as the affinity of the column. If
       ** it is not, it is not possible to use any index.
       */
-      char aff = comparisonAffinity(pX);
-      int affinity_ok = (pTab->aCol[iCol].affinity==aff||aff==SQLITE_AFF_NONE);
+      int affinity_ok = sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pX, pTab->aCol[iCol].affinity);
 
       for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx && eType==0 && affinity_ok; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
         if( (pIdx->aiColumn[0]==iCol)
          && sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, ENC(db), pIdx->azColl[0], 0)==pReq
-         && (!mustBeUnique || (pIdx->nColumn==1 && pIdx->onError!=OE_None))
+         && (!mustBeUnique || (pIdx->nKeyCol==1 && IsUniqueIndex(pIdx)))
         ){
-          int iAddr;
-          char *pKey;
-  
-          pKey = (char *)sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
-          iAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse);
-  
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iTab, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
-                               pKey,P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+          int iAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iTab, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
+          sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
           VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
-          eType = IN_INDEX_INDEX;
+          assert( IN_INDEX_INDEX_DESC == IN_INDEX_INDEX_ASC+1 );
+          eType = IN_INDEX_INDEX_ASC + pIdx->aSortOrder[0];
 
-          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iAddr);
-          if( prNotFound && !pTab->aCol[iCol].notNull ){
-            *prNotFound = ++pParse->nMem;
-            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, *prNotFound);
+          if( prRhsHasNull && !pTab->aCol[iCol].notNull ){
+            *prRhsHasNull = ++pParse->nMem;
+            sqlite3SetHasNullFlag(v, iTab, *prRhsHasNull);
           }
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iAddr);
         }
       }
     }
   }
 
+  /* If no preexisting index is available for the IN clause
+  ** and IN_INDEX_NOOP is an allowed reply
+  ** and the RHS of the IN operator is a list, not a subquery
+  ** and the RHS is not contant or has two or fewer terms,
+  ** then it is not worth creating an ephermeral table to evaluate
+  ** the IN operator so return IN_INDEX_NOOP.
+  */
+  if( eType==0
+   && (inFlags & IN_INDEX_NOOP_OK)
+   && !ExprHasProperty(pX, EP_xIsSelect)
+   && (!sqlite3InRhsIsConstant(pX) || pX->x.pList->nExpr<=2)
+  ){
+    eType = IN_INDEX_NOOP;
+  }
+     
+
   if( eType==0 ){
-    /* Could not found an existing table or index to use as the RHS b-tree.
+    /* Could not find an existing table or index to use as the RHS b-tree.
     ** We will have to generate an ephemeral table to do the job.
     */
-    double savedNQueryLoop = pParse->nQueryLoop;
+    u32 savedNQueryLoop = pParse->nQueryLoop;
     int rMayHaveNull = 0;
     eType = IN_INDEX_EPH;
-    if( prNotFound ){
-      *prNotFound = rMayHaveNull = ++pParse->nMem;
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, *prNotFound);
-    }else{
-      testcase( pParse->nQueryLoop>(double)1 );
-      pParse->nQueryLoop = (double)1;
-      if( pX->pLeft->iColumn<0 && !ExprHasAnyProperty(pX, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+    if( inFlags & IN_INDEX_LOOP ){
+      pParse->nQueryLoop = 0;
+      if( pX->pLeft->iColumn<0 && !ExprHasProperty(pX, EP_xIsSelect) ){
         eType = IN_INDEX_ROWID;
       }
+    }else if( prRhsHasNull ){
+      *prRhsHasNull = rMayHaveNull = ++pParse->nMem;
     }
     sqlite3CodeSubselect(pParse, pX, rMayHaveNull, eType==IN_INDEX_ROWID);
     pParse->nQueryLoop = savedNQueryLoop;
@@ -75996,15 +79973,9 @@
 **
 ** If rMayHaveNull is non-zero, that means that the operation is an IN
 ** (not a SELECT or EXISTS) and that the RHS might contains NULLs.
-** Furthermore, the IN is in a WHERE clause and that we really want
-** to iterate over the RHS of the IN operator in order to quickly locate
-** all corresponding LHS elements.  All this routine does is initialize
-** the register given by rMayHaveNull to NULL.  Calling routines will take
-** care of changing this register value to non-NULL if the RHS is NULL-free.
-**
-** If rMayHaveNull is zero, that means that the subquery is being used
-** for membership testing only.  There is no need to initialize any
-** registers to indicate the presense or absence of NULLs on the RHS.
+** All this routine does is initialize the register given by rMayHaveNull
+** to NULL.  Calling routines will take care of changing this register
+** value to non-NULL if the RHS is NULL-free.
 **
 ** For a SELECT or EXISTS operator, return the register that holds the
 ** result.  For IN operators or if an error occurs, the return value is 0.
@@ -76013,10 +79984,10 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3CodeSubselect(
   Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
   Expr *pExpr,            /* The IN, SELECT, or EXISTS operator */
-  int rMayHaveNull,       /* Register that records whether NULLs exist in RHS */
+  int rHasNullFlag,       /* Register that records whether NULLs exist in RHS */
   int isRowid             /* If true, LHS of IN operator is a rowid */
 ){
-  int testAddr = -1;                      /* One-time test address */
+  int jmpIfDynamic = -1;                      /* One-time test address */
   int rReg = 0;                           /* Register storing resulting */
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   if( NEVER(v==0) ) return 0;
@@ -76032,14 +80003,14 @@
   ** If all of the above are false, then we can run this code just once
   ** save the results, and reuse the same result on subsequent invocations.
   */
-  if( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_VarSelect) ){
-    testAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse);
+  if( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_VarSelect) ){
+    jmpIfDynamic = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
   if( pParse->explain==2 ){
     char *zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(
-        pParse->db, "EXECUTE %s%s SUBQUERY %d", testAddr>=0?"":"CORRELATED ",
+        pParse->db, "EXECUTE %s%s SUBQUERY %d", jmpIfDynamic>=0?"":"CORRELATED ",
         pExpr->op==TK_IN?"LIST":"SCALAR", pParse->iNextSelectId
     );
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, pParse->iSelectId, 0, 0, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
@@ -76049,13 +80020,9 @@
   switch( pExpr->op ){
     case TK_IN: {
       char affinity;              /* Affinity of the LHS of the IN */
-      KeyInfo keyInfo;            /* Keyinfo for the generated table */
       int addr;                   /* Address of OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
       Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft; /* the LHS of the IN operator */
-
-      if( rMayHaveNull ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, rMayHaveNull);
-      }
+      KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = 0;      /* Key information */
 
       affinity = sqlite3ExprAffinity(pLeft);
 
@@ -76074,9 +80041,7 @@
       */
       pExpr->iTable = pParse->nTab++;
       addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pExpr->iTable, !isRowid);
-      if( rMayHaveNull==0 ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
-      memset(&keyInfo, 0, sizeof(keyInfo));
-      keyInfo.nField = 1;
+      pKeyInfo = isRowid ? 0 : sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(pParse->db, 1, 1);
 
       if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
         /* Case 1:     expr IN (SELECT ...)
@@ -76084,22 +80049,29 @@
         ** Generate code to write the results of the select into the temporary
         ** table allocated and opened above.
         */
+        Select *pSelect = pExpr->x.pSelect;
         SelectDest dest;
         ExprList *pEList;
 
         assert( !isRowid );
         sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Set, pExpr->iTable);
-        dest.affinity = (u8)affinity;
+        dest.affSdst = (u8)affinity;
         assert( (pExpr->iTable&0x0000FFFF)==pExpr->iTable );
-        pExpr->x.pSelect->iLimit = 0;
-        if( sqlite3Select(pParse, pExpr->x.pSelect, &dest) ){
+        pSelect->iLimit = 0;
+        testcase( pSelect->selFlags & SF_Distinct );
+        pSelect->selFlags &= ~SF_Distinct;
+        testcase( pKeyInfo==0 ); /* Caused by OOM in sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc() */
+        if( sqlite3Select(pParse, pSelect, &dest) ){
+          sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pKeyInfo);
           return 0;
         }
-        pEList = pExpr->x.pSelect->pEList;
-        if( ALWAYS(pEList!=0 && pEList->nExpr>0) ){ 
-          keyInfo.aColl[0] = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft,
-              pEList->a[0].pExpr);
-        }
+        pEList = pSelect->pEList;
+        assert( pKeyInfo!=0 ); /* OOM will cause exit after sqlite3Select() */
+        assert( pEList!=0 );
+        assert( pEList->nExpr>0 );
+        assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pKeyInfo) );
+        pKeyInfo->aColl[0] = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft,
+                                                         pEList->a[0].pExpr);
       }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList!=0) ){
         /* Case 2:     expr IN (exprlist)
         **
@@ -76116,12 +80088,15 @@
         if( !affinity ){
           affinity = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
         }
-        keyInfo.aColl[0] = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
+        if( pKeyInfo ){
+          assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pKeyInfo) );
+          pKeyInfo->aColl[0] = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
+        }
 
         /* Loop through each expression in <exprlist>. */
         r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
         r2 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, r2);
+        if( isRowid ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, r2);
         for(i=pList->nExpr, pItem=pList->a; i>0; i--, pItem++){
           Expr *pE2 = pItem->pExpr;
           int iValToIns;
@@ -76131,9 +80106,9 @@
           ** this code only executes once.  Because for a non-constant
           ** expression we need to rerun this code each time.
           */
-          if( testAddr>=0 && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pE2) ){
-            sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, testAddr);
-            testAddr = -1;
+          if( jmpIfDynamic>=0 && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pE2) ){
+            sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, jmpIfDynamic);
+            jmpIfDynamic = -1;
           }
 
           /* Evaluate the expression and insert it into the temp table */
@@ -76144,6 +80119,7 @@
             if( isRowid ){
               sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, r3,
                                 sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2);
+              VdbeCoverage(v);
               sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, pExpr->iTable, r2, r3);
             }else{
               sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, r3, 1, r2, &affinity, 1);
@@ -76155,8 +80131,8 @@
         sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
         sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r2);
       }
-      if( !isRowid ){
-        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr, (void *)&keyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
+      if( pKeyInfo ){
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr, (void *)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -76182,11 +80158,11 @@
       sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, 0, ++pParse->nMem);
       if( pExpr->op==TK_SELECT ){
         dest.eDest = SRT_Mem;
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, dest.iParm);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, dest.iSDParm);
         VdbeComment((v, "Init subquery result"));
       }else{
         dest.eDest = SRT_Exists;
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, dest.iParm);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, dest.iSDParm);
         VdbeComment((v, "Init EXISTS result"));
       }
       sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pSel->pLimit);
@@ -76196,16 +80172,20 @@
       if( sqlite3Select(pParse, pSel, &dest) ){
         return 0;
       }
-      rReg = dest.iParm;
-      ExprSetIrreducible(pExpr);
+      rReg = dest.iSDParm;
+      ExprSetVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_NoReduce);
       break;
     }
   }
 
-  if( testAddr>=0 ){
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, testAddr);
+  if( rHasNullFlag ){
+    sqlite3SetHasNullFlag(v, pExpr->iTable, rHasNullFlag);
   }
-  sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+
+  if( jmpIfDynamic>=0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmpIfDynamic);
+  }
+  sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
 
   return rReg;
 }
@@ -76224,7 +80204,7 @@
 ** if the LHS is NULL or if the LHS is not contained within the RHS and the
 ** RHS contains one or more NULL values.
 **
-** This routine generates code will jump to destIfFalse if the LHS is not 
+** This routine generates code that jumps to destIfFalse if the LHS is not 
 ** contained within the RHS.  If due to NULLs we cannot determine if the LHS
 ** is contained in the RHS then jump to destIfNull.  If the LHS is contained
 ** within the RHS then fall through.
@@ -76247,7 +80227,9 @@
   v = pParse->pVdbe;
   assert( v!=0 );       /* OOM detected prior to this routine */
   VdbeNoopComment((v, "begin IN expr"));
-  eType = sqlite3FindInIndex(pParse, pExpr, &rRhsHasNull);
+  eType = sqlite3FindInIndex(pParse, pExpr,
+                             IN_INDEX_MEMBERSHIP | IN_INDEX_NOOP_OK,
+                             destIfFalse==destIfNull ? 0 : &rRhsHasNull);
 
   /* Figure out the affinity to use to create a key from the results
   ** of the expression. affinityStr stores a static string suitable for
@@ -76261,86 +80243,118 @@
   r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
   sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, r1);
 
-  /* If the LHS is NULL, then the result is either false or NULL depending
-  ** on whether the RHS is empty or not, respectively.
+  /* If sqlite3FindInIndex() did not find or create an index that is
+  ** suitable for evaluating the IN operator, then evaluate using a
+  ** sequence of comparisons.
   */
-  if( destIfNull==destIfFalse ){
-    /* Shortcut for the common case where the false and NULL outcomes are
-    ** the same. */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, r1, destIfNull);
-  }else{
-    int addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, r1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, destIfNull);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
-  }
-
-  if( eType==IN_INDEX_ROWID ){
-    /* In this case, the RHS is the ROWID of table b-tree
-    */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, r1, destIfFalse);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse, r1);
-  }else{
-    /* In this case, the RHS is an index b-tree.
-    */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Affinity, r1, 1, 0, &affinity, 1);
-
-    /* If the set membership test fails, then the result of the 
-    ** "x IN (...)" expression must be either 0 or NULL. If the set
-    ** contains no NULL values, then the result is 0. If the set 
-    ** contains one or more NULL values, then the result of the
-    ** expression is also NULL.
-    */
-    if( rRhsHasNull==0 || destIfFalse==destIfNull ){
-      /* This branch runs if it is known at compile time that the RHS
-      ** cannot contain NULL values. This happens as the result
-      ** of a "NOT NULL" constraint in the database schema.
-      **
-      ** Also run this branch if NULL is equivalent to FALSE
-      ** for this particular IN operator.
-      */
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse, r1, 1);
-
-    }else{
-      /* In this branch, the RHS of the IN might contain a NULL and
-      ** the presence of a NULL on the RHS makes a difference in the
-      ** outcome.
-      */
-      int j1, j2, j3;
-
-      /* First check to see if the LHS is contained in the RHS.  If so,
-      ** then the presence of NULLs in the RHS does not matter, so jump
-      ** over all of the code that follows.
-      */
-      j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, pExpr->iTable, 0, r1, 1);
-
-      /* Here we begin generating code that runs if the LHS is not
-      ** contained within the RHS.  Generate additional code that
-      ** tests the RHS for NULLs.  If the RHS contains a NULL then
-      ** jump to destIfNull.  If there are no NULLs in the RHS then
-      ** jump to destIfFalse.
-      */
-      j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, rRhsHasNull);
-      j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, pExpr->iTable, 0, rRhsHasNull, 1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, rRhsHasNull);
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j3);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, rRhsHasNull, 1);
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j2);
-
-      /* Jump to the appropriate target depending on whether or not
-      ** the RHS contains a NULL
-      */
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, rRhsHasNull, destIfNull);
+  if( eType==IN_INDEX_NOOP ){
+    ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;
+    CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
+    int labelOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+    int r2, regToFree;
+    int regCkNull = 0;
+    int ii;
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+    if( destIfNull!=destIfFalse ){
+      regCkNull = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_BitAnd, r1, r1, regCkNull);
+    }
+    for(ii=0; ii<pList->nExpr; ii++){
+      r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pList->a[ii].pExpr, &regToFree);
+      if( regCkNull && sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pList->a[ii].pExpr) ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_BitAnd, regCkNull, r2, regCkNull);
+      }
+      if( ii<pList->nExpr-1 || destIfNull!=destIfFalse ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Eq, r1, labelOk, r2,
+                          (void*)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
+        VdbeCoverageIf(v, ii<pList->nExpr-1);
+        VdbeCoverageIf(v, ii==pList->nExpr-1);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, affinity);
+      }else{
+        assert( destIfNull==destIfFalse );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Ne, r1, destIfFalse, r2,
+                          (void*)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, affinity | SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      }
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regToFree);
+    }
+    if( regCkNull ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regCkNull, destIfNull); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, destIfFalse);
-
-      /* The OP_Found at the top of this branch jumps here when true, 
-      ** causing the overall IN expression evaluation to fall through.
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, labelOk);
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regCkNull);
+  }else{
+  
+    /* If the LHS is NULL, then the result is either false or NULL depending
+    ** on whether the RHS is empty or not, respectively.
+    */
+    if( sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pExpr->pLeft) ){
+      if( destIfNull==destIfFalse ){
+        /* Shortcut for the common case where the false and NULL outcomes are
+        ** the same. */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, r1, destIfNull); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }else{
+        int addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, r1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, destIfNull);
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+      }
+    }
+  
+    if( eType==IN_INDEX_ROWID ){
+      /* In this case, the RHS is the ROWID of table b-tree
       */
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, r1, destIfFalse); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse, r1);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+    }else{
+      /* In this case, the RHS is an index b-tree.
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Affinity, r1, 1, 0, &affinity, 1);
+  
+      /* If the set membership test fails, then the result of the 
+      ** "x IN (...)" expression must be either 0 or NULL. If the set
+      ** contains no NULL values, then the result is 0. If the set 
+      ** contains one or more NULL values, then the result of the
+      ** expression is also NULL.
+      */
+      assert( destIfFalse!=destIfNull || rRhsHasNull==0 );
+      if( rRhsHasNull==0 ){
+        /* This branch runs if it is known at compile time that the RHS
+        ** cannot contain NULL values. This happens as the result
+        ** of a "NOT NULL" constraint in the database schema.
+        **
+        ** Also run this branch if NULL is equivalent to FALSE
+        ** for this particular IN operator.
+        */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, pExpr->iTable, destIfFalse, r1, 1);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }else{
+        /* In this branch, the RHS of the IN might contain a NULL and
+        ** the presence of a NULL on the RHS makes a difference in the
+        ** outcome.
+        */
+        int j1;
+  
+        /* First check to see if the LHS is contained in the RHS.  If so,
+        ** then the answer is TRUE the presence of NULLs in the RHS does
+        ** not matter.  If the LHS is not contained in the RHS, then the
+        ** answer is NULL if the RHS contains NULLs and the answer is
+        ** FALSE if the RHS is NULL-free.
+        */
+        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, pExpr->iTable, 0, r1, 1);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, rRhsHasNull, destIfNull);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, destIfFalse);
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+      }
     }
   }
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
-  sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+  sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
   VdbeComment((v, "end IN expr"));
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
@@ -76397,7 +80411,7 @@
     i64 value;
     const char *z = pExpr->u.zToken;
     assert( z!=0 );
-    c = sqlite3Atoi64(z, &value, sqlite3Strlen30(z), SQLITE_UTF8);
+    c = sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(z, &value);
     if( c==0 || (c==2 && negFlag) ){
       char *zV;
       if( negFlag ){ value = c==2 ? SMALLEST_INT64 : -value; }
@@ -76407,7 +80421,14 @@
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
       sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "oversized integer: %s%s", negFlag ? "-" : "", z);
 #else
-      codeReal(v, z, negFlag, iMem);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_HEX_INTEGER
+      if( sqlite3_strnicmp(z,"0x",2)==0 ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "hex literal too big: %s", z);
+      }else
+#endif
+      {
+        codeReal(v, z, negFlag, iMem);
+      }
 #endif
     }
   }
@@ -76443,7 +80464,7 @@
   ** for testing only - to verify that SQLite always gets the same answer
   ** with and without the column cache.
   */
-  if( pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_ColumnCache ) return;
+  if( OptimizationDisabled(pParse->db, SQLITE_ColumnCache) ) return;
 
   /* First replace any existing entry.
   **
@@ -76452,15 +80473,6 @@
   */
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
-#if 0 /* This code wold remove the entry from the cache if it existed */
-    if( p->iReg && p->iTable==iTab && p->iColumn==iCol ){
-      cacheEntryClear(pParse, p);
-      p->iLevel = pParse->iCacheLevel;
-      p->iReg = iReg;
-      p->lru = pParse->iCacheCnt++;
-      return;
-    }
-#endif
     assert( p->iReg==0 || p->iTable!=iTab || p->iColumn!=iCol );
   }
 #endif
@@ -76523,19 +80535,28 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePush(Parse *pParse){
   pParse->iCacheLevel++;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace ){
+    printf("PUSH to %d\n", pParse->iCacheLevel);
+  }
+#endif
 }
 
 /*
 ** Remove from the column cache any entries that were added since the
-** the previous N Push operations.  In other words, restore the cache
-** to the state it was in N Pushes ago.
+** the previous sqlite3ExprCachePush operation.  In other words, restore
+** the cache to the state it was in prior the most recent Push.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePop(Parse *pParse, int N){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCachePop(Parse *pParse){
   int i;
   struct yColCache *p;
-  assert( N>0 );
-  assert( pParse->iCacheLevel>=N );
-  pParse->iCacheLevel -= N;
+  assert( pParse->iCacheLevel>=1 );
+  pParse->iCacheLevel--;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace ){
+    printf("POP  to %d\n", pParse->iCacheLevel);
+  }
+#endif
   for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
     if( p->iReg && p->iLevel>pParse->iCacheLevel ){
       cacheEntryClear(pParse, p);
@@ -76566,15 +80587,19 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(
   Vdbe *v,        /* The VDBE under construction */
   Table *pTab,    /* The table containing the value */
-  int iTabCur,    /* The cursor for this table */
+  int iTabCur,    /* The table cursor.  Or the PK cursor for WITHOUT ROWID */
   int iCol,       /* Index of the column to extract */
-  int regOut      /* Extract the valud into this register */
+  int regOut      /* Extract the value into this register */
 ){
   if( iCol<0 || iCol==pTab->iPKey ){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iTabCur, regOut);
   }else{
     int op = IsVirtual(pTab) ? OP_VColumn : OP_Column;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, iTabCur, iCol, regOut);
+    int x = iCol;
+    if( !HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      x = sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab), iCol);
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, iTabCur, x, regOut);
   }
   if( iCol>=0 ){
     sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, iCol, regOut);
@@ -76595,7 +80620,8 @@
   Table *pTab,     /* Description of the table we are reading from */
   int iColumn,     /* Index of the table column */
   int iTable,      /* The cursor pointing to the table */
-  int iReg         /* Store results here */
+  int iReg,        /* Store results here */
+  u8 p5            /* P5 value for OP_Column */
 ){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
   int i;
@@ -76610,7 +80636,11 @@
   }  
   assert( v!=0 );
   sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iTable, iColumn, iReg);
-  sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iTable, iColumn, iReg);
+  if( p5 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, p5);
+  }else{   
+    sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iTable, iColumn, iReg);
+  }
   return iReg;
 }
 
@@ -76621,6 +80651,11 @@
   int i;
   struct yColCache *p;
 
+#if SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace ){
+    printf("CLEAR\n");
+  }
+#endif
   for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
     if( p->iReg ){
       cacheEntryClear(pParse, p);
@@ -76644,7 +80679,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeMove(Parse *pParse, int iFrom, int iTo, int nReg){
   int i;
   struct yColCache *p;
-  if( NEVER(iFrom==iTo) ) return;
+  assert( iFrom>=iTo+nReg || iFrom+nReg<=iTo );
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(pParse->pVdbe, OP_Move, iFrom, iTo, nReg);
   for(i=0, p=pParse->aColCache; i<SQLITE_N_COLCACHE; i++, p++){
     int x = p->iReg;
@@ -76654,18 +80689,6 @@
   }
 }
 
-/*
-** Generate code to copy content from registers iFrom...iFrom+nReg-1
-** over to iTo..iTo+nReg-1.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(Parse *pParse, int iFrom, int iTo, int nReg){
-  int i;
-  if( NEVER(iFrom==iTo) ) return;
-  for(i=0; i<nReg; i++){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_Copy, iFrom+i, iTo+i);
-  }
-}
-
 #if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST)
 /*
 ** Return true if any register in the range iFrom..iTo (inclusive)
@@ -76686,6 +80709,16 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG || SQLITE_COVERAGE_TEST */
 
 /*
+** Convert an expression node to a TK_REGISTER
+*/
+static void exprToRegister(Expr *p, int iReg){
+  p->op2 = p->op;
+  p->op = TK_REGISTER;
+  p->iTable = iReg;
+  ExprClearProperty(p, EP_Skip);
+}
+
+/*
 ** Generate code into the current Vdbe to evaluate the given
 ** expression.  Attempt to store the results in register "target".
 ** Return the register where results are stored.
@@ -76704,6 +80737,7 @@
   int regFree2 = 0;         /* If non-zero free this temporary register */
   int r1, r2, r3, r4;       /* Various register numbers */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db; /* The database connection */
+  Expr tempX;               /* Temporary expression node */
 
   assert( target>0 && target<=pParse->nMem );
   if( v==0 ){
@@ -76732,14 +80766,20 @@
       /* Otherwise, fall thru into the TK_COLUMN case */
     }
     case TK_COLUMN: {
-      if( pExpr->iTable<0 ){
-        /* This only happens when coding check constraints */
-        assert( pParse->ckBase>0 );
-        inReg = pExpr->iColumn + pParse->ckBase;
-      }else{
-        inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pExpr->pTab,
-                                 pExpr->iColumn, pExpr->iTable, target);
+      int iTab = pExpr->iTable;
+      if( iTab<0 ){
+        if( pParse->ckBase>0 ){
+          /* Generating CHECK constraints or inserting into partial index */
+          inReg = pExpr->iColumn + pParse->ckBase;
+          break;
+        }else{
+          /* Deleting from a partial index */
+          iTab = pParse->iPartIdxTab;
+        }
       }
+      inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pExpr->pTab,
+                               pExpr->iColumn, iTab, target,
+                               pExpr->op2);
       break;
     }
     case TK_INTEGER: {
@@ -76804,7 +80844,7 @@
       int aff, to_op;
       inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, target);
       assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
-      aff = sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken);
+      aff = sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken, 0);
       to_op = aff - SQLITE_AFF_TEXT + OP_ToText;
       assert( to_op==OP_ToText    || aff!=SQLITE_AFF_TEXT    );
       assert( to_op==OP_ToBlob    || aff!=SQLITE_AFF_NONE    );
@@ -76832,22 +80872,16 @@
     case TK_GE:
     case TK_NE:
     case TK_EQ: {
-      assert( TK_LT==OP_Lt );
-      assert( TK_LE==OP_Le );
-      assert( TK_GT==OP_Gt );
-      assert( TK_GE==OP_Ge );
-      assert( TK_EQ==OP_Eq );
-      assert( TK_NE==OP_Ne );
-      testcase( op==TK_LT );
-      testcase( op==TK_LE );
-      testcase( op==TK_GT );
-      testcase( op==TK_GE );
-      testcase( op==TK_EQ );
-      testcase( op==TK_NE );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
       codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
                   r1, r2, inReg, SQLITE_STOREP2);
+      assert(TK_LT==OP_Lt); testcase(op==OP_Lt); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Lt);
+      assert(TK_LE==OP_Le); testcase(op==OP_Le); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Le);
+      assert(TK_GT==OP_Gt); testcase(op==OP_Gt); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Gt);
+      assert(TK_GE==OP_Ge); testcase(op==OP_Ge); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Ge);
+      assert(TK_EQ==OP_Eq); testcase(op==OP_Eq); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Eq);
+      assert(TK_NE==OP_Ne); testcase(op==OP_Ne); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Ne);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       break;
@@ -76861,6 +80895,8 @@
       op = (op==TK_IS) ? TK_EQ : TK_NE;
       codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
                   r1, r2, inReg, SQLITE_STOREP2 | SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_EQ);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_NE);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       break;
@@ -76877,28 +80913,17 @@
     case TK_LSHIFT:
     case TK_RSHIFT: 
     case TK_CONCAT: {
-      assert( TK_AND==OP_And );
-      assert( TK_OR==OP_Or );
-      assert( TK_PLUS==OP_Add );
-      assert( TK_MINUS==OP_Subtract );
-      assert( TK_REM==OP_Remainder );
-      assert( TK_BITAND==OP_BitAnd );
-      assert( TK_BITOR==OP_BitOr );
-      assert( TK_SLASH==OP_Divide );
-      assert( TK_LSHIFT==OP_ShiftLeft );
-      assert( TK_RSHIFT==OP_ShiftRight );
-      assert( TK_CONCAT==OP_Concat );
-      testcase( op==TK_AND );
-      testcase( op==TK_OR );
-      testcase( op==TK_PLUS );
-      testcase( op==TK_MINUS );
-      testcase( op==TK_REM );
-      testcase( op==TK_BITAND );
-      testcase( op==TK_BITOR );
-      testcase( op==TK_SLASH );
-      testcase( op==TK_LSHIFT );
-      testcase( op==TK_RSHIFT );
-      testcase( op==TK_CONCAT );
+      assert( TK_AND==OP_And );            testcase( op==TK_AND );
+      assert( TK_OR==OP_Or );              testcase( op==TK_OR );
+      assert( TK_PLUS==OP_Add );           testcase( op==TK_PLUS );
+      assert( TK_MINUS==OP_Subtract );     testcase( op==TK_MINUS );
+      assert( TK_REM==OP_Remainder );      testcase( op==TK_REM );
+      assert( TK_BITAND==OP_BitAnd );      testcase( op==TK_BITAND );
+      assert( TK_BITOR==OP_BitOr );        testcase( op==TK_BITOR );
+      assert( TK_SLASH==OP_Divide );       testcase( op==TK_SLASH );
+      assert( TK_LSHIFT==OP_ShiftLeft );   testcase( op==TK_LSHIFT );
+      assert( TK_RSHIFT==OP_ShiftRight );  testcase( op==TK_RSHIFT );
+      assert( TK_CONCAT==OP_Concat );      testcase( op==TK_CONCAT );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, r2, r1, target);
@@ -76917,8 +80942,10 @@
         codeReal(v, pLeft->u.zToken, 1, target);
 #endif
       }else{
-        regFree1 = r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, r1);
+        tempX.op = TK_INTEGER;
+        tempX.flags = EP_IntValue|EP_TokenOnly;
+        tempX.u.iValue = 0;
+        r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, &tempX, &regFree1);
         r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree2);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Subtract, r2, r1, target);
         testcase( regFree2==0 );
@@ -76928,10 +80955,8 @@
     }
     case TK_BITNOT:
     case TK_NOT: {
-      assert( TK_BITNOT==OP_BitNot );
-      assert( TK_NOT==OP_Not );
-      testcase( op==TK_BITNOT );
-      testcase( op==TK_NOT );
+      assert( TK_BITNOT==OP_BitNot );   testcase( op==TK_BITNOT );
+      assert( TK_NOT==OP_Not );         testcase( op==TK_NOT );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       inReg = target;
@@ -76941,15 +80966,15 @@
     case TK_ISNULL:
     case TK_NOTNULL: {
       int addr;
-      assert( TK_ISNULL==OP_IsNull );
-      assert( TK_NOTNULL==OP_NotNull );
-      testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
-      testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
+      assert( TK_ISNULL==OP_IsNull );   testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
+      assert( TK_NOTNULL==OP_NotNull ); testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, target);
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, op, r1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, target, -1);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_ISNULL);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_NOTNULL);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, target);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
       break;
     }
@@ -76963,22 +80988,19 @@
       }
       break;
     }
-    case TK_CONST_FUNC:
     case TK_FUNCTION: {
       ExprList *pFarg;       /* List of function arguments */
       int nFarg;             /* Number of function arguments */
       FuncDef *pDef;         /* The function definition object */
       int nId;               /* Length of the function name in bytes */
       const char *zId;       /* The function name */
-      int constMask = 0;     /* Mask of function arguments that are constant */
+      u32 constMask = 0;     /* Mask of function arguments that are constant */
       int i;                 /* Loop counter */
       u8 enc = ENC(db);      /* The text encoding used by this database */
       CollSeq *pColl = 0;    /* A collating sequence */
 
       assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
-      testcase( op==TK_CONST_FUNC );
-      testcase( op==TK_FUNCTION );
-      if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ){
         pFarg = 0;
       }else{
         pFarg = pExpr->x.pList;
@@ -76988,7 +81010,7 @@
       zId = pExpr->u.zToken;
       nId = sqlite3Strlen30(zId);
       pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, zId, nId, nFarg, enc, 0);
-      if( pDef==0 ){
+      if( pDef==0 || pDef->xFunc==0 ){
         sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unknown function: %.*s()", nId, zId);
         break;
       }
@@ -76997,27 +81019,71 @@
       ** IFNULL() functions.  This avoids unnecessary evalation of
       ** arguments past the first non-NULL argument.
       */
-      if( pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE ){
+      if( pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE ){
         int endCoalesce = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
         assert( nFarg>=2 );
         sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFarg->a[0].pExpr, target);
         for(i=1; i<nFarg; i++){
           sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NotNull, target, endCoalesce);
+          VdbeCoverage(v);
           sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(pParse, target, 1);
           sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
           sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFarg->a[i].pExpr, target);
-          sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+          sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
         }
         sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endCoalesce);
         break;
       }
 
+      /* The UNLIKELY() function is a no-op.  The result is the value
+      ** of the first argument.
+      */
+      if( pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY ){
+        assert( nFarg>=1 );
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pFarg->a[0].pExpr, target);
+        break;
+      }
 
+      for(i=0; i<nFarg; i++){
+        if( i<32 && sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pFarg->a[i].pExpr) ){
+          testcase( i==31 );
+          constMask |= MASKBIT32(i);
+        }
+        if( (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL)!=0 && !pColl ){
+          pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pFarg->a[i].pExpr);
+        }
+      }
       if( pFarg ){
-        r1 = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nFarg);
+        if( constMask ){
+          r1 = pParse->nMem+1;
+          pParse->nMem += nFarg;
+        }else{
+          r1 = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nFarg);
+        }
+
+        /* For length() and typeof() functions with a column argument,
+        ** set the P5 parameter to the OP_Column opcode to OPFLAG_LENGTHARG
+        ** or OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG respectively, to avoid unnecessary data
+        ** loading.
+        */
+        if( (pDef->funcFlags & (SQLITE_FUNC_LENGTH|SQLITE_FUNC_TYPEOF))!=0 ){
+          u8 exprOp;
+          assert( nFarg==1 );
+          assert( pFarg->a[0].pExpr!=0 );
+          exprOp = pFarg->a[0].pExpr->op;
+          if( exprOp==TK_COLUMN || exprOp==TK_AGG_COLUMN ){
+            assert( SQLITE_FUNC_LENGTH==OPFLAG_LENGTHARG );
+            assert( SQLITE_FUNC_TYPEOF==OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG );
+            testcase( pDef->funcFlags & OPFLAG_LENGTHARG );
+            pFarg->a[0].pExpr->op2 = 
+                  pDef->funcFlags & (OPFLAG_LENGTHARG|OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG);
+          }
+        }
+
         sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);     /* Ticket 2ea2425d34be */
-        sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pFarg, r1, 1);
-        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);   /* Ticket 2ea2425d34be */
+        sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pFarg, r1,
+                                SQLITE_ECEL_DUP|SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR);
+        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);      /* Ticket 2ea2425d34be */
       }else{
         r1 = 0;
       }
@@ -77040,22 +81106,14 @@
         pDef = sqlite3VtabOverloadFunction(db, pDef, nFarg, pFarg->a[0].pExpr);
       }
 #endif
-      for(i=0; i<nFarg; i++){
-        if( i<32 && sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pFarg->a[i].pExpr) ){
-          constMask |= (1<<i);
-        }
-        if( (pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL)!=0 && !pColl ){
-          pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pFarg->a[i].pExpr);
-        }
-      }
-      if( pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+      if( pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
         if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl; 
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_CollSeq, 0, 0, 0, (char *)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
       }
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, constMask, r1, target,
                         (char*)pDef, P4_FUNCDEF);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, (u8)nFarg);
-      if( nFarg ){
+      if( nFarg && constMask==0 ){
         sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, r1, nFarg);
       }
       break;
@@ -77105,18 +81163,20 @@
       r3 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       r4 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       codeCompare(pParse, pLeft, pRight, OP_Ge,
-                  r1, r2, r3, SQLITE_STOREP2);
+                  r1, r2, r3, SQLITE_STOREP2);  VdbeCoverage(v);
       pLItem++;
       pRight = pLItem->pExpr;
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regFree2);
       r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pRight, &regFree2);
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       codeCompare(pParse, pLeft, pRight, OP_Le, r1, r2, r4, SQLITE_STOREP2);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_And, r3, r4, target);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r3);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r4);
       break;
     }
+    case TK_COLLATE: 
     case TK_UPLUS: {
       inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, target);
       break;
@@ -77188,9 +81248,9 @@
     **        WHEN x=eN THEN rN ELSE y END
     **
     ** X (if it exists) is in pExpr->pLeft.
-    ** Y is in pExpr->pRight.  The Y is also optional.  If there is no
-    ** ELSE clause and no other term matches, then the result of the
-    ** exprssion is NULL.
+    ** Y is in the last element of pExpr->x.pList if pExpr->x.pList->nExpr is
+    ** odd.  The Y is also optional.  If the number of elements in x.pList
+    ** is even, then Y is omitted and the "otherwise" result is NULL.
     ** Ei is in pExpr->pList->a[i*2] and Ri is pExpr->pList->a[i*2+1].
     **
     ** The result of the expression is the Ri for the first matching Ei,
@@ -77205,27 +81265,23 @@
       ExprList *pEList;                 /* List of WHEN terms */
       struct ExprList_item *aListelem;  /* Array of WHEN terms */
       Expr opCompare;                   /* The X==Ei expression */
-      Expr cacheX;                      /* Cached expression X */
       Expr *pX;                         /* The X expression */
       Expr *pTest = 0;                  /* X==Ei (form A) or just Ei (form B) */
       VVA_ONLY( int iCacheLevel = pParse->iCacheLevel; )
 
       assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) && pExpr->x.pList );
-      assert((pExpr->x.pList->nExpr % 2) == 0);
       assert(pExpr->x.pList->nExpr > 0);
       pEList = pExpr->x.pList;
       aListelem = pEList->a;
       nExpr = pEList->nExpr;
       endLabel = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
       if( (pX = pExpr->pLeft)!=0 ){
-        cacheX = *pX;
+        tempX = *pX;
         testcase( pX->op==TK_COLUMN );
-        testcase( pX->op==TK_REGISTER );
-        cacheX.iTable = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pX, &regFree1);
+        exprToRegister(&tempX, sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pX, &regFree1));
         testcase( regFree1==0 );
-        cacheX.op = TK_REGISTER;
         opCompare.op = TK_EQ;
-        opCompare.pLeft = &cacheX;
+        opCompare.pLeft = &tempX;
         pTest = &opCompare;
         /* Ticket b351d95f9cd5ef17e9d9dbae18f5ca8611190001:
         ** The value in regFree1 might get SCopy-ed into the file result.
@@ -77233,7 +81289,7 @@
         ** purposes and possibly overwritten.  */
         regFree1 = 0;
       }
-      for(i=0; i<nExpr; i=i+2){
+      for(i=0; i<nExpr-1; i=i+2){
         sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
         if( pX ){
           assert( pTest!=0 );
@@ -77245,16 +81301,15 @@
         testcase( pTest->op==TK_COLUMN );
         sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pTest, nextCase, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
         testcase( aListelem[i+1].pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN );
-        testcase( aListelem[i+1].pExpr->op==TK_REGISTER );
         sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, aListelem[i+1].pExpr, target);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, endLabel);
-        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
         sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, nextCase);
       }
-      if( pExpr->pRight ){
+      if( (nExpr&1)!=0 ){
         sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
-        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr->pRight, target);
-        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pEList->a[nExpr-1].pExpr, target);
+        sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
       }else{
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, target);
       }
@@ -77282,8 +81337,10 @@
       if( pExpr->affinity==OE_Ignore ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(
             v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_OK, OE_Ignore, 0, pExpr->u.zToken,0);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
       }else{
-        sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, pExpr->affinity, pExpr->u.zToken, 0);
+        sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_TRIGGER,
+                              pExpr->affinity, pExpr->u.zToken, 0, 0);
       }
 
       break;
@@ -77296,6 +81353,28 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Factor out the code of the given expression to initialization time.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
+  Expr *pExpr,      /* The expression to code when the VDBE initializes */
+  int regDest,      /* Store the value in this register */
+  u8 reusable       /* True if this expression is reusable */
+){
+  ExprList *p;
+  assert( ConstFactorOk(pParse) );
+  p = pParse->pConstExpr;
+  pExpr = sqlite3ExprDup(pParse->db, pExpr, 0);
+  p = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, p, pExpr);
+  if( p ){
+     struct ExprList_item *pItem = &p->a[p->nExpr-1];
+     pItem->u.iConstExprReg = regDest;
+     pItem->reusable = reusable;
+  }
+  pParse->pConstExpr = p;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Generate code to evaluate an expression and store the results
 ** into a register.  Return the register number where the results
 ** are stored.
@@ -77303,15 +81382,40 @@
 ** If the register is a temporary register that can be deallocated,
 ** then write its number into *pReg.  If the result register is not
 ** a temporary, then set *pReg to zero.
+**
+** If pExpr is a constant, then this routine might generate this
+** code to fill the register in the initialization section of the
+** VDBE program, in order to factor it out of the evaluation loop.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int *pReg){
-  int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-  int r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, r1);
-  if( r2==r1 ){
-    *pReg = r1;
+  int r2;
+  pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pExpr);
+  if( ConstFactorOk(pParse)
+   && pExpr->op!=TK_REGISTER
+   && sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pExpr)
+  ){
+    ExprList *p = pParse->pConstExpr;
+    int i;
+    *pReg  = 0;
+    if( p ){
+      struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+      for(pItem=p->a, i=p->nExpr; i>0; pItem++, i--){
+        if( pItem->reusable && sqlite3ExprCompare(pItem->pExpr,pExpr,-1)==0 ){
+          return pItem->u.iConstExprReg;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    r2 = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(pParse, pExpr, r2, 1);
   }else{
-    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
-    *pReg = 0;
+    int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+    r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, r1);
+    if( r2==r1 ){
+      *pReg = r1;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+      *pReg = 0;
+    }
   }
   return r2;
 }
@@ -77321,7 +81425,7 @@
 ** results in register target.  The results are guaranteed to appear
 ** in register target.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCode(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCode(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
   int inReg;
 
   assert( target>0 && target<=pParse->nMem );
@@ -77334,7 +81438,20 @@
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, OP_SCopy, inReg, target);
     }
   }
-  return target;
+}
+
+/*
+** Generate code that will evaluate expression pExpr and store the
+** results in register target.  The results are guaranteed to appear
+** in register target.  If the expression is constant, then this routine
+** might choose to code the expression at initialization time.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
+  if( pParse->okConstFactor && sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pExpr) ){
+    sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(pParse, pExpr, target, 0);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr, target);
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -77349,26 +81466,16 @@
 ** times.  They are evaluated once and the results of the expression
 ** are reused.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeAndCache(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeAndCache(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr, int target){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
-  int inReg;
-  inReg = sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr, target);
+  int iMem;
+
   assert( target>0 );
-  /* This routine is called for terms to INSERT or UPDATE.  And the only
-  ** other place where expressions can be converted into TK_REGISTER is
-  ** in WHERE clause processing.  So as currently implemented, there is
-  ** no way for a TK_REGISTER to exist here.  But it seems prudent to
-  ** keep the ALWAYS() in case the conditions above change with future
-  ** modifications or enhancements. */
-  if( ALWAYS(pExpr->op!=TK_REGISTER) ){  
-    int iMem;
-    iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, inReg, iMem);
-    pExpr->iTable = iMem;
-    pExpr->op2 = pExpr->op;
-    pExpr->op = TK_REGISTER;
-  }
-  return inReg;
+  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_REGISTER );
+  sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pExpr, target);
+  iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, target, iMem);
+  exprToRegister(pExpr, iMem);
 }
 
 #if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_TREE_EXPLAIN)
@@ -77445,7 +81552,7 @@
     case TK_CAST: {
       /* Expressions of the form:   CAST(pLeft AS token) */
       const char *zAff = "unk";
-      switch( sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken) ){
+      switch( sqlite3AffinityType(pExpr->u.zToken, 0) ){
         case SQLITE_AFF_TEXT:    zAff = "TEXT";     break;
         case SQLITE_AFF_NONE:    zAff = "NONE";     break;
         case SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC: zAff = "NUMERIC";  break;
@@ -77486,18 +81593,26 @@
     case TK_ISNULL:  zUniOp = "ISNULL"; break;
     case TK_NOTNULL: zUniOp = "NOTNULL"; break;
 
+    case TK_COLLATE: {
+      sqlite3ExplainExpr(pOut, pExpr->pLeft);
+      sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pOut,".COLLATE(%s)",pExpr->u.zToken);
+      break;
+    }
+
     case TK_AGG_FUNCTION:
-    case TK_CONST_FUNC:
     case TK_FUNCTION: {
       ExprList *pFarg;       /* List of function arguments */
-      if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ){
+      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ){
         pFarg = 0;
       }else{
         pFarg = pExpr->x.pList;
       }
-      sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pOut, "%sFUNCTION:%s(",
-                           op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION ? "AGG_" : "",
-                           pExpr->u.zToken);
+      if( op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION ){
+        sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pOut, "AGG_FUNCTION%d:%s(",
+                             pExpr->op2, pExpr->u.zToken);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pOut, "FUNCTION:%s(", pExpr->u.zToken);
+      }
       if( pFarg ){
         sqlite3ExplainExprList(pOut, pFarg);
       }
@@ -77620,6 +81735,12 @@
       sqlite3ExplainPush(pOut);
       sqlite3ExplainExpr(pOut, pList->a[i].pExpr);
       sqlite3ExplainPop(pOut);
+      if( pList->a[i].zName ){
+        sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pOut, " AS %s", pList->a[i].zName);
+      }
+      if( pList->a[i].bSpanIsTab ){
+        sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pOut, " (%s)", pList->a[i].zSpan);
+      }
       if( i<pList->nExpr-1 ){
         sqlite3ExplainNL(pOut);
       }
@@ -77630,160 +81751,50 @@
 #endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
 
 /*
-** Return TRUE if pExpr is an constant expression that is appropriate
-** for factoring out of a loop.  Appropriate expressions are:
-**
-**    *  Any expression that evaluates to two or more opcodes.
-**
-**    *  Any OP_Integer, OP_Real, OP_String, OP_Blob, OP_Null, 
-**       or OP_Variable that does not need to be placed in a 
-**       specific register.
-**
-** There is no point in factoring out single-instruction constant
-** expressions that need to be placed in a particular register.  
-** We could factor them out, but then we would end up adding an
-** OP_SCopy instruction to move the value into the correct register
-** later.  We might as well just use the original instruction and
-** avoid the OP_SCopy.
-*/
-static int isAppropriateForFactoring(Expr *p){
-  if( !sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(p) ){
-    return 0;  /* Only constant expressions are appropriate for factoring */
-  }
-  if( (p->flags & EP_FixedDest)==0 ){
-    return 1;  /* Any constant without a fixed destination is appropriate */
-  }
-  while( p->op==TK_UPLUS ) p = p->pLeft;
-  switch( p->op ){
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BLOB_LITERAL
-    case TK_BLOB:
-#endif
-    case TK_VARIABLE:
-    case TK_INTEGER:
-    case TK_FLOAT:
-    case TK_NULL:
-    case TK_STRING: {
-      testcase( p->op==TK_BLOB );
-      testcase( p->op==TK_VARIABLE );
-      testcase( p->op==TK_INTEGER );
-      testcase( p->op==TK_FLOAT );
-      testcase( p->op==TK_NULL );
-      testcase( p->op==TK_STRING );
-      /* Single-instruction constants with a fixed destination are
-      ** better done in-line.  If we factor them, they will just end
-      ** up generating an OP_SCopy to move the value to the destination
-      ** register. */
-      return 0;
-    }
-    case TK_UMINUS: {
-      if( p->pLeft->op==TK_FLOAT || p->pLeft->op==TK_INTEGER ){
-        return 0;
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-    default: {
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  return 1;
-}
-
-/*
-** If pExpr is a constant expression that is appropriate for
-** factoring out of a loop, then evaluate the expression
-** into a register and convert the expression into a TK_REGISTER
-** expression.
-*/
-static int evalConstExpr(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
-  Parse *pParse = pWalker->pParse;
-  switch( pExpr->op ){
-    case TK_IN:
-    case TK_REGISTER: {
-      return WRC_Prune;
-    }
-    case TK_FUNCTION:
-    case TK_AGG_FUNCTION:
-    case TK_CONST_FUNC: {
-      /* The arguments to a function have a fixed destination.
-      ** Mark them this way to avoid generated unneeded OP_SCopy
-      ** instructions. 
-      */
-      ExprList *pList = pExpr->x.pList;
-      assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
-      if( pList ){
-        int i = pList->nExpr;
-        struct ExprList_item *pItem = pList->a;
-        for(; i>0; i--, pItem++){
-          if( ALWAYS(pItem->pExpr) ) pItem->pExpr->flags |= EP_FixedDest;
-        }
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-  if( isAppropriateForFactoring(pExpr) ){
-    int r1 = ++pParse->nMem;
-    int r2;
-    r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, r1);
-    if( NEVER(r1!=r2) ) sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
-    pExpr->op2 = pExpr->op;
-    pExpr->op = TK_REGISTER;
-    pExpr->iTable = r2;
-    return WRC_Prune;
-  }
-  return WRC_Continue;
-}
-
-/*
-** Preevaluate constant subexpressions within pExpr and store the
-** results in registers.  Modify pExpr so that the constant subexpresions
-** are TK_REGISTER opcodes that refer to the precomputed values.
-**
-** This routine is a no-op if the jump to the cookie-check code has
-** already occur.  Since the cookie-check jump is generated prior to
-** any other serious processing, this check ensures that there is no
-** way to accidently bypass the constant initializations.
-**
-** This routine is also a no-op if the SQLITE_FactorOutConst optimization
-** is disabled via the sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS)
-** interface.  This allows test logic to verify that the same answer is
-** obtained for queries regardless of whether or not constants are
-** precomputed into registers or if they are inserted in-line.
-*/
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprCodeConstants(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
-  Walker w;
-  if( pParse->cookieGoto ) return;
-  if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_FactorOutConst)!=0 ) return;
-  w.xExprCallback = evalConstExpr;
-  w.xSelectCallback = 0;
-  w.pParse = pParse;
-  sqlite3WalkExpr(&w, pExpr);
-}
-
-
-/*
 ** Generate code that pushes the value of every element of the given
 ** expression list into a sequence of registers beginning at target.
 **
 ** Return the number of elements evaluated.
+**
+** The SQLITE_ECEL_DUP flag prevents the arguments from being
+** filled using OP_SCopy.  OP_Copy must be used instead.
+**
+** The SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR argument allows constant arguments to be
+** factored out into initialization code.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(
   Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing context */
   ExprList *pList,   /* The expression list to be coded */
   int target,        /* Where to write results */
-  int doHardCopy     /* Make a hard copy of every element */
+  u8 flags           /* SQLITE_ECEL_* flags */
 ){
   struct ExprList_item *pItem;
   int i, n;
+  u8 copyOp = (flags & SQLITE_ECEL_DUP) ? OP_Copy : OP_SCopy;
   assert( pList!=0 );
   assert( target>0 );
   assert( pParse->pVdbe!=0 );  /* Never gets this far otherwise */
   n = pList->nExpr;
+  if( !ConstFactorOk(pParse) ) flags &= ~SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR;
   for(pItem=pList->a, i=0; i<n; i++, pItem++){
     Expr *pExpr = pItem->pExpr;
-    int inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target+i);
-    if( inReg!=target+i ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(pParse->pVdbe, doHardCopy ? OP_Copy : OP_SCopy,
-                        inReg, target+i);
+    if( (flags & SQLITE_ECEL_FACTOR)!=0 && sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pExpr) ){
+      sqlite3ExprCodeAtInit(pParse, pExpr, target+i, 0);
+    }else{
+      int inReg = sqlite3ExprCodeTarget(pParse, pExpr, target+i);
+      if( inReg!=target+i ){
+        VdbeOp *pOp;
+        Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+        if( copyOp==OP_Copy
+         && (pOp=sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, -1))->opcode==OP_Copy
+         && pOp->p1+pOp->p3+1==inReg
+         && pOp->p2+pOp->p3+1==target+i
+        ){
+          pOp->p3++;
+        }else{
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, copyOp, inReg, target+i);
+        }
+      }
     }
   }
   return n;
@@ -77825,8 +81836,7 @@
   compRight.op = TK_LE;
   compRight.pLeft = &exprX;
   compRight.pRight = pExpr->x.pList->a[1].pExpr;
-  exprX.iTable = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, &exprX, &regFree1);
-  exprX.op = TK_REGISTER;
+  exprToRegister(&exprX, sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, &exprX, &regFree1));
   if( jumpIfTrue ){
     sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, &exprAnd, dest, jumpIfNull);
   }else{
@@ -77867,24 +81877,26 @@
   int r1, r2;
 
   assert( jumpIfNull==SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL || jumpIfNull==0 );
-  if( NEVER(v==0) )     return;  /* Existance of VDBE checked by caller */
+  if( NEVER(v==0) )     return;  /* Existence of VDBE checked by caller */
   if( NEVER(pExpr==0) ) return;  /* No way this can happen */
   op = pExpr->op;
   switch( op ){
     case TK_AND: {
       int d2 = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
       testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
-      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
       sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, d2,jumpIfNull^SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
       sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pRight, dest, jumpIfNull);
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, d2);
-      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
       break;
     }
     case TK_OR: {
       testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
       sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
       sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pRight, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
       break;
     }
     case TK_NOT: {
@@ -77898,23 +81910,17 @@
     case TK_GE:
     case TK_NE:
     case TK_EQ: {
-      assert( TK_LT==OP_Lt );
-      assert( TK_LE==OP_Le );
-      assert( TK_GT==OP_Gt );
-      assert( TK_GE==OP_Ge );
-      assert( TK_EQ==OP_Eq );
-      assert( TK_NE==OP_Ne );
-      testcase( op==TK_LT );
-      testcase( op==TK_LE );
-      testcase( op==TK_GT );
-      testcase( op==TK_GE );
-      testcase( op==TK_EQ );
-      testcase( op==TK_NE );
       testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
       codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
                   r1, r2, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      assert(TK_LT==OP_Lt); testcase(op==OP_Lt); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Lt);
+      assert(TK_LE==OP_Le); testcase(op==OP_Le); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Le);
+      assert(TK_GT==OP_Gt); testcase(op==OP_Gt); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Gt);
+      assert(TK_GE==OP_Ge); testcase(op==OP_Ge); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Ge);
+      assert(TK_EQ==OP_Eq); testcase(op==OP_Eq); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Eq);
+      assert(TK_NE==OP_Ne); testcase(op==OP_Ne); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Ne);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       break;
@@ -77928,18 +81934,20 @@
       op = (op==TK_IS) ? TK_EQ : TK_NE;
       codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
                   r1, r2, dest, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_EQ);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_NE);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       break;
     }
     case TK_ISNULL:
     case TK_NOTNULL: {
-      assert( TK_ISNULL==OP_IsNull );
-      assert( TK_NOTNULL==OP_NotNull );
-      testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
-      testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
+      assert( TK_ISNULL==OP_IsNull );   testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
+      assert( TK_NOTNULL==OP_NotNull ); testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, op, r1, dest);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_ISNULL);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_NOTNULL);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       break;
     }
@@ -77959,10 +81967,17 @@
     }
 #endif
     default: {
-      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr, &regFree1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_If, r1, dest, jumpIfNull!=0);
-      testcase( regFree1==0 );
-      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      if( exprAlwaysTrue(pExpr) ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, dest);
+      }else if( exprAlwaysFalse(pExpr) ){
+        /* No-op */
+      }else{
+        r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr, &regFree1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_If, r1, dest, jumpIfNull!=0);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+        testcase( regFree1==0 );
+        testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      }
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -77987,7 +82002,7 @@
   int r1, r2;
 
   assert( jumpIfNull==SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL || jumpIfNull==0 );
-  if( NEVER(v==0) ) return; /* Existance of VDBE checked by caller */
+  if( NEVER(v==0) ) return; /* Existence of VDBE checked by caller */
   if( pExpr==0 )    return;
 
   /* The value of pExpr->op and op are related as follows:
@@ -78025,17 +82040,19 @@
     case TK_AND: {
       testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
       sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
       sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pRight, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
       break;
     }
     case TK_OR: {
       int d2 = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
       testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
-      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
       sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, d2, jumpIfNull^SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
       sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pExpr->pRight, dest, jumpIfNull);
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, d2);
-      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+      sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
       break;
     }
     case TK_NOT: {
@@ -78049,17 +82066,17 @@
     case TK_GE:
     case TK_NE:
     case TK_EQ: {
-      testcase( op==TK_LT );
-      testcase( op==TK_LE );
-      testcase( op==TK_GT );
-      testcase( op==TK_GE );
-      testcase( op==TK_EQ );
-      testcase( op==TK_NE );
       testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pRight, &regFree2);
       codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
                   r1, r2, dest, jumpIfNull);
+      assert(TK_LT==OP_Lt); testcase(op==OP_Lt); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Lt);
+      assert(TK_LE==OP_Le); testcase(op==OP_Le); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Le);
+      assert(TK_GT==OP_Gt); testcase(op==OP_Gt); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Gt);
+      assert(TK_GE==OP_Ge); testcase(op==OP_Ge); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Ge);
+      assert(TK_EQ==OP_Eq); testcase(op==OP_Eq); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Eq);
+      assert(TK_NE==OP_Ne); testcase(op==OP_Ne); VdbeCoverageIf(v,op==OP_Ne);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       break;
@@ -78073,16 +82090,18 @@
       op = (pExpr->op==TK_IS) ? TK_NE : TK_EQ;
       codeCompare(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, pExpr->pRight, op,
                   r1, r2, dest, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_EQ);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_NE);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       testcase( regFree2==0 );
       break;
     }
     case TK_ISNULL:
     case TK_NOTNULL: {
-      testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );
-      testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr->pLeft, &regFree1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, op, r1, dest);
+      testcase( op==TK_ISNULL );   VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_ISNULL);
+      testcase( op==TK_NOTNULL );  VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==TK_NOTNULL);
       testcase( regFree1==0 );
       break;
     }
@@ -78104,10 +82123,17 @@
     }
 #endif
     default: {
-      r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr, &regFree1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfNot, r1, dest, jumpIfNull!=0);
-      testcase( regFree1==0 );
-      testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      if( exprAlwaysFalse(pExpr) ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, dest);
+      }else if( exprAlwaysTrue(pExpr) ){
+        /* no-op */
+      }else{
+        r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pExpr, &regFree1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfNot, r1, dest, jumpIfNull!=0);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+        testcase( regFree1==0 );
+        testcase( jumpIfNull==0 );
+      }
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -78121,6 +82147,12 @@
 ** by a COLLATE operator at the top level.  Return 2 if there are differences
 ** other than the top-level COLLATE operator.
 **
+** If any subelement of pB has Expr.iTable==(-1) then it is allowed
+** to compare equal to an equivalent element in pA with Expr.iTable==iTab.
+**
+** The pA side might be using TK_REGISTER.  If that is the case and pB is
+** not using TK_REGISTER but is otherwise equivalent, then still return 0.
+**
 ** Sometimes this routine will return 2 even if the two expressions
 ** really are equivalent.  If we cannot prove that the expressions are
 ** identical, we return 2 just to be safe.  So if this routine
@@ -78131,33 +82163,44 @@
 ** just might result in some slightly slower code.  But returning
 ** an incorrect 0 or 1 could lead to a malfunction.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCompare(Expr *pA, Expr *pB){
-  if( pA==0||pB==0 ){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprCompare(Expr *pA, Expr *pB, int iTab){
+  u32 combinedFlags;
+  if( pA==0 || pB==0 ){
     return pB==pA ? 0 : 2;
   }
-  assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pA, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
-  assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pB, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
-  if( ExprHasProperty(pA, EP_xIsSelect) || ExprHasProperty(pB, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+  combinedFlags = pA->flags | pB->flags;
+  if( combinedFlags & EP_IntValue ){
+    if( (pA->flags&pB->flags&EP_IntValue)!=0 && pA->u.iValue==pB->u.iValue ){
+      return 0;
+    }
     return 2;
   }
-  if( (pA->flags & EP_Distinct)!=(pB->flags & EP_Distinct) ) return 2;
-  if( pA->op!=pB->op ) return 2;
-  if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pA->pLeft, pB->pLeft) ) return 2;
-  if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pA->pRight, pB->pRight) ) return 2;
-  if( sqlite3ExprListCompare(pA->x.pList, pB->x.pList) ) return 2;
-  if( pA->iTable!=pB->iTable || pA->iColumn!=pB->iColumn ) return 2;
-  if( ExprHasProperty(pA, EP_IntValue) ){
-    if( !ExprHasProperty(pB, EP_IntValue) || pA->u.iValue!=pB->u.iValue ){
-      return 2;
+  if( pA->op!=pB->op ){
+    if( pA->op==TK_COLLATE && sqlite3ExprCompare(pA->pLeft, pB, iTab)<2 ){
+      return 1;
     }
-  }else if( pA->op!=TK_COLUMN && pA->u.zToken ){
-    if( ExprHasProperty(pB, EP_IntValue) || NEVER(pB->u.zToken==0) ) return 2;
+    if( pB->op==TK_COLLATE && sqlite3ExprCompare(pA, pB->pLeft, iTab)<2 ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    return 2;
+  }
+  if( pA->op!=TK_COLUMN && ALWAYS(pA->op!=TK_AGG_COLUMN) && pA->u.zToken ){
     if( strcmp(pA->u.zToken,pB->u.zToken)!=0 ){
-      return 2;
+      return pA->op==TK_COLLATE ? 1 : 2;
     }
   }
-  if( (pA->flags & EP_ExpCollate)!=(pB->flags & EP_ExpCollate) ) return 1;
-  if( (pA->flags & EP_ExpCollate)!=0 && pA->pColl!=pB->pColl ) return 2;
+  if( (pA->flags & EP_Distinct)!=(pB->flags & EP_Distinct) ) return 2;
+  if( ALWAYS((combinedFlags & EP_TokenOnly)==0) ){
+    if( combinedFlags & EP_xIsSelect ) return 2;
+    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pA->pLeft, pB->pLeft, iTab) ) return 2;
+    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pA->pRight, pB->pRight, iTab) ) return 2;
+    if( sqlite3ExprListCompare(pA->x.pList, pB->x.pList, iTab) ) return 2;
+    if( ALWAYS((combinedFlags & EP_Reduced)==0) ){
+      if( pA->iColumn!=pB->iColumn ) return 2;
+      if( pA->iTable!=pB->iTable 
+       && (pA->iTable!=iTab || NEVER(pB->iTable>=0)) ) return 2;
+    }
+  }
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -78165,6 +82208,9 @@
 ** Compare two ExprList objects.  Return 0 if they are identical and 
 ** non-zero if they differ in any way.
 **
+** If any subelement of pB has Expr.iTable==(-1) then it is allowed
+** to compare equal to an equivalent element in pA with Expr.iTable==iTab.
+**
 ** This routine might return non-zero for equivalent ExprLists.  The
 ** only consequence will be disabled optimizations.  But this routine
 ** must never return 0 if the two ExprList objects are different, or
@@ -78173,7 +82219,7 @@
 ** Two NULL pointers are considered to be the same.  But a NULL pointer
 ** always differs from a non-NULL pointer.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprListCompare(ExprList *pA, ExprList *pB){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprListCompare(ExprList *pA, ExprList *pB, int iTab){
   int i;
   if( pA==0 && pB==0 ) return 0;
   if( pA==0 || pB==0 ) return 1;
@@ -78182,12 +82228,108 @@
     Expr *pExprA = pA->a[i].pExpr;
     Expr *pExprB = pB->a[i].pExpr;
     if( pA->a[i].sortOrder!=pB->a[i].sortOrder ) return 1;
-    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pExprA, pExprB) ) return 1;
+    if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pExprA, pExprB, iTab) ) return 1;
   }
   return 0;
 }
 
 /*
+** Return true if we can prove the pE2 will always be true if pE1 is
+** true.  Return false if we cannot complete the proof or if pE2 might
+** be false.  Examples:
+**
+**     pE1: x==5       pE2: x==5             Result: true
+**     pE1: x>0        pE2: x==5             Result: false
+**     pE1: x=21       pE2: x=21 OR y=43     Result: true
+**     pE1: x!=123     pE2: x IS NOT NULL    Result: true
+**     pE1: x!=?1      pE2: x IS NOT NULL    Result: true
+**     pE1: x IS NULL  pE2: x IS NOT NULL    Result: false
+**     pE1: x IS ?2    pE2: x IS NOT NULL    Reuslt: false
+**
+** When comparing TK_COLUMN nodes between pE1 and pE2, if pE2 has
+** Expr.iTable<0 then assume a table number given by iTab.
+**
+** When in doubt, return false.  Returning true might give a performance
+** improvement.  Returning false might cause a performance reduction, but
+** it will always give the correct answer and is hence always safe.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ExprImpliesExpr(Expr *pE1, Expr *pE2, int iTab){
+  if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pE1, pE2, iTab)==0 ){
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if( pE2->op==TK_OR
+   && (sqlite3ExprImpliesExpr(pE1, pE2->pLeft, iTab)
+             || sqlite3ExprImpliesExpr(pE1, pE2->pRight, iTab) )
+  ){
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if( pE2->op==TK_NOTNULL
+   && sqlite3ExprCompare(pE1->pLeft, pE2->pLeft, iTab)==0
+   && (pE1->op!=TK_ISNULL && pE1->op!=TK_IS)
+  ){
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure is used by the tree walker
+** to count references to table columns in the arguments of an 
+** aggregate function, in order to implement the
+** sqlite3FunctionThisSrc() routine.
+*/
+struct SrcCount {
+  SrcList *pSrc;   /* One particular FROM clause in a nested query */
+  int nThis;       /* Number of references to columns in pSrcList */
+  int nOther;      /* Number of references to columns in other FROM clauses */
+};
+
+/*
+** Count the number of references to columns.
+*/
+static int exprSrcCount(Walker *pWalker, Expr *pExpr){
+  /* The NEVER() on the second term is because sqlite3FunctionUsesThisSrc()
+  ** is always called before sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates() and so the
+  ** TK_COLUMNs have not yet been converted into TK_AGG_COLUMN.  If
+  ** sqlite3FunctionUsesThisSrc() is used differently in the future, the
+  ** NEVER() will need to be removed. */
+  if( pExpr->op==TK_COLUMN || NEVER(pExpr->op==TK_AGG_COLUMN) ){
+    int i;
+    struct SrcCount *p = pWalker->u.pSrcCount;
+    SrcList *pSrc = p->pSrc;
+    for(i=0; i<pSrc->nSrc; i++){
+      if( pExpr->iTable==pSrc->a[i].iCursor ) break;
+    }
+    if( i<pSrc->nSrc ){
+      p->nThis++;
+    }else{
+      p->nOther++;
+    }
+  }
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+
+/*
+** Determine if any of the arguments to the pExpr Function reference
+** pSrcList.  Return true if they do.  Also return true if the function
+** has no arguments or has only constant arguments.  Return false if pExpr
+** references columns but not columns of tables found in pSrcList.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FunctionUsesThisSrc(Expr *pExpr, SrcList *pSrcList){
+  Walker w;
+  struct SrcCount cnt;
+  assert( pExpr->op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION );
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
+  w.xExprCallback = exprSrcCount;
+  w.u.pSrcCount = &cnt;
+  cnt.pSrc = pSrcList;
+  cnt.nThis = 0;
+  cnt.nOther = 0;
+  sqlite3WalkExprList(&w, pExpr->x.pList);
+  return cnt.nThis>0 || cnt.nOther==0;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Add a new element to the pAggInfo->aCol[] array.  Return the index of
 ** the new element.  Return a negative number if malloc fails.
 */
@@ -78242,7 +82384,7 @@
         struct SrcList_item *pItem = pSrcList->a;
         for(i=0; i<pSrcList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
           struct AggInfo_col *pCol;
-          assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+          assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
           if( pExpr->iTable==pItem->iCursor ){
             /* If we reach this point, it means that pExpr refers to a table
             ** that is in the FROM clause of the aggregate query.  
@@ -78291,7 +82433,7 @@
             ** Convert the pExpr to be a TK_AGG_COLUMN referring to that
             ** pAggInfo->aCol[] entry.
             */
-            ExprSetIrreducible(pExpr);
+            ExprSetVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_NoReduce);
             pExpr->pAggInfo = pAggInfo;
             pExpr->op = TK_AGG_COLUMN;
             pExpr->iAgg = (i16)k;
@@ -78302,15 +82444,15 @@
       return WRC_Prune;
     }
     case TK_AGG_FUNCTION: {
-      /* The pNC->nDepth==0 test causes aggregate functions in subqueries
-      ** to be ignored */
-      if( pNC->nDepth==0 ){
+      if( (pNC->ncFlags & NC_InAggFunc)==0
+       && pWalker->walkerDepth==pExpr->op2
+      ){
         /* Check to see if pExpr is a duplicate of another aggregate 
         ** function that is already in the pAggInfo structure
         */
         struct AggInfo_func *pItem = pAggInfo->aFunc;
         for(i=0; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pItem++){
-          if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pItem->pExpr, pExpr)==0 ){
+          if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pItem->pExpr, pExpr, -1)==0 ){
             break;
           }
         }
@@ -78337,38 +82479,36 @@
         }
         /* Make pExpr point to the appropriate pAggInfo->aFunc[] entry
         */
-        assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
-        ExprSetIrreducible(pExpr);
+        assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+        ExprSetVVAProperty(pExpr, EP_NoReduce);
         pExpr->iAgg = (i16)i;
         pExpr->pAggInfo = pAggInfo;
         return WRC_Prune;
+      }else{
+        return WRC_Continue;
       }
     }
   }
   return WRC_Continue;
 }
 static int analyzeAggregatesInSelect(Walker *pWalker, Select *pSelect){
-  NameContext *pNC = pWalker->u.pNC;
-  if( pNC->nDepth==0 ){
-    pNC->nDepth++;
-    sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pSelect);
-    pNC->nDepth--;
-    return WRC_Prune;
-  }else{
-    return WRC_Continue;
-  }
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pWalker);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pSelect);
+  return WRC_Continue;
 }
 
 /*
-** Analyze the given expression looking for aggregate functions and
-** for variables that need to be added to the pParse->aAgg[] array.
-** Make additional entries to the pParse->aAgg[] array as necessary.
+** Analyze the pExpr expression looking for aggregate functions and
+** for variables that need to be added to AggInfo object that pNC->pAggInfo
+** points to.  Additional entries are made on the AggInfo object as
+** necessary.
 **
 ** This routine should only be called after the expression has been
 ** analyzed by sqlite3ResolveExprNames().
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates(NameContext *pNC, Expr *pExpr){
   Walker w;
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
   w.xExprCallback = analyzeAggregate;
   w.xSelectCallback = analyzeAggregatesInSelect;
   w.u.pNC = pNC;
@@ -78537,8 +82677,8 @@
       assert( len>0 );
     } while( token!=TK_LP && token!=TK_USING );
 
-    zRet = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.*s\"%w\"%s", ((u8*)tname.z) - zSql, zSql, 
-       zTableName, tname.z+tname.n);
+    zRet = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.*s\"%w\"%s", (int)(((u8*)tname.z) - zSql),
+       zSql, zTableName, tname.z+tname.n);
     sqlite3_result_text(context, zRet, -1, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
   }
 }
@@ -78576,6 +82716,7 @@
   int token;                      /* Type of token */
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(NotUsed);
+  if( zInput==0 || zOld==0 ) return;
   for(z=zInput; *z; z=z+n){
     n = sqlite3GetToken(z, &token);
     if( token==TK_REFERENCES ){
@@ -78590,7 +82731,7 @@
       sqlite3Dequote(zParent);
       if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp((const char *)zOld, zParent) ){
         char *zOut = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s%.*s\"%w\"", 
-            (zOutput?zOutput:""), z-zInput, zInput, (const char *)zNew
+            (zOutput?zOutput:""), (int)(z-zInput), zInput, (const char *)zNew
         );
         sqlite3DbFree(db, zOutput);
         zOutput = zOut;
@@ -78676,8 +82817,8 @@
     /* Variable tname now contains the token that is the old table-name
     ** in the CREATE TRIGGER statement.
     */
-    zRet = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.*s\"%w\"%s", ((u8*)tname.z) - zSql, zSql, 
-       zTableName, tname.z+tname.n);
+    zRet = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%.*s\"%w\"%s", (int)(((u8*)tname.z) - zSql),
+       zSql, zTableName, tname.z+tname.n);
     sqlite3_result_text(context, zRet, -1, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
   }
 }
@@ -78874,7 +83015,7 @@
   assert( pSrc->nSrc==1 );
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(pParse->db) );
 
-  pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pSrc->a[0].zName, pSrc->a[0].zDatabase);
+  pTab = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, 0, &pSrc->a[0]);
   if( !pTab ) goto exit_rename_table;
   iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
   zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
@@ -78929,7 +83070,7 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-  /* Begin a transaction and code the VerifyCookie for database iDb. 
+  /* Begin a transaction for database iDb. 
   ** Then modify the schema cookie (since the ALTER TABLE modifies the
   ** schema). Open a statement transaction if the table is a virtual
   ** table.
@@ -79065,6 +83206,7 @@
     sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, minFormat, r2);
     j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ge, r2, 0, r1);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SetCookie, iDb, BTREE_FILE_FORMAT, r2);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
     sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
@@ -79124,7 +83266,7 @@
   ** If there is a NOT NULL constraint, then the default value for the
   ** column must not be NULL.
   */
-  if( pCol->isPrimKey ){
+  if( pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "Cannot add a PRIMARY KEY column");
     return;
   }
@@ -79147,7 +83289,7 @@
   ** can handle (i.e. not CURRENT_TIME etc.)
   */
   if( pDflt ){
-    sqlite3_value *pVal;
+    sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;
     if( sqlite3ValueFromExpr(db, pDflt, SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_AFF_NONE, &pVal) ){
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
       return;
@@ -79217,7 +83359,7 @@
   assert( pParse->pNewTable==0 );
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
   if( db->mallocFailed ) goto exit_begin_add_column;
-  pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pSrc->a[0].zName, pSrc->a[0].zDatabase);
+  pTab = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, 0, &pSrc->a[0]);
   if( !pTab ) goto exit_begin_add_column;
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
@@ -79288,7 +83430,7 @@
 /************** End of alter.c ***********************************************/
 /************** Begin file analyze.c *****************************************/
 /*
-** 2005 July 8
+** 2005-07-08
 **
 ** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
 ** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
@@ -79309,15 +83451,23 @@
 **    CREATE TABLE sqlite_stat1(tbl, idx, stat);
 **    CREATE TABLE sqlite_stat2(tbl, idx, sampleno, sample);
 **    CREATE TABLE sqlite_stat3(tbl, idx, nEq, nLt, nDLt, sample);
+**    CREATE TABLE sqlite_stat4(tbl, idx, nEq, nLt, nDLt, sample);
 **
 ** Additional tables might be added in future releases of SQLite.
 ** The sqlite_stat2 table is not created or used unless the SQLite version
 ** is between 3.6.18 and 3.7.8, inclusive, and unless SQLite is compiled
 ** with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT2.  The sqlite_stat2 table is deprecated.
-** The sqlite_stat2 table is superceded by sqlite_stat3, which is only
+** The sqlite_stat2 table is superseded by sqlite_stat3, which is only
 ** created and used by SQLite versions 3.7.9 and later and with
-** SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 defined.  The fucntionality of sqlite_stat3
-** is a superset of sqlite_stat2.  
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 defined.  The functionality of sqlite_stat3
+** is a superset of sqlite_stat2.  The sqlite_stat4 is an enhanced
+** version of sqlite_stat3 and is only available when compiled with
+** SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4 and in SQLite versions 3.8.1 and later.  It is
+** not possible to enable both STAT3 and STAT4 at the same time.  If they
+** are both enabled, then STAT4 takes precedence.
+**
+** For most applications, sqlite_stat1 provides all the statisics required
+** for the query planner to make good choices.
 **
 ** Format of sqlite_stat1:
 **
@@ -79325,7 +83475,8 @@
 ** name in the idx column.  The tbl column is the name of the table to
 ** which the index belongs.  In each such row, the stat column will be
 ** a string consisting of a list of integers.  The first integer in this
-** list is the number of rows in the index and in the table.  The second
+** list is the number of rows in the index.  (This is the same as the
+** number of rows in the table, except for partial indices.)  The second
 ** integer is the average number of rows in the index that have the same
 ** value in the first column of the index.  The third integer is the average
 ** number of rows in the index that have the same value for the first two
@@ -79372,53 +83523,81 @@
 **
 ** Format for sqlite_stat3:
 **
-** The sqlite_stat3 is an enhancement to sqlite_stat2.  A new name is
-** used to avoid compatibility problems.  
+** The sqlite_stat3 format is a subset of sqlite_stat4.  Hence, the
+** sqlite_stat4 format will be described first.  Further information
+** about sqlite_stat3 follows the sqlite_stat4 description.
 **
-** The format of the sqlite_stat3 table is similar to the format of
-** the sqlite_stat2 table.  There are multiple entries for each index.
+** Format for sqlite_stat4:
+**
+** As with sqlite_stat2, the sqlite_stat4 table contains histogram data
+** to aid the query planner in choosing good indices based on the values
+** that indexed columns are compared against in the WHERE clauses of
+** queries.
+**
+** The sqlite_stat4 table contains multiple entries for each index.
 ** The idx column names the index and the tbl column is the table of the
 ** index.  If the idx and tbl columns are the same, then the sample is
-** of the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.  The sample column is a value taken from
-** the left-most column of the index.  The nEq column is the approximate
-** number of entires in the index whose left-most column exactly matches
-** the sample.  nLt is the approximate number of entires whose left-most
-** column is less than the sample.  The nDLt column is the approximate
-** number of distinct left-most entries in the index that are less than
-** the sample.
+** of the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.  The sample column is a blob which is the
+** binary encoding of a key from the index.  The nEq column is a
+** list of integers.  The first integer is the approximate number
+** of entries in the index whose left-most column exactly matches
+** the left-most column of the sample.  The second integer in nEq
+** is the approximate number of entries in the index where the
+** first two columns match the first two columns of the sample.
+** And so forth.  nLt is another list of integers that show the approximate
+** number of entries that are strictly less than the sample.  The first
+** integer in nLt contains the number of entries in the index where the
+** left-most column is less than the left-most column of the sample.
+** The K-th integer in the nLt entry is the number of index entries 
+** where the first K columns are less than the first K columns of the
+** sample.  The nDLt column is like nLt except that it contains the 
+** number of distinct entries in the index that are less than the
+** sample.
 **
-** Future versions of SQLite might change to store a string containing
-** multiple integers values in the nDLt column of sqlite_stat3.  The first
-** integer will be the number of prior index entires that are distinct in
-** the left-most column.  The second integer will be the number of prior index
-** entries that are distinct in the first two columns.  The third integer
-** will be the number of prior index entries that are distinct in the first
-** three columns.  And so forth.  With that extension, the nDLt field is
-** similar in function to the sqlite_stat1.stat field.
-**
-** There can be an arbitrary number of sqlite_stat3 entries per index.
-** The ANALYZE command will typically generate sqlite_stat3 tables
+** There can be an arbitrary number of sqlite_stat4 entries per index.
+** The ANALYZE command will typically generate sqlite_stat4 tables
 ** that contain between 10 and 40 samples which are distributed across
 ** the key space, though not uniformly, and which include samples with
-** largest possible nEq values.
+** large nEq values.
+**
+** Format for sqlite_stat3 redux:
+**
+** The sqlite_stat3 table is like sqlite_stat4 except that it only
+** looks at the left-most column of the index.  The sqlite_stat3.sample
+** column contains the actual value of the left-most column instead
+** of a blob encoding of the complete index key as is found in
+** sqlite_stat4.sample.  The nEq, nLt, and nDLt entries of sqlite_stat3
+** all contain just a single integer which is the same as the first
+** integer in the equivalent columns in sqlite_stat4.
 */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE
 
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4)
+# define IsStat4     1
+# define IsStat3     0
+#elif defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3)
+# define IsStat4     0
+# define IsStat3     1
+#else
+# define IsStat4     0
+# define IsStat3     0
+# undef SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES
+# define SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES 1
+#endif
+#define IsStat34    (IsStat3+IsStat4)  /* 1 for STAT3 or STAT4. 0 otherwise */
+
 /*
-** This routine generates code that opens the sqlite_stat1 table for
-** writing with cursor iStatCur. If the library was built with the
-** SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 macro defined, then the sqlite_stat3 table is
-** opened for writing using cursor (iStatCur+1)
+** This routine generates code that opens the sqlite_statN tables.
+** The sqlite_stat1 table is always relevant.  sqlite_stat2 is now
+** obsolete.  sqlite_stat3 and sqlite_stat4 are only opened when
+** appropriate compile-time options are provided.
 **
-** If the sqlite_stat1 tables does not previously exist, it is created.
-** Similarly, if the sqlite_stat3 table does not exist and the library
-** is compiled with SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 defined, it is created. 
+** If the sqlite_statN tables do not previously exist, it is created.
 **
 ** Argument zWhere may be a pointer to a buffer containing a table name,
 ** or it may be a NULL pointer. If it is not NULL, then all entries in
-** the sqlite_stat1 and (if applicable) sqlite_stat3 tables associated
-** with the named table are deleted. If zWhere==0, then code is generated
-** to delete all stat table entries.
+** the sqlite_statN tables associated with the named table are deleted.
+** If zWhere==0, then code is generated to delete all stat table entries.
 */
 static void openStatTable(
   Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
@@ -79432,18 +83611,24 @@
     const char *zCols;
   } aTable[] = {
     { "sqlite_stat1", "tbl,idx,stat" },
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4)
+    { "sqlite_stat4", "tbl,idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sample" },
+    { "sqlite_stat3", 0 },
+#elif defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3)
     { "sqlite_stat3", "tbl,idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sample" },
+    { "sqlite_stat4", 0 },
+#else
+    { "sqlite_stat3", 0 },
+    { "sqlite_stat4", 0 },
 #endif
   };
-
-  int aRoot[] = {0, 0};
-  u8 aCreateTbl[] = {0, 0};
-
   int i;
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
   Db *pDb;
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  int aRoot[ArraySize(aTable)];
+  u8 aCreateTbl[ArraySize(aTable)];
+
   if( v==0 ) return;
   assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
   assert( sqlite3VdbeDb(v)==db );
@@ -79456,259 +83641,738 @@
     const char *zTab = aTable[i].zName;
     Table *pStat;
     if( (pStat = sqlite3FindTable(db, zTab, pDb->zName))==0 ){
-      /* The sqlite_stat[12] table does not exist. Create it. Note that a 
-      ** side-effect of the CREATE TABLE statement is to leave the rootpage 
-      ** of the new table in register pParse->regRoot. This is important 
-      ** because the OpenWrite opcode below will be needing it. */
-      sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
-          "CREATE TABLE %Q.%s(%s)", pDb->zName, zTab, aTable[i].zCols
-      );
-      aRoot[i] = pParse->regRoot;
-      aCreateTbl[i] = 1;
+      if( aTable[i].zCols ){
+        /* The sqlite_statN table does not exist. Create it. Note that a 
+        ** side-effect of the CREATE TABLE statement is to leave the rootpage 
+        ** of the new table in register pParse->regRoot. This is important 
+        ** because the OpenWrite opcode below will be needing it. */
+        sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
+            "CREATE TABLE %Q.%s(%s)", pDb->zName, zTab, aTable[i].zCols
+        );
+        aRoot[i] = pParse->regRoot;
+        aCreateTbl[i] = OPFLAG_P2ISREG;
+      }
     }else{
       /* The table already exists. If zWhere is not NULL, delete all entries 
       ** associated with the table zWhere. If zWhere is NULL, delete the
       ** entire contents of the table. */
       aRoot[i] = pStat->tnum;
+      aCreateTbl[i] = 0;
       sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, aRoot[i], 1, zTab);
       if( zWhere ){
         sqlite3NestedParse(pParse,
-           "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE %s=%Q", pDb->zName, zTab, zWhereType, zWhere
+           "DELETE FROM %Q.%s WHERE %s=%Q",
+           pDb->zName, zTab, zWhereType, zWhere
         );
       }else{
-        /* The sqlite_stat[12] table already exists.  Delete all rows. */
+        /* The sqlite_stat[134] table already exists.  Delete all rows. */
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, aRoot[i], iDb);
       }
     }
   }
 
-  /* Open the sqlite_stat[13] tables for writing. */
-  for(i=0; i<ArraySize(aTable); i++){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, iStatCur+i, aRoot[i], iDb);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)3, P4_INT32);
+  /* Open the sqlite_stat[134] tables for writing. */
+  for(i=0; aTable[i].zCols; i++){
+    assert( i<ArraySize(aTable) );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_OpenWrite, iStatCur+i, aRoot[i], iDb, 3);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, aCreateTbl[i]);
+    VdbeComment((v, aTable[i].zName));
   }
 }
 
 /*
-** Recommended number of samples for sqlite_stat3
+** Recommended number of samples for sqlite_stat4
 */
-#ifndef SQLITE_STAT3_SAMPLES
-# define SQLITE_STAT3_SAMPLES 24
+#ifndef SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES
+# define SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES 24
 #endif
 
 /*
-** Three SQL functions - stat3_init(), stat3_push(), and stat3_pop() -
+** Three SQL functions - stat_init(), stat_push(), and stat_get() -
 ** share an instance of the following structure to hold their state
 ** information.
 */
-typedef struct Stat3Accum Stat3Accum;
-struct Stat3Accum {
+typedef struct Stat4Accum Stat4Accum;
+typedef struct Stat4Sample Stat4Sample;
+struct Stat4Sample {
+  tRowcnt *anEq;                  /* sqlite_stat4.nEq */
+  tRowcnt *anDLt;                 /* sqlite_stat4.nDLt */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  tRowcnt *anLt;                  /* sqlite_stat4.nLt */
+  union {
+    i64 iRowid;                     /* Rowid in main table of the key */
+    u8 *aRowid;                     /* Key for WITHOUT ROWID tables */
+  } u;
+  u32 nRowid;                     /* Sizeof aRowid[] */
+  u8 isPSample;                   /* True if a periodic sample */
+  int iCol;                       /* If !isPSample, the reason for inclusion */
+  u32 iHash;                      /* Tiebreaker hash */
+#endif
+};                                                    
+struct Stat4Accum {
   tRowcnt nRow;             /* Number of rows in the entire table */
   tRowcnt nPSample;         /* How often to do a periodic sample */
-  int iMin;                 /* Index of entry with minimum nEq and hash */
+  int nCol;                 /* Number of columns in index + pk/rowid */
+  int nKeyCol;              /* Number of index columns w/o the pk/rowid */
   int mxSample;             /* Maximum number of samples to accumulate */
-  int nSample;              /* Current number of samples */
+  Stat4Sample current;      /* Current row as a Stat4Sample */
   u32 iPrn;                 /* Pseudo-random number used for sampling */
-  struct Stat3Sample {
-    i64 iRowid;                /* Rowid in main table of the key */
-    tRowcnt nEq;               /* sqlite_stat3.nEq */
-    tRowcnt nLt;               /* sqlite_stat3.nLt */
-    tRowcnt nDLt;              /* sqlite_stat3.nDLt */
-    u8 isPSample;              /* True if a periodic sample */
-    u32 iHash;                 /* Tiebreaker hash */
-  } *a;                     /* An array of samples */
+  Stat4Sample *aBest;       /* Array of nCol best samples */
+  int iMin;                 /* Index in a[] of entry with minimum score */
+  int nSample;              /* Current number of samples */
+  int iGet;                 /* Index of current sample accessed by stat_get() */
+  Stat4Sample *a;           /* Array of mxSample Stat4Sample objects */
+  sqlite3 *db;              /* Database connection, for malloc() */
 };
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-/*
-** Implementation of the stat3_init(C,S) SQL function.  The two parameters
-** are the number of rows in the table or index (C) and the number of samples
-** to accumulate (S).
-**
-** This routine allocates the Stat3Accum object.
-**
-** The return value is the Stat3Accum object (P).
+/* Reclaim memory used by a Stat4Sample
 */
-static void stat3Init(
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+static void sampleClear(sqlite3 *db, Stat4Sample *p){
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  if( p->nRowid ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.aRowid);
+    p->nRowid = 0;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Initialize the BLOB value of a ROWID
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+static void sampleSetRowid(sqlite3 *db, Stat4Sample *p, int n, const u8 *pData){
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  if( p->nRowid ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.aRowid);
+  p->u.aRowid = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n);
+  if( p->u.aRowid ){
+    p->nRowid = n;
+    memcpy(p->u.aRowid, pData, n);
+  }else{
+    p->nRowid = 0;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Initialize the INTEGER value of a ROWID.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+static void sampleSetRowidInt64(sqlite3 *db, Stat4Sample *p, i64 iRowid){
+  assert( db!=0 );
+  if( p->nRowid ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.aRowid);
+  p->nRowid = 0;
+  p->u.iRowid = iRowid;
+}
+#endif
+
+
+/*
+** Copy the contents of object (*pFrom) into (*pTo).
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+static void sampleCopy(Stat4Accum *p, Stat4Sample *pTo, Stat4Sample *pFrom){
+  pTo->isPSample = pFrom->isPSample;
+  pTo->iCol = pFrom->iCol;
+  pTo->iHash = pFrom->iHash;
+  memcpy(pTo->anEq, pFrom->anEq, sizeof(tRowcnt)*p->nCol);
+  memcpy(pTo->anLt, pFrom->anLt, sizeof(tRowcnt)*p->nCol);
+  memcpy(pTo->anDLt, pFrom->anDLt, sizeof(tRowcnt)*p->nCol);
+  if( pFrom->nRowid ){
+    sampleSetRowid(p->db, pTo, pFrom->nRowid, pFrom->u.aRowid);
+  }else{
+    sampleSetRowidInt64(p->db, pTo, pFrom->u.iRowid);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Reclaim all memory of a Stat4Accum structure.
+*/
+static void stat4Destructor(void *pOld){
+  Stat4Accum *p = (Stat4Accum*)pOld;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++) sampleClear(p->db, p->aBest+i);
+  for(i=0; i<p->mxSample; i++) sampleClear(p->db, p->a+i);
+  sampleClear(p->db, &p->current);
+#endif
+  sqlite3DbFree(p->db, p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the stat_init(N,K,C) SQL function. The three parameters
+** are:
+**     N:    The number of columns in the index including the rowid/pk (note 1)
+**     K:    The number of columns in the index excluding the rowid/pk.
+**     C:    The number of rows in the index (note 2)
+**
+** Note 1:  In the special case of the covering index that implements a
+** WITHOUT ROWID table, N is the number of PRIMARY KEY columns, not the
+** total number of columns in the table.
+**
+** Note 2:  C is only used for STAT3 and STAT4.
+**
+** For indexes on ordinary rowid tables, N==K+1.  But for indexes on
+** WITHOUT ROWID tables, N=K+P where P is the number of columns in the
+** PRIMARY KEY of the table.  The covering index that implements the
+** original WITHOUT ROWID table as N==K as a special case.
+**
+** This routine allocates the Stat4Accum object in heap memory. The return 
+** value is a pointer to the the Stat4Accum object encoded as a blob (i.e. 
+** the size of the blob is sizeof(void*) bytes). 
+*/
+static void statInit(
   sqlite3_context *context,
   int argc,
   sqlite3_value **argv
 ){
-  Stat3Accum *p;
-  tRowcnt nRow;
-  int mxSample;
-  int n;
+  Stat4Accum *p;
+  int nCol;                       /* Number of columns in index being sampled */
+  int nKeyCol;                    /* Number of key columns */
+  int nColUp;                     /* nCol rounded up for alignment */
+  int n;                          /* Bytes of space to allocate */
+  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Database connection */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  int mxSample = SQLITE_STAT4_SAMPLES;
+#endif
 
+  /* Decode the three function arguments */
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
-  nRow = (tRowcnt)sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
-  mxSample = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
-  n = sizeof(*p) + sizeof(p->a[0])*mxSample;
-  p = sqlite3_malloc( n );
+  nCol = sqlite3_value_int(argv[0]);
+  assert( nCol>0 );
+  nColUp = sizeof(tRowcnt)<8 ? (nCol+1)&~1 : nCol;
+  nKeyCol = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
+  assert( nKeyCol<=nCol );
+  assert( nKeyCol>0 );
+
+  /* Allocate the space required for the Stat4Accum object */
+  n = sizeof(*p) 
+    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*nColUp                  /* Stat4Accum.anEq */
+    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*nColUp                  /* Stat4Accum.anDLt */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*nColUp                  /* Stat4Accum.anLt */
+    + sizeof(Stat4Sample)*(nCol+mxSample)     /* Stat4Accum.aBest[], a[] */
+    + sizeof(tRowcnt)*3*nColUp*(nCol+mxSample)
+#endif
+  ;
+  db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+  p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, n);
   if( p==0 ){
     sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
     return;
   }
-  memset(p, 0, n);
-  p->a = (struct Stat3Sample*)&p[1];
-  p->nRow = nRow;
-  p->mxSample = mxSample;
-  p->nPSample = p->nRow/(mxSample/3+1) + 1;
-  sqlite3_randomness(sizeof(p->iPrn), &p->iPrn);
-  sqlite3_result_blob(context, p, sizeof(p), sqlite3_free);
+
+  p->db = db;
+  p->nRow = 0;
+  p->nCol = nCol;
+  p->nKeyCol = nKeyCol;
+  p->current.anDLt = (tRowcnt*)&p[1];
+  p->current.anEq = &p->current.anDLt[nColUp];
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  {
+    u8 *pSpace;                     /* Allocated space not yet assigned */
+    int i;                          /* Used to iterate through p->aSample[] */
+
+    p->iGet = -1;
+    p->mxSample = mxSample;
+    p->nPSample = (tRowcnt)(sqlite3_value_int64(argv[2])/(mxSample/3+1) + 1);
+    p->current.anLt = &p->current.anEq[nColUp];
+    p->iPrn = nCol*0x689e962d ^ sqlite3_value_int(argv[2])*0xd0944565;
+  
+    /* Set up the Stat4Accum.a[] and aBest[] arrays */
+    p->a = (struct Stat4Sample*)&p->current.anLt[nColUp];
+    p->aBest = &p->a[mxSample];
+    pSpace = (u8*)(&p->a[mxSample+nCol]);
+    for(i=0; i<(mxSample+nCol); i++){
+      p->a[i].anEq = (tRowcnt *)pSpace; pSpace += (sizeof(tRowcnt) * nColUp);
+      p->a[i].anLt = (tRowcnt *)pSpace; pSpace += (sizeof(tRowcnt) * nColUp);
+      p->a[i].anDLt = (tRowcnt *)pSpace; pSpace += (sizeof(tRowcnt) * nColUp);
+    }
+    assert( (pSpace - (u8*)p)==n );
+  
+    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+      p->aBest[i].iCol = i;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* Return a pointer to the allocated object to the caller */
+  sqlite3_result_blob(context, p, sizeof(p), stat4Destructor);
 }
-static const FuncDef stat3InitFuncdef = {
-  2,                /* nArg */
-  SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
-  0,                /* flags */
-  0,                /* pUserData */
-  0,                /* pNext */
-  stat3Init,        /* xFunc */
-  0,                /* xStep */
-  0,                /* xFinalize */
-  "stat3_init",     /* zName */
-  0,                /* pHash */
-  0                 /* pDestructor */
+static const FuncDef statInitFuncdef = {
+  2+IsStat34,      /* nArg */
+  SQLITE_UTF8,     /* funcFlags */
+  0,               /* pUserData */
+  0,               /* pNext */
+  statInit,        /* xFunc */
+  0,               /* xStep */
+  0,               /* xFinalize */
+  "stat_init",     /* zName */
+  0,               /* pHash */
+  0                /* pDestructor */
 };
 
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+/*
+** pNew and pOld are both candidate non-periodic samples selected for 
+** the same column (pNew->iCol==pOld->iCol). Ignoring this column and 
+** considering only any trailing columns and the sample hash value, this
+** function returns true if sample pNew is to be preferred over pOld.
+** In other words, if we assume that the cardinalities of the selected
+** column for pNew and pOld are equal, is pNew to be preferred over pOld.
+**
+** This function assumes that for each argument sample, the contents of
+** the anEq[] array from pSample->anEq[pSample->iCol+1] onwards are valid. 
+*/
+static int sampleIsBetterPost(
+  Stat4Accum *pAccum, 
+  Stat4Sample *pNew, 
+  Stat4Sample *pOld
+){
+  int nCol = pAccum->nCol;
+  int i;
+  assert( pNew->iCol==pOld->iCol );
+  for(i=pNew->iCol+1; i<nCol; i++){
+    if( pNew->anEq[i]>pOld->anEq[i] ) return 1;
+    if( pNew->anEq[i]<pOld->anEq[i] ) return 0;
+  }
+  if( pNew->iHash>pOld->iHash ) return 1;
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+/*
+** Return true if pNew is to be preferred over pOld.
+**
+** This function assumes that for each argument sample, the contents of
+** the anEq[] array from pSample->anEq[pSample->iCol] onwards are valid. 
+*/
+static int sampleIsBetter(
+  Stat4Accum *pAccum, 
+  Stat4Sample *pNew, 
+  Stat4Sample *pOld
+){
+  tRowcnt nEqNew = pNew->anEq[pNew->iCol];
+  tRowcnt nEqOld = pOld->anEq[pOld->iCol];
+
+  assert( pOld->isPSample==0 && pNew->isPSample==0 );
+  assert( IsStat4 || (pNew->iCol==0 && pOld->iCol==0) );
+
+  if( (nEqNew>nEqOld) ) return 1;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+  if( nEqNew==nEqOld ){
+    if( pNew->iCol<pOld->iCol ) return 1;
+    return (pNew->iCol==pOld->iCol && sampleIsBetterPost(pAccum, pNew, pOld));
+  }
+  return 0;
+#else
+  return (nEqNew==nEqOld && pNew->iHash>pOld->iHash);
+#endif
+}
 
 /*
-** Implementation of the stat3_push(nEq,nLt,nDLt,rowid,P) SQL function.  The
-** arguments describe a single key instance.  This routine makes the 
-** decision about whether or not to retain this key for the sqlite_stat3
-** table.
-**
-** The return value is NULL.
+** Copy the contents of sample *pNew into the p->a[] array. If necessary,
+** remove the least desirable sample from p->a[] to make room.
 */
-static void stat3Push(
-  sqlite3_context *context,
-  int argc,
-  sqlite3_value **argv
-){
-  Stat3Accum *p = (Stat3Accum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[4]);
-  tRowcnt nEq = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
-  tRowcnt nLt = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[1]);
-  tRowcnt nDLt = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[2]);
-  i64 rowid = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[3]);
-  u8 isPSample = 0;
-  u8 doInsert = 0;
-  int iMin = p->iMin;
-  struct Stat3Sample *pSample;
+static void sampleInsert(Stat4Accum *p, Stat4Sample *pNew, int nEqZero){
+  Stat4Sample *pSample = 0;
   int i;
-  u32 h;
 
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(context);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
-  if( nEq==0 ) return;
-  h = p->iPrn = p->iPrn*1103515245 + 12345;
-  if( (nLt/p->nPSample)!=((nEq+nLt)/p->nPSample) ){
-    doInsert = isPSample = 1;
-  }else if( p->nSample<p->mxSample ){
-    doInsert = 1;
-  }else{
-    if( nEq>p->a[iMin].nEq || (nEq==p->a[iMin].nEq && h>p->a[iMin].iHash) ){
-      doInsert = 1;
-    }
-  }
-  if( !doInsert ) return;
-  if( p->nSample==p->mxSample ){
-    assert( p->nSample - iMin - 1 >= 0 );
-    memmove(&p->a[iMin], &p->a[iMin+1], sizeof(p->a[0])*(p->nSample-iMin-1));
-    pSample = &p->a[p->nSample-1];
-  }else{
-    pSample = &p->a[p->nSample++];
-  }
-  pSample->iRowid = rowid;
-  pSample->nEq = nEq;
-  pSample->nLt = nLt;
-  pSample->nDLt = nDLt;
-  pSample->iHash = h;
-  pSample->isPSample = isPSample;
+  assert( IsStat4 || nEqZero==0 );
 
-  /* Find the new minimum */
-  if( p->nSample==p->mxSample ){
-    pSample = p->a;
-    i = 0;
-    while( pSample->isPSample ){
-      i++;
-      pSample++;
-      assert( i<p->nSample );
-    }
-    nEq = pSample->nEq;
-    h = pSample->iHash;
-    iMin = i;
-    for(i++, pSample++; i<p->nSample; i++, pSample++){
-      if( pSample->isPSample ) continue;
-      if( pSample->nEq<nEq
-       || (pSample->nEq==nEq && pSample->iHash<h)
-      ){
-        iMin = i;
-        nEq = pSample->nEq;
-        h = pSample->iHash;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+  if( pNew->isPSample==0 ){
+    Stat4Sample *pUpgrade = 0;
+    assert( pNew->anEq[pNew->iCol]>0 );
+
+    /* This sample is being added because the prefix that ends in column 
+    ** iCol occurs many times in the table. However, if we have already
+    ** added a sample that shares this prefix, there is no need to add
+    ** this one. Instead, upgrade the priority of the highest priority
+    ** existing sample that shares this prefix.  */
+    for(i=p->nSample-1; i>=0; i--){
+      Stat4Sample *pOld = &p->a[i];
+      if( pOld->anEq[pNew->iCol]==0 ){
+        if( pOld->isPSample ) return;
+        assert( pOld->iCol>pNew->iCol );
+        assert( sampleIsBetter(p, pNew, pOld) );
+        if( pUpgrade==0 || sampleIsBetter(p, pOld, pUpgrade) ){
+          pUpgrade = pOld;
+        }
       }
     }
+    if( pUpgrade ){
+      pUpgrade->iCol = pNew->iCol;
+      pUpgrade->anEq[pUpgrade->iCol] = pNew->anEq[pUpgrade->iCol];
+      goto find_new_min;
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+  /* If necessary, remove sample iMin to make room for the new sample. */
+  if( p->nSample>=p->mxSample ){
+    Stat4Sample *pMin = &p->a[p->iMin];
+    tRowcnt *anEq = pMin->anEq;
+    tRowcnt *anLt = pMin->anLt;
+    tRowcnt *anDLt = pMin->anDLt;
+    sampleClear(p->db, pMin);
+    memmove(pMin, &pMin[1], sizeof(p->a[0])*(p->nSample-p->iMin-1));
+    pSample = &p->a[p->nSample-1];
+    pSample->nRowid = 0;
+    pSample->anEq = anEq;
+    pSample->anDLt = anDLt;
+    pSample->anLt = anLt;
+    p->nSample = p->mxSample-1;
+  }
+
+  /* The "rows less-than" for the rowid column must be greater than that
+  ** for the last sample in the p->a[] array. Otherwise, the samples would
+  ** be out of order. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+  assert( p->nSample==0 
+       || pNew->anLt[p->nCol-1] > p->a[p->nSample-1].anLt[p->nCol-1] );
+#endif
+
+  /* Insert the new sample */
+  pSample = &p->a[p->nSample];
+  sampleCopy(p, pSample, pNew);
+  p->nSample++;
+
+  /* Zero the first nEqZero entries in the anEq[] array. */
+  memset(pSample->anEq, 0, sizeof(tRowcnt)*nEqZero);
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+ find_new_min:
+#endif
+  if( p->nSample>=p->mxSample ){
+    int iMin = -1;
+    for(i=0; i<p->mxSample; i++){
+      if( p->a[i].isPSample ) continue;
+      if( iMin<0 || sampleIsBetter(p, &p->a[iMin], &p->a[i]) ){
+        iMin = i;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( iMin>=0 );
     p->iMin = iMin;
   }
 }
-static const FuncDef stat3PushFuncdef = {
-  5,                /* nArg */
-  SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
-  0,                /* flags */
-  0,                /* pUserData */
-  0,                /* pNext */
-  stat3Push,        /* xFunc */
-  0,                /* xStep */
-  0,                /* xFinalize */
-  "stat3_push",     /* zName */
-  0,                /* pHash */
-  0                 /* pDestructor */
-};
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 
 /*
-** Implementation of the stat3_get(P,N,...) SQL function.  This routine is
-** used to query the results.  Content is returned for the Nth sqlite_stat3
-** row where N is between 0 and S-1 and S is the number of samples.  The
-** value returned depends on the number of arguments.
-**
-**   argc==2    result:  rowid
-**   argc==3    result:  nEq
-**   argc==4    result:  nLt
-**   argc==5    result:  nDLt
+** Field iChng of the index being scanned has changed. So at this point
+** p->current contains a sample that reflects the previous row of the
+** index. The value of anEq[iChng] and subsequent anEq[] elements are
+** correct at this point.
 */
-static void stat3Get(
+static void samplePushPrevious(Stat4Accum *p, int iChng){
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+  int i;
+
+  /* Check if any samples from the aBest[] array should be pushed
+  ** into IndexSample.a[] at this point.  */
+  for(i=(p->nCol-2); i>=iChng; i--){
+    Stat4Sample *pBest = &p->aBest[i];
+    pBest->anEq[i] = p->current.anEq[i];
+    if( p->nSample<p->mxSample || sampleIsBetter(p, pBest, &p->a[p->iMin]) ){
+      sampleInsert(p, pBest, i);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Update the anEq[] fields of any samples already collected. */
+  for(i=p->nSample-1; i>=0; i--){
+    int j;
+    for(j=iChng; j<p->nCol; j++){
+      if( p->a[i].anEq[j]==0 ) p->a[i].anEq[j] = p->current.anEq[j];
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3) && !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4)
+  if( iChng==0 ){
+    tRowcnt nLt = p->current.anLt[0];
+    tRowcnt nEq = p->current.anEq[0];
+
+    /* Check if this is to be a periodic sample. If so, add it. */
+    if( (nLt/p->nPSample)!=(nLt+nEq)/p->nPSample ){
+      p->current.isPSample = 1;
+      sampleInsert(p, &p->current, 0);
+      p->current.isPSample = 0;
+    }else 
+
+    /* Or if it is a non-periodic sample. Add it in this case too. */
+    if( p->nSample<p->mxSample 
+     || sampleIsBetter(p, &p->current, &p->a[p->iMin]) 
+    ){
+      sampleInsert(p, &p->current, 0);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( p );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( iChng );
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the stat_push SQL function:  stat_push(P,C,R)
+** Arguments:
+**
+**    P     Pointer to the Stat4Accum object created by stat_init()
+**    C     Index of left-most column to differ from previous row
+**    R     Rowid for the current row.  Might be a key record for
+**          WITHOUT ROWID tables.
+**
+** This SQL function always returns NULL.  It's purpose it to accumulate
+** statistical data and/or samples in the Stat4Accum object about the
+** index being analyzed.  The stat_get() SQL function will later be used to
+** extract relevant information for constructing the sqlite_statN tables.
+**
+** The R parameter is only used for STAT3 and STAT4
+*/
+static void statPush(
   sqlite3_context *context,
   int argc,
   sqlite3_value **argv
 ){
-  int n = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
-  Stat3Accum *p = (Stat3Accum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
+  int i;
 
-  assert( p!=0 );
-  if( p->nSample<=n ) return;
-  switch( argc ){
-    case 2:  sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->a[n].iRowid); break;
-    case 3:  sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->a[n].nEq);    break;
-    case 4:  sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->a[n].nLt);    break;
-    default: sqlite3_result_int64(context, p->a[n].nDLt);   break;
+  /* The three function arguments */
+  Stat4Accum *p = (Stat4Accum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
+  int iChng = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( argc );
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( context );
+  assert( p->nCol>0 );
+  assert( iChng<p->nCol );
+
+  if( p->nRow==0 ){
+    /* This is the first call to this function. Do initialization. */
+    for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++) p->current.anEq[i] = 1;
+  }else{
+    /* Second and subsequent calls get processed here */
+    samplePushPrevious(p, iChng);
+
+    /* Update anDLt[], anLt[] and anEq[] to reflect the values that apply
+    ** to the current row of the index. */
+    for(i=0; i<iChng; i++){
+      p->current.anEq[i]++;
+    }
+    for(i=iChng; i<p->nCol; i++){
+      p->current.anDLt[i]++;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+      p->current.anLt[i] += p->current.anEq[i];
+#endif
+      p->current.anEq[i] = 1;
+    }
   }
+  p->nRow++;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  if( sqlite3_value_type(argv[2])==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
+    sampleSetRowidInt64(p->db, &p->current, sqlite3_value_int64(argv[2]));
+  }else{
+    sampleSetRowid(p->db, &p->current, sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[2]),
+                                       sqlite3_value_blob(argv[2]));
+  }
+  p->current.iHash = p->iPrn = p->iPrn*1103515245 + 12345;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4
+  {
+    tRowcnt nLt = p->current.anLt[p->nCol-1];
+
+    /* Check if this is to be a periodic sample. If so, add it. */
+    if( (nLt/p->nPSample)!=(nLt+1)/p->nPSample ){
+      p->current.isPSample = 1;
+      p->current.iCol = 0;
+      sampleInsert(p, &p->current, p->nCol-1);
+      p->current.isPSample = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Update the aBest[] array. */
+    for(i=0; i<(p->nCol-1); i++){
+      p->current.iCol = i;
+      if( i>=iChng || sampleIsBetterPost(p, &p->current, &p->aBest[i]) ){
+        sampleCopy(p, &p->aBest[i], &p->current);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif
 }
-static const FuncDef stat3GetFuncdef = {
-  -1,               /* nArg */
-  SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
-  0,                /* flags */
-  0,                /* pUserData */
-  0,                /* pNext */
-  stat3Get,         /* xFunc */
-  0,                /* xStep */
-  0,                /* xFinalize */
-  "stat3_get",     /* zName */
-  0,                /* pHash */
-  0                 /* pDestructor */
+static const FuncDef statPushFuncdef = {
+  2+IsStat34,      /* nArg */
+  SQLITE_UTF8,     /* funcFlags */
+  0,               /* pUserData */
+  0,               /* pNext */
+  statPush,        /* xFunc */
+  0,               /* xStep */
+  0,               /* xFinalize */
+  "stat_push",     /* zName */
+  0,               /* pHash */
+  0                /* pDestructor */
 };
-#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
 
+#define STAT_GET_STAT1 0          /* "stat" column of stat1 table */
+#define STAT_GET_ROWID 1          /* "rowid" column of stat[34] entry */
+#define STAT_GET_NEQ   2          /* "neq" column of stat[34] entry */
+#define STAT_GET_NLT   3          /* "nlt" column of stat[34] entry */
+#define STAT_GET_NDLT  4          /* "ndlt" column of stat[34] entry */
 
+/*
+** Implementation of the stat_get(P,J) SQL function.  This routine is
+** used to query statistical information that has been gathered into
+** the Stat4Accum object by prior calls to stat_push().  The P parameter
+** is a BLOB which is decoded into a pointer to the Stat4Accum objects.
+** The content to returned is determined by the parameter J
+** which is one of the STAT_GET_xxxx values defined above.
+**
+** If neither STAT3 nor STAT4 are enabled, then J is always
+** STAT_GET_STAT1 and is hence omitted and this routine becomes
+** a one-parameter function, stat_get(P), that always returns the
+** stat1 table entry information.
+*/
+static void statGet(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  Stat4Accum *p = (Stat4Accum*)sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  /* STAT3 and STAT4 have a parameter on this routine. */
+  int eCall = sqlite3_value_int(argv[1]);
+  assert( argc==2 );
+  assert( eCall==STAT_GET_STAT1 || eCall==STAT_GET_NEQ 
+       || eCall==STAT_GET_ROWID || eCall==STAT_GET_NLT
+       || eCall==STAT_GET_NDLT 
+  );
+  if( eCall==STAT_GET_STAT1 )
+#else
+  assert( argc==1 );
+#endif
+  {
+    /* Return the value to store in the "stat" column of the sqlite_stat1
+    ** table for this index.
+    **
+    ** The value is a string composed of a list of integers describing 
+    ** the index. The first integer in the list is the total number of 
+    ** entries in the index. There is one additional integer in the list 
+    ** for each indexed column. This additional integer is an estimate of
+    ** the number of rows matched by a stabbing query on the index using
+    ** a key with the corresponding number of fields. In other words,
+    ** if the index is on columns (a,b) and the sqlite_stat1 value is 
+    ** "100 10 2", then SQLite estimates that:
+    **
+    **   * the index contains 100 rows,
+    **   * "WHERE a=?" matches 10 rows, and
+    **   * "WHERE a=? AND b=?" matches 2 rows.
+    **
+    ** If D is the count of distinct values and K is the total number of 
+    ** rows, then each estimate is computed as:
+    **
+    **        I = (K+D-1)/D
+    */
+    char *z;
+    int i;
 
+    char *zRet = sqlite3MallocZero( (p->nKeyCol+1)*25 );
+    if( zRet==0 ){
+      sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_snprintf(24, zRet, "%llu", (u64)p->nRow);
+    z = zRet + sqlite3Strlen30(zRet);
+    for(i=0; i<p->nKeyCol; i++){
+      u64 nDistinct = p->current.anDLt[i] + 1;
+      u64 iVal = (p->nRow + nDistinct - 1) / nDistinct;
+      sqlite3_snprintf(24, z, " %llu", iVal);
+      z += sqlite3Strlen30(z);
+      assert( p->current.anEq[i] );
+    }
+    assert( z[0]=='\0' && z>zRet );
+
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, zRet, -1, sqlite3_free);
+  }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  else if( eCall==STAT_GET_ROWID ){
+    if( p->iGet<0 ){
+      samplePushPrevious(p, 0);
+      p->iGet = 0;
+    }
+    if( p->iGet<p->nSample ){
+      Stat4Sample *pS = p->a + p->iGet;
+      if( pS->nRowid==0 ){
+        sqlite3_result_int64(context, pS->u.iRowid);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_result_blob(context, pS->u.aRowid, pS->nRowid,
+                            SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      }
+    }
+  }else{
+    tRowcnt *aCnt = 0;
+
+    assert( p->iGet<p->nSample );
+    switch( eCall ){
+      case STAT_GET_NEQ:  aCnt = p->a[p->iGet].anEq; break;
+      case STAT_GET_NLT:  aCnt = p->a[p->iGet].anLt; break;
+      default: {
+        aCnt = p->a[p->iGet].anDLt; 
+        p->iGet++;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( IsStat3 ){
+      sqlite3_result_int64(context, (i64)aCnt[0]);
+    }else{
+      char *zRet = sqlite3MallocZero(p->nCol * 25);
+      if( zRet==0 ){
+        sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+      }else{
+        int i;
+        char *z = zRet;
+        for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+          sqlite3_snprintf(24, z, "%llu ", (u64)aCnt[i]);
+          z += sqlite3Strlen30(z);
+        }
+        assert( z[0]=='\0' && z>zRet );
+        z[-1] = '\0';
+        sqlite3_result_text(context, zRet, -1, sqlite3_free);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( argc );
+#endif
+}
+static const FuncDef statGetFuncdef = {
+  1+IsStat34,      /* nArg */
+  SQLITE_UTF8,     /* funcFlags */
+  0,               /* pUserData */
+  0,               /* pNext */
+  statGet,         /* xFunc */
+  0,               /* xStep */
+  0,               /* xFinalize */
+  "stat_get",      /* zName */
+  0,               /* pHash */
+  0                /* pDestructor */
+};
+
+static void callStatGet(Vdbe *v, int regStat4, int iParam, int regOut){
+  assert( regOut!=regStat4 && regOut!=regStat4+1 );
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, iParam, regStat4+1);
+#elif SQLITE_DEBUG
+  assert( iParam==STAT_GET_STAT1 );
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( iParam );
+#endif
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Function, 0, regStat4, regOut);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)&statGetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1 + IsStat34);
+}
 
 /*
 ** Generate code to do an analysis of all indices associated with
@@ -79719,41 +84383,31 @@
   Table *pTab,     /* Table whose indices are to be analyzed */
   Index *pOnlyIdx, /* If not NULL, only analyze this one index */
   int iStatCur,    /* Index of VdbeCursor that writes the sqlite_stat1 table */
-  int iMem         /* Available memory locations begin here */
+  int iMem,        /* Available memory locations begin here */
+  int iTab         /* Next available cursor */
 ){
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;    /* Database handle */
   Index *pIdx;                 /* An index to being analyzed */
   int iIdxCur;                 /* Cursor open on index being analyzed */
+  int iTabCur;                 /* Table cursor */
   Vdbe *v;                     /* The virtual machine being built up */
   int i;                       /* Loop counter */
-  int topOfLoop;               /* The top of the loop */
-  int endOfLoop;               /* The end of the loop */
   int jZeroRows = -1;          /* Jump from here if number of rows is zero */
   int iDb;                     /* Index of database containing pTab */
+  u8 needTableCnt = 1;         /* True to count the table */
+  int regNewRowid = iMem++;    /* Rowid for the inserted record */
+  int regStat4 = iMem++;       /* Register to hold Stat4Accum object */
+  int regChng = iMem++;        /* Index of changed index field */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  int regRowid = iMem++;       /* Rowid argument passed to stat_push() */
+#endif
+  int regTemp = iMem++;        /* Temporary use register */
   int regTabname = iMem++;     /* Register containing table name */
   int regIdxname = iMem++;     /* Register containing index name */
-  int regStat1 = iMem++;       /* The stat column of sqlite_stat1 */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-  int regNumEq = regStat1;     /* Number of instances.  Same as regStat1 */
-  int regNumLt = iMem++;       /* Number of keys less than regSample */
-  int regNumDLt = iMem++;      /* Number of distinct keys less than regSample */
-  int regSample = iMem++;      /* The next sample value */
-  int regRowid = regSample;    /* Rowid of a sample */
-  int regAccum = iMem++;       /* Register to hold Stat3Accum object */
-  int regLoop = iMem++;        /* Loop counter */
-  int regCount = iMem++;       /* Number of rows in the table or index */
-  int regTemp1 = iMem++;       /* Intermediate register */
-  int regTemp2 = iMem++;       /* Intermediate register */
-  int once = 1;                /* One-time initialization */
-  int shortJump = 0;           /* Instruction address */
-  int iTabCur = pParse->nTab++; /* Table cursor */
-#endif
-  int regCol = iMem++;         /* Content of a column in analyzed table */
-  int regRec = iMem++;         /* Register holding completed record */
-  int regTemp = iMem++;        /* Temporary use register */
-  int regNewRowid = iMem++;    /* Rowid for the inserted record */
+  int regStat1 = iMem++;       /* Value for the stat column of sqlite_stat1 */
+  int regPrev = iMem;          /* MUST BE LAST (see below) */
 
-
+  pParse->nMem = MAX(pParse->nMem, iMem);
   v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   if( v==0 || NEVER(pTab==0) ){
     return;
@@ -79762,7 +84416,7 @@
     /* Do not gather statistics on views or virtual tables */
     return;
   }
-  if( memcmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 ){
+  if( sqlite3_strnicmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 ){
     /* Do not gather statistics on system tables */
     return;
   }
@@ -79777,215 +84431,271 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-  /* Establish a read-lock on the table at the shared-cache level. */
+  /* Establish a read-lock on the table at the shared-cache level. 
+  ** Open a read-only cursor on the table. Also allocate a cursor number
+  ** to use for scanning indexes (iIdxCur). No index cursor is opened at
+  ** this time though.  */
   sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
-
-  iIdxCur = pParse->nTab++;
+  iTabCur = iTab++;
+  iIdxCur = iTab++;
+  pParse->nTab = MAX(pParse->nTab, iTab);
+  sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTabCur, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regTabname, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
+
   for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-    int nCol;
-    KeyInfo *pKey;
-    int addrIfNot = 0;           /* address of OP_IfNot */
-    int *aChngAddr;              /* Array of jump instruction addresses */
+    int nCol;                     /* Number of columns in pIdx. "N" */
+    int addrRewind;               /* Address of "OP_Rewind iIdxCur" */
+    int addrNextRow;              /* Address of "next_row:" */
+    const char *zIdxName;         /* Name of the index */
+    int nColTest;                 /* Number of columns to test for changes */
 
     if( pOnlyIdx && pOnlyIdx!=pIdx ) continue;
-    VdbeNoopComment((v, "Begin analysis of %s", pIdx->zName));
-    nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
-    aChngAddr = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*nCol);
-    if( aChngAddr==0 ) continue;
-    pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
-    if( iMem+1+(nCol*2)>pParse->nMem ){
-      pParse->nMem = iMem+1+(nCol*2);
+    if( pIdx->pPartIdxWhere==0 ) needTableCnt = 0;
+    if( !HasRowid(pTab) && IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ){
+      nCol = pIdx->nKeyCol;
+      zIdxName = pTab->zName;
+      nColTest = nCol - 1;
+    }else{
+      nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
+      zIdxName = pIdx->zName;
+      nColTest = pIdx->uniqNotNull ? pIdx->nKeyCol-1 : nCol-1;
     }
 
-    /* Open a cursor to the index to be analyzed. */
-    assert( iDb==sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pIdx->pSchema) );
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdxCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
-        (char *)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
-    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
-
     /* Populate the register containing the index name. */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regIdxname, 0, pIdx->zName, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regIdxname, 0, zIdxName, 0);
+    VdbeComment((v, "Analysis for %s.%s", pTab->zName, zIdxName));
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-    if( once ){
-      once = 0;
-      sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTabCur, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
-    }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regCount);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, SQLITE_STAT3_SAMPLES, regTemp1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regNumEq);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regNumLt);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, regNumDLt);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, regSample, regAccum);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regCount, regAccum,
-                      (char*)&stat3InitFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 2);
-#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
-
-    /* The block of memory cells initialized here is used as follows.
+    /*
+    ** Pseudo-code for loop that calls stat_push():
     **
-    **    iMem:                
-    **        The total number of rows in the table.
+    **   Rewind csr
+    **   if eof(csr) goto end_of_scan;
+    **   regChng = 0
+    **   goto chng_addr_0;
     **
-    **    iMem+1 .. iMem+nCol: 
-    **        Number of distinct entries in index considering the 
-    **        left-most N columns only, where N is between 1 and nCol, 
-    **        inclusive.
+    **  next_row:
+    **   regChng = 0
+    **   if( idx(0) != regPrev(0) ) goto chng_addr_0
+    **   regChng = 1
+    **   if( idx(1) != regPrev(1) ) goto chng_addr_1
+    **   ...
+    **   regChng = N
+    **   goto chng_addr_N
     **
-    **    iMem+nCol+1 .. Mem+2*nCol:  
-    **        Previous value of indexed columns, from left to right.
+    **  chng_addr_0:
+    **   regPrev(0) = idx(0)
+    **  chng_addr_1:
+    **   regPrev(1) = idx(1)
+    **  ...
     **
-    ** Cells iMem through iMem+nCol are initialized to 0. The others are 
-    ** initialized to contain an SQL NULL.
+    **  endDistinctTest:
+    **   regRowid = idx(rowid)
+    **   stat_push(P, regChng, regRowid)
+    **   Next csr
+    **   if !eof(csr) goto next_row;
+    **
+    **  end_of_scan:
     */
-    for(i=0; i<=nCol; i++){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iMem+i);
-    }
-    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iMem+nCol+i+1);
-    }
 
-    /* Start the analysis loop. This loop runs through all the entries in
-    ** the index b-tree.  */
-    endOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iIdxCur, endOfLoop);
-    topOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, iMem, 1);  /* Increment row counter */
+    /* Make sure there are enough memory cells allocated to accommodate 
+    ** the regPrev array and a trailing rowid (the rowid slot is required
+    ** when building a record to insert into the sample column of 
+    ** the sqlite_stat4 table.  */
+    pParse->nMem = MAX(pParse->nMem, regPrev+nColTest);
 
-    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-      CollSeq *pColl;
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, regCol);
-      if( i==0 ){
-        /* Always record the very first row */
-        addrIfNot = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, iMem+1);
-      }
-      assert( pIdx->azColl!=0 );
-      assert( pIdx->azColl[i]!=0 );
-      pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pIdx->azColl[i]);
-      aChngAddr[i] = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Ne, regCol, 0, iMem+nCol+i+1,
-                                      (char*)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
-      VdbeComment((v, "jump if column %d changed", i));
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-      if( i==0 ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regNumEq, 1);
-        VdbeComment((v, "incr repeat count"));
-      }
+    /* Open a read-only cursor on the index being analyzed. */
+    assert( iDb==sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pIdx->pSchema) );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdxCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
+
+    /* Invoke the stat_init() function. The arguments are:
+    ** 
+    **    (1) the number of columns in the index including the rowid
+    **        (or for a WITHOUT ROWID table, the number of PK columns),
+    **    (2) the number of columns in the key without the rowid/pk
+    **    (3) the number of rows in the index,
+    **
+    **
+    ** The third argument is only used for STAT3 and STAT4
+    */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regStat4+3);
 #endif
-    }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, endOfLoop);
-    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, aChngAddr[i]);  /* Set jump dest for the OP_Ne */
-      if( i==0 ){
-        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrIfNot);   /* Jump dest for OP_IfNot */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regNumEq, regTemp2,
-                          (char*)&stat3PushFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 5);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, pIdx->nColumn, regRowid);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Add, regNumEq, regNumLt, regNumLt);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regNumDLt, 1);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regNumEq);
-#endif        
-      }
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, iMem+i+1, 1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, iMem+nCol+i+1);
-    }
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, aChngAddr);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, nCol, regStat4+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pIdx->nKeyCol, regStat4+2);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Function, 0, regStat4+1, regStat4);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)&statInitFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 2+IsStat34);
 
-    /* Always jump here after updating the iMem+1...iMem+1+nCol counters */
-    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endOfLoop);
-
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iIdxCur, topOfLoop);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iIdxCur);
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regNumEq, regTemp2,
-                      (char*)&stat3PushFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 5);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, regLoop);
-    shortJump = 
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regLoop, 1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regAccum, regTemp1,
-                      (char*)&stat3GetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 2);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, regTemp1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iTabCur, shortJump, regTemp1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTabCur, pIdx->aiColumn[0], regSample);
-    sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, pIdx->aiColumn[0], regSample);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regAccum, regNumEq,
-                      (char*)&stat3GetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 3);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regAccum, regNumLt,
-                      (char*)&stat3GetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 4);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Function, 1, regAccum, regNumDLt,
-                      (char*)&stat3GetFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 5);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 6, regRec, "bbbbbb", 0);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur+1, regNewRowid);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur+1, regRec, regNewRowid);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, shortJump);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, shortJump+2);
-#endif        
-
-    /* Store the results in sqlite_stat1.
+    /* Implementation of the following:
     **
-    ** The result is a single row of the sqlite_stat1 table.  The first
-    ** two columns are the names of the table and index.  The third column
-    ** is a string composed of a list of integer statistics about the
-    ** index.  The first integer in the list is the total number of entries
-    ** in the index.  There is one additional integer in the list for each
-    ** column of the table.  This additional integer is a guess of how many
-    ** rows of the table the index will select.  If D is the count of distinct
-    ** values and K is the total number of rows, then the integer is computed
-    ** as:
+    **   Rewind csr
+    **   if eof(csr) goto end_of_scan;
+    **   regChng = 0
+    **   goto next_push_0;
     **
-    **        I = (K+D-1)/D
-    **
-    ** If K==0 then no entry is made into the sqlite_stat1 table.  
-    ** If K>0 then it is always the case the D>0 so division by zero
-    ** is never possible.
     */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, iMem, regStat1);
-    if( jZeroRows<0 ){
-      jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, iMem);
+    addrRewind = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, iIdxCur);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regChng);
+    addrNextRow = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+
+    if( nColTest>0 ){
+      int endDistinctTest = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      int *aGotoChng;               /* Array of jump instruction addresses */
+      aGotoChng = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*nColTest);
+      if( aGotoChng==0 ) continue;
+
+      /*
+      **  next_row:
+      **   regChng = 0
+      **   if( idx(0) != regPrev(0) ) goto chng_addr_0
+      **   regChng = 1
+      **   if( idx(1) != regPrev(1) ) goto chng_addr_1
+      **   ...
+      **   regChng = N
+      **   goto endDistinctTest
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+      addrNextRow = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+      if( nColTest==1 && pIdx->nKeyCol==1 && IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) ){
+        /* For a single-column UNIQUE index, once we have found a non-NULL
+        ** row, we know that all the rest will be distinct, so skip 
+        ** subsequent distinctness tests. */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NotNull, regPrev, endDistinctTest);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }
+      for(i=0; i<nColTest; i++){
+        char *pColl = (char*)sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pIdx->azColl[i]);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, regChng);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, regTemp);
+        aGotoChng[i] = 
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Ne, regTemp, 0, regPrev+i, pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, nColTest, regChng);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, endDistinctTest);
+  
+  
+      /*
+      **  chng_addr_0:
+      **   regPrev(0) = idx(0)
+      **  chng_addr_1:
+      **   regPrev(1) = idx(1)
+      **  ...
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrNextRow-1);
+      for(i=0; i<nColTest; i++){
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, aGotoChng[i]);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, i, regPrev+i);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endDistinctTest);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, aGotoChng);
     }
-    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regTemp, 0, " ", 0);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, regTemp, regStat1, regStat1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Add, iMem, iMem+i+1, regTemp);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, regTemp, -1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Divide, iMem+i+1, regTemp, regTemp);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_ToInt, regTemp);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, regTemp, regStat1, regStat1);
+  
+    /*
+    **  chng_addr_N:
+    **   regRowid = idx(rowid)            // STAT34 only
+    **   stat_push(P, regChng, regRowid)  // 3rd parameter STAT34 only
+    **   Next csr
+    **   if !eof(csr) goto next_row;
+    */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    assert( regRowid==(regStat4+2) );
+    if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxRowid, iIdxCur, regRowid);
+    }else{
+      Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx->pTable);
+      int j, k, regKey;
+      regKey = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pPk->nKeyCol);
+      for(j=0; j<pPk->nKeyCol; j++){
+        k = sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(pIdx, pPk->aiColumn[j]);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, k, regKey+j);
+        VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->aCol[pPk->aiColumn[j]].zName));
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regKey, pPk->nKeyCol, regRowid);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regKey, pPk->nKeyCol);
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regRec, "aaa", 0);
+#endif
+    assert( regChng==(regStat4+1) );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Function, 1, regStat4, regTemp);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)&statPushFuncdef, P4_FUNCDEF);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 2+IsStat34);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iIdxCur, addrNextRow); VdbeCoverage(v);
+
+    /* Add the entry to the stat1 table. */
+    callStatGet(v, regStat4, STAT_GET_STAT1, regStat1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regTemp, "aaa", 0);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regNewRowid);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regRec, regNewRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regTemp, regNewRowid);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
+
+    /* Add the entries to the stat3 or stat4 table. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    {
+      int regEq = regStat1;
+      int regLt = regStat1+1;
+      int regDLt = regStat1+2;
+      int regSample = regStat1+3;
+      int regCol = regStat1+4;
+      int regSampleRowid = regCol + nCol;
+      int addrNext;
+      int addrIsNull;
+      u8 seekOp = HasRowid(pTab) ? OP_NotExists : OP_NotFound;
+
+      pParse->nMem = MAX(pParse->nMem, regCol+nCol);
+
+      addrNext = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+      callStatGet(v, regStat4, STAT_GET_ROWID, regSampleRowid);
+      addrIsNull = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, regSampleRowid);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+      callStatGet(v, regStat4, STAT_GET_NEQ, regEq);
+      callStatGet(v, regStat4, STAT_GET_NLT, regLt);
+      callStatGet(v, regStat4, STAT_GET_NDLT, regDLt);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, seekOp, iTabCur, addrNext, regSampleRowid, 0);
+      /* We know that the regSampleRowid row exists because it was read by
+      ** the previous loop.  Thus the not-found jump of seekOp will never
+      ** be taken */
+      VdbeCoverageNeverTaken(v);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+      sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iTabCur, 
+                                      pIdx->aiColumn[0], regSample);
+#else
+      for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+        i16 iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iTabCur, iCol, regCol+i);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regCol, nCol, regSample);
+#endif
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 6, regTemp);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur+1, regNewRowid);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur+1, regTemp, regNewRowid);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 1, addrNext); /* P1==1 for end-of-loop */
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrIsNull);
+    }
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
+
+    /* End of analysis */
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrRewind);
   }
 
-  /* If the table has no indices, create a single sqlite_stat1 entry
-  ** containing NULL as the index name and the row count as the content.
+
+  /* Create a single sqlite_stat1 entry containing NULL as the index
+  ** name and the row count as the content.
   */
-  if( pTab->pIndex==0 ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdxCur, pTab->tnum, iDb);
+  if( pOnlyIdx==0 && needTableCnt ){
     VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur, regStat1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iIdxCur);
-    jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regStat1);
-  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iTabCur, regStat1);
+    jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regStat1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regIdxname);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regTemp, "aaa", 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regNewRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regTemp, regNewRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jZeroRows);
-    jZeroRows = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regIdxname);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTabname, 3, regRec, "aaa", 0);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iStatCur, regNewRowid);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iStatCur, regRec, regNewRowid);
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
-  if( pParse->nMem<regRec ) pParse->nMem = regRec;
-  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jZeroRows);
 }
 
 
@@ -80009,16 +84719,18 @@
   HashElem *k;
   int iStatCur;
   int iMem;
+  int iTab;
 
   sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
   iStatCur = pParse->nTab;
   pParse->nTab += 3;
   openStatTable(pParse, iDb, iStatCur, 0, 0);
   iMem = pParse->nMem+1;
+  iTab = pParse->nTab;
   assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
   for(k=sqliteHashFirst(&pSchema->tblHash); k; k=sqliteHashNext(k)){
     Table *pTab = (Table*)sqliteHashData(k);
-    analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, 0, iStatCur, iMem);
+    analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, 0, iStatCur, iMem, iTab);
   }
   loadAnalysis(pParse, iDb);
 }
@@ -80043,7 +84755,7 @@
   }else{
     openStatTable(pParse, iDb, iStatCur, pTab->zName, "tbl");
   }
-  analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, pOnlyIdx, iStatCur, pParse->nMem+1);
+  analyzeOneTable(pParse, pTab, pOnlyIdx, iStatCur,pParse->nMem+1,pParse->nTab);
   loadAnalysis(pParse, iDb);
 }
 
@@ -80067,6 +84779,7 @@
   Table *pTab;
   Index *pIdx;
   Token *pTableName;
+  Vdbe *v;
 
   /* Read the database schema. If an error occurs, leave an error message
   ** and code in pParse and return NULL. */
@@ -80114,6 +84827,8 @@
       }
     }   
   }
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  if( v ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Expire);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -80127,6 +84842,68 @@
 };
 
 /*
+** The first argument points to a nul-terminated string containing a
+** list of space separated integers. Read the first nOut of these into
+** the array aOut[].
+*/
+static void decodeIntArray(
+  char *zIntArray,       /* String containing int array to decode */
+  int nOut,              /* Number of slots in aOut[] */
+  tRowcnt *aOut,         /* Store integers here */
+  LogEst *aLog,          /* Or, if aOut==0, here */
+  Index *pIndex          /* Handle extra flags for this index, if not NULL */
+){
+  char *z = zIntArray;
+  int c;
+  int i;
+  tRowcnt v;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  if( z==0 ) z = "";
+#else
+  if( NEVER(z==0) ) z = "";
+#endif
+  for(i=0; *z && i<nOut; i++){
+    v = 0;
+    while( (c=z[0])>='0' && c<='9' ){
+      v = v*10 + c - '0';
+      z++;
+    }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    if( aOut ){
+      aOut[i] = v;
+    }else
+#else
+    assert( aOut==0 );
+    UNUSED_PARAMETER(aOut);
+#endif
+    {
+      aLog[i] = sqlite3LogEst(v);
+    }
+    if( *z==' ' ) z++;
+  }
+#ifndef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  assert( pIndex!=0 );
+#else
+  if( pIndex )
+#endif
+  while( z[0] ){
+    if( sqlite3_strglob("unordered*", z)==0 ){
+      pIndex->bUnordered = 1;
+    }else if( sqlite3_strglob("sz=[0-9]*", z)==0 ){
+      pIndex->szIdxRow = sqlite3LogEst(sqlite3Atoi(z+3));
+    }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COSTMULT
+    else if( sqlite3_strglob("costmult=[0-9]*",z)==0 ){
+      pIndex->pTable->costMult = sqlite3LogEst(sqlite3Atoi(z+9));
+    }
+#endif
+    while( z[0]!=0 && z[0]!=' ' ) z++;
+    while( z[0]==' ' ) z++;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** This callback is invoked once for each index when reading the
 ** sqlite_stat1 table.  
 **
@@ -80141,8 +84918,6 @@
   analysisInfo *pInfo = (analysisInfo*)pData;
   Index *pIndex;
   Table *pTable;
-  int i, c, n;
-  tRowcnt v;
   const char *z;
 
   assert( argc==3 );
@@ -80155,28 +84930,29 @@
   if( pTable==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
-  if( argv[1] ){
-    pIndex = sqlite3FindIndex(pInfo->db, argv[1], pInfo->zDatabase);
-  }else{
+  if( argv[1]==0 ){
     pIndex = 0;
+  }else if( sqlite3_stricmp(argv[0],argv[1])==0 ){
+    pIndex = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTable);
+  }else{
+    pIndex = sqlite3FindIndex(pInfo->db, argv[1], pInfo->zDatabase);
   }
-  n = pIndex ? pIndex->nColumn : 0;
   z = argv[2];
-  for(i=0; *z && i<=n; i++){
-    v = 0;
-    while( (c=z[0])>='0' && c<='9' ){
-      v = v*10 + c - '0';
-      z++;
-    }
-    if( i==0 ) pTable->nRowEst = v;
-    if( pIndex==0 ) break;
-    pIndex->aiRowEst[i] = v;
-    if( *z==' ' ) z++;
-    if( memcmp(z, "unordered", 10)==0 ){
-      pIndex->bUnordered = 1;
-      break;
-    }
+
+  if( pIndex ){
+    pIndex->bUnordered = 0;
+    decodeIntArray((char*)z, pIndex->nKeyCol+1, 0, pIndex->aiRowLogEst, pIndex);
+    if( pIndex->pPartIdxWhere==0 ) pTable->nRowLogEst = pIndex->aiRowLogEst[0];
+  }else{
+    Index fakeIdx;
+    fakeIdx.szIdxRow = pTable->szTabRow;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COSTMULT
+    fakeIdx.pTable = pTable;
+#endif
+    decodeIntArray((char*)z, 1, 0, &pTable->nRowLogEst, &fakeIdx);
+    pTable->szTabRow = fakeIdx.szIdxRow;
   }
+
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -80185,14 +84961,12 @@
 ** and its contents.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(sqlite3 *db, Index *pIdx){
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
   if( pIdx->aSample ){
     int j;
     for(j=0; j<pIdx->nSample; j++){
       IndexSample *p = &pIdx->aSample[j];
-      if( p->eType==SQLITE_TEXT || p->eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
-        sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.z);
-      }
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->p);
     }
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdx->aSample);
   }
@@ -80203,31 +84977,100 @@
 #else
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(db);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pIdx);
-#endif
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 }
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
 /*
-** Load content from the sqlite_stat3 table into the Index.aSample[]
-** arrays of all indices.
+** Populate the pIdx->aAvgEq[] array based on the samples currently
+** stored in pIdx->aSample[]. 
 */
-static int loadStat3(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb){
+static void initAvgEq(Index *pIdx){
+  if( pIdx ){
+    IndexSample *aSample = pIdx->aSample;
+    IndexSample *pFinal = &aSample[pIdx->nSample-1];
+    int iCol;
+    int nCol = 1;
+    if( pIdx->nSampleCol>1 ){
+      /* If this is stat4 data, then calculate aAvgEq[] values for all
+      ** sample columns except the last. The last is always set to 1, as
+      ** once the trailing PK fields are considered all index keys are
+      ** unique.  */
+      nCol = pIdx->nSampleCol-1;
+      pIdx->aAvgEq[nCol] = 1;
+    }
+    for(iCol=0; iCol<nCol; iCol++){
+      int i;                    /* Used to iterate through samples */
+      tRowcnt sumEq = 0;        /* Sum of the nEq values */
+      tRowcnt nSum = 0;         /* Number of terms contributing to sumEq */
+      tRowcnt avgEq = 0;
+      tRowcnt nDLt = pFinal->anDLt[iCol];
+
+      /* Set nSum to the number of distinct (iCol+1) field prefixes that
+      ** occur in the stat4 table for this index before pFinal. Set
+      ** sumEq to the sum of the nEq values for column iCol for the same
+      ** set (adding the value only once where there exist dupicate 
+      ** prefixes).  */
+      for(i=0; i<(pIdx->nSample-1); i++){
+        if( aSample[i].anDLt[iCol]!=aSample[i+1].anDLt[iCol] ){
+          sumEq += aSample[i].anEq[iCol];
+          nSum++;
+        }
+      }
+      if( nDLt>nSum ){
+        avgEq = (pFinal->anLt[iCol] - sumEq)/(nDLt - nSum);
+      }
+      if( avgEq==0 ) avgEq = 1;
+      pIdx->aAvgEq[iCol] = avgEq;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Look up an index by name.  Or, if the name of a WITHOUT ROWID table
+** is supplied instead, find the PRIMARY KEY index for that table.
+*/
+static Index *findIndexOrPrimaryKey(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zName,
+  const char *zDb
+){
+  Index *pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, zName, zDb);
+  if( pIdx==0 ){
+    Table *pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zName, zDb);
+    if( pTab && !HasRowid(pTab) ) pIdx = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+  }
+  return pIdx;
+}
+
+/*
+** Load the content from either the sqlite_stat4 or sqlite_stat3 table 
+** into the relevant Index.aSample[] arrays.
+**
+** Arguments zSql1 and zSql2 must point to SQL statements that return
+** data equivalent to the following (statements are different for stat3,
+** see the caller of this function for details):
+**
+**    zSql1: SELECT idx,count(*) FROM %Q.sqlite_stat4 GROUP BY idx
+**    zSql2: SELECT idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sample FROM %Q.sqlite_stat4
+**
+** where %Q is replaced with the database name before the SQL is executed.
+*/
+static int loadStatTbl(
+  sqlite3 *db,                  /* Database handle */
+  int bStat3,                   /* Assume single column records only */
+  const char *zSql1,            /* SQL statement 1 (see above) */
+  const char *zSql2,            /* SQL statement 2 (see above) */
+  const char *zDb               /* Database name (e.g. "main") */
+){
   int rc;                       /* Result codes from subroutines */
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;      /* An SQL statement being run */
   char *zSql;                   /* Text of the SQL statement */
   Index *pPrevIdx = 0;          /* Previous index in the loop */
-  int idx = 0;                  /* slot in pIdx->aSample[] for next sample */
-  int eType;                    /* Datatype of a sample */
   IndexSample *pSample;         /* A slot in pIdx->aSample[] */
 
   assert( db->lookaside.bEnabled==0 );
-  if( !sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat3", zDb) ){
-    return SQLITE_OK;
-  }
-
-  zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
-      "SELECT idx,count(*) FROM %Q.sqlite_stat3"
-      " GROUP BY idx", zDb);
+  zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, zSql1, zDb);
   if( !zSql ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
@@ -80236,30 +85079,54 @@
   if( rc ) return rc;
 
   while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+    int nIdxCol = 1;              /* Number of columns in stat4 records */
+
     char *zIndex;   /* Index name */
     Index *pIdx;    /* Pointer to the index object */
     int nSample;    /* Number of samples */
+    int nByte;      /* Bytes of space required */
+    int i;          /* Bytes of space required */
+    tRowcnt *pSpace;
 
     zIndex = (char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
     if( zIndex==0 ) continue;
     nSample = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 1);
-    pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, zIndex, zDb);
-    if( pIdx==0 ) continue;
-    assert( pIdx->nSample==0 );
-    pIdx->nSample = nSample;
-    pIdx->aSample = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nSample*sizeof(IndexSample));
-    pIdx->avgEq = pIdx->aiRowEst[1];
+    pIdx = findIndexOrPrimaryKey(db, zIndex, zDb);
+    assert( pIdx==0 || bStat3 || pIdx->nSample==0 );
+    /* Index.nSample is non-zero at this point if data has already been
+    ** loaded from the stat4 table. In this case ignore stat3 data.  */
+    if( pIdx==0 || pIdx->nSample ) continue;
+    if( bStat3==0 ){
+      assert( !HasRowid(pIdx->pTable) || pIdx->nColumn==pIdx->nKeyCol+1 );
+      if( !HasRowid(pIdx->pTable) && IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ){
+        nIdxCol = pIdx->nKeyCol;
+      }else{
+        nIdxCol = pIdx->nColumn;
+      }
+    }
+    pIdx->nSampleCol = nIdxCol;
+    nByte = sizeof(IndexSample) * nSample;
+    nByte += sizeof(tRowcnt) * nIdxCol * 3 * nSample;
+    nByte += nIdxCol * sizeof(tRowcnt);     /* Space for Index.aAvgEq[] */
+
+    pIdx->aSample = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
     if( pIdx->aSample==0 ){
-      db->mallocFailed = 1;
       sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
       return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
+    pSpace = (tRowcnt*)&pIdx->aSample[nSample];
+    pIdx->aAvgEq = pSpace; pSpace += nIdxCol;
+    for(i=0; i<nSample; i++){
+      pIdx->aSample[i].anEq = pSpace; pSpace += nIdxCol;
+      pIdx->aSample[i].anLt = pSpace; pSpace += nIdxCol;
+      pIdx->aSample[i].anDLt = pSpace; pSpace += nIdxCol;
+    }
+    assert( ((u8*)pSpace)-nByte==(u8*)(pIdx->aSample) );
   }
   rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
   if( rc ) return rc;
 
-  zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
-      "SELECT idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sample FROM %Q.sqlite_stat3", zDb);
+  zSql = sqlite3MPrintf(db, zSql2, zDb);
   if( !zSql ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
@@ -80268,86 +85135,88 @@
   if( rc ) return rc;
 
   while( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
-    char *zIndex;   /* Index name */
-    Index *pIdx;    /* Pointer to the index object */
-    int i;          /* Loop counter */
-    tRowcnt sumEq;  /* Sum of the nEq values */
+    char *zIndex;                 /* Index name */
+    Index *pIdx;                  /* Pointer to the index object */
+    int nCol = 1;                 /* Number of columns in index */
 
     zIndex = (char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 0);
     if( zIndex==0 ) continue;
-    pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, zIndex, zDb);
+    pIdx = findIndexOrPrimaryKey(db, zIndex, zDb);
     if( pIdx==0 ) continue;
-    if( pIdx==pPrevIdx ){
-      idx++;
-    }else{
+    /* This next condition is true if data has already been loaded from 
+    ** the sqlite_stat4 table. In this case ignore stat3 data.  */
+    nCol = pIdx->nSampleCol;
+    if( bStat3 && nCol>1 ) continue;
+    if( pIdx!=pPrevIdx ){
+      initAvgEq(pPrevIdx);
       pPrevIdx = pIdx;
-      idx = 0;
     }
-    assert( idx<pIdx->nSample );
-    pSample = &pIdx->aSample[idx];
-    pSample->nEq = (tRowcnt)sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 1);
-    pSample->nLt = (tRowcnt)sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 2);
-    pSample->nDLt = (tRowcnt)sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 3);
-    if( idx==pIdx->nSample-1 ){
-      if( pSample->nDLt>0 ){
-        for(i=0, sumEq=0; i<=idx-1; i++) sumEq += pIdx->aSample[i].nEq;
-        pIdx->avgEq = (pSample->nLt - sumEq)/pSample->nDLt;
-      }
-      if( pIdx->avgEq<=0 ) pIdx->avgEq = 1;
+    pSample = &pIdx->aSample[pIdx->nSample];
+    decodeIntArray((char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,1),nCol,pSample->anEq,0,0);
+    decodeIntArray((char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,2),nCol,pSample->anLt,0,0);
+    decodeIntArray((char*)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt,3),nCol,pSample->anDLt,0,0);
+
+    /* Take a copy of the sample. Add two 0x00 bytes the end of the buffer.
+    ** This is in case the sample record is corrupted. In that case, the
+    ** sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare() may read up to two varints past the
+    ** end of the allocated buffer before it realizes it is dealing with
+    ** a corrupt record. Adding the two 0x00 bytes prevents this from causing
+    ** a buffer overread.  */
+    pSample->n = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 4);
+    pSample->p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, pSample->n + 2);
+    if( pSample->p==0 ){
+      sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
-    eType = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 4);
-    pSample->eType = (u8)eType;
-    switch( eType ){
-      case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
-        pSample->u.i = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 4);
-        break;
-      }
-      case SQLITE_FLOAT: {
-        pSample->u.r = sqlite3_column_double(pStmt, 4);
-        break;
-      }
-      case SQLITE_NULL: {
-        break;
-      }
-      default: assert( eType==SQLITE_TEXT || eType==SQLITE_BLOB ); {
-        const char *z = (const char *)(
-              (eType==SQLITE_BLOB) ?
-              sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 4):
-              sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, 4)
-           );
-        int n = z ? sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 4) : 0;
-        pSample->nByte = n;
-        if( n < 1){
-          pSample->u.z = 0;
-        }else{
-          pSample->u.z = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, n);
-          if( pSample->u.z==0 ){
-            db->mallocFailed = 1;
-            sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
-            return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-          }
-          memcpy(pSample->u.z, z, n);
-        }
-      }
-    }
+    memcpy(pSample->p, sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 4), pSample->n);
+    pIdx->nSample++;
   }
-  return sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+  rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) initAvgEq(pPrevIdx);
+  return rc;
 }
-#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
 
 /*
-** Load the content of the sqlite_stat1 and sqlite_stat3 tables. The
+** Load content from the sqlite_stat4 and sqlite_stat3 tables into 
+** the Index.aSample[] arrays of all indices.
+*/
+static int loadStat4(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDb){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Result codes from subroutines */
+
+  assert( db->lookaside.bEnabled==0 );
+  if( sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat4", zDb) ){
+    rc = loadStatTbl(db, 0,
+      "SELECT idx,count(*) FROM %Q.sqlite_stat4 GROUP BY idx", 
+      "SELECT idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sample FROM %Q.sqlite_stat4",
+      zDb
+    );
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3FindTable(db, "sqlite_stat3", zDb) ){
+    rc = loadStatTbl(db, 1,
+      "SELECT idx,count(*) FROM %Q.sqlite_stat3 GROUP BY idx", 
+      "SELECT idx,neq,nlt,ndlt,sqlite_record(sample) FROM %Q.sqlite_stat3",
+      zDb
+    );
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
+
+/*
+** Load the content of the sqlite_stat1 and sqlite_stat3/4 tables. The
 ** contents of sqlite_stat1 are used to populate the Index.aiRowEst[]
-** arrays. The contents of sqlite_stat3 are used to populate the
+** arrays. The contents of sqlite_stat3/4 are used to populate the
 ** Index.aSample[] arrays.
 **
 ** If the sqlite_stat1 table is not present in the database, SQLITE_ERROR
-** is returned. In this case, even if SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 was defined 
-** during compilation and the sqlite_stat3 table is present, no data is 
+** is returned. In this case, even if SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3/4 was defined 
+** during compilation and the sqlite_stat3/4 table is present, no data is 
 ** read from it.
 **
-** If SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 was defined during compilation and the 
-** sqlite_stat3 table is not present in the database, SQLITE_ERROR is
+** If SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3/4 was defined during compilation and the 
+** sqlite_stat4 table is not present in the database, SQLITE_ERROR is
 ** returned. However, in this case, data is read from the sqlite_stat1
 ** table (if it is present) before returning.
 **
@@ -80369,7 +85238,7 @@
   for(i=sqliteHashFirst(&db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->idxHash);i;i=sqliteHashNext(i)){
     Index *pIdx = sqliteHashData(i);
     sqlite3DefaultRowEst(pIdx);
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
     sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(db, pIdx);
     pIdx->aSample = 0;
 #endif
@@ -80393,12 +85262,12 @@
   }
 
 
-  /* Load the statistics from the sqlite_stat3 table. */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+  /* Load the statistics from the sqlite_stat4 table. */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     int lookasideEnabled = db->lookaside.bEnabled;
     db->lookaside.bEnabled = 0;
-    rc = loadStat3(db, sInfo.zDatabase);
+    rc = loadStat4(db, sInfo.zDatabase);
     db->lookaside.bEnabled = lookasideEnabled;
   }
 #endif
@@ -80453,10 +85322,6 @@
   if( pExpr ){
     if( pExpr->op!=TK_ID ){
       rc = sqlite3ResolveExprNames(pName, pExpr);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(pExpr) ){
-        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pName->pParse, "invalid name: \"%s\"", pExpr->u.zToken);
-        return SQLITE_ERROR;
-      }
     }else{
       pExpr->op = TK_STRING;
     }
@@ -80524,7 +85389,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  /* Allocate the new entry in the db->aDb[] array and initialise the schema
+  /* Allocate the new entry in the db->aDb[] array and initialize the schema
   ** hash tables.
   */
   if( db->aDb==db->aDbStatic ){
@@ -80541,7 +85406,7 @@
 
   /* Open the database file. If the btree is successfully opened, use
   ** it to obtain the database schema. At this point the schema may
-  ** or may not be initialised.
+  ** or may not be initialized.
   */
   flags = db->openFlags;
   rc = sqlite3ParseUri(db->pVfs->zName, zFile, &flags, &pVfs, &zPath, &zErr);
@@ -80573,6 +85438,9 @@
     sqlite3PagerLockingMode(pPager, db->dfltLockMode);
     sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(aNew->pBt,
                              sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(db->aDb[0].pBt,-1) );
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+    sqlite3BtreeSetPagerFlags(aNew->pBt, 3 | (db->flags & PAGER_FLAGS_MASK));
+#endif
   }
   aNew->safety_level = 3;
   aNew->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zName);
@@ -80631,7 +85499,7 @@
       db->aDb[iDb].pBt = 0;
       db->aDb[iDb].pSchema = 0;
     }
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+    sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
     db->nDb = iDb;
     if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || rc==SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM ){
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
@@ -80703,7 +85571,7 @@
   sqlite3BtreeClose(pDb->pBt);
   pDb->pBt = 0;
   pDb->pSchema = 0;
-  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
   return;
 
 detach_error:
@@ -80791,8 +85659,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Detach(Parse *pParse, Expr *pDbname){
   static const FuncDef detach_func = {
     1,                /* nArg */
-    SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
-    0,                /* flags */
+    SQLITE_UTF8,      /* funcFlags */
     0,                /* pUserData */
     0,                /* pNext */
     detachFunc,       /* xFunc */
@@ -80813,8 +85680,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Attach(Parse *pParse, Expr *p, Expr *pDbname, Expr *pKey){
   static const FuncDef attach_func = {
     3,                /* nArg */
-    SQLITE_UTF8,      /* iPrefEnc */
-    0,                /* flags */
+    SQLITE_UTF8,      /* funcFlags */
     0,                /* pUserData */
     0,                /* pNext */
     attachFunc,       /* xFunc */
@@ -80831,11 +85697,8 @@
 /*
 ** Initialize a DbFixer structure.  This routine must be called prior
 ** to passing the structure to one of the sqliteFixAAAA() routines below.
-**
-** The return value indicates whether or not fixation is required.  TRUE
-** means we do need to fix the database references, FALSE means we do not.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FixInit(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3FixInit(
   DbFixer *pFix,      /* The fixer to be initialized */
   Parse *pParse,      /* Error messages will be written here */
   int iDb,            /* This is the database that must be used */
@@ -80844,14 +85707,14 @@
 ){
   sqlite3 *db;
 
-  if( NEVER(iDb<0) || iDb==1 ) return 0;
   db = pParse->db;
   assert( db->nDb>iDb );
   pFix->pParse = pParse;
   pFix->zDb = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+  pFix->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
   pFix->zType = zType;
   pFix->pName = pName;
-  return 1;
+  pFix->bVarOnly = (iDb==1);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -80879,13 +85742,16 @@
   if( NEVER(pList==0) ) return 0;
   zDb = pFix->zDb;
   for(i=0, pItem=pList->a; i<pList->nSrc; i++, pItem++){
-    if( pItem->zDatabase==0 ){
-      pItem->zDatabase = sqlite3DbStrDup(pFix->pParse->db, zDb);
-    }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(pItem->zDatabase,zDb)!=0 ){
-      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pFix->pParse,
-         "%s %T cannot reference objects in database %s",
-         pFix->zType, pFix->pName, pItem->zDatabase);
-      return 1;
+    if( pFix->bVarOnly==0 ){
+      if( pItem->zDatabase && sqlite3StrICmp(pItem->zDatabase, zDb) ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pFix->pParse,
+            "%s %T cannot reference objects in database %s",
+            pFix->zType, pFix->pName, pItem->zDatabase);
+        return 1;
+      }
+      sqlite3DbFree(pFix->pParse->db, pItem->zDatabase);
+      pItem->zDatabase = 0;
+      pItem->pSchema = pFix->pSchema;
     }
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
     if( sqlite3FixSelect(pFix, pItem->pSelect) ) return 1;
@@ -80909,9 +85775,21 @@
     if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pSelect->pWhere) ){
       return 1;
     }
+    if( sqlite3FixExprList(pFix, pSelect->pGroupBy) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
     if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pSelect->pHaving) ){
       return 1;
     }
+    if( sqlite3FixExprList(pFix, pSelect->pOrderBy) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pSelect->pLimit) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
+    if( sqlite3FixExpr(pFix, pSelect->pOffset) ){
+      return 1;
+    }
     pSelect = pSelect->pPrior;
   }
   return 0;
@@ -80921,7 +85799,15 @@
   Expr *pExpr        /* The expression to be fixed to one database */
 ){
   while( pExpr ){
-    if( ExprHasAnyProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ) break;
+    if( pExpr->op==TK_VARIABLE ){
+      if( pFix->pParse->db->init.busy ){
+        pExpr->op = TK_NULL;
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pFix->pParse, "%s cannot use variables", pFix->zType);
+        return 1;
+      }
+    }
+    if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_TokenOnly) ) break;
     if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
       if( sqlite3FixSelect(pFix, pExpr->x.pSelect) ) return 1;
     }else{
@@ -81339,6 +86225,19 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
+** Return TRUE if the given yDbMask object is empty - if it contains no
+** 1 bits.  This routine is used by the DbMaskAllZero() and DbMaskNotZero()
+** macros when SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED is greater than 30.
+*/
+#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>30
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3DbMaskAllZero(yDbMask m){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<sizeof(yDbMask); i++) if( m[i] ) return 0;
+  return 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** This routine is called after a single SQL statement has been
 ** parsed and a VDBE program to execute that statement has been
 ** prepared.  This routine puts the finishing touches on the
@@ -81352,6 +86251,7 @@
   sqlite3 *db;
   Vdbe *v;
 
+  assert( pParse->pToplevel==0 );
   db = pParse->db;
   if( db->mallocFailed ) return;
   if( pParse->nested ) return;
@@ -81364,6 +86264,7 @@
   assert( !pParse->isMultiWrite 
        || sqlite3VdbeAssertMayAbort(v, pParse->mayAbort));
   if( v ){
+    while( sqlite3VdbeDeletePriorOpcode(v, OP_Close) ){}
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Halt);
 
     /* The cookie mask contains one bit for each database file open.
@@ -81372,30 +86273,30 @@
     ** transaction on each used database and to verify the schema cookie
     ** on each used database.
     */
-    if( pParse->cookieGoto>0 ){
-      yDbMask mask;
-      int iDb;
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pParse->cookieGoto-1);
-      for(iDb=0, mask=1; iDb<db->nDb; mask<<=1, iDb++){
-        if( (mask & pParse->cookieMask)==0 ) continue;
+    if( db->mallocFailed==0 
+     && (DbMaskNonZero(pParse->cookieMask) || pParse->pConstExpr)
+    ){
+      int iDb, i;
+      assert( sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, 0)->opcode==OP_Init );
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, 0);
+      for(iDb=0; iDb<db->nDb; iDb++){
+        if( DbMaskTest(pParse->cookieMask, iDb)==0 ) continue;
         sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v,OP_Transaction, iDb, (mask & pParse->writeMask)!=0);
-        if( db->init.busy==0 ){
-          assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_VerifyCookie,
-                            iDb, pParse->cookieValue[iDb],
-                            db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->iGeneration);
-        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v,
+          OP_Transaction,                    /* Opcode */
+          iDb,                               /* P1 */
+          DbMaskTest(pParse->writeMask,iDb), /* P2 */
+          pParse->cookieValue[iDb],          /* P3 */
+          db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->iGeneration  /* P4 */
+        );
+        if( db->init.busy==0 ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);
       }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-      {
-        int i;
-        for(i=0; i<pParse->nVtabLock; i++){
-          char *vtab = (char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pParse->apVtabLock[i]);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VBegin, 0, 0, 0, vtab, P4_VTAB);
-        }
-        pParse->nVtabLock = 0;
+      for(i=0; i<pParse->nVtabLock; i++){
+        char *vtab = (char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pParse->apVtabLock[i]);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VBegin, 0, 0, 0, vtab, P4_VTAB);
       }
+      pParse->nVtabLock = 0;
 #endif
 
       /* Once all the cookies have been verified and transactions opened, 
@@ -81408,8 +86309,17 @@
       */
       sqlite3AutoincrementBegin(pParse);
 
+      /* Code constant expressions that where factored out of inner loops */
+      if( pParse->pConstExpr ){
+        ExprList *pEL = pParse->pConstExpr;
+        pParse->okConstFactor = 0;
+        for(i=0; i<pEL->nExpr; i++){
+          sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pEL->a[i].pExpr, pEL->a[i].u.iConstExprReg);
+        }
+      }
+
       /* Finally, jump back to the beginning of the executable code. */
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pParse->cookieGoto);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, 1);
     }
   }
 
@@ -81417,10 +86327,6 @@
   /* Get the VDBE program ready for execution
   */
   if( v && ALWAYS(pParse->nErr==0) && !db->mallocFailed ){
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    FILE *trace = (db->flags & SQLITE_VdbeTrace)!=0 ? stdout : 0;
-    sqlite3VdbeTrace(v, trace);
-#endif
     assert( pParse->iCacheLevel==0 );  /* Disables and re-enables match */
     /* A minimum of one cursor is required if autoincrement is used
     *  See ticket [a696379c1f08866] */
@@ -81435,8 +86341,7 @@
   pParse->nMem = 0;
   pParse->nSet = 0;
   pParse->nVar = 0;
-  pParse->cookieMask = 0;
-  pParse->cookieGoto = 0;
+  DbMaskZero(pParse->cookieMask);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -81545,6 +86450,31 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Locate the table identified by *p.
+**
+** This is a wrapper around sqlite3LocateTable(). The difference between
+** sqlite3LocateTable() and this function is that this function restricts
+** the search to schema (p->pSchema) if it is not NULL. p->pSchema may be
+** non-NULL if it is part of a view or trigger program definition. See
+** sqlite3FixSrcList() for details.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Table *sqlite3LocateTableItem(
+  Parse *pParse, 
+  int isView, 
+  struct SrcList_item *p
+){
+  const char *zDb;
+  assert( p->pSchema==0 || p->zDatabase==0 );
+  if( p->pSchema ){
+    int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, p->pSchema);
+    zDb = pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+  }else{
+    zDb = p->zDatabase;
+  }
+  return sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, isView, p->zName, zDb);
+}
+
+/*
 ** Locate the in-memory structure that describes 
 ** a particular index given the name of that index
 ** and the name of the database that contains the index.
@@ -81581,7 +86511,10 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ANALYZE
   sqlite3DeleteIndexSamples(db, p);
 #endif
+  if( db==0 || db->pnBytesFreed==0 ) sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(p->pKeyInfo);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pPartIdxWhere);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p->zColAff);
+  if( p->isResized ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azColl);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
 }
 
@@ -81619,58 +86552,15 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Erase all schema information from the in-memory hash tables of
-** a single database.  This routine is called to reclaim memory
-** before the database closes.  It is also called during a rollback
-** if there were schema changes during the transaction or if a
-** schema-cookie mismatch occurs.
+** Look through the list of open database files in db->aDb[] and if
+** any have been closed, remove them from the list.  Reallocate the
+** db->aDb[] structure to a smaller size, if possible.
 **
-** If iDb<0 then reset the internal schema tables for all database
-** files.  If iDb>=0 then reset the internal schema for only the
-** single file indicated.
+** Entry 0 (the "main" database) and entry 1 (the "temp" database)
+** are never candidates for being collapsed.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(sqlite3 *db, int iDb){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CollapseDatabaseArray(sqlite3 *db){
   int i, j;
-  assert( iDb<db->nDb );
-
-  if( iDb>=0 ){
-    /* Case 1:  Reset the single schema identified by iDb */
-    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
-    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
-    assert( pDb->pSchema!=0 );
-    sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
-
-    /* If any database other than TEMP is reset, then also reset TEMP
-    ** since TEMP might be holding triggers that reference tables in the
-    ** other database.
-    */
-    if( iDb!=1 ){
-      pDb = &db->aDb[1];
-      assert( pDb->pSchema!=0 );
-      sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
-    }
-    return;
-  }
-  /* Case 2 (from here to the end): Reset all schemas for all attached
-  ** databases. */
-  assert( iDb<0 );
-  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
-  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
-    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[i];
-    if( pDb->pSchema ){
-      sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
-    }
-  }
-  db->flags &= ~SQLITE_InternChanges;
-  sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
-  sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
-
-  /* If one or more of the auxiliary database files has been closed,
-  ** then remove them from the auxiliary database list.  We take the
-  ** opportunity to do this here since we have just deleted all of the
-  ** schema hash tables and therefore do not have to make any changes
-  ** to any of those tables.
-  */
   for(i=j=2; i<db->nDb; i++){
     struct Db *pDb = &db->aDb[i];
     if( pDb->pBt==0 ){
@@ -81693,6 +86583,51 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Reset the schema for the database at index iDb.  Also reset the
+** TEMP schema.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetOneSchema(sqlite3 *db, int iDb){
+  Db *pDb;
+  assert( iDb<db->nDb );
+
+  /* Case 1:  Reset the single schema identified by iDb */
+  pDb = &db->aDb[iDb];
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  assert( pDb->pSchema!=0 );
+  sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
+
+  /* If any database other than TEMP is reset, then also reset TEMP
+  ** since TEMP might be holding triggers that reference tables in the
+  ** other database.
+  */
+  if( iDb!=1 ){
+    pDb = &db->aDb[1];
+    assert( pDb->pSchema!=0 );
+    sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
+  }
+  return;
+}
+
+/*
+** Erase all schema information from all attached databases (including
+** "main" and "temp") for a single database connection.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(sqlite3 *db){
+  int i;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    Db *pDb = &db->aDb[i];
+    if( pDb->pSchema ){
+      sqlite3SchemaClear(pDb->pSchema);
+    }
+  }
+  db->flags &= ~SQLITE_InternChanges;
+  sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+  sqlite3CollapseDatabaseArray(db);
+}
+
+/*
 ** This routine is called when a commit occurs.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CommitInternalChanges(sqlite3 *db){
@@ -81727,9 +86662,16 @@
 ** the table data structure from the hash table.  But it does destroy
 ** memory structures of the indices and foreign keys associated with 
 ** the table.
+**
+** The db parameter is optional.  It is needed if the Table object 
+** contains lookaside memory.  (Table objects in the schema do not use
+** lookaside memory, but some ephemeral Table objects do.)  Or the
+** db parameter can be used with db->pnBytesFreed to measure the memory
+** used by the Table object.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DeleteTable(sqlite3 *db, Table *pTable){
   Index *pIndex, *pNext;
+  TESTONLY( int nLookaside; ) /* Used to verify lookaside not used for schema */
 
   assert( !pTable || pTable->nRef>0 );
 
@@ -81737,6 +86679,12 @@
   if( !pTable ) return;
   if( ((!db || db->pnBytesFreed==0) && (--pTable->nRef)>0) ) return;
 
+  /* Record the number of outstanding lookaside allocations in schema Tables
+  ** prior to doing any free() operations.  Since schema Tables do not use
+  ** lookaside, this number should not change. */
+  TESTONLY( nLookaside = (db && (pTable->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)==0) ?
+                         db->lookaside.nOut : 0 );
+
   /* Delete all indices associated with this table. */
   for(pIndex = pTable->pIndex; pIndex; pIndex=pNext){
     pNext = pIndex->pNext;
@@ -81744,7 +86692,7 @@
     if( !db || db->pnBytesFreed==0 ){
       char *zName = pIndex->zName; 
       TESTONLY ( Index *pOld = ) sqlite3HashInsert(
-	  &pIndex->pSchema->idxHash, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName), 0
+         &pIndex->pSchema->idxHash, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName), 0
       );
       assert( db==0 || sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pIndex->pSchema) );
       assert( pOld==pIndex || pOld==0 );
@@ -81762,12 +86710,15 @@
   sqlite3DbFree(db, pTable->zColAff);
   sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pTable->pSelect);
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pTable->pCheck);
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pTable->pCheck);
 #endif
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
   sqlite3VtabClear(db, pTable);
 #endif
   sqlite3DbFree(db, pTable);
+
+  /* Verify that no lookaside memory was used by schema tables */
+  assert( nLookaside==0 || nLookaside==db->lookaside.nOut );
 }
 
 /*
@@ -81821,8 +86772,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OpenMasterTable(Parse *p, int iDb){
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(p);
   sqlite3TableLock(p, iDb, MASTER_ROOT, 1, SCHEMA_TABLE(iDb));
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, 0, MASTER_ROOT, iDb);
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)5, P4_INT32);  /* 5 column table */
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_OpenWrite, 0, MASTER_ROOT, iDb, 5);
   if( p->nTab==0 ){
     p->nTab = 1;
   }
@@ -81928,6 +86878,27 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Return the PRIMARY KEY index of a table
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(Table *pTab){
+  Index *p;
+  for(p=pTab->pIndex; p && !IsPrimaryKeyIndex(p); p=p->pNext){}
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the column of index pIdx that corresponds to table
+** column iCol.  Return -1 if not found.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE i16 sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(Index *pIdx, i16 iCol){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+    if( iCol==pIdx->aiColumn[i] ) return i;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Begin constructing a new table representation in memory.  This is
 ** the first of several action routines that get called in response
 ** to a CREATE TABLE statement.  In particular, this routine is called
@@ -82059,7 +87030,7 @@
   pTable->iPKey = -1;
   pTable->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
   pTable->nRef = 1;
-  pTable->nRowEst = 1000000;
+  pTable->nRowLogEst = 200; assert( 200==sqlite3LogEst(1048576) );
   assert( pParse->pNewTable==0 );
   pParse->pNewTable = pTable;
 
@@ -82102,7 +87073,7 @@
     reg3 = ++pParse->nMem;
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_ReadCookie, iDb, reg3, BTREE_FILE_FORMAT);
     sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
-    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, reg3);
+    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, reg3); VdbeCoverage(v);
     fileFormat = (db->flags & SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt)!=0 ?
                   1 : SQLITE_MAX_FILE_FORMAT;
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, fileFormat, reg3);
@@ -82126,7 +87097,7 @@
     }else
 #endif
     {
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_CreateTable, iDb, reg2);
+      pParse->addrCrTab = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_CreateTable, iDb, reg2);
     }
     sqlite3OpenMasterTable(pParse, iDb);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, 0, reg1);
@@ -82206,6 +87177,7 @@
   ** be called next to set pCol->affinity correctly.
   */
   pCol->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+  pCol->szEst = 1;
   p->nCol++;
 }
 
@@ -82247,15 +87219,18 @@
 ** If none of the substrings in the above table are found,
 ** SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC is returned.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3AffinityType(const char *zIn){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE char sqlite3AffinityType(const char *zIn, u8 *pszEst){
   u32 h = 0;
   char aff = SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC;
+  const char *zChar = 0;
 
-  if( zIn ) while( zIn[0] ){
+  if( zIn==0 ) return aff;
+  while( zIn[0] ){
     h = (h<<8) + sqlite3UpperToLower[(*zIn)&0xff];
     zIn++;
     if( h==(('c'<<24)+('h'<<16)+('a'<<8)+'r') ){             /* CHAR */
-      aff = SQLITE_AFF_TEXT; 
+      aff = SQLITE_AFF_TEXT;
+      zChar = zIn;
     }else if( h==(('c'<<24)+('l'<<16)+('o'<<8)+'b') ){       /* CLOB */
       aff = SQLITE_AFF_TEXT;
     }else if( h==(('t'<<24)+('e'<<16)+('x'<<8)+'t') ){       /* TEXT */
@@ -82263,6 +87238,7 @@
     }else if( h==(('b'<<24)+('l'<<16)+('o'<<8)+'b')          /* BLOB */
         && (aff==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC || aff==SQLITE_AFF_REAL) ){
       aff = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
+      if( zIn[0]=='(' ) zChar = zIn;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
     }else if( h==(('r'<<24)+('e'<<16)+('a'<<8)+'l')          /* REAL */
         && aff==SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC ){
@@ -82280,6 +87256,28 @@
     }
   }
 
+  /* If pszEst is not NULL, store an estimate of the field size.  The
+  ** estimate is scaled so that the size of an integer is 1.  */
+  if( pszEst ){
+    *pszEst = 1;   /* default size is approx 4 bytes */
+    if( aff<=SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
+      if( zChar ){
+        while( zChar[0] ){
+          if( sqlite3Isdigit(zChar[0]) ){
+            int v = 0;
+            sqlite3GetInt32(zChar, &v);
+            v = v/4 + 1;
+            if( v>255 ) v = 255;
+            *pszEst = v; /* BLOB(k), VARCHAR(k), CHAR(k) -> r=(k/4+1) */
+            break;
+          }
+          zChar++;
+        }
+      }else{
+        *pszEst = 5;   /* BLOB, TEXT, CLOB -> r=5  (approx 20 bytes)*/
+      }
+    }
+  }
   return aff;
 }
 
@@ -82301,7 +87299,7 @@
   pCol = &p->aCol[p->nCol-1];
   assert( pCol->zType==0 );
   pCol->zType = sqlite3NameFromToken(pParse->db, pType);
-  pCol->affinity = sqlite3AffinityType(pCol->zType);
+  pCol->affinity = sqlite3AffinityType(pCol->zType, &pCol->szEst);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -82367,6 +87365,7 @@
   Table *pTab = pParse->pNewTable;
   char *zType = 0;
   int iCol = -1, i;
+  int nTerm;
   if( pTab==0 || IN_DECLARE_VTAB ) goto primary_key_exit;
   if( pTab->tabFlags & TF_HasPrimaryKey ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
@@ -82376,39 +87375,44 @@
   pTab->tabFlags |= TF_HasPrimaryKey;
   if( pList==0 ){
     iCol = pTab->nCol - 1;
-    pTab->aCol[iCol].isPrimKey = 1;
+    pTab->aCol[iCol].colFlags |= COLFLAG_PRIMKEY;
+    zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
+    nTerm = 1;
   }else{
-    for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
+    nTerm = pList->nExpr;
+    for(i=0; i<nTerm; i++){
       for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++){
         if( sqlite3StrICmp(pList->a[i].zName, pTab->aCol[iCol].zName)==0 ){
+          pTab->aCol[iCol].colFlags |= COLFLAG_PRIMKEY;
+          zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
           break;
         }
       }
-      if( iCol<pTab->nCol ){
-        pTab->aCol[iCol].isPrimKey = 1;
-      }
     }
-    if( pList->nExpr>1 ) iCol = -1;
   }
-  if( iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nCol ){
-    zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
-  }
-  if( zType && sqlite3StrICmp(zType, "INTEGER")==0
-        && sortOrder==SQLITE_SO_ASC ){
+  if( nTerm==1
+   && zType && sqlite3StrICmp(zType, "INTEGER")==0
+   && sortOrder==SQLITE_SO_ASC
+  ){
     pTab->iPKey = iCol;
     pTab->keyConf = (u8)onError;
     assert( autoInc==0 || autoInc==1 );
     pTab->tabFlags |= autoInc*TF_Autoincrement;
+    if( pList ) pParse->iPkSortOrder = pList->a[0].sortOrder;
   }else if( autoInc ){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOINCREMENT
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "AUTOINCREMENT is only allowed on an "
        "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY");
 #endif
   }else{
+    Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
     Index *p;
-    p = sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse, 0, 0, 0, pList, onError, 0, 0, sortOrder, 0);
+    if( v ) pParse->addrSkipPK = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Noop);
+    p = sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse, 0, 0, 0, pList, onError, 0,
+                           0, sortOrder, 0);
     if( p ){
-      p->autoIndex = 2;
+      p->idxType = SQLITE_IDXTYPE_PRIMARYKEY;
+      if( v ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pParse->addrSkipPK);
     }
     pList = 0;
   }
@@ -82425,15 +87429,20 @@
   Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
   Expr *pCheckExpr  /* The check expression */
 ){
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
   Table *pTab = pParse->pNewTable;
-  if( pTab && !IN_DECLARE_VTAB ){
-    pTab->pCheck = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pTab->pCheck, pCheckExpr);
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  if( pTab && !IN_DECLARE_VTAB
+   && !sqlite3BtreeIsReadonly(db->aDb[db->init.iDb].pBt)
+  ){
+    pTab->pCheck = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pTab->pCheck, pCheckExpr);
+    if( pParse->constraintName.n ){
+      sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, pTab->pCheck, &pParse->constraintName, 1);
+    }
   }else
 #endif
   {
-    sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pCheckExpr);
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pCheckExpr);
   }
 }
 
@@ -82455,6 +87464,7 @@
 
   if( sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl) ){
     Index *pIdx;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aCol[i].zColl);
     p->aCol[i].zColl = zColl;
   
     /* If the column is declared as "<name> PRIMARY KEY COLLATE <type>",
@@ -82462,7 +87472,7 @@
     ** collation type was added. Correct this if it is the case.
     */
     for(pIdx=p->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-      assert( pIdx->nColumn==1 );
+      assert( pIdx->nKeyCol==1 );
       if( pIdx->aiColumn[0]==i ){
         pIdx->azColl[0] = p->aCol[i].zColl;
       }
@@ -82500,10 +87510,7 @@
 
   pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, enc, zName, initbusy);
   if( !initbusy && (!pColl || !pColl->xCmp) ){
-    pColl = sqlite3GetCollSeq(db, enc, pColl, zName);
-    if( !pColl ){
-      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such collation sequence: %s", zName);
-    }
+    pColl = sqlite3GetCollSeq(pParse, enc, pColl, zName);
   }
 
   return pColl;
@@ -82573,10 +87580,10 @@
   for(j=0; zIdent[j]; j++){
     if( !sqlite3Isalnum(zIdent[j]) && zIdent[j]!='_' ) break;
   }
-  needQuote = sqlite3Isdigit(zIdent[0]) || sqlite3KeywordCode(zIdent, j)!=TK_ID;
-  if( !needQuote ){
-    needQuote = zIdent[j];
-  }
+  needQuote = sqlite3Isdigit(zIdent[0])
+            || sqlite3KeywordCode(zIdent, j)!=TK_ID
+            || zIdent[j]!=0
+            || j==0;
 
   if( needQuote ) z[i++] = '"';
   for(j=0; zIdent[j]; j++){
@@ -82648,7 +87655,7 @@
     zType = azType[pCol->affinity - SQLITE_AFF_TEXT];
     len = sqlite3Strlen30(zType);
     assert( pCol->affinity==SQLITE_AFF_NONE 
-            || pCol->affinity==sqlite3AffinityType(zType) );
+            || pCol->affinity==sqlite3AffinityType(zType, 0) );
     memcpy(&zStmt[k], zType, len);
     k += len;
     assert( k<=n );
@@ -82658,6 +87665,191 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Resize an Index object to hold N columns total.  Return SQLITE_OK
+** on success and SQLITE_NOMEM on an OOM error.
+*/
+static int resizeIndexObject(sqlite3 *db, Index *pIdx, int N){
+  char *zExtra;
+  int nByte;
+  if( pIdx->nColumn>=N ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  assert( pIdx->isResized==0 );
+  nByte = (sizeof(char*) + sizeof(i16) + 1)*N;
+  zExtra = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte);
+  if( zExtra==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memcpy(zExtra, pIdx->azColl, sizeof(char*)*pIdx->nColumn);
+  pIdx->azColl = (char**)zExtra;
+  zExtra += sizeof(char*)*N;
+  memcpy(zExtra, pIdx->aiColumn, sizeof(i16)*pIdx->nColumn);
+  pIdx->aiColumn = (i16*)zExtra;
+  zExtra += sizeof(i16)*N;
+  memcpy(zExtra, pIdx->aSortOrder, pIdx->nColumn);
+  pIdx->aSortOrder = (u8*)zExtra;
+  pIdx->nColumn = N;
+  pIdx->isResized = 1;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Estimate the total row width for a table.
+*/
+static void estimateTableWidth(Table *pTab){
+  unsigned wTable = 0;
+  const Column *pTabCol;
+  int i;
+  for(i=pTab->nCol, pTabCol=pTab->aCol; i>0; i--, pTabCol++){
+    wTable += pTabCol->szEst;
+  }
+  if( pTab->iPKey<0 ) wTable++;
+  pTab->szTabRow = sqlite3LogEst(wTable*4);
+}
+
+/*
+** Estimate the average size of a row for an index.
+*/
+static void estimateIndexWidth(Index *pIdx){
+  unsigned wIndex = 0;
+  int i;
+  const Column *aCol = pIdx->pTable->aCol;
+  for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+    i16 x = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+    assert( x<pIdx->pTable->nCol );
+    wIndex += x<0 ? 1 : aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[i]].szEst;
+  }
+  pIdx->szIdxRow = sqlite3LogEst(wIndex*4);
+}
+
+/* Return true if value x is found any of the first nCol entries of aiCol[]
+*/
+static int hasColumn(const i16 *aiCol, int nCol, int x){
+  while( nCol-- > 0 ) if( x==*(aiCol++) ) return 1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** This routine runs at the end of parsing a CREATE TABLE statement that
+** has a WITHOUT ROWID clause.  The job of this routine is to convert both
+** internal schema data structures and the generated VDBE code so that they
+** are appropriate for a WITHOUT ROWID table instead of a rowid table.
+** Changes include:
+**
+**     (1)  Convert the OP_CreateTable into an OP_CreateIndex.  There is
+**          no rowid btree for a WITHOUT ROWID.  Instead, the canonical
+**          data storage is a covering index btree.
+**     (2)  Bypass the creation of the sqlite_master table entry
+**          for the PRIMARY KEY as the the primary key index is now
+**          identified by the sqlite_master table entry of the table itself.
+**     (3)  Set the Index.tnum of the PRIMARY KEY Index object in the
+**          schema to the rootpage from the main table.
+**     (4)  Set all columns of the PRIMARY KEY schema object to be NOT NULL.
+**     (5)  Add all table columns to the PRIMARY KEY Index object
+**          so that the PRIMARY KEY is a covering index.  The surplus
+**          columns are part of KeyInfo.nXField and are not used for
+**          sorting or lookup or uniqueness checks.
+**     (6)  Replace the rowid tail on all automatically generated UNIQUE
+**          indices with the PRIMARY KEY columns.
+*/
+static void convertToWithoutRowidTable(Parse *pParse, Table *pTab){
+  Index *pIdx;
+  Index *pPk;
+  int nPk;
+  int i, j;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+
+  /* Convert the OP_CreateTable opcode that would normally create the
+  ** root-page for the table into a OP_CreateIndex opcode.  The index
+  ** created will become the PRIMARY KEY index.
+  */
+  if( pParse->addrCrTab ){
+    assert( v );
+    sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, pParse->addrCrTab)->opcode = OP_CreateIndex;
+  }
+
+  /* Bypass the creation of the PRIMARY KEY btree and the sqlite_master
+  ** table entry.
+  */
+  if( pParse->addrSkipPK ){
+    assert( v );
+    sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, pParse->addrSkipPK)->opcode = OP_Goto;
+  }
+
+  /* Locate the PRIMARY KEY index.  Or, if this table was originally
+  ** an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY table, create a new PRIMARY KEY index. 
+  */
+  if( pTab->iPKey>=0 ){
+    ExprList *pList;
+    pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, 0);
+    if( pList==0 ) return;
+    pList->a[0].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db,
+                                        pTab->aCol[pTab->iPKey].zName);
+    pList->a[0].sortOrder = pParse->iPkSortOrder;
+    assert( pParse->pNewTable==pTab );
+    pPk = sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse, 0, 0, 0, pList, pTab->keyConf, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( pPk==0 ) return;
+    pPk->idxType = SQLITE_IDXTYPE_PRIMARYKEY;
+    pTab->iPKey = -1;
+  }else{
+    pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+  }
+  pPk->isCovering = 1;
+  assert( pPk!=0 );
+  nPk = pPk->nKeyCol;
+
+  /* Make sure every column of the PRIMARY KEY is NOT NULL */
+  for(i=0; i<nPk; i++){
+    pTab->aCol[pPk->aiColumn[i]].notNull = 1;
+  }
+  pPk->uniqNotNull = 1;
+
+  /* The root page of the PRIMARY KEY is the table root page */
+  pPk->tnum = pTab->tnum;
+
+  /* Update the in-memory representation of all UNIQUE indices by converting
+  ** the final rowid column into one or more columns of the PRIMARY KEY.
+  */
+  for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    int n;
+    if( IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ) continue;
+    for(i=n=0; i<nPk; i++){
+      if( !hasColumn(pIdx->aiColumn, pIdx->nKeyCol, pPk->aiColumn[i]) ) n++;
+    }
+    if( n==0 ){
+      /* This index is a superset of the primary key */
+      pIdx->nColumn = pIdx->nKeyCol;
+      continue;
+    }
+    if( resizeIndexObject(db, pIdx, pIdx->nKeyCol+n) ) return;
+    for(i=0, j=pIdx->nKeyCol; i<nPk; i++){
+      if( !hasColumn(pIdx->aiColumn, pIdx->nKeyCol, pPk->aiColumn[i]) ){
+        pIdx->aiColumn[j] = pPk->aiColumn[i];
+        pIdx->azColl[j] = pPk->azColl[i];
+        j++;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( pIdx->nColumn>=pIdx->nKeyCol+n );
+    assert( pIdx->nColumn>=j );
+  }
+
+  /* Add all table columns to the PRIMARY KEY index
+  */
+  if( nPk<pTab->nCol ){
+    if( resizeIndexObject(db, pPk, pTab->nCol) ) return;
+    for(i=0, j=nPk; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
+      if( !hasColumn(pPk->aiColumn, j, i) ){
+        assert( j<pPk->nColumn );
+        pPk->aiColumn[j] = i;
+        pPk->azColl[j] = "BINARY";
+        j++;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( pPk->nColumn==j );
+    assert( pTab->nCol==j );
+  }else{
+    pPk->nColumn = pTab->nCol;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** This routine is called to report the final ")" that terminates
 ** a CREATE TABLE statement.
 **
@@ -82680,12 +87872,14 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3EndTable(
   Parse *pParse,          /* Parse context */
   Token *pCons,           /* The ',' token after the last column defn. */
-  Token *pEnd,            /* The final ')' token in the CREATE TABLE */
+  Token *pEnd,            /* The ')' before options in the CREATE TABLE */
+  u8 tabOpts,             /* Extra table options. Usually 0. */
   Select *pSelect         /* Select from a "CREATE ... AS SELECT" */
 ){
-  Table *p;
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-  int iDb;
+  Table *p;                 /* The new table */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db; /* The database connection */
+  int iDb;                  /* Database in which the table lives */
+  Index *pIdx;              /* An implied index of the table */
 
   if( (pEnd==0 && pSelect==0) || db->mallocFailed ){
     return;
@@ -82695,30 +87889,6 @@
 
   assert( !db->init.busy || !pSelect );
 
-  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, p->pSchema);
-
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-  /* Resolve names in all CHECK constraint expressions.
-  */
-  if( p->pCheck ){
-    SrcList sSrc;                   /* Fake SrcList for pParse->pNewTable */
-    NameContext sNC;                /* Name context for pParse->pNewTable */
-
-    memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
-    memset(&sSrc, 0, sizeof(sSrc));
-    sSrc.nSrc = 1;
-    sSrc.a[0].zName = p->zName;
-    sSrc.a[0].pTab = p;
-    sSrc.a[0].iCursor = -1;
-    sNC.pParse = pParse;
-    sNC.pSrcList = &sSrc;
-    sNC.isCheck = 1;
-    if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, p->pCheck) ){
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK) */
-
   /* If the db->init.busy is 1 it means we are reading the SQL off the
   ** "sqlite_master" or "sqlite_temp_master" table on the disk.
   ** So do not write to the disk again.  Extract the root page number
@@ -82729,6 +87899,37 @@
     p->tnum = db->init.newTnum;
   }
 
+  /* Special processing for WITHOUT ROWID Tables */
+  if( tabOpts & TF_WithoutRowid ){
+    if( (p->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement) ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
+          "AUTOINCREMENT not allowed on WITHOUT ROWID tables");
+      return;
+    }
+    if( (p->tabFlags & TF_HasPrimaryKey)==0 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "PRIMARY KEY missing on table %s", p->zName);
+    }else{
+      p->tabFlags |= TF_WithoutRowid;
+      convertToWithoutRowidTable(pParse, p);
+    }
+  }
+
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, p->pSchema);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
+  /* Resolve names in all CHECK constraint expressions.
+  */
+  if( p->pCheck ){
+    sqlite3ResolveSelfReference(pParse, p, NC_IsCheck, 0, p->pCheck);
+  }
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK) */
+
+  /* Estimate the average row size for the table and for all implied indices */
+  estimateTableWidth(p);
+  for(pIdx=p->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    estimateIndexWidth(pIdx);
+  }
+
   /* If not initializing, then create a record for the new table
   ** in the SQLITE_MASTER table of the database.
   **
@@ -82781,7 +87982,7 @@
 
       assert(pParse->nTab==1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, 1, pParse->regRoot, iDb);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_P2ISREG);
       pParse->nTab = 2;
       sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Table, 1);
       sqlite3Select(pParse, pSelect, &dest);
@@ -82802,7 +88003,9 @@
     if( pSelect ){
       zStmt = createTableStmt(db, p);
     }else{
-      n = (int)(pEnd->z - pParse->sNameToken.z) + 1;
+      Token *pEnd2 = tabOpts ? &pParse->sLastToken : pEnd;
+      n = (int)(pEnd2->z - pParse->sNameToken.z);
+      if( pEnd2->z[0]!=';' ) n += pEnd2->n;
       zStmt = sqlite3MPrintf(db, 
           "CREATE %s %.*s", zType2, n, pParse->sNameToken.z
       );
@@ -82845,7 +88048,7 @@
 
     /* Reparse everything to update our internal data structures */
     sqlite3VdbeAddParseSchemaOp(v, iDb,
-               sqlite3MPrintf(db, "tbl_name='%q'", p->zName));
+           sqlite3MPrintf(db, "tbl_name='%q' AND type!='trigger'", p->zName));
   }
 
 
@@ -82915,9 +88118,8 @@
   }
   sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pName);
   iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, p->pSchema);
-  if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "view", pName)
-    && sqlite3FixSelect(&sFix, pSelect)
-  ){
+  sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "view", pName);
+  if( sqlite3FixSelect(&sFix, pSelect) ){
     sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
     return;
   }
@@ -82951,7 +88153,7 @@
   sEnd.n = 1;
 
   /* Use sqlite3EndTable() to add the view to the SQLITE_MASTER table */
-  sqlite3EndTable(pParse, 0, &sEnd, 0);
+  sqlite3EndTable(pParse, 0, &sEnd, 0, 0);
   return;
 }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW */
@@ -83039,7 +88241,7 @@
       pSelTab->aCol = 0;
       sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pSelTab);
       assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pTable->pSchema) );
-      pTable->pSchema->flags |= DB_UnresetViews;
+      pTable->pSchema->schemaFlags |= DB_UnresetViews;
     }else{
       pTable->nCol = 0;
       nErr++;
@@ -83197,6 +88399,7 @@
       return;
     }else{
       int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
+      assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<pParse->db->nDb );
       destroyRootPage(pParse, iLargest, iDb);
       iDestroyed = iLargest;
     }
@@ -83216,7 +88419,7 @@
 ){
   int i;
   const char *zDbName = pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName;
-  for(i=1; i<=3; i++){
+  for(i=1; i<=4; i++){
     char zTab[24];
     sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zTab),zTab,"sqlite_stat%d",i);
     if( sqlite3FindTable(pParse->db, zTab, zDbName) ){
@@ -83276,7 +88479,7 @@
   /* Drop all SQLITE_MASTER table and index entries that refer to the
   ** table. The program name loops through the master table and deletes
   ** every row that refers to a table of the same name as the one being
-  ** dropped. Triggers are handled seperately because a trigger can be
+  ** dropped. Triggers are handled separately because a trigger can be
   ** created in the temp database that refers to a table in another
   ** database.
   */
@@ -83314,8 +88517,7 @@
   assert( pParse->nErr==0 );
   assert( pName->nSrc==1 );
   if( noErr ) db->suppressErr++;
-  pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, isView, 
-                            pName->a[0].zName, pName->a[0].zDatabase);
+  pTab = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, isView, &pName->a[0]);
   if( noErr ) db->suppressErr--;
 
   if( pTab==0 ){
@@ -83406,8 +88608,8 @@
 ** currently under construction.  pFromCol determines which columns
 ** in the current table point to the foreign key.  If pFromCol==0 then
 ** connect the key to the last column inserted.  pTo is the name of
-** the table referred to.  pToCol is a list of tables in the other
-** pTo table that the foreign key points to.  flags contains all
+** the table referred to (a.k.a the "parent" table).  pToCol is a list
+** of tables in the parent pTo table.  flags contains all
 ** information about the conflict resolution algorithms specified
 ** in the ON DELETE, ON UPDATE and ON INSERT clauses.
 **
@@ -83567,11 +88769,9 @@
   int addr1;                     /* Address of top of loop */
   int addr2;                     /* Address to jump to for next iteration */
   int tnum;                      /* Root page of index */
+  int iPartIdxLabel;             /* Jump to this label to skip a row */
   Vdbe *v;                       /* Generate code into this virtual machine */
   KeyInfo *pKey;                 /* KeyInfo for index */
-#ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  int regIdxKey;                 /* Registers containing the index key */
-#endif
   int regRecord;                 /* Register holding assemblied index record */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;      /* The database connection */
   int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pIndex->pSchema);
@@ -83592,75 +88792,47 @@
     tnum = memRootPage;
   }else{
     tnum = pIndex->tnum;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, tnum, iDb);
   }
-  pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIndex);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenWrite, iIdx, tnum, iDb, 
-                    (char *)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
-  if( memRootPage>=0 ){
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, 1);
-  }
+  pKey = sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(pParse, pIndex);
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
   /* Open the sorter cursor if we are to use one. */
   iSorter = pParse->nTab++;
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_SorterOpen, iSorter, 0, 0, (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO);
-#else
-  iSorter = iTab;
-#endif
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_SorterOpen, iSorter, 0, 0, (char*)
+                    sqlite3KeyInfoRef(pKey), P4_KEYINFO);
 
   /* Open the table. Loop through all rows of the table, inserting index
   ** records into the sorter. */
   sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iTab, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
-  addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iTab, 0);
+  addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iTab, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
   regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_MERGE_SORT
-  sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIndex, iTab, regRecord, 1);
+  sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse,pIndex,iTab,regRecord,0,&iPartIdxLabel,0,0);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterInsert, iSorter, regRecord);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr1+1);
+  sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(pParse, iPartIdxLabel);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr1+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
-  addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterSort, iSorter, 0);
-  if( pIndex->onError!=OE_None ){
+  if( memRootPage<0 ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, tnum, iDb);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenWrite, iIdx, tnum, iDb, 
+                    (char *)pKey, P4_KEYINFO);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_BULKCSR|((memRootPage>=0)?OPFLAG_P2ISREG:0));
+
+  addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterSort, iSorter, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
+  assert( pKey!=0 || db->mallocFailed || pParse->nErr );
+  if( IsUniqueIndex(pIndex) && pKey!=0 ){
     int j2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 3;
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, j2);
     addr2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_SorterCompare, iSorter, j2, regRecord);
-    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
-        pParse, OE_Abort, "indexed columns are not unique", P4_STATIC
-    );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_SorterCompare, iSorter, j2, regRecord,
+                         pIndex->nKeyCol); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3UniqueConstraint(pParse, OE_Abort, pIndex);
   }else{
     addr2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
   }
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterData, iSorter, regRecord);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxInsert, iIdx, regRecord, 1);
   sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
-#else
-  regIdxKey = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIndex, iTab, regRecord, 1);
-  addr2 = addr1 + 1;
-  if( pIndex->onError!=OE_None ){
-    const int regRowid = regIdxKey + pIndex->nColumn;
-    const int j2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 2;
-    void * const pRegKey = SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(regIdxKey);
-
-    /* The registers accessed by the OP_IsUnique opcode were allocated
-    ** using sqlite3GetTempRange() inside of the sqlite3GenerateIndexKey()
-    ** call above. Just before that function was freed they were released
-    ** (made available to the compiler for reuse) using 
-    ** sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(). So in some ways having the OP_IsUnique
-    ** opcode use the values stored within seems dangerous. However, since
-    ** we can be sure that no other temp registers have been allocated
-    ** since sqlite3ReleaseTempRange() was called, it is safe to do so.
-    */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_IsUnique, iIdx, j2, regRowid, pRegKey, P4_INT32);
-    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
-        pParse, OE_Abort, "indexed columns are not unique", P4_STATIC);
-  }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxInsert, iIdx, regRecord, 0);
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
-#endif
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, iSorter, addr2);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, iSorter, addr2); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
 
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iTab);
@@ -83669,6 +88841,41 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Allocate heap space to hold an Index object with nCol columns.
+**
+** Increase the allocation size to provide an extra nExtra bytes
+** of 8-byte aligned space after the Index object and return a
+** pointer to this extra space in *ppExtra.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3AllocateIndexObject(
+  sqlite3 *db,         /* Database connection */
+  i16 nCol,            /* Total number of columns in the index */
+  int nExtra,          /* Number of bytes of extra space to alloc */
+  char **ppExtra       /* Pointer to the "extra" space */
+){
+  Index *p;            /* Allocated index object */
+  int nByte;           /* Bytes of space for Index object + arrays */
+
+  nByte = ROUND8(sizeof(Index)) +              /* Index structure  */
+          ROUND8(sizeof(char*)*nCol) +         /* Index.azColl     */
+          ROUND8(sizeof(LogEst)*(nCol+1) +     /* Index.aiRowLogEst   */
+                 sizeof(i16)*nCol +            /* Index.aiColumn   */
+                 sizeof(u8)*nCol);             /* Index.aSortOrder */
+  p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByte + nExtra);
+  if( p ){
+    char *pExtra = ((char*)p)+ROUND8(sizeof(Index));
+    p->azColl = (char**)pExtra;       pExtra += ROUND8(sizeof(char*)*nCol);
+    p->aiRowLogEst = (LogEst*)pExtra; pExtra += sizeof(LogEst)*(nCol+1);
+    p->aiColumn = (i16*)pExtra;       pExtra += sizeof(i16)*nCol;
+    p->aSortOrder = (u8*)pExtra;
+    p->nColumn = nCol;
+    p->nKeyCol = nCol - 1;
+    *ppExtra = ((char*)p) + nByte;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Create a new index for an SQL table.  pName1.pName2 is the name of the index 
 ** and pTblList is the name of the table that is to be indexed.  Both will 
 ** be NULL for a primary key or an index that is created to satisfy a
@@ -83682,7 +88889,7 @@
 **
 ** If the index is created successfully, return a pointer to the new Index
 ** structure. This is used by sqlite3AddPrimaryKey() to mark the index
-** as the tables primary key (Index.autoIndex==2).
+** as the tables primary key (Index.idxType==SQLITE_IDXTYPE_PRIMARYKEY)
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Index *sqlite3CreateIndex(
   Parse *pParse,     /* All information about this parse */
@@ -83692,7 +88899,7 @@
   ExprList *pList,   /* A list of columns to be indexed */
   int onError,       /* OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, OE_Replace, or OE_None */
   Token *pStart,     /* The CREATE token that begins this statement */
-  Token *pEnd,       /* The ")" that closes the CREATE INDEX statement */
+  Expr *pPIWhere,    /* WHERE clause for partial indices */
   int sortOrder,     /* Sort order of primary key when pList==NULL */
   int ifNotExist     /* Omit error if index already exists */
 ){
@@ -83702,7 +88909,6 @@
   char *zName = 0;     /* Name of the index */
   int nName;           /* Number of characters in zName */
   int i, j;
-  Token nullId;        /* Fake token for an empty ID list */
   DbFixer sFix;        /* For assigning database names to pTable */
   int sortOrderMask;   /* 1 to honor DESC in index.  0 to ignore. */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
@@ -83710,11 +88916,12 @@
   int iDb;             /* Index of the database that is being written */
   Token *pName = 0;    /* Unqualified name of the index to create */
   struct ExprList_item *pListItem; /* For looping over pList */
-  int nCol;
-  int nExtra = 0;
-  char *zExtra;
+  const Column *pTabCol;           /* A column in the table */
+  int nExtra = 0;                  /* Space allocated for zExtra[] */
+  int nExtraCol;                   /* Number of extra columns needed */
+  char *zExtra = 0;                /* Extra space after the Index object */
+  Index *pPk = 0;      /* PRIMARY KEY index for WITHOUT ROWID tables */
 
-  assert( pStart==0 || pEnd!=0 ); /* pEnd must be non-NULL if pStart is */
   assert( pParse->nErr==0 );      /* Never called with prior errors */
   if( db->mallocFailed || IN_DECLARE_VTAB ){
     goto exit_create_index;
@@ -83738,7 +88945,7 @@
     assert( pName && pName->z );
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TEMPDB
-    /* If the index name was unqualified, check if the the table
+    /* If the index name was unqualified, check if the table
     ** is a temp table. If so, set the database to 1. Do not do this
     ** if initialising a database schema.
     */
@@ -83750,17 +88957,22 @@
     }
 #endif
 
-    if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "index", pName) &&
-        sqlite3FixSrcList(&sFix, pTblName)
-    ){
+    sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "index", pName);
+    if( sqlite3FixSrcList(&sFix, pTblName) ){
       /* Because the parser constructs pTblName from a single identifier,
       ** sqlite3FixSrcList can never fail. */
       assert(0);
     }
-    pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pTblName->a[0].zName, 
-        pTblName->a[0].zDatabase);
-    if( !pTab || db->mallocFailed ) goto exit_create_index;
-    assert( db->aDb[iDb].pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
+    pTab = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, 0, &pTblName->a[0]);
+    assert( db->mallocFailed==0 || pTab==0 );
+    if( pTab==0 ) goto exit_create_index;
+    if( iDb==1 && db->aDb[iDb].pSchema!=pTab->pSchema ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
+           "cannot create a TEMP index on non-TEMP table \"%s\"",
+           pTab->zName);
+      goto exit_create_index;
+    }
+    if( !HasRowid(pTab) ) pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
   }else{
     assert( pName==0 );
     assert( pStart==0 );
@@ -83773,7 +88985,7 @@
   assert( pTab!=0 );
   assert( pParse->nErr==0 );
   if( sqlite3StrNICmp(pTab->zName, "sqlite_", 7)==0 
-       && memcmp(&pTab->zName[7],"altertab_",9)!=0 ){
+       && sqlite3StrNICmp(&pTab->zName[7],"altertab_",9)!=0 ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %s may not be indexed", pTab->zName);
     goto exit_create_index;
   }
@@ -83856,11 +89068,10 @@
   ** So create a fake list to simulate this.
   */
   if( pList==0 ){
-    nullId.z = pTab->aCol[pTab->nCol-1].zName;
-    nullId.n = sqlite3Strlen30((char*)nullId.z);
     pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, 0);
     if( pList==0 ) goto exit_create_index;
-    sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, pList, &nullId, 0);
+    pList->a[0].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db,
+                                        pTab->aCol[pTab->nCol-1].zName);
     pList->a[0].sortOrder = (u8)sortOrder;
   }
 
@@ -83870,12 +89081,8 @@
   for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
     Expr *pExpr = pList->a[i].pExpr;
     if( pExpr ){
-      CollSeq *pColl = pExpr->pColl;
-      /* Either pColl!=0 or there was an OOM failure.  But if an OOM
-      ** failure we have quit before reaching this point. */
-      if( ALWAYS(pColl) ){
-        nExtra += (1 + sqlite3Strlen30(pColl->zName));
-      }
+      assert( pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE );
+      nExtra += (1 + sqlite3Strlen30(pExpr->u.zToken));
     }
   }
 
@@ -83883,35 +89090,28 @@
   ** Allocate the index structure. 
   */
   nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
-  nCol = pList->nExpr;
-  pIndex = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, 
-      ROUND8(sizeof(Index)) +              /* Index structure  */
-      ROUND8(sizeof(tRowcnt)*(nCol+1)) +   /* Index.aiRowEst   */
-      sizeof(char *)*nCol +                /* Index.azColl     */
-      sizeof(int)*nCol +                   /* Index.aiColumn   */
-      sizeof(u8)*nCol +                    /* Index.aSortOrder */
-      nName + 1 +                          /* Index.zName      */
-      nExtra                               /* Collation sequence names */
-  );
+  nExtraCol = pPk ? pPk->nKeyCol : 1;
+  pIndex = sqlite3AllocateIndexObject(db, pList->nExpr + nExtraCol,
+                                      nName + nExtra + 1, &zExtra);
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     goto exit_create_index;
   }
-  zExtra = (char*)pIndex;
-  pIndex->aiRowEst = (tRowcnt*)&zExtra[ROUND8(sizeof(Index))];
-  pIndex->azColl = (char**)
-     ((char*)pIndex->aiRowEst + ROUND8(sizeof(tRowcnt)*nCol+1));
-  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pIndex->aiRowEst) );
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pIndex->aiRowLogEst) );
   assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(pIndex->azColl) );
-  pIndex->aiColumn = (int *)(&pIndex->azColl[nCol]);
-  pIndex->aSortOrder = (u8 *)(&pIndex->aiColumn[nCol]);
-  pIndex->zName = (char *)(&pIndex->aSortOrder[nCol]);
-  zExtra = (char *)(&pIndex->zName[nName+1]);
+  pIndex->zName = zExtra;
+  zExtra += nName + 1;
   memcpy(pIndex->zName, zName, nName+1);
   pIndex->pTable = pTab;
-  pIndex->nColumn = pList->nExpr;
   pIndex->onError = (u8)onError;
-  pIndex->autoIndex = (u8)(pName==0);
+  pIndex->uniqNotNull = onError!=OE_None;
+  pIndex->idxType = pName ? SQLITE_IDXTYPE_APPDEF : SQLITE_IDXTYPE_UNIQUE;
   pIndex->pSchema = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema;
+  pIndex->nKeyCol = pList->nExpr;
+  if( pPIWhere ){
+    sqlite3ResolveSelfReference(pParse, pTab, NC_PartIdx, pPIWhere, 0);
+    pIndex->pPartIdxWhere = pPIWhere;
+    pPIWhere = 0;
+  }
   assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
 
   /* Check to see if we should honor DESC requests on index columns
@@ -83934,7 +89134,6 @@
   */
   for(i=0, pListItem=pList->a; i<pList->nExpr; i++, pListItem++){
     const char *zColName = pListItem->zName;
-    Column *pTabCol;
     int requestedSortOrder;
     char *zColl;                   /* Collation sequence name */
 
@@ -83947,15 +89146,12 @@
       pParse->checkSchema = 1;
       goto exit_create_index;
     }
-    pIndex->aiColumn[i] = j;
-    /* Justification of the ALWAYS(pListItem->pExpr->pColl):  Because of
-    ** the way the "idxlist" non-terminal is constructed by the parser,
-    ** if pListItem->pExpr is not null then either pListItem->pExpr->pColl
-    ** must exist or else there must have been an OOM error.  But if there
-    ** was an OOM error, we would never reach this point. */
-    if( pListItem->pExpr && ALWAYS(pListItem->pExpr->pColl) ){
+    assert( pTab->nCol<=0x7fff && j<=0x7fff );
+    pIndex->aiColumn[i] = (i16)j;
+    if( pListItem->pExpr ){
       int nColl;
-      zColl = pListItem->pExpr->pColl->zName;
+      assert( pListItem->pExpr->op==TK_COLLATE );
+      zColl = pListItem->pExpr->u.zToken;
       nColl = sqlite3Strlen30(zColl) + 1;
       assert( nExtra>=nColl );
       memcpy(zExtra, zColl, nColl);
@@ -83964,9 +89160,7 @@
       nExtra -= nColl;
     }else{
       zColl = pTab->aCol[j].zColl;
-      if( !zColl ){
-        zColl = db->pDfltColl->zName;
-      }
+      if( !zColl ) zColl = "BINARY";
     }
     if( !db->init.busy && !sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl) ){
       goto exit_create_index;
@@ -83974,8 +89168,27 @@
     pIndex->azColl[i] = zColl;
     requestedSortOrder = pListItem->sortOrder & sortOrderMask;
     pIndex->aSortOrder[i] = (u8)requestedSortOrder;
+    if( pTab->aCol[j].notNull==0 ) pIndex->uniqNotNull = 0;
+  }
+  if( pPk ){
+    for(j=0; j<pPk->nKeyCol; j++){
+      int x = pPk->aiColumn[j];
+      if( hasColumn(pIndex->aiColumn, pIndex->nKeyCol, x) ){
+        pIndex->nColumn--; 
+      }else{
+        pIndex->aiColumn[i] = x;
+        pIndex->azColl[i] = pPk->azColl[j];
+        pIndex->aSortOrder[i] = pPk->aSortOrder[j];
+        i++;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( i==pIndex->nColumn );
+  }else{
+    pIndex->aiColumn[i] = -1;
+    pIndex->azColl[i] = "BINARY";
   }
   sqlite3DefaultRowEst(pIndex);
+  if( pParse->pNewTable==0 ) estimateIndexWidth(pIndex);
 
   if( pTab==pParse->pNewTable ){
     /* This routine has been called to create an automatic index as a
@@ -84002,12 +89215,12 @@
     Index *pIdx;
     for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
       int k;
-      assert( pIdx->onError!=OE_None );
-      assert( pIdx->autoIndex );
-      assert( pIndex->onError!=OE_None );
+      assert( IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) );
+      assert( pIdx->idxType!=SQLITE_IDXTYPE_APPDEF );
+      assert( IsUniqueIndex(pIndex) );
 
-      if( pIdx->nColumn!=pIndex->nColumn ) continue;
-      for(k=0; k<pIdx->nColumn; k++){
+      if( pIdx->nKeyCol!=pIndex->nKeyCol ) continue;
+      for(k=0; k<pIdx->nKeyCol; k++){
         const char *z1;
         const char *z2;
         if( pIdx->aiColumn[k]!=pIndex->aiColumn[k] ) break;
@@ -84015,14 +89228,14 @@
         z2 = pIndex->azColl[k];
         if( z1!=z2 && sqlite3StrICmp(z1, z2) ) break;
       }
-      if( k==pIdx->nColumn ){
+      if( k==pIdx->nKeyCol ){
         if( pIdx->onError!=pIndex->onError ){
           /* This constraint creates the same index as a previous
           ** constraint specified somewhere in the CREATE TABLE statement.
           ** However the ON CONFLICT clauses are different. If both this 
           ** constraint and the previous equivalent constraint have explicit
           ** ON CONFLICT clauses this is an error. Otherwise, use the
-          ** explicitly specified behaviour for the index.
+          ** explicitly specified behavior for the index.
           */
           if( !(pIdx->onError==OE_Default || pIndex->onError==OE_Default) ){
             sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
@@ -84057,22 +89270,20 @@
     }
   }
 
-  /* If the db->init.busy is 0 then create the index on disk.  This
-  ** involves writing the index into the master table and filling in the
-  ** index with the current table contents.
+  /* If this is the initial CREATE INDEX statement (or CREATE TABLE if the
+  ** index is an implied index for a UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint) then
+  ** emit code to allocate the index rootpage on disk and make an entry for
+  ** the index in the sqlite_master table and populate the index with
+  ** content.  But, do not do this if we are simply reading the sqlite_master
+  ** table to parse the schema, or if this index is the PRIMARY KEY index
+  ** of a WITHOUT ROWID table.
   **
-  ** The db->init.busy is 0 when the user first enters a CREATE INDEX 
-  ** command.  db->init.busy is 1 when a database is opened and 
-  ** CREATE INDEX statements are read out of the master table.  In
-  ** the latter case the index already exists on disk, which is why
-  ** we don't want to recreate it.
-  **
-  ** If pTblName==0 it means this index is generated as a primary key
-  ** or UNIQUE constraint of a CREATE TABLE statement.  Since the table
+  ** If pTblName==0 it means this index is generated as an implied PRIMARY KEY
+  ** or UNIQUE index in a CREATE TABLE statement.  Since the table
   ** has just been created, it contains no data and the index initialization
   ** step can be skipped.
   */
-  else{ /* if( db->init.busy==0 ) */
+  else if( pParse->nErr==0 && (HasRowid(pTab) || pTblName!=0) ){
     Vdbe *v;
     char *zStmt;
     int iMem = ++pParse->nMem;
@@ -84090,12 +89301,11 @@
     ** the zStmt variable
     */
     if( pStart ){
-      assert( pEnd!=0 );
+      int n = (int)(pParse->sLastToken.z - pName->z) + pParse->sLastToken.n;
+      if( pName->z[n-1]==';' ) n--;
       /* A named index with an explicit CREATE INDEX statement */
       zStmt = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "CREATE%s INDEX %.*s",
-        onError==OE_None ? "" : " UNIQUE",
-        (int)(pEnd->z - pName->z) + 1,
-        pName->z);
+        onError==OE_None ? "" : " UNIQUE", n, pName->z);
     }else{
       /* An automatic index created by a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint */
       /* zStmt = sqlite3MPrintf(""); */
@@ -84151,10 +89361,8 @@
 
   /* Clean up before exiting */
 exit_create_index:
-  if( pIndex ){
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, pIndex->zColAff);
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, pIndex);
-  }
+  if( pIndex ) freeIndex(db, pIndex);
+  sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pPIWhere);
   sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pList);
   sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pTblName);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
@@ -84169,7 +89377,7 @@
 ** Since we do not know, guess 1 million.  aiRowEst[1] is an estimate of the
 ** number of rows in the table that match any particular value of the
 ** first column of the index.  aiRowEst[2] is an estimate of the number
-** of rows that match any particular combiniation of the first 2 columns
+** of rows that match any particular combination of the first 2 columns
 ** of the index.  And so forth.  It must always be the case that
 *
 **           aiRowEst[N]<=aiRowEst[N-1]
@@ -84180,20 +89388,27 @@
 ** are based on typical values found in actual indices.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3DefaultRowEst(Index *pIdx){
-  tRowcnt *a = pIdx->aiRowEst;
+  /*                10,  9,  8,  7,  6 */
+  LogEst aVal[] = { 33, 32, 30, 28, 26 };
+  LogEst *a = pIdx->aiRowLogEst;
+  int nCopy = MIN(ArraySize(aVal), pIdx->nKeyCol);
   int i;
-  tRowcnt n;
-  assert( a!=0 );
-  a[0] = pIdx->pTable->nRowEst;
-  if( a[0]<10 ) a[0] = 10;
-  n = 10;
-  for(i=1; i<=pIdx->nColumn; i++){
-    a[i] = n;
-    if( n>5 ) n--;
+
+  /* Set the first entry (number of rows in the index) to the estimated 
+  ** number of rows in the table. Or 10, if the estimated number of rows 
+  ** in the table is less than that.  */
+  a[0] = pIdx->pTable->nRowLogEst;
+  if( a[0]<33 ) a[0] = 33;        assert( 33==sqlite3LogEst(10) );
+
+  /* Estimate that a[1] is 10, a[2] is 9, a[3] is 8, a[4] is 7, a[5] is
+  ** 6 and each subsequent value (if any) is 5.  */
+  memcpy(&a[1], aVal, nCopy*sizeof(LogEst));
+  for(i=nCopy+1; i<=pIdx->nKeyCol; i++){
+    a[i] = 23;                    assert( 23==sqlite3LogEst(5) );
   }
-  if( pIdx->onError!=OE_None ){
-    a[pIdx->nColumn] = 1;
-  }
+
+  assert( 0==sqlite3LogEst(1) );
+  if( IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) ) a[pIdx->nKeyCol] = 0;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -84224,7 +89439,7 @@
     pParse->checkSchema = 1;
     goto exit_drop_index;
   }
-  if( pIndex->autoIndex ){
+  if( pIndex->idxType!=SQLITE_IDXTYPE_APPDEF ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "index associated with UNIQUE "
       "or PRIMARY KEY constraint cannot be dropped", 0);
     goto exit_drop_index;
@@ -84265,19 +89480,21 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** pArray is a pointer to an array of objects.  Each object in the
-** array is szEntry bytes in size.  This routine allocates a new
-** object on the end of the array.
+** pArray is a pointer to an array of objects. Each object in the
+** array is szEntry bytes in size. This routine uses sqlite3DbRealloc()
+** to extend the array so that there is space for a new object at the end.
 **
-** *pnEntry is the number of entries already in use.  *pnAlloc is
-** the previously allocated size of the array.  initSize is the
-** suggested initial array size allocation.
+** When this function is called, *pnEntry contains the current size of
+** the array (in entries - so the allocation is ((*pnEntry) * szEntry) bytes
+** in total).
 **
-** The index of the new entry is returned in *pIdx.
+** If the realloc() is successful (i.e. if no OOM condition occurs), the
+** space allocated for the new object is zeroed, *pnEntry updated to
+** reflect the new size of the array and a pointer to the new allocation
+** returned. *pIdx is set to the index of the new array entry in this case.
 **
-** This routine returns a pointer to the array of objects.  This
-** might be the same as the pArray parameter or it might be a different
-** pointer if the array was resized.
+** Otherwise, if the realloc() fails, *pIdx is set to -1, *pnEntry remains
+** unchanged and a copy of pArray returned.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void *sqlite3ArrayAllocate(
   sqlite3 *db,      /* Connection to notify of malloc failures */
@@ -84391,7 +89608,7 @@
   assert( iStart<=pSrc->nSrc );
 
   /* Allocate additional space if needed */
-  if( pSrc->nSrc+nExtra>pSrc->nAlloc ){
+  if( (u32)pSrc->nSrc+nExtra>pSrc->nAlloc ){
     SrcList *pNew;
     int nAlloc = pSrc->nSrc+nExtra;
     int nGot;
@@ -84403,7 +89620,7 @@
     }
     pSrc = pNew;
     nGot = (sqlite3DbMallocSize(db, pNew) - sizeof(*pSrc))/sizeof(pSrc->a[0])+1;
-    pSrc->nAlloc = (u16)nGot;
+    pSrc->nAlloc = nGot;
   }
 
   /* Move existing slots that come after the newly inserted slots
@@ -84411,7 +89628,7 @@
   for(i=pSrc->nSrc-1; i>=iStart; i--){
     pSrc->a[i+nExtra] = pSrc->a[i];
   }
-  pSrc->nSrc += (i16)nExtra;
+  pSrc->nSrc += nExtra;
 
   /* Zero the newly allocated slots */
   memset(&pSrc->a[iStart], 0, sizeof(pSrc->a[0])*nExtra);
@@ -84743,50 +89960,24 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Generate VDBE code that will verify the schema cookie and start
-** a read-transaction for all named database files.
-**
-** It is important that all schema cookies be verified and all
-** read transactions be started before anything else happens in
-** the VDBE program.  But this routine can be called after much other
-** code has been generated.  So here is what we do:
-**
-** The first time this routine is called, we code an OP_Goto that
-** will jump to a subroutine at the end of the program.  Then we
-** record every database that needs its schema verified in the
-** pParse->cookieMask field.  Later, after all other code has been
-** generated, the subroutine that does the cookie verifications and
-** starts the transactions will be coded and the OP_Goto P2 value
-** will be made to point to that subroutine.  The generation of the
-** cookie verification subroutine code happens in sqlite3FinishCoding().
-**
-** If iDb<0 then code the OP_Goto only - don't set flag to verify the
-** schema on any databases.  This can be used to position the OP_Goto
-** early in the code, before we know if any database tables will be used.
+** Record the fact that the schema cookie will need to be verified
+** for database iDb.  The code to actually verify the schema cookie
+** will occur at the end of the top-level VDBE and will be generated
+** later, by sqlite3FinishCoding().
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(Parse *pParse, int iDb){
   Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
+  sqlite3 *db = pToplevel->db;
 
-  if( pToplevel->cookieGoto==0 ){
-    Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pToplevel);
-    if( v==0 ) return;  /* This only happens if there was a prior error */
-    pToplevel->cookieGoto = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, 0)+1;
-  }
-  if( iDb>=0 ){
-    sqlite3 *db = pToplevel->db;
-    yDbMask mask;
-
-    assert( iDb<db->nDb );
-    assert( db->aDb[iDb].pBt!=0 || iDb==1 );
-    assert( iDb<SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED+2 );
-    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
-    mask = ((yDbMask)1)<<iDb;
-    if( (pToplevel->cookieMask & mask)==0 ){
-      pToplevel->cookieMask |= mask;
-      pToplevel->cookieValue[iDb] = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->schema_cookie;
-      if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && iDb==1 ){
-        sqlite3OpenTempDatabase(pToplevel);
-      }
+  assert( iDb>=0 && iDb<db->nDb );
+  assert( db->aDb[iDb].pBt!=0 || iDb==1 );
+  assert( iDb<SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED+2 );
+  assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+  if( DbMaskTest(pToplevel->cookieMask, iDb)==0 ){
+    DbMaskSet(pToplevel->cookieMask, iDb);
+    pToplevel->cookieValue[iDb] = db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->schema_cookie;
+    if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && iDb==1 ){
+      sqlite3OpenTempDatabase(pToplevel);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -84822,7 +90013,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(Parse *pParse, int setStatement, int iDb){
   Parse *pToplevel = sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse);
   sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
-  pToplevel->writeMask |= ((yDbMask)1)<<iDb;
+  DbMaskSet(pToplevel->writeMask, iDb);
   pToplevel->isMultiWrite |= setStatement;
 }
 
@@ -84864,12 +90055,73 @@
 ** error. The onError parameter determines which (if any) of the statement
 ** and/or current transaction is rolled back.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HaltConstraint(Parse *pParse, int onError, char *p4, int p4type){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3HaltConstraint(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
+  int errCode,      /* extended error code */
+  int onError,      /* Constraint type */
+  char *p4,         /* Error message */
+  i8 p4type,        /* P4_STATIC or P4_TRANSIENT */
+  u8 p5Errmsg       /* P5_ErrMsg type */
+){
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+  assert( (errCode&0xff)==SQLITE_CONSTRAINT );
   if( onError==OE_Abort ){
     sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, onError, 0, p4, p4type);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Halt, errCode, onError, 0, p4, p4type);
+  if( p5Errmsg ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, p5Errmsg);
+}
+
+/*
+** Code an OP_Halt due to UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint violation.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3UniqueConstraint(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
+  int onError,      /* Constraint type */
+  Index *pIdx       /* The index that triggers the constraint */
+){
+  char *zErr;
+  int j;
+  StrAccum errMsg;
+  Table *pTab = pIdx->pTable;
+
+  sqlite3StrAccumInit(&errMsg, 0, 0, 200);
+  errMsg.db = pParse->db;
+  for(j=0; j<pIdx->nKeyCol; j++){
+    char *zCol = pTab->aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[j]].zName;
+    if( j ) sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg, ", ", 2);
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(&errMsg, pTab->zName);
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg, ".", 1);
+    sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(&errMsg, zCol);
+  }
+  zErr = sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&errMsg);
+  sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, 
+    IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ? SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY 
+                            : SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE,
+    onError, zErr, P4_DYNAMIC, P5_ConstraintUnique);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Code an OP_Halt due to non-unique rowid.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3RowidConstraint(
+  Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
+  int onError,      /* Conflict resolution algorithm */
+  Table *pTab       /* The table with the non-unique rowid */ 
+){
+  char *zMsg;
+  int rc;
+  if( pTab->iPKey>=0 ){
+    zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "%s.%s", pTab->zName,
+                          pTab->aCol[pTab->iPKey].zName);
+    rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY;
+  }else{
+    zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "%s.rowid", pTab->zName);
+    rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_ROWID;
+  }
+  sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, rc, onError, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC,
+                        P5_ConstraintUnique);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -84882,8 +90134,8 @@
   assert( zColl!=0 );
   for(i=0; i<pIndex->nColumn; i++){
     const char *z = pIndex->azColl[i];
-    assert( z!=0 );
-    if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, zColl) ){
+    assert( z!=0 || pIndex->aiColumn[i]<0 );
+    if( pIndex->aiColumn[i]>=0 && 0==sqlite3StrICmp(z, zColl) ){
       return 1;
     }
   }
@@ -85002,42 +90254,122 @@
 #endif
 
 /*
-** Return a dynamicly allocated KeyInfo structure that can be used
-** with OP_OpenRead or OP_OpenWrite to access database index pIdx.
+** Return a KeyInfo structure that is appropriate for the given Index.
 **
-** If successful, a pointer to the new structure is returned. In this case
-** the caller is responsible for calling sqlite3DbFree(db, ) on the returned 
-** pointer. If an error occurs (out of memory or missing collation 
-** sequence), NULL is returned and the state of pParse updated to reflect
-** the error.
+** The KeyInfo structure for an index is cached in the Index object.
+** So there might be multiple references to the returned pointer.  The
+** caller should not try to modify the KeyInfo object.
+**
+** The caller should invoke sqlite3KeyInfoUnref() on the returned object
+** when it has finished using it.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(Parse *pParse, Index *pIdx){
-  int i;
-  int nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
-  int nBytes = sizeof(KeyInfo) + (nCol-1)*sizeof(CollSeq*) + nCol;
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-  KeyInfo *pKey = (KeyInfo *)sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nBytes);
-
-  if( pKey ){
-    pKey->db = pParse->db;
-    pKey->aSortOrder = (u8 *)&(pKey->aColl[nCol]);
-    assert( &pKey->aSortOrder[nCol]==&(((u8 *)pKey)[nBytes]) );
-    for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-      char *zColl = pIdx->azColl[i];
-      assert( zColl );
-      pKey->aColl[i] = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl);
-      pKey->aSortOrder[i] = pIdx->aSortOrder[i];
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(Parse *pParse, Index *pIdx){
+  if( pParse->nErr ) return 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHARED_CACHE
+  if( pIdx->pKeyInfo && pIdx->pKeyInfo->db!=pParse->db ){
+    sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pIdx->pKeyInfo);
+    pIdx->pKeyInfo = 0;
+  }
+#endif
+  if( pIdx->pKeyInfo==0 ){
+    int i;
+    int nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
+    int nKey = pIdx->nKeyCol;
+    KeyInfo *pKey;
+    if( pIdx->uniqNotNull ){
+      pKey = sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(pParse->db, nKey, nCol-nKey);
+    }else{
+      pKey = sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(pParse->db, nCol, 0);
     }
-    pKey->nField = (u16)nCol;
+    if( pKey ){
+      assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pKey) );
+      for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
+        char *zColl = pIdx->azColl[i];
+        assert( zColl!=0 );
+        pKey->aColl[i] = strcmp(zColl,"BINARY")==0 ? 0 :
+                          sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, zColl);
+        pKey->aSortOrder[i] = pIdx->aSortOrder[i];
+      }
+      if( pParse->nErr ){
+        sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pKey);
+      }else{
+        pIdx->pKeyInfo = pKey;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return sqlite3KeyInfoRef(pIdx->pKeyInfo);
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+/* 
+** This routine is invoked once per CTE by the parser while parsing a 
+** WITH clause. 
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE With *sqlite3WithAdd(
+  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
+  With *pWith,            /* Existing WITH clause, or NULL */
+  Token *pName,           /* Name of the common-table */
+  ExprList *pArglist,     /* Optional column name list for the table */
+  Select *pQuery          /* Query used to initialize the table */
+){
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  With *pNew;
+  char *zName;
+
+  /* Check that the CTE name is unique within this WITH clause. If
+  ** not, store an error in the Parse structure. */
+  zName = sqlite3NameFromToken(pParse->db, pName);
+  if( zName && pWith ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<pWith->nCte; i++){
+      if( sqlite3StrICmp(zName, pWith->a[i].zName)==0 ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "duplicate WITH table name: %s", zName);
+      }
+    }
   }
 
-  if( pParse->nErr ){
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, pKey);
-    pKey = 0;
+  if( pWith ){
+    int nByte = sizeof(*pWith) + (sizeof(pWith->a[1]) * pWith->nCte);
+    pNew = sqlite3DbRealloc(db, pWith, nByte);
+  }else{
+    pNew = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pWith));
   }
-  return pKey;
+  assert( zName!=0 || pNew==0 );
+  assert( db->mallocFailed==0 || pNew==0 );
+
+  if( pNew==0 ){
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pArglist);
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pQuery);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
+    pNew = pWith;
+  }else{
+    pNew->a[pNew->nCte].pSelect = pQuery;
+    pNew->a[pNew->nCte].pCols = pArglist;
+    pNew->a[pNew->nCte].zName = zName;
+    pNew->a[pNew->nCte].zErr = 0;
+    pNew->nCte++;
+  }
+
+  return pNew;
 }
 
+/*
+** Free the contents of the With object passed as the second argument.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WithDelete(sqlite3 *db, With *pWith){
+  if( pWith ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<pWith->nCte; i++){
+      struct Cte *pCte = &pWith->a[i];
+      sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pCte->pCols);
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pCte->pSelect);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, pCte->zName);
+    }
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pWith);
+  }
+}
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CTE) */
+
 /************** End of build.c ***********************************************/
 /************** Begin file callback.c ****************************************/
 /*
@@ -85116,17 +90448,18 @@
 **
 ** The return value is either the collation sequence to be used in database
 ** db for collation type name zName, length nName, or NULL, if no collation
-** sequence can be found.
+** sequence can be found.  If no collation is found, leave an error message.
 **
 ** See also: sqlite3LocateCollSeq(), sqlite3FindCollSeq()
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE CollSeq *sqlite3GetCollSeq(
-  sqlite3* db,          /* The database connection */
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
   u8 enc,               /* The desired encoding for the collating sequence */
   CollSeq *pColl,       /* Collating sequence with native encoding, or NULL */
   const char *zName     /* Collating sequence name */
 ){
   CollSeq *p;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
 
   p = pColl;
   if( !p ){
@@ -85143,6 +90476,9 @@
     p = 0;
   }
   assert( !p || p->xCmp );
+  if( p==0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such collation sequence: %s", zName);
+  }
   return p;
 }
 
@@ -85161,10 +90497,8 @@
   if( pColl ){
     const char *zName = pColl->zName;
     sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-    CollSeq *p = sqlite3GetCollSeq(db, ENC(db), pColl, zName);
+    CollSeq *p = sqlite3GetCollSeq(pParse, ENC(db), pColl, zName);
     if( !p ){
-      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such collation sequence: %s", zName);
-      pParse->nErr++;
       return SQLITE_ERROR;
     }
     assert( p==pColl );
@@ -85264,38 +90598,57 @@
 ** that uses encoding enc. The value returned indicates how well the
 ** request is matched. A higher value indicates a better match.
 **
+** If nArg is -1 that means to only return a match (non-zero) if p->nArg
+** is also -1.  In other words, we are searching for a function that
+** takes a variable number of arguments.
+**
+** If nArg is -2 that means that we are searching for any function 
+** regardless of the number of arguments it uses, so return a positive
+** match score for any
+**
 ** The returned value is always between 0 and 6, as follows:
 **
-** 0: Not a match, or if nArg<0 and the function is has no implementation.
-** 1: A variable arguments function that prefers UTF-8 when a UTF-16
-**    encoding is requested, or vice versa.
-** 2: A variable arguments function that uses UTF-16BE when UTF-16LE is
-**    requested, or vice versa.
-** 3: A variable arguments function using the same text encoding.
-** 4: A function with the exact number of arguments requested that
-**    prefers UTF-8 when a UTF-16 encoding is requested, or vice versa.
-** 5: A function with the exact number of arguments requested that
-**    prefers UTF-16LE when UTF-16BE is requested, or vice versa.
-** 6: An exact match.
+** 0: Not a match.
+** 1: UTF8/16 conversion required and function takes any number of arguments.
+** 2: UTF16 byte order change required and function takes any number of args.
+** 3: encoding matches and function takes any number of arguments
+** 4: UTF8/16 conversion required - argument count matches exactly
+** 5: UTF16 byte order conversion required - argument count matches exactly
+** 6: Perfect match:  encoding and argument count match exactly.
 **
+** If nArg==(-2) then any function with a non-null xStep or xFunc is
+** a perfect match and any function with both xStep and xFunc NULL is
+** a non-match.
 */
-static int matchQuality(FuncDef *p, int nArg, u8 enc){
-  int match = 0;
-  if( p->nArg==-1 || p->nArg==nArg 
-   || (nArg==-1 && (p->xFunc!=0 || p->xStep!=0))
-  ){
+#define FUNC_PERFECT_MATCH 6  /* The score for a perfect match */
+static int matchQuality(
+  FuncDef *p,     /* The function we are evaluating for match quality */
+  int nArg,       /* Desired number of arguments.  (-1)==any */
+  u8 enc          /* Desired text encoding */
+){
+  int match;
+
+  /* nArg of -2 is a special case */
+  if( nArg==(-2) ) return (p->xFunc==0 && p->xStep==0) ? 0 : FUNC_PERFECT_MATCH;
+
+  /* Wrong number of arguments means "no match" */
+  if( p->nArg!=nArg && p->nArg>=0 ) return 0;
+
+  /* Give a better score to a function with a specific number of arguments
+  ** than to function that accepts any number of arguments. */
+  if( p->nArg==nArg ){
+    match = 4;
+  }else{
     match = 1;
-    if( p->nArg==nArg || nArg==-1 ){
-      match = 4;
-    }
-    if( enc==p->iPrefEnc ){
-      match += 2;
-    }
-    else if( (enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE && p->iPrefEnc==SQLITE_UTF16BE) ||
-             (enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE && p->iPrefEnc==SQLITE_UTF16LE) ){
-      match += 1;
-    }
   }
+
+  /* Bonus points if the text encoding matches */
+  if( enc==(p->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_ENCMASK) ){
+    match += 2;  /* Exact encoding match */
+  }else if( (enc & p->funcFlags & 2)!=0 ){
+    match += 1;  /* Both are UTF16, but with different byte orders */
+  }
+
   return match;
 }
 
@@ -85351,13 +90704,12 @@
 **
 ** If the createFlag argument is true, then a new (blank) FuncDef
 ** structure is created and liked into the "db" structure if a
-** no matching function previously existed.  When createFlag is true
-** and the nArg parameter is -1, then only a function that accepts
-** any number of arguments will be returned.
+** no matching function previously existed.
 **
-** If createFlag is false and nArg is -1, then the first valid
-** function found is returned.  A function is valid if either xFunc
-** or xStep is non-zero.
+** If nArg is -2, then the first valid function found is returned.  A
+** function is valid if either xFunc or xStep is non-zero.  The nArg==(-2)
+** case is used to see if zName is a valid function name for some number
+** of arguments.  If nArg is -2, then createFlag must be 0.
 **
 ** If createFlag is false, then a function with the required name and
 ** number of arguments may be returned even if the eTextRep flag does not
@@ -85369,15 +90721,15 @@
   int nName,         /* Number of characters in the name */
   int nArg,          /* Number of arguments.  -1 means any number */
   u8 enc,            /* Preferred text encoding */
-  int createFlag     /* Create new entry if true and does not otherwise exist */
+  u8 createFlag      /* Create new entry if true and does not otherwise exist */
 ){
   FuncDef *p;         /* Iterator variable */
   FuncDef *pBest = 0; /* Best match found so far */
   int bestScore = 0;  /* Score of best match */
   int h;              /* Hash value */
 
-
-  assert( enc==SQLITE_UTF8 || enc==SQLITE_UTF16LE || enc==SQLITE_UTF16BE );
+  assert( nArg>=(-2) );
+  assert( nArg>=(-1) || createFlag==0 );
   h = (sqlite3UpperToLower[(u8)zName[0]] + nName) % ArraySize(db->aFunc.a);
 
   /* First search for a match amongst the application-defined functions.
@@ -85422,11 +90774,11 @@
   ** exact match for the name, number of arguments and encoding, then add a
   ** new entry to the hash table and return it.
   */
-  if( createFlag && (bestScore<6 || pBest->nArg!=nArg) && 
+  if( createFlag && bestScore<FUNC_PERFECT_MATCH && 
       (pBest = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pBest)+nName+1))!=0 ){
     pBest->zName = (char *)&pBest[1];
     pBest->nArg = (u16)nArg;
-    pBest->iPrefEnc = enc;
+    pBest->funcFlags = enc;
     memcpy(pBest->zName, zName, nName);
     pBest->zName[nName] = 0;
     sqlite3FuncDefInsert(&db->aFunc, pBest);
@@ -85468,9 +90820,9 @@
   sqlite3HashClear(&temp1);
   sqlite3HashClear(&pSchema->fkeyHash);
   pSchema->pSeqTab = 0;
-  if( pSchema->flags & DB_SchemaLoaded ){
+  if( pSchema->schemaFlags & DB_SchemaLoaded ){
     pSchema->iGeneration++;
-    pSchema->flags &= ~DB_SchemaLoaded;
+    pSchema->schemaFlags &= ~DB_SchemaLoaded;
   }
 }
 
@@ -85532,7 +90884,7 @@
   struct SrcList_item *pItem = pSrc->a;
   Table *pTab;
   assert( pItem && pSrc->nSrc==1 );
-  pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pItem->zName, pItem->zDatabase);
+  pTab = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, 0, pItem);
   sqlite3DeleteTable(pParse->db, pItem->pTab);
   pItem->pTab = pTab;
   if( pTab ){
@@ -85593,29 +90945,23 @@
   int iCur             /* Cursor number for ephemerial table */
 ){
   SelectDest dest;
-  Select *pDup;
+  Select *pSel;
+  SrcList *pFrom;
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-
-  pDup = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pView->pSelect, 0);
-  if( pWhere ){
-    SrcList *pFrom;
-    
-    pWhere = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pWhere, 0);
-    pFrom = sqlite3SrcListAppend(db, 0, 0, 0);
-    if( pFrom ){
-      assert( pFrom->nSrc==1 );
-      pFrom->a[0].zAlias = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pView->zName);
-      pFrom->a[0].pSelect = pDup;
-      assert( pFrom->a[0].pOn==0 );
-      assert( pFrom->a[0].pUsing==0 );
-    }else{
-      sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pDup);
-    }
-    pDup = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 0, pFrom, pWhere, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+  int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pView->pSchema);
+  pWhere = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pWhere, 0);
+  pFrom = sqlite3SrcListAppend(db, 0, 0, 0);
+  if( pFrom ){
+    assert( pFrom->nSrc==1 );
+    pFrom->a[0].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pView->zName);
+    pFrom->a[0].zDatabase = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, db->aDb[iDb].zName);
+    assert( pFrom->a[0].pOn==0 );
+    assert( pFrom->a[0].pUsing==0 );
   }
+  pSel = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 0, pFrom, pWhere, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
   sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_EphemTab, iCur);
-  sqlite3Select(pParse, pDup, &dest);
-  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pDup);
+  sqlite3Select(pParse, pSel, &dest);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSel);
 }
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER) */
 
@@ -85635,7 +90981,7 @@
   ExprList *pOrderBy,          /* The ORDER BY clause.  May be null */
   Expr *pLimit,                /* The LIMIT clause.  May be null */
   Expr *pOffset,               /* The OFFSET clause.  May be null */
-  char *zStmtType              /* Either DELETE or UPDATE.  For error messages. */
+  char *zStmtType              /* Either DELETE or UPDATE.  For err msgs. */
 ){
   Expr *pWhereRowid = NULL;    /* WHERE rowid .. */
   Expr *pInClause = NULL;      /* WHERE rowid IN ( select ) */
@@ -85710,7 +91056,8 @@
   sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pOffset);
   return 0;
 }
-#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) */
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT) */
+       /*      && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) */
 
 /*
 ** Generate code for a DELETE FROM statement.
@@ -85727,18 +91074,34 @@
   Vdbe *v;               /* The virtual database engine */
   Table *pTab;           /* The table from which records will be deleted */
   const char *zDb;       /* Name of database holding pTab */
-  int end, addr = 0;     /* A couple addresses of generated code */
   int i;                 /* Loop counter */
   WhereInfo *pWInfo;     /* Information about the WHERE clause */
   Index *pIdx;           /* For looping over indices of the table */
-  int iCur;              /* VDBE Cursor number for pTab */
+  int iTabCur;           /* Cursor number for the table */
+  int iDataCur;          /* VDBE cursor for the canonical data source */
+  int iIdxCur;           /* Cursor number of the first index */
+  int nIdx;              /* Number of indices */
   sqlite3 *db;           /* Main database structure */
   AuthContext sContext;  /* Authorization context */
   NameContext sNC;       /* Name context to resolve expressions in */
   int iDb;               /* Database number */
   int memCnt = -1;       /* Memory cell used for change counting */
   int rcauth;            /* Value returned by authorization callback */
-
+  int okOnePass;         /* True for one-pass algorithm without the FIFO */
+  int aiCurOnePass[2];   /* The write cursors opened by WHERE_ONEPASS */
+  u8 *aToOpen = 0;       /* Open cursor iTabCur+j if aToOpen[j] is true */
+  Index *pPk;            /* The PRIMARY KEY index on the table */
+  int iPk = 0;           /* First of nPk registers holding PRIMARY KEY value */
+  i16 nPk = 1;           /* Number of columns in the PRIMARY KEY */
+  int iKey;              /* Memory cell holding key of row to be deleted */
+  i16 nKey;              /* Number of memory cells in the row key */
+  int iEphCur = 0;       /* Ephemeral table holding all primary key values */
+  int iRowSet = 0;       /* Register for rowset of rows to delete */
+  int addrBypass = 0;    /* Address of jump over the delete logic */
+  int addrLoop = 0;      /* Top of the delete loop */
+  int addrDelete = 0;    /* Jump directly to the delete logic */
+  int addrEphOpen = 0;   /* Instruction to open the Ephermeral table */
+ 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
   int isView;                  /* True if attempting to delete from a view */
   Trigger *pTrigger;           /* List of table triggers, if required */
@@ -85793,11 +91156,11 @@
   }
   assert(!isView || pTrigger);
 
-  /* Assign  cursor number to the table and all its indices.
+  /* Assign cursor numbers to the table and all its indices.
   */
   assert( pTabList->nSrc==1 );
-  iCur = pTabList->a[0].iCursor = pParse->nTab++;
-  for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+  iTabCur = pTabList->a[0].iCursor = pParse->nTab++;
+  for(nIdx=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, nIdx++){
     pParse->nTab++;
   }
 
@@ -85821,7 +91184,8 @@
   */
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
   if( isView ){
-    sqlite3MaterializeView(pParse, pTab, pWhere, iCur);
+    sqlite3MaterializeView(pParse, pTab, pWhere, iTabCur);
+    iDataCur = iIdxCur = iTabCur;
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -85851,78 +91215,171 @@
    && 0==sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, 0, 0)
   ){
     assert( !isView );
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Clear, pTab->tnum, iDb, memCnt,
-                      pTab->zName, P4_STATIC);
+    sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 1, pTab->zName);
+    if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Clear, pTab->tnum, iDb, memCnt,
+                        pTab->zName, P4_STATIC);
+    }
     for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
       assert( pIdx->pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Clear, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
     }
   }else
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_TRUNCATE_OPTIMIZATION */
-  /* The usual case: There is a WHERE clause so we have to scan through
-  ** the table and pick which records to delete.
-  */
   {
-    int iRowSet = ++pParse->nMem;   /* Register for rowset of rows to delete */
-    int iRowid = ++pParse->nMem;    /* Used for storing rowid values. */
-    int regRowid;                   /* Actual register containing rowids */
-
-    /* Collect rowids of every row to be deleted.
+    if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      /* For a rowid table, initialize the RowSet to an empty set */
+      pPk = 0;
+      nPk = 1;
+      iRowSet = ++pParse->nMem;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iRowSet);
+    }else{
+      /* For a WITHOUT ROWID table, create an ephermeral table used to
+      ** hold all primary keys for rows to be deleted. */
+      pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+      assert( pPk!=0 );
+      nPk = pPk->nKeyCol;
+      iPk = pParse->nMem+1;
+      pParse->nMem += nPk;
+      iEphCur = pParse->nTab++;
+      addrEphOpen = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iEphCur, nPk);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pPk);
+    }
+  
+    /* Construct a query to find the rowid or primary key for every row
+    ** to be deleted, based on the WHERE clause.
     */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iRowSet);
-    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(
-        pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0, 0, WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK
-    );
+    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0, 0, 
+                               WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED|WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK,
+                               iTabCur+1);
     if( pWInfo==0 ) goto delete_from_cleanup;
-    regRowid = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTab, -1, iCur, iRowid);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowSetAdd, iRowSet, regRowid);
+    okOnePass = sqlite3WhereOkOnePass(pWInfo, aiCurOnePass);
+  
+    /* Keep track of the number of rows to be deleted */
     if( db->flags & SQLITE_CountRows ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, memCnt, 1);
     }
+  
+    /* Extract the rowid or primary key for the current row */
+    if( pPk ){
+      for(i=0; i<nPk; i++){
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iTabCur,
+                                        pPk->aiColumn[i], iPk+i);
+      }
+      iKey = iPk;
+    }else{
+      iKey = pParse->nMem + 1;
+      iKey = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTab, -1, iTabCur, iKey, 0);
+      if( iKey>pParse->nMem ) pParse->nMem = iKey;
+    }
+  
+    if( okOnePass ){
+      /* For ONEPASS, no need to store the rowid/primary-key.  There is only
+      ** one, so just keep it in its register(s) and fall through to the
+      ** delete code.
+      */
+      nKey = nPk; /* OP_Found will use an unpacked key */
+      aToOpen = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, nIdx+2);
+      if( aToOpen==0 ){
+        sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
+        goto delete_from_cleanup;
+      }
+      memset(aToOpen, 1, nIdx+1);
+      aToOpen[nIdx+1] = 0;
+      if( aiCurOnePass[0]>=0 ) aToOpen[aiCurOnePass[0]-iTabCur] = 0;
+      if( aiCurOnePass[1]>=0 ) aToOpen[aiCurOnePass[1]-iTabCur] = 0;
+      if( addrEphOpen ) sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrEphOpen);
+      addrDelete = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto); /* Jump to DELETE logic */
+    }else if( pPk ){
+      /* Construct a composite key for the row to be deleted and remember it */
+      iKey = ++pParse->nMem;
+      nKey = 0;   /* Zero tells OP_Found to use a composite key */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, iPk, nPk, iKey,
+                        sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pPk), nPk);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iEphCur, iKey);
+    }else{
+      /* Get the rowid of the row to be deleted and remember it in the RowSet */
+      nKey = 1;  /* OP_Seek always uses a single rowid */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowSetAdd, iRowSet, iKey);
+    }
+  
+    /* End of the WHERE loop */
     sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
-
-    /* Delete every item whose key was written to the list during the
-    ** database scan.  We have to delete items after the scan is complete
-    ** because deleting an item can change the scan order.  */
-    end = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-
+    if( okOnePass ){
+      /* Bypass the delete logic below if the WHERE loop found zero rows */
+      addrBypass = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrBypass);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrDelete);
+    }
+  
     /* Unless this is a view, open cursors for the table we are 
     ** deleting from and all its indices. If this is a view, then the
     ** only effect this statement has is to fire the INSTEAD OF 
-    ** triggers.  */
+    ** triggers.
+    */
     if( !isView ){
-      sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, iCur, OP_OpenWrite);
+      sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, OP_OpenWrite, iTabCur, aToOpen,
+                                 &iDataCur, &iIdxCur);
+      assert( pPk || iDataCur==iTabCur );
+      assert( pPk || iIdxCur==iDataCur+1 );
     }
-
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowSetRead, iRowSet, end, iRowid);
-
+  
+    /* Set up a loop over the rowids/primary-keys that were found in the
+    ** where-clause loop above.
+    */
+    if( okOnePass ){
+      /* Just one row.  Hence the top-of-loop is a no-op */
+      assert( nKey==nPk ); /* OP_Found will use an unpacked key */
+      if( aToOpen[iDataCur-iTabCur] ){
+        assert( pPk!=0 );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iDataCur, addrBypass, iKey, nKey);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }
+    }else if( pPk ){
+      addrLoop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, iEphCur); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowKey, iEphCur, iKey);
+      assert( nKey==0 );  /* OP_Found will use a composite key */
+    }else{
+      addrLoop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowSetRead, iRowSet, 0, iKey);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+      assert( nKey==1 );
+    }  
+  
     /* Delete the row */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
     if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
       const char *pVTab = (const char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab);
       sqlite3VtabMakeWritable(pParse, pTab);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VUpdate, 0, 1, iRowid, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VUpdate, 0, 1, iKey, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OE_Abort);
       sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
     }else
 #endif
     {
       int count = (pParse->nested==0);    /* True to count changes */
-      sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(pParse, pTab, iCur, iRowid, count, pTrigger, OE_Default);
+      sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(pParse, pTab, pTrigger, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+                               iKey, nKey, count, OE_Default, okOnePass);
     }
-
-    /* End of the delete loop */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addr);
-    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, end);
-
+  
+    /* End of the loop over all rowids/primary-keys. */
+    if( okOnePass ){
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrBypass);
+    }else if( pPk ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iEphCur, addrLoop+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrLoop);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrLoop);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrLoop);
+    }     
+  
     /* Close the cursors open on the table and its indexes. */
     if( !isView && !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
-      for(i=1, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; i++, pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iCur + i, pIdx->tnum);
+      if( !pPk ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iDataCur);
+      for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; i++, pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iIdxCur + i);
       }
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iCur);
     }
-  }
+  } /* End non-truncate path */
 
   /* Update the sqlite_sequence table by storing the content of the
   ** maximum rowid counter values recorded while inserting into
@@ -85946,6 +91403,7 @@
   sqlite3AuthContextPop(&sContext);
   sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pTabList);
   sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhere);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, aToOpen);
   return;
 }
 /* Make sure "isView" and other macros defined above are undefined. Otherwise
@@ -85960,50 +91418,63 @@
 
 /*
 ** This routine generates VDBE code that causes a single row of a
-** single table to be deleted.
+** single table to be deleted.  Both the original table entry and
+** all indices are removed.
 **
-** The VDBE must be in a particular state when this routine is called.
-** These are the requirements:
+** Preconditions:
 **
-**   1.  A read/write cursor pointing to pTab, the table containing the row
-**       to be deleted, must be opened as cursor number $iCur.
+**   1.  iDataCur is an open cursor on the btree that is the canonical data
+**       store for the table.  (This will be either the table itself,
+**       in the case of a rowid table, or the PRIMARY KEY index in the case
+**       of a WITHOUT ROWID table.)
 **
 **   2.  Read/write cursors for all indices of pTab must be open as
-**       cursor number base+i for the i-th index.
+**       cursor number iIdxCur+i for the i-th index.
 **
-**   3.  The record number of the row to be deleted must be stored in
-**       memory cell iRowid.
-**
-** This routine generates code to remove both the table record and all 
-** index entries that point to that record.
+**   3.  The primary key for the row to be deleted must be stored in a
+**       sequence of nPk memory cells starting at iPk.  If nPk==0 that means
+**       that a search record formed from OP_MakeRecord is contained in the
+**       single memory location iPk.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(
   Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing context */
   Table *pTab,       /* Table containing the row to be deleted */
-  int iCur,          /* Cursor number for the table */
-  int iRowid,        /* Memory cell that contains the rowid to delete */
-  int count,         /* If non-zero, increment the row change counter */
   Trigger *pTrigger, /* List of triggers to (potentially) fire */
-  int onconf         /* Default ON CONFLICT policy for triggers */
+  int iDataCur,      /* Cursor from which column data is extracted */
+  int iIdxCur,       /* First index cursor */
+  int iPk,           /* First memory cell containing the PRIMARY KEY */
+  i16 nPk,           /* Number of PRIMARY KEY memory cells */
+  u8 count,          /* If non-zero, increment the row change counter */
+  u8 onconf,         /* Default ON CONFLICT policy for triggers */
+  u8 bNoSeek         /* iDataCur is already pointing to the row to delete */
 ){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;        /* Vdbe */
   int iOld = 0;                   /* First register in OLD.* array */
   int iLabel;                     /* Label resolved to end of generated code */
+  u8 opSeek;                      /* Seek opcode */
 
   /* Vdbe is guaranteed to have been allocated by this stage. */
   assert( v );
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "BEGIN: GenRowDel(%d,%d,%d,%d)",
+                         iDataCur, iIdxCur, iPk, (int)nPk));
 
   /* Seek cursor iCur to the row to delete. If this row no longer exists 
   ** (this can happen if a trigger program has already deleted it), do
   ** not attempt to delete it or fire any DELETE triggers.  */
   iLabel = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, iLabel, iRowid);
+  opSeek = HasRowid(pTab) ? OP_NotExists : OP_NotFound;
+  if( !bNoSeek ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, opSeek, iDataCur, iLabel, iPk, nPk);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, opSeek==OP_NotExists);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, opSeek==OP_NotFound);
+  }
  
   /* If there are any triggers to fire, allocate a range of registers to
   ** use for the old.* references in the triggers.  */
   if( sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, 0, 0) || pTrigger ){
     u32 mask;                     /* Mask of OLD.* columns in use */
     int iCol;                     /* Iterator used while populating OLD.* */
+    int addrStart;                /* Start of BEFORE trigger programs */
 
     /* TODO: Could use temporary registers here. Also could attempt to
     ** avoid copying the contents of the rowid register.  */
@@ -86016,36 +91487,44 @@
 
     /* Populate the OLD.* pseudo-table register array. These values will be 
     ** used by any BEFORE and AFTER triggers that exist.  */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, iRowid, iOld);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, iPk, iOld);
     for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nCol; iCol++){
-      if( mask==0xffffffff || mask&(1<<iCol) ){
-        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iCur, iCol, iOld+iCol+1);
+      testcase( mask!=0xffffffff && iCol==31 );
+      testcase( mask!=0xffffffff && iCol==32 );
+      if( mask==0xffffffff || (iCol<=31 && (mask & MASKBIT32(iCol))!=0) ){
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, iCol, iOld+iCol+1);
       }
     }
 
     /* Invoke BEFORE DELETE trigger programs. */
+    addrStart = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
     sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, 
         TK_DELETE, 0, TRIGGER_BEFORE, pTab, iOld, onconf, iLabel
     );
 
-    /* Seek the cursor to the row to be deleted again. It may be that
-    ** the BEFORE triggers coded above have already removed the row
-    ** being deleted. Do not attempt to delete the row a second time, and 
-    ** do not fire AFTER triggers.  */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, iLabel, iRowid);
+    /* If any BEFORE triggers were coded, then seek the cursor to the 
+    ** row to be deleted again. It may be that the BEFORE triggers moved
+    ** the cursor or of already deleted the row that the cursor was
+    ** pointing to.
+    */
+    if( addrStart<sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, opSeek, iDataCur, iLabel, iPk, nPk);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, opSeek==OP_NotExists);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, opSeek==OP_NotFound);
+    }
 
     /* Do FK processing. This call checks that any FK constraints that
     ** refer to this table (i.e. constraints attached to other tables) 
     ** are not violated by deleting this row.  */
-    sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, iOld, 0);
+    sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, iOld, 0, 0, 0);
   }
 
   /* Delete the index and table entries. Skip this step if pTab is really
   ** a view (in which case the only effect of the DELETE statement is to
   ** fire the INSTEAD OF triggers).  */ 
   if( pTab->pSelect==0 ){
-    sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iCur, 0);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Delete, iCur, (count?OPFLAG_NCHANGE:0));
+    sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iDataCur, iIdxCur, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Delete, iDataCur, (count?OPFLAG_NCHANGE:0));
     if( count ){
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
     }
@@ -86054,7 +91533,7 @@
   /* Do any ON CASCADE, SET NULL or SET DEFAULT operations required to
   ** handle rows (possibly in other tables) that refer via a foreign key
   ** to the row just deleted. */ 
-  sqlite3FkActions(pParse, pTab, 0, iOld);
+  sqlite3FkActions(pParse, pTab, 0, iOld, 0, 0);
 
   /* Invoke AFTER DELETE trigger programs. */
   sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, 
@@ -86065,58 +91544,98 @@
   ** trigger programs were invoked. Or if a trigger program throws a 
   ** RAISE(IGNORE) exception.  */
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iLabel);
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "END: GenRowDel()"));
 }
 
 /*
 ** This routine generates VDBE code that causes the deletion of all
-** index entries associated with a single row of a single table.
+** index entries associated with a single row of a single table, pTab
 **
-** The VDBE must be in a particular state when this routine is called.
-** These are the requirements:
+** Preconditions:
 **
-**   1.  A read/write cursor pointing to pTab, the table containing the row
-**       to be deleted, must be opened as cursor number "iCur".
+**   1.  A read/write cursor "iDataCur" must be open on the canonical storage
+**       btree for the table pTab.  (This will be either the table itself
+**       for rowid tables or to the primary key index for WITHOUT ROWID
+**       tables.)
 **
 **   2.  Read/write cursors for all indices of pTab must be open as
-**       cursor number iCur+i for the i-th index.
+**       cursor number iIdxCur+i for the i-th index.  (The pTab->pIndex
+**       index is the 0-th index.)
 **
-**   3.  The "iCur" cursor must be pointing to the row that is to be
-**       deleted.
+**   3.  The "iDataCur" cursor must be already be positioned on the row
+**       that is to be deleted.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(
   Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing and code generating context */
   Table *pTab,       /* Table containing the row to be deleted */
-  int iCur,          /* Cursor number for the table */
+  int iDataCur,      /* Cursor of table holding data. */
+  int iIdxCur,       /* First index cursor */
   int *aRegIdx       /* Only delete if aRegIdx!=0 && aRegIdx[i]>0 */
 ){
-  int i;
-  Index *pIdx;
-  int r1;
+  int i;             /* Index loop counter */
+  int r1 = -1;       /* Register holding an index key */
+  int iPartIdxLabel; /* Jump destination for skipping partial index entries */
+  Index *pIdx;       /* Current index */
+  Index *pPrior = 0; /* Prior index */
+  Vdbe *v;           /* The prepared statement under construction */
+  Index *pPk;        /* PRIMARY KEY index, or NULL for rowid tables */
 
-  for(i=1, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; i++, pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-    if( aRegIdx!=0 && aRegIdx[i-1]==0 ) continue;
-    r1 = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, iCur, 0, 0);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(pParse->pVdbe, OP_IdxDelete, iCur+i, r1,pIdx->nColumn+1);
+  v = pParse->pVdbe;
+  pPk = HasRowid(pTab) ? 0 : sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+  for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; i++, pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+    assert( iIdxCur+i!=iDataCur || pPk==pIdx );
+    if( aRegIdx!=0 && aRegIdx[i]==0 ) continue;
+    if( pIdx==pPk ) continue;
+    VdbeModuleComment((v, "GenRowIdxDel for %s", pIdx->zName));
+    r1 = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, iDataCur, 0, 1,
+                                 &iPartIdxLabel, pPrior, r1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxDelete, iIdxCur+i, r1,
+                      pIdx->uniqNotNull ? pIdx->nKeyCol : pIdx->nColumn);
+    sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(pParse, iPartIdxLabel);
+    pPrior = pIdx;
   }
 }
 
 /*
-** Generate code that will assemble an index key and put it in register
+** Generate code that will assemble an index key and stores it in register
 ** regOut.  The key with be for index pIdx which is an index on pTab.
 ** iCur is the index of a cursor open on the pTab table and pointing to
-** the entry that needs indexing.
+** the entry that needs indexing.  If pTab is a WITHOUT ROWID table, then
+** iCur must be the cursor of the PRIMARY KEY index.
 **
 ** Return a register number which is the first in a block of
 ** registers that holds the elements of the index key.  The
 ** block of registers has already been deallocated by the time
 ** this routine returns.
+**
+** If *piPartIdxLabel is not NULL, fill it in with a label and jump
+** to that label if pIdx is a partial index that should be skipped.
+** The label should be resolved using sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel().
+** A partial index should be skipped if its WHERE clause evaluates
+** to false or null.  If pIdx is not a partial index, *piPartIdxLabel
+** will be set to zero which is an empty label that is ignored by
+** sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel().
+**
+** The pPrior and regPrior parameters are used to implement a cache to
+** avoid unnecessary register loads.  If pPrior is not NULL, then it is
+** a pointer to a different index for which an index key has just been
+** computed into register regPrior.  If the current pIdx index is generating
+** its key into the same sequence of registers and if pPrior and pIdx share
+** a column in common, then the register corresponding to that column already
+** holds the correct value and the loading of that register is skipped.
+** This optimization is helpful when doing a DELETE or an INTEGRITY_CHECK 
+** on a table with multiple indices, and especially with the ROWID or
+** PRIMARY KEY columns of the index.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(
-  Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing context */
-  Index *pIdx,       /* The index for which to generate a key */
-  int iCur,          /* Cursor number for the pIdx->pTable table */
-  int regOut,        /* Write the new index key to this register */
-  int doMakeRec      /* Run the OP_MakeRecord instruction if true */
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing context */
+  Index *pIdx,         /* The index for which to generate a key */
+  int iDataCur,        /* Cursor number from which to take column data */
+  int regOut,          /* Put the new key into this register if not 0 */
+  int prefixOnly,      /* Compute only a unique prefix of the key */
+  int *piPartIdxLabel, /* OUT: Jump to this label to skip partial index */
+  Index *pPrior,       /* Previously generated index key */
+  int regPrior         /* Register holding previous generated key */
 ){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
   int j;
@@ -86124,32 +91643,51 @@
   int regBase;
   int nCol;
 
-  nCol = pIdx->nColumn;
-  regBase = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nCol+1);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iCur, regBase+nCol);
+  if( piPartIdxLabel ){
+    if( pIdx->pPartIdxWhere ){
+      *piPartIdxLabel = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      pParse->iPartIdxTab = iDataCur;
+      sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pIdx->pPartIdxWhere, *piPartIdxLabel, 
+                         SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+    }else{
+      *piPartIdxLabel = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  nCol = (prefixOnly && pIdx->uniqNotNull) ? pIdx->nKeyCol : pIdx->nColumn;
+  regBase = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nCol);
+  if( pPrior && (regBase!=regPrior || pPrior->pPartIdxWhere) ) pPrior = 0;
   for(j=0; j<nCol; j++){
-    int idx = pIdx->aiColumn[j];
-    if( idx==pTab->iPKey ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regBase+nCol, regBase+j);
-    }else{
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iCur, idx, regBase+j);
-      sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, idx, -1);
-    }
+    if( pPrior && pPrior->aiColumn[j]==pIdx->aiColumn[j] ) continue;
+    sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, pIdx->aiColumn[j],
+                                    regBase+j);
+    /* If the column affinity is REAL but the number is an integer, then it
+    ** might be stored in the table as an integer (using a compact
+    ** representation) then converted to REAL by an OP_RealAffinity opcode.
+    ** But we are getting ready to store this value back into an index, where
+    ** it should be converted by to INTEGER again.  So omit the OP_RealAffinity
+    ** opcode if it is present */
+    sqlite3VdbeDeletePriorOpcode(v, OP_RealAffinity);
   }
-  if( doMakeRec ){
-    const char *zAff;
-    if( pTab->pSelect || (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_IdxRealAsInt)!=0 ){
-      zAff = 0;
-    }else{
-      zAff = sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx);
-    }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase, nCol+1, regOut);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, zAff, P4_TRANSIENT);
+  if( regOut ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase, nCol, regOut);
   }
-  sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regBase, nCol+1);
+  sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regBase, nCol);
   return regBase;
 }
 
+/*
+** If a prior call to sqlite3GenerateIndexKey() generated a jump-over label
+** because it was a partial index, then this routine should be called to
+** resolve that label.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(Parse *pParse, int iLabel){
+  if( iLabel ){
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(pParse->pVdbe, iLabel);
+    sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
+  }
+}
+
 /************** End of delete.c **********************************************/
 /************** Begin file func.c ********************************************/
 /*
@@ -86163,12 +91701,9 @@
 **    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
 **
 *************************************************************************
-** This file contains the C functions that implement various SQL
-** functions of SQLite.  
-**
-** There is only one exported symbol in this file - the function
-** sqliteRegisterBuildinFunctions() found at the bottom of the file.
-** All other code has file scope.
+** This file contains the C-language implementions for many of the SQL
+** functions of SQLite.  (Some function, and in particular the date and
+** time functions, are implemented separately.)
 */
 /* #include <stdlib.h> */
 /* #include <assert.h> */
@@ -86289,9 +91824,9 @@
     case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
       i64 iVal = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
       if( iVal<0 ){
-        if( (iVal<<1)==0 ){
-          /* IMP: R-35460-15084 If X is the integer -9223372036854775807 then
-          ** abs(X) throws an integer overflow error since there is no
+        if( iVal==SMALLEST_INT64 ){
+          /* IMP: R-31676-45509 If X is the integer -9223372036854775808
+          ** then abs(X) throws an integer overflow error since there is no
           ** equivalent positive 64-bit two complement value. */
           sqlite3_result_error(context, "integer overflow", -1);
           return;
@@ -86321,6 +91856,82 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Implementation of the instr() function.
+**
+** instr(haystack,needle) finds the first occurrence of needle
+** in haystack and returns the number of previous characters plus 1,
+** or 0 if needle does not occur within haystack.
+**
+** If both haystack and needle are BLOBs, then the result is one more than
+** the number of bytes in haystack prior to the first occurrence of needle,
+** or 0 if needle never occurs in haystack.
+*/
+static void instrFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const unsigned char *zHaystack;
+  const unsigned char *zNeedle;
+  int nHaystack;
+  int nNeedle;
+  int typeHaystack, typeNeedle;
+  int N = 1;
+  int isText;
+
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
+  typeHaystack = sqlite3_value_type(argv[0]);
+  typeNeedle = sqlite3_value_type(argv[1]);
+  if( typeHaystack==SQLITE_NULL || typeNeedle==SQLITE_NULL ) return;
+  nHaystack = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
+  nNeedle = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[1]);
+  if( typeHaystack==SQLITE_BLOB && typeNeedle==SQLITE_BLOB ){
+    zHaystack = sqlite3_value_blob(argv[0]);
+    zNeedle = sqlite3_value_blob(argv[1]);
+    isText = 0;
+  }else{
+    zHaystack = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+    zNeedle = sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
+    isText = 1;
+  }
+  while( nNeedle<=nHaystack && memcmp(zHaystack, zNeedle, nNeedle)!=0 ){
+    N++;
+    do{
+      nHaystack--;
+      zHaystack++;
+    }while( isText && (zHaystack[0]&0xc0)==0x80 );
+  }
+  if( nNeedle>nHaystack ) N = 0;
+  sqlite3_result_int(context, N);
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of the printf() function.
+*/
+static void printfFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  PrintfArguments x;
+  StrAccum str;
+  const char *zFormat;
+  int n;
+
+  if( argc>=1 && (zFormat = (const char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]))!=0 ){
+    x.nArg = argc-1;
+    x.nUsed = 0;
+    x.apArg = argv+1;
+    sqlite3StrAccumInit(&str, 0, 0, SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH);
+    str.db = sqlite3_context_db_handle(context);
+    sqlite3XPrintf(&str, SQLITE_PRINTF_SQLFUNC, zFormat, &x);
+    n = str.nChar;
+    sqlite3_result_text(context, sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&str), n,
+                        SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** Implementation of the substr() function.
 **
 ** substr(x,p1,p2)  returns p2 characters of x[] beginning with p1.
@@ -86330,7 +91941,7 @@
 **
 ** If p1 is negative, then we begin abs(p1) from the end of x[].
 **
-** If p2 is negative, return the p2 characters preceeding p1.
+** If p2 is negative, return the p2 characters preceding p1.
 */
 static void substrFunc(
   sqlite3_context *context,
@@ -86519,34 +92130,15 @@
   }
 }
 
-
-#if 0  /* This function is never used. */
 /*
-** The COALESCE() and IFNULL() functions used to be implemented as shown
-** here.  But now they are implemented as VDBE code so that unused arguments
-** do not have to be computed.  This legacy implementation is retained as
-** comment.
+** Some functions like COALESCE() and IFNULL() and UNLIKELY() are implemented
+** as VDBE code so that unused argument values do not have to be computed.
+** However, we still need some kind of function implementation for this
+** routines in the function table.  The noopFunc macro provides this.
+** noopFunc will never be called so it doesn't matter what the implementation
+** is.  We might as well use the "version()" function as a substitute.
 */
-/*
-** Implementation of the IFNULL(), NVL(), and COALESCE() functions.  
-** All three do the same thing.  They return the first non-NULL
-** argument.
-*/
-static void ifnullFunc(
-  sqlite3_context *context,
-  int argc,
-  sqlite3_value **argv
-){
-  int i;
-  for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
-    if( SQLITE_NULL!=sqlite3_value_type(argv[i]) ){
-      sqlite3_result_value(context, argv[i]);
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-#endif /* NOT USED */
-#define ifnullFunc versionFunc   /* Substitute function - never called */
+#define noopFunc versionFunc   /* Substitute function - never called */
 
 /*
 ** Implementation of random().  Return a random integer.  
@@ -86664,10 +92256,10 @@
 ** whereas only characters less than 0x80 do in ASCII.
 */
 #if defined(SQLITE_EBCDIC)
-# define sqlite3Utf8Read(A,C)  (*(A++))
-# define GlogUpperToLower(A)   A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]
+# define sqlite3Utf8Read(A)    (*((*A)++))
+# define GlobUpperToLower(A)   A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]
 #else
-# define GlogUpperToLower(A)   if( !((A)&~0x7f) ){ A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]; }
+# define GlobUpperToLower(A)   if( !((A)&~0x7f) ){ A = sqlite3UpperToLower[A]; }
 #endif
 
 static const struct compareInfo globInfo = { '*', '?', '[', 0 };
@@ -86721,18 +92313,18 @@
   u8 noCase = pInfo->noCase; 
   int prevEscape = 0;     /* True if the previous character was 'escape' */
 
-  while( (c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern,&zPattern))!=0 ){
-    if( !prevEscape && c==matchAll ){
-      while( (c=sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern,&zPattern)) == matchAll
+  while( (c = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern))!=0 ){
+    if( c==matchAll && !prevEscape ){
+      while( (c=sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern)) == matchAll
                || c == matchOne ){
-        if( c==matchOne && sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString)==0 ){
+        if( c==matchOne && sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString)==0 ){
           return 0;
         }
       }
       if( c==0 ){
         return 1;
       }else if( c==esc ){
-        c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+        c = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern);
         if( c==0 ){
           return 0;
         }
@@ -86744,25 +92336,25 @@
         }
         return *zString!=0;
       }
-      while( (c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString,&zString))!=0 ){
+      while( (c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString))!=0 ){
         if( noCase ){
-          GlogUpperToLower(c2);
-          GlogUpperToLower(c);
+          GlobUpperToLower(c2);
+          GlobUpperToLower(c);
           while( c2 != 0 && c2 != c ){
-            c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString);
-            GlogUpperToLower(c2);
+            c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString);
+            GlobUpperToLower(c2);
           }
         }else{
           while( c2 != 0 && c2 != c ){
-            c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString);
+            c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString);
           }
         }
         if( c2==0 ) return 0;
         if( patternCompare(zPattern,zString,pInfo,esc) ) return 1;
       }
       return 0;
-    }else if( !prevEscape && c==matchOne ){
-      if( sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString)==0 ){
+    }else if( c==matchOne && !prevEscape ){
+      if( sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString)==0 ){
         return 0;
       }
     }else if( c==matchSet ){
@@ -86770,20 +92362,20 @@
       assert( esc==0 );    /* This only occurs for GLOB, not LIKE */
       seen = 0;
       invert = 0;
-      c = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString);
+      c = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString);
       if( c==0 ) return 0;
-      c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+      c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern);
       if( c2=='^' ){
         invert = 1;
-        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern);
       }
       if( c2==']' ){
         if( c==']' ) seen = 1;
-        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern);
       }
       while( c2 && c2!=']' ){
         if( c2=='-' && zPattern[0]!=']' && zPattern[0]!=0 && prior_c>0 ){
-          c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+          c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern);
           if( c>=prior_c && c<=c2 ) seen = 1;
           prior_c = 0;
         }else{
@@ -86792,7 +92384,7 @@
           }
           prior_c = c2;
         }
-        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zPattern, &zPattern);
+        c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zPattern);
       }
       if( c2==0 || (seen ^ invert)==0 ){
         return 0;
@@ -86800,10 +92392,10 @@
     }else if( esc==c && !prevEscape ){
       prevEscape = 1;
     }else{
-      c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(zString, &zString);
+      c2 = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zString);
       if( noCase ){
-        GlogUpperToLower(c);
-        GlogUpperToLower(c2);
+        GlobUpperToLower(c);
+        GlobUpperToLower(c2);
       }
       if( c!=c2 ){
         return 0;
@@ -86815,6 +92407,13 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** The sqlite3_strglob() interface.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strglob(const char *zGlobPattern, const char *zString){
+  return patternCompare((u8*)zGlobPattern, (u8*)zString, &globInfo, 0)==0;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Count the number of times that the LIKE operator (or GLOB which is
 ** just a variation of LIKE) gets called.  This is used for testing
 ** only.
@@ -86872,7 +92471,7 @@
           "ESCAPE expression must be a single character", -1);
       return;
     }
-    escape = sqlite3Utf8Read(zEsc, &zEsc);
+    escape = sqlite3Utf8Read(&zEsc);
   }
   if( zA && zB ){
     struct compareInfo *pInfo = sqlite3_user_data(context);
@@ -87001,10 +92600,6 @@
 };
 
 /*
-** EXPERIMENTAL - This is not an official function.  The interface may
-** change.  This function may disappear.  Do not write code that depends
-** on this function.
-**
 ** Implementation of the QUOTE() function.  This function takes a single
 ** argument.  If the argument is numeric, the return value is the same as
 ** the argument.  If the argument is NULL, the return value is the string
@@ -87015,8 +92610,19 @@
   assert( argc==1 );
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(argc);
   switch( sqlite3_value_type(argv[0]) ){
-    case SQLITE_INTEGER:
     case SQLITE_FLOAT: {
+      double r1, r2;
+      char zBuf[50];
+      r1 = sqlite3_value_double(argv[0]);
+      sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf), zBuf, "%!.15g", r1);
+      sqlite3AtoF(zBuf, &r2, 20, SQLITE_UTF8);
+      if( r1!=r2 ){
+        sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf), zBuf, "%!.20e", r1);
+      }
+      sqlite3_result_text(context, zBuf, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      break;
+    }
+    case SQLITE_INTEGER: {
       sqlite3_result_value(context, argv[0]);
       break;
     }
@@ -87073,6 +92679,62 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** The unicode() function.  Return the integer unicode code-point value
+** for the first character of the input string. 
+*/
+static void unicodeFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  const unsigned char *z = sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
+  (void)argc;
+  if( z && z[0] ) sqlite3_result_int(context, sqlite3Utf8Read(&z));
+}
+
+/*
+** The char() function takes zero or more arguments, each of which is
+** an integer.  It constructs a string where each character of the string
+** is the unicode character for the corresponding integer argument.
+*/
+static void charFunc(
+  sqlite3_context *context,
+  int argc,
+  sqlite3_value **argv
+){
+  unsigned char *z, *zOut;
+  int i;
+  zOut = z = sqlite3_malloc( argc*4+1 );
+  if( z==0 ){
+    sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
+    return;
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
+    sqlite3_int64 x;
+    unsigned c;
+    x = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[i]);
+    if( x<0 || x>0x10ffff ) x = 0xfffd;
+    c = (unsigned)(x & 0x1fffff);
+    if( c<0x00080 ){
+      *zOut++ = (u8)(c&0xFF);
+    }else if( c<0x00800 ){
+      *zOut++ = 0xC0 + (u8)((c>>6)&0x1F);
+      *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);
+    }else if( c<0x10000 ){
+      *zOut++ = 0xE0 + (u8)((c>>12)&0x0F);
+      *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>6) & 0x3F);
+      *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);
+    }else{
+      *zOut++ = 0xF0 + (u8)((c>>18) & 0x07);
+      *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>12) & 0x3F);
+      *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>6) & 0x3F);
+      *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);
+    }                                                    \
+  }
+  sqlite3_result_text(context, (char*)z, (int)(zOut-z), sqlite3_free);
+}
+
+/*
 ** The hex() function.  Interpret the argument as a blob.  Return
 ** a hexadecimal rendering as text.
 */
@@ -87126,7 +92788,7 @@
 /*
 ** The replace() function.  Three arguments are all strings: call
 ** them A, B, and C. The result is also a string which is derived
-** from A by replacing every occurance of B with C.  The match
+** from A by replacing every occurrence of B with C.  The match
 ** must be exact.  Collating sequences are not used.
 */
 static void replaceFunc(
@@ -87562,20 +93224,20 @@
         zSep = ",";
         nSep = 1;
       }
-      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zSep, nSep);
+      if( nSep ) sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zSep, nSep);
     }
     zVal = (char*)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
     nVal = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
-    sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zVal, nVal);
+    if( zVal ) sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pAccum, zVal, nVal);
   }
 }
 static void groupConcatFinalize(sqlite3_context *context){
   StrAccum *pAccum;
   pAccum = sqlite3_aggregate_context(context, 0);
   if( pAccum ){
-    if( pAccum->tooBig ){
+    if( pAccum->accError==STRACCUM_TOOBIG ){
       sqlite3_result_error_toobig(context);
-    }else if( pAccum->mallocFailed ){
+    }else if( pAccum->accError==STRACCUM_NOMEM ){
       sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
     }else{    
       sqlite3_result_text(context, sqlite3StrAccumFinish(pAccum), -1, 
@@ -87605,7 +93267,7 @@
   pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, zName, sqlite3Strlen30(zName),
                              2, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
   if( ALWAYS(pDef) ){
-    pDef->flags = flagVal;
+    pDef->funcFlags |= flagVal;
   }
 }
 
@@ -87649,7 +93311,7 @@
   pDef = sqlite3FindFunction(db, pExpr->u.zToken, 
                              sqlite3Strlen30(pExpr->u.zToken),
                              2, SQLITE_UTF8, 0);
-  if( NEVER(pDef==0) || (pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE)==0 ){
+  if( NEVER(pDef==0) || (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_LIKE)==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
 
@@ -87661,7 +93323,7 @@
   assert( (char*)&likeInfoAlt == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchAll );
   assert( &((char*)&likeInfoAlt)[1] == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchOne );
   assert( &((char*)&likeInfoAlt)[2] == (char*)&likeInfoAlt.matchSet );
-  *pIsNocase = (pDef->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_CASE)==0;
+  *pIsNocase = (pDef->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_CASE)==0;
   return 1;
 }
 
@@ -87694,10 +93356,14 @@
     FUNCTION(max,               -1, 1, 1, minmaxFunc       ),
     FUNCTION(max,                0, 1, 1, 0                ),
     AGGREGATE(max,               1, 1, 1, minmaxStep,      minMaxFinalize ),
-    FUNCTION(typeof,             1, 0, 0, typeofFunc       ),
-    FUNCTION(length,             1, 0, 0, lengthFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION2(typeof,            1, 0, 0, typeofFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_TYPEOF),
+    FUNCTION2(length,            1, 0, 0, lengthFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_LENGTH),
+    FUNCTION(instr,              2, 0, 0, instrFunc        ),
     FUNCTION(substr,             2, 0, 0, substrFunc       ),
     FUNCTION(substr,             3, 0, 0, substrFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION(printf,            -1, 0, 0, printfFunc       ),
+    FUNCTION(unicode,            1, 0, 0, unicodeFunc      ),
+    FUNCTION(char,              -1, 0, 0, charFunc         ),
     FUNCTION(abs,                1, 0, 0, absFunc          ),
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
     FUNCTION(round,              1, 0, 0, roundFunc        ),
@@ -87707,13 +93373,14 @@
     FUNCTION(lower,              1, 0, 0, lowerFunc        ),
     FUNCTION(coalesce,           1, 0, 0, 0                ),
     FUNCTION(coalesce,           0, 0, 0, 0                ),
-/*  FUNCTION(coalesce,          -1, 0, 0, ifnullFunc       ), */
-    {-1,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE,0,0,ifnullFunc,0,0,"coalesce",0,0},
+    FUNCTION2(coalesce,         -1, 0, 0, noopFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE),
     FUNCTION(hex,                1, 0, 0, hexFunc          ),
-/*  FUNCTION(ifnull,             2, 0, 0, ifnullFunc       ), */
-    {2,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE,0,0,ifnullFunc,0,0,"ifnull",0,0},
-    FUNCTION(random,             0, 0, 0, randomFunc       ),
-    FUNCTION(randomblob,         1, 0, 0, randomBlob       ),
+    FUNCTION2(ifnull,            2, 0, 0, noopFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_COALESCE),
+    FUNCTION2(unlikely,          1, 0, 0, noopFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY),
+    FUNCTION2(likelihood,        2, 0, 0, noopFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY),
+    FUNCTION2(likely,            1, 0, 0, noopFunc,  SQLITE_FUNC_UNLIKELY),
+    VFUNCTION(random,            0, 0, 0, randomFunc       ),
+    VFUNCTION(randomblob,        1, 0, 0, randomBlob       ),
     FUNCTION(nullif,             2, 0, 1, nullifFunc       ),
     FUNCTION(sqlite_version,     0, 0, 0, versionFunc      ),
     FUNCTION(sqlite_source_id,   0, 0, 0, sourceidFunc     ),
@@ -87723,9 +93390,9 @@
     FUNCTION(sqlite_compileoption_get, 1, 0, 0, compileoptiongetFunc  ),
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS */
     FUNCTION(quote,              1, 0, 0, quoteFunc        ),
-    FUNCTION(last_insert_rowid,  0, 0, 0, last_insert_rowid),
-    FUNCTION(changes,            0, 0, 0, changes          ),
-    FUNCTION(total_changes,      0, 0, 0, total_changes    ),
+    VFUNCTION(last_insert_rowid, 0, 0, 0, last_insert_rowid),
+    VFUNCTION(changes,           0, 0, 0, changes          ),
+    VFUNCTION(total_changes,     0, 0, 0, total_changes    ),
     FUNCTION(replace,            3, 0, 0, replaceFunc      ),
     FUNCTION(zeroblob,           1, 0, 0, zeroblobFunc     ),
   #ifdef SQLITE_SOUNDEX
@@ -87739,7 +93406,7 @@
     AGGREGATE(total,             1, 0, 0, sumStep,         totalFinalize    ),
     AGGREGATE(avg,               1, 0, 0, sumStep,         avgFinalize    ),
  /* AGGREGATE(count,             0, 0, 0, countStep,       countFinalize  ), */
-    {0,SQLITE_UTF8,SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT,0,0,0,countStep,countFinalize,"count",0,0},
+    {0,SQLITE_UTF8|SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT,0,0,0,countStep,countFinalize,"count",0,0},
     AGGREGATE(count,             1, 0, 0, countStep,       countFinalize  ),
     AGGREGATE(group_concat,      1, 0, 0, groupConcatStep, groupConcatFinalize),
     AGGREGATE(group_concat,      2, 0, 0, groupConcatStep, groupConcatFinalize),
@@ -87765,6 +93432,9 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_ALTERTABLE
   sqlite3AlterFunctions();
 #endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT4)
+  sqlite3AnalyzeFunctions();
+#endif
 }
 
 /************** End of func.c ************************************************/
@@ -87791,8 +93461,9 @@
 ** --------------------------
 **
 ** Foreign keys in SQLite come in two flavours: deferred and immediate.
-** If an immediate foreign key constraint is violated, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT
-** is returned and the current statement transaction rolled back. If a 
+** If an immediate foreign key constraint is violated,
+** SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY is returned and the current
+** statement transaction rolled back. If a 
 ** deferred foreign key constraint is violated, no action is taken 
 ** immediately. However if the application attempts to commit the 
 ** transaction before fixing the constraint violation, the attempt fails.
@@ -87856,7 +93527,8 @@
 ** Immediate constraints are usually handled similarly. The only difference 
 ** is that the counter used is stored as part of each individual statement
 ** object (struct Vdbe). If, after the statement has run, its immediate
-** constraint counter is greater than zero, it returns SQLITE_CONSTRAINT
+** constraint counter is greater than zero,
+** it returns SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY
 ** and the statement transaction is rolled back. An exception is an INSERT
 ** statement that inserts a single row only (no triggers). In this case,
 ** instead of using a counter, an exception is thrown immediately if the
@@ -87912,7 +93584,7 @@
 ** A foreign key constraint requires that the key columns in the parent
 ** table are collectively subject to a UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY constraint.
 ** Given that pParent is the parent table for foreign key constraint pFKey, 
-** search the schema a unique index on the parent key columns. 
+** search the schema for a unique index on the parent key columns. 
 **
 ** If successful, zero is returned. If the parent key is an INTEGER PRIMARY 
 ** KEY column, then output variable *ppIdx is set to NULL. Otherwise, *ppIdx 
@@ -87948,7 +93620,7 @@
 ** into pParse. If an OOM error occurs, non-zero is returned and the
 ** pParse->db->mallocFailed flag is set.
 */
-static int locateFkeyIndex(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FkLocateIndex(
   Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context to store any error in */
   Table *pParent,                 /* Parent table of FK constraint pFKey */
   FKey *pFKey,                    /* Foreign key to find index for */
@@ -87993,7 +93665,7 @@
   }
 
   for(pIdx=pParent->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-    if( pIdx->nColumn==nCol && pIdx->onError!=OE_None ){ 
+    if( pIdx->nKeyCol==nCol && IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) ){ 
       /* pIdx is a UNIQUE index (or a PRIMARY KEY) and has the right number
       ** of columns. If each indexed column corresponds to a foreign key
       ** column of pFKey, then this index is a winner.  */
@@ -88001,8 +93673,8 @@
       if( zKey==0 ){
         /* If zKey is NULL, then this foreign key is implicitly mapped to 
         ** the PRIMARY KEY of table pParent. The PRIMARY KEY index may be 
-        ** identified by the test (Index.autoIndex==2).  */
-        if( pIdx->autoIndex==2 ){
+        ** identified by the test.  */
+        if( IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ){
           if( aiCol ){
             int i;
             for(i=0; i<nCol; i++) aiCol[i] = pFKey->aCol[i].iFrom;
@@ -88016,7 +93688,7 @@
         ** the default collation sequences for each column. */
         int i, j;
         for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
-          int iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];     /* Index of column in parent tbl */
+          i16 iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];     /* Index of column in parent tbl */
           char *zDfltColl;                  /* Def. collation for column */
           char *zIdxCol;                    /* Name of indexed column */
 
@@ -88045,7 +93717,9 @@
 
   if( !pIdx ){
     if( !pParse->disableTriggers ){
-      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "foreign key mismatch");
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
+           "foreign key mismatch - \"%w\" referencing \"%w\"",
+           pFKey->pFrom->zName, pFKey->zTo);
     }
     sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, aiCol);
     return 1;
@@ -88106,10 +93780,11 @@
   ** search for a matching row in the parent table.  */
   if( nIncr<0 ){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, pFKey->isDeferred, iOk);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
   for(i=0; i<pFKey->nCol; i++){
     int iReg = aiCol[i] + regData + 1;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iOk);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iOk); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
   if( isIgnore==0 ){
@@ -88126,17 +93801,19 @@
       ** will have INTEGER affinity applied to it, which may not be correct.  */
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, aiCol[0]+1+regData, regTemp);
       iMustBeInt = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, regTemp, 0);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
   
       /* If the parent table is the same as the child table, and we are about
       ** to increment the constraint-counter (i.e. this is an INSERT operation),
       ** then check if the row being inserted matches itself. If so, do not
       ** increment the constraint-counter.  */
       if( pTab==pFKey->pFrom && nIncr==1 ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regData, iOk, regTemp);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regData, iOk, regTemp); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL);
       }
   
       sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iCur, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, 0, regTemp);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, 0, regTemp); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iOk);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)-2);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, iMustBeInt);
@@ -88145,10 +93822,9 @@
       int nCol = pFKey->nCol;
       int regTemp = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nCol);
       int regRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-      KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
   
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
       for(i=0; i<nCol; i++){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, aiCol[i]+1+regData, regTemp+i);
       }
@@ -88173,30 +93849,32 @@
             /* The parent key is a composite key that includes the IPK column */
             iParent = regData;
           }
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, iChild, iJump, iParent);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, iChild, iJump, iParent); VdbeCoverage(v);
           sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
         }
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iOk);
       }
   
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTemp, nCol, regRec);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v,pIdx), P4_TRANSIENT);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iCur, iOk, regRec, 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regTemp, nCol, regRec,
+                        sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v,pIdx), nCol);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iCur, iOk, regRec, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
   
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRec);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regTemp, nCol);
     }
   }
 
-  if( !pFKey->isDeferred && !pParse->pToplevel && !pParse->isMultiWrite ){
+  if( !pFKey->isDeferred && !(pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_DeferFKs)
+   && !pParse->pToplevel 
+   && !pParse->isMultiWrite 
+  ){
     /* Special case: If this is an INSERT statement that will insert exactly
     ** one row into the table, raise a constraint immediately instead of
     ** incrementing a counter. This is necessary as the VM code is being
     ** generated for will not open a statement transaction.  */
     assert( nIncr==1 );
-    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
-        pParse, OE_Abort, "foreign key constraint failed", P4_STATIC
-    );
+    sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY,
+        OE_Abort, 0, P4_STATIC, P5_ConstraintFK);
   }else{
     if( nIncr>0 && pFKey->isDeferred==0 ){
       sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse)->mayAbort = 1;
@@ -88208,6 +93886,62 @@
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iCur);
 }
 
+
+/*
+** Return an Expr object that refers to a memory register corresponding
+** to column iCol of table pTab.
+**
+** regBase is the first of an array of register that contains the data
+** for pTab.  regBase itself holds the rowid.  regBase+1 holds the first
+** column.  regBase+2 holds the second column, and so forth.
+*/
+static Expr *exprTableRegister(
+  Parse *pParse,     /* Parsing and code generating context */
+  Table *pTab,       /* The table whose content is at r[regBase]... */
+  int regBase,       /* Contents of table pTab */
+  i16 iCol           /* Which column of pTab is desired */
+){
+  Expr *pExpr;
+  Column *pCol;
+  const char *zColl;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+
+  pExpr = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_REGISTER, 0);
+  if( pExpr ){
+    if( iCol>=0 && iCol!=pTab->iPKey ){
+      pCol = &pTab->aCol[iCol];
+      pExpr->iTable = regBase + iCol + 1;
+      pExpr->affinity = pCol->affinity;
+      zColl = pCol->zColl;
+      if( zColl==0 ) zColl = db->pDfltColl->zName;
+      pExpr = sqlite3ExprAddCollateString(pParse, pExpr, zColl);
+    }else{
+      pExpr->iTable = regBase;
+      pExpr->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
+    }
+  }
+  return pExpr;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return an Expr object that refers to column iCol of table pTab which
+** has cursor iCur.
+*/
+static Expr *exprTableColumn(
+  sqlite3 *db,      /* The database connection */
+  Table *pTab,      /* The table whose column is desired */
+  int iCursor,      /* The open cursor on the table */
+  i16 iCol          /* The column that is wanted */
+){
+  Expr *pExpr = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_COLUMN, 0);
+  if( pExpr ){
+    pExpr->pTab = pTab;
+    pExpr->iTable = iCursor;
+    pExpr->iColumn = iCol;
+  }
+  return pExpr;
+}
+
 /*
 ** This function is called to generate code executed when a row is deleted
 ** from the parent table of foreign key constraint pFKey and, if pFKey is 
@@ -88223,13 +93957,13 @@
 **   --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 **   DELETE      immediate   Increment the "immediate constraint counter".
 **                           Or, if the ON (UPDATE|DELETE) action is RESTRICT,
-**                           throw a "foreign key constraint failed" exception.
+**                           throw a "FOREIGN KEY constraint failed" exception.
 **
 **   INSERT      immediate   Decrement the "immediate constraint counter".
 **
 **   DELETE      deferred    Increment the "deferred constraint counter".
 **                           Or, if the ON (UPDATE|DELETE) action is RESTRICT,
-**                           throw a "foreign key constraint failed" exception.
+**                           throw a "FOREIGN KEY constraint failed" exception.
 **
 **   INSERT      deferred    Decrement the "deferred constraint counter".
 **
@@ -88238,12 +93972,12 @@
 */
 static void fkScanChildren(
   Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
-  SrcList *pSrc,                  /* SrcList containing the table to scan */
-  Table *pTab,
-  Index *pIdx,                    /* Foreign key index */
-  FKey *pFKey,                    /* Foreign key relationship */
+  SrcList *pSrc,                  /* The child table to be scanned */
+  Table *pTab,                    /* The parent table */
+  Index *pIdx,                    /* Index on parent covering the foreign key */
+  FKey *pFKey,                    /* The foreign key linking pSrc to pTab */
   int *aiCol,                     /* Map from pIdx cols to child table cols */
-  int regData,                    /* Referenced table data starts here */
+  int regData,                    /* Parent row data starts here */
   int nIncr                       /* Amount to increment deferred counter by */
 ){
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* Database handle */
@@ -88254,10 +93988,14 @@
   int iFkIfZero = 0;              /* Address of OP_FkIfZero */
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
 
-  assert( !pIdx || pIdx->pTable==pTab );
+  assert( pIdx==0 || pIdx->pTable==pTab );
+  assert( pIdx==0 || pIdx->nKeyCol==pFKey->nCol );
+  assert( pIdx!=0 || pFKey->nCol==1 );
+  assert( pIdx!=0 || HasRowid(pTab) );
 
   if( nIncr<0 ){
     iFkIfZero = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, pFKey->isDeferred, 0);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
   /* Create an Expr object representing an SQL expression like:
@@ -88272,26 +94010,11 @@
     Expr *pLeft;                  /* Value from parent table row */
     Expr *pRight;                 /* Column ref to child table */
     Expr *pEq;                    /* Expression (pLeft = pRight) */
-    int iCol;                     /* Index of column in child table */ 
+    i16 iCol;                     /* Index of column in child table */ 
     const char *zCol;             /* Name of column in child table */
 
-    pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_REGISTER, 0);
-    if( pLeft ){
-      /* Set the collation sequence and affinity of the LHS of each TK_EQ
-      ** expression to the parent key column defaults.  */
-      if( pIdx ){
-        Column *pCol;
-        iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
-        pCol = &pTab->aCol[iCol];
-        if( pTab->iPKey==iCol ) iCol = -1;
-        pLeft->iTable = regData+iCol+1;
-        pLeft->affinity = pCol->affinity;
-        pLeft->pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pCol->zColl);
-      }else{
-        pLeft->iTable = regData;
-        pLeft->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
-      }
-    }
+    iCol = pIdx ? pIdx->aiColumn[i] : -1;
+    pLeft = exprTableRegister(pParse, pTab, regData, iCol);
     iCol = aiCol ? aiCol[i] : pFKey->aCol[0].iFrom;
     assert( iCol>=0 );
     zCol = pFKey->pFrom->aCol[iCol].zName;
@@ -88300,24 +94023,39 @@
     pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pWhere, pEq);
   }
 
-  /* If the child table is the same as the parent table, and this scan
-  ** is taking place as part of a DELETE operation (operation D.2), omit the
-  ** row being deleted from the scan by adding ($rowid != rowid) to the WHERE 
-  ** clause, where $rowid is the rowid of the row being deleted.  */
+  /* If the child table is the same as the parent table, then add terms
+  ** to the WHERE clause that prevent this entry from being scanned.
+  ** The added WHERE clause terms are like this:
+  **
+  **     $current_rowid!=rowid
+  **     NOT( $current_a==a AND $current_b==b AND ... )
+  **
+  ** The first form is used for rowid tables.  The second form is used
+  ** for WITHOUT ROWID tables.  In the second form, the primary key is
+  ** (a,b,...)
+  */
   if( pTab==pFKey->pFrom && nIncr>0 ){
-    Expr *pEq;                    /* Expression (pLeft = pRight) */
+    Expr *pNe;                    /* Expression (pLeft != pRight) */
     Expr *pLeft;                  /* Value from parent table row */
     Expr *pRight;                 /* Column ref to child table */
-    pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_REGISTER, 0);
-    pRight = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_COLUMN, 0);
-    if( pLeft && pRight ){
-      pLeft->iTable = regData;
-      pLeft->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
-      pRight->iTable = pSrc->a[0].iCursor;
-      pRight->iColumn = -1;
+    if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      pLeft = exprTableRegister(pParse, pTab, regData, -1);
+      pRight = exprTableColumn(db, pTab, pSrc->a[0].iCursor, -1);
+      pNe = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NE, pLeft, pRight, 0);
+    }else{
+      Expr *pEq, *pAll = 0;
+      Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+      assert( pIdx!=0 );
+      for(i=0; i<pPk->nKeyCol; i++){
+        i16 iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+        pLeft = exprTableRegister(pParse, pTab, regData, iCol);
+        pRight = exprTableColumn(db, pTab, pSrc->a[0].iCursor, iCol);
+        pEq = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EQ, pLeft, pRight, 0);
+        pAll = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pAll, pEq);
+      }
+      pNe = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, pAll, 0, 0);
     }
-    pEq = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NE, pLeft, pRight, 0);
-    pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pWhere, pEq);
+    pWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pWhere, pNe);
   }
 
   /* Resolve the references in the WHERE clause. */
@@ -88330,7 +94068,7 @@
   ** clause. If the constraint is not deferred, throw an exception for
   ** each row found. Otherwise, for deferred constraints, increment the
   ** deferred constraint counter by nIncr for each row selected.  */
-  pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pSrc, pWhere, 0, 0, 0);
+  pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pSrc, pWhere, 0, 0, 0, 0);
   if( nIncr>0 && pFKey->isDeferred==0 ){
     sqlite3ParseToplevel(pParse)->mayAbort = 1;
   }
@@ -88347,8 +94085,8 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** This function returns a pointer to the head of a linked list of FK
-** constraints for which table pTab is the parent table. For example,
+** This function returns a linked list of FKey objects (connected by
+** FKey.pNextTo) holding all children of table pTab.  For example,
 ** given the following schema:
 **
 **   CREATE TABLE t1(a PRIMARY KEY);
@@ -88416,11 +94154,11 @@
       ** when this statement is run.  */
       FKey *p;
       for(p=pTab->pFKey; p; p=p->pNextFrom){
-        if( p->isDeferred ) break;
+        if( p->isDeferred || (db->flags & SQLITE_DeferFKs) ) break;
       }
       if( !p ) return;
       iSkip = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, 1, iSkip);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, 1, iSkip); VdbeCoverage(v);
     }
 
     pParse->disableTriggers = 1;
@@ -88430,11 +94168,18 @@
     /* If the DELETE has generated immediate foreign key constraint 
     ** violations, halt the VDBE and return an error at this point, before
     ** any modifications to the schema are made. This is because statement
-    ** transactions are not able to rollback schema changes.  */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, 0, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2);
-    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
-        pParse, OE_Abort, "foreign key constraint failed", P4_STATIC
-    );
+    ** transactions are not able to rollback schema changes.  
+    **
+    ** If the SQLITE_DeferFKs flag is set, then this is not required, as
+    ** the statement transaction will not be rolled back even if FK
+    ** constraints are violated.
+    */
+    if( (db->flags & SQLITE_DeferFKs)==0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkIfZero, 0, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+      sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY,
+          OE_Abort, 0, P4_STATIC, P5_ConstraintFK);
+    }
 
     if( iSkip ){
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iSkip);
@@ -88442,6 +94187,70 @@
   }
 }
 
+
+/*
+** The second argument points to an FKey object representing a foreign key
+** for which pTab is the child table. An UPDATE statement against pTab
+** is currently being processed. For each column of the table that is 
+** actually updated, the corresponding element in the aChange[] array
+** is zero or greater (if a column is unmodified the corresponding element
+** is set to -1). If the rowid column is modified by the UPDATE statement
+** the bChngRowid argument is non-zero.
+**
+** This function returns true if any of the columns that are part of the
+** child key for FK constraint *p are modified.
+*/
+static int fkChildIsModified(
+  Table *pTab,                    /* Table being updated */
+  FKey *p,                        /* Foreign key for which pTab is the child */
+  int *aChange,                   /* Array indicating modified columns */
+  int bChngRowid                  /* True if rowid is modified by this update */
+){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+    int iChildKey = p->aCol[i].iFrom;
+    if( aChange[iChildKey]>=0 ) return 1;
+    if( iChildKey==pTab->iPKey && bChngRowid ) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** The second argument points to an FKey object representing a foreign key
+** for which pTab is the parent table. An UPDATE statement against pTab
+** is currently being processed. For each column of the table that is 
+** actually updated, the corresponding element in the aChange[] array
+** is zero or greater (if a column is unmodified the corresponding element
+** is set to -1). If the rowid column is modified by the UPDATE statement
+** the bChngRowid argument is non-zero.
+**
+** This function returns true if any of the columns that are part of the
+** parent key for FK constraint *p are modified.
+*/
+static int fkParentIsModified(
+  Table *pTab, 
+  FKey *p, 
+  int *aChange, 
+  int bChngRowid
+){
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+    char *zKey = p->aCol[i].zCol;
+    int iKey;
+    for(iKey=0; iKey<pTab->nCol; iKey++){
+      if( aChange[iKey]>=0 || (iKey==pTab->iPKey && bChngRowid) ){
+        Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[iKey];
+        if( zKey ){
+          if( 0==sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zKey) ) return 1;
+        }else if( pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY ){
+          return 1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
 /*
 ** This function is called when inserting, deleting or updating a row of
 ** table pTab to generate VDBE code to perform foreign key constraint 
@@ -88466,7 +94275,9 @@
   Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
   Table *pTab,                    /* Row is being deleted from this table */ 
   int regOld,                     /* Previous row data is stored here */
-  int regNew                      /* New row data is stored here */
+  int regNew,                     /* New row data is stored here */
+  int *aChange,                   /* Array indicating UPDATEd columns (or 0) */
+  int bChngRowid                  /* True if rowid is UPDATEd */
 ){
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* Database handle */
   FKey *pFKey;                    /* Used to iterate through FKs */
@@ -88494,6 +94305,13 @@
     int i;
     int isIgnore = 0;
 
+    if( aChange 
+     && sqlite3_stricmp(pTab->zName, pFKey->zTo)!=0
+     && fkChildIsModified(pTab, pFKey, aChange, bChngRowid)==0 
+    ){
+      continue;
+    }
+
     /* Find the parent table of this foreign key. Also find a unique index 
     ** on the parent key columns in the parent table. If either of these 
     ** schema items cannot be located, set an error in pParse and return 
@@ -88503,7 +94321,7 @@
     }else{
       pTo = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pFKey->zTo, zDb);
     }
-    if( !pTo || locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTo, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiFree) ){
+    if( !pTo || sqlite3FkLocateIndex(pParse, pTo, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiFree) ){
       assert( isIgnoreErrors==0 || (regOld!=0 && regNew==0) );
       if( !isIgnoreErrors || db->mallocFailed ) return;
       if( pTo==0 ){
@@ -88518,7 +94336,7 @@
         int iJump = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + pFKey->nCol + 1;
         for(i=0; i<pFKey->nCol; i++){
           int iReg = pFKey->aCol[i].iFrom + regOld + 1;
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iJump);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, iReg, iJump); VdbeCoverage(v);
         }
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_FkCounter, pFKey->isDeferred, -1);
       }
@@ -88570,28 +94388,34 @@
     sqlite3DbFree(db, aiFree);
   }
 
-  /* Loop through all the foreign key constraints that refer to this table */
+  /* Loop through all the foreign key constraints that refer to this table.
+  ** (the "child" constraints) */
   for(pFKey = sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); pFKey; pFKey=pFKey->pNextTo){
     Index *pIdx = 0;              /* Foreign key index for pFKey */
     SrcList *pSrc;
     int *aiCol = 0;
 
-    if( !pFKey->isDeferred && !pParse->pToplevel && !pParse->isMultiWrite ){
+    if( aChange && fkParentIsModified(pTab, pFKey, aChange, bChngRowid)==0 ){
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if( !pFKey->isDeferred && !(db->flags & SQLITE_DeferFKs) 
+     && !pParse->pToplevel && !pParse->isMultiWrite 
+    ){
       assert( regOld==0 && regNew!=0 );
       /* Inserting a single row into a parent table cannot cause an immediate
       ** foreign key violation. So do nothing in this case.  */
       continue;
     }
 
-    if( locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTab, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiCol) ){
+    if( sqlite3FkLocateIndex(pParse, pTab, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiCol) ){
       if( !isIgnoreErrors || db->mallocFailed ) return;
       continue;
     }
     assert( aiCol || pFKey->nCol==1 );
 
-    /* Create a SrcList structure containing a single table (the table 
-    ** the foreign key that refers to this table is attached to). This
-    ** is required for the sqlite3WhereXXX() interface.  */
+    /* Create a SrcList structure containing the child table.  We need the
+    ** child table as a SrcList for sqlite3WhereBegin() */
     pSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppend(db, 0, 0, 0);
     if( pSrc ){
       struct SrcList_item *pItem = pSrc->a;
@@ -88638,15 +94462,16 @@
     }
     for(p=sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); p; p=p->pNextTo){
       Index *pIdx = 0;
-      locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTab, p, &pIdx, 0);
+      sqlite3FkLocateIndex(pParse, pTab, p, &pIdx, 0);
       if( pIdx ){
-        for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++) mask |= COLUMN_MASK(pIdx->aiColumn[i]);
+        for(i=0; i<pIdx->nKeyCol; i++) mask |= COLUMN_MASK(pIdx->aiColumn[i]);
       }
     }
   }
   return mask;
 }
 
+
 /*
 ** This function is called before generating code to update or delete a 
 ** row contained in table pTab. If the operation is a DELETE, then
@@ -88676,31 +94501,16 @@
     }else{
       /* This is an UPDATE. Foreign key processing is only required if the
       ** operation modifies one or more child or parent key columns. */
-      int i;
       FKey *p;
 
       /* Check if any child key columns are being modified. */
       for(p=pTab->pFKey; p; p=p->pNextFrom){
-        for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
-          int iChildKey = p->aCol[i].iFrom;
-          if( aChange[iChildKey]>=0 ) return 1;
-          if( iChildKey==pTab->iPKey && chngRowid ) return 1;
-        }
+        if( fkChildIsModified(pTab, p, aChange, chngRowid) ) return 1;
       }
 
       /* Check if any parent key columns are being modified. */
       for(p=sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); p; p=p->pNextTo){
-        for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
-          char *zKey = p->aCol[i].zCol;
-          int iKey;
-          for(iKey=0; iKey<pTab->nCol; iKey++){
-            Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[iKey];
-            if( (zKey ? !sqlite3StrICmp(pCol->zName, zKey) : pCol->isPrimKey) ){
-              if( aChange[iKey]>=0 ) return 1;
-              if( iKey==pTab->iPKey && chngRowid ) return 1;
-            }
-          }
-        }
+        if( fkParentIsModified(pTab, p, aChange, chngRowid) ) return 1;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -88763,7 +94573,7 @@
     int i;                        /* Iterator variable */
     Expr *pWhen = 0;              /* WHEN clause for the trigger */
 
-    if( locateFkeyIndex(pParse, pTab, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiCol) ) return 0;
+    if( sqlite3FkLocateIndex(pParse, pTab, pFKey, &pIdx, &aiCol) ) return 0;
     assert( aiCol || pFKey->nCol==1 );
 
     for(i=0; i<pFKey->nCol; i++){
@@ -88846,7 +94656,7 @@
 
       tFrom.z = zFrom;
       tFrom.n = nFrom;
-      pRaise = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_RAISE, "foreign key constraint failed");
+      pRaise = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_RAISE, "FOREIGN KEY constraint failed");
       if( pRaise ){
         pRaise->affinity = OE_Abort;
       }
@@ -88926,7 +94736,9 @@
   Parse *pParse,                  /* Parse context */
   Table *pTab,                    /* Table being updated or deleted from */
   ExprList *pChanges,             /* Change-list for UPDATE, NULL for DELETE */
-  int regOld                      /* Address of array containing old row */
+  int regOld,                     /* Address of array containing old row */
+  int *aChange,                   /* Array indicating UPDATEd columns (or 0) */
+  int bChngRowid                  /* True if rowid is UPDATEd */
 ){
   /* If foreign-key support is enabled, iterate through all FKs that 
   ** refer to table pTab. If there is an action associated with the FK 
@@ -88935,9 +94747,11 @@
   if( pParse->db->flags&SQLITE_ForeignKeys ){
     FKey *pFKey;                  /* Iterator variable */
     for(pFKey = sqlite3FkReferences(pTab); pFKey; pFKey=pFKey->pNextTo){
-      Trigger *pAction = fkActionTrigger(pParse, pTab, pFKey, pChanges);
-      if( pAction ){
-        sqlite3CodeRowTriggerDirect(pParse, pAction, pTab, regOld, OE_Abort, 0);
+      if( aChange==0 || fkParentIsModified(pTab, pFKey, aChange, bChngRowid) ){
+        Trigger *pAct = fkActionTrigger(pParse, pTab, pFKey, pChanges);
+        if( pAct ){
+          sqlite3CodeRowTriggerDirect(pParse, pAct, pTab, regOld, OE_Abort, 0);
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -89006,23 +94820,38 @@
 */
 
 /*
-** Generate code that will open a table for reading.
+** Generate code that will 
+**
+**   (1) acquire a lock for table pTab then
+**   (2) open pTab as cursor iCur.
+**
+** If pTab is a WITHOUT ROWID table, then it is the PRIMARY KEY index
+** for that table that is actually opened.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3OpenTable(
-  Parse *p,       /* Generate code into this VDBE */
+  Parse *pParse,  /* Generate code into this VDBE */
   int iCur,       /* The cursor number of the table */
   int iDb,        /* The database index in sqlite3.aDb[] */
   Table *pTab,    /* The table to be opened */
   int opcode      /* OP_OpenRead or OP_OpenWrite */
 ){
   Vdbe *v;
-  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return;
-  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(p);
+  assert( !IsVirtual(pTab) );
+  v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   assert( opcode==OP_OpenWrite || opcode==OP_OpenRead );
-  sqlite3TableLock(p, iDb, pTab->tnum, (opcode==OP_OpenWrite)?1:0, pTab->zName);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, opcode, iCur, pTab->tnum, iDb);
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(pTab->nCol), P4_INT32);
-  VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
+  sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 
+                   (opcode==OP_OpenWrite)?1:0, pTab->zName);
+  if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, opcode, iCur, pTab->tnum, iDb, pTab->nCol);
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
+  }else{
+    Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+    assert( pPk!=0 );
+    assert( pPk->tnum=pTab->tnum );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, opcode, iCur, pPk->tnum, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pPk);
+    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
+  }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -89058,15 +94887,15 @@
     int n;
     Table *pTab = pIdx->pTable;
     sqlite3 *db = sqlite3VdbeDb(v);
-    pIdx->zColAff = (char *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, pIdx->nColumn+2);
+    pIdx->zColAff = (char *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, pIdx->nColumn+1);
     if( !pIdx->zColAff ){
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
       return 0;
     }
     for(n=0; n<pIdx->nColumn; n++){
-      pIdx->zColAff[n] = pTab->aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[n]].affinity;
+      i16 x = pIdx->aiColumn[n];
+      pIdx->zColAff[n] = x<0 ? SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER : pTab->aCol[x].affinity;
     }
-    pIdx->zColAff[n++] = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
     pIdx->zColAff[n] = 0;
   }
  
@@ -89074,10 +94903,16 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Set P4 of the most recently inserted opcode to a column affinity
-** string for table pTab. A column affinity string has one character
-** for each column indexed by the index, according to the affinity of the
-** column:
+** Compute the affinity string for table pTab, if it has not already been
+** computed.  As an optimization, omit trailing SQLITE_AFF_NONE affinities.
+**
+** If the affinity exists (if it is no entirely SQLITE_AFF_NONE values) and
+** if iReg>0 then code an OP_Affinity opcode that will set the affinities
+** for register iReg and following.  Or if affinities exists and iReg==0,
+** then just set the P4 operand of the previous opcode (which should  be
+** an OP_MakeRecord) to the affinity string.
+**
+** A column affinity string has one character per column:
 **
 **  Character      Column affinity
 **  ------------------------------
@@ -89087,19 +94922,11 @@
 **  'd'            INTEGER
 **  'e'            REAL
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinityStr(Vdbe *v, Table *pTab){
-  /* The first time a column affinity string for a particular table
-  ** is required, it is allocated and populated here. It is then 
-  ** stored as a member of the Table structure for subsequent use.
-  **
-  ** The column affinity string will eventually be deleted by
-  ** sqlite3DeleteTable() when the Table structure itself is cleaned up.
-  */
-  if( !pTab->zColAff ){
-    char *zColAff;
-    int i;
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3TableAffinity(Vdbe *v, Table *pTab, int iReg){
+  int i;
+  char *zColAff = pTab->zColAff;
+  if( zColAff==0 ){
     sqlite3 *db = sqlite3VdbeDb(v);
-
     zColAff = (char *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(0, pTab->nCol+1);
     if( !zColAff ){
       db->mallocFailed = 1;
@@ -89109,22 +94936,28 @@
     for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
       zColAff[i] = pTab->aCol[i].affinity;
     }
-    zColAff[pTab->nCol] = '\0';
-
+    do{
+      zColAff[i--] = 0;
+    }while( i>=0 && zColAff[i]==SQLITE_AFF_NONE );
     pTab->zColAff = zColAff;
   }
-
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zColAff, P4_TRANSIENT);
+  i = sqlite3Strlen30(zColAff);
+  if( i ){
+    if( iReg ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Affinity, iReg, i, 0, zColAff, i);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, zColAff, i);
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 /*
 ** Return non-zero if the table pTab in database iDb or any of its indices
-** have been opened at any point in the VDBE program beginning at location
-** iStartAddr throught the end of the program.  This is used to see if 
+** have been opened at any point in the VDBE program. This is used to see if 
 ** a statement of the form  "INSERT INTO <iDb, pTab> SELECT ..." can 
-** run without using temporary table for the results of the SELECT. 
+** run without using a temporary table for the results of the SELECT. 
 */
-static int readsTable(Parse *p, int iStartAddr, int iDb, Table *pTab){
+static int readsTable(Parse *p, int iDb, Table *pTab){
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(p);
   int i;
   int iEnd = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
@@ -89132,7 +94965,7 @@
   VTable *pVTab = IsVirtual(pTab) ? sqlite3GetVTable(p->db, pTab) : 0;
 #endif
 
-  for(i=iStartAddr; i<iEnd; i++){
+  for(i=1; i<iEnd; i++){
     VdbeOp *pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, i);
     assert( pOp!=0 );
     if( pOp->opcode==OP_OpenRead && pOp->p3==iDb ){
@@ -89233,14 +95066,14 @@
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, memId, memId+1);
     addr = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, memId-1, 0, p->pTab->zName, 0);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, 0, addr+9);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, 0, addr+9); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, 0, 0, memId);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, memId-1, addr+7, memId);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, memId-1, addr+7, memId); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, 0, memId+1);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, 0, 1, memId);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addr+9);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 0, addr+2);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 0, addr+2); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, memId);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Close);
   }
@@ -89275,25 +95108,16 @@
   assert( v );
   for(p = pParse->pAinc; p; p = p->pNext){
     Db *pDb = &db->aDb[p->iDb];
-    int j1, j2, j3, j4, j5;
+    int j1;
     int iRec;
     int memId = p->regCtr;
 
     iRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
     assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, 0, pDb->pSchema) );
     sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, 0, p->iDb, pDb->pSchema->pSeqTab, OP_OpenWrite);
-    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, memId+1);
-    j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Rewind);
-    j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, 0, 0, iRec);
-    j4 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, memId-1, 0, iRec);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 0, j3);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j2);
+    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, memId+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, 0, memId+1);
-    j5 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j4);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, 0, memId+1);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j5);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, memId-1, 2, iRec);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, 0, iRec, memId+1);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
@@ -89321,7 +95145,7 @@
 );
 
 /*
-** This routine is call to handle SQL of the following forms:
+** This routine is called to handle SQL of the following forms:
 **
 **    insert into TABLE (IDLIST) values(EXPRLIST)
 **    insert into TABLE (IDLIST) select
@@ -89336,12 +95160,12 @@
 ** data for the insert.
 **
 ** The code generated follows one of four templates.  For a simple
-** select with data coming from a VALUES clause, the code executes
+** insert with data coming from a VALUES clause, the code executes
 ** once straight down through.  Pseudo-code follows (we call this
 ** the "1st template"):
 **
 **         open write cursor to <table> and its indices
-**         puts VALUES clause expressions onto the stack
+**         put VALUES clause expressions into registers
 **         write the resulting record into <table>
 **         cleanup
 **
@@ -89373,7 +95197,6 @@
 ** and the SELECT clause does not read from <table> at any time.
 ** The generated code follows this template:
 **
-**         EOF <- 0
 **         X <- A
 **         goto B
 **      A: setup for the SELECT
@@ -89382,12 +95205,9 @@
 **           yield X
 **         end loop
 **         cleanup after the SELECT
-**         EOF <- 1
-**         yield X
-**         goto A
+**         end-coroutine X
 **      B: open write cursor to <table> and its indices
-**      C: yield X
-**         if EOF goto D
+**      C: yield X, at EOF goto D
 **         insert the select result into <table> from R..R+n
 **         goto C
 **      D: cleanup
@@ -89398,7 +95218,6 @@
 ** we have to use a intermediate table to store the results of
 ** the select.  The template is like this:
 **
-**         EOF <- 0
 **         X <- A
 **         goto B
 **      A: setup for the SELECT
@@ -89407,12 +95226,9 @@
 **           yield X
 **         end loop
 **         cleanup after the SELECT
-**         EOF <- 1
-**         yield X
-**         halt-error
+**         end co-routine R
 **      B: open temp table
-**      L: yield X
-**         if EOF goto M
+**      L: yield X, at EOF goto M
 **         insert row from R..R+n into temp table
 **         goto L
 **      M: open write cursor to <table> and its indices
@@ -89425,7 +95241,6 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Insert(
   Parse *pParse,        /* Parser context */
   SrcList *pTabList,    /* Name of table into which we are inserting */
-  ExprList *pList,      /* List of values to be inserted */
   Select *pSelect,      /* A SELECT statement to use as the data source */
   IdList *pColumn,      /* Column names corresponding to IDLIST. */
   int onError           /* How to handle constraint errors */
@@ -89439,18 +95254,21 @@
   Index *pIdx;          /* For looping over indices of the table */
   int nColumn;          /* Number of columns in the data */
   int nHidden = 0;      /* Number of hidden columns if TABLE is virtual */
-  int baseCur = 0;      /* VDBE Cursor number for pTab */
-  int keyColumn = -1;   /* Column that is the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
+  int iDataCur = 0;     /* VDBE cursor that is the main data repository */
+  int iIdxCur = 0;      /* First index cursor */
+  int ipkColumn = -1;   /* Column that is the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
   int endOfLoop;        /* Label for the end of the insertion loop */
-  int useTempTable = 0; /* Store SELECT results in intermediate table */
   int srcTab = 0;       /* Data comes from this temporary cursor if >=0 */
   int addrInsTop = 0;   /* Jump to label "D" */
   int addrCont = 0;     /* Top of insert loop. Label "C" in templates 3 and 4 */
-  int addrSelect = 0;   /* Address of coroutine that implements the SELECT */
   SelectDest dest;      /* Destination for SELECT on rhs of INSERT */
   int iDb;              /* Index of database holding TABLE */
   Db *pDb;              /* The database containing table being inserted into */
-  int appendFlag = 0;   /* True if the insert is likely to be an append */
+  u8 useTempTable = 0;  /* Store SELECT results in intermediate table */
+  u8 appendFlag = 0;    /* True if the insert is likely to be an append */
+  u8 withoutRowid;      /* 0 for normal table.  1 for WITHOUT ROWID table */
+  u8 bIdListInOrder = 1; /* True if IDLIST is in table order */
+  ExprList *pList = 0;  /* List of VALUES() to be inserted  */
 
   /* Register allocations */
   int regFromSelect = 0;/* Base register for data coming from SELECT */
@@ -89459,7 +95277,6 @@
   int regIns;           /* Block of regs holding rowid+data being inserted */
   int regRowid;         /* registers holding insert rowid */
   int regData;          /* register holding first column to insert */
-  int regEof = 0;       /* Register recording end of SELECT data */
   int *aRegIdx = 0;     /* One register allocated to each index */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
@@ -89474,6 +95291,17 @@
     goto insert_cleanup;
   }
 
+  /* If the Select object is really just a simple VALUES() list with a
+  ** single row values (the common case) then keep that one row of values
+  ** and go ahead and discard the Select object
+  */
+  if( pSelect && (pSelect->selFlags & SF_Values)!=0 && pSelect->pPrior==0 ){
+    pList = pSelect->pEList;
+    pSelect->pEList = 0;
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
+    pSelect = 0;
+  }
+
   /* Locate the table into which we will be inserting new information.
   */
   assert( pTabList->nSrc==1 );
@@ -89490,6 +95318,7 @@
   if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_INSERT, pTab->zName, 0, zDb) ){
     goto insert_cleanup;
   }
+  withoutRowid = !HasRowid(pTab);
 
   /* Figure out if we have any triggers and if the table being
   ** inserted into is a view
@@ -89509,16 +95338,13 @@
   assert( (pTrigger && tmask) || (pTrigger==0 && tmask==0) );
 
   /* If pTab is really a view, make sure it has been initialized.
-  ** ViewGetColumnNames() is a no-op if pTab is not a view (or virtual 
-  ** module table).
+  ** ViewGetColumnNames() is a no-op if pTab is not a view.
   */
   if( sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames(pParse, pTab) ){
     goto insert_cleanup;
   }
 
-  /* Ensure that:
-  *  (a) the table is not read-only, 
-  *  (b) that if it is a view then ON INSERT triggers exist
+  /* Cannot insert into a read-only table.
   */
   if( sqlite3IsReadOnly(pParse, pTab, tmask) ){
     goto insert_cleanup;
@@ -89553,72 +95379,93 @@
   */
   regAutoinc = autoIncBegin(pParse, iDb, pTab);
 
+  /* Allocate registers for holding the rowid of the new row,
+  ** the content of the new row, and the assemblied row record.
+  */
+  regRowid = regIns = pParse->nMem+1;
+  pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol + 1;
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    regRowid++;
+    pParse->nMem++;
+  }
+  regData = regRowid+1;
+
+  /* If the INSERT statement included an IDLIST term, then make sure
+  ** all elements of the IDLIST really are columns of the table and 
+  ** remember the column indices.
+  **
+  ** If the table has an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column and that column
+  ** is named in the IDLIST, then record in the ipkColumn variable
+  ** the index into IDLIST of the primary key column.  ipkColumn is
+  ** the index of the primary key as it appears in IDLIST, not as
+  ** is appears in the original table.  (The index of the INTEGER
+  ** PRIMARY KEY in the original table is pTab->iPKey.)
+  */
+  if( pColumn ){
+    for(i=0; i<pColumn->nId; i++){
+      pColumn->a[i].idx = -1;
+    }
+    for(i=0; i<pColumn->nId; i++){
+      for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
+        if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColumn->a[i].zName, pTab->aCol[j].zName)==0 ){
+          pColumn->a[i].idx = j;
+          if( i!=j ) bIdListInOrder = 0;
+          if( j==pTab->iPKey ){
+            ipkColumn = i;  assert( !withoutRowid );
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( j>=pTab->nCol ){
+        if( sqlite3IsRowid(pColumn->a[i].zName) && !withoutRowid ){
+          ipkColumn = i;
+          bIdListInOrder = 0;
+        }else{
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %S has no column named %s",
+              pTabList, 0, pColumn->a[i].zName);
+          pParse->checkSchema = 1;
+          goto insert_cleanup;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
   /* Figure out how many columns of data are supplied.  If the data
   ** is coming from a SELECT statement, then generate a co-routine that
   ** produces a single row of the SELECT on each invocation.  The
   ** co-routine is the common header to the 3rd and 4th templates.
   */
   if( pSelect ){
-    /* Data is coming from a SELECT.  Generate code to implement that SELECT
-    ** as a co-routine.  The code is common to both the 3rd and 4th
-    ** templates:
-    **
-    **         EOF <- 0
-    **         X <- A
-    **         goto B
-    **      A: setup for the SELECT
-    **         loop over the tables in the SELECT
-    **           load value into register R..R+n
-    **           yield X
-    **         end loop
-    **         cleanup after the SELECT
-    **         EOF <- 1
-    **         yield X
-    **         halt-error
-    **
-    ** On each invocation of the co-routine, it puts a single row of the
-    ** SELECT result into registers dest.iMem...dest.iMem+dest.nMem-1.
-    ** (These output registers are allocated by sqlite3Select().)  When
-    ** the SELECT completes, it sets the EOF flag stored in regEof.
-    */
-    int rc, j1;
+    /* Data is coming from a SELECT.  Generate a co-routine to run the SELECT */
+    int regYield;       /* Register holding co-routine entry-point */
+    int addrTop;        /* Top of the co-routine */
+    int rc;             /* Result code */
 
-    regEof = ++pParse->nMem;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regEof);      /* EOF <- 0 */
-    VdbeComment((v, "SELECT eof flag"));
-    sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Coroutine, ++pParse->nMem);
-    addrSelect = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, addrSelect-1, dest.iParm);
-    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, 0);
-    VdbeComment((v, "Jump over SELECT coroutine"));
-
-    /* Resolve the expressions in the SELECT statement and execute it. */
+    regYield = ++pParse->nMem;
+    addrTop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 1;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InitCoroutine, regYield, 0, addrTop);
+    sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Coroutine, regYield);
+    dest.iSdst = bIdListInOrder ? regData : 0;
+    dest.nSdst = pTab->nCol;
     rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pSelect, &dest);
+    regFromSelect = dest.iSdst;
     assert( pParse->nErr==0 || rc );
-    if( rc || NEVER(pParse->nErr) || db->mallocFailed ){
-      goto insert_cleanup;
-    }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regEof);         /* EOF <- 1 */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iParm);   /* yield X */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_INTERNAL, OE_Abort);
-    VdbeComment((v, "End of SELECT coroutine"));
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);                          /* label B: */
-
-    regFromSelect = dest.iMem;
+    if( rc || db->mallocFailed ) goto insert_cleanup;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_EndCoroutine, regYield);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrTop - 1);                       /* label B: */
     assert( pSelect->pEList );
     nColumn = pSelect->pEList->nExpr;
-    assert( dest.nMem==nColumn );
 
     /* Set useTempTable to TRUE if the result of the SELECT statement
     ** should be written into a temporary table (template 4).  Set to
-    ** FALSE if each* row of the SELECT can be written directly into
+    ** FALSE if each output row of the SELECT can be written directly into
     ** the destination table (template 3).
     **
     ** A temp table must be used if the table being updated is also one
     ** of the tables being read by the SELECT statement.  Also use a 
     ** temp table in the case of row triggers.
     */
-    if( pTrigger || readsTable(pParse, addrSelect, iDb, pTab) ){
+    if( pTrigger || readsTable(pParse, iDb, pTab) ){
       useTempTable = 1;
     }
 
@@ -89628,28 +95475,25 @@
       ** here is from the 4th template:
       **
       **      B: open temp table
-      **      L: yield X
-      **         if EOF goto M
+      **      L: yield X, goto M at EOF
       **         insert row from R..R+n into temp table
       **         goto L
       **      M: ...
       */
       int regRec;          /* Register to hold packed record */
       int regTempRowid;    /* Register to hold temp table ROWID */
-      int addrTop;         /* Label "L" */
-      int addrIf;          /* Address of jump to M */
+      int addrL;           /* Label "L" */
 
       srcTab = pParse->nTab++;
       regRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       regTempRowid = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, srcTab, nColumn);
-      addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iParm);
-      addrIf = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regEof);
+      addrL = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iSDParm); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regFromSelect, nColumn, regRec);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, srcTab, regTempRowid);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, srcTab, regRec, regTempRowid);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrTop);
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrIf);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrL);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrL);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRec);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regTempRowid);
     }
@@ -89670,6 +95514,14 @@
     }
   }
 
+  /* If there is no IDLIST term but the table has an integer primary
+  ** key, the set the ipkColumn variable to the integer primary key 
+  ** column index in the original table definition.
+  */
+  if( pColumn==0 && nColumn>0 ){
+    ipkColumn = pTab->iPKey;
+  }
+
   /* Make sure the number of columns in the source data matches the number
   ** of columns to be inserted into the table.
   */
@@ -89688,52 +95540,6 @@
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%d values for %d columns", nColumn, pColumn->nId);
     goto insert_cleanup;
   }
-
-  /* If the INSERT statement included an IDLIST term, then make sure
-  ** all elements of the IDLIST really are columns of the table and 
-  ** remember the column indices.
-  **
-  ** If the table has an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column and that column
-  ** is named in the IDLIST, then record in the keyColumn variable
-  ** the index into IDLIST of the primary key column.  keyColumn is
-  ** the index of the primary key as it appears in IDLIST, not as
-  ** is appears in the original table.  (The index of the primary
-  ** key in the original table is pTab->iPKey.)
-  */
-  if( pColumn ){
-    for(i=0; i<pColumn->nId; i++){
-      pColumn->a[i].idx = -1;
-    }
-    for(i=0; i<pColumn->nId; i++){
-      for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
-        if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColumn->a[i].zName, pTab->aCol[j].zName)==0 ){
-          pColumn->a[i].idx = j;
-          if( j==pTab->iPKey ){
-            keyColumn = i;
-          }
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      if( j>=pTab->nCol ){
-        if( sqlite3IsRowid(pColumn->a[i].zName) ){
-          keyColumn = i;
-        }else{
-          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %S has no column named %s",
-              pTabList, 0, pColumn->a[i].zName);
-          pParse->checkSchema = 1;
-          goto insert_cleanup;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* If there is no IDLIST term but the table has an integer primary
-  ** key, the set the keyColumn variable to the primary key column index
-  ** in the original table definition.
-  */
-  if( pColumn==0 && nColumn>0 ){
-    keyColumn = pTab->iPKey;
-  }
     
   /* Initialize the count of rows to be inserted
   */
@@ -89745,9 +95551,8 @@
   /* If this is not a view, open the table and and all indices */
   if( !isView ){
     int nIdx;
-
-    baseCur = pParse->nTab;
-    nIdx = sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, baseCur, OP_OpenWrite);
+    nIdx = sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, OP_OpenWrite, -1, 0,
+                                      &iDataCur, &iIdxCur);
     aRegIdx = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int)*(nIdx+1));
     if( aRegIdx==0 ){
       goto insert_cleanup;
@@ -89762,39 +95567,27 @@
     /* This block codes the top of loop only.  The complete loop is the
     ** following pseudocode (template 4):
     **
-    **         rewind temp table
+    **         rewind temp table, if empty goto D
     **      C: loop over rows of intermediate table
     **           transfer values form intermediate table into <table>
     **         end loop
     **      D: ...
     */
-    addrInsTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, srcTab);
+    addrInsTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, srcTab); VdbeCoverage(v);
     addrCont = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
   }else if( pSelect ){
     /* This block codes the top of loop only.  The complete loop is the
     ** following pseudocode (template 3):
     **
-    **      C: yield X
-    **         if EOF goto D
+    **      C: yield X, at EOF goto D
     **         insert the select result into <table> from R..R+n
     **         goto C
     **      D: ...
     */
-    addrCont = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iParm);
-    addrInsTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regEof);
+    addrInsTop = addrCont = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, dest.iSDParm);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
-  /* Allocate registers for holding the rowid of the new row,
-  ** the content of the new row, and the assemblied row record.
-  */
-  regRowid = regIns = pParse->nMem+1;
-  pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol + 1;
-  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
-    regRowid++;
-    pParse->nMem++;
-  }
-  regData = regRowid+1;
-
   /* Run the BEFORE and INSTEAD OF triggers, if there are any
   */
   endOfLoop = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
@@ -89807,20 +95600,21 @@
     ** we do not know what the unique ID will be (because the insert has
     ** not happened yet) so we substitute a rowid of -1
     */
-    if( keyColumn<0 ){
+    if( ipkColumn<0 ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, regCols);
     }else{
       int j1;
+      assert( !withoutRowid );
       if( useTempTable ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, keyColumn, regCols);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, ipkColumn, regCols);
       }else{
         assert( pSelect==0 );  /* Otherwise useTempTable is true */
-        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[keyColumn].pExpr, regCols);
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[ipkColumn].pExpr, regCols);
       }
-      j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regCols);
+      j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regCols); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, regCols);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regCols);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regCols); VdbeCoverage(v);
     }
 
     /* Cannot have triggers on a virtual table. If it were possible,
@@ -89854,8 +95648,7 @@
     ** table column affinities.
     */
     if( !isView ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Affinity, regCols+1, pTab->nCol);
-      sqlite3TableAffinityStr(v, pTab);
+      sqlite3TableAffinity(v, pTab, regCols+1);
     }
 
     /* Fire BEFORE or INSTEAD OF triggers */
@@ -89865,29 +95658,27 @@
     sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regCols, pTab->nCol+1);
   }
 
-  /* Push the record number for the new entry onto the stack.  The
-  ** record number is a randomly generate integer created by NewRowid
-  ** except when the table has an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column, in which
-  ** case the record number is the same as that column. 
+  /* Compute the content of the next row to insert into a range of
+  ** registers beginning at regIns.
   */
   if( !isView ){
     if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
       /* The row that the VUpdate opcode will delete: none */
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regIns);
     }
-    if( keyColumn>=0 ){
+    if( ipkColumn>=0 ){
       if( useTempTable ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, keyColumn, regRowid);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, ipkColumn, regRowid);
       }else if( pSelect ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regFromSelect+keyColumn, regRowid);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, regFromSelect+ipkColumn, regRowid);
       }else{
         VdbeOp *pOp;
-        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[keyColumn].pExpr, regRowid);
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[ipkColumn].pExpr, regRowid);
         pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, -1);
         if( ALWAYS(pOp) && pOp->opcode==OP_Null && !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
           appendFlag = 1;
           pOp->opcode = OP_NewRowid;
-          pOp->p1 = baseCur;
+          pOp->p1 = iDataCur;
           pOp->p2 = regRowid;
           pOp->p3 = regAutoinc;
         }
@@ -89898,24 +95689,24 @@
       if( !appendFlag ){
         int j1;
         if( !IsVirtual(pTab) ){
-          j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regRowid);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NewRowid, baseCur, regRowid, regAutoinc);
+          j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regRowid); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NewRowid, iDataCur, regRowid, regAutoinc);
           sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
         }else{
           j1 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regRowid, j1+2);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regRowid, j1+2); VdbeCoverage(v);
         }
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regRowid);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regRowid); VdbeCoverage(v);
       }
-    }else if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    }else if( IsVirtual(pTab) || withoutRowid ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regRowid);
     }else{
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NewRowid, baseCur, regRowid, regAutoinc);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NewRowid, iDataCur, regRowid, regAutoinc);
       appendFlag = 1;
     }
     autoIncStep(pParse, regAutoinc, regRowid);
 
-    /* Push onto the stack, data for all columns of the new entry, beginning
+    /* Compute data for all columns of the new entry, beginning
     ** with the first column.
     */
     nHidden = 0;
@@ -89923,10 +95714,11 @@
       int iRegStore = regRowid+1+i;
       if( i==pTab->iPKey ){
         /* The value of the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY column is always a NULL.
-        ** Whenever this column is read, the record number will be substituted
-        ** in its place.  So will fill this column with a NULL to avoid
-        ** taking up data space with information that will never be used. */
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iRegStore);
+        ** Whenever this column is read, the rowid will be substituted
+        ** in its place.  Hence, fill this column with a NULL to avoid
+        ** taking up data space with information that will never be used.
+        ** As there may be shallow copies of this value, make it a soft-NULL */
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_SoftNull, iRegStore);
         continue;
       }
       if( pColumn==0 ){
@@ -89943,11 +95735,13 @@
         }
       }
       if( j<0 || nColumn==0 || (pColumn && j>=pColumn->nId) ){
-        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pTab->aCol[i].pDflt, iRegStore);
+        sqlite3ExprCodeFactorable(pParse, pTab->aCol[i].pDflt, iRegStore);
       }else if( useTempTable ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, j, iRegStore); 
       }else if( pSelect ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regFromSelect+j, iRegStore);
+        if( regFromSelect!=regData ){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regFromSelect+j, iRegStore);
+        }
       }else{
         sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pList->a[j].pExpr, iRegStore);
       }
@@ -89967,13 +95761,12 @@
 #endif
     {
       int isReplace;    /* Set to true if constraints may cause a replace */
-      sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(pParse, pTab, baseCur, regIns, aRegIdx,
-          keyColumn>=0, 0, onError, endOfLoop, &isReplace
+      sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(pParse, pTab, aRegIdx, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+          regIns, 0, ipkColumn>=0, onError, endOfLoop, &isReplace
       );
-      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, 0, regIns);
-      sqlite3CompleteInsertion(
-          pParse, pTab, baseCur, regIns, aRegIdx, 0, appendFlag, isReplace==0
-      );
+      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, 0, regIns, 0, 0);
+      sqlite3CompleteInsertion(pParse, pTab, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+                               regIns, aRegIdx, 0, appendFlag, isReplace==0);
     }
   }
 
@@ -89994,7 +95787,7 @@
   */
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, endOfLoop);
   if( useTempTable ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, srcTab, addrCont);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, srcTab, addrCont); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrInsTop);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, srcTab);
   }else if( pSelect ){
@@ -90004,9 +95797,9 @@
 
   if( !IsVirtual(pTab) && !isView ){
     /* Close all tables opened */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, baseCur);
-    for(idx=1, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, idx++){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, idx+baseCur);
+    if( iDataCur<iIdxCur ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iDataCur);
+    for(idx=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, idx++){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, idx+iIdxCur);
     }
   }
 
@@ -90051,36 +95844,48 @@
  #undef tmask
 #endif
 
-
 /*
-** Generate code to do constraint checks prior to an INSERT or an UPDATE.
+** Generate code to do constraint checks prior to an INSERT or an UPDATE
+** on table pTab.
 **
-** The input is a range of consecutive registers as follows:
+** The regNewData parameter is the first register in a range that contains
+** the data to be inserted or the data after the update.  There will be
+** pTab->nCol+1 registers in this range.  The first register (the one
+** that regNewData points to) will contain the new rowid, or NULL in the
+** case of a WITHOUT ROWID table.  The second register in the range will
+** contain the content of the first table column.  The third register will
+** contain the content of the second table column.  And so forth.
 **
-**    1.  The rowid of the row after the update.
+** The regOldData parameter is similar to regNewData except that it contains
+** the data prior to an UPDATE rather than afterwards.  regOldData is zero
+** for an INSERT.  This routine can distinguish between UPDATE and INSERT by
+** checking regOldData for zero.
 **
-**    2.  The data in the first column of the entry after the update.
+** For an UPDATE, the pkChng boolean is true if the true primary key (the
+** rowid for a normal table or the PRIMARY KEY for a WITHOUT ROWID table)
+** might be modified by the UPDATE.  If pkChng is false, then the key of
+** the iDataCur content table is guaranteed to be unchanged by the UPDATE.
 **
-**    i.  Data from middle columns...
+** For an INSERT, the pkChng boolean indicates whether or not the rowid
+** was explicitly specified as part of the INSERT statement.  If pkChng
+** is zero, it means that the either rowid is computed automatically or
+** that the table is a WITHOUT ROWID table and has no rowid.  On an INSERT,
+** pkChng will only be true if the INSERT statement provides an integer
+** value for either the rowid column or its INTEGER PRIMARY KEY alias.
 **
-**    N.  The data in the last column of the entry after the update.
-**
-** The regRowid parameter is the index of the register containing (1).
-**
-** If isUpdate is true and rowidChng is non-zero, then rowidChng contains
-** the address of a register containing the rowid before the update takes
-** place. isUpdate is true for UPDATEs and false for INSERTs. If isUpdate
-** is false, indicating an INSERT statement, then a non-zero rowidChng 
-** indicates that the rowid was explicitly specified as part of the
-** INSERT statement. If rowidChng is false, it means that  the rowid is
-** computed automatically in an insert or that the rowid value is not 
-** modified by an update.
-**
-** The code generated by this routine store new index entries into
+** The code generated by this routine will store new index entries into
 ** registers identified by aRegIdx[].  No index entry is created for
 ** indices where aRegIdx[i]==0.  The order of indices in aRegIdx[] is
 ** the same as the order of indices on the linked list of indices
-** attached to the table.
+** at pTab->pIndex.
+**
+** The caller must have already opened writeable cursors on the main
+** table and all applicable indices (that is to say, all indices for which
+** aRegIdx[] is not zero).  iDataCur is the cursor for the main table when
+** inserting or updating a rowid table, or the cursor for the PRIMARY KEY
+** index when operating on a WITHOUT ROWID table.  iIdxCur is the cursor
+** for the first index in the pTab->pIndex list.  Cursors for other indices
+** are at iIdxCur+N for the N-th element of the pTab->pIndex list.
 **
 ** This routine also generates code to check constraints.  NOT NULL,
 ** CHECK, and UNIQUE constraints are all checked.  If a constraint fails,
@@ -90090,22 +95895,23 @@
 **  Constraint type  Action       What Happens
 **  ---------------  ----------   ----------------------------------------
 **  any              ROLLBACK     The current transaction is rolled back and
-**                                sqlite3_exec() returns immediately with a
+**                                sqlite3_step() returns immediately with a
 **                                return code of SQLITE_CONSTRAINT.
 **
 **  any              ABORT        Back out changes from the current command
 **                                only (do not do a complete rollback) then
-**                                cause sqlite3_exec() to return immediately
+**                                cause sqlite3_step() to return immediately
 **                                with SQLITE_CONSTRAINT.
 **
-**  any              FAIL         Sqlite3_exec() returns immediately with a
+**  any              FAIL         Sqlite3_step() returns immediately with a
 **                                return code of SQLITE_CONSTRAINT.  The
 **                                transaction is not rolled back and any
-**                                prior changes are retained.
+**                                changes to prior rows are retained.
 **
-**  any              IGNORE       The record number and data is popped from
-**                                the stack and there is an immediate jump
-**                                to label ignoreDest.
+**  any              IGNORE       The attempt in insert or update the current
+**                                row is skipped, without throwing an error.
+**                                Processing continues with the next row.
+**                                (There is an immediate jump to ignoreDest.)
 **
 **  NOT NULL         REPLACE      The NULL value is replace by the default
 **                                value for that column.  If the default value
@@ -90120,42 +95926,59 @@
 ** Or if overrideError==OE_Default, then the pParse->onError parameter
 ** is used.  Or if pParse->onError==OE_Default then the onError value
 ** for the constraint is used.
-**
-** The calling routine must open a read/write cursor for pTab with
-** cursor number "baseCur".  All indices of pTab must also have open
-** read/write cursors with cursor number baseCur+i for the i-th cursor.
-** Except, if there is no possibility of a REPLACE action then
-** cursors do not need to be open for indices where aRegIdx[i]==0.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(
-  Parse *pParse,      /* The parser context */
-  Table *pTab,        /* the table into which we are inserting */
-  int baseCur,        /* Index of a read/write cursor pointing at pTab */
-  int regRowid,       /* Index of the range of input registers */
-  int *aRegIdx,       /* Register used by each index.  0 for unused indices */
-  int rowidChng,      /* True if the rowid might collide with existing entry */
-  int isUpdate,       /* True for UPDATE, False for INSERT */
-  int overrideError,  /* Override onError to this if not OE_Default */
-  int ignoreDest,     /* Jump to this label on an OE_Ignore resolution */
-  int *pbMayReplace   /* OUT: Set to true if constraint may cause a replace */
+  Parse *pParse,       /* The parser context */
+  Table *pTab,         /* The table being inserted or updated */
+  int *aRegIdx,        /* Use register aRegIdx[i] for index i.  0 for unused */
+  int iDataCur,        /* Canonical data cursor (main table or PK index) */
+  int iIdxCur,         /* First index cursor */
+  int regNewData,      /* First register in a range holding values to insert */
+  int regOldData,      /* Previous content.  0 for INSERTs */
+  u8 pkChng,           /* Non-zero if the rowid or PRIMARY KEY changed */
+  u8 overrideError,    /* Override onError to this if not OE_Default */
+  int ignoreDest,      /* Jump to this label on an OE_Ignore resolution */
+  int *pbMayReplace    /* OUT: Set to true if constraint may cause a replace */
 ){
-  int i;              /* loop counter */
-  Vdbe *v;            /* VDBE under constrution */
-  int nCol;           /* Number of columns */
-  int onError;        /* Conflict resolution strategy */
-  int j1;             /* Addresss of jump instruction */
-  int j2 = 0, j3;     /* Addresses of jump instructions */
-  int regData;        /* Register containing first data column */
-  int iCur;           /* Table cursor number */
+  Vdbe *v;             /* VDBE under constrution */
   Index *pIdx;         /* Pointer to one of the indices */
+  Index *pPk = 0;      /* The PRIMARY KEY index */
+  sqlite3 *db;         /* Database connection */
+  int i;               /* loop counter */
+  int ix;              /* Index loop counter */
+  int nCol;            /* Number of columns */
+  int onError;         /* Conflict resolution strategy */
+  int j1;              /* Addresss of jump instruction */
   int seenReplace = 0; /* True if REPLACE is used to resolve INT PK conflict */
-  int regOldRowid = (rowidChng && isUpdate) ? rowidChng : regRowid;
+  int nPkField;        /* Number of fields in PRIMARY KEY. 1 for ROWID tables */
+  int ipkTop = 0;      /* Top of the rowid change constraint check */
+  int ipkBottom = 0;   /* Bottom of the rowid change constraint check */
+  u8 isUpdate;         /* True if this is an UPDATE operation */
+  u8 bAffinityDone = 0;  /* True if the OP_Affinity operation has been run */
+  int regRowid = -1;   /* Register holding ROWID value */
 
+  isUpdate = regOldData!=0;
+  db = pParse->db;
   v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   assert( v!=0 );
   assert( pTab->pSelect==0 );  /* This table is not a VIEW */
   nCol = pTab->nCol;
-  regData = regRowid + 1;
+  
+  /* pPk is the PRIMARY KEY index for WITHOUT ROWID tables and NULL for
+  ** normal rowid tables.  nPkField is the number of key fields in the 
+  ** pPk index or 1 for a rowid table.  In other words, nPkField is the
+  ** number of fields in the true primary key of the table. */
+  if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+    pPk = 0;
+    nPkField = 1;
+  }else{
+    pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+    nPkField = pPk->nKeyCol;
+  }
+
+  /* Record that this module has started */
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "BEGIN: GenCnstCks(%d,%d,%d,%d,%d)",
+                     iDataCur, iIdxCur, regNewData, regOldData, pkChng));
 
   /* Test all NOT NULL constraints.
   */
@@ -90178,24 +96001,26 @@
     switch( onError ){
       case OE_Abort:
         sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
+        /* Fall through */
       case OE_Rollback:
       case OE_Fail: {
-        char *zMsg;
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_HaltIfNull,
-                                  SQLITE_CONSTRAINT, onError, regData+i);
-        zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "%s.%s may not be NULL",
-                              pTab->zName, pTab->aCol[i].zName);
-        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
+        char *zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s.%s", pTab->zName,
+                                    pTab->aCol[i].zName);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_HaltIfNull, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_NOTNULL, onError,
+                          regNewData+1+i, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, P5_ConstraintNotNull);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
         break;
       }
       case OE_Ignore: {
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regData+i, ignoreDest);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regNewData+1+i, ignoreDest);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
         break;
       }
       default: {
         assert( onError==OE_Replace );
-        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regData+i);
-        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pTab->aCol[i].pDflt, regData+i);
+        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regNewData+1+i); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pTab->aCol[i].pDflt, regNewData+1+i);
         sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
         break;
       }
@@ -90205,37 +96030,71 @@
   /* Test all CHECK constraints
   */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-  if( pTab->pCheck && (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_IgnoreChecks)==0 ){
-    int allOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-    pParse->ckBase = regData;
-    sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pTab->pCheck, allOk, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+  if( pTab->pCheck && (db->flags & SQLITE_IgnoreChecks)==0 ){
+    ExprList *pCheck = pTab->pCheck;
+    pParse->ckBase = regNewData+1;
     onError = overrideError!=OE_Default ? overrideError : OE_Abort;
-    if( onError==OE_Ignore ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ignoreDest);
-    }else{
-      if( onError==OE_Replace ) onError = OE_Abort; /* IMP: R-15569-63625 */
-      sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, onError, 0, 0);
+    for(i=0; i<pCheck->nExpr; i++){
+      int allOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+      sqlite3ExprIfTrue(pParse, pCheck->a[i].pExpr, allOk, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      if( onError==OE_Ignore ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ignoreDest);
+      }else{
+        char *zName = pCheck->a[i].zName;
+        if( zName==0 ) zName = pTab->zName;
+        if( onError==OE_Replace ) onError = OE_Abort; /* IMP: R-15569-63625 */
+        sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_CHECK,
+                              onError, zName, P4_TRANSIENT,
+                              P5_ConstraintCheck);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, allOk);
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, allOk);
   }
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK) */
 
-  /* If we have an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, make sure the primary key
-  ** of the new record does not previously exist.  Except, if this
-  ** is an UPDATE and the primary key is not changing, that is OK.
+  /* If rowid is changing, make sure the new rowid does not previously
+  ** exist in the table.
   */
-  if( rowidChng ){
+  if( pkChng && pPk==0 ){
+    int addrRowidOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+
+    /* Figure out what action to take in case of a rowid collision */
     onError = pTab->keyConf;
     if( overrideError!=OE_Default ){
       onError = overrideError;
     }else if( onError==OE_Default ){
       onError = OE_Abort;
     }
-    
+
     if( isUpdate ){
-      j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regRowid, 0, rowidChng);
+      /* pkChng!=0 does not mean that the rowid has change, only that
+      ** it might have changed.  Skip the conflict logic below if the rowid
+      ** is unchanged. */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regNewData, addrRowidOk, regOldData);
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
     }
-    j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, baseCur, 0, regRowid);
+
+    /* If the response to a rowid conflict is REPLACE but the response
+    ** to some other UNIQUE constraint is FAIL or IGNORE, then we need
+    ** to defer the running of the rowid conflict checking until after
+    ** the UNIQUE constraints have run.
+    */
+    if( onError==OE_Replace && overrideError!=OE_Replace ){
+      for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+        if( pIdx->onError==OE_Ignore || pIdx->onError==OE_Fail ){
+          ipkTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Check to see if the new rowid already exists in the table.  Skip
+    ** the following conflict logic if it does not. */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDataCur, addrRowidOk, regNewData);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+
+    /* Generate code that deals with a rowid collision */
     switch( onError ){
       default: {
         onError = OE_Abort;
@@ -90244,14 +96103,13 @@
       case OE_Rollback:
       case OE_Abort:
       case OE_Fail: {
-        sqlite3HaltConstraint(
-          pParse, onError, "PRIMARY KEY must be unique", P4_STATIC);
+        sqlite3RowidConstraint(pParse, onError, pTab);
         break;
       }
       case OE_Replace: {
         /* If there are DELETE triggers on this table and the
         ** recursive-triggers flag is set, call GenerateRowDelete() to
-        ** remove the conflicting row from the the table. This will fire
+        ** remove the conflicting row from the table. This will fire
         ** the triggers and remove both the table and index b-tree entries.
         **
         ** Otherwise, if there are no triggers or the recursive-triggers
@@ -90272,62 +96130,98 @@
         ** table.
         */
         Trigger *pTrigger = 0;
-        if( pParse->db->flags&SQLITE_RecTriggers ){
+        if( db->flags&SQLITE_RecTriggers ){
           pTrigger = sqlite3TriggersExist(pParse, pTab, TK_DELETE, 0, 0);
         }
         if( pTrigger || sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, 0, 0) ){
           sqlite3MultiWrite(pParse);
-          sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(
-              pParse, pTab, baseCur, regRowid, 0, pTrigger, OE_Replace
-          );
+          sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(pParse, pTab, pTrigger, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+                                   regNewData, 1, 0, OE_Replace, 1);
         }else if( pTab->pIndex ){
           sqlite3MultiWrite(pParse);
-          sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, baseCur, 0);
+          sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iDataCur, iIdxCur, 0);
         }
         seenReplace = 1;
         break;
       }
       case OE_Ignore: {
-        assert( seenReplace==0 );
+        /*assert( seenReplace==0 );*/
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ignoreDest);
         break;
       }
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j3);
-    if( isUpdate ){
-      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j2);
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrRowidOk);
+    if( ipkTop ){
+      ipkBottom = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, ipkTop);
     }
   }
 
   /* Test all UNIQUE constraints by creating entries for each UNIQUE
   ** index and making sure that duplicate entries do not already exist.
-  ** Add the new records to the indices as we go.
+  ** Compute the revised record entries for indices as we go.
+  **
+  ** This loop also handles the case of the PRIMARY KEY index for a
+  ** WITHOUT ROWID table.
   */
-  for(iCur=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, iCur++){
-    int regIdx;
-    int regR;
+  for(ix=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, ix++){
+    int regIdx;          /* Range of registers hold conent for pIdx */
+    int regR;            /* Range of registers holding conflicting PK */
+    int iThisCur;        /* Cursor for this UNIQUE index */
+    int addrUniqueOk;    /* Jump here if the UNIQUE constraint is satisfied */
 
-    if( aRegIdx[iCur]==0 ) continue;  /* Skip unused indices */
-
-    /* Create a key for accessing the index entry */
-    regIdx = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pIdx->nColumn+1);
-    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
-      int idx = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
-      if( idx==pTab->iPKey ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regRowid, regIdx+i);
-      }else{
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regData+idx, regIdx+i);
-      }
+    if( aRegIdx[ix]==0 ) continue;  /* Skip indices that do not change */
+    if( bAffinityDone==0 ){
+      sqlite3TableAffinity(v, pTab, regNewData+1);
+      bAffinityDone = 1;
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regRowid, regIdx+i);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1, aRegIdx[iCur]);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx), P4_TRANSIENT);
-    sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1);
+    iThisCur = iIdxCur+ix;
+    addrUniqueOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
 
-    /* Find out what action to take in case there is an indexing conflict */
+    /* Skip partial indices for which the WHERE clause is not true */
+    if( pIdx->pPartIdxWhere ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, aRegIdx[ix]);
+      pParse->ckBase = regNewData+1;
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pIdx->pPartIdxWhere, addrUniqueOk,
+                         SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      pParse->ckBase = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* Create a record for this index entry as it should appear after
+    ** the insert or update.  Store that record in the aRegIdx[ix] register
+    */
+    regIdx = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pIdx->nColumn);
+    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+      int iField = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+      int x;
+      if( iField<0 || iField==pTab->iPKey ){
+        if( regRowid==regIdx+i ) continue; /* ROWID already in regIdx+i */
+        x = regNewData;
+        regRowid =  pIdx->pPartIdxWhere ? -1 : regIdx+i;
+      }else{
+        x = iField + regNewData + 1;
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, x, regIdx+i);
+      VdbeComment((v, "%s", iField<0 ? "rowid" : pTab->aCol[iField].zName));
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn, aRegIdx[ix]);
+    VdbeComment((v, "for %s", pIdx->zName));
+    sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn);
+
+    /* In an UPDATE operation, if this index is the PRIMARY KEY index 
+    ** of a WITHOUT ROWID table and there has been no change the
+    ** primary key, then no collision is possible.  The collision detection
+    ** logic below can all be skipped. */
+    if( isUpdate && pPk==pIdx && pkChng==0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrUniqueOk);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    /* Find out what action to take in case there is a uniqueness conflict */
     onError = pIdx->onError;
     if( onError==OE_None ){ 
-      sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn);
+      sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrUniqueOk);
       continue;  /* pIdx is not a UNIQUE index */
     }
     if( overrideError!=OE_Default ){
@@ -90335,18 +96229,64 @@
     }else if( onError==OE_Default ){
       onError = OE_Abort;
     }
-    if( seenReplace ){
-      if( onError==OE_Ignore ) onError = OE_Replace;
-      else if( onError==OE_Fail ) onError = OE_Abort;
-    }
     
     /* Check to see if the new index entry will be unique */
-    regR = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, regOldRowid, regR);
-    j3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_IsUnique, baseCur+iCur+1, 0,
-                           regR, SQLITE_INT_TO_PTR(regIdx),
-                           P4_INT32);
-    sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NoConflict, iThisCur, addrUniqueOk,
+                         regIdx, pIdx->nKeyCol); VdbeCoverage(v);
+
+    /* Generate code to handle collisions */
+    regR = (pIdx==pPk) ? regIdx : sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nPkField);
+    if( isUpdate || onError==OE_Replace ){
+      if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxRowid, iThisCur, regR);
+        /* Conflict only if the rowid of the existing index entry
+        ** is different from old-rowid */
+        if( isUpdate ){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regR, addrUniqueOk, regOldData);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL);
+          VdbeCoverage(v);
+        }
+      }else{
+        int x;
+        /* Extract the PRIMARY KEY from the end of the index entry and
+        ** store it in registers regR..regR+nPk-1 */
+        if( pIdx!=pPk ){
+          for(i=0; i<pPk->nKeyCol; i++){
+            x = sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(pIdx, pPk->aiColumn[i]);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iThisCur, x, regR+i);
+            VdbeComment((v, "%s.%s", pTab->zName,
+                         pTab->aCol[pPk->aiColumn[i]].zName));
+          }
+        }
+        if( isUpdate ){
+          /* If currently processing the PRIMARY KEY of a WITHOUT ROWID 
+          ** table, only conflict if the new PRIMARY KEY values are actually
+          ** different from the old.
+          **
+          ** For a UNIQUE index, only conflict if the PRIMARY KEY values
+          ** of the matched index row are different from the original PRIMARY
+          ** KEY values of this row before the update.  */
+          int addrJump = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+pPk->nKeyCol;
+          int op = OP_Ne;
+          int regCmp = (IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ? regIdx : regR);
+  
+          for(i=0; i<pPk->nKeyCol; i++){
+            char *p4 = (char*)sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, pPk->azColl[i]);
+            x = pPk->aiColumn[i];
+            if( i==(pPk->nKeyCol-1) ){
+              addrJump = addrUniqueOk;
+              op = OP_Eq;
+            }
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, op, 
+                regOldData+1+x, addrJump, regCmp+i, p4, P4_COLLSEQ
+            );
+            sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL);
+            VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_Eq);
+            VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_Ne);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
 
     /* Generate code that executes if the new index entry is not unique */
     assert( onError==OE_Rollback || onError==OE_Abort || onError==OE_Fail
@@ -90355,29 +96295,10 @@
       case OE_Rollback:
       case OE_Abort:
       case OE_Fail: {
-        int j;
-        StrAccum errMsg;
-        const char *zSep;
-        char *zErr;
-
-        sqlite3StrAccumInit(&errMsg, 0, 0, 200);
-        errMsg.db = pParse->db;
-        zSep = pIdx->nColumn>1 ? "columns " : "column ";
-        for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
-          char *zCol = pTab->aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[j]].zName;
-          sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg, zSep, -1);
-          zSep = ", ";
-          sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg, zCol, -1);
-        }
-        sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&errMsg,
-            pIdx->nColumn>1 ? " are not unique" : " is not unique", -1);
-        zErr = sqlite3StrAccumFinish(&errMsg);
-        sqlite3HaltConstraint(pParse, onError, zErr, 0);
-        sqlite3DbFree(errMsg.db, zErr);
+        sqlite3UniqueConstraint(pParse, onError, pIdx);
         break;
       }
       case OE_Ignore: {
-        assert( seenReplace==0 );
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ignoreDest);
         break;
       }
@@ -90385,29 +96306,32 @@
         Trigger *pTrigger = 0;
         assert( onError==OE_Replace );
         sqlite3MultiWrite(pParse);
-        if( pParse->db->flags&SQLITE_RecTriggers ){
+        if( db->flags&SQLITE_RecTriggers ){
           pTrigger = sqlite3TriggersExist(pParse, pTab, TK_DELETE, 0, 0);
         }
-        sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(
-            pParse, pTab, baseCur, regR, 0, pTrigger, OE_Replace
-        );
+        sqlite3GenerateRowDelete(pParse, pTab, pTrigger, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+                                 regR, nPkField, 0, OE_Replace, pIdx==pPk);
         seenReplace = 1;
         break;
       }
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j3);
-    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regR);
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrUniqueOk);
+    sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regIdx, pIdx->nColumn);
+    if( regR!=regIdx ) sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regR, nPkField);
+  }
+  if( ipkTop ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, ipkTop+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, ipkBottom);
   }
   
-  if( pbMayReplace ){
-    *pbMayReplace = seenReplace;
-  }
+  *pbMayReplace = seenReplace;
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "END: GenCnstCks(%d)", seenReplace));
 }
 
 /*
 ** This routine generates code to finish the INSERT or UPDATE operation
 ** that was started by a prior call to sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks.
-** A consecutive range of registers starting at regRowid contains the
+** A consecutive range of registers starting at regNewData contains the
 ** rowid and the content to be inserted.
 **
 ** The arguments to this routine should be the same as the first six
@@ -90416,36 +96340,46 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3CompleteInsertion(
   Parse *pParse,      /* The parser context */
   Table *pTab,        /* the table into which we are inserting */
-  int baseCur,        /* Index of a read/write cursor pointing at pTab */
-  int regRowid,       /* Range of content */
+  int iDataCur,       /* Cursor of the canonical data source */
+  int iIdxCur,        /* First index cursor */
+  int regNewData,     /* Range of content */
   int *aRegIdx,       /* Register used by each index.  0 for unused indices */
   int isUpdate,       /* True for UPDATE, False for INSERT */
   int appendBias,     /* True if this is likely to be an append */
   int useSeekResult   /* True to set the USESEEKRESULT flag on OP_[Idx]Insert */
 ){
-  int i;
-  Vdbe *v;
-  int nIdx;
-  Index *pIdx;
-  u8 pik_flags;
-  int regData;
-  int regRec;
+  Vdbe *v;            /* Prepared statements under construction */
+  Index *pIdx;        /* An index being inserted or updated */
+  u8 pik_flags;       /* flag values passed to the btree insert */
+  int regData;        /* Content registers (after the rowid) */
+  int regRec;         /* Register holding assemblied record for the table */
+  int i;              /* Loop counter */
+  u8 bAffinityDone = 0; /* True if OP_Affinity has been run already */
 
   v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   assert( v!=0 );
   assert( pTab->pSelect==0 );  /* This table is not a VIEW */
-  for(nIdx=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, nIdx++){}
-  for(i=nIdx-1; i>=0; i--){
+  for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
     if( aRegIdx[i]==0 ) continue;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, baseCur+i+1, aRegIdx[i]);
-    if( useSeekResult ){
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
+    bAffinityDone = 1;
+    if( pIdx->pPartIdxWhere ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, aRegIdx[i], sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
     }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iIdxCur+i, aRegIdx[i]);
+    pik_flags = 0;
+    if( useSeekResult ) pik_flags = OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT;
+    if( IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) && !HasRowid(pTab) ){
+      assert( pParse->nested==0 );
+      pik_flags |= OPFLAG_NCHANGE;
+    }
+    if( pik_flags )  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, pik_flags);
   }
-  regData = regRowid + 1;
+  if( !HasRowid(pTab) ) return;
+  regData = regNewData + 1;
   regRec = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regData, pTab->nCol, regRec);
-  sqlite3TableAffinityStr(v, pTab);
+  if( !bAffinityDone ) sqlite3TableAffinity(v, pTab, 0);
   sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regData, pTab->nCol);
   if( pParse->nested ){
     pik_flags = 0;
@@ -90459,7 +96393,7 @@
   if( useSeekResult ){
     pik_flags |= OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT;
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, baseCur, regRec, regRowid);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iDataCur, regRec, regNewData);
   if( !pParse->nested ){
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pTab->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
   }
@@ -90467,39 +96401,71 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Generate code that will open cursors for a table and for all
-** indices of that table.  The "baseCur" parameter is the cursor number used
-** for the table.  Indices are opened on subsequent cursors.
+** Allocate cursors for the pTab table and all its indices and generate
+** code to open and initialized those cursors.
 **
-** Return the number of indices on the table.
+** The cursor for the object that contains the complete data (normally
+** the table itself, but the PRIMARY KEY index in the case of a WITHOUT
+** ROWID table) is returned in *piDataCur.  The first index cursor is
+** returned in *piIdxCur.  The number of indices is returned.
+**
+** Use iBase as the first cursor (either the *piDataCur for rowid tables
+** or the first index for WITHOUT ROWID tables) if it is non-negative.
+** If iBase is negative, then allocate the next available cursor.
+**
+** For a rowid table, *piDataCur will be exactly one less than *piIdxCur.
+** For a WITHOUT ROWID table, *piDataCur will be somewhere in the range
+** of *piIdxCurs, depending on where the PRIMARY KEY index appears on the
+** pTab->pIndex list.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(
   Parse *pParse,   /* Parsing context */
   Table *pTab,     /* Table to be opened */
-  int baseCur,     /* Cursor number assigned to the table */
-  int op           /* OP_OpenRead or OP_OpenWrite */
+  int op,          /* OP_OpenRead or OP_OpenWrite */
+  int iBase,       /* Use this for the table cursor, if there is one */
+  u8 *aToOpen,     /* If not NULL: boolean for each table and index */
+  int *piDataCur,  /* Write the database source cursor number here */
+  int *piIdxCur    /* Write the first index cursor number here */
 ){
   int i;
   int iDb;
+  int iDataCur;
   Index *pIdx;
   Vdbe *v;
 
-  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;
+  assert( op==OP_OpenRead || op==OP_OpenWrite );
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+    assert( aToOpen==0 );
+    *piDataCur = 0;
+    *piIdxCur = 1;
+    return 0;
+  }
   iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
   v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   assert( v!=0 );
-  sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, baseCur, iDb, pTab, op);
-  for(i=1, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
-    KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
+  if( iBase<0 ) iBase = pParse->nTab;
+  iDataCur = iBase++;
+  if( piDataCur ) *piDataCur = iDataCur;
+  if( HasRowid(pTab) && (aToOpen==0 || aToOpen[0]) ){
+    sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iDataCur, iDb, pTab, op);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, op==OP_OpenWrite, pTab->zName);
+  }
+  if( piIdxCur ) *piIdxCur = iBase;
+  for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
+    int iIdxCur = iBase++;
     assert( pIdx->pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, op, i+baseCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
-                      (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
-    VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
+    if( IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) && !HasRowid(pTab) && piDataCur ){
+      *piDataCur = iIdxCur;
+    }
+    if( aToOpen==0 || aToOpen[i+1] ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, iIdxCur, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
+      VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
+    }
   }
-  if( pParse->nTab<baseCur+i ){
-    pParse->nTab = baseCur+i;
-  }
-  return i-1;
+  if( iBase>pParse->nTab ) pParse->nTab = iBase;
+  return i;
 }
 
 
@@ -90538,18 +96504,19 @@
 **    *   The same DESC and ASC markings occurs on all columns
 **    *   The same onError processing (OE_Abort, OE_Ignore, etc)
 **    *   The same collating sequence on each column
+**    *   The index has the exact same WHERE clause
 */
 static int xferCompatibleIndex(Index *pDest, Index *pSrc){
   int i;
   assert( pDest && pSrc );
   assert( pDest->pTable!=pSrc->pTable );
-  if( pDest->nColumn!=pSrc->nColumn ){
+  if( pDest->nKeyCol!=pSrc->nKeyCol ){
     return 0;   /* Different number of columns */
   }
   if( pDest->onError!=pSrc->onError ){
     return 0;   /* Different conflict resolution strategies */
   }
-  for(i=0; i<pSrc->nColumn; i++){
+  for(i=0; i<pSrc->nKeyCol; i++){
     if( pSrc->aiColumn[i]!=pDest->aiColumn[i] ){
       return 0;   /* Different columns indexed */
     }
@@ -90560,6 +96527,9 @@
       return 0;   /* Different collating sequences */
     }
   }
+  if( sqlite3ExprCompare(pSrc->pPartIdxWhere, pDest->pPartIdxWhere, -1) ){
+    return 0;     /* Different WHERE clauses */
+  }
 
   /* If no test above fails then the indices must be compatible */
   return 1;
@@ -90605,10 +96575,9 @@
   int iDbSrc;                      /* The database of pSrc */
   int iSrc, iDest;                 /* Cursors from source and destination */
   int addr1, addr2;                /* Loop addresses */
-  int emptyDestTest;               /* Address of test for empty pDest */
-  int emptySrcTest;                /* Address of test for empty pSrc */
+  int emptyDestTest = 0;           /* Address of test for empty pDest */
+  int emptySrcTest = 0;            /* Address of test for empty pSrc */
   Vdbe *v;                         /* The VDBE we are building */
-  KeyInfo *pKey;                   /* Key information for an index */
   int regAutoinc;                  /* Memory register used by AUTOINC */
   int destHasUniqueIdx = 0;        /* True if pDest has a UNIQUE index */
   int regData, regRowid;           /* Registers holding data and rowid */
@@ -90616,6 +96585,12 @@
   if( pSelect==0 ){
     return 0;   /* Must be of the form  INSERT INTO ... SELECT ... */
   }
+  if( pParse->pWith || pSelect->pWith ){
+    /* Do not attempt to process this query if there are an WITH clauses
+    ** attached to it. Proceeding may generate a false "no such table: xxx"
+    ** error if pSelect reads from a CTE named "xxx".  */
+    return 0;
+  }
   if( sqlite3TriggerList(pParse, pDest) ){
     return 0;   /* tab1 must not have triggers */
   }
@@ -90671,13 +96646,16 @@
   ** we have to check the semantics.
   */
   pItem = pSelect->pSrc->a;
-  pSrc = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, pItem->zName, pItem->zDatabase);
+  pSrc = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, 0, pItem);
   if( pSrc==0 ){
     return 0;   /* FROM clause does not contain a real table */
   }
   if( pSrc==pDest ){
     return 0;   /* tab1 and tab2 may not be the same table */
   }
+  if( HasRowid(pDest)!=HasRowid(pSrc) ){
+    return 0;   /* source and destination must both be WITHOUT ROWID or not */
+  }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
   if( pSrc->tabFlags & TF_Virtual ){
     return 0;   /* tab2 must not be a virtual table */
@@ -90693,18 +96671,27 @@
     return 0;   /* Both tables must have the same INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
   }
   for(i=0; i<pDest->nCol; i++){
-    if( pDest->aCol[i].affinity!=pSrc->aCol[i].affinity ){
+    Column *pDestCol = &pDest->aCol[i];
+    Column *pSrcCol = &pSrc->aCol[i];
+    if( pDestCol->affinity!=pSrcCol->affinity ){
       return 0;    /* Affinity must be the same on all columns */
     }
-    if( !xferCompatibleCollation(pDest->aCol[i].zColl, pSrc->aCol[i].zColl) ){
+    if( !xferCompatibleCollation(pDestCol->zColl, pSrcCol->zColl) ){
       return 0;    /* Collating sequence must be the same on all columns */
     }
-    if( pDest->aCol[i].notNull && !pSrc->aCol[i].notNull ){
+    if( pDestCol->notNull && !pSrcCol->notNull ){
       return 0;    /* tab2 must be NOT NULL if tab1 is */
     }
+    /* Default values for second and subsequent columns need to match. */
+    if( i>0
+     && ((pDestCol->zDflt==0)!=(pSrcCol->zDflt==0) 
+         || (pDestCol->zDflt && strcmp(pDestCol->zDflt, pSrcCol->zDflt)!=0))
+    ){
+      return 0;    /* Default values must be the same for all columns */
+    }
   }
   for(pDestIdx=pDest->pIndex; pDestIdx; pDestIdx=pDestIdx->pNext){
-    if( pDestIdx->onError!=OE_None ){
+    if( IsUniqueIndex(pDestIdx) ){
       destHasUniqueIdx = 1;
     }
     for(pSrcIdx=pSrc->pIndex; pSrcIdx; pSrcIdx=pSrcIdx->pNext){
@@ -90715,7 +96702,7 @@
     }
   }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-  if( pDest->pCheck && sqlite3ExprCompare(pSrc->pCheck, pDest->pCheck) ){
+  if( pDest->pCheck && sqlite3ExprListCompare(pSrc->pCheck,pDest->pCheck,-1) ){
     return 0;   /* Tables have different CHECK constraints.  Ticket #2252 */
   }
 #endif
@@ -90748,7 +96735,10 @@
   iSrc = pParse->nTab++;
   iDest = pParse->nTab++;
   regAutoinc = autoIncBegin(pParse, iDbDest, pDest);
+  regData = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  regRowid = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
   sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iDest, iDbDest, pDest, OP_OpenWrite);
+  assert( HasRowid(pDest) || destHasUniqueIdx );
   if( (pDest->iPKey<0 && pDest->pIndex!=0)          /* (1) */
    || destHasUniqueIdx                              /* (2) */
    || (onError!=OE_Abort && onError!=OE_Rollback)   /* (3) */
@@ -90767,60 +96757,60 @@
     **
     ** (3) onError is something other than OE_Abort and OE_Rollback.
     */
-    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iDest, 0);
+    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iDest, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
     emptyDestTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, 0);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
-  }else{
-    emptyDestTest = 0;
   }
-  sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iSrc, iDbSrc, pSrc, OP_OpenRead);
-  emptySrcTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iSrc, 0);
-  regData = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-  regRowid = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-  if( pDest->iPKey>=0 ){
-    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iSrc, regRowid);
-    addr2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDest, 0, regRowid);
-    sqlite3HaltConstraint(
-        pParse, onError, "PRIMARY KEY must be unique", P4_STATIC);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);
-    autoIncStep(pParse, regAutoinc, regRowid);
-  }else if( pDest->pIndex==0 ){
-    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iDest, regRowid);
+  if( HasRowid(pSrc) ){
+    sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iSrc, iDbSrc, pSrc, OP_OpenRead);
+    emptySrcTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iSrc, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    if( pDest->iPKey>=0 ){
+      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iSrc, regRowid);
+      addr2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDest, 0, regRowid);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+      sqlite3RowidConstraint(pParse, onError, pDest);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);
+      autoIncStep(pParse, regAutoinc, regRowid);
+    }else if( pDest->pIndex==0 ){
+      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iDest, regRowid);
+    }else{
+      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iSrc, regRowid);
+      assert( (pDest->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement)==0 );
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowData, iSrc, regData);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iDest, regData, regRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_NCHANGE|OPFLAG_LASTROWID|OPFLAG_APPEND);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pDest->zName, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
   }else{
-    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iSrc, regRowid);
-    assert( (pDest->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement)==0 );
+    sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDbDest, pDest->tnum, 1, pDest->zName);
+    sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDbSrc, pSrc->tnum, 0, pSrc->zName);
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowData, iSrc, regData);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, iDest, regData, regRowid);
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_NCHANGE|OPFLAG_LASTROWID|OPFLAG_APPEND);
-  sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, pDest->zName, 0);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1);
   for(pDestIdx=pDest->pIndex; pDestIdx; pDestIdx=pDestIdx->pNext){
     for(pSrcIdx=pSrc->pIndex; ALWAYS(pSrcIdx); pSrcIdx=pSrcIdx->pNext){
       if( xferCompatibleIndex(pDestIdx, pSrcIdx) ) break;
     }
     assert( pSrcIdx );
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
-    pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pSrcIdx);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iSrc, pSrcIdx->tnum, iDbSrc,
-                      (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iSrc, pSrcIdx->tnum, iDbSrc);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pSrcIdx);
     VdbeComment((v, "%s", pSrcIdx->zName));
-    pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pDestIdx);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenWrite, iDest, pDestIdx->tnum, iDbDest,
-                      (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenWrite, iDest, pDestIdx->tnum, iDbDest);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pDestIdx);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_BULKCSR);
     VdbeComment((v, "%s", pDestIdx->zName));
-    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iSrc, 0);
+    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iSrc, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowKey, iSrc, regData);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxInsert, iDest, regData, 1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iSrc, addr1+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, emptySrcTest);
+  if( emptySrcTest ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, emptySrcTest);
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRowid);
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regData);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iSrc, 0);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDest, 0);
   if( emptyDestTest ){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, SQLITE_OK, 0);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, emptyDestTest);
@@ -90873,7 +96863,6 @@
   const char *zLeftover;      /* Tail of unprocessed SQL */
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;    /* The current SQL statement */
   char **azCols = 0;          /* Names of result columns */
-  int nRetry = 0;             /* Number of retry attempts */
   int callbackIsInit;         /* True if callback data is initialized */
 
   if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) ) return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
@@ -90881,12 +96870,12 @@
 
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
   sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK, 0);
-  while( (rc==SQLITE_OK || (rc==SQLITE_SCHEMA && (++nRetry)<2)) && zSql[0] ){
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && zSql[0] ){
     int nCol;
     char **azVals = 0;
 
     pStmt = 0;
-    rc = sqlite3_prepare(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, &zLeftover);
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, &zLeftover);
     assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pStmt==0 );
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       continue;
@@ -90932,6 +96921,9 @@
           }
         }
         if( xCallback(pArg, nCol, azVals, azCols) ){
+          /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-38229-40159 If the callback function to
+          ** sqlite3_exec() returns non-zero, then sqlite3_exec() will
+          ** return SQLITE_ABORT. */
           rc = SQLITE_ABORT;
           sqlite3VdbeFinalize((Vdbe *)pStmt);
           pStmt = 0;
@@ -90943,11 +96935,8 @@
       if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW ){
         rc = sqlite3VdbeFinalize((Vdbe *)pStmt);
         pStmt = 0;
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_SCHEMA ){
-          nRetry = 0;
-          zSql = zLeftover;
-          while( sqlite3Isspace(zSql[0]) ) zSql++;
-        }
+        zSql = zLeftover;
+        while( sqlite3Isspace(zSql[0]) ) zSql++;
         break;
       }
     }
@@ -91238,6 +97227,20 @@
   int (*blob_reopen)(sqlite3_blob*,sqlite3_int64);
   int (*vtab_config)(sqlite3*,int op,...);
   int (*vtab_on_conflict)(sqlite3*);
+  /* Version 3.7.16 and later */
+  int (*close_v2)(sqlite3*);
+  const char *(*db_filename)(sqlite3*,const char*);
+  int (*db_readonly)(sqlite3*,const char*);
+  int (*db_release_memory)(sqlite3*);
+  const char *(*errstr)(int);
+  int (*stmt_busy)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int (*stmt_readonly)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int (*stricmp)(const char*,const char*);
+  int (*uri_boolean)(const char*,const char*,int);
+  sqlite3_int64 (*uri_int64)(const char*,const char*,sqlite3_int64);
+  const char *(*uri_parameter)(const char*,const char*);
+  char *(*vsnprintf)(int,char*,const char*,va_list);
+  int (*wal_checkpoint_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int*,int*);
 };
 
 /*
@@ -91441,10 +97444,36 @@
 #define sqlite3_blob_reopen            sqlite3_api->blob_reopen
 #define sqlite3_vtab_config            sqlite3_api->vtab_config
 #define sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict       sqlite3_api->vtab_on_conflict
+/* Version 3.7.16 and later */
+#define sqlite3_close_v2               sqlite3_api->close_v2
+#define sqlite3_db_filename            sqlite3_api->db_filename
+#define sqlite3_db_readonly            sqlite3_api->db_readonly
+#define sqlite3_db_release_memory      sqlite3_api->db_release_memory
+#define sqlite3_errstr                 sqlite3_api->errstr
+#define sqlite3_stmt_busy              sqlite3_api->stmt_busy
+#define sqlite3_stmt_readonly          sqlite3_api->stmt_readonly
+#define sqlite3_stricmp                sqlite3_api->stricmp
+#define sqlite3_uri_boolean            sqlite3_api->uri_boolean
+#define sqlite3_uri_int64              sqlite3_api->uri_int64
+#define sqlite3_uri_parameter          sqlite3_api->uri_parameter
+#define sqlite3_uri_vsnprintf          sqlite3_api->vsnprintf
+#define sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2      sqlite3_api->wal_checkpoint_v2
 #endif /* SQLITE_CORE */
 
-#define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api = 0;
-#define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api = v;
+#ifndef SQLITE_CORE
+  /* This case when the file really is being compiled as a loadable 
+  ** extension */
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api=0;
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api=v;
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT3     \
+    extern const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api;
+#else
+  /* This case when the file is being statically linked into the 
+  ** application */
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     /*no-op*/
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  (void)v; /* unused parameter */
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT3     /*no-op*/
+#endif
 
 #endif /* _SQLITE3EXT_H_ */
 
@@ -91810,6 +97839,19 @@
   sqlite3_blob_reopen,
   sqlite3_vtab_config,
   sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict,
+  sqlite3_close_v2,
+  sqlite3_db_filename,
+  sqlite3_db_readonly,
+  sqlite3_db_release_memory,
+  sqlite3_errstr,
+  sqlite3_stmt_busy,
+  sqlite3_stmt_readonly,
+  sqlite3_stricmp,
+  sqlite3_uri_boolean,
+  sqlite3_uri_int64,
+  sqlite3_uri_parameter,
+  sqlite3_vsnprintf,
+  sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2
 };
 
 /*
@@ -91834,8 +97876,23 @@
   void *handle;
   int (*xInit)(sqlite3*,char**,const sqlite3_api_routines*);
   char *zErrmsg = 0;
+  const char *zEntry;
+  char *zAltEntry = 0;
   void **aHandle;
   int nMsg = 300 + sqlite3Strlen30(zFile);
+  int ii;
+
+  /* Shared library endings to try if zFile cannot be loaded as written */
+  static const char *azEndings[] = {
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN
+     "dll"   
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
+     "dylib"
+#else
+     "so"
+#endif
+  };
+
 
   if( pzErrMsg ) *pzErrMsg = 0;
 
@@ -91852,11 +97909,17 @@
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
 
-  if( zProc==0 ){
-    zProc = "sqlite3_extension_init";
-  }
+  zEntry = zProc ? zProc : "sqlite3_extension_init";
 
   handle = sqlite3OsDlOpen(pVfs, zFile);
+#if SQLITE_OS_UNIX || SQLITE_OS_WIN
+  for(ii=0; ii<ArraySize(azEndings) && handle==0; ii++){
+    char *zAltFile = sqlite3_mprintf("%s.%s", zFile, azEndings[ii]);
+    if( zAltFile==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    handle = sqlite3OsDlOpen(pVfs, zAltFile);
+    sqlite3_free(zAltFile);
+  }
+#endif
   if( handle==0 ){
     if( pzErrMsg ){
       *pzErrMsg = zErrmsg = sqlite3_malloc(nMsg);
@@ -91869,20 +97932,57 @@
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
   xInit = (int(*)(sqlite3*,char**,const sqlite3_api_routines*))
-                   sqlite3OsDlSym(pVfs, handle, zProc);
+                   sqlite3OsDlSym(pVfs, handle, zEntry);
+
+  /* If no entry point was specified and the default legacy
+  ** entry point name "sqlite3_extension_init" was not found, then
+  ** construct an entry point name "sqlite3_X_init" where the X is
+  ** replaced by the lowercase value of every ASCII alphabetic 
+  ** character in the filename after the last "/" upto the first ".",
+  ** and eliding the first three characters if they are "lib".  
+  ** Examples:
+  **
+  **    /usr/local/lib/libExample5.4.3.so ==>  sqlite3_example_init
+  **    C:/lib/mathfuncs.dll              ==>  sqlite3_mathfuncs_init
+  */
+  if( xInit==0 && zProc==0 ){
+    int iFile, iEntry, c;
+    int ncFile = sqlite3Strlen30(zFile);
+    zAltEntry = sqlite3_malloc(ncFile+30);
+    if( zAltEntry==0 ){
+      sqlite3OsDlClose(pVfs, handle);
+      return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+    memcpy(zAltEntry, "sqlite3_", 8);
+    for(iFile=ncFile-1; iFile>=0 && zFile[iFile]!='/'; iFile--){}
+    iFile++;
+    if( sqlite3_strnicmp(zFile+iFile, "lib", 3)==0 ) iFile += 3;
+    for(iEntry=8; (c = zFile[iFile])!=0 && c!='.'; iFile++){
+      if( sqlite3Isalpha(c) ){
+        zAltEntry[iEntry++] = (char)sqlite3UpperToLower[(unsigned)c];
+      }
+    }
+    memcpy(zAltEntry+iEntry, "_init", 6);
+    zEntry = zAltEntry;
+    xInit = (int(*)(sqlite3*,char**,const sqlite3_api_routines*))
+                     sqlite3OsDlSym(pVfs, handle, zEntry);
+  }
   if( xInit==0 ){
     if( pzErrMsg ){
-      nMsg += sqlite3Strlen30(zProc);
+      nMsg += sqlite3Strlen30(zEntry);
       *pzErrMsg = zErrmsg = sqlite3_malloc(nMsg);
       if( zErrmsg ){
         sqlite3_snprintf(nMsg, zErrmsg,
-            "no entry point [%s] in shared library [%s]", zProc,zFile);
+            "no entry point [%s] in shared library [%s]", zEntry, zFile);
         sqlite3OsDlError(pVfs, nMsg-1, zErrmsg);
       }
-      sqlite3OsDlClose(pVfs, handle);
     }
+    sqlite3OsDlClose(pVfs, handle);
+    sqlite3_free(zAltEntry);
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
-  }else if( xInit(db, &zErrmsg, &sqlite3Apis) ){
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(zAltEntry);
+  if( xInit(db, &zErrmsg, &sqlite3Apis) ){
     if( pzErrMsg ){
       *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("error during initialization: %s", zErrmsg);
     }
@@ -92030,6 +98130,35 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Cancel a prior call to sqlite3_auto_extension.  Remove xInit from the
+** set of routines that is invoked for each new database connection, if it
+** is currently on the list.  If xInit is not on the list, then this
+** routine is a no-op.
+**
+** Return 1 if xInit was found on the list and removed.  Return 0 if xInit
+** was not on the list.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(void (*xInit)(void)){
+#if SQLITE_THREADSAFE
+  sqlite3_mutex *mutex = sqlite3MutexAlloc(SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER);
+#endif
+  int i;
+  int n = 0;
+  wsdAutoextInit;
+  sqlite3_mutex_enter(mutex);
+  for(i=wsdAutoext.nExt-1; i>=0; i--){
+    if( wsdAutoext.aExt[i]==xInit ){
+      wsdAutoext.nExt--;
+      wsdAutoext.aExt[i] = wsdAutoext.aExt[wsdAutoext.nExt];
+      n++;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3_mutex_leave(mutex);
+  return n;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Reset the automatic extension loading mechanism.
 */
 SQLITE_API void sqlite3_reset_auto_extension(void){
@@ -92105,6 +98234,462 @@
 ** This file contains code used to implement the PRAGMA command.
 */
 
+#if !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE)
+#  if defined(__APPLE__)
+#    define SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE 1
+#  else
+#    define SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE 0
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/***************************************************************************
+** The next block of code, including the PragTyp_XXXX macro definitions and
+** the aPragmaName[] object is composed of generated code. DO NOT EDIT.
+**
+** To add new pragmas, edit the code in ../tool/mkpragmatab.tcl and rerun
+** that script.  Then copy/paste the output in place of the following:
+*/
+#define PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE                   0
+#define PragTyp_AUTO_VACUUM                    1
+#define PragTyp_FLAG                           2
+#define PragTyp_BUSY_TIMEOUT                   3
+#define PragTyp_CACHE_SIZE                     4
+#define PragTyp_CASE_SENSITIVE_LIKE            5
+#define PragTyp_COLLATION_LIST                 6
+#define PragTyp_COMPILE_OPTIONS                7
+#define PragTyp_DATA_STORE_DIRECTORY           8
+#define PragTyp_DATABASE_LIST                  9
+#define PragTyp_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE            10
+#define PragTyp_ENCODING                      11
+#define PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECK             12
+#define PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_LIST              13
+#define PragTyp_INCREMENTAL_VACUUM            14
+#define PragTyp_INDEX_INFO                    15
+#define PragTyp_INDEX_LIST                    16
+#define PragTyp_INTEGRITY_CHECK               17
+#define PragTyp_JOURNAL_MODE                  18
+#define PragTyp_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT            19
+#define PragTyp_LOCK_PROXY_FILE               20
+#define PragTyp_LOCKING_MODE                  21
+#define PragTyp_PAGE_COUNT                    22
+#define PragTyp_MMAP_SIZE                     23
+#define PragTyp_PAGE_SIZE                     24
+#define PragTyp_SECURE_DELETE                 25
+#define PragTyp_SHRINK_MEMORY                 26
+#define PragTyp_SOFT_HEAP_LIMIT               27
+#define PragTyp_STATS                         28
+#define PragTyp_SYNCHRONOUS                   29
+#define PragTyp_TABLE_INFO                    30
+#define PragTyp_TEMP_STORE                    31
+#define PragTyp_TEMP_STORE_DIRECTORY          32
+#define PragTyp_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT            33
+#define PragTyp_WAL_CHECKPOINT                34
+#define PragTyp_ACTIVATE_EXTENSIONS           35
+#define PragTyp_HEXKEY                        36
+#define PragTyp_KEY                           37
+#define PragTyp_REKEY                         38
+#define PragTyp_LOCK_STATUS                   39
+#define PragTyp_PARSER_TRACE                  40
+#define PragFlag_NeedSchema           0x01
+static const struct sPragmaNames {
+  const char *const zName;  /* Name of pragma */
+  u8 ePragTyp;              /* PragTyp_XXX value */
+  u8 mPragFlag;             /* Zero or more PragFlag_XXX values */
+  u32 iArg;                 /* Extra argument */
+} aPragmaNames[] = {
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD)
+  { /* zName:     */ "activate_extensions",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_ACTIVATE_EXTENSIONS,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "application_id",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM)
+  { /* zName:     */ "auto_vacuum",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_AUTO_VACUUM,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX)
+  { /* zName:     */ "automatic_index",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_AutoIndex },
+#endif
+#endif
+  { /* zName:     */ "busy_timeout",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_BUSY_TIMEOUT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "cache_size",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_CACHE_SIZE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "cache_spill",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_CacheSpill },
+#endif
+  { /* zName:     */ "case_sensitive_like",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_CASE_SENSITIVE_LIKE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "checkpoint_fullfsync",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_CkptFullFSync },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "collation_list",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_COLLATION_LIST,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "compile_options",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_COMPILE_OPTIONS,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "count_changes",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_CountRows },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) && SQLITE_OS_WIN
+  { /* zName:     */ "data_store_directory",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_DATA_STORE_DIRECTORY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "database_list",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_DATABASE_LIST,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED)
+  { /* zName:     */ "default_cache_size",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+  { /* zName:     */ "defer_foreign_keys",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_DeferFKs },
+#endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "empty_result_callbacks",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_NullCallback },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16)
+  { /* zName:     */ "encoding",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_ENCODING,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+  { /* zName:     */ "foreign_key_check",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECK,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY)
+  { /* zName:     */ "foreign_key_list",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_LIST,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
+  { /* zName:     */ "foreign_keys",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_ForeignKeys },
+#endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "freelist_count",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "full_column_names",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_FullColNames },
+  { /* zName:     */ "fullfsync",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_FullFSync },
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
+  { /* zName:     */ "hexkey",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEXKEY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "hexrekey",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEXKEY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK)
+  { /* zName:     */ "ignore_check_constraints",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_IgnoreChecks },
+#endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM)
+  { /* zName:     */ "incremental_vacuum",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_INCREMENTAL_VACUUM,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "index_info",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_INDEX_INFO,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "index_list",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_INDEX_LIST,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK)
+  { /* zName:     */ "integrity_check",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_INTEGRITY_CHECK,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "journal_mode",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_JOURNAL_MODE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "journal_size_limit",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
+  { /* zName:     */ "key",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_KEY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "legacy_file_format",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) && SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
+  { /* zName:     */ "lock_proxy_file",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_LOCK_PROXY_FILE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+  { /* zName:     */ "lock_status",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_LOCK_STATUS,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "locking_mode",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_LOCKING_MODE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "max_page_count",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_PAGE_COUNT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "mmap_size",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_MMAP_SIZE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "page_count",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_PAGE_COUNT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "page_size",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_PAGE_SIZE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+  { /* zName:     */ "parser_trace",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_PARSER_TRACE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "query_only",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_QueryOnly },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK)
+  { /* zName:     */ "quick_check",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_INTEGRITY_CHECK,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "read_uncommitted",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_ReadUncommitted },
+  { /* zName:     */ "recursive_triggers",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_RecTriggers },
+#endif
+#if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC)
+  { /* zName:     */ "rekey",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_REKEY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "reverse_unordered_selects",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_ReverseOrder },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "schema_version",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "secure_delete",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_SECURE_DELETE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "short_column_names",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_ShortColNames },
+#endif
+  { /* zName:     */ "shrink_memory",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_SHRINK_MEMORY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "soft_heap_limit",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_SOFT_HEAP_LIMIT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+  { /* zName:     */ "sql_trace",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_SqlTrace },
+#endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "stats",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_STATS,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "synchronous",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_SYNCHRONOUS,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "table_info",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_TABLE_INFO,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "temp_store",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_TEMP_STORE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "temp_store_directory",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_TEMP_STORE_DIRECTORY,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "user_version",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+  { /* zName:     */ "vdbe_addoptrace",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_VdbeAddopTrace },
+  { /* zName:     */ "vdbe_debug",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_SqlTrace|SQLITE_VdbeListing|SQLITE_VdbeTrace },
+  { /* zName:     */ "vdbe_eqp",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_VdbeEQP },
+  { /* zName:     */ "vdbe_listing",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_VdbeListing },
+  { /* zName:     */ "vdbe_trace",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_VdbeTrace },
+#endif
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_WAL)
+  { /* zName:     */ "wal_autocheckpoint",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+  { /* zName:     */ "wal_checkpoint",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_WAL_CHECKPOINT,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ PragFlag_NeedSchema,
+    /* iArg:      */ 0 },
+#endif
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS)
+  { /* zName:     */ "writable_schema",
+    /* ePragTyp:  */ PragTyp_FLAG,
+    /* ePragFlag: */ 0,
+    /* iArg:      */ SQLITE_WriteSchema|SQLITE_RecoveryMode },
+#endif
+};
+/* Number of pragmas: 56 on by default, 69 total. */
+/* End of the automatically generated pragma table.
+***************************************************************************/
+
 /*
 ** Interpret the given string as a safety level.  Return 0 for OFF,
 ** 1 for ON or NORMAL and 2 for FULL.  Return 1 for an empty or 
@@ -92116,7 +98701,7 @@
 ** to support legacy SQL code.  The safety level used to be boolean
 ** and older scripts may have used numbers 0 for OFF and 1 for ON.
 */
-static u8 getSafetyLevel(const char *z, int omitFull, int dflt){
+static u8 getSafetyLevel(const char *z, int omitFull, u8 dflt){
                              /* 123456789 123456789 */
   static const char zText[] = "onoffalseyestruefull";
   static const u8 iOffset[] = {0, 1, 2, 4, 9, 12, 16};
@@ -92138,7 +98723,7 @@
 /*
 ** Interpret the given string as a boolean value.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetBoolean(const char *z, int dflt){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u8 sqlite3GetBoolean(const char *z, u8 dflt){
   return getSafetyLevel(z,1,dflt)!=0;
 }
 
@@ -92210,7 +98795,7 @@
     }
     sqlite3BtreeClose(db->aDb[1].pBt);
     db->aDb[1].pBt = 0;
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+    sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -92250,89 +98835,35 @@
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, mem, 1);
 }
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS
+
 /*
-** Check to see if zRight and zLeft refer to a pragma that queries
-** or changes one of the flags in db->flags.  Return 1 if so and 0 if not.
-** Also, implement the pragma.
+** Set the safety_level and pager flags for pager iDb.  Or if iDb<0
+** set these values for all pagers.
 */
-static int flagPragma(Parse *pParse, const char *zLeft, const char *zRight){
-  static const struct sPragmaType {
-    const char *zName;  /* Name of the pragma */
-    int mask;           /* Mask for the db->flags value */
-  } aPragma[] = {
-    { "full_column_names",        SQLITE_FullColNames  },
-    { "short_column_names",       SQLITE_ShortColNames },
-    { "count_changes",            SQLITE_CountRows     },
-    { "empty_result_callbacks",   SQLITE_NullCallback  },
-    { "legacy_file_format",       SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt },
-    { "fullfsync",                SQLITE_FullFSync     },
-    { "checkpoint_fullfsync",     SQLITE_CkptFullFSync },
-    { "reverse_unordered_selects", SQLITE_ReverseOrder  },
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
-    { "automatic_index",          SQLITE_AutoIndex     },
-#endif
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
-    { "sql_trace",                SQLITE_SqlTrace      },
-    { "vdbe_listing",             SQLITE_VdbeListing   },
-    { "vdbe_trace",               SQLITE_VdbeTrace     },
-#endif
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CHECK
-    { "ignore_check_constraints", SQLITE_IgnoreChecks  },
-#endif
-    /* The following is VERY experimental */
-    { "writable_schema",          SQLITE_WriteSchema|SQLITE_RecoveryMode },
-
-    /* TODO: Maybe it shouldn't be possible to change the ReadUncommitted
-    ** flag if there are any active statements. */
-    { "read_uncommitted",         SQLITE_ReadUncommitted },
-    { "recursive_triggers",       SQLITE_RecTriggers },
-
-    /* This flag may only be set if both foreign-key and trigger support
-    ** are present in the build.  */
-#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
-    { "foreign_keys",             SQLITE_ForeignKeys },
-#endif
-  };
-  int i;
-  const struct sPragmaType *p;
-  for(i=0, p=aPragma; i<ArraySize(aPragma); i++, p++){
-    if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, p->zName)==0 ){
-      sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-      Vdbe *v;
-      v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
-      assert( v!=0 );  /* Already allocated by sqlite3Pragma() */
-      if( ALWAYS(v) ){
-        if( zRight==0 ){
-          returnSingleInt(pParse, p->zName, (db->flags & p->mask)!=0 );
-        }else{
-          int mask = p->mask;          /* Mask of bits to set or clear. */
-          if( db->autoCommit==0 ){
-            /* Foreign key support may not be enabled or disabled while not
-            ** in auto-commit mode.  */
-            mask &= ~(SQLITE_ForeignKeys);
-          }
-
-          if( sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight, 0) ){
-            db->flags |= mask;
-          }else{
-            db->flags &= ~mask;
-          }
-
-          /* Many of the flag-pragmas modify the code generated by the SQL 
-          ** compiler (eg. count_changes). So add an opcode to expire all
-          ** compiled SQL statements after modifying a pragma value.
-          */
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Expire, 0, 0);
-        }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
+static void setAllPagerFlags(sqlite3 *db){
+  if( db->autoCommit ){
+    Db *pDb = db->aDb;
+    int n = db->nDb;
+    assert( SQLITE_FullFSync==PAGER_FULLFSYNC );
+    assert( SQLITE_CkptFullFSync==PAGER_CKPT_FULLFSYNC );
+    assert( SQLITE_CacheSpill==PAGER_CACHESPILL );
+    assert( (PAGER_FULLFSYNC | PAGER_CKPT_FULLFSYNC | PAGER_CACHESPILL)
+             ==  PAGER_FLAGS_MASK );
+    assert( (pDb->safety_level & PAGER_SYNCHRONOUS_MASK)==pDb->safety_level );
+    while( (n--) > 0 ){
+      if( pDb->pBt ){
+        sqlite3BtreeSetPagerFlags(pDb->pBt,
+                 pDb->safety_level | (db->flags & PAGER_FLAGS_MASK) );
       }
-
-      return 1;
+      pDb++;
     }
   }
-  return 0;
 }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS */
+#else
+# define setAllPagerFlags(X)  /* no-op */
+#endif
+
 
 /*
 ** Return a human-readable name for a constraint resolution action.
@@ -92403,12 +98934,13 @@
   char *zRight = 0;      /* Nul-terminated UTF-8 string <value>, or NULL */
   const char *zDb = 0;   /* The database name */
   Token *pId;            /* Pointer to <id> token */
-  int iDb;               /* Database index for <database> */
   char *aFcntl[4];       /* Argument to SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA */
+  int iDb;               /* Database index for <database> */
+  int lwr, upr, mid;           /* Binary search bounds */
   int rc;                      /* return value form SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;    /* The database connection */
   Db *pDb;                     /* The specific database being pragmaed */
-  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe = sqlite3VdbeCreate(db);  /* Prepared statement */
+  Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);  /* Prepared statement */
 
   if( v==0 ) return;
   sqlite3VdbeRunOnlyOnce(v);
@@ -92449,6 +98981,7 @@
   aFcntl[1] = zLeft;
   aFcntl[2] = zRight;
   aFcntl[3] = 0;
+  db->busyHandler.nBusy = 0;
   rc = sqlite3_file_control(db, zDb, SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA, (void*)aFcntl);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     if( aFcntl[0] ){
@@ -92459,16 +98992,41 @@
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, mem, 1);
       sqlite3_free(aFcntl[0]);
     }
-  }else if( rc!=SQLITE_NOTFOUND ){
+    goto pragma_out;
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_NOTFOUND ){
     if( aFcntl[0] ){
       sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s", aFcntl[0]);
       sqlite3_free(aFcntl[0]);
     }
     pParse->nErr++;
     pParse->rc = rc;
-  }else
-                            
- 
+    goto pragma_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Locate the pragma in the lookup table */
+  lwr = 0;
+  upr = ArraySize(aPragmaNames)-1;
+  while( lwr<=upr ){
+    mid = (lwr+upr)/2;
+    rc = sqlite3_stricmp(zLeft, aPragmaNames[mid].zName);
+    if( rc==0 ) break;
+    if( rc<0 ){
+      upr = mid - 1;
+    }else{
+      lwr = mid + 1;
+    }
+  }
+  if( lwr>upr ) goto pragma_out;
+
+  /* Make sure the database schema is loaded if the pragma requires that */
+  if( (aPragmaNames[mid].mPragFlag & PragFlag_NeedSchema)!=0 ){
+    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+  }
+
+  /* Jump to the appropriate pragma handler */
+  switch( aPragmaNames[mid].ePragTyp ){
+  
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED)
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]default_cache_size
@@ -92486,25 +99044,26 @@
   ** size.  But continue to take the absolute value of the default cache
   ** size of historical compatibility.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"default_cache_size")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE: {
+    static const int iLn = VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(2);
     static const VdbeOpList getCacheSize[] = {
       { OP_Transaction, 0, 0,        0},                         /* 0 */
       { OP_ReadCookie,  0, 1,        BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE},  /* 1 */
-      { OP_IfPos,       1, 7,        0},
+      { OP_IfPos,       1, 8,        0},
       { OP_Integer,     0, 2,        0},
       { OP_Subtract,    1, 2,        1},
-      { OP_IfPos,       1, 7,        0},
+      { OP_IfPos,       1, 8,        0},
       { OP_Integer,     0, 1,        0},                         /* 6 */
+      { OP_Noop,        0, 0,        0},
       { OP_ResultRow,   1, 1,        0},
     };
     int addr;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
     if( !zRight ){
       sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "cache_size", SQLITE_STATIC);
       pParse->nMem += 2;
-      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(getCacheSize), getCacheSize);
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(getCacheSize), getCacheSize,iLn);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+6, SQLITE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE);
@@ -92517,7 +99076,8 @@
       pDb->pSchema->cache_size = size;
       sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(pDb->pBt, pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS && !SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED */
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS)
@@ -92530,7 +99090,7 @@
   ** database page size value.  The value can only be set if
   ** the database has not yet been created.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"page_size")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_PAGE_SIZE: {
     Btree *pBt = pDb->pBt;
     assert( pBt!=0 );
     if( !zRight ){
@@ -92545,7 +99105,8 @@
         db->mallocFailed = 1;
       }
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]secure_delete
@@ -92555,7 +99116,7 @@
   ** secure_delete flag.  The second form changes the secure_delete
   ** flag setting and reports thenew value.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"secure_delete")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_SECURE_DELETE: {
     Btree *pBt = pDb->pBt;
     int b = -1;
     assert( pBt!=0 );
@@ -92570,7 +99131,8 @@
     }
     b = sqlite3BtreeSecureDelete(pBt, b);
     returnSingleInt(pParse, "secure_delete", b);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]max_page_count
@@ -92589,11 +99151,8 @@
   **
   ** Return the number of pages in the specified database.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"page_count")==0
-   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"max_page_count")==0
-  ){
+  case PragTyp_PAGE_COUNT: {
     int iReg;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
     iReg = ++pParse->nMem;
     if( sqlite3Tolower(zLeft[0])=='p' ){
@@ -92605,13 +99164,14 @@
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, iReg, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, zLeft, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]locking_mode
   **  PRAGMA [database.]locking_mode = (normal|exclusive)
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"locking_mode")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_LOCKING_MODE: {
     const char *zRet = "normal";
     int eMode = getLockingMode(zRight);
 
@@ -92644,7 +99204,8 @@
       eMode = sqlite3PagerLockingMode(pPager, eMode);
     }
 
-    assert(eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL||eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE);
+    assert( eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_NORMAL
+            || eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE );
     if( eMode==PAGER_LOCKINGMODE_EXCLUSIVE ){
       zRet = "exclusive";
     }
@@ -92652,25 +99213,18 @@
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "locking_mode", SQLITE_STATIC);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, zRet, 0);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]journal_mode
   **  PRAGMA [database.]journal_mode =
   **                      (delete|persist|off|truncate|memory|wal|off)
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"journal_mode")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_JOURNAL_MODE: {
     int eMode;        /* One of the PAGER_JOURNALMODE_XXX symbols */
     int ii;           /* Loop counter */
 
-    /* Force the schema to be loaded on all databases.  This causes all
-    ** database files to be opened and the journal_modes set.  This is
-    ** necessary because subsequent processing must know if the databases
-    ** are in WAL mode. */
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
-      goto pragma_out;
-    }
-
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "journal_mode", SQLITE_STATIC);
 
@@ -92702,7 +99256,8 @@
       }
     }
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **  PRAGMA [database.]journal_size_limit
@@ -92710,16 +99265,17 @@
   **
   ** Get or set the size limit on rollback journal files.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"journal_size_limit")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_JOURNAL_SIZE_LIMIT: {
     Pager *pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pDb->pBt);
     i64 iLimit = -2;
     if( zRight ){
-      sqlite3Atoi64(zRight, &iLimit, 1000000, SQLITE_UTF8);
+      sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(zRight, &iLimit);
       if( iLimit<-1 ) iLimit = -1;
     }
     iLimit = sqlite3PagerJournalSizeLimit(pPager, iLimit);
     returnSingleInt(pParse, "journal_size_limit", iLimit);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS */
 
@@ -92731,57 +99287,48 @@
   ** The value is one of:  0 NONE 1 FULL 2 INCREMENTAL
   */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"auto_vacuum")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_AUTO_VACUUM: {
     Btree *pBt = pDb->pBt;
     assert( pBt!=0 );
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
-      goto pragma_out;
-    }
     if( !zRight ){
-      int auto_vacuum;
-      if( ALWAYS(pBt) ){
-         auto_vacuum = sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(pBt);
-      }else{
-         auto_vacuum = SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOVACUUM;
-      }
-      returnSingleInt(pParse, "auto_vacuum", auto_vacuum);
+      returnSingleInt(pParse, "auto_vacuum", sqlite3BtreeGetAutoVacuum(pBt));
     }else{
       int eAuto = getAutoVacuum(zRight);
       assert( eAuto>=0 && eAuto<=2 );
       db->nextAutovac = (u8)eAuto;
-      if( ALWAYS(eAuto>=0) ){
-        /* Call SetAutoVacuum() to set initialize the internal auto and
-        ** incr-vacuum flags. This is required in case this connection
-        ** creates the database file. It is important that it is created
-        ** as an auto-vacuum capable db.
+      /* Call SetAutoVacuum() to set initialize the internal auto and
+      ** incr-vacuum flags. This is required in case this connection
+      ** creates the database file. It is important that it is created
+      ** as an auto-vacuum capable db.
+      */
+      rc = sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(pBt, eAuto);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (eAuto==1 || eAuto==2) ){
+        /* When setting the auto_vacuum mode to either "full" or 
+        ** "incremental", write the value of meta[6] in the database
+        ** file. Before writing to meta[6], check that meta[3] indicates
+        ** that this really is an auto-vacuum capable database.
         */
-        rc = sqlite3BtreeSetAutoVacuum(pBt, eAuto);
-        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (eAuto==1 || eAuto==2) ){
-          /* When setting the auto_vacuum mode to either "full" or 
-          ** "incremental", write the value of meta[6] in the database
-          ** file. Before writing to meta[6], check that meta[3] indicates
-          ** that this really is an auto-vacuum capable database.
-          */
-          static const VdbeOpList setMeta6[] = {
-            { OP_Transaction,    0,         1,                 0},    /* 0 */
-            { OP_ReadCookie,     0,         1,         BTREE_LARGEST_ROOT_PAGE},
-            { OP_If,             1,         0,                 0},    /* 2 */
-            { OP_Halt,           SQLITE_OK, OE_Abort,          0},    /* 3 */
-            { OP_Integer,        0,         1,                 0},    /* 4 */
-            { OP_SetCookie,      0,         BTREE_INCR_VACUUM, 1},    /* 5 */
-          };
-          int iAddr;
-          iAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(setMeta6), setMeta6);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr, iDb);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+1, iDb);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, iAddr+2, iAddr+4);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+4, eAuto-1);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+5, iDb);
-          sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
-        }
+        static const int iLn = VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(2);
+        static const VdbeOpList setMeta6[] = {
+          { OP_Transaction,    0,         1,                 0},    /* 0 */
+          { OP_ReadCookie,     0,         1,         BTREE_LARGEST_ROOT_PAGE},
+          { OP_If,             1,         0,                 0},    /* 2 */
+          { OP_Halt,           SQLITE_OK, OE_Abort,          0},    /* 3 */
+          { OP_Integer,        0,         1,                 0},    /* 4 */
+          { OP_SetCookie,      0,         BTREE_INCR_VACUUM, 1},    /* 5 */
+        };
+        int iAddr;
+        iAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(setMeta6), setMeta6, iLn);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr, iDb);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+1, iDb);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, iAddr+2, iAddr+4);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+4, eAuto-1);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iAddr+5, iDb);
+        sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
       }
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif
 
   /*
@@ -92790,22 +99337,20 @@
   ** Do N steps of incremental vacuuming on a database.
   */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOVACUUM
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"incremental_vacuum")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_INCREMENTAL_VACUUM: {
     int iLimit, addr;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ){
-      goto pragma_out;
-    }
     if( zRight==0 || !sqlite3GetInt32(zRight, &iLimit) || iLimit<=0 ){
       iLimit = 0x7fffffff;
     }
     sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, iLimit, 1);
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IncrVacuum, iDb);
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IncrVacuum, iDb); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_ResultRow, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 1, -1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, 1, addr);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, 1, addr); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
@@ -92820,8 +99365,7 @@
   ** number of pages is adjusted so that the cache uses -N kibibytes
   ** of memory.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"cache_size")==0 ){
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+  case PragTyp_CACHE_SIZE: {
     assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
     if( !zRight ){
       returnSingleInt(pParse, "cache_size", pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
@@ -92830,7 +99374,52 @@
       pDb->pSchema->cache_size = size;
       sqlite3BtreeSetCacheSize(pDb->pBt, pDb->pSchema->cache_size);
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  **  PRAGMA [database.]mmap_size(N)
+  **
+  ** Used to set mapping size limit. The mapping size limit is
+  ** used to limit the aggregate size of all memory mapped regions of the
+  ** database file. If this parameter is set to zero, then memory mapping
+  ** is not used at all.  If N is negative, then the default memory map
+  ** limit determined by sqlite3_config(SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE) is set.
+  ** The parameter N is measured in bytes.
+  **
+  ** This value is advisory.  The underlying VFS is free to memory map
+  ** as little or as much as it wants.  Except, if N is set to 0 then the
+  ** upper layers will never invoke the xFetch interfaces to the VFS.
+  */
+  case PragTyp_MMAP_SIZE: {
+    sqlite3_int64 sz;
+#if SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE>0
+    assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+    if( zRight ){
+      int ii;
+      sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(zRight, &sz);
+      if( sz<0 ) sz = sqlite3GlobalConfig.szMmap;
+      if( pId2->n==0 ) db->szMmap = sz;
+      for(ii=db->nDb-1; ii>=0; ii--){
+        if( db->aDb[ii].pBt && (ii==iDb || pId2->n==0) ){
+          sqlite3BtreeSetMmapLimit(db->aDb[ii].pBt, sz);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    sz = -1;
+    rc = sqlite3_file_control(db, zDb, SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE, &sz);
+#else
+    sz = 0;
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+#endif
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      returnSingleInt(pParse, "mmap_size", sz);
+    }else if( rc!=SQLITE_NOTFOUND ){
+      pParse->nErr++;
+      pParse->rc = rc;
+    }
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **   PRAGMA temp_store
@@ -92843,13 +99432,14 @@
   ** Note that it is possible for the library compile-time options to
   ** override this setting
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "temp_store")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_TEMP_STORE: {
     if( !zRight ){
       returnSingleInt(pParse, "temp_store", db->temp_store);
     }else{
       changeTempStorage(pParse, zRight);
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
   /*
   **   PRAGMA temp_store_directory
@@ -92861,7 +99451,7 @@
   ** If temporary directory is changed, then invalidateTempStorage.
   **
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "temp_store_directory")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_TEMP_STORE_DIRECTORY: {
     if( !zRight ){
       if( sqlite3_temp_directory ){
         sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
@@ -92894,25 +99484,64 @@
       }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WSD */
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 
-#if !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE)
-#  if defined(__APPLE__)
-#    define SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE 1
-#  else
-#    define SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE 0
-#  endif
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA data_store_directory
+  **   PRAGMA data_store_directory = ""|"directory_name"
+  **
+  ** Return or set the local value of the data_store_directory flag.  Changing
+  ** the value sets a specific directory to be used for database files that
+  ** were specified with a relative pathname.  Setting to a null string reverts
+  ** to the default database directory, which for database files specified with
+  ** a relative path will probably be based on the current directory for the
+  ** process.  Database file specified with an absolute path are not impacted
+  ** by this setting, regardless of its value.
+  **
+  */
+  case PragTyp_DATA_STORE_DIRECTORY: {
+    if( !zRight ){
+      if( sqlite3_data_directory ){
+        sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, 
+            "data_store_directory", SQLITE_STATIC);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, sqlite3_data_directory, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
+      }
+    }else{
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
+      if( zRight[0] ){
+        int res;
+        rc = sqlite3OsAccess(db->pVfs, zRight, SQLITE_ACCESS_READWRITE, &res);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || res==0 ){
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "not a writable directory");
+          goto pragma_out;
+        }
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(sqlite3_data_directory);
+      if( zRight[0] ){
+        sqlite3_data_directory = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zRight);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_data_directory = 0;
+      }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_WSD */
+    }
+    break;
+  }
 #endif
+
 #if SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE
   /*
-   **   PRAGMA [database.]lock_proxy_file
-   **   PRAGMA [database.]lock_proxy_file = ":auto:"|"lock_file_path"
-   **
-   ** Return or set the value of the lock_proxy_file flag.  Changing
-   ** the value sets a specific file to be used for database access locks.
-   **
-   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "lock_proxy_file")==0 ){
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]lock_proxy_file
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]lock_proxy_file = ":auto:"|"lock_file_path"
+  **
+  ** Return or set the value of the lock_proxy_file flag.  Changing
+  ** the value sets a specific file to be used for database access locks.
+  **
+  */
+  case PragTyp_LOCK_PROXY_FILE: {
     if( !zRight ){
       Pager *pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pDb->pBt);
       char *proxy_file_path = NULL;
@@ -92943,7 +99572,8 @@
         goto pragma_out;
       }
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_LOCKING_STYLE */      
     
   /*
@@ -92955,8 +99585,7 @@
   ** default value will be restored the next time the database is
   ** opened.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft,"synchronous")==0 ){
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+  case PragTyp_SYNCHRONOUS: {
     if( !zRight ){
       returnSingleInt(pParse, "synchronous", pDb->safety_level-1);
     }else{
@@ -92965,16 +99594,42 @@
             "Safety level may not be changed inside a transaction");
       }else{
         pDb->safety_level = getSafetyLevel(zRight,0,1)+1;
+        setAllPagerFlags(db);
       }
     }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS
-  if( flagPragma(pParse, zLeft, zRight) ){
-    /* The flagPragma() subroutine also generates any necessary code
-    ** there is nothing more to do here */
-  }else
+  case PragTyp_FLAG: {
+    if( zRight==0 ){
+      returnSingleInt(pParse, aPragmaNames[mid].zName,
+                     (db->flags & aPragmaNames[mid].iArg)!=0 );
+    }else{
+      int mask = aPragmaNames[mid].iArg;    /* Mask of bits to set or clear. */
+      if( db->autoCommit==0 ){
+        /* Foreign key support may not be enabled or disabled while not
+        ** in auto-commit mode.  */
+        mask &= ~(SQLITE_ForeignKeys);
+      }
+
+      if( sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight, 0) ){
+        db->flags |= mask;
+      }else{
+        db->flags &= ~mask;
+        if( mask==SQLITE_DeferFKs ) db->nDeferredImmCons = 0;
+      }
+
+      /* Many of the flag-pragmas modify the code generated by the SQL 
+      ** compiler (eg. count_changes). So add an opcode to expire all
+      ** compiled SQL statements after modifying a pragma value.
+      */
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Expire, 0, 0);
+      setAllPagerFlags(db);
+    }
+    break;
+  }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_FLAG_PRAGMAS */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS
@@ -92990,16 +99645,17 @@
   ** notnull:    True if 'NOT NULL' is part of column declaration
   ** dflt_value: The default value for the column, if any.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "table_info")==0 && zRight ){
+  case PragTyp_TABLE_INFO: if( zRight ){
     Table *pTab;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zRight, zDb);
     if( pTab ){
-      int i;
+      int i, k;
       int nHidden = 0;
       Column *pCol;
+      Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
       sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 6);
       pParse->nMem = 6;
+      sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "cid", SQLITE_STATIC);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "type", SQLITE_STATIC);
@@ -93022,27 +99678,67 @@
         }else{
           sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, 5);
         }
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pCol->isPrimKey, 6);
+        if( (pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY)==0 ){
+          k = 0;
+        }else if( pPk==0 ){
+          k = 1;
+        }else{
+          for(k=1; ALWAYS(k<=pTab->nCol) && pPk->aiColumn[k-1]!=i; k++){}
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, k, 6);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 6);
       }
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "index_info")==0 && zRight ){
+  case PragTyp_STATS: {
+    Index *pIdx;
+    HashElem *i;
+    v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 4);
+    pParse->nMem = 4;
+    sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "table", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "index", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "width", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 3, COLNAME_NAME, "height", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    for(i=sqliteHashFirst(&pDb->pSchema->tblHash); i; i=sqliteHashNext(i)){
+      Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(i);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, pTab->zName, 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, 2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer,
+                           (int)sqlite3LogEstToInt(pTab->szTabRow), 3);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 
+          (int)sqlite3LogEstToInt(pTab->nRowLogEst), 4);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 4);
+      for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, pIdx->zName, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer,
+                             (int)sqlite3LogEstToInt(pIdx->szIdxRow), 3);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 
+            (int)sqlite3LogEstToInt(pIdx->aiRowLogEst[0]), 4);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 4);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+
+  case PragTyp_INDEX_INFO: if( zRight ){
     Index *pIdx;
     Table *pTab;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     pIdx = sqlite3FindIndex(db, zRight, zDb);
     if( pIdx ){
       int i;
       pTab = pIdx->pTable;
       sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
       pParse->nMem = 3;
+      sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "seqno", SQLITE_STATIC);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "cid", SQLITE_STATIC);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
-      for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
-        int cnum = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+      for(i=0; i<pIdx->nKeyCol; i++){
+        i16 cnum = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, 1);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, cnum, 2);
         assert( pTab->nCol>cnum );
@@ -93050,38 +99746,34 @@
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
       }
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "index_list")==0 && zRight ){
+  case PragTyp_INDEX_LIST: if( zRight ){
     Index *pIdx;
     Table *pTab;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
+    int i;
     pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zRight, zDb);
     if( pTab ){
       v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
-      pIdx = pTab->pIndex;
-      if( pIdx ){
-        int i = 0; 
-        sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
-        pParse->nMem = 3;
-        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "seq", SQLITE_STATIC);
-        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
-        sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "unique", SQLITE_STATIC);
-        while(pIdx){
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, 1);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, pIdx->zName, 0);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pIdx->onError!=OE_None, 3);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
-          ++i;
-          pIdx = pIdx->pNext;
-        }
+      sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
+      pParse->nMem = 3;
+      sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "seq", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "name", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "unique", SQLITE_STATIC);
+      for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex, i=0; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, pIdx->zName, 0);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, IsUniqueIndex(pIdx), 3);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
       }
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "database_list")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_DATABASE_LIST: {
     int i;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
     pParse->nMem = 3;
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "seq", SQLITE_STATIC);
@@ -93096,9 +99788,10 @@
            sqlite3BtreeGetFilename(db->aDb[i].pBt), 0);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "collation_list")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_COLLATION_LIST: {
     int i = 0;
     HashElem *p;
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 2);
@@ -93111,14 +99804,14 @@
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, pColl->zName, 0);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 2);
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_PRAGMAS */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "foreign_key_list")==0 && zRight ){
+  case PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_LIST: if( zRight ){
     FKey *pFK;
     Table *pTab;
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     pTab = sqlite3FindTable(db, zRight, zDb);
     if( pTab ){
       v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
@@ -93127,6 +99820,7 @@
         int i = 0; 
         sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 8);
         pParse->nMem = 8;
+        sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
         sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "id", SQLITE_STATIC);
         sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "seq", SQLITE_STATIC);
         sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "table", SQLITE_STATIC);
@@ -93157,11 +99851,131 @@
         }
       }
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) */
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
+  case PragTyp_FOREIGN_KEY_CHECK: {
+    FKey *pFK;             /* A foreign key constraint */
+    Table *pTab;           /* Child table contain "REFERENCES" keyword */
+    Table *pParent;        /* Parent table that child points to */
+    Index *pIdx;           /* Index in the parent table */
+    int i;                 /* Loop counter:  Foreign key number for pTab */
+    int j;                 /* Loop counter:  Field of the foreign key */
+    HashElem *k;           /* Loop counter:  Next table in schema */
+    int x;                 /* result variable */
+    int regResult;         /* 3 registers to hold a result row */
+    int regKey;            /* Register to hold key for checking the FK */
+    int regRow;            /* Registers to hold a row from pTab */
+    int addrTop;           /* Top of a loop checking foreign keys */
+    int addrOk;            /* Jump here if the key is OK */
+    int *aiCols;           /* child to parent column mapping */
+
+    regResult = pParse->nMem+1;
+    pParse->nMem += 4;
+    regKey = ++pParse->nMem;
+    regRow = ++pParse->nMem;
+    v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 4);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "table", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "rowid", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 2, COLNAME_NAME, "parent", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 3, COLNAME_NAME, "fkid", SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+    k = sqliteHashFirst(&db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->tblHash);
+    while( k ){
+      if( zRight ){
+        pTab = sqlite3LocateTable(pParse, 0, zRight, zDb);
+        k = 0;
+      }else{
+        pTab = (Table*)sqliteHashData(k);
+        k = sqliteHashNext(k);
+      }
+      if( pTab==0 || pTab->pFKey==0 ) continue;
+      sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
+      if( pTab->nCol+regRow>pParse->nMem ) pParse->nMem = pTab->nCol + regRow;
+      sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, 0, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenRead);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regResult, 0, pTab->zName,
+                        P4_TRANSIENT);
+      for(i=1, pFK=pTab->pFKey; pFK; i++, pFK=pFK->pNextFrom){
+        pParent = sqlite3FindTable(db, pFK->zTo, zDb);
+        if( pParent==0 ) continue;
+        pIdx = 0;
+        sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pParent->tnum, 0, pParent->zName);
+        x = sqlite3FkLocateIndex(pParse, pParent, pFK, &pIdx, 0);
+        if( x==0 ){
+          if( pIdx==0 ){
+            sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, i, iDb, pParent, OP_OpenRead);
+          }else{
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, i, pIdx->tnum, iDb);
+            sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
+          }
+        }else{
+          k = 0;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      assert( pParse->nErr>0 || pFK==0 );
+      if( pFK ) break;
+      if( pParse->nTab<i ) pParse->nTab = i;
+      addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      for(i=1, pFK=pTab->pFKey; pFK; i++, pFK=pFK->pNextFrom){
+        pParent = sqlite3FindTable(db, pFK->zTo, zDb);
+        pIdx = 0;
+        aiCols = 0;
+        if( pParent ){
+          x = sqlite3FkLocateIndex(pParse, pParent, pFK, &pIdx, &aiCols);
+          assert( x==0 );
+        }
+        addrOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+        if( pParent && pIdx==0 ){
+          int iKey = pFK->aCol[0].iFrom;
+          assert( iKey>=0 && iKey<pTab->nCol );
+          if( iKey!=pTab->iPKey ){
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, 0, iKey, regRow);
+            sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, iKey, regRow);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regRow, addrOk); VdbeCoverage(v);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, regRow, 
+               sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+3); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          }else{
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, 0, regRow);
+          }
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, i, 0, regRow); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrOk);
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)-2);
+        }else{
+          for(j=0; j<pFK->nCol; j++){
+            sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, 0,
+                            aiCols ? aiCols[j] : pFK->aCol[j].iFrom, regRow+j);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regRow+j, addrOk); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          }
+          if( pParent ){
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regRow, pFK->nCol, regKey,
+                              sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v,pIdx), pFK->nCol);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, i, addrOk, regKey, 0);
+            VdbeCoverage(v);
+          }
+        }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, 0, regResult+1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, regResult+2, 0, 
+                          pFK->zTo, P4_TRANSIENT);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, i-1, regResult+3);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, regResult, 4);
+        sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrOk);
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, aiCols);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 0, addrTop+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrTop);
+    }
+  }
+  break;
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER) */
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_FOREIGN_KEY) */
 
 #ifndef NDEBUG
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "parser_trace")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_PARSER_TRACE: {
     if( zRight ){
       if( sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight, 0) ){
         sqlite3ParserTrace(stderr, "parser: ");
@@ -93169,47 +99983,59 @@
         sqlite3ParserTrace(0, 0);
       }
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 #endif
 
   /* Reinstall the LIKE and GLOB functions.  The variant of LIKE
   ** used will be case sensitive or not depending on the RHS.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "case_sensitive_like")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_CASE_SENSITIVE_LIKE: {
     if( zRight ){
       sqlite3RegisterLikeFunctions(db, sqlite3GetBoolean(zRight, 0));
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_INTEGRITY_CHECK_ERROR_MAX
 # define SQLITE_INTEGRITY_CHECK_ERROR_MAX 100
 #endif
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK
-  /* Pragma "quick_check" is an experimental reduced version of 
+  /* Pragma "quick_check" is reduced version of 
   ** integrity_check designed to detect most database corruption
   ** without most of the overhead of a full integrity-check.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "integrity_check")==0
-   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "quick_check")==0 
-  ){
+  case PragTyp_INTEGRITY_CHECK: {
     int i, j, addr, mxErr;
 
     /* Code that appears at the end of the integrity check.  If no error
     ** messages have been generated, output OK.  Otherwise output the
     ** error message
     */
+    static const int iLn = VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(2);
     static const VdbeOpList endCode[] = {
-      { OP_AddImm,      1, 0,        0},    /* 0 */
-      { OP_IfNeg,       1, 0,        0},    /* 1 */
-      { OP_String8,     0, 3,        0},    /* 2 */
+      { OP_IfNeg,       1, 0,        0},    /* 0 */
+      { OP_String8,     0, 3,        0},    /* 1 */
       { OP_ResultRow,   3, 1,        0},
     };
 
     int isQuick = (sqlite3Tolower(zLeft[0])=='q');
 
+    /* If the PRAGMA command was of the form "PRAGMA <db>.integrity_check",
+    ** then iDb is set to the index of the database identified by <db>.
+    ** In this case, the integrity of database iDb only is verified by
+    ** the VDBE created below.
+    **
+    ** Otherwise, if the command was simply "PRAGMA integrity_check" (or
+    ** "PRAGMA quick_check"), then iDb is set to 0. In this case, set iDb
+    ** to -1 here, to indicate that the VDBE should verify the integrity
+    ** of all attached databases.  */
+    assert( iDb>=0 );
+    assert( iDb==0 || pId2->z );
+    if( pId2->z==0 ) iDb = -1;
+
     /* Initialize the VDBE program */
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     pParse->nMem = 6;
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "integrity_check", SQLITE_STATIC);
@@ -93231,9 +100057,11 @@
       int cnt = 0;
 
       if( OMIT_TEMPDB && i==1 ) continue;
+      if( iDb>=0 && i!=iDb ) continue;
 
       sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, i);
       addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1); /* Halt if out of errors */
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, 0, 0);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
 
@@ -93242,28 +100070,30 @@
       ** Begin by filling registers 2, 3, ... with the root pages numbers
       ** for all tables and indices in the database.
       */
-      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
+      assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, i, 0) );
       pTbls = &db->aDb[i].pSchema->tblHash;
       for(x=sqliteHashFirst(pTbls); x; x=sqliteHashNext(x)){
         Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(x);
         Index *pIdx;
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pTab->tnum, 2+cnt);
-        cnt++;
+        if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pTab->tnum, 2+cnt);
+          VdbeComment((v, "%s", pTab->zName));
+          cnt++;
+        }
         for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
           sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pIdx->tnum, 2+cnt);
+          VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->zName));
           cnt++;
         }
       }
 
       /* Make sure sufficient number of registers have been allocated */
-      if( pParse->nMem < cnt+4 ){
-        pParse->nMem = cnt+4;
-      }
+      pParse->nMem = MAX( pParse->nMem, cnt+8 );
 
       /* Do the b-tree integrity checks */
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IntegrityCk, 2, cnt, 1);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, (u8)i);
-      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, 2);
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, 2); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0,
          sqlite3MPrintf(db, "*** in database %s ***\n", db->aDb[i].zName),
          P4_DYNAMIC);
@@ -93276,77 +100106,127 @@
       */
       for(x=sqliteHashFirst(pTbls); x && !isQuick; x=sqliteHashNext(x)){
         Table *pTab = sqliteHashData(x);
-        Index *pIdx;
+        Index *pIdx, *pPk;
+        Index *pPrior = 0;
         int loopTop;
+        int iDataCur, iIdxCur;
+        int r1 = -1;
 
         if( pTab->pIndex==0 ) continue;
+        pPk = HasRowid(pTab) ? 0 : sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
         addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1);  /* Stop if out of errors */
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, 0, 0);
         sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
-        sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, 1, OP_OpenRead);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, 2);  /* reg(2) will count entries */
-        loopTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, 1, 0);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 2, 1);   /* increment entry count */
+        sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+        sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, OP_OpenRead,
+                                   1, 0, &iDataCur, &iIdxCur);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, 7);
         for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
-          int jmp2;
-          int r1;
-          static const VdbeOpList idxErr[] = {
-            { OP_AddImm,      1, -1,  0},
-            { OP_String8,     0,  3,  0},    /* 1 */
-            { OP_Rowid,       1,  4,  0},
-            { OP_String8,     0,  5,  0},    /* 3 */
-            { OP_String8,     0,  6,  0},    /* 4 */
-            { OP_Concat,      4,  3,  3},
-            { OP_Concat,      5,  3,  3},
-            { OP_Concat,      6,  3,  3},
-            { OP_ResultRow,   3,  1,  0},
-            { OP_IfPos,       1,  0,  0},    /* 9 */
-            { OP_Halt,        0,  0,  0},
-          };
-          r1 = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, 1, 3, 0);
-          jmp2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, j+2, 0, r1, pIdx->nColumn+1);
-          addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(idxErr), idxErr);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+1, "rowid ", P4_STATIC);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+3, " missing from index ", P4_STATIC);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+4, pIdx->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
-          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr+9);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, 8+j); /* index entries counter */
+        }
+        pParse->nMem = MAX(pParse->nMem, 8+j);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iDataCur, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        loopTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 7, 1);
+        /* Verify that all NOT NULL columns really are NOT NULL */
+        for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
+          char *zErr;
+          int jmp2, jmp3;
+          if( j==pTab->iPKey ) continue;
+          if( pTab->aCol[j].notNull==0 ) continue;
+          sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, j, 3);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_TYPEOFARG);
+          jmp2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, 3); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 1, -1); /* Decrement error limit */
+          zErr = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "NULL value in %s.%s", pTab->zName,
+                              pTab->aCol[j].zName);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0, zErr, P4_DYNAMIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 3, 1);
+          jmp3 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Halt);
           sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp2);
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp3);
         }
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, 1, loopTop+1);
-        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, loopTop);
+        /* Validate index entries for the current row */
         for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
-          static const VdbeOpList cntIdx[] = {
-             { OP_Integer,      0,  3,  0},
-             { OP_Rewind,       0,  0,  0},  /* 1 */
-             { OP_AddImm,       3,  1,  0},
-             { OP_Next,         0,  0,  0},  /* 3 */
-             { OP_Eq,           2,  0,  3},  /* 4 */
-             { OP_AddImm,       1, -1,  0},
-             { OP_String8,      0,  2,  0},  /* 6 */
-             { OP_String8,      0,  3,  0},  /* 7 */
-             { OP_Concat,       3,  2,  2},
-             { OP_ResultRow,    2,  1,  0},
-          };
-          addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, 0, 0);
-          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
-          addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(cntIdx), cntIdx);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, j+2);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr+1, addr+4);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+3, j+2);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr+3, addr+2);
-          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr+4);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+6, 
-                     "wrong # of entries in index ", P4_STATIC);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+7, pIdx->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+          int jmp2, jmp3, jmp4, jmp5;
+          int ckUniq = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+          if( pPk==pIdx ) continue;
+          r1 = sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, iDataCur, 0, 0, &jmp3,
+                                       pPrior, r1);
+          pPrior = pIdx;
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 8+j, 1);  /* increment entry count */
+          /* Verify that an index entry exists for the current table row */
+          jmp2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iIdxCur+j, ckUniq, r1,
+                                      pIdx->nColumn); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 1, -1); /* Decrement error limit */
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0, "row ", P4_STATIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, 7, 3, 3);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 4, 0, 
+                            " missing from index ", P4_STATIC);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, 4, 3, 3);
+          jmp5 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 4, 0,
+                                   pIdx->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, 4, 3, 3);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 3, 1);
+          jmp4 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, 1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Halt);
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp2);
+          /* For UNIQUE indexes, verify that only one entry exists with the
+          ** current key.  The entry is unique if (1) any column is NULL
+          ** or (2) the next entry has a different key */
+          if( IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) ){
+            int uniqOk = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+            int jmp6;
+            int kk;
+            for(kk=0; kk<pIdx->nKeyCol; kk++){
+              int iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[kk];
+              assert( iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nCol );
+              if( pTab->aCol[iCol].notNull ) continue;
+              sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, r1+kk, uniqOk);
+              VdbeCoverage(v);
+            }
+            jmp6 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Next, iIdxCur+j); VdbeCoverage(v);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, uniqOk);
+            sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp6);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_IdxGT, iIdxCur+j, uniqOk, r1,
+                                 pIdx->nKeyCol); VdbeCoverage(v);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 1, -1); /* Decrement error limit */
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0,
+                              "non-unique entry in index ", P4_STATIC);
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, jmp5);
+            sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, uniqOk);
+          }
+          sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, jmp4);
+          sqlite3ResolvePartIdxLabel(pParse, jmp3);
         }
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iDataCur, loopTop); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, loopTop-1);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, 
+                     "wrong # of entries in index ", P4_STATIC);
+        for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
+          if( pPk==pIdx ) continue;
+          addr = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, 1, addr+2); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Halt, 0, 0);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iIdxCur+j, 3);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, 8+j, addr+8, 3); VdbeCoverage(v);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NOTNULL);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, 1, -1);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 3, 0, pIdx->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Concat, 3, 2, 7);
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 7, 1);
+        }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BTREECOUNT */
       } 
     }
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(endCode), endCode);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr, -mxErr);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr+1);
-    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+2, "ok", P4_STATIC);
-  }else
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(endCode), endCode, iLn);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, addr, -mxErr);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr+1, "ok", P4_STATIC);
+  }
+  break;
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_INTEGRITY_CHECK */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
@@ -93372,7 +100252,7 @@
   ** new database files created using this database handle. It is only
   ** useful if invoked immediately after the main database i
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "encoding")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_ENCODING: {
     static const struct EncName {
       char *zName;
       u8 enc;
@@ -93419,7 +100299,8 @@
         }
       }
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16 */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS
@@ -93430,6 +100311,11 @@
   **   PRAGMA [database.]user_version
   **   PRAGMA [database.]user_version = <integer>
   **
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]freelist_count = <integer>
+  **
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]application_id
+  **   PRAGMA [database.]application_id = <integer>
+  **
   ** The pragma's schema_version and user_version are used to set or get
   ** the value of the schema-version and user-version, respectively. Both
   ** the schema-version and the user-version are 32-bit signed integers
@@ -93448,13 +100334,13 @@
   ** The user-version is not used internally by SQLite. It may be used by
   ** applications for any purpose.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "schema_version")==0 
-   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "user_version")==0 
-   || sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "freelist_count")==0 
-  ){
+  case PragTyp_HEADER_VALUE: {
     int iCookie;   /* Cookie index. 1 for schema-cookie, 6 for user-cookie. */
     sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, iDb);
     switch( zLeft[0] ){
+      case 'a': case 'A':
+        iCookie = BTREE_APPLICATION_ID;
+        break;
       case 'f': case 'F':
         iCookie = BTREE_FREE_PAGE_COUNT;
         break;
@@ -93473,7 +100359,7 @@
         { OP_Integer,        0,  1,  0},    /* 1 */
         { OP_SetCookie,      0,  0,  1},    /* 2 */
       };
-      int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(setCookie), setCookie);
+      int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(setCookie), setCookie, 0);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+2, iDb);
@@ -93485,14 +100371,15 @@
         { OP_ReadCookie,      0,  1,  0},    /* 1 */
         { OP_ResultRow,       1,  1,  0}
       };
-      int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(readCookie), readCookie);
+      int addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v, ArraySize(readCookie), readCookie, 0);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, addr+1, iDb);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP3(v, addr+1, iCookie);
       sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
       sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, zLeft, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_SCHEMA_VERSION_PRAGMAS */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS
@@ -93502,7 +100389,7 @@
   ** Return the names of all compile-time options used in this build,
   ** one option per row.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "compile_options")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_COMPILE_OPTIONS: {
     int i = 0;
     const char *zOpt;
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 1);
@@ -93512,7 +100399,8 @@
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, zOpt, 0);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 1);
     }
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPILEOPTION_DIAGS */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_WAL
@@ -93521,7 +100409,7 @@
   **
   ** Checkpoint the database.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "wal_checkpoint")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_WAL_CHECKPOINT: {
     int iBt = (pId2->z?iDb:SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED);
     int eMode = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE;
     if( zRight ){
@@ -93531,7 +100419,6 @@
         eMode = SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART;
       }
     }
-    if( sqlite3ReadSchema(pParse) ) goto pragma_out;
     sqlite3VdbeSetNumCols(v, 3);
     pParse->nMem = 3;
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 0, COLNAME_NAME, "busy", SQLITE_STATIC);
@@ -93540,7 +100427,8 @@
 
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Checkpoint, iBt, eMode, 1);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 3);
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 
   /*
   **   PRAGMA wal_autocheckpoint
@@ -93550,14 +100438,15 @@
   ** after accumulating N frames in the log. Or query for the current value
   ** of N.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "wal_autocheckpoint")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT: {
     if( zRight ){
       sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint(db, sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
     }
     returnSingleInt(pParse, "wal_autocheckpoint", 
        db->xWalCallback==sqlite3WalDefaultHook ? 
            SQLITE_PTR_TO_INT(db->pWalArg) : 0);
-  }else
+  }
+  break;
 #endif
 
   /*
@@ -93566,15 +100455,50 @@
   ** This pragma attempts to free as much memory as possible from the
   ** current database connection.
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "shrink_memory")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_SHRINK_MEMORY: {
     sqlite3_db_release_memory(db);
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA busy_timeout
+  **   PRAGMA busy_timeout = N
+  **
+  ** Call sqlite3_busy_timeout(db, N).  Return the current timeout value
+  ** if one is set.  If no busy handler or a different busy handler is set
+  ** then 0 is returned.  Setting the busy_timeout to 0 or negative
+  ** disables the timeout.
+  */
+  /*case PragTyp_BUSY_TIMEOUT*/ default: {
+    assert( aPragmaNames[mid].ePragTyp==PragTyp_BUSY_TIMEOUT );
+    if( zRight ){
+      sqlite3_busy_timeout(db, sqlite3Atoi(zRight));
+    }
+    returnSingleInt(pParse, "timeout",  db->busyTimeout);
+    break;
+  }
+
+  /*
+  **   PRAGMA soft_heap_limit
+  **   PRAGMA soft_heap_limit = N
+  **
+  ** Call sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(N).  Return the result.  If N is omitted,
+  ** use -1.
+  */
+  case PragTyp_SOFT_HEAP_LIMIT: {
+    sqlite3_int64 N;
+    if( zRight && sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(zRight, &N)==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(N);
+    }
+    returnSingleInt(pParse, "soft_heap_limit",  sqlite3_soft_heap_limit64(-1));
+    break;
+  }
 
 #if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
   /*
   ** Report the current state of file logs for all databases
   */
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "lock_status")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_LOCK_STATUS: {
     static const char *const azLockName[] = {
       "unlocked", "shared", "reserved", "pending", "exclusive"
     };
@@ -93585,13 +100509,12 @@
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, 1, COLNAME_NAME, "status", SQLITE_STATIC);
     for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
       Btree *pBt;
-      Pager *pPager;
       const char *zState = "unknown";
       int j;
       if( db->aDb[i].zName==0 ) continue;
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 1, 0, db->aDb[i].zName, P4_STATIC);
       pBt = db->aDb[i].pBt;
-      if( pBt==0 || (pPager = sqlite3BtreePager(pBt))==0 ){
+      if( pBt==0 || sqlite3BtreePager(pBt)==0 ){
         zState = "closed";
       }else if( sqlite3_file_control(db, i ? db->aDb[i].zName : 0, 
                                      SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE, &j)==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -93600,35 +100523,39 @@
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_String8, 0, 2, 0, zState, P4_STATIC);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, 1, 2);
     }
-
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "key")==0 && zRight ){
-    sqlite3_key(db, zRight, sqlite3Strlen30(zRight));
-  }else
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "rekey")==0 && zRight ){
-    sqlite3_rekey(db, zRight, sqlite3Strlen30(zRight));
-  }else
-  if( zRight && (sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "hexkey")==0 ||
-                 sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "hexrekey")==0) ){
-    int i, h1, h2;
-    char zKey[40];
-    for(i=0; (h1 = zRight[i])!=0 && (h2 = zRight[i+1])!=0; i+=2){
-      h1 += 9*(1&(h1>>6));
-      h2 += 9*(1&(h2>>6));
-      zKey[i/2] = (h2 & 0x0f) | ((h1 & 0xf)<<4);
+  case PragTyp_KEY: {
+    if( zRight ) sqlite3_key_v2(db, zDb, zRight, sqlite3Strlen30(zRight));
+    break;
+  }
+  case PragTyp_REKEY: {
+    if( zRight ) sqlite3_rekey_v2(db, zDb, zRight, sqlite3Strlen30(zRight));
+    break;
+  }
+  case PragTyp_HEXKEY: {
+    if( zRight ){
+      u8 iByte;
+      int i;
+      char zKey[40];
+      for(i=0, iByte=0; i<sizeof(zKey)*2 && sqlite3Isxdigit(zRight[i]); i++){
+        iByte = (iByte<<4) + sqlite3HexToInt(zRight[i]);
+        if( (i&1)!=0 ) zKey[i/2] = iByte;
+      }
+      if( (zLeft[3] & 0xf)==0xb ){
+        sqlite3_key_v2(db, zDb, zKey, i/2);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_rekey_v2(db, zDb, zKey, i/2);
+      }
     }
-    if( (zLeft[3] & 0xf)==0xb ){
-      sqlite3_key(db, zKey, i/2);
-    }else{
-      sqlite3_rekey(db, zKey, i/2);
-    }
-  }else
+    break;
+  }
 #endif
 #if defined(SQLITE_HAS_CODEC) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_CEROD)
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(zLeft, "activate_extensions")==0 ){
+  case PragTyp_ACTIVATE_EXTENSIONS: if( zRight ){
 #ifdef SQLITE_HAS_CODEC
     if( sqlite3StrNICmp(zRight, "see-", 4)==0 ){
       sqlite3_activate_see(&zRight[4]);
@@ -93639,23 +100566,12 @@
       sqlite3_activate_cerod(&zRight[6]);
     }
 #endif
-  }else
-#endif
-
- 
-  {/* Empty ELSE clause */}
-
-  /*
-  ** Reset the safety level, in case the fullfsync flag or synchronous
-  ** setting changed.
-  */
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_PAGER_PRAGMAS
-  if( db->autoCommit ){
-    sqlite3BtreeSetSafetyLevel(pDb->pBt, pDb->safety_level,
-               (db->flags&SQLITE_FullFSync)!=0,
-               (db->flags&SQLITE_CkptFullFSync)!=0);
   }
+  break;
 #endif
+
+  } /* End of the PRAGMA switch */
+
 pragma_out:
   sqlite3DbFree(db, zLeft);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, zRight);
@@ -93800,7 +100716,9 @@
 static int sqlite3InitOne(sqlite3 *db, int iDb, char **pzErrMsg){
   int rc;
   int i;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_DEPRECATED
   int size;
+#endif
   Table *pTab;
   Db *pDb;
   char const *azArg[4];
@@ -93843,7 +100761,7 @@
 
   /* zMasterSchema and zInitScript are set to point at the master schema
   ** and initialisation script appropriate for the database being
-  ** initialised. zMasterName is the name of the master table.
+  ** initialized. zMasterName is the name of the master table.
   */
   if( !OMIT_TEMPDB && iDb==1 ){
     zMasterSchema = temp_master_schema;
@@ -93923,12 +100841,15 @@
   */
   if( meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1] ){  /* text encoding */
     if( iDb==0 ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
       u8 encoding;
       /* If opening the main database, set ENC(db). */
       encoding = (u8)meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1] & 3;
       if( encoding==0 ) encoding = SQLITE_UTF8;
       ENC(db) = encoding;
-      db->pDfltColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, SQLITE_UTF8, "BINARY", 0);
+#else
+      ENC(db) = SQLITE_UTF8;
+#endif
     }else{
       /* If opening an attached database, the encoding much match ENC(db) */
       if( meta[BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING-1]!=ENC(db) ){
@@ -94008,7 +100929,7 @@
   }
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+    sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK || (db->flags&SQLITE_RecoveryMode)){
     /* Black magic: If the SQLITE_RecoveryMode flag is set, then consider
@@ -94061,11 +100982,11 @@
     if( DbHasProperty(db, i, DB_SchemaLoaded) || i==1 ) continue;
     rc = sqlite3InitOne(db, i, pzErrMsg);
     if( rc ){
-      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, i);
+      sqlite3ResetOneSchema(db, i);
     }
   }
 
-  /* Once all the other databases have been initialised, load the schema
+  /* Once all the other databases have been initialized, load the schema
   ** for the TEMP database. This is loaded last, as the TEMP database
   ** schema may contain references to objects in other databases.
   */
@@ -94074,7 +100995,7 @@
                     && !DbHasProperty(db, 1, DB_SchemaLoaded) ){
     rc = sqlite3InitOne(db, 1, pzErrMsg);
     if( rc ){
-      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, 1);
+      sqlite3ResetOneSchema(db, 1);
     }
   }
 #endif
@@ -94088,7 +101009,7 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** This routine is a no-op if the database schema is already initialised.
+** This routine is a no-op if the database schema is already initialized.
 ** Otherwise, the schema is loaded. An error code is returned.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3ReadSchema(Parse *pParse){
@@ -94142,7 +101063,7 @@
     sqlite3BtreeGetMeta(pBt, BTREE_SCHEMA_VERSION, (u32 *)&cookie);
     assert( sqlite3SchemaMutexHeld(db, iDb, 0) );
     if( cookie!=db->aDb[iDb].pSchema->schema_cookie ){
-      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, iDb);
+      sqlite3ResetOneSchema(db, iDb);
       pParse->rc = SQLITE_SCHEMA;
     }
 
@@ -94186,6 +101107,17 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Free all memory allocations in the pParse object
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ParserReset(Parse *pParse){
+  if( pParse ){
+    sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->aLabel);
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pParse->pConstExpr);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** Compile the UTF-8 encoded SQL statement zSql into a statement handle.
 */
 static int sqlite3Prepare(
@@ -94253,7 +101185,7 @@
   sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
 
   pParse->db = db;
-  pParse->nQueryLoop = (double)1;
+  pParse->nQueryLoop = 0;  /* Logarithmic, so 0 really means 1 */
   if( nBytes>=0 && (nBytes==0 || zSql[nBytes-1]!=0) ){
     char *zSqlCopy;
     int mxLen = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH];
@@ -94275,7 +101207,7 @@
   }else{
     sqlite3RunParser(pParse, zSql, &zErrMsg);
   }
-  assert( 1==(int)pParse->nQueryLoop );
+  assert( 0==pParse->nQueryLoop );
 
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     pParse->rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
@@ -94315,7 +101247,6 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-  assert( db->init.busy==0 || saveSqlFlag==0 );
   if( db->init.busy==0 ){
     Vdbe *pVdbe = pParse->pVdbe;
     sqlite3VdbeSetSql(pVdbe, zSql, (int)(pParse->zTail-zSql), saveSqlFlag);
@@ -94343,6 +101274,7 @@
 
 end_prepare:
 
+  sqlite3ParserReset(pParse);
   sqlite3StackFree(db, pParse);
   rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
   assert( (rc&db->errMask)==rc );
@@ -94372,6 +101304,7 @@
   }
   sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || *ppStmt==0 );
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -94471,6 +101404,12 @@
   if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) ){
     return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
   }
+  if( nBytes>=0 ){
+    int sz;
+    const char *z = (const char*)zSql;
+    for(sz=0; sz<nBytes && (z[sz]!=0 || z[sz+1]!=0); sz += 2){}
+    nBytes = sz;
+  }
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
   zSql8 = sqlite3Utf16to8(db, zSql, nBytes, SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE);
   if( zSql8 ){
@@ -94544,6 +101483,34 @@
 ** to handle SELECT statements in SQLite.
 */
 
+/*
+** An instance of the following object is used to record information about
+** how to process the DISTINCT keyword, to simplify passing that information
+** into the selectInnerLoop() routine.
+*/
+typedef struct DistinctCtx DistinctCtx;
+struct DistinctCtx {
+  u8 isTnct;      /* True if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
+  u8 eTnctType;   /* One of the WHERE_DISTINCT_* operators */
+  int tabTnct;    /* Ephemeral table used for DISTINCT processing */
+  int addrTnct;   /* Address of OP_OpenEphemeral opcode for tabTnct */
+};
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following object is used to record information about
+** the ORDER BY (or GROUP BY) clause of query is being coded.
+*/
+typedef struct SortCtx SortCtx;
+struct SortCtx {
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;   /* The ORDER BY (or GROUP BY clause) */
+  int nOBSat;           /* Number of ORDER BY terms satisfied by indices */
+  int iECursor;         /* Cursor number for the sorter */
+  int regReturn;        /* Register holding block-output return address */
+  int labelBkOut;       /* Start label for the block-output subroutine */
+  int addrSortIndex;    /* Address of the OP_SorterOpen or OP_OpenEphemeral */
+  u8 sortFlags;         /* Zero or more SORTFLAG_* bits */
+};
+#define SORTFLAG_UseSorter  0x01   /* Use SorterOpen instead of OpenEphemeral */
 
 /*
 ** Delete all the content of a Select structure but do not deallocate
@@ -94559,6 +101526,7 @@
   sqlite3SelectDelete(db, p->pPrior);
   sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pLimit);
   sqlite3ExprDelete(db, p->pOffset);
+  sqlite3WithDelete(db, p->pWith);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -94566,10 +101534,10 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3SelectDestInit(SelectDest *pDest, int eDest, int iParm){
   pDest->eDest = (u8)eDest;
-  pDest->iParm = iParm;
-  pDest->affinity = 0;
-  pDest->iMem = 0;
-  pDest->nMem = 0;
+  pDest->iSDParm = iParm;
+  pDest->affSdst = 0;
+  pDest->iSdst = 0;
+  pDest->nSdst = 0;
 }
 
 
@@ -94585,7 +101553,7 @@
   ExprList *pGroupBy,   /* the GROUP BY clause */
   Expr *pHaving,        /* the HAVING clause */
   ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* the ORDER BY clause */
-  int isDistinct,       /* true if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
+  u16 selFlags,         /* Flag parameters, such as SF_Distinct */
   Expr *pLimit,         /* LIMIT value.  NULL means not used */
   Expr *pOffset         /* OFFSET value.  NULL means no offset */
 ){
@@ -94609,14 +101577,13 @@
   pNew->pGroupBy = pGroupBy;
   pNew->pHaving = pHaving;
   pNew->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
-  pNew->selFlags = isDistinct ? SF_Distinct : 0;
+  pNew->selFlags = selFlags;
   pNew->op = TK_SELECT;
   pNew->pLimit = pLimit;
   pNew->pOffset = pOffset;
   assert( pOffset==0 || pLimit!=0 );
   pNew->addrOpenEphm[0] = -1;
   pNew->addrOpenEphm[1] = -1;
-  pNew->addrOpenEphm[2] = -1;
   if( db->mallocFailed ) {
     clearSelect(db, pNew);
     if( pNew!=&standin ) sqlite3DbFree(db, pNew);
@@ -94639,7 +101606,15 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Given 1 to 3 identifiers preceeding the JOIN keyword, determine the
+** Return a pointer to the right-most SELECT statement in a compound.
+*/
+static Select *findRightmost(Select *p){
+  while( p->pNext ) p = p->pNext;
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given 1 to 3 identifiers preceding the JOIN keyword, determine the
 ** type of join.  Return an integer constant that expresses that type
 ** in terms of the following bit values:
 **
@@ -94794,8 +101769,8 @@
   pEq = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EQ, pE1, pE2, 0);
   if( pEq && isOuterJoin ){
     ExprSetProperty(pEq, EP_FromJoin);
-    assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(pEq, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
-    ExprSetIrreducible(pEq);
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(pEq, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+    ExprSetVVAProperty(pEq, EP_NoReduce);
     pEq->iRightJoinTable = (i16)pE2->iTable;
   }
   *ppWhere = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, *ppWhere, pEq);
@@ -94830,8 +101805,8 @@
 static void setJoinExpr(Expr *p, int iTable){
   while( p ){
     ExprSetProperty(p, EP_FromJoin);
-    assert( !ExprHasAnyProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
-    ExprSetIrreducible(p);
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(p, EP_TokenOnly|EP_Reduced) );
+    ExprSetVVAProperty(p, EP_NoReduce);
     p->iRightJoinTable = (i16)iTable;
     setJoinExpr(p->pLeft, iTable);
     p = p->pRight;
@@ -94940,34 +101915,73 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
+/* Forward reference */
+static KeyInfo *keyInfoFromExprList(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pList,     /* Form the KeyInfo object from this ExprList */
+  int iStart,          /* Begin with this column of pList */
+  int nExtra           /* Add this many extra columns to the end */
+);
+
 /*
-** Insert code into "v" that will push the record on the top of the
-** stack into the sorter.
+** Insert code into "v" that will push the record in register regData
+** into the sorter.
 */
 static void pushOntoSorter(
   Parse *pParse,         /* Parser context */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,    /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  SortCtx *pSort,        /* Information about the ORDER BY clause */
   Select *pSelect,       /* The whole SELECT statement */
   int regData            /* Register holding data to be sorted */
 ){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
-  int nExpr = pOrderBy->nExpr;
-  int regBase = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nExpr+2);
-  int regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+  int nExpr = pSort->pOrderBy->nExpr;
+  int regRecord = ++pParse->nMem;
+  int regBase = pParse->nMem+1;
+  int nOBSat = pSort->nOBSat;
   int op;
+
+  pParse->nMem += nExpr+2;        /* nExpr+2 registers allocated at regBase */
   sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
-  sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pOrderBy, regBase, 0);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sequence, pOrderBy->iECursor, regBase+nExpr);
+  sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pSort->pOrderBy, regBase, 0);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sequence, pSort->iECursor, regBase+nExpr);
   sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, regData, regBase+nExpr+1, 1);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase, nExpr + 2, regRecord);
-  if( pSelect->selFlags & SF_UseSorter ){
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regBase+nOBSat, nExpr+2-nOBSat,regRecord);
+  if( nOBSat>0 ){
+    int regPrevKey;   /* The first nOBSat columns of the previous row */
+    int addrFirst;    /* Address of the OP_IfNot opcode */
+    int addrJmp;      /* Address of the OP_Jump opcode */
+    VdbeOp *pOp;      /* Opcode that opens the sorter */
+    int nKey;         /* Number of sorting key columns, including OP_Sequence */
+    KeyInfo *pKI;     /* Original KeyInfo on the sorter table */
+
+    regPrevKey = pParse->nMem+1;
+    pParse->nMem += pSort->nOBSat;
+    nKey = nExpr - pSort->nOBSat + 1;
+    addrFirst = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regBase+nExpr); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Compare, regPrevKey, regBase, pSort->nOBSat);
+    pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, pSort->addrSortIndex);
+    if( pParse->db->mallocFailed ) return;
+    pOp->p2 = nKey + 1;
+    pKI = pOp->p4.pKeyInfo;
+    memset(pKI->aSortOrder, 0, pKI->nField); /* Makes OP_Jump below testable */
+    sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char*)pKI, P4_KEYINFO);
+    pOp->p4.pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pSort->pOrderBy, nOBSat, 1);
+    addrJmp = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, addrJmp+1, 0, addrJmp+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    pSort->labelBkOut = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+    pSort->regReturn = ++pParse->nMem;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, pSort->regReturn, pSort->labelBkOut);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_ResetSorter, pSort->iECursor);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrFirst);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Move, regBase, regPrevKey, pSort->nOBSat);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrJmp);
+  }
+  if( pSort->sortFlags & SORTFLAG_UseSorter ){
     op = OP_SorterInsert;
   }else{
     op = OP_IdxInsert;
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, op, pOrderBy->iECursor, regRecord);
-  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
-  sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regBase, nExpr+2);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, op, pSort->iECursor, regRecord);
   if( pSelect->iLimit ){
     int addr1, addr2;
     int iLimit;
@@ -94976,12 +101990,12 @@
     }else{
       iLimit = pSelect->iLimit;
     }
-    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfZero, iLimit);
+    addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfZero, iLimit); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, iLimit, -1);
     addr2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Last, pOrderBy->iECursor);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Delete, pOrderBy->iECursor);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Last, pSort->iECursor);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Delete, pSort->iECursor);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr2);
   }
 }
@@ -94991,13 +102005,12 @@
 */
 static void codeOffset(
   Vdbe *v,          /* Generate code into this VM */
-  Select *p,        /* The SELECT statement being coded */
+  int iOffset,      /* Register holding the offset counter */
   int iContinue     /* Jump here to skip the current record */
 ){
-  if( p->iOffset && iContinue!=0 ){
+  if( iOffset>0 ){
     int addr;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_AddImm, p->iOffset, -1);
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNeg, p->iOffset);
+    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfNeg, iOffset, 0, -1); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iContinue);
     VdbeComment((v, "skip OFFSET records"));
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
@@ -95025,7 +102038,7 @@
 
   v = pParse->pVdbe;
   r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iTab, addrRepeat, iMem, N);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iTab, addrRepeat, iMem, N); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, iMem, N, r1);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iTab, r1);
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
@@ -95059,19 +102072,18 @@
 ** This routine generates the code for the inside of the inner loop
 ** of a SELECT.
 **
-** If srcTab and nColumn are both zero, then the pEList expressions
-** are evaluated in order to get the data for this row.  If nColumn>0
-** then data is pulled from srcTab and pEList is used only to get the
-** datatypes for each column.
+** If srcTab is negative, then the pEList expressions
+** are evaluated in order to get the data for this row.  If srcTab is
+** zero or more, then data is pulled from srcTab and pEList is used only 
+** to get number columns and the datatype for each column.
 */
 static void selectInnerLoop(
   Parse *pParse,          /* The parser context */
   Select *p,              /* The complete select statement being coded */
   ExprList *pEList,       /* List of values being extracted */
   int srcTab,             /* Pull data from this table */
-  int nColumn,            /* Number of columns in the source table */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,     /* If not NULL, sort results using this key */
-  int distinct,           /* If >=0, make sure results are distinct */
+  SortCtx *pSort,         /* If not NULL, info on how to process ORDER BY */
+  DistinctCtx *pDistinct, /* If not NULL, info on how to process DISTINCT */
   SelectDest *pDest,      /* How to dispose of the results */
   int iContinue,          /* Jump here to continue with next row */
   int iBreak              /* Jump here to break out of the inner loop */
@@ -95081,55 +102093,106 @@
   int hasDistinct;        /* True if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
   int regResult;              /* Start of memory holding result set */
   int eDest = pDest->eDest;   /* How to dispose of results */
-  int iParm = pDest->iParm;   /* First argument to disposal method */
+  int iParm = pDest->iSDParm; /* First argument to disposal method */
   int nResultCol;             /* Number of result columns */
 
   assert( v );
-  if( NEVER(v==0) ) return;
   assert( pEList!=0 );
-  hasDistinct = distinct>=0;
-  if( pOrderBy==0 && !hasDistinct ){
-    codeOffset(v, p, iContinue);
+  hasDistinct = pDistinct ? pDistinct->eTnctType : WHERE_DISTINCT_NOOP;
+  if( pSort && pSort->pOrderBy==0 ) pSort = 0;
+  if( pSort==0 && !hasDistinct ){
+    assert( iContinue!=0 );
+    codeOffset(v, p->iOffset, iContinue);
   }
 
   /* Pull the requested columns.
   */
-  if( nColumn>0 ){
-    nResultCol = nColumn;
-  }else{
-    nResultCol = pEList->nExpr;
-  }
-  if( pDest->iMem==0 ){
-    pDest->iMem = pParse->nMem+1;
-    pDest->nMem = nResultCol;
+  nResultCol = pEList->nExpr;
+
+  if( pDest->iSdst==0 ){
+    pDest->iSdst = pParse->nMem+1;
     pParse->nMem += nResultCol;
-  }else{ 
-    assert( pDest->nMem==nResultCol );
+  }else if( pDest->iSdst+nResultCol > pParse->nMem ){
+    /* This is an error condition that can result, for example, when a SELECT
+    ** on the right-hand side of an INSERT contains more result columns than
+    ** there are columns in the table on the left.  The error will be caught
+    ** and reported later.  But we need to make sure enough memory is allocated
+    ** to avoid other spurious errors in the meantime. */
+    pParse->nMem += nResultCol;
   }
-  regResult = pDest->iMem;
-  if( nColumn>0 ){
-    for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
+  pDest->nSdst = nResultCol;
+  regResult = pDest->iSdst;
+  if( srcTab>=0 ){
+    for(i=0; i<nResultCol; i++){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, srcTab, i, regResult+i);
+      VdbeComment((v, "%s", pEList->a[i].zName));
     }
   }else if( eDest!=SRT_Exists ){
     /* If the destination is an EXISTS(...) expression, the actual
     ** values returned by the SELECT are not required.
     */
-    sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
-    sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pEList, regResult, eDest==SRT_Output);
+    sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pEList, regResult,
+                  (eDest==SRT_Output||eDest==SRT_Coroutine)?SQLITE_ECEL_DUP:0);
   }
-  nColumn = nResultCol;
 
   /* If the DISTINCT keyword was present on the SELECT statement
   ** and this row has been seen before, then do not make this row
   ** part of the result.
   */
   if( hasDistinct ){
-    assert( pEList!=0 );
-    assert( pEList->nExpr==nColumn );
-    codeDistinct(pParse, distinct, iContinue, nColumn, regResult);
-    if( pOrderBy==0 ){
-      codeOffset(v, p, iContinue);
+    switch( pDistinct->eTnctType ){
+      case WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED: {
+        VdbeOp *pOp;            /* No longer required OpenEphemeral instr. */
+        int iJump;              /* Jump destination */
+        int regPrev;            /* Previous row content */
+
+        /* Allocate space for the previous row */
+        regPrev = pParse->nMem+1;
+        pParse->nMem += nResultCol;
+
+        /* Change the OP_OpenEphemeral coded earlier to an OP_Null
+        ** sets the MEM_Cleared bit on the first register of the
+        ** previous value.  This will cause the OP_Ne below to always
+        ** fail on the first iteration of the loop even if the first
+        ** row is all NULLs.
+        */
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, pDistinct->addrTnct);
+        pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, pDistinct->addrTnct);
+        pOp->opcode = OP_Null;
+        pOp->p1 = 1;
+        pOp->p2 = regPrev;
+
+        iJump = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + nResultCol;
+        for(i=0; i<nResultCol; i++){
+          CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pEList->a[i].pExpr);
+          if( i<nResultCol-1 ){
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, regResult+i, iJump, regPrev+i);
+            VdbeCoverage(v);
+          }else{
+            sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Eq, regResult+i, iContinue, regPrev+i);
+            VdbeCoverage(v);
+           }
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (const char *)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
+        }
+        assert( sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)==iJump || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Copy, regResult, regPrev, nResultCol-1);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      case WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE: {
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, pDistinct->addrTnct);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      default: {
+        assert( pDistinct->eTnctType==WHERE_DISTINCT_UNORDERED );
+        codeDistinct(pParse, pDistinct->tabTnct, iContinue, nResultCol, regResult);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if( pSort==0 ){
+      codeOffset(v, p->iOffset, iContinue);
     }
   }
 
@@ -95141,7 +102204,7 @@
     case SRT_Union: {
       int r1;
       r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nColumn, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nResultCol, r1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm, r1);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
       break;
@@ -95152,21 +102215,36 @@
     ** the temporary table iParm.
     */
     case SRT_Except: {
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxDelete, iParm, regResult, nColumn);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxDelete, iParm, regResult, nResultCol);
       break;
     }
-#endif
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */
 
     /* Store the result as data using a unique key.
     */
+    case SRT_Fifo:
+    case SRT_DistFifo:
     case SRT_Table:
     case SRT_EphemTab: {
       int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       testcase( eDest==SRT_Table );
       testcase( eDest==SRT_EphemTab );
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nColumn, r1);
-      if( pOrderBy ){
-        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nResultCol, r1);
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+      if( eDest==SRT_DistFifo ){
+        /* If the destination is DistFifo, then cursor (iParm+1) is open
+        ** on an ephemeral index. If the current row is already present
+        ** in the index, do not write it to the output. If not, add the
+        ** current row to the index and proceed with writing it to the
+        ** output table as well.  */
+        int addr = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 4;
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iParm+1, addr, r1, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm+1, r1);
+        assert( pSort==0 );
+      }
+#endif
+      if( pSort ){
+        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pSort, p, r1);
       }else{
         int r2 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, iParm, r2);
@@ -95184,17 +102262,18 @@
     ** item into the set table with bogus data.
     */
     case SRT_Set: {
-      assert( nColumn==1 );
-      p->affinity = sqlite3CompareAffinity(pEList->a[0].pExpr, pDest->affinity);
-      if( pOrderBy ){
+      assert( nResultCol==1 );
+      pDest->affSdst =
+                  sqlite3CompareAffinity(pEList->a[0].pExpr, pDest->affSdst);
+      if( pSort ){
         /* At first glance you would think we could optimize out the
         ** ORDER BY in this case since the order of entries in the set
         ** does not matter.  But there might be a LIMIT clause, in which
         ** case the order does matter */
-        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p, regResult);
+        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pSort, p, regResult);
       }else{
         int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, 1, r1, &p->affinity, 1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult,1,r1, &pDest->affSdst, 1);
         sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regResult, 1);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm, r1);
         sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
@@ -95215,9 +102294,9 @@
     ** of the scan loop.
     */
     case SRT_Mem: {
-      assert( nColumn==1 );
-      if( pOrderBy ){
-        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p, regResult);
+      assert( nResultCol==1 );
+      if( pSort ){
+        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pSort, p, regResult);
       }else{
         sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, regResult, iParm, 1);
         /* The LIMIT clause will jump out of the loop for us */
@@ -95226,28 +102305,73 @@
     }
 #endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
 
-    /* Send the data to the callback function or to a subroutine.  In the
-    ** case of a subroutine, the subroutine itself is responsible for
-    ** popping the data from the stack.
-    */
-    case SRT_Coroutine:
-    case SRT_Output: {
+    case SRT_Coroutine:       /* Send data to a co-routine */
+    case SRT_Output: {        /* Return the results */
       testcase( eDest==SRT_Coroutine );
       testcase( eDest==SRT_Output );
-      if( pOrderBy ){
+      if( pSort ){
         int r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nColumn, r1);
-        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pOrderBy, p, r1);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nResultCol, r1);
+        pushOntoSorter(pParse, pSort, p, r1);
         sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
       }else if( eDest==SRT_Coroutine ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iParm);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iSDParm);
       }else{
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, regResult, nColumn);
-        sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regResult, nColumn);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, regResult, nResultCol);
+        sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regResult, nResultCol);
       }
       break;
     }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+    /* Write the results into a priority queue that is order according to
+    ** pDest->pOrderBy (in pSO).  pDest->iSDParm (in iParm) is the cursor for an
+    ** index with pSO->nExpr+2 columns.  Build a key using pSO for the first
+    ** pSO->nExpr columns, then make sure all keys are unique by adding a
+    ** final OP_Sequence column.  The last column is the record as a blob.
+    */
+    case SRT_DistQueue:
+    case SRT_Queue: {
+      int nKey;
+      int r1, r2, r3;
+      int addrTest = 0;
+      ExprList *pSO;
+      pSO = pDest->pOrderBy;
+      assert( pSO );
+      nKey = pSO->nExpr;
+      r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      r2 = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nKey+2);
+      r3 = r2+nKey+1;
+      if( eDest==SRT_DistQueue ){
+        /* If the destination is DistQueue, then cursor (iParm+1) is open
+        ** on a second ephemeral index that holds all values every previously
+        ** added to the queue. */
+        addrTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, iParm+1, 0, 
+                                        regResult, nResultCol);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, regResult, nResultCol, r3);
+      if( eDest==SRT_DistQueue ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm+1, r3);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
+      }
+      for(i=0; i<nKey; i++){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy,
+                          regResult + pSO->a[i].u.x.iOrderByCol - 1,
+                          r2+i);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sequence, iParm, r2+nKey);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, r2, nKey+2, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm, r1);
+      if( addrTest ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrTest);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
+      sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, r2, nKey+2);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_CTE */
+
+
+
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
     /* Discard the results.  This is used for SELECT statements inside
     ** the body of a TRIGGER.  The purpose of such selects is to call
@@ -95265,12 +102389,64 @@
   ** there is a sorter, in which case the sorter has already limited
   ** the output for us.
   */
-  if( pOrderBy==0 && p->iLimit ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit, iBreak, -1);
+  if( pSort==0 && p->iLimit ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit, iBreak, -1); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 }
 
 /*
+** Allocate a KeyInfo object sufficient for an index of N key columns and
+** X extra columns.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(sqlite3 *db, int N, int X){
+  KeyInfo *p = sqlite3DbMallocZero(0, 
+                   sizeof(KeyInfo) + (N+X)*(sizeof(CollSeq*)+1));
+  if( p ){
+    p->aSortOrder = (u8*)&p->aColl[N+X];
+    p->nField = (u16)N;
+    p->nXField = (u16)X;
+    p->enc = ENC(db);
+    p->db = db;
+    p->nRef = 1;
+  }else{
+    db->mallocFailed = 1;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Deallocate a KeyInfo object
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(KeyInfo *p){
+  if( p ){
+    assert( p->nRef>0 );
+    p->nRef--;
+    if( p->nRef==0 ) sqlite3DbFree(0, p);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Make a new pointer to a KeyInfo object
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE KeyInfo *sqlite3KeyInfoRef(KeyInfo *p){
+  if( p ){
+    assert( p->nRef>0 );
+    p->nRef++;
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+/*
+** Return TRUE if a KeyInfo object can be change.  The KeyInfo object
+** can only be changed if this is just a single reference to the object.
+**
+** This routine is used only inside of assert() statements.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(KeyInfo *p){ return p->nRef==1; }
+#endif /* SQLITE_DEBUG */
+
+/*
 ** Given an expression list, generate a KeyInfo structure that records
 ** the collating sequence for each expression in that expression list.
 **
@@ -95282,31 +102458,30 @@
 **
 ** Space to hold the KeyInfo structure is obtain from malloc.  The calling
 ** function is responsible for seeing that this structure is eventually
-** freed.  Add the KeyInfo structure to the P4 field of an opcode using
-** P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF is the usual way of dealing with this.
+** freed.
 */
-static KeyInfo *keyInfoFromExprList(Parse *pParse, ExprList *pList){
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+static KeyInfo *keyInfoFromExprList(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing context */
+  ExprList *pList,     /* Form the KeyInfo object from this ExprList */
+  int iStart,          /* Begin with this column of pList */
+  int nExtra           /* Add this many extra columns to the end */
+){
   int nExpr;
   KeyInfo *pInfo;
   struct ExprList_item *pItem;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
   int i;
 
   nExpr = pList->nExpr;
-  pInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pInfo) + nExpr*(sizeof(CollSeq*)+1) );
+  pInfo = sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(db, nExpr+nExtra-iStart, 1);
   if( pInfo ){
-    pInfo->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pInfo->aColl[nExpr];
-    pInfo->nField = (u16)nExpr;
-    pInfo->enc = ENC(db);
-    pInfo->db = db;
-    for(i=0, pItem=pList->a; i<nExpr; i++, pItem++){
+    assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pInfo) );
+    for(i=iStart, pItem=pList->a+iStart; i<nExpr; i++, pItem++){
       CollSeq *pColl;
       pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pItem->pExpr);
-      if( !pColl ){
-        pColl = db->pDfltColl;
-      }
-      pInfo->aColl[i] = pColl;
-      pInfo->aSortOrder[i] = pItem->sortOrder;
+      if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+      pInfo->aColl[i-iStart] = pColl;
+      pInfo->aSortOrder[i-iStart] = pItem->sortOrder;
     }
   }
   return pInfo;
@@ -95408,24 +102583,31 @@
 static void generateSortTail(
   Parse *pParse,    /* Parsing context */
   Select *p,        /* The SELECT statement */
-  Vdbe *v,          /* Generate code into this VDBE */
+  SortCtx *pSort,   /* Information on the ORDER BY clause */
   int nColumn,      /* Number of columns of data */
   SelectDest *pDest /* Write the sorted results here */
 ){
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;                     /* The prepared statement */
   int addrBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);     /* Jump here to exit loop */
   int addrContinue = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);  /* Jump here for next cycle */
   int addr;
+  int addrOnce = 0;
   int iTab;
   int pseudoTab = 0;
-  ExprList *pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
-
+  ExprList *pOrderBy = pSort->pOrderBy;
   int eDest = pDest->eDest;
-  int iParm = pDest->iParm;
-
+  int iParm = pDest->iSDParm;
   int regRow;
   int regRowid;
+  int nKey;
 
-  iTab = pOrderBy->iECursor;
+  if( pSort->labelBkOut ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, pSort->regReturn, pSort->labelBkOut);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrBreak);
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pSort->labelBkOut);
+    addrOnce = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse); VdbeCoverage(v);
+  }
+  iTab = pSort->iECursor;
   regRow = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
   if( eDest==SRT_Output || eDest==SRT_Coroutine ){
     pseudoTab = pParse->nTab++;
@@ -95434,19 +102616,23 @@
   }else{
     regRowid = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
   }
-  if( p->selFlags & SF_UseSorter ){
+  nKey = pOrderBy->nExpr - pSort->nOBSat;
+  if( pSort->sortFlags & SORTFLAG_UseSorter ){
     int regSortOut = ++pParse->nMem;
     int ptab2 = pParse->nTab++;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenPseudo, ptab2, regSortOut, pOrderBy->nExpr+2);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenPseudo, ptab2, regSortOut, nKey+2);
+    if( addrOnce ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrOnce);
     addr = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterSort, iTab, addrBreak);
-    codeOffset(v, p, addrContinue);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    codeOffset(v, p->iOffset, addrContinue);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterData, iTab, regSortOut);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, ptab2, pOrderBy->nExpr+1, regRow);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, ptab2, nKey+1, regRow);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE);
   }else{
-    addr = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sort, iTab, addrBreak);
-    codeOffset(v, p, addrContinue);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTab, pOrderBy->nExpr+1, regRow);
+    if( addrOnce ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrOnce);
+    addr = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Sort, iTab, addrBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    codeOffset(v, p->iOffset, addrContinue);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTab, nKey+1, regRow);
   }
   switch( eDest ){
     case SRT_Table:
@@ -95461,7 +102647,8 @@
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
     case SRT_Set: {
       assert( nColumn==1 );
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regRow, 1, regRowid, &p->affinity, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, regRow, 1, regRowid,
+                        &pDest->affSdst, 1);
       sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, regRow, 1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iParm, regRowid);
       break;
@@ -95479,17 +102666,17 @@
       testcase( eDest==SRT_Output );
       testcase( eDest==SRT_Coroutine );
       for(i=0; i<nColumn; i++){
-        assert( regRow!=pDest->iMem+i );
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, pseudoTab, i, pDest->iMem+i);
+        assert( regRow!=pDest->iSdst+i );
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, pseudoTab, i, pDest->iSdst+i);
         if( i==0 ){
           sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_CLEARCACHE);
         }
       }
       if( eDest==SRT_Output ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, pDest->iMem, nColumn);
-        sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pDest->iMem, nColumn);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, pDest->iSdst, nColumn);
+        sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pDest->iSdst, nColumn);
       }else{
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iParm);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iSDParm);
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -95500,21 +102687,22 @@
   /* The bottom of the loop
   */
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrContinue);
-  if( p->selFlags & SF_UseSorter ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, iTab, addr);
+  if( pSort->sortFlags & SORTFLAG_UseSorter ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, iTab, addr); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }else{
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iTab, addr); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
+  if( pSort->regReturn ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, pSort->regReturn);
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrBreak);
-  if( eDest==SRT_Output || eDest==SRT_Coroutine ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, pseudoTab, 0);
-  }
 }
 
 /*
 ** Return a pointer to a string containing the 'declaration type' of the
 ** expression pExpr. The string may be treated as static by the caller.
 **
+** Also try to estimate the size of the returned value and return that
+** result in *pEstWidth.
+**
 ** The declaration type is the exact datatype definition extracted from the
 ** original CREATE TABLE statement if the expression is a column. The
 ** declaration type for a ROWID field is INTEGER. Exactly when an expression
@@ -95528,21 +102716,36 @@
 **   SELECT abc FROM (SELECT col AS abc FROM tbl);
 ** 
 ** The declaration type for any expression other than a column is NULL.
+**
+** This routine has either 3 or 6 parameters depending on whether or not
+** the SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA compile-time option is used.
 */
-static const char *columnType(
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
+# define columnType(A,B,C,D,E,F) columnTypeImpl(A,B,C,D,E,F)
+static const char *columnTypeImpl(
   NameContext *pNC, 
   Expr *pExpr,
-  const char **pzOriginDb,
-  const char **pzOriginTab,
-  const char **pzOriginCol
+  const char **pzOrigDb,
+  const char **pzOrigTab,
+  const char **pzOrigCol,
+  u8 *pEstWidth
 ){
+  char const *zOrigDb = 0;
+  char const *zOrigTab = 0;
+  char const *zOrigCol = 0;
+#else /* if !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA) */
+# define columnType(A,B,C,D,E,F) columnTypeImpl(A,B,F)
+static const char *columnTypeImpl(
+  NameContext *pNC, 
+  Expr *pExpr,
+  u8 *pEstWidth
+){
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA) */
   char const *zType = 0;
-  char const *zOriginDb = 0;
-  char const *zOriginTab = 0;
-  char const *zOriginCol = 0;
   int j;
-  if( NEVER(pExpr==0) || pNC->pSrcList==0 ) return 0;
+  u8 estWidth = 1;
 
+  if( NEVER(pExpr==0) || pNC->pSrcList==0 ) return 0;
   switch( pExpr->op ){
     case TK_AGG_COLUMN:
     case TK_COLUMN: {
@@ -95603,25 +102806,35 @@
           sNC.pSrcList = pS->pSrc;
           sNC.pNext = pNC;
           sNC.pParse = pNC->pParse;
-          zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOriginDb, &zOriginTab, &zOriginCol); 
+          zType = columnType(&sNC, p,&zOrigDb,&zOrigTab,&zOrigCol, &estWidth); 
         }
-      }else if( ALWAYS(pTab->pSchema) ){
+      }else if( pTab->pSchema ){
         /* A real table */
         assert( !pS );
         if( iCol<0 ) iCol = pTab->iPKey;
         assert( iCol==-1 || (iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nCol) );
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
         if( iCol<0 ){
           zType = "INTEGER";
-          zOriginCol = "rowid";
+          zOrigCol = "rowid";
         }else{
           zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
-          zOriginCol = pTab->aCol[iCol].zName;
+          zOrigCol = pTab->aCol[iCol].zName;
+          estWidth = pTab->aCol[iCol].szEst;
         }
-        zOriginTab = pTab->zName;
+        zOrigTab = pTab->zName;
         if( pNC->pParse ){
           int iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(pNC->pParse->db, pTab->pSchema);
-          zOriginDb = pNC->pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+          zOrigDb = pNC->pParse->db->aDb[iDb].zName;
         }
+#else
+        if( iCol<0 ){
+          zType = "INTEGER";
+        }else{
+          zType = pTab->aCol[iCol].zType;
+          estWidth = pTab->aCol[iCol].szEst;
+        }
+#endif
       }
       break;
     }
@@ -95638,18 +102851,21 @@
       sNC.pSrcList = pS->pSrc;
       sNC.pNext = pNC;
       sNC.pParse = pNC->pParse;
-      zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOriginDb, &zOriginTab, &zOriginCol); 
+      zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOrigDb, &zOrigTab, &zOrigCol, &estWidth); 
       break;
     }
 #endif
   }
-  
-  if( pzOriginDb ){
-    assert( pzOriginTab && pzOriginCol );
-    *pzOriginDb = zOriginDb;
-    *pzOriginTab = zOriginTab;
-    *pzOriginCol = zOriginCol;
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA  
+  if( pzOrigDb ){
+    assert( pzOrigTab && pzOrigCol );
+    *pzOrigDb = zOrigDb;
+    *pzOrigTab = zOrigTab;
+    *pzOrigCol = zOrigCol;
   }
+#endif
+  if( pEstWidth ) *pEstWidth = estWidth;
   return zType;
 }
 
@@ -95675,7 +102891,7 @@
     const char *zOrigDb = 0;
     const char *zOrigTab = 0;
     const char *zOrigCol = 0;
-    zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOrigDb, &zOrigTab, &zOrigCol);
+    zType = columnType(&sNC, p, &zOrigDb, &zOrigTab, &zOrigCol, 0);
 
     /* The vdbe must make its own copy of the column-type and other 
     ** column specific strings, in case the schema is reset before this
@@ -95685,11 +102901,11 @@
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_TABLE, zOrigTab, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_COLUMN, zOrigCol, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
 #else
-    zType = columnType(&sNC, p, 0, 0, 0);
+    zType = columnType(&sNC, p, 0, 0, 0, 0);
 #endif
     sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_DECLTYPE, zType, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
   }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE */
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_DECLTYPE) */
 }
 
 /*
@@ -95753,8 +102969,9 @@
         sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, zCol, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
       }
     }else{
-      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, 
-          sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pEList->a[i].zSpan), SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
+      const char *z = pEList->a[i].zSpan;
+      z = z==0 ? sqlite3MPrintf(db, "column%d", i+1) : sqlite3DbStrDup(db, z);
+      sqlite3VdbeSetColName(v, i, COLNAME_NAME, z, SQLITE_DYNAMIC);
     }
   }
   generateColumnTypes(pParse, pTabList, pEList);
@@ -95776,7 +102993,7 @@
 static int selectColumnsFromExprList(
   Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
   ExprList *pEList,       /* Expr list from which to derive column names */
-  int *pnCol,             /* Write the number of columns here */
+  i16 *pnCol,             /* Write the number of columns here */
   Column **paCol          /* Write the new column list here */
 ){
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;   /* Database connection */
@@ -95788,15 +103005,21 @@
   char *zName;                /* Column name */
   int nName;                  /* Size of name in zName[] */
 
-  *pnCol = nCol = pEList ? pEList->nExpr : 0;
-  aCol = *paCol = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(aCol[0])*nCol);
-  if( aCol==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  if( pEList ){
+    nCol = pEList->nExpr;
+    aCol = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(aCol[0])*nCol);
+    testcase( aCol==0 );
+  }else{
+    nCol = 0;
+    aCol = 0;
+  }
+  *pnCol = nCol;
+  *paCol = aCol;
+
   for(i=0, pCol=aCol; i<nCol; i++, pCol++){
     /* Get an appropriate name for the column
     */
-    p = pEList->a[i].pExpr;
-    assert( p->pRight==0 || ExprHasProperty(p->pRight, EP_IntValue)
-               || p->pRight->u.zToken==0 || p->pRight->u.zToken[0]!=0 );
+    p = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pEList->a[i].pExpr);
     if( (zName = pEList->a[i].zName)!=0 ){
       /* If the column contains an "AS <name>" phrase, use <name> as the name */
       zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zName);
@@ -95834,6 +103057,9 @@
     for(j=cnt=0; j<i; j++){
       if( sqlite3StrICmp(aCol[j].zName, zName)==0 ){
         char *zNewName;
+        int k;
+        for(k=nName-1; k>1 && sqlite3Isdigit(zName[k]); k--){}
+        if( k>=0 && zName[k]==':' ) nName = k;
         zName[nName] = 0;
         zNewName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s:%d", zName, ++cnt);
         sqlite3DbFree(db, zName);
@@ -95869,8 +103095,7 @@
 */
 static void selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(
   Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing contexts */
-  int nCol,             /* Number of columns */
-  Column *aCol,         /* List of columns */
+  Table *pTab,          /* Add column type information to this table */
   Select *pSelect       /* SELECT used to determine types and collations */
 ){
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
@@ -95880,17 +103105,19 @@
   int i;
   Expr *p;
   struct ExprList_item *a;
+  u64 szAll = 0;
 
   assert( pSelect!=0 );
   assert( (pSelect->selFlags & SF_Resolved)!=0 );
-  assert( nCol==pSelect->pEList->nExpr || db->mallocFailed );
+  assert( pTab->nCol==pSelect->pEList->nExpr || db->mallocFailed );
   if( db->mallocFailed ) return;
   memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
   sNC.pSrcList = pSelect->pSrc;
   a = pSelect->pEList->a;
-  for(i=0, pCol=aCol; i<nCol; i++, pCol++){
+  for(i=0, pCol=pTab->aCol; i<pTab->nCol; i++, pCol++){
     p = a[i].pExpr;
-    pCol->zType = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, columnType(&sNC, p, 0, 0, 0));
+    pCol->zType = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, columnType(&sNC, p,0,0,0, &pCol->szEst));
+    szAll += pCol->szEst;
     pCol->affinity = sqlite3ExprAffinity(p);
     if( pCol->affinity==0 ) pCol->affinity = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
     pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, p);
@@ -95898,6 +103125,7 @@
       pCol->zColl = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pColl->zName);
     }
   }
+  pTab->szTabRow = sqlite3LogEst(szAll*4);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -95925,9 +103153,9 @@
   assert( db->lookaside.bEnabled==0 );
   pTab->nRef = 1;
   pTab->zName = 0;
-  pTab->nRowEst = 1000000;
+  pTab->nRowLogEst = 200; assert( 200==sqlite3LogEst(1048576) );
   selectColumnsFromExprList(pParse, pSelect->pEList, &pTab->nCol, &pTab->aCol);
-  selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(pParse, pTab->nCol, pTab->aCol, pSelect);
+  selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(pParse, pTab, pSelect);
   pTab->iPKey = -1;
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pTab);
@@ -95943,12 +103171,14 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE Vdbe *sqlite3GetVdbe(Parse *pParse){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
   if( v==0 ){
-    v = pParse->pVdbe = sqlite3VdbeCreate(pParse->db);
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRACE
-    if( v ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Trace);
+    v = pParse->pVdbe = sqlite3VdbeCreate(pParse);
+    if( v ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Init);
+    if( pParse->pToplevel==0
+     && OptimizationEnabled(pParse->db,SQLITE_FactorOutConst)
+    ){
+      pParse->okConstFactor = 1;
     }
-#endif
+
   }
   return v;
 }
@@ -95965,8 +103195,13 @@
 **
 ** This routine changes the values of iLimit and iOffset only if
 ** a limit or offset is defined by pLimit and pOffset.  iLimit and
-** iOffset should have been preset to appropriate default values
-** (usually but not always -1) prior to calling this routine.
+** iOffset should have been preset to appropriate default values (zero)
+** prior to calling this routine.
+**
+** The iOffset register (if it exists) is initialized to the value
+** of the OFFSET.  The iLimit register is initialized to LIMIT.  Register
+** iOffset+1 is initialized to LIMIT+OFFSET.
+**
 ** Only if pLimit!=0 or pOffset!=0 do the limit registers get
 ** redefined.  The UNION ALL operator uses this property to force
 ** the reuse of the same limit and offset registers across multiple
@@ -95981,7 +103216,7 @@
 
   /* 
   ** "LIMIT -1" always shows all rows.  There is some
-  ** contraversy about what the correct behavior should be.
+  ** controversy about what the correct behavior should be.
   ** The current implementation interprets "LIMIT 0" to mean
   ** no rows.
   */
@@ -95990,33 +103225,33 @@
   if( p->pLimit ){
     p->iLimit = iLimit = ++pParse->nMem;
     v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
-    if( NEVER(v==0) ) return;  /* VDBE should have already been allocated */
+    assert( v!=0 );
     if( sqlite3ExprIsInteger(p->pLimit, &n) ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, n, iLimit);
       VdbeComment((v, "LIMIT counter"));
       if( n==0 ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, iBreak);
-      }else{
-        if( p->nSelectRow > (double)n ) p->nSelectRow = (double)n;
+      }else if( n>=0 && p->nSelectRow>(u64)n ){
+        p->nSelectRow = n;
       }
     }else{
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, p->pLimit, iLimit);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, iLimit);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, iLimit); VdbeCoverage(v);
       VdbeComment((v, "LIMIT counter"));
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfZero, iLimit, iBreak);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfZero, iLimit, iBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
     }
     if( p->pOffset ){
       p->iOffset = iOffset = ++pParse->nMem;
       pParse->nMem++;   /* Allocate an extra register for limit+offset */
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, p->pOffset, iOffset);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, iOffset);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, iOffset); VdbeCoverage(v);
       VdbeComment((v, "OFFSET counter"));
-      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, iOffset);
+      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, iOffset); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iOffset);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Add, iLimit, iOffset, iOffset+1);
       VdbeComment((v, "LIMIT+OFFSET"));
-      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, iLimit);
+      addr1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, iLimit); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, -1, iOffset+1);
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr1);
     }
@@ -96045,9 +103280,210 @@
   }
   return pRet;
 }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT */
 
-/* Forward reference */
+/*
+** The select statement passed as the second parameter is a compound SELECT
+** with an ORDER BY clause. This function allocates and returns a KeyInfo
+** structure suitable for implementing the ORDER BY.
+**
+** Space to hold the KeyInfo structure is obtained from malloc. The calling
+** function is responsible for ensuring that this structure is eventually
+** freed.
+*/
+static KeyInfo *multiSelectOrderByKeyInfo(Parse *pParse, Select *p, int nExtra){
+  ExprList *pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+  int nOrderBy = p->pOrderBy->nExpr;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  KeyInfo *pRet = sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(db, nOrderBy+nExtra, 1);
+  if( pRet ){
+    int i;
+    for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
+      struct ExprList_item *pItem = &pOrderBy->a[i];
+      Expr *pTerm = pItem->pExpr;
+      CollSeq *pColl;
+
+      if( pTerm->flags & EP_Collate ){
+        pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pTerm);
+      }else{
+        pColl = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p, pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol-1);
+        if( pColl==0 ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+        pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr =
+          sqlite3ExprAddCollateString(pParse, pTerm, pColl->zName);
+      }
+      assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pRet) );
+      pRet->aColl[i] = pColl;
+      pRet->aSortOrder[i] = pOrderBy->a[i].sortOrder;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return pRet;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+/*
+** This routine generates VDBE code to compute the content of a WITH RECURSIVE
+** query of the form:
+**
+**   <recursive-table> AS (<setup-query> UNION [ALL] <recursive-query>)
+**                         \___________/             \_______________/
+**                           p->pPrior                      p
+**
+**
+** There is exactly one reference to the recursive-table in the FROM clause
+** of recursive-query, marked with the SrcList->a[].isRecursive flag.
+**
+** The setup-query runs once to generate an initial set of rows that go
+** into a Queue table.  Rows are extracted from the Queue table one by
+** one.  Each row extracted from Queue is output to pDest.  Then the single
+** extracted row (now in the iCurrent table) becomes the content of the
+** recursive-table for a recursive-query run.  The output of the recursive-query
+** is added back into the Queue table.  Then another row is extracted from Queue
+** and the iteration continues until the Queue table is empty.
+**
+** If the compound query operator is UNION then no duplicate rows are ever
+** inserted into the Queue table.  The iDistinct table keeps a copy of all rows
+** that have ever been inserted into Queue and causes duplicates to be
+** discarded.  If the operator is UNION ALL, then duplicates are allowed.
+** 
+** If the query has an ORDER BY, then entries in the Queue table are kept in
+** ORDER BY order and the first entry is extracted for each cycle.  Without
+** an ORDER BY, the Queue table is just a FIFO.
+**
+** If a LIMIT clause is provided, then the iteration stops after LIMIT rows
+** have been output to pDest.  A LIMIT of zero means to output no rows and a
+** negative LIMIT means to output all rows.  If there is also an OFFSET clause
+** with a positive value, then the first OFFSET outputs are discarded rather
+** than being sent to pDest.  The LIMIT count does not begin until after OFFSET
+** rows have been skipped.
+*/
+static void generateWithRecursiveQuery(
+  Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
+  Select *p,            /* The recursive SELECT to be coded */
+  SelectDest *pDest     /* What to do with query results */
+){
+  SrcList *pSrc = p->pSrc;      /* The FROM clause of the recursive query */
+  int nCol = p->pEList->nExpr;  /* Number of columns in the recursive table */
+  Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;      /* The prepared statement under construction */
+  Select *pSetup = p->pPrior;   /* The setup query */
+  int addrTop;                  /* Top of the loop */
+  int addrCont, addrBreak;      /* CONTINUE and BREAK addresses */
+  int iCurrent = 0;             /* The Current table */
+  int regCurrent;               /* Register holding Current table */
+  int iQueue;                   /* The Queue table */
+  int iDistinct = 0;            /* To ensure unique results if UNION */
+  int eDest = SRT_Fifo;         /* How to write to Queue */
+  SelectDest destQueue;         /* SelectDest targetting the Queue table */
+  int i;                        /* Loop counter */
+  int rc;                       /* Result code */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;           /* The ORDER BY clause */
+  Expr *pLimit, *pOffset;       /* Saved LIMIT and OFFSET */
+  int regLimit, regOffset;      /* Registers used by LIMIT and OFFSET */
+
+  /* Obtain authorization to do a recursive query */
+  if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_RECURSIVE, 0, 0, 0) ) return;
+
+  /* Process the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses, if they exist */
+  addrBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+  computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, addrBreak);
+  pLimit = p->pLimit;
+  pOffset = p->pOffset;
+  regLimit = p->iLimit;
+  regOffset = p->iOffset;
+  p->pLimit = p->pOffset = 0;
+  p->iLimit = p->iOffset = 0;
+  pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+
+  /* Locate the cursor number of the Current table */
+  for(i=0; ALWAYS(i<pSrc->nSrc); i++){
+    if( pSrc->a[i].isRecursive ){
+      iCurrent = pSrc->a[i].iCursor;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Allocate cursors numbers for Queue and Distinct.  The cursor number for
+  ** the Distinct table must be exactly one greater than Queue in order
+  ** for the SRT_DistFifo and SRT_DistQueue destinations to work. */
+  iQueue = pParse->nTab++;
+  if( p->op==TK_UNION ){
+    eDest = pOrderBy ? SRT_DistQueue : SRT_DistFifo;
+    iDistinct = pParse->nTab++;
+  }else{
+    eDest = pOrderBy ? SRT_Queue : SRT_Fifo;
+  }
+  sqlite3SelectDestInit(&destQueue, eDest, iQueue);
+
+  /* Allocate cursors for Current, Queue, and Distinct. */
+  regCurrent = ++pParse->nMem;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenPseudo, iCurrent, regCurrent, nCol);
+  if( pOrderBy ){
+    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = multiSelectOrderByKeyInfo(pParse, p, 1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iQueue, pOrderBy->nExpr+2, 0,
+                      (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
+    destQueue.pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iQueue, nCol);
+  }
+  VdbeComment((v, "Queue table"));
+  if( iDistinct ){
+    p->addrOpenEphm[0] = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iDistinct, 0);
+    p->selFlags |= SF_UsesEphemeral;
+  }
+
+  /* Detach the ORDER BY clause from the compound SELECT */
+  p->pOrderBy = 0;
+
+  /* Store the results of the setup-query in Queue. */
+  pSetup->pNext = 0;
+  rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, pSetup, &destQueue);
+  pSetup->pNext = p;
+  if( rc ) goto end_of_recursive_query;
+
+  /* Find the next row in the Queue and output that row */
+  addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iQueue, addrBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
+
+  /* Transfer the next row in Queue over to Current */
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NullRow, iCurrent); /* To reset column cache */
+  if( pOrderBy ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iQueue, pOrderBy->nExpr+1, regCurrent);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowData, iQueue, regCurrent);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Delete, iQueue);
+
+  /* Output the single row in Current */
+  addrCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+  codeOffset(v, regOffset, addrCont);
+  selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, iCurrent,
+      0, 0, pDest, addrCont, addrBreak);
+  if( regLimit ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, regLimit, addrBreak, -1);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrCont);
+
+  /* Execute the recursive SELECT taking the single row in Current as
+  ** the value for the recursive-table. Store the results in the Queue.
+  */
+  p->pPrior = 0;
+  sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &destQueue);
+  assert( p->pPrior==0 );
+  p->pPrior = pSetup;
+
+  /* Keep running the loop until the Queue is empty */
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrTop);
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrBreak);
+
+end_of_recursive_query:
+  sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, p->pOrderBy);
+  p->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
+  p->pLimit = pLimit;
+  p->pOffset = pOffset;
+  return;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_CTE */
+
+/* Forward references */
 static int multiSelectOrderBy(
   Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
   Select *p,            /* The right-most of SELECTs to be coded */
@@ -96055,7 +103491,6 @@
 );
 
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
 /*
 ** This routine is called to process a compound query form from
 ** two or more separate queries using UNION, UNION ALL, EXCEPT, or
@@ -96099,18 +103534,17 @@
   Select *pDelete = 0;  /* Chain of simple selects to delete */
   sqlite3 *db;          /* Database connection */
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_EXPLAIN
-  int iSub1;            /* EQP id of left-hand query */
-  int iSub2;            /* EQP id of right-hand query */
+  int iSub1 = 0;        /* EQP id of left-hand query */
+  int iSub2 = 0;        /* EQP id of right-hand query */
 #endif
 
   /* Make sure there is no ORDER BY or LIMIT clause on prior SELECTs.  Only
   ** the last (right-most) SELECT in the series may have an ORDER BY or LIMIT.
   */
   assert( p && p->pPrior );  /* Calling function guarantees this much */
+  assert( (p->selFlags & SF_Recursive)==0 || p->op==TK_ALL || p->op==TK_UNION );
   db = pParse->db;
   pPrior = p->pPrior;
-  assert( pPrior->pRightmost!=pPrior );
-  assert( pPrior->pRightmost==p->pRightmost );
   dest = *pDest;
   if( pPrior->pOrderBy ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,"ORDER BY clause should come after %s not before",
@@ -96132,7 +103566,7 @@
   */
   if( dest.eDest==SRT_EphemTab ){
     assert( p->pEList );
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, dest.iParm, p->pEList->nExpr);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, dest.iSDParm, p->pEList->nExpr);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
     dest.eDest = SRT_Table;
   }
@@ -96152,11 +103586,17 @@
     goto multi_select_end;
   }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+  if( p->selFlags & SF_Recursive ){
+    generateWithRecursiveQuery(pParse, p, &dest);
+  }else
+#endif
+
   /* Compound SELECTs that have an ORDER BY clause are handled separately.
   */
   if( p->pOrderBy ){
     return multiSelectOrderBy(pParse, p, pDest);
-  }
+  }else
 
   /* Generate code for the left and right SELECT statements.
   */
@@ -96165,6 +103605,8 @@
       int addr = 0;
       int nLimit;
       assert( !pPrior->pLimit );
+      pPrior->iLimit = p->iLimit;
+      pPrior->iOffset = p->iOffset;
       pPrior->pLimit = p->pLimit;
       pPrior->pOffset = p->pOffset;
       explainSetInteger(iSub1, pParse->iNextSelectId);
@@ -96178,7 +103620,7 @@
       p->iLimit = pPrior->iLimit;
       p->iOffset = pPrior->iOffset;
       if( p->iLimit ){
-        addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit);
+        addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit); VdbeCoverage(v);
         VdbeComment((v, "Jump ahead if LIMIT reached"));
       }
       explainSetInteger(iSub2, pParse->iNextSelectId);
@@ -96189,9 +103631,9 @@
       p->nSelectRow += pPrior->nSelectRow;
       if( pPrior->pLimit
        && sqlite3ExprIsInteger(pPrior->pLimit, &nLimit)
-       && p->nSelectRow > (double)nLimit 
+       && nLimit>0 && p->nSelectRow > (u64)nLimit 
       ){
-        p->nSelectRow = (double)nLimit;
+        p->nSelectRow = nLimit;
       }
       if( addr ){
         sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
@@ -96210,15 +103652,13 @@
       testcase( p->op==TK_EXCEPT );
       testcase( p->op==TK_UNION );
       priorOp = SRT_Union;
-      if( dest.eDest==priorOp && ALWAYS(!p->pLimit &&!p->pOffset) ){
+      if( dest.eDest==priorOp ){
         /* We can reuse a temporary table generated by a SELECT to our
         ** right.
         */
-        assert( p->pRightmost!=p );  /* Can only happen for leftward elements
-                                     ** of a 3-way or more compound */
         assert( p->pLimit==0 );      /* Not allowed on leftward elements */
         assert( p->pOffset==0 );     /* Not allowed on leftward elements */
-        unionTab = dest.iParm;
+        unionTab = dest.iSDParm;
       }else{
         /* We will need to create our own temporary table to hold the
         ** intermediate results.
@@ -96228,7 +103668,7 @@
         addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, unionTab, 0);
         assert( p->addrOpenEphm[0] == -1 );
         p->addrOpenEphm[0] = addr;
-        p->pRightmost->selFlags |= SF_UsesEphemeral;
+        findRightmost(p)->selFlags |= SF_UsesEphemeral;
         assert( p->pEList );
       }
 
@@ -96275,7 +103715,7 @@
       /* Convert the data in the temporary table into whatever form
       ** it is that we currently need.
       */
-      assert( unionTab==dest.iParm || dest.eDest!=priorOp );
+      assert( unionTab==dest.iSDParm || dest.eDest!=priorOp );
       if( dest.eDest!=priorOp ){
         int iCont, iBreak, iStart;
         assert( p->pEList );
@@ -96287,12 +103727,12 @@
         iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
         iCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
         computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iBreak);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, unionTab, iBreak);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, unionTab, iBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
         iStart = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-        selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, unionTab, p->pEList->nExpr,
-                        0, -1, &dest, iCont, iBreak);
+        selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, unionTab,
+                        0, 0, &dest, iCont, iBreak);
         sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iCont);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, unionTab, iStart);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, unionTab, iStart); VdbeCoverage(v);
         sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iBreak);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, unionTab, 0);
       }
@@ -96317,7 +103757,7 @@
       addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, tab1, 0);
       assert( p->addrOpenEphm[0] == -1 );
       p->addrOpenEphm[0] = addr;
-      p->pRightmost->selFlags |= SF_UsesEphemeral;
+      findRightmost(p)->selFlags |= SF_UsesEphemeral;
       assert( p->pEList );
 
       /* Code the SELECTs to our left into temporary table "tab1".
@@ -96339,7 +103779,7 @@
       p->pLimit = 0;
       pOffset = p->pOffset;
       p->pOffset = 0;
-      intersectdest.iParm = tab2;
+      intersectdest.iSDParm = tab2;
       explainSetInteger(iSub2, pParse->iNextSelectId);
       rc = sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &intersectdest);
       testcase( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
@@ -96362,15 +103802,15 @@
       iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
       iCont = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
       computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iBreak);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, tab1, iBreak);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, tab1, iBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
       r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       iStart = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowKey, tab1, r1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, tab2, iCont, r1, 0);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, tab2, iCont, r1, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
-      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, tab1, p->pEList->nExpr,
-                      0, -1, &dest, iCont, iBreak);
+      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, tab1,
+                      0, 0, &dest, iCont, iBreak);
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iCont);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, tab1, iStart);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, tab1, iStart); VdbeCoverage(v);
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iBreak);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, tab2, 0);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, tab1, 0);
@@ -96396,18 +103836,13 @@
     CollSeq **apColl;             /* For looping through pKeyInfo->aColl[] */
     int nCol;                     /* Number of columns in result set */
 
-    assert( p->pRightmost==p );
+    assert( p->pNext==0 );
     nCol = p->pEList->nExpr;
-    pKeyInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db,
-                       sizeof(*pKeyInfo)+nCol*(sizeof(CollSeq*) + 1));
+    pKeyInfo = sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(db, nCol, 1);
     if( !pKeyInfo ){
       rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
       goto multi_select_end;
     }
-
-    pKeyInfo->enc = ENC(db);
-    pKeyInfo->nField = (u16)nCol;
-
     for(i=0, apColl=pKeyInfo->aColl; i<nCol; i++, apColl++){
       *apColl = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p, i);
       if( 0==*apColl ){
@@ -96425,16 +103860,17 @@
           break;
         }
         sqlite3VdbeChangeP2(v, addr, nCol);
-        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr, (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, addr, (char*)sqlite3KeyInfoRef(pKeyInfo),
+                            P4_KEYINFO);
         pLoop->addrOpenEphm[i] = -1;
       }
     }
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, pKeyInfo);
+    sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pKeyInfo);
   }
 
 multi_select_end:
-  pDest->iMem = dest.iMem;
-  pDest->nMem = dest.nMem;
+  pDest->iSdst = dest.iSdst;
+  pDest->nSdst = dest.nSdst;
   sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pDelete);
   return rc;
 }
@@ -96444,8 +103880,8 @@
 ** Code an output subroutine for a coroutine implementation of a
 ** SELECT statment.
 **
-** The data to be output is contained in pIn->iMem.  There are
-** pIn->nMem columns to be output.  pDest is where the output should
+** The data to be output is contained in pIn->iSdst.  There are
+** pIn->nSdst columns to be output.  pDest is where the output should
 ** be sent.
 **
 ** regReturn is the number of the register holding the subroutine
@@ -96468,7 +103904,6 @@
   int regReturn,          /* The return address register */
   int regPrev,            /* Previous result register.  No uniqueness if 0 */
   KeyInfo *pKeyInfo,      /* For comparing with previous entry */
-  int p4type,             /* The p4 type for pKeyInfo */
   int iBreak              /* Jump here if we hit the LIMIT */
 ){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
@@ -96482,19 +103917,19 @@
   */
   if( regPrev ){
     int j1, j2;
-    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regPrev);
-    j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, pIn->iMem, regPrev+1, pIn->nMem,
-                              (char*)pKeyInfo, p4type);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, j2+2, iContinue, j2+2);
+    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfNot, regPrev); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    j2 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, pIn->iSdst, regPrev+1, pIn->nSdst,
+                              (char*)sqlite3KeyInfoRef(pKeyInfo), P4_KEYINFO);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, j2+2, iContinue, j2+2); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
-    sqlite3ExprCodeCopy(pParse, pIn->iMem, regPrev+1, pIn->nMem);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Copy, pIn->iSdst, regPrev+1, pIn->nSdst-1);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regPrev);
   }
   if( pParse->db->mallocFailed ) return 0;
 
-  /* Suppress the the first OFFSET entries if there is an OFFSET clause
+  /* Suppress the first OFFSET entries if there is an OFFSET clause
   */
-  codeOffset(v, p, iContinue);
+  codeOffset(v, p->iOffset, iContinue);
 
   switch( pDest->eDest ){
     /* Store the result as data using a unique key.
@@ -96505,9 +103940,9 @@
       int r2 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
       testcase( pDest->eDest==SRT_Table );
       testcase( pDest->eDest==SRT_EphemTab );
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, pIn->iMem, pIn->nMem, r1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, pDest->iParm, r2);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, pDest->iParm, r1, r2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, pIn->iSdst, pIn->nSdst, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_NewRowid, pDest->iSDParm, r2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Insert, pDest->iSDParm, r1, r2);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_APPEND);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r2);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
@@ -96521,13 +103956,13 @@
     */
     case SRT_Set: {
       int r1;
-      assert( pIn->nMem==1 );
-      p->affinity = 
-         sqlite3CompareAffinity(p->pEList->a[0].pExpr, pDest->affinity);
+      assert( pIn->nSdst==1 );
+      pDest->affSdst = 
+         sqlite3CompareAffinity(p->pEList->a[0].pExpr, pDest->affSdst);
       r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, pIn->iMem, 1, r1, &p->affinity, 1);
-      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pIn->iMem, 1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, pDest->iParm, r1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, pIn->iSdst, 1, r1, &pDest->affSdst,1);
+      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pIn->iSdst, 1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, pDest->iSDParm, r1);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
       break;
     }
@@ -96536,7 +103971,7 @@
     /* If any row exist in the result set, record that fact and abort.
     */
     case SRT_Exists: {
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, pDest->iParm);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, pDest->iSDParm);
       /* The LIMIT clause will terminate the loop for us */
       break;
     }
@@ -96547,23 +103982,23 @@
     ** of the scan loop.
     */
     case SRT_Mem: {
-      assert( pIn->nMem==1 );
-      sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, pIn->iMem, pDest->iParm, 1);
+      assert( pIn->nSdst==1 );
+      sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, pIn->iSdst, pDest->iSDParm, 1);
       /* The LIMIT clause will jump out of the loop for us */
       break;
     }
 #endif /* #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
 
     /* The results are stored in a sequence of registers
-    ** starting at pDest->iMem.  Then the co-routine yields.
+    ** starting at pDest->iSdst.  Then the co-routine yields.
     */
     case SRT_Coroutine: {
-      if( pDest->iMem==0 ){
-        pDest->iMem = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pIn->nMem);
-        pDest->nMem = pIn->nMem;
+      if( pDest->iSdst==0 ){
+        pDest->iSdst = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pIn->nSdst);
+        pDest->nSdst = pIn->nSdst;
       }
-      sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, pIn->iMem, pDest->iMem, pDest->nMem);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iParm);
+      sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, pIn->iSdst, pDest->iSdst, pDest->nSdst);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, pDest->iSDParm);
       break;
     }
 
@@ -96577,8 +104012,8 @@
     */
     default: {
       assert( pDest->eDest==SRT_Output );
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, pIn->iMem, pIn->nMem);
-      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pIn->iMem, pIn->nMem);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_ResultRow, pIn->iSdst, pIn->nSdst);
+      sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, pIn->iSdst, pIn->nSdst);
       break;
     }
   }
@@ -96586,7 +104021,7 @@
   /* Jump to the end of the loop if the LIMIT is reached.
   */
   if( p->iLimit ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit, iBreak, -1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IfZero, p->iLimit, iBreak, -1); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
   /* Generate the subroutine return
@@ -96694,9 +104129,7 @@
   SelectDest destA;     /* Destination for coroutine A */
   SelectDest destB;     /* Destination for coroutine B */
   int regAddrA;         /* Address register for select-A coroutine */
-  int regEofA;          /* Flag to indicate when select-A is complete */
   int regAddrB;         /* Address register for select-B coroutine */
-  int regEofB;          /* Flag to indicate when select-B is complete */
   int addrSelectA;      /* Address of the select-A coroutine */
   int addrSelectB;      /* Address of the select-B coroutine */
   int regOutA;          /* Address register for the output-A subroutine */
@@ -96704,6 +104137,7 @@
   int addrOutA;         /* Address of the output-A subroutine */
   int addrOutB = 0;     /* Address of the output-B subroutine */
   int addrEofA;         /* Address of the select-A-exhausted subroutine */
+  int addrEofA_noB;     /* Alternate addrEofA if B is uninitialized */
   int addrEofB;         /* Address of the select-B-exhausted subroutine */
   int addrAltB;         /* Address of the A<B subroutine */
   int addrAeqB;         /* Address of the A==B subroutine */
@@ -96754,8 +104188,8 @@
     for(i=1; db->mallocFailed==0 && i<=p->pEList->nExpr; i++){
       struct ExprList_item *pItem;
       for(j=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; j<nOrderBy; j++, pItem++){
-        assert( pItem->iOrderByCol>0 );
-        if( pItem->iOrderByCol==i ) break;
+        assert( pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol>0 );
+        if( pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol==i ) break;
       }
       if( j==nOrderBy ){
         Expr *pNew = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_INTEGER, 0);
@@ -96763,7 +104197,7 @@
         pNew->flags |= EP_IntValue;
         pNew->u.iValue = i;
         pOrderBy = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pOrderBy, pNew);
-        if( pOrderBy ) pOrderBy->a[nOrderBy++].iOrderByCol = (u16)i;
+        if( pOrderBy ) pOrderBy->a[nOrderBy++].u.x.iOrderByCol = (u16)i;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -96779,29 +104213,11 @@
   if( aPermute ){
     struct ExprList_item *pItem;
     for(i=0, pItem=pOrderBy->a; i<nOrderBy; i++, pItem++){
-      assert( pItem->iOrderByCol>0  && pItem->iOrderByCol<=p->pEList->nExpr );
-      aPermute[i] = pItem->iOrderByCol - 1;
+      assert( pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol>0
+          && pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol<=p->pEList->nExpr );
+      aPermute[i] = pItem->u.x.iOrderByCol - 1;
     }
-    pKeyMerge =
-      sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(*pKeyMerge)+nOrderBy*(sizeof(CollSeq*)+1));
-    if( pKeyMerge ){
-      pKeyMerge->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pKeyMerge->aColl[nOrderBy];
-      pKeyMerge->nField = (u16)nOrderBy;
-      pKeyMerge->enc = ENC(db);
-      for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
-        CollSeq *pColl;
-        Expr *pTerm = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
-        if( pTerm->flags & EP_ExpCollate ){
-          pColl = pTerm->pColl;
-        }else{
-          pColl = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p, aPermute[i]);
-          pTerm->flags |= EP_ExpCollate;
-          pTerm->pColl = pColl;
-        }
-        pKeyMerge->aColl[i] = pColl;
-        pKeyMerge->aSortOrder[i] = pOrderBy->a[i].sortOrder;
-      }
-    }
+    pKeyMerge = multiSelectOrderByKeyInfo(pParse, p, 1);
   }else{
     pKeyMerge = 0;
   }
@@ -96820,14 +104236,12 @@
   }else{
     int nExpr = p->pEList->nExpr;
     assert( nOrderBy>=nExpr || db->mallocFailed );
-    regPrev = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nExpr+1);
+    regPrev = pParse->nMem+1;
+    pParse->nMem += nExpr+1;
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regPrev);
-    pKeyDup = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db,
-                  sizeof(*pKeyDup) + nExpr*(sizeof(CollSeq*)+1) );
+    pKeyDup = sqlite3KeyInfoAlloc(db, nExpr, 1);
     if( pKeyDup ){
-      pKeyDup->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pKeyDup->aColl[nExpr];
-      pKeyDup->nField = (u16)nExpr;
-      pKeyDup->enc = ENC(db);
+      assert( sqlite3KeyInfoIsWriteable(pKeyDup) );
       for(i=0; i<nExpr; i++){
         pKeyDup->aColl[i] = multiSelectCollSeq(pParse, p, i);
         pKeyDup->aSortOrder[i] = 0;
@@ -96838,6 +104252,7 @@
   /* Separate the left and the right query from one another
   */
   p->pPrior = 0;
+  pPrior->pNext = 0;
   sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(pParse, p, p->pOrderBy, "ORDER");
   if( pPrior->pPrior==0 ){
     sqlite3ResolveOrderGroupBy(pParse, pPrior, pPrior->pOrderBy, "ORDER");
@@ -96860,37 +104275,30 @@
   p->pOffset = 0;
 
   regAddrA = ++pParse->nMem;
-  regEofA = ++pParse->nMem;
   regAddrB = ++pParse->nMem;
-  regEofB = ++pParse->nMem;
   regOutA = ++pParse->nMem;
   regOutB = ++pParse->nMem;
   sqlite3SelectDestInit(&destA, SRT_Coroutine, regAddrA);
   sqlite3SelectDestInit(&destB, SRT_Coroutine, regAddrB);
 
-  /* Jump past the various subroutines and coroutines to the main
-  ** merge loop
-  */
-  j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
-  addrSelectA = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-
-
   /* Generate a coroutine to evaluate the SELECT statement to the
   ** left of the compound operator - the "A" select.
   */
-  VdbeNoopComment((v, "Begin coroutine for left SELECT"));
+  addrSelectA = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 1;
+  j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InitCoroutine, regAddrA, 0, addrSelectA);
+  VdbeComment((v, "left SELECT"));
   pPrior->iLimit = regLimitA;
   explainSetInteger(iSub1, pParse->iNextSelectId);
   sqlite3Select(pParse, pPrior, &destA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regEofA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
-  VdbeNoopComment((v, "End coroutine for left SELECT"));
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_EndCoroutine, regAddrA);
+  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
 
   /* Generate a coroutine to evaluate the SELECT statement on 
   ** the right - the "B" select
   */
-  addrSelectB = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-  VdbeNoopComment((v, "Begin coroutine for right SELECT"));
+  addrSelectB = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 1;
+  j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InitCoroutine, regAddrB, 0, addrSelectB);
+  VdbeComment((v, "right SELECT"));
   savedLimit = p->iLimit;
   savedOffset = p->iOffset;
   p->iLimit = regLimitB;
@@ -96899,9 +104307,7 @@
   sqlite3Select(pParse, p, &destB);
   p->iLimit = savedLimit;
   p->iOffset = savedOffset;
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 1, regEofB);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB);
-  VdbeNoopComment((v, "End coroutine for right SELECT"));
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_EndCoroutine, regAddrB);
 
   /* Generate a subroutine that outputs the current row of the A
   ** select as the next output row of the compound select.
@@ -96909,7 +104315,7 @@
   VdbeNoopComment((v, "Output routine for A"));
   addrOutA = generateOutputSubroutine(pParse,
                  p, &destA, pDest, regOutA,
-                 regPrev, pKeyDup, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF, labelEnd);
+                 regPrev, pKeyDup, labelEnd);
   
   /* Generate a subroutine that outputs the current row of the B
   ** select as the next output row of the compound select.
@@ -96918,19 +104324,20 @@
     VdbeNoopComment((v, "Output routine for B"));
     addrOutB = generateOutputSubroutine(pParse,
                  p, &destB, pDest, regOutB,
-                 regPrev, pKeyDup, P4_KEYINFO_STATIC, labelEnd);
+                 regPrev, pKeyDup, labelEnd);
   }
+  sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pKeyDup);
 
   /* Generate a subroutine to run when the results from select A
   ** are exhausted and only data in select B remains.
   */
-  VdbeNoopComment((v, "eof-A subroutine"));
   if( op==TK_EXCEPT || op==TK_INTERSECT ){
-    addrEofA = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelEnd);
+    addrEofA_noB = addrEofA = labelEnd;
   }else{  
-    addrEofA = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofB, labelEnd);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutB, addrOutB);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB);
+    VdbeNoopComment((v, "eof-A subroutine"));
+    addrEofA = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutB, addrOutB);
+    addrEofA_noB = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB, labelEnd);
+                                     VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrEofA);
     p->nSelectRow += pPrior->nSelectRow;
   }
@@ -96943,9 +104350,8 @@
     if( p->nSelectRow > pPrior->nSelectRow ) p->nSelectRow = pPrior->nSelectRow;
   }else{  
     VdbeNoopComment((v, "eof-B subroutine"));
-    addrEofB = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, labelEnd);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutA, addrOutA);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
+    addrEofB = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutA, addrOutA);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA, labelEnd); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addrEofB);
   }
 
@@ -96953,8 +104359,7 @@
   */
   VdbeNoopComment((v, "A-lt-B subroutine"));
   addrAltB = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutA, addrOutA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, addrEofA);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA, addrEofA); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelCmpr);
 
   /* Generate code to handle the case of A==B
@@ -96967,8 +104372,7 @@
   }else{
     VdbeNoopComment((v, "A-eq-B subroutine"));
     addrAeqB =
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, addrEofA);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA, addrEofA); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelCmpr);
   }
 
@@ -96979,33 +104383,23 @@
   if( op==TK_ALL || op==TK_UNION ){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutB, addrOutB);
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofB, addrEofB);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB, addrEofB); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelCmpr);
 
   /* This code runs once to initialize everything.
   */
   sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regEofA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regEofB);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regAddrA, addrSelectA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regAddrB, addrSelectB);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofA, addrEofA);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, regEofB, addrEofB);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrA, addrEofA_noB); VdbeCoverage(v);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regAddrB, addrEofB); VdbeCoverage(v);
 
   /* Implement the main merge loop
   */
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, labelCmpr);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Permutation, 0, 0, 0, (char*)aPermute, P4_INTARRAY);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, destA.iMem, destB.iMem, nOrderBy,
-                         (char*)pKeyMerge, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, addrAltB, addrAeqB, addrAgtB);
-
-  /* Release temporary registers
-  */
-  if( regPrev ){
-    sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, regPrev, nOrderBy+1);
-  }
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, destA.iSdst, destB.iSdst, nOrderBy,
+                         (char*)pKeyMerge, P4_KEYINFO);
+  sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_PERMUTE);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, addrAltB, addrAeqB, addrAgtB); VdbeCoverage(v);
 
   /* Jump to the this point in order to terminate the query.
   */
@@ -97025,6 +104419,7 @@
     sqlite3SelectDelete(db, p->pPrior);
   }
   p->pPrior = pPrior;
+  pPrior->pNext = p;
 
   /*** TBD:  Insert subroutine calls to close cursors on incomplete
   **** subqueries ****/
@@ -97066,9 +104461,6 @@
       assert( pEList!=0 && pExpr->iColumn<pEList->nExpr );
       assert( pExpr->pLeft==0 && pExpr->pRight==0 );
       pNew = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pEList->a[pExpr->iColumn].pExpr, 0);
-      if( pNew && pExpr->pColl ){
-        pNew->pColl = pExpr->pColl;
-      }
       sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pExpr);
       pExpr = pNew;
     }
@@ -97211,6 +104603,12 @@
 **        operators have an implied DISTINCT which is disallowed by
 **        restriction (4).
 **
+**        Also, each component of the sub-query must return the same number
+**        of result columns. This is actually a requirement for any compound
+**        SELECT statement, but all the code here does is make sure that no
+**        such (illegal) sub-query is flattened. The caller will detect the
+**        syntax error and return a detailed message.
+**
 **  (18)  If the sub-query is a compound select, then all terms of the
 **        ORDER by clause of the parent must be simple references to 
 **        columns of the sub-query.
@@ -97227,6 +104625,14 @@
 **  (21)  The subquery does not use LIMIT or the outer query is not
 **        DISTINCT.  (See ticket [752e1646fc]).
 **
+**  (22)  The subquery is not a recursive CTE.
+**
+**  (23)  The parent is not a recursive CTE, or the sub-query is not a
+**        compound query. This restriction is because transforming the
+**        parent to a compound query confuses the code that handles
+**        recursive queries in multiSelect().
+**
+**
 ** In this routine, the "p" parameter is a pointer to the outer query.
 ** The subquery is p->pSrc->a[iFrom].  isAgg is true if the outer query
 ** uses aggregates and subqueryIsAgg is true if the subquery uses aggregates.
@@ -97261,7 +104667,7 @@
   */
   assert( p!=0 );
   assert( p->pPrior==0 );  /* Unable to flatten compound queries */
-  if( db->flags & SQLITE_QueryFlattener ) return 0;
+  if( OptimizationDisabled(db, SQLITE_QueryFlattener) ) return 0;
   pSrc = p->pSrc;
   assert( pSrc && iFrom>=0 && iFrom<pSrc->nSrc );
   pSubitem = &pSrc->a[iFrom];
@@ -97279,7 +104685,7 @@
   ** and (14). */
   if( pSub->pLimit && p->pLimit ) return 0;              /* Restriction (13) */
   if( pSub->pOffset ) return 0;                          /* Restriction (14) */
-  if( p->pRightmost && pSub->pLimit ){
+  if( (p->selFlags & SF_Compound)!=0 && pSub->pLimit ){
     return 0;                                            /* Restriction (15) */
   }
   if( pSubSrc->nSrc==0 ) return 0;                       /* Restriction (7)  */
@@ -97298,6 +104704,8 @@
   if( pSub->pLimit && (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0 ){
      return 0;         /* Restriction (21) */
   }
+  if( pSub->selFlags & SF_Recursive ) return 0;          /* Restriction (22)  */
+  if( (p->selFlags & SF_Recursive) && pSub->pPrior ) return 0;       /* (23)  */
 
   /* OBSOLETE COMMENT 1:
   ** Restriction 3:  If the subquery is a join, make sure the subquery is 
@@ -97354,6 +104762,7 @@
       if( (pSub1->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))!=0
        || (pSub1->pPrior && pSub1->op!=TK_ALL) 
        || pSub1->pSrc->nSrc<1
+       || pSub->pEList->nExpr!=pSub1->pEList->nExpr
       ){
         return 0;
       }
@@ -97364,7 +104773,7 @@
     if( p->pOrderBy ){
       int ii;
       for(ii=0; ii<p->pOrderBy->nExpr; ii++){
-        if( p->pOrderBy->a[ii].iOrderByCol==0 ) return 0;
+        if( p->pOrderBy->a[ii].u.x.iOrderByCol==0 ) return 0;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -97373,7 +104782,8 @@
 
   /* Authorize the subquery */
   pParse->zAuthContext = pSubitem->zName;
-  sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_SELECT, 0, 0, 0);
+  TESTONLY(i =) sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_SELECT, 0, 0, 0);
+  testcase( i==SQLITE_DENY );
   pParse->zAuthContext = zSavedAuthContext;
 
   /* If the sub-query is a compound SELECT statement, then (by restrictions
@@ -97413,24 +104823,27 @@
     Select *pNew;
     ExprList *pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
     Expr *pLimit = p->pLimit;
+    Expr *pOffset = p->pOffset;
     Select *pPrior = p->pPrior;
     p->pOrderBy = 0;
     p->pSrc = 0;
     p->pPrior = 0;
     p->pLimit = 0;
+    p->pOffset = 0;
     pNew = sqlite3SelectDup(db, p, 0);
+    p->pOffset = pOffset;
     p->pLimit = pLimit;
     p->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
     p->pSrc = pSrc;
     p->op = TK_ALL;
-    p->pRightmost = 0;
     if( pNew==0 ){
-      pNew = pPrior;
+      p->pPrior = pPrior;
     }else{
       pNew->pPrior = pPrior;
-      pNew->pRightmost = 0;
+      if( pPrior ) pPrior->pNext = pNew;
+      pNew->pNext = p;
+      p->pPrior = pNew;
     }
-    p->pPrior = pNew;
     if( db->mallocFailed ) return 1;
   }
 
@@ -97548,10 +104961,9 @@
     pList = pParent->pEList;
     for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
       if( pList->a[i].zName==0 ){
-        const char *zSpan = pList->a[i].zSpan;
-        if( ALWAYS(zSpan) ){
-          pList->a[i].zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, zSpan);
-        }
+        char *zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pList->a[i].zSpan);
+        sqlite3Dequote(zName);
+        pList->a[i].zName = zName;
       }
     }
     substExprList(db, pParent->pEList, iParent, pSub->pEList);
@@ -97612,34 +105024,43 @@
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY) || !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) */
 
 /*
-** Analyze the SELECT statement passed as an argument to see if it
-** is a min() or max() query. Return WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN or WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX if 
-** it is, or 0 otherwise. At present, a query is considered to be
-** a min()/max() query if:
+** Based on the contents of the AggInfo structure indicated by the first
+** argument, this function checks if the following are true:
 **
-**   1. There is a single object in the FROM clause.
+**    * the query contains just a single aggregate function,
+**    * the aggregate function is either min() or max(), and
+**    * the argument to the aggregate function is a column value.
 **
-**   2. There is a single expression in the result set, and it is
-**      either min(x) or max(x), where x is a column reference.
+** If all of the above are true, then WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN or WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX
+** is returned as appropriate. Also, *ppMinMax is set to point to the 
+** list of arguments passed to the aggregate before returning.
+**
+** Or, if the conditions above are not met, *ppMinMax is set to 0 and
+** WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL is returned.
 */
-static u8 minMaxQuery(Select *p){
-  Expr *pExpr;
-  ExprList *pEList = p->pEList;
+static u8 minMaxQuery(AggInfo *pAggInfo, ExprList **ppMinMax){
+  int eRet = WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;          /* Return value */
 
-  if( pEList->nExpr!=1 ) return WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;
-  pExpr = pEList->a[0].pExpr;
-  if( pExpr->op!=TK_AGG_FUNCTION ) return 0;
-  if( NEVER(ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect)) ) return 0;
-  pEList = pExpr->x.pList;
-  if( pEList==0 || pEList->nExpr!=1 ) return 0;
-  if( pEList->a[0].pExpr->op!=TK_AGG_COLUMN ) return WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;
-  assert( !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_IntValue) );
-  if( sqlite3StrICmp(pExpr->u.zToken,"min")==0 ){
-    return WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN;
-  }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(pExpr->u.zToken,"max")==0 ){
-    return WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX;
+  *ppMinMax = 0;
+  if( pAggInfo->nFunc==1 ){
+    Expr *pExpr = pAggInfo->aFunc[0].pExpr; /* Aggregate function */
+    ExprList *pEList = pExpr->x.pList;      /* Arguments to agg function */
+
+    assert( pExpr->op==TK_AGG_FUNCTION );
+    if( pEList && pEList->nExpr==1 && pEList->a[0].pExpr->op==TK_AGG_COLUMN ){
+      const char *zFunc = pExpr->u.zToken;
+      if( sqlite3StrICmp(zFunc, "min")==0 ){
+        eRet = WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN;
+        *ppMinMax = pEList;
+      }else if( sqlite3StrICmp(zFunc, "max")==0 ){
+        eRet = WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX;
+        *ppMinMax = pEList;
+      }
+    }
   }
-  return WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;
+
+  assert( *ppMinMax==0 || (*ppMinMax)->nExpr==1 );
+  return eRet;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -97670,7 +105091,8 @@
 
   if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;
   if( pExpr->op!=TK_AGG_FUNCTION ) return 0;
-  if( (pAggInfo->aFunc[0].pFunc->flags&SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT)==0 ) return 0;
+  if( NEVER(pAggInfo->nFunc==0) ) return 0;
+  if( (pAggInfo->aFunc[0].pFunc->funcFlags&SQLITE_FUNC_COUNT)==0 ) return 0;
   if( pExpr->flags&EP_Distinct ) return 0;
 
   return pTab;
@@ -97701,6 +105123,265 @@
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
+/*
+** Detect compound SELECT statements that use an ORDER BY clause with 
+** an alternative collating sequence.
+**
+**    SELECT ... FROM t1 EXCEPT SELECT ... FROM t2 ORDER BY .. COLLATE ...
+**
+** These are rewritten as a subquery:
+**
+**    SELECT * FROM (SELECT ... FROM t1 EXCEPT SELECT ... FROM t2)
+**     ORDER BY ... COLLATE ...
+**
+** This transformation is necessary because the multiSelectOrderBy() routine
+** above that generates the code for a compound SELECT with an ORDER BY clause
+** uses a merge algorithm that requires the same collating sequence on the
+** result columns as on the ORDER BY clause.  See ticket
+** http://www.sqlite.org/src/info/6709574d2a
+**
+** This transformation is only needed for EXCEPT, INTERSECT, and UNION.
+** The UNION ALL operator works fine with multiSelectOrderBy() even when
+** there are COLLATE terms in the ORDER BY.
+*/
+static int convertCompoundSelectToSubquery(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
+  int i;
+  Select *pNew;
+  Select *pX;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  struct ExprList_item *a;
+  SrcList *pNewSrc;
+  Parse *pParse;
+  Token dummy;
+
+  if( p->pPrior==0 ) return WRC_Continue;
+  if( p->pOrderBy==0 ) return WRC_Continue;
+  for(pX=p; pX && (pX->op==TK_ALL || pX->op==TK_SELECT); pX=pX->pPrior){}
+  if( pX==0 ) return WRC_Continue;
+  a = p->pOrderBy->a;
+  for(i=p->pOrderBy->nExpr-1; i>=0; i--){
+    if( a[i].pExpr->flags & EP_Collate ) break;
+  }
+  if( i<0 ) return WRC_Continue;
+
+  /* If we reach this point, that means the transformation is required. */
+
+  pParse = pWalker->pParse;
+  db = pParse->db;
+  pNew = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(*pNew) );
+  if( pNew==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
+  memset(&dummy, 0, sizeof(dummy));
+  pNewSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,0,0,0,&dummy,pNew,0,0);
+  if( pNewSrc==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
+  *pNew = *p;
+  p->pSrc = pNewSrc;
+  p->pEList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ALL, 0));
+  p->op = TK_SELECT;
+  p->pWhere = 0;
+  pNew->pGroupBy = 0;
+  pNew->pHaving = 0;
+  pNew->pOrderBy = 0;
+  p->pPrior = 0;
+  p->pNext = 0;
+  p->selFlags &= ~SF_Compound;
+  assert( pNew->pPrior!=0 );
+  pNew->pPrior->pNext = pNew;
+  pNew->pLimit = 0;
+  pNew->pOffset = 0;
+  return WRC_Continue;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+/*
+** Argument pWith (which may be NULL) points to a linked list of nested 
+** WITH contexts, from inner to outermost. If the table identified by 
+** FROM clause element pItem is really a common-table-expression (CTE) 
+** then return a pointer to the CTE definition for that table. Otherwise
+** return NULL.
+**
+** If a non-NULL value is returned, set *ppContext to point to the With
+** object that the returned CTE belongs to.
+*/
+static struct Cte *searchWith(
+  With *pWith,                    /* Current outermost WITH clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem,     /* FROM clause element to resolve */
+  With **ppContext                /* OUT: WITH clause return value belongs to */
+){
+  const char *zName;
+  if( pItem->zDatabase==0 && (zName = pItem->zName)!=0 ){
+    With *p;
+    for(p=pWith; p; p=p->pOuter){
+      int i;
+      for(i=0; i<p->nCte; i++){
+        if( sqlite3StrICmp(zName, p->a[i].zName)==0 ){
+          *ppContext = p;
+          return &p->a[i];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* The code generator maintains a stack of active WITH clauses
+** with the inner-most WITH clause being at the top of the stack.
+**
+** This routine pushes the WITH clause passed as the second argument
+** onto the top of the stack. If argument bFree is true, then this
+** WITH clause will never be popped from the stack. In this case it
+** should be freed along with the Parse object. In other cases, when
+** bFree==0, the With object will be freed along with the SELECT 
+** statement with which it is associated.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3WithPush(Parse *pParse, With *pWith, u8 bFree){
+  assert( bFree==0 || pParse->pWith==0 );
+  if( pWith ){
+    pWith->pOuter = pParse->pWith;
+    pParse->pWith = pWith;
+    pParse->bFreeWith = bFree;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** This function checks if argument pFrom refers to a CTE declared by 
+** a WITH clause on the stack currently maintained by the parser. And,
+** if currently processing a CTE expression, if it is a recursive
+** reference to the current CTE.
+**
+** If pFrom falls into either of the two categories above, pFrom->pTab
+** and other fields are populated accordingly. The caller should check
+** (pFrom->pTab!=0) to determine whether or not a successful match
+** was found.
+**
+** Whether or not a match is found, SQLITE_OK is returned if no error
+** occurs. If an error does occur, an error message is stored in the
+** parser and some error code other than SQLITE_OK returned.
+*/
+static int withExpand(
+  Walker *pWalker, 
+  struct SrcList_item *pFrom
+){
+  Parse *pParse = pWalker->pParse;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  struct Cte *pCte;               /* Matched CTE (or NULL if no match) */
+  With *pWith;                    /* WITH clause that pCte belongs to */
+
+  assert( pFrom->pTab==0 );
+
+  pCte = searchWith(pParse->pWith, pFrom, &pWith);
+  if( pCte ){
+    Table *pTab;
+    ExprList *pEList;
+    Select *pSel;
+    Select *pLeft;                /* Left-most SELECT statement */
+    int bMayRecursive;            /* True if compound joined by UNION [ALL] */
+    With *pSavedWith;             /* Initial value of pParse->pWith */
+
+    /* If pCte->zErr is non-NULL at this point, then this is an illegal
+    ** recursive reference to CTE pCte. Leave an error in pParse and return
+    ** early. If pCte->zErr is NULL, then this is not a recursive reference.
+    ** In this case, proceed.  */
+    if( pCte->zErr ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, pCte->zErr, pCte->zName);
+      return SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+
+    assert( pFrom->pTab==0 );
+    pFrom->pTab = pTab = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Table));
+    if( pTab==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
+    pTab->nRef = 1;
+    pTab->zName = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pCte->zName);
+    pTab->iPKey = -1;
+    pTab->nRowLogEst = 200; assert( 200==sqlite3LogEst(1048576) );
+    pTab->tabFlags |= TF_Ephemeral;
+    pFrom->pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pCte->pSelect, 0);
+    if( db->mallocFailed ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    assert( pFrom->pSelect );
+
+    /* Check if this is a recursive CTE. */
+    pSel = pFrom->pSelect;
+    bMayRecursive = ( pSel->op==TK_ALL || pSel->op==TK_UNION );
+    if( bMayRecursive ){
+      int i;
+      SrcList *pSrc = pFrom->pSelect->pSrc;
+      for(i=0; i<pSrc->nSrc; i++){
+        struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pSrc->a[i];
+        if( pItem->zDatabase==0 
+         && pItem->zName!=0 
+         && 0==sqlite3StrICmp(pItem->zName, pCte->zName)
+          ){
+          pItem->pTab = pTab;
+          pItem->isRecursive = 1;
+          pTab->nRef++;
+          pSel->selFlags |= SF_Recursive;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Only one recursive reference is permitted. */ 
+    if( pTab->nRef>2 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(
+          pParse, "multiple references to recursive table: %s", pCte->zName
+      );
+      return SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+    assert( pTab->nRef==1 || ((pSel->selFlags&SF_Recursive) && pTab->nRef==2 ));
+
+    pCte->zErr = "circular reference: %s";
+    pSavedWith = pParse->pWith;
+    pParse->pWith = pWith;
+    sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, bMayRecursive ? pSel->pPrior : pSel);
+
+    for(pLeft=pSel; pLeft->pPrior; pLeft=pLeft->pPrior);
+    pEList = pLeft->pEList;
+    if( pCte->pCols ){
+      if( pEList->nExpr!=pCte->pCols->nExpr ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "table %s has %d values for %d columns",
+            pCte->zName, pEList->nExpr, pCte->pCols->nExpr
+        );
+        pParse->pWith = pSavedWith;
+        return SQLITE_ERROR;
+      }
+      pEList = pCte->pCols;
+    }
+
+    selectColumnsFromExprList(pParse, pEList, &pTab->nCol, &pTab->aCol);
+    if( bMayRecursive ){
+      if( pSel->selFlags & SF_Recursive ){
+        pCte->zErr = "multiple recursive references: %s";
+      }else{
+        pCte->zErr = "recursive reference in a subquery: %s";
+      }
+      sqlite3WalkSelect(pWalker, pSel);
+    }
+    pCte->zErr = 0;
+    pParse->pWith = pSavedWith;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+/*
+** If the SELECT passed as the second argument has an associated WITH 
+** clause, pop it from the stack stored as part of the Parse object.
+**
+** This function is used as the xSelectCallback2() callback by
+** sqlite3SelectExpand() when walking a SELECT tree to resolve table
+** names and other FROM clause elements. 
+*/
+static void selectPopWith(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
+  Parse *pParse = pWalker->pParse;
+  With *pWith = findRightmost(p)->pWith;
+  if( pWith!=0 ){
+    assert( pParse->pWith==pWith );
+    pParse->pWith = pWith->pOuter;
+  }
+}
+#else
+#define selectPopWith 0
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** This routine is a Walker callback for "expanding" a SELECT statement.
@@ -97733,16 +105414,19 @@
   ExprList *pEList;
   struct SrcList_item *pFrom;
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  Expr *pE, *pRight, *pExpr;
+  u16 selFlags = p->selFlags;
 
+  p->selFlags |= SF_Expanded;
   if( db->mallocFailed  ){
     return WRC_Abort;
   }
-  if( NEVER(p->pSrc==0) || (p->selFlags & SF_Expanded)!=0 ){
+  if( NEVER(p->pSrc==0) || (selFlags & SF_Expanded)!=0 ){
     return WRC_Prune;
   }
-  p->selFlags |= SF_Expanded;
   pTabList = p->pSrc;
   pEList = p->pEList;
+  sqlite3WithPush(pParse, findRightmost(p)->pWith, 0);
 
   /* Make sure cursor numbers have been assigned to all entries in
   ** the FROM clause of the SELECT statement.
@@ -97755,12 +105439,21 @@
   */
   for(i=0, pFrom=pTabList->a; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++, pFrom++){
     Table *pTab;
+    assert( pFrom->isRecursive==0 || pFrom->pTab );
+    if( pFrom->isRecursive ) continue;
     if( pFrom->pTab!=0 ){
       /* This statement has already been prepared.  There is no need
       ** to go further. */
       assert( i==0 );
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+      selectPopWith(pWalker, p);
+#endif
       return WRC_Prune;
     }
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_CTE
+    if( withExpand(pWalker, pFrom) ) return WRC_Abort;
+    if( pFrom->pTab ) {} else
+#endif
     if( pFrom->zName==0 ){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
       Select *pSel = pFrom->pSelect;
@@ -97771,19 +105464,24 @@
       pFrom->pTab = pTab = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, sizeof(Table));
       if( pTab==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
       pTab->nRef = 1;
-      pTab->zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "sqlite_subquery_%p_", (void*)pTab);
+      pTab->zName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "sqlite_sq_%p", (void*)pTab);
       while( pSel->pPrior ){ pSel = pSel->pPrior; }
       selectColumnsFromExprList(pParse, pSel->pEList, &pTab->nCol, &pTab->aCol);
       pTab->iPKey = -1;
-      pTab->nRowEst = 1000000;
+      pTab->nRowLogEst = 200; assert( 200==sqlite3LogEst(1048576) );
       pTab->tabFlags |= TF_Ephemeral;
 #endif
     }else{
       /* An ordinary table or view name in the FROM clause */
       assert( pFrom->pTab==0 );
-      pFrom->pTab = pTab = 
-        sqlite3LocateTable(pParse,0,pFrom->zName,pFrom->zDatabase);
+      pFrom->pTab = pTab = sqlite3LocateTableItem(pParse, 0, pFrom);
       if( pTab==0 ) return WRC_Abort;
+      if( pTab->nRef==0xffff ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many references to \"%s\": max 65535",
+           pTab->zName);
+        pFrom->pTab = 0;
+        return WRC_Abort;
+      }
       pTab->nRef++;
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) || !defined (SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE)
       if( pTab->pSelect || IsVirtual(pTab) ){
@@ -97819,7 +105517,7 @@
   ** that need expanding.
   */
   for(k=0; k<pEList->nExpr; k++){
-    Expr *pE = pEList->a[k].pExpr;
+    pE = pEList->a[k].pExpr;
     if( pE->op==TK_ALL ) break;
     assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || pE->pRight!=0 );
     assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || (pE->pLeft!=0 && pE->pLeft->op==TK_ID) );
@@ -97837,10 +105535,18 @@
     int longNames = (flags & SQLITE_FullColNames)!=0
                       && (flags & SQLITE_ShortColNames)==0;
 
+    /* When processing FROM-clause subqueries, it is always the case
+    ** that full_column_names=OFF and short_column_names=ON.  The
+    ** sqlite3ResultSetOfSelect() routine makes it so. */
+    assert( (p->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)==0
+          || ((flags & SQLITE_FullColNames)==0 &&
+              (flags & SQLITE_ShortColNames)!=0) );
+
     for(k=0; k<pEList->nExpr; k++){
-      Expr *pE = a[k].pExpr;
-      assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || pE->pRight!=0 );
-      if( pE->op!=TK_ALL && (pE->op!=TK_DOT || pE->pRight->op!=TK_ALL) ){
+      pE = a[k].pExpr;
+      pRight = pE->pRight;
+      assert( pE->op!=TK_DOT || pRight!=0 );
+      if( pE->op!=TK_ALL && (pE->op!=TK_DOT || pRight->op!=TK_ALL) ){
         /* This particular expression does not need to be expanded.
         */
         pNew = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, pNew, a[k].pExpr);
@@ -97855,32 +105561,43 @@
         /* This expression is a "*" or a "TABLE.*" and needs to be
         ** expanded. */
         int tableSeen = 0;      /* Set to 1 when TABLE matches */
-        char *zTName;            /* text of name of TABLE */
+        char *zTName = 0;       /* text of name of TABLE */
         if( pE->op==TK_DOT ){
           assert( pE->pLeft!=0 );
           assert( !ExprHasProperty(pE->pLeft, EP_IntValue) );
           zTName = pE->pLeft->u.zToken;
-        }else{
-          zTName = 0;
         }
         for(i=0, pFrom=pTabList->a; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++, pFrom++){
           Table *pTab = pFrom->pTab;
+          Select *pSub = pFrom->pSelect;
           char *zTabName = pFrom->zAlias;
+          const char *zSchemaName = 0;
+          int iDb;
           if( zTabName==0 ){
             zTabName = pTab->zName;
           }
           if( db->mallocFailed ) break;
-          if( zTName && sqlite3StrICmp(zTName, zTabName)!=0 ){
-            continue;
+          if( pSub==0 || (pSub->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)==0 ){
+            pSub = 0;
+            if( zTName && sqlite3StrICmp(zTName, zTabName)!=0 ){
+              continue;
+            }
+            iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+            zSchemaName = iDb>=0 ? db->aDb[iDb].zName : "*";
           }
-          tableSeen = 1;
           for(j=0; j<pTab->nCol; j++){
-            Expr *pExpr, *pRight;
             char *zName = pTab->aCol[j].zName;
             char *zColname;  /* The computed column name */
             char *zToFree;   /* Malloced string that needs to be freed */
             Token sColname;  /* Computed column name as a token */
 
+            assert( zName );
+            if( zTName && pSub
+             && sqlite3MatchSpanName(pSub->pEList->a[j].zSpan, 0, zTName, 0)==0
+            ){
+              continue;
+            }
+
             /* If a column is marked as 'hidden' (currently only possible
             ** for virtual tables), do not include it in the expanded
             ** result-set list.
@@ -97889,6 +105606,7 @@
               assert(IsVirtual(pTab));
               continue;
             }
+            tableSeen = 1;
 
             if( i>0 && zTName==0 ){
               if( (pFrom->jointype & JT_NATURAL)!=0
@@ -97911,6 +105629,10 @@
               Expr *pLeft;
               pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ID, zTabName);
               pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, pLeft, pRight, 0);
+              if( zSchemaName ){
+                pLeft = sqlite3Expr(db, TK_ID, zSchemaName);
+                pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, pLeft, pExpr, 0);
+              }
               if( longNames ){
                 zColname = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s.%s", zTabName, zName);
                 zToFree = zColname;
@@ -97922,6 +105644,18 @@
             sColname.z = zColname;
             sColname.n = sqlite3Strlen30(zColname);
             sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, pNew, &sColname, 0);
+            if( pNew && (p->selFlags & SF_NestedFrom)!=0 ){
+              struct ExprList_item *pX = &pNew->a[pNew->nExpr-1];
+              if( pSub ){
+                pX->zSpan = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pSub->pEList->a[j].zSpan);
+                testcase( pX->zSpan==0 );
+              }else{
+                pX->zSpan = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s.%s.%s",
+                                           zSchemaName, zTabName, zColname);
+                testcase( pX->zSpan==0 );
+              }
+              pX->bSpanIsTab = 1;
+            }
             sqlite3DbFree(db, zToFree);
           }
         }
@@ -97974,9 +105708,15 @@
 */
 static void sqlite3SelectExpand(Parse *pParse, Select *pSelect){
   Walker w;
-  w.xSelectCallback = selectExpander;
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
   w.xExprCallback = exprWalkNoop;
   w.pParse = pParse;
+  if( pParse->hasCompound ){
+    w.xSelectCallback = convertCompoundSelectToSubquery;
+    sqlite3WalkSelect(&w, pSelect);
+  }
+  w.xSelectCallback = selectExpander;
+  w.xSelectCallback2 = selectPopWith;
   sqlite3WalkSelect(&w, pSelect);
 }
 
@@ -97995,7 +105735,7 @@
 ** at that point because identifiers had not yet been resolved.  This
 ** routine is called after identifier resolution.
 */
-static int selectAddSubqueryTypeInfo(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
+static void selectAddSubqueryTypeInfo(Walker *pWalker, Select *p){
   Parse *pParse;
   int i;
   SrcList *pTabList;
@@ -98011,13 +105751,13 @@
       if( ALWAYS(pTab!=0) && (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)!=0 ){
         /* A sub-query in the FROM clause of a SELECT */
         Select *pSel = pFrom->pSelect;
-        assert( pSel );
-        while( pSel->pPrior ) pSel = pSel->pPrior;
-        selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(pParse, pTab->nCol, pTab->aCol, pSel);
+        if( pSel ){
+          while( pSel->pPrior ) pSel = pSel->pPrior;
+          selectAddColumnTypeAndCollation(pParse, pTab, pSel);
+        }
       }
     }
   }
-  return WRC_Continue;
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -98032,7 +105772,8 @@
 static void sqlite3SelectAddTypeInfo(Parse *pParse, Select *pSelect){
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY
   Walker w;
-  w.xSelectCallback = selectAddSubqueryTypeInfo;
+  memset(&w, 0, sizeof(w));
+  w.xSelectCallback2 = selectAddSubqueryTypeInfo;
   w.xExprCallback = exprWalkNoop;
   w.pParse = pParse;
   sqlite3WalkSelect(&w, pSelect);
@@ -98041,7 +105782,7 @@
 
 
 /*
-** This routine sets of a SELECT statement for processing.  The
+** This routine sets up a SELECT statement for processing.  The
 ** following is accomplished:
 **
 **     *  VDBE Cursor numbers are assigned to all FROM-clause terms.
@@ -98060,6 +105801,7 @@
   sqlite3 *db;
   if( NEVER(p==0) ) return;
   db = pParse->db;
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) return;
   if( p->selFlags & SF_HasTypeInfo ) return;
   sqlite3SelectExpand(pParse, p);
   if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ) return;
@@ -98073,20 +105815,30 @@
 **
 ** The aggregate accumulator is a set of memory cells that hold
 ** intermediate results while calculating an aggregate.  This
-** routine simply stores NULLs in all of those memory cells.
+** routine generates code that stores NULLs in all of those memory
+** cells.
 */
 static void resetAccumulator(Parse *pParse, AggInfo *pAggInfo){
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
   int i;
   struct AggInfo_func *pFunc;
-  if( pAggInfo->nFunc+pAggInfo->nColumn==0 ){
-    return;
-  }
+  int nReg = pAggInfo->nFunc + pAggInfo->nColumn;
+  if( nReg==0 ) return;
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* Verify that all AggInfo registers are within the range specified by
+  ** AggInfo.mnReg..AggInfo.mxReg */
+  assert( nReg==pAggInfo->mxReg-pAggInfo->mnReg+1 );
   for(i=0; i<pAggInfo->nColumn; i++){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, pAggInfo->aCol[i].iMem);
+    assert( pAggInfo->aCol[i].iMem>=pAggInfo->mnReg
+         && pAggInfo->aCol[i].iMem<=pAggInfo->mxReg );
   }
+  for(i=0; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++){
+    assert( pAggInfo->aFunc[i].iMem>=pAggInfo->mnReg
+         && pAggInfo->aFunc[i].iMem<=pAggInfo->mxReg );
+  }
+#endif
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, pAggInfo->mnReg, pAggInfo->mxReg);
   for(pFunc=pAggInfo->aFunc, i=0; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pFunc++){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, pFunc->iMem);
     if( pFunc->iDistinct>=0 ){
       Expr *pE = pFunc->pExpr;
       assert( !ExprHasProperty(pE, EP_xIsSelect) );
@@ -98095,9 +105847,9 @@
            "argument");
         pFunc->iDistinct = -1;
       }else{
-        KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pE->x.pList);
+        KeyInfo *pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pE->x.pList, 0, 0);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pFunc->iDistinct, 0, 0,
-                          (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+                          (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -98132,7 +105884,6 @@
   struct AggInfo_col *pC;
 
   pAggInfo->directMode = 1;
-  sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
   for(i=0, pF=pAggInfo->aFunc; i<pAggInfo->nFunc; i++, pF++){
     int nArg;
     int addrNext = 0;
@@ -98142,7 +105893,7 @@
     if( pList ){
       nArg = pList->nExpr;
       regAgg = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nArg);
-      sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pList, regAgg, 1);
+      sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pList, regAgg, SQLITE_ECEL_DUP);
     }else{
       nArg = 0;
       regAgg = 0;
@@ -98152,7 +105903,7 @@
       assert( nArg==1 );
       codeDistinct(pParse, pF->iDistinct, addrNext, 1, regAgg);
     }
-    if( pF->pFunc->flags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
+    if( pF->pFunc->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_NEEDCOLL ){
       CollSeq *pColl = 0;
       struct ExprList_item *pItem;
       int j;
@@ -98188,7 +105939,7 @@
   ** values to an OP_Copy.
   */
   if( regHit ){
-    addrHitTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regHit);
+    addrHitTest = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_If, regHit); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
   sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
   for(i=0, pC=pAggInfo->aCol; i<pAggInfo->nAccumulator; i++, pC++){
@@ -98212,11 +105963,11 @@
   Index *pIdx                     /* Index used to optimize scan, or NULL */
 ){
   if( pParse->explain==2 ){
-    char *zEqp = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "SCAN TABLE %s %s%s(~%d rows)",
-        pTab->zName, 
-        pIdx ? "USING COVERING INDEX " : "",
-        pIdx ? pIdx->zName : "",
-        pTab->nRowEst
+    int bCover = (pIdx!=0 && (HasRowid(pTab) || !IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx)));
+    char *zEqp = sqlite3MPrintf(pParse->db, "SCAN TABLE %s%s%s",
+        pTab->zName,
+        bCover ? " USING COVERING INDEX " : "",
+        bCover ? pIdx->zName : ""
     );
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(
         pParse->pVdbe, OP_Explain, pParse->iSelectId, 0, 0, zEqp, P4_DYNAMIC
@@ -98230,49 +105981,8 @@
 /*
 ** Generate code for the SELECT statement given in the p argument.  
 **
-** The results are distributed in various ways depending on the
-** contents of the SelectDest structure pointed to by argument pDest
-** as follows:
-**
-**     pDest->eDest    Result
-**     ------------    -------------------------------------------
-**     SRT_Output      Generate a row of output (using the OP_ResultRow
-**                     opcode) for each row in the result set.
-**
-**     SRT_Mem         Only valid if the result is a single column.
-**                     Store the first column of the first result row
-**                     in register pDest->iParm then abandon the rest
-**                     of the query.  This destination implies "LIMIT 1".
-**
-**     SRT_Set         The result must be a single column.  Store each
-**                     row of result as the key in table pDest->iParm. 
-**                     Apply the affinity pDest->affinity before storing
-**                     results.  Used to implement "IN (SELECT ...)".
-**
-**     SRT_Union       Store results as a key in a temporary table pDest->iParm.
-**
-**     SRT_Except      Remove results from the temporary table pDest->iParm.
-**
-**     SRT_Table       Store results in temporary table pDest->iParm.
-**                     This is like SRT_EphemTab except that the table
-**                     is assumed to already be open.
-**
-**     SRT_EphemTab    Create an temporary table pDest->iParm and store
-**                     the result there. The cursor is left open after
-**                     returning.  This is like SRT_Table except that
-**                     this destination uses OP_OpenEphemeral to create
-**                     the table first.
-**
-**     SRT_Coroutine   Generate a co-routine that returns a new row of
-**                     results each time it is invoked.  The entry point
-**                     of the co-routine is stored in register pDest->iParm.
-**
-**     SRT_Exists      Store a 1 in memory cell pDest->iParm if the result
-**                     set is not empty.
-**
-**     SRT_Discard     Throw the results away.  This is used by SELECT
-**                     statements within triggers whose only purpose is
-**                     the side-effects of functions.
+** The results are returned according to the SelectDest structure.
+** See comments in sqliteInt.h for further information.
 **
 ** This routine returns the number of errors.  If any errors are
 ** encountered, then an appropriate error message is left in
@@ -98293,14 +106003,11 @@
   ExprList *pEList;      /* List of columns to extract. */
   SrcList *pTabList;     /* List of tables to select from */
   Expr *pWhere;          /* The WHERE clause.  May be NULL */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy;    /* The ORDER BY clause.  May be NULL */
   ExprList *pGroupBy;    /* The GROUP BY clause.  May be NULL */
   Expr *pHaving;         /* The HAVING clause.  May be NULL */
-  int isDistinct;        /* True if the DISTINCT keyword is present */
-  int distinct;          /* Table to use for the distinct set */
   int rc = 1;            /* Value to return from this function */
-  int addrSortIndex;     /* Address of an OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
-  int addrDistinctIndex; /* Address of an OP_OpenEphemeral instruction */
+  DistinctCtx sDistinct; /* Info on how to code the DISTINCT keyword */
+  SortCtx sSort;         /* Info on how to code the ORDER BY clause */
   AggInfo sAggInfo;      /* Information used by aggregate queries */
   int iEnd;              /* Address of the end of the query */
   sqlite3 *db;           /* The database connection */
@@ -98317,9 +106024,15 @@
   if( sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_SELECT, 0, 0, 0) ) return 1;
   memset(&sAggInfo, 0, sizeof(sAggInfo));
 
+  assert( p->pOrderBy==0 || pDest->eDest!=SRT_DistFifo );
+  assert( p->pOrderBy==0 || pDest->eDest!=SRT_Fifo );
+  assert( p->pOrderBy==0 || pDest->eDest!=SRT_DistQueue );
+  assert( p->pOrderBy==0 || pDest->eDest!=SRT_Queue );
   if( IgnorableOrderby(pDest) ){
     assert(pDest->eDest==SRT_Exists || pDest->eDest==SRT_Union || 
-           pDest->eDest==SRT_Except || pDest->eDest==SRT_Discard);
+           pDest->eDest==SRT_Except || pDest->eDest==SRT_Discard ||
+           pDest->eDest==SRT_Queue  || pDest->eDest==SRT_DistFifo ||
+           pDest->eDest==SRT_DistQueue || pDest->eDest==SRT_Fifo);
     /* If ORDER BY makes no difference in the output then neither does
     ** DISTINCT so it can be removed too. */
     sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, p->pOrderBy);
@@ -98327,7 +106040,8 @@
     p->selFlags &= ~SF_Distinct;
   }
   sqlite3SelectPrep(pParse, p, 0);
-  pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+  memset(&sSort, 0, sizeof(sSort));
+  sSort.pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
   pTabList = p->pSrc;
   pEList = p->pEList;
   if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ){
@@ -98360,13 +106074,22 @@
     int isAggSub;
 
     if( pSub==0 ) continue;
+
+    /* Sometimes the code for a subquery will be generated more than
+    ** once, if the subquery is part of the WHERE clause in a LEFT JOIN,
+    ** for example.  In that case, do not regenerate the code to manifest
+    ** a view or the co-routine to implement a view.  The first instance
+    ** is sufficient, though the subroutine to manifest the view does need
+    ** to be invoked again. */
     if( pItem->addrFillSub ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, pItem->regReturn, pItem->addrFillSub);
+      if( pItem->viaCoroutine==0 ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, pItem->regReturn, pItem->addrFillSub);
+      }
       continue;
     }
 
     /* Increment Parse.nHeight by the height of the largest expression
-    ** tree refered to by this, the parent select. The child select
+    ** tree referred to by this, the parent select. The child select
     ** may contain expression trees of at most
     ** (SQLITE_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH-Parse.nHeight) height. This is a bit
     ** more conservative than necessary, but much easier than enforcing
@@ -98382,6 +106105,26 @@
         p->selFlags |= SF_Aggregate;
       }
       i = -1;
+    }else if( pTabList->nSrc==1
+           && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_SubqCoroutine)
+    ){
+      /* Implement a co-routine that will return a single row of the result
+      ** set on each invocation.
+      */
+      int addrTop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+1;
+      pItem->regReturn = ++pParse->nMem;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InitCoroutine, pItem->regReturn, 0, addrTop);
+      VdbeComment((v, "%s", pItem->pTab->zName));
+      pItem->addrFillSub = addrTop;
+      sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_Coroutine, pItem->regReturn);
+      explainSetInteger(pItem->iSelectId, (u8)pParse->iNextSelectId);
+      sqlite3Select(pParse, pSub, &dest);
+      pItem->pTab->nRowLogEst = sqlite3LogEst(pSub->nSelectRow);
+      pItem->viaCoroutine = 1;
+      pItem->regResult = dest.iSdst;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_EndCoroutine, pItem->regReturn);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrTop-1);
+      sqlite3ClearTempRegCache(pParse);
     }else{
       /* Generate a subroutine that will fill an ephemeral table with
       ** the content of this subquery.  pItem->addrFillSub will point
@@ -98395,17 +106138,19 @@
       pItem->regReturn = ++pParse->nMem;
       topAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, pItem->regReturn);
       pItem->addrFillSub = topAddr+1;
-      VdbeNoopComment((v, "materialize %s", pItem->pTab->zName));
       if( pItem->isCorrelated==0 ){
-        /* If the subquery is no correlated and if we are not inside of
+        /* If the subquery is not correlated and if we are not inside of
         ** a trigger, then we only need to compute the value of the subquery
         ** once. */
-        onceAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse);
+        onceAddr = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse); VdbeCoverage(v);
+        VdbeComment((v, "materialize \"%s\"", pItem->pTab->zName));
+      }else{
+        VdbeNoopComment((v, "materialize \"%s\"", pItem->pTab->zName));
       }
       sqlite3SelectDestInit(&dest, SRT_EphemTab, pItem->iCursor);
       explainSetInteger(pItem->iSelectId, (u8)pParse->iNextSelectId);
       sqlite3Select(pParse, pSub, &dest);
-      pItem->pTab->nRowEst = (unsigned)pSub->nSelectRow;
+      pItem->pTab->nRowLogEst = sqlite3LogEst(pSub->nSelectRow);
       if( onceAddr ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, onceAddr);
       retAddr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, pItem->regReturn);
       VdbeComment((v, "end %s", pItem->pTab->zName));
@@ -98418,7 +106163,7 @@
     pParse->nHeight -= sqlite3SelectExprHeight(p);
     pTabList = p->pSrc;
     if( !IgnorableOrderby(pDest) ){
-      pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
+      sSort.pOrderBy = p->pOrderBy;
     }
   }
   pEList = p->pEList;
@@ -98426,45 +106171,18 @@
   pWhere = p->pWhere;
   pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
   pHaving = p->pHaving;
-  isDistinct = (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0;
+  sDistinct.isTnct = (p->selFlags & SF_Distinct)!=0;
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT
   /* If there is are a sequence of queries, do the earlier ones first.
   */
   if( p->pPrior ){
-    if( p->pRightmost==0 ){
-      Select *pLoop, *pRight = 0;
-      int cnt = 0;
-      int mxSelect;
-      for(pLoop=p; pLoop; pLoop=pLoop->pPrior, cnt++){
-        pLoop->pRightmost = p;
-        pLoop->pNext = pRight;
-        pRight = pLoop;
-      }
-      mxSelect = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT];
-      if( mxSelect && cnt>mxSelect ){
-        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many terms in compound SELECT");
-        goto select_end;
-      }
-    }
     rc = multiSelect(pParse, p, pDest);
     explainSetInteger(pParse->iSelectId, iRestoreSelectId);
     return rc;
   }
 #endif
 
-  /* If there is both a GROUP BY and an ORDER BY clause and they are
-  ** identical, then disable the ORDER BY clause since the GROUP BY
-  ** will cause elements to come out in the correct order.  This is
-  ** an optimization - the correct answer should result regardless.
-  ** Use the SQLITE_GroupByOrder flag with SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZER
-  ** to disable this optimization for testing purposes.
-  */
-  if( sqlite3ExprListCompare(p->pGroupBy, pOrderBy)==0
-         && (db->flags & SQLITE_GroupByOrder)==0 ){
-    pOrderBy = 0;
-  }
-
   /* If the query is DISTINCT with an ORDER BY but is not an aggregate, and 
   ** if the select-list is the same as the ORDER BY list, then this query
   ** can be rewritten as a GROUP BY. In other words, this:
@@ -98481,12 +106199,16 @@
   ** BY and DISTINCT, and an index or separate temp-table for the other.
   */
   if( (p->selFlags & (SF_Distinct|SF_Aggregate))==SF_Distinct 
-   && sqlite3ExprListCompare(pOrderBy, p->pEList)==0
+   && sqlite3ExprListCompare(sSort.pOrderBy, p->pEList, -1)==0
   ){
     p->selFlags &= ~SF_Distinct;
     p->pGroupBy = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pEList, 0);
     pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
-    pOrderBy = 0;
+    sSort.pOrderBy = 0;
+    /* Notice that even thought SF_Distinct has been cleared from p->selFlags,
+    ** the sDistinct.isTnct is still set.  Hence, isTnct represents the
+    ** original setting of the SF_Distinct flag, not the current setting */
+    assert( sDistinct.isTnct );
   }
 
   /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, then this sorting
@@ -98496,118 +106218,88 @@
   ** we figure out that the sorting index is not needed.  The addrSortIndex
   ** variable is used to facilitate that change.
   */
-  if( pOrderBy ){
+  if( sSort.pOrderBy ){
     KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
-    pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pOrderBy);
-    pOrderBy->iECursor = pParse->nTab++;
-    p->addrOpenEphm[2] = addrSortIndex =
+    pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, sSort.pOrderBy, 0, 0);
+    sSort.iECursor = pParse->nTab++;
+    sSort.addrSortIndex =
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral,
-                           pOrderBy->iECursor, pOrderBy->nExpr+2, 0,
-                           (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+                           sSort.iECursor, sSort.pOrderBy->nExpr+2, 0,
+                           (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
   }else{
-    addrSortIndex = -1;
+    sSort.addrSortIndex = -1;
   }
 
   /* If the output is destined for a temporary table, open that table.
   */
   if( pDest->eDest==SRT_EphemTab ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pDest->iParm, pEList->nExpr);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, pDest->iSDParm, pEList->nExpr);
   }
 
   /* Set the limiter.
   */
   iEnd = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-  p->nSelectRow = (double)LARGEST_INT64;
+  p->nSelectRow = LARGEST_INT64;
   computeLimitRegisters(pParse, p, iEnd);
-  if( p->iLimit==0 && addrSortIndex>=0 ){
-    sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, addrSortIndex)->opcode = OP_SorterOpen;
-    p->selFlags |= SF_UseSorter;
+  if( p->iLimit==0 && sSort.addrSortIndex>=0 ){
+    sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, sSort.addrSortIndex)->opcode = OP_SorterOpen;
+    sSort.sortFlags |= SORTFLAG_UseSorter;
   }
 
   /* Open a virtual index to use for the distinct set.
   */
   if( p->selFlags & SF_Distinct ){
-    KeyInfo *pKeyInfo;
-    distinct = pParse->nTab++;
-    pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, p->pEList);
-    addrDistinctIndex = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, distinct, 0, 0,
-        (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+    sDistinct.tabTnct = pParse->nTab++;
+    sDistinct.addrTnct = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenEphemeral,
+                                sDistinct.tabTnct, 0, 0,
+                                (char*)keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, p->pEList,0,0),
+                                P4_KEYINFO);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, BTREE_UNORDERED);
+    sDistinct.eTnctType = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNORDERED;
   }else{
-    distinct = addrDistinctIndex = -1;
+    sDistinct.eTnctType = WHERE_DISTINCT_NOOP;
   }
 
-  /* Aggregate and non-aggregate queries are handled differently */
   if( !isAgg && pGroupBy==0 ){
-    ExprList *pDist = (isDistinct ? p->pEList : 0);
+    /* No aggregate functions and no GROUP BY clause */
+    u16 wctrlFlags = (sDistinct.isTnct ? WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT : 0);
 
     /* Begin the database scan. */
-    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pOrderBy, pDist, 0);
+    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, sSort.pOrderBy,
+                               p->pEList, wctrlFlags, 0);
     if( pWInfo==0 ) goto select_end;
-    if( pWInfo->nRowOut < p->nSelectRow ) p->nSelectRow = pWInfo->nRowOut;
+    if( sqlite3WhereOutputRowCount(pWInfo) < p->nSelectRow ){
+      p->nSelectRow = sqlite3WhereOutputRowCount(pWInfo);
+    }
+    if( sDistinct.isTnct && sqlite3WhereIsDistinct(pWInfo) ){
+      sDistinct.eTnctType = sqlite3WhereIsDistinct(pWInfo);
+    }
+    if( sSort.pOrderBy ){
+      sSort.nOBSat = sqlite3WhereIsOrdered(pWInfo);
+      if( sSort.nOBSat==sSort.pOrderBy->nExpr ){
+        sSort.pOrderBy = 0;
+      }
+    }
 
     /* If sorting index that was created by a prior OP_OpenEphemeral 
     ** instruction ended up not being needed, then change the OP_OpenEphemeral
     ** into an OP_Noop.
     */
-    if( addrSortIndex>=0 && pOrderBy==0 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrSortIndex);
-      p->addrOpenEphm[2] = -1;
-    }
-
-    if( pWInfo->eDistinct ){
-      VdbeOp *pOp;                /* No longer required OpenEphemeral instr. */
-     
-      assert( addrDistinctIndex>=0 );
-      pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, addrDistinctIndex);
-
-      assert( isDistinct );
-      assert( pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED 
-           || pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE 
-      );
-      distinct = -1;
-      if( pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED ){
-        int iJump;
-        int iExpr;
-        int iFlag = ++pParse->nMem;
-        int iBase = pParse->nMem+1;
-        int iBase2 = iBase + pEList->nExpr;
-        pParse->nMem += (pEList->nExpr*2);
-
-        /* Change the OP_OpenEphemeral coded earlier to an OP_Integer. The
-        ** OP_Integer initializes the "first row" flag.  */
-        pOp->opcode = OP_Integer;
-        pOp->p1 = 1;
-        pOp->p2 = iFlag;
-
-        sqlite3ExprCodeExprList(pParse, pEList, iBase, 1);
-        iJump = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v) + 1 + pEList->nExpr + 1 + 1;
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_If, iFlag, iJump-1);
-        for(iExpr=0; iExpr<pEList->nExpr; iExpr++){
-          CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pEList->a[iExpr].pExpr);
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Ne, iBase+iExpr, iJump, iBase2+iExpr);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (const char *)pColl, P4_COLLSEQ);
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_NULLEQ);
-        }
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pWInfo->iContinue);
-
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, iFlag);
-        assert( sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)==iJump );
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Move, iBase, iBase2, pEList->nExpr);
-      }else{
-        pOp->opcode = OP_Noop;
-      }
+    if( sSort.addrSortIndex>=0 && sSort.pOrderBy==0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, sSort.addrSortIndex);
     }
 
     /* Use the standard inner loop. */
-    selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, pEList, 0, 0, pOrderBy, distinct, pDest,
-                    pWInfo->iContinue, pWInfo->iBreak);
+    selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, pEList, -1, &sSort, &sDistinct, pDest,
+                    sqlite3WhereContinueLabel(pWInfo),
+                    sqlite3WhereBreakLabel(pWInfo));
 
     /* End the database scan loop.
     */
     sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
   }else{
-    /* This is the processing for aggregate queries */
+    /* This case when there exist aggregate functions or a GROUP BY clause
+    ** or both */
     NameContext sNC;    /* Name context for processing aggregate information */
     int iAMem;          /* First Mem address for storing current GROUP BY */
     int iBMem;          /* First Mem address for previous GROUP BY */
@@ -98619,6 +106311,7 @@
     int addrEnd;        /* End of processing for this SELECT */
     int sortPTab = 0;   /* Pseudotable used to decode sorting results */
     int sortOut = 0;    /* Output register from the sorter */
+    int orderByGrp = 0; /* True if the GROUP BY and ORDER BY are the same */
 
     /* Remove any and all aliases between the result set and the
     ** GROUP BY clause.
@@ -98628,16 +106321,28 @@
       struct ExprList_item *pItem;  /* For looping over expression in a list */
 
       for(k=p->pEList->nExpr, pItem=p->pEList->a; k>0; k--, pItem++){
-        pItem->iAlias = 0;
+        pItem->u.x.iAlias = 0;
       }
       for(k=pGroupBy->nExpr, pItem=pGroupBy->a; k>0; k--, pItem++){
-        pItem->iAlias = 0;
+        pItem->u.x.iAlias = 0;
       }
-      if( p->nSelectRow>(double)100 ) p->nSelectRow = (double)100;
+      if( p->nSelectRow>100 ) p->nSelectRow = 100;
     }else{
-      p->nSelectRow = (double)1;
+      p->nSelectRow = 1;
     }
 
+
+    /* If there is both a GROUP BY and an ORDER BY clause and they are
+    ** identical, then it may be possible to disable the ORDER BY clause 
+    ** on the grounds that the GROUP BY will cause elements to come out 
+    ** in the correct order. It also may not - the GROUP BY may use a
+    ** database index that causes rows to be grouped together as required
+    ** but not actually sorted. Either way, record the fact that the
+    ** ORDER BY and GROUP BY clauses are the same by setting the orderByGrp
+    ** variable.  */
+    if( sqlite3ExprListCompare(pGroupBy, sSort.pOrderBy, -1)==0 ){
+      orderByGrp = 1;
+    }
  
     /* Create a label to jump to when we want to abort the query */
     addrEnd = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
@@ -98650,18 +106355,22 @@
     sNC.pParse = pParse;
     sNC.pSrcList = pTabList;
     sNC.pAggInfo = &sAggInfo;
+    sAggInfo.mnReg = pParse->nMem+1;
     sAggInfo.nSortingColumn = pGroupBy ? pGroupBy->nExpr+1 : 0;
     sAggInfo.pGroupBy = pGroupBy;
     sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, pEList);
-    sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, pOrderBy);
+    sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, sSort.pOrderBy);
     if( pHaving ){
       sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggregates(&sNC, pHaving);
     }
     sAggInfo.nAccumulator = sAggInfo.nColumn;
     for(i=0; i<sAggInfo.nFunc; i++){
       assert( !ExprHasProperty(sAggInfo.aFunc[i].pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
+      sNC.ncFlags |= NC_InAggFunc;
       sqlite3ExprAnalyzeAggList(&sNC, sAggInfo.aFunc[i].pExpr->x.pList);
+      sNC.ncFlags &= ~NC_InAggFunc;
     }
+    sAggInfo.mxReg = pParse->nMem;
     if( db->mallocFailed ) goto select_end;
 
     /* Processing for aggregates with GROUP BY is very different and
@@ -98684,10 +106393,10 @@
       ** will be converted into a Noop.  
       */
       sAggInfo.sortingIdx = pParse->nTab++;
-      pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pGroupBy);
+      pKeyInfo = keyInfoFromExprList(pParse, pGroupBy, 0, 0);
       addrSortingIdx = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_SorterOpen, 
           sAggInfo.sortingIdx, sAggInfo.nSortingColumn, 
-          0, (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+          0, (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
 
       /* Initialize memory locations used by GROUP BY aggregate processing
       */
@@ -98713,14 +106422,15 @@
       ** in the right order to begin with.
       */
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regReset, addrReset);
-      pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pGroupBy, 0, 0);
+      pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, pGroupBy, 0,
+          WHERE_GROUPBY | (orderByGrp ? WHERE_SORTBYGROUP : 0), 0
+      );
       if( pWInfo==0 ) goto select_end;
-      if( pGroupBy==0 ){
+      if( sqlite3WhereIsOrdered(pWInfo)==pGroupBy->nExpr ){
         /* The optimizer is able to deliver rows in group by order so
         ** we do not have to sort.  The OP_OpenEphemeral table will be
         ** cancelled later because we still need to use the pKeyInfo
         */
-        pGroupBy = p->pGroupBy;
         groupBySort = 0;
       }else{
         /* Rows are coming out in undetermined order.  We have to push
@@ -98734,7 +106444,8 @@
         int nGroupBy;
 
         explainTempTable(pParse, 
-            isDistinct && !(p->selFlags&SF_Distinct)?"DISTINCT":"GROUP BY");
+            (sDistinct.isTnct && (p->selFlags&SF_Distinct)==0) ?
+                    "DISTINCT" : "GROUP BY");
 
         groupBySort = 1;
         nGroupBy = pGroupBy->nExpr;
@@ -98758,7 +106469,7 @@
             int r2;
 
             r2 = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, 
-                               pCol->pTab, pCol->iColumn, pCol->iTable, r1);
+                               pCol->pTab, pCol->iColumn, pCol->iTable, r1, 0);
             if( r1!=r2 ){
               sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SCopy, r2, r1);
             }
@@ -98775,9 +106486,24 @@
         sortOut = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenPseudo, sortPTab, sortOut, nCol);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterSort, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, addrEnd);
-        VdbeComment((v, "GROUP BY sort"));
+        VdbeComment((v, "GROUP BY sort")); VdbeCoverage(v);
         sAggInfo.useSortingIdx = 1;
         sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
+
+      }
+
+      /* If the index or temporary table used by the GROUP BY sort
+      ** will naturally deliver rows in the order required by the ORDER BY
+      ** clause, cancel the ephemeral table open coded earlier.
+      **
+      ** This is an optimization - the correct answer should result regardless.
+      ** Use the SQLITE_GroupByOrder flag with SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZER to 
+      ** disable this optimization for testing purposes.  */
+      if( orderByGrp && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_GroupByOrder) 
+       && (groupBySort || sqlite3WhereIsSorted(pWInfo))
+      ){
+        sSort.pOrderBy = 0;
+        sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, sSort.addrSortIndex);
       }
 
       /* Evaluate the current GROUP BY terms and store in b0, b1, b2...
@@ -98800,9 +106526,9 @@
         }
       }
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Compare, iAMem, iBMem, pGroupBy->nExpr,
-                          (char*)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
+                          (char*)sqlite3KeyInfoRef(pKeyInfo), P4_KEYINFO);
       j1 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, j1+1, 0, j1+1);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Jump, j1+1, 0, j1+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
 
       /* Generate code that runs whenever the GROUP BY changes.
       ** Changes in the GROUP BY are detected by the previous code
@@ -98816,7 +106542,7 @@
       sqlite3ExprCodeMove(pParse, iBMem, iAMem, pGroupBy->nExpr);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regOutputRow, addrOutputRow);
       VdbeComment((v, "output one row"));
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, iAbortFlag, addrEnd);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, iAbortFlag, addrEnd); VdbeCoverage(v);
       VdbeComment((v, "check abort flag"));
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regReset, addrReset);
       VdbeComment((v, "reset accumulator"));
@@ -98833,6 +106559,7 @@
       */
       if( groupBySort ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_SorterNext, sAggInfo.sortingIdx, addrTopOfLoop);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
       }else{
         sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
         sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrSortingIdx);
@@ -98860,13 +106587,13 @@
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regOutputRow);
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, addrOutputRow);
       addrOutputRow = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, iUseFlag, addrOutputRow+2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IfPos, iUseFlag, addrOutputRow+2); VdbeCoverage(v);
       VdbeComment((v, "Groupby result generator entry point"));
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regOutputRow);
       finalizeAggFunctions(pParse, &sAggInfo);
       sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pHaving, addrOutputRow+1, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
-      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, 0, 0, pOrderBy,
-                      distinct, pDest,
+      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, -1, &sSort,
+                      &sDistinct, pDest,
                       addrOutputRow+1, addrSetAbort);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Return, regOutputRow);
       VdbeComment((v, "end groupby result generator"));
@@ -98906,33 +106633,34 @@
         sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
         sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
 
-        /* Search for the index that has the least amount of columns. If
-        ** there is such an index, and it has less columns than the table
-        ** does, then we can assume that it consumes less space on disk and
-        ** will therefore be cheaper to scan to determine the query result.
-        ** In this case set iRoot to the root page number of the index b-tree
-        ** and pKeyInfo to the KeyInfo structure required to navigate the
-        ** index.
+        /* Search for the index that has the lowest scan cost.
         **
         ** (2011-04-15) Do not do a full scan of an unordered index.
         **
+        ** (2013-10-03) Do not count the entries in a partial index.
+        **
         ** In practice the KeyInfo structure will not be used. It is only 
         ** passed to keep OP_OpenRead happy.
         */
+        if( !HasRowid(pTab) ) pBest = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
         for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-          if( pIdx->bUnordered==0 && (!pBest || pIdx->nColumn<pBest->nColumn) ){
+          if( pIdx->bUnordered==0
+           && pIdx->szIdxRow<pTab->szTabRow
+           && pIdx->pPartIdxWhere==0
+           && (!pBest || pIdx->szIdxRow<pBest->szIdxRow)
+          ){
             pBest = pIdx;
           }
         }
-        if( pBest && pBest->nColumn<pTab->nCol ){
+        if( pBest ){
           iRoot = pBest->tnum;
-          pKeyInfo = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pBest);
+          pKeyInfo = sqlite3KeyInfoOfIndex(pParse, pBest);
         }
 
         /* Open a read-only cursor, execute the OP_Count, close the cursor. */
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_OpenRead, iCsr, iRoot, iDb);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_OpenRead, iCsr, iRoot, iDb, 1);
         if( pKeyInfo ){
-          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+          sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (char *)pKeyInfo, P4_KEYINFO);
         }
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Count, iCsr, sAggInfo.aFunc[0].iMem);
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, iCsr);
@@ -98954,7 +106682,7 @@
         ** value of x, the only row required).
         **
         ** A special flag must be passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() to slightly
-        ** modify behaviour as follows:
+        ** modify behavior as follows:
         **
         **   + If the query is a "SELECT min(x)", then the loop coded by
         **     where.c should not iterate over any values with a NULL value
@@ -98966,10 +106694,17 @@
         **     Refer to code and comments in where.c for details.
         */
         ExprList *pMinMax = 0;
-        u8 flag = minMaxQuery(p);
+        u8 flag = WHERE_ORDERBY_NORMAL;
+        
+        assert( p->pGroupBy==0 );
+        assert( flag==0 );
+        if( p->pHaving==0 ){
+          flag = minMaxQuery(&sAggInfo, &pMinMax);
+        }
+        assert( flag==0 || (pMinMax!=0 && pMinMax->nExpr==1) );
+
         if( flag ){
-          assert( !ExprHasProperty(p->pEList->a[0].pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) );
-          pMinMax = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, p->pEList->a[0].pExpr->x.pList,0);
+          pMinMax = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pMinMax, 0);
           pDel = pMinMax;
           if( pMinMax && !db->mallocFailed ){
             pMinMax->a[0].sortOrder = flag!=WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN ?1:0;
@@ -98982,14 +106717,15 @@
         ** of output.
         */
         resetAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
-        pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, &pMinMax, 0, flag);
+        pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, pMinMax,0,flag,0);
         if( pWInfo==0 ){
           sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pDel);
           goto select_end;
         }
         updateAccumulator(pParse, &sAggInfo);
-        if( !pMinMax && flag ){
-          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pWInfo->iBreak);
+        assert( pMinMax==0 || pMinMax->nExpr==1 );
+        if( sqlite3WhereIsOrdered(pWInfo)>0 ){
+          sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, sqlite3WhereBreakLabel(pWInfo));
           VdbeComment((v, "%s() by index",
                 (flag==WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN?"min":"max")));
         }
@@ -98997,9 +106733,9 @@
         finalizeAggFunctions(pParse, &sAggInfo);
       }
 
-      pOrderBy = 0;
+      sSort.pOrderBy = 0;
       sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pHaving, addrEnd, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
-      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, 0, 0, 0, -1, 
+      selectInnerLoop(pParse, p, p->pEList, -1, 0, 0, 
                       pDest, addrEnd, addrEnd);
       sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pDel);
     }
@@ -99007,16 +106743,16 @@
     
   } /* endif aggregate query */
 
-  if( distinct>=0 ){
+  if( sDistinct.eTnctType==WHERE_DISTINCT_UNORDERED ){
     explainTempTable(pParse, "DISTINCT");
   }
 
   /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, then we need to sort the results
   ** and send them to the callback one by one.
   */
-  if( pOrderBy ){
-    explainTempTable(pParse, "ORDER BY");
-    generateSortTail(pParse, p, v, pEList->nExpr, pDest);
+  if( sSort.pOrderBy ){
+    explainTempTable(pParse, sSort.nOBSat>0 ? "RIGHT PART OF ORDER BY":"ORDER BY");
+    generateSortTail(pParse, p, &sSort, pEList->nExpr, pDest);
   }
 
   /* Jump here to skip this query
@@ -99124,7 +106860,6 @@
     sqlite3ExplainPrintf(pVdbe, "(null-select)");
     return;
   }
-  while( p->pPrior ) p = p->pPrior;
   sqlite3ExplainPush(pVdbe);
   while( p ){
     explainOneSelect(pVdbe, p);
@@ -99454,7 +107189,7 @@
     iDb = 1;
     pName = pName1;
   }else{
-    /* Figure out the db that the the trigger will be created in */
+    /* Figure out the db that the trigger will be created in */
     iDb = sqlite3TwoPartName(pParse, pName1, pName2, &pName);
     if( iDb<0 ){
       goto trigger_cleanup;
@@ -99491,8 +107226,8 @@
   /* Ensure the table name matches database name and that the table exists */
   if( db->mallocFailed ) goto trigger_cleanup;
   assert( pTableName->nSrc==1 );
-  if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "trigger", pName) && 
-      sqlite3FixSrcList(&sFix, pTableName) ){
+  sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "trigger", pName);
+  if( sqlite3FixSrcList(&sFix, pTableName) ){
     goto trigger_cleanup;
   }
   pTab = sqlite3SrcListLookup(pParse, pTableName);
@@ -99634,8 +107369,10 @@
   }
   nameToken.z = pTrig->zName;
   nameToken.n = sqlite3Strlen30(nameToken.z);
-  if( sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "trigger", &nameToken) 
-          && sqlite3FixTriggerStep(&sFix, pTrig->step_list) ){
+  sqlite3FixInit(&sFix, pParse, iDb, "trigger", &nameToken);
+  if( sqlite3FixTriggerStep(&sFix, pTrig->step_list) 
+   || sqlite3FixExpr(&sFix, pTrig->pWhen) 
+  ){
     goto triggerfinish_cleanup;
   }
 
@@ -99738,25 +107475,21 @@
   sqlite3 *db,        /* The database connection */
   Token *pTableName,  /* Name of the table into which we insert */
   IdList *pColumn,    /* List of columns in pTableName to insert into */
-  ExprList *pEList,   /* The VALUE clause: a list of values to be inserted */
   Select *pSelect,    /* A SELECT statement that supplies values */
   u8 orconf           /* The conflict algorithm (OE_Abort, OE_Replace, etc.) */
 ){
   TriggerStep *pTriggerStep;
 
-  assert(pEList == 0 || pSelect == 0);
-  assert(pEList != 0 || pSelect != 0 || db->mallocFailed);
+  assert(pSelect != 0 || db->mallocFailed);
 
   pTriggerStep = triggerStepAllocate(db, TK_INSERT, pTableName);
   if( pTriggerStep ){
     pTriggerStep->pSelect = sqlite3SelectDup(db, pSelect, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
     pTriggerStep->pIdList = pColumn;
-    pTriggerStep->pExprList = sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pEList, EXPRDUP_REDUCE);
     pTriggerStep->orconf = orconf;
   }else{
     sqlite3IdListDelete(db, pColumn);
   }
-  sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pEList);
   sqlite3SelectDelete(db, pSelect);
 
   return pTriggerStep;
@@ -99911,6 +107644,7 @@
   assert( pTable!=0 );
   if( (v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse))!=0 ){
     int base;
+    static const int iLn = VDBE_OFFSET_LINENO(2);
     static const VdbeOpList dropTrigger[] = {
       { OP_Rewind,     0, ADDR(9),  0},
       { OP_String8,    0, 1,        0}, /* 1 */
@@ -99925,7 +107659,7 @@
 
     sqlite3BeginWriteOperation(pParse, 0, iDb);
     sqlite3OpenMasterTable(pParse, iDb);
-    base = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v,  ArraySize(dropTrigger), dropTrigger);
+    base = sqlite3VdbeAddOpList(v,  ArraySize(dropTrigger), dropTrigger, iLn);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, base+1, pTrigger->zName, P4_TRANSIENT);
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, base+4, "trigger", P4_STATIC);
     sqlite3ChangeCookie(pParse, iDb);
@@ -100071,6 +107805,7 @@
     **   INSERT OR IGNORE INTO t1 ... ;  -- insert into t2 uses IGNORE policy
     */
     pParse->eOrconf = (orconf==OE_Default)?pStep->orconf:(u8)orconf;
+    assert( pParse->okConstFactor==0 );
 
     switch( pStep->op ){
       case TK_UPDATE: {
@@ -100085,7 +107820,6 @@
       case TK_INSERT: {
         sqlite3Insert(pParse, 
           targetSrcList(pParse, pStep),
-          sqlite3ExprListDup(db, pStep->pExprList, 0), 
           sqlite3SelectDup(db, pStep->pSelect, 0), 
           sqlite3IdListDup(db, pStep->pIdList), 
           pParse->eOrconf
@@ -100116,7 +107850,7 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_EXPLAIN_COMMENTS
 /*
 ** This function is used to add VdbeComment() annotations to a VDBE
 ** program. It is not used in production code, only for debugging.
@@ -100256,6 +107990,7 @@
 
   assert( !pSubParse->pAinc       && !pSubParse->pZombieTab );
   assert( !pSubParse->pTriggerPrg && !pSubParse->nMaxArg );
+  sqlite3ParserReset(pSubParse);
   sqlite3StackFree(db, pSubParse);
 
   return pPrg;
@@ -100336,7 +108071,7 @@
 /*
 ** This is called to code the required FOR EACH ROW triggers for an operation
 ** on table pTab. The operation to code triggers for (INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE)
-** is given by the op paramater. The tr_tm parameter determines whether the
+** is given by the op parameter. The tr_tm parameter determines whether the
 ** BEFORE or AFTER triggers are coded. If the operation is an UPDATE, then
 ** parameter pChanges is passed the list of columns being modified.
 **
@@ -100530,7 +108265,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3ColumnDefault(Vdbe *v, Table *pTab, int i, int iReg){
   assert( pTab!=0 );
   if( !pTab->pSelect ){
-    sqlite3_value *pValue;
+    sqlite3_value *pValue = 0;
     u8 enc = ENC(sqlite3VdbeDb(v));
     Column *pCol = &pTab->aCol[i];
     VdbeComment((v, "%s.%s", pTab->zName, pCol->zName));
@@ -100541,7 +108276,7 @@
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP4(v, -1, (const char *)pValue, P4_MEM);
     }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
-    if( iReg>=0 && pTab->aCol[i].affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL ){
+    if( pTab->aCol[i].affinity==SQLITE_AFF_REAL ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_RealAffinity, iReg);
     }
 #endif
@@ -100564,25 +108299,32 @@
 ){
   int i, j;              /* Loop counters */
   Table *pTab;           /* The table to be updated */
-  int addr = 0;          /* VDBE instruction address of the start of the loop */
+  int addrTop = 0;       /* VDBE instruction address of the start of the loop */
   WhereInfo *pWInfo;     /* Information about the WHERE clause */
   Vdbe *v;               /* The virtual database engine */
   Index *pIdx;           /* For looping over indices */
+  Index *pPk;            /* The PRIMARY KEY index for WITHOUT ROWID tables */
   int nIdx;              /* Number of indices that need updating */
-  int iCur;              /* VDBE Cursor number of pTab */
+  int iBaseCur;          /* Base cursor number */
+  int iDataCur;          /* Cursor for the canonical data btree */
+  int iIdxCur;           /* Cursor for the first index */
   sqlite3 *db;           /* The database structure */
   int *aRegIdx = 0;      /* One register assigned to each index to be updated */
   int *aXRef = 0;        /* aXRef[i] is the index in pChanges->a[] of the
                          ** an expression for the i-th column of the table.
                          ** aXRef[i]==-1 if the i-th column is not changed. */
-  int chngRowid;         /* True if the record number is being changed */
+  u8 *aToOpen;           /* 1 for tables and indices to be opened */
+  u8 chngPk;             /* PRIMARY KEY changed in a WITHOUT ROWID table */
+  u8 chngRowid;          /* Rowid changed in a normal table */
+  u8 chngKey;            /* Either chngPk or chngRowid */
   Expr *pRowidExpr = 0;  /* Expression defining the new record number */
-  int openAll = 0;       /* True if all indices need to be opened */
   AuthContext sContext;  /* The authorization context */
   NameContext sNC;       /* The name-context to resolve expressions in */
   int iDb;               /* Database containing the table being updated */
   int okOnePass;         /* True for one-pass algorithm without the FIFO */
   int hasFK;             /* True if foreign key processing is required */
+  int labelBreak;        /* Jump here to break out of UPDATE loop */
+  int labelContinue;     /* Jump here to continue next step of UPDATE loop */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER
   int isView;            /* True when updating a view (INSTEAD OF trigger) */
@@ -100590,6 +108332,9 @@
   int tmask;             /* Mask of TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER */
 #endif
   int newmask;           /* Mask of NEW.* columns accessed by BEFORE triggers */
+  int iEph = 0;          /* Ephemeral table holding all primary key values */
+  int nKey = 0;          /* Number of elements in regKey for WITHOUT ROWID */
+  int aiCurOnePass[2];   /* The write cursors opened by WHERE_ONEPASS */
 
   /* Register Allocations */
   int regRowCount = 0;   /* A count of rows changed */
@@ -100598,6 +108343,7 @@
   int regNew;            /* Content of the NEW.* table in triggers */
   int regOld = 0;        /* Content of OLD.* table in triggers */
   int regRowSet = 0;     /* Rowset of rows to be updated */
+  int regKey = 0;        /* composite PRIMARY KEY value */
 
   memset(&sContext, 0, sizeof(sContext));
   db = pParse->db;
@@ -100635,20 +108381,34 @@
   if( sqlite3IsReadOnly(pParse, pTab, tmask) ){
     goto update_cleanup;
   }
-  aXRef = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int) * pTab->nCol );
-  if( aXRef==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
-  for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++) aXRef[i] = -1;
 
   /* Allocate a cursors for the main database table and for all indices.
   ** The index cursors might not be used, but if they are used they
   ** need to occur right after the database cursor.  So go ahead and
   ** allocate enough space, just in case.
   */
-  pTabList->a[0].iCursor = iCur = pParse->nTab++;
-  for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+  pTabList->a[0].iCursor = iBaseCur = iDataCur = pParse->nTab++;
+  iIdxCur = iDataCur+1;
+  pPk = HasRowid(pTab) ? 0 : sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+  for(nIdx=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, nIdx++){
+    if( IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) && pPk!=0 ){
+      iDataCur = pParse->nTab;
+      pTabList->a[0].iCursor = iDataCur;
+    }
     pParse->nTab++;
   }
 
+  /* Allocate space for aXRef[], aRegIdx[], and aToOpen[].  
+  ** Initialize aXRef[] and aToOpen[] to their default values.
+  */
+  aXRef = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(int) * (pTab->nCol+nIdx) + nIdx+2 );
+  if( aXRef==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
+  aRegIdx = aXRef+pTab->nCol;
+  aToOpen = (u8*)(aRegIdx+nIdx);
+  memset(aToOpen, 1, nIdx+1);
+  aToOpen[nIdx+1] = 0;
+  for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++) aXRef[i] = -1;
+
   /* Initialize the name-context */
   memset(&sNC, 0, sizeof(sNC));
   sNC.pParse = pParse;
@@ -100660,7 +108420,7 @@
   ** column to be updated, make sure we have authorization to change
   ** that column.
   */
-  chngRowid = 0;
+  chngRowid = chngPk = 0;
   for(i=0; i<pChanges->nExpr; i++){
     if( sqlite3ResolveExprNames(&sNC, pChanges->a[i].pExpr) ){
       goto update_cleanup;
@@ -100670,13 +108430,16 @@
         if( j==pTab->iPKey ){
           chngRowid = 1;
           pRowidExpr = pChanges->a[i].pExpr;
+        }else if( pPk && (pTab->aCol[j].colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY)!=0 ){
+          chngPk = 1;
         }
         aXRef[j] = i;
         break;
       }
     }
     if( j>=pTab->nCol ){
-      if( sqlite3IsRowid(pChanges->a[i].zName) ){
+      if( pPk==0 && sqlite3IsRowid(pChanges->a[i].zName) ){
+        j = -1;
         chngRowid = 1;
         pRowidExpr = pChanges->a[i].pExpr;
       }else{
@@ -100689,7 +108452,8 @@
     {
       int rc;
       rc = sqlite3AuthCheck(pParse, SQLITE_UPDATE, pTab->zName,
-                           pTab->aCol[j].zName, db->aDb[iDb].zName);
+                            j<0 ? "ROWID" : pTab->aCol[j].zName,
+                            db->aDb[iDb].zName);
       if( rc==SQLITE_DENY ){
         goto update_cleanup;
       }else if( rc==SQLITE_IGNORE ){
@@ -100698,32 +108462,36 @@
     }
 #endif
   }
+  assert( (chngRowid & chngPk)==0 );
+  assert( chngRowid==0 || chngRowid==1 );
+  assert( chngPk==0 || chngPk==1 );
+  chngKey = chngRowid + chngPk;
 
-  hasFK = sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, aXRef, chngRowid);
-
-  /* Allocate memory for the array aRegIdx[].  There is one entry in the
-  ** array for each index associated with table being updated.  Fill in
-  ** the value with a register number for indices that are to be used
-  ** and with zero for unused indices.
+  /* The SET expressions are not actually used inside the WHERE loop.
+  ** So reset the colUsed mask
   */
-  for(nIdx=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, nIdx++){}
-  if( nIdx>0 ){
-    aRegIdx = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Index*) * nIdx );
-    if( aRegIdx==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
-  }
+  pTabList->a[0].colUsed = 0;
+
+  hasFK = sqlite3FkRequired(pParse, pTab, aXRef, chngKey);
+
+  /* There is one entry in the aRegIdx[] array for each index on the table
+  ** being updated.  Fill in aRegIdx[] with a register number that will hold
+  ** the key for accessing each index.  
+  */
   for(j=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, j++){
     int reg;
-    if( hasFK || chngRowid ){
+    if( chngKey || hasFK || pIdx->pPartIdxWhere || pIdx==pPk ){
       reg = ++pParse->nMem;
     }else{
       reg = 0;
-      for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
+      for(i=0; i<pIdx->nKeyCol; i++){
         if( aXRef[pIdx->aiColumn[i]]>=0 ){
           reg = ++pParse->nMem;
           break;
         }
       }
     }
+    if( reg==0 ) aToOpen[j+1] = 0;
     aRegIdx[j] = reg;
   }
 
@@ -100747,11 +108515,11 @@
   /* Allocate required registers. */
   regRowSet = ++pParse->nMem;
   regOldRowid = regNewRowid = ++pParse->nMem;
-  if( pTrigger || hasFK ){
+  if( chngPk || pTrigger || hasFK ){
     regOld = pParse->nMem + 1;
     pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol;
   }
-  if( chngRowid || pTrigger || hasFK ){
+  if( chngKey || pTrigger || hasFK ){
     regNewRowid = ++pParse->nMem;
   }
   regNew = pParse->nMem + 1;
@@ -100767,7 +108535,7 @@
   */
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIEW) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_TRIGGER)
   if( isView ){
-    sqlite3MaterializeView(pParse, pTab, pWhere, iCur);
+    sqlite3MaterializeView(pParse, pTab, pWhere, iDataCur);
   }
 #endif
 
@@ -100780,24 +108548,58 @@
 
   /* Begin the database scan
   */
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, regRowSet, regOldRowid);
-  pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(
-      pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0, 0, WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED
-  );
-  if( pWInfo==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
-  okOnePass = pWInfo->okOnePass;
+  if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, regRowSet, regOldRowid);
+    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(
+        pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0, 0, WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED, iIdxCur
+    );
+    if( pWInfo==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
+    okOnePass = sqlite3WhereOkOnePass(pWInfo, aiCurOnePass);
+  
+    /* Remember the rowid of every item to be updated.
+    */
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iDataCur, regOldRowid);
+    if( !okOnePass ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowSetAdd, regRowSet, regOldRowid);
+    }
+  
+    /* End the database scan loop.
+    */
+    sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
+  }else{
+    int iPk;         /* First of nPk memory cells holding PRIMARY KEY value */
+    i16 nPk;         /* Number of components of the PRIMARY KEY */
+    int addrOpen;    /* Address of the OpenEphemeral instruction */
 
-  /* Remember the rowid of every item to be updated.
-  */
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iCur, regOldRowid);
-  if( !okOnePass ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowSetAdd, regRowSet, regOldRowid);
+    assert( pPk!=0 );
+    nPk = pPk->nKeyCol;
+    iPk = pParse->nMem+1;
+    pParse->nMem += nPk;
+    regKey = ++pParse->nMem;
+    iEph = pParse->nTab++;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, iPk);
+    addrOpen = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, iEph, nPk);
+    sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pPk);
+    pWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pTabList, pWhere, 0, 0, 
+                               WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED, iIdxCur);
+    if( pWInfo==0 ) goto update_cleanup;
+    okOnePass = sqlite3WhereOkOnePass(pWInfo, aiCurOnePass);
+    for(i=0; i<nPk; i++){
+      sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, pPk->aiColumn[i],
+                                      iPk+i);
+    }
+    if( okOnePass ){
+      sqlite3VdbeChangeToNoop(v, addrOpen);
+      nKey = nPk;
+      regKey = iPk;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_MakeRecord, iPk, nPk, regKey,
+                        sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pPk), nPk);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, iEph, regKey);
+    }
+    sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
   }
 
-  /* End the database scan loop.
-  */
-  sqlite3WhereEnd(pWInfo);
-
   /* Initialize the count of updated rows
   */
   if( (db->flags & SQLITE_CountRows) && !pParse->pTriggerTab ){
@@ -100805,6 +108607,7 @@
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regRowCount);
   }
 
+  labelBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
   if( !isView ){
     /* 
     ** Open every index that needs updating.  Note that if any
@@ -100812,68 +108615,78 @@
     ** action, then we need to open all indices because we might need
     ** to be deleting some records.
     */
-    if( !okOnePass ) sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, iCur, iDb, pTab, OP_OpenWrite); 
     if( onError==OE_Replace ){
-      openAll = 1;
+      memset(aToOpen, 1, nIdx+1);
     }else{
-      openAll = 0;
       for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
         if( pIdx->onError==OE_Replace ){
-          openAll = 1;
+          memset(aToOpen, 1, nIdx+1);
           break;
         }
       }
     }
-    for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
-      assert( aRegIdx );
-      if( openAll || aRegIdx[i]>0 ){
-        KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenWrite, iCur+i+1, pIdx->tnum, iDb,
-                       (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
-        assert( pParse->nTab>iCur+i+1 );
-      }
+    if( okOnePass ){
+      if( aiCurOnePass[0]>=0 ) aToOpen[aiCurOnePass[0]-iBaseCur] = 0;
+      if( aiCurOnePass[1]>=0 ) aToOpen[aiCurOnePass[1]-iBaseCur] = 0;
     }
+    sqlite3OpenTableAndIndices(pParse, pTab, OP_OpenWrite, iBaseCur, aToOpen,
+                               0, 0);
   }
 
   /* Top of the update loop */
   if( okOnePass ){
-    int a1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NotNull, regOldRowid);
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, a1);
+    if( aToOpen[iDataCur-iBaseCur] ){
+      assert( pPk!=0 );
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iDataCur, labelBreak, regKey, nKey);
+      VdbeCoverageNeverTaken(v);
+    }
+    labelContinue = labelBreak;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, pPk ? regKey : regOldRowid, labelBreak);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, pPk==0);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, pPk!=0);
+  }else if( pPk ){
+    labelContinue = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iEph, labelBreak); VdbeCoverage(v);
+    addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_RowKey, iEph, regKey);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iDataCur, labelContinue, regKey, 0);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
   }else{
-    addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowSetRead, regRowSet, 0, regOldRowid);
+    labelContinue = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_RowSetRead, regRowSet, labelBreak,
+                             regOldRowid);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDataCur, labelContinue, regOldRowid);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
-  /* Make cursor iCur point to the record that is being updated. If
-  ** this record does not exist for some reason (deleted by a trigger,
-  ** for example, then jump to the next iteration of the RowSet loop.  */
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, addr, regOldRowid);
-
   /* If the record number will change, set register regNewRowid to
   ** contain the new value. If the record number is not being modified,
   ** then regNewRowid is the same register as regOldRowid, which is
   ** already populated.  */
-  assert( chngRowid || pTrigger || hasFK || regOldRowid==regNewRowid );
+  assert( chngKey || pTrigger || hasFK || regOldRowid==regNewRowid );
   if( chngRowid ){
     sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pRowidExpr, regNewRowid);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regNewRowid);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_MustBeInt, regNewRowid); VdbeCoverage(v);
   }
 
-  /* If there are triggers on this table, populate an array of registers 
-  ** with the required old.* column data.  */
-  if( hasFK || pTrigger ){
+  /* Compute the old pre-UPDATE content of the row being changed, if that
+  ** information is needed */
+  if( chngPk || hasFK || pTrigger ){
     u32 oldmask = (hasFK ? sqlite3FkOldmask(pParse, pTab) : 0);
     oldmask |= sqlite3TriggerColmask(pParse, 
         pTrigger, pChanges, 0, TRIGGER_BEFORE|TRIGGER_AFTER, pTab, onError
     );
     for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
-      if( aXRef[i]<0 || oldmask==0xffffffff || (i<32 && (oldmask & (1<<i))) ){
-        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iCur, i, regOld+i);
+      if( oldmask==0xffffffff
+       || (i<32 && (oldmask & MASKBIT32(i))!=0)
+       || (pTab->aCol[i].colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY)!=0
+      ){
+        testcase(  oldmask!=0xffffffff && i==31 );
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, i, regOld+i);
       }else{
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regOld+i);
       }
     }
-    if( chngRowid==0 ){
+    if( chngRowid==0 && pPk==0 ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Copy, regOldRowid, regNewRowid);
     }
   }
@@ -100894,15 +108707,15 @@
   newmask = sqlite3TriggerColmask(
       pParse, pTrigger, pChanges, 1, TRIGGER_BEFORE, pTab, onError
   );
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, regNew, regNew+pTab->nCol-1);
+  /*sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Null, 0, regNew, regNew+pTab->nCol-1);*/
   for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
     if( i==pTab->iPKey ){
-      /*sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regNew+i);*/
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regNew+i);
     }else{
       j = aXRef[i];
       if( j>=0 ){
         sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pChanges->a[j].pExpr, regNew+i);
-      }else if( 0==(tmask&TRIGGER_BEFORE) || i>31 || (newmask&(1<<i)) ){
+      }else if( 0==(tmask&TRIGGER_BEFORE) || i>31 || (newmask & MASKBIT32(i)) ){
         /* This branch loads the value of a column that will not be changed 
         ** into a register. This is done if there are no BEFORE triggers, or
         ** if there are one or more BEFORE triggers that use this value via
@@ -100910,8 +108723,9 @@
         */
         testcase( i==31 );
         testcase( i==32 );
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iCur, i, regNew+i);
-        sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, i, regNew+i);
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, i, regNew+i);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regNew+i);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -100920,18 +108734,23 @@
   ** verified. One could argue that this is wrong.
   */
   if( tmask&TRIGGER_BEFORE ){
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Affinity, regNew, pTab->nCol);
-    sqlite3TableAffinityStr(v, pTab);
+    sqlite3TableAffinity(v, pTab, regNew);
     sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, TK_UPDATE, pChanges, 
-        TRIGGER_BEFORE, pTab, regOldRowid, onError, addr);
+        TRIGGER_BEFORE, pTab, regOldRowid, onError, labelContinue);
 
     /* The row-trigger may have deleted the row being updated. In this
     ** case, jump to the next row. No updates or AFTER triggers are 
-    ** required. This behaviour - what happens when the row being updated
+    ** required. This behavior - what happens when the row being updated
     ** is deleted or renamed by a BEFORE trigger - is left undefined in the
     ** documentation.
     */
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, addr, regOldRowid);
+    if( pPk ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iDataCur, labelContinue,regKey,nKey);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDataCur, labelContinue, regOldRowid);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+    }
 
     /* If it did not delete it, the row-trigger may still have modified 
     ** some of the columns of the row being updated. Load the values for 
@@ -100940,46 +108759,57 @@
     */
     for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
       if( aXRef[i]<0 && i!=pTab->iPKey ){
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iCur, i, regNew+i);
-        sqlite3ColumnDefault(v, pTab, i, regNew+i);
+        sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumnOfTable(v, pTab, iDataCur, i, regNew+i);
       }
     }
   }
 
   if( !isView ){
-    int j1;                       /* Address of jump instruction */
+    int j1 = 0;           /* Address of jump instruction */
+    int bReplace = 0;     /* True if REPLACE conflict resolution might happen */
 
     /* Do constraint checks. */
-    sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(pParse, pTab, iCur, regNewRowid,
-        aRegIdx, (chngRowid?regOldRowid:0), 1, onError, addr, 0);
+    assert( regOldRowid>0 );
+    sqlite3GenerateConstraintChecks(pParse, pTab, aRegIdx, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+        regNewRowid, regOldRowid, chngKey, onError, labelContinue, &bReplace);
 
     /* Do FK constraint checks. */
     if( hasFK ){
-      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, regOldRowid, 0);
+      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, regOldRowid, 0, aXRef, chngKey);
     }
 
     /* Delete the index entries associated with the current record.  */
-    j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, 0, regOldRowid);
-    sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iCur, aRegIdx);
+    if( bReplace || chngKey ){
+      if( pPk ){
+        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iDataCur, 0, regKey, nKey);
+      }else{
+        j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iDataCur, 0, regOldRowid);
+      }
+      VdbeCoverageNeverTaken(v);
+    }
+    sqlite3GenerateRowIndexDelete(pParse, pTab, iDataCur, iIdxCur, aRegIdx);
   
     /* If changing the record number, delete the old record.  */
-    if( hasFK || chngRowid ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Delete, iCur, 0);
+    if( hasFK || chngKey || pPk!=0 ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Delete, iDataCur, 0);
     }
-    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+    if( bReplace || chngKey ){
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+    }
 
     if( hasFK ){
-      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, 0, regNewRowid);
+      sqlite3FkCheck(pParse, pTab, 0, regNewRowid, aXRef, chngKey);
     }
   
     /* Insert the new index entries and the new record. */
-    sqlite3CompleteInsertion(pParse, pTab, iCur, regNewRowid, aRegIdx, 1, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3CompleteInsertion(pParse, pTab, iDataCur, iIdxCur,
+                             regNewRowid, aRegIdx, 1, 0, 0);
 
     /* Do any ON CASCADE, SET NULL or SET DEFAULT operations required to
     ** handle rows (possibly in other tables) that refer via a foreign key
     ** to the row just updated. */ 
     if( hasFK ){
-      sqlite3FkActions(pParse, pTab, pChanges, regOldRowid);
+      sqlite3FkActions(pParse, pTab, pChanges, regOldRowid, aXRef, chngKey);
     }
   }
 
@@ -100990,22 +108820,29 @@
   }
 
   sqlite3CodeRowTrigger(pParse, pTrigger, TK_UPDATE, pChanges, 
-      TRIGGER_AFTER, pTab, regOldRowid, onError, addr);
+      TRIGGER_AFTER, pTab, regOldRowid, onError, labelContinue);
 
   /* Repeat the above with the next record to be updated, until
   ** all record selected by the WHERE clause have been updated.
   */
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, addr);
-  sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
+  if( okOnePass ){
+    /* Nothing to do at end-of-loop for a single-pass */
+  }else if( pPk ){
+    sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, labelContinue);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, iEph, addrTop); VdbeCoverage(v);
+  }else{
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, labelContinue);
+  }
+  sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, labelBreak);
 
   /* Close all tables */
   for(i=0, pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext, i++){
     assert( aRegIdx );
-    if( openAll || aRegIdx[i]>0 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iCur+i+1, 0);
+    if( aToOpen[i+1] ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iIdxCur+i, 0);
     }
   }
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iCur, 0);
+  if( iDataCur<iIdxCur ) sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, iDataCur, 0);
 
   /* Update the sqlite_sequence table by storing the content of the
   ** maximum rowid counter values recorded while inserting into
@@ -101028,8 +108865,7 @@
 
 update_cleanup:
   sqlite3AuthContextPop(&sContext);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, aRegIdx);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, aXRef);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, aXRef); /* Also frees aRegIdx[] and aToOpen[] */
   sqlite3SrcListDelete(db, pTabList);
   sqlite3ExprListDelete(db, pChanges);
   sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pWhere);
@@ -101122,7 +108958,7 @@
   /* Generate code to scan the ephemeral table and call VUpdate. */
   iReg = ++pParse->nMem;
   pParse->nMem += pTab->nCol+1;
-  addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, ephemTab, 0);
+  addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, ephemTab, 0); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column,  ephemTab, 0, iReg);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, ephemTab, (pRowid?1:0), iReg+1);
   for(i=0; i<pTab->nCol; i++){
@@ -101132,7 +108968,7 @@
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VUpdate, 0, pTab->nCol+2, iReg, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
   sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, onError==OE_Default ? OE_Abort : onError);
   sqlite3MayAbort(pParse);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, ephemTab, addr+1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, ephemTab, addr+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Close, ephemTab, 0);
 
@@ -101215,19 +109051,40 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** The non-standard VACUUM command is used to clean up the database,
+** The VACUUM command is used to clean up the database,
 ** collapse free space, etc.  It is modelled after the VACUUM command
-** in PostgreSQL.
+** in PostgreSQL.  The VACUUM command works as follows:
 **
-** In version 1.0.x of SQLite, the VACUUM command would call
-** gdbm_reorganize() on all the database tables.  But beginning
-** with 2.0.0, SQLite no longer uses GDBM so this command has
-** become a no-op.
+**   (1)  Create a new transient database file
+**   (2)  Copy all content from the database being vacuumed into
+**        the new transient database file
+**   (3)  Copy content from the transient database back into the
+**        original database.
+**
+** The transient database requires temporary disk space approximately
+** equal to the size of the original database.  The copy operation of
+** step (3) requires additional temporary disk space approximately equal
+** to the size of the original database for the rollback journal.
+** Hence, temporary disk space that is approximately 2x the size of the
+** orginal database is required.  Every page of the database is written
+** approximately 3 times:  Once for step (2) and twice for step (3).
+** Two writes per page are required in step (3) because the original
+** database content must be written into the rollback journal prior to
+** overwriting the database with the vacuumed content.
+**
+** Only 1x temporary space and only 1x writes would be required if
+** the copy of step (3) were replace by deleting the original database
+** and renaming the transient database as the original.  But that will
+** not work if other processes are attached to the original database.
+** And a power loss in between deleting the original and renaming the
+** transient would cause the database file to appear to be deleted
+** following reboot.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Vacuum(Parse *pParse){
   Vdbe *v = sqlite3GetVdbe(pParse);
   if( v ){
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Vacuum, 0, 0);
+    sqlite3VdbeUsesBtree(v, 0);
   }
   return;
 }
@@ -101253,7 +109110,7 @@
     sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db, "cannot VACUUM from within a transaction");
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
-  if( db->activeVdbeCnt>1 ){
+  if( db->nVdbeActive>1 ){
     sqlite3SetString(pzErrMsg, db,"cannot VACUUM - SQL statements in progress");
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
@@ -101356,7 +109213,7 @@
   rc = execExecSql(db, pzErrMsg,
       "SELECT 'CREATE TABLE vacuum_db.' || substr(sql,14) "
       "  FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name!='sqlite_sequence'"
-      "   AND rootpage>0"
+      "   AND coalesce(rootpage,1)>0"
   );
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
   rc = execExecSql(db, pzErrMsg,
@@ -101377,7 +109234,7 @@
       "|| ' SELECT * FROM main.' || quote(name) || ';'"
       "FROM main.sqlite_master "
       "WHERE type = 'table' AND name!='sqlite_sequence' "
-      "  AND rootpage>0"
+      "  AND coalesce(rootpage,1)>0"
   );
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto end_of_vacuum;
 
@@ -101431,6 +109288,7 @@
        BTREE_DEFAULT_CACHE_SIZE, 0,  /* Preserve the default page cache size */
        BTREE_TEXT_ENCODING,      0,  /* Preserve the text encoding */
        BTREE_USER_VERSION,       0,  /* Preserve the user version */
+       BTREE_APPLICATION_ID,     0,  /* Preserve the application id */
     };
 
     assert( 1==sqlite3BtreeIsInTrans(pTemp) );
@@ -101482,7 +109340,7 @@
 
   /* This both clears the schemas and reduces the size of the db->aDb[]
   ** array. */ 
-  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
 
   return rc;
 }
@@ -101514,8 +109372,8 @@
 ** are invoked only from within xCreate and xConnect methods.
 */
 struct VtabCtx {
-  Table *pTab;
-  VTable *pVTable;
+  VTable *pVTable;    /* The virtual table being constructed */
+  Table *pTab;        /* The Table object to which the virtual table belongs */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -101530,33 +109388,35 @@
   void *pAux,                     /* Context pointer for xCreate/xConnect */
   void (*xDestroy)(void *)        /* Module destructor function */
 ){
-  int rc, nName;
-  Module *pMod;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nName;
 
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
   nName = sqlite3Strlen30(zName);
-  pMod = (Module *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Module) + nName + 1);
-  if( pMod ){
-    Module *pDel;
-    char *zCopy = (char *)(&pMod[1]);
-    memcpy(zCopy, zName, nName+1);
-    pMod->zName = zCopy;
-    pMod->pModule = pModule;
-    pMod->pAux = pAux;
-    pMod->xDestroy = xDestroy;
-    pDel = (Module *)sqlite3HashInsert(&db->aModule, zCopy, nName, (void*)pMod);
-    if( pDel && pDel->xDestroy ){
-      sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
-      pDel->xDestroy(pDel->pAux);
+  if( sqlite3HashFind(&db->aModule, zName, nName) ){
+    rc = SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
+  }else{
+    Module *pMod;
+    pMod = (Module *)sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(Module) + nName + 1);
+    if( pMod ){
+      Module *pDel;
+      char *zCopy = (char *)(&pMod[1]);
+      memcpy(zCopy, zName, nName+1);
+      pMod->zName = zCopy;
+      pMod->pModule = pModule;
+      pMod->pAux = pAux;
+      pMod->xDestroy = xDestroy;
+      pDel = (Module *)sqlite3HashInsert(&db->aModule,zCopy,nName,(void*)pMod);
+      assert( pDel==0 || pDel==pMod );
+      if( pDel ){
+        db->mallocFailed = 1;
+        sqlite3DbFree(db, pDel);
+      }
     }
-    sqlite3DbFree(db, pDel);
-    if( pDel==pMod ){
-      db->mallocFailed = 1;
-    }
-  }else if( xDestroy ){
-    xDestroy(pAux);
   }
-  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, SQLITE_OK);
+  rc = sqlite3ApiExit(db, rc);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && xDestroy ) xDestroy(pAux);
+
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
   return rc;
 }
@@ -101621,7 +109481,7 @@
 
   assert( db );
   assert( pVTab->nRef>0 );
-  assert( sqlite3SafetyCheckOk(db) );
+  assert( db->magic==SQLITE_MAGIC_OPEN || db->magic==SQLITE_MAGIC_ZOMBIE );
 
   pVTab->nRef--;
   if( pVTab->nRef==0 ){
@@ -101672,6 +109532,31 @@
   return pRet;
 }
 
+/*
+** Table *p is a virtual table. This function removes the VTable object
+** for table *p associated with database connection db from the linked
+** list in p->pVTab. It also decrements the VTable ref count. This is
+** used when closing database connection db to free all of its VTable
+** objects without disturbing the rest of the Schema object (which may
+** be being used by other shared-cache connections).
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3VtabDisconnect(sqlite3 *db, Table *p){
+  VTable **ppVTab;
+
+  assert( IsVirtual(p) );
+  assert( sqlite3BtreeHoldsAllMutexes(db) );
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+
+  for(ppVTab=&p->pVTable; *ppVTab; ppVTab=&(*ppVTab)->pNext){
+    if( (*ppVTab)->db==db  ){
+      VTable *pVTab = *ppVTab;
+      *ppVTab = pVTab->pNext;
+      sqlite3VtabUnlock(pVTab);
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 
 /*
 ** Disconnect all the virtual table objects in the sqlite3.pDisconnect list.
@@ -101729,7 +109614,7 @@
   if( p->azModuleArg ){
     int i;
     for(i=0; i<p->nModuleArg; i++){
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azModuleArg[i]);
+      if( i!=1 ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azModuleArg[i]);
     }
     sqlite3DbFree(db, p->azModuleArg);
   }
@@ -101789,7 +109674,7 @@
   pTable->tabFlags |= TF_Virtual;
   pTable->nModuleArg = 0;
   addModuleArgument(db, pTable, sqlite3NameFromToken(db, pModuleName));
-  addModuleArgument(db, pTable, sqlite3DbStrDup(db, db->aDb[iDb].zName));
+  addModuleArgument(db, pTable, 0);
   addModuleArgument(db, pTable, sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pTable->zName));
   pParse->sNameToken.n = (int)(&pModuleName->z[pModuleName->n] - pName1->z);
 
@@ -101939,13 +109824,14 @@
   int (*xConstruct)(sqlite3*,void*,int,const char*const*,sqlite3_vtab**,char**),
   char **pzErr
 ){
-  VtabCtx sCtx;
+  VtabCtx sCtx, *pPriorCtx;
   VTable *pVTable;
   int rc;
   const char *const*azArg = (const char *const*)pTab->azModuleArg;
   int nArg = pTab->nModuleArg;
   char *zErr = 0;
   char *zModuleName = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s", pTab->zName);
+  int iDb;
 
   if( !zModuleName ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
@@ -101959,14 +109845,18 @@
   pVTable->db = db;
   pVTable->pMod = pMod;
 
+  iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+  pTab->azModuleArg[1] = db->aDb[iDb].zName;
+
   /* Invoke the virtual table constructor */
   assert( &db->pVtabCtx );
   assert( xConstruct );
   sCtx.pTab = pTab;
   sCtx.pVTable = pVTable;
+  pPriorCtx = db->pVtabCtx;
   db->pVtabCtx = &sCtx;
   rc = xConstruct(db, pMod->pAux, nArg, azArg, &pVTable->pVtab, &zErr);
-  db->pVtabCtx = 0;
+  db->pVtabCtx = pPriorCtx;
   if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM ) db->mallocFailed = 1;
 
   if( SQLITE_OK!=rc ){
@@ -101992,7 +109882,7 @@
       /* If everything went according to plan, link the new VTable structure
       ** into the linked list headed by pTab->pVTable. Then loop through the 
       ** columns of the table to see if any of them contain the token "hidden".
-      ** If so, set the Column.isHidden flag and remove the token from
+      ** If so, set the Column COLFLAG_HIDDEN flag and remove the token from
       ** the type string.  */
       pVTable->pNext = pTab->pVTable;
       pTab->pVTable = pVTable;
@@ -102023,7 +109913,7 @@
             assert(zType[i-1]==' ');
             zType[i-1] = '\0';
           }
-          pTab->aCol[iCol].isHidden = 1;
+          pTab->aCol[iCol].colFlags |= COLFLAG_HIDDEN;
         }
       }
     }
@@ -102198,6 +110088,7 @@
       sqlite3VdbeFinalize(pParse->pVdbe);
     }
     sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pParse->pNewTable);
+    sqlite3ParserReset(pParse);
     sqlite3StackFree(db, pParse);
   }
 
@@ -102270,10 +110161,9 @@
 ** array. Return the error code for the first error that occurs, or
 ** SQLITE_OK if all xSync operations are successful.
 **
-** Set *pzErrmsg to point to a buffer that should be released using 
-** sqlite3DbFree() containing an error message, if one is available.
+** If an error message is available, leave it in p->zErrMsg.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabSync(sqlite3 *db, char **pzErrmsg){
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3VtabSync(sqlite3 *db, Vdbe *p){
   int i;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   VTable **aVTrans = db->aVTrans;
@@ -102284,9 +110174,7 @@
     sqlite3_vtab *pVtab = aVTrans[i]->pVtab;
     if( pVtab && (x = pVtab->pModule->xSync)!=0 ){
       rc = x(pVtab);
-      sqlite3DbFree(db, *pzErrmsg);
-      *pzErrmsg = sqlite3DbStrDup(db, pVtab->zErrMsg);
-      sqlite3_free(pVtab->zErrMsg);
+      sqlite3VtabImportErrmsg(p, pVtab);
     }
   }
   db->aVTrans = aVTrans;
@@ -102476,7 +110364,7 @@
   memcpy(pNew->zName, pDef->zName, sqlite3Strlen30(pDef->zName)+1);
   pNew->xFunc = xFunc;
   pNew->pUserData = pArg;
-  pNew->flags |= SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM;
+  pNew->funcFlags |= SQLITE_FUNC_EPHEM;
   return pNew;
 }
 
@@ -102578,27 +110466,197 @@
 ** so is applicable.  Because this module is responsible for selecting
 ** indices, you might also think of this module as the "query optimizer".
 */
-
+/************** Include whereInt.h in the middle of where.c ******************/
+/************** Begin file whereInt.h ****************************************/
+/*
+** 2013-11-12
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+*************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains structure and macro definitions for the query
+** planner logic in "where.c".  These definitions are broken out into
+** a separate source file for easier editing.
+*/
 
 /*
 ** Trace output macros
 */
 #if defined(SQLITE_TEST) || defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereTrace = 0;
+/***/ int sqlite3WhereTrace = 0;
 #endif
-#if defined(SQLITE_TEST) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
-# define WHERETRACE(X)  if(sqlite3WhereTrace) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+#if defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) \
+    && (defined(SQLITE_TEST) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_WHERETRACE))
+# define WHERETRACE(K,X)  if(sqlite3WhereTrace&(K)) sqlite3DebugPrintf X
+# define WHERETRACE_ENABLED 1
 #else
-# define WHERETRACE(X)
+# define WHERETRACE(K,X)
 #endif
 
-/* Forward reference
+/* Forward references
 */
 typedef struct WhereClause WhereClause;
 typedef struct WhereMaskSet WhereMaskSet;
 typedef struct WhereOrInfo WhereOrInfo;
 typedef struct WhereAndInfo WhereAndInfo;
-typedef struct WhereCost WhereCost;
+typedef struct WhereLevel WhereLevel;
+typedef struct WhereLoop WhereLoop;
+typedef struct WherePath WherePath;
+typedef struct WhereTerm WhereTerm;
+typedef struct WhereLoopBuilder WhereLoopBuilder;
+typedef struct WhereScan WhereScan;
+typedef struct WhereOrCost WhereOrCost;
+typedef struct WhereOrSet WhereOrSet;
+
+/*
+** This object contains information needed to implement a single nested
+** loop in WHERE clause.
+**
+** Contrast this object with WhereLoop.  This object describes the
+** implementation of the loop.  WhereLoop describes the algorithm.
+** This object contains a pointer to the WhereLoop algorithm as one of
+** its elements.
+**
+** The WhereInfo object contains a single instance of this object for
+** each term in the FROM clause (which is to say, for each of the
+** nested loops as implemented).  The order of WhereLevel objects determines
+** the loop nested order, with WhereInfo.a[0] being the outer loop and
+** WhereInfo.a[WhereInfo.nLevel-1] being the inner loop.
+*/
+struct WhereLevel {
+  int iLeftJoin;        /* Memory cell used to implement LEFT OUTER JOIN */
+  int iTabCur;          /* The VDBE cursor used to access the table */
+  int iIdxCur;          /* The VDBE cursor used to access pIdx */
+  int addrBrk;          /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
+  int addrNxt;          /* Jump here to start the next IN combination */
+  int addrSkip;         /* Jump here for next iteration of skip-scan */
+  int addrCont;         /* Jump here to continue with the next loop cycle */
+  int addrFirst;        /* First instruction of interior of the loop */
+  int addrBody;         /* Beginning of the body of this loop */
+  u8 iFrom;             /* Which entry in the FROM clause */
+  u8 op, p3, p5;        /* Opcode, P3 & P5 of the opcode that ends the loop */
+  int p1, p2;           /* Operands of the opcode used to ends the loop */
+  union {               /* Information that depends on pWLoop->wsFlags */
+    struct {
+      int nIn;              /* Number of entries in aInLoop[] */
+      struct InLoop {
+        int iCur;              /* The VDBE cursor used by this IN operator */
+        int addrInTop;         /* Top of the IN loop */
+        u8 eEndLoopOp;         /* IN Loop terminator. OP_Next or OP_Prev */
+      } *aInLoop;           /* Information about each nested IN operator */
+    } in;                 /* Used when pWLoop->wsFlags&WHERE_IN_ABLE */
+    Index *pCovidx;       /* Possible covering index for WHERE_MULTI_OR */
+  } u;
+  struct WhereLoop *pWLoop;  /* The selected WhereLoop object */
+  Bitmask notReady;          /* FROM entries not usable at this level */
+};
+
+/*
+** Each instance of this object represents an algorithm for evaluating one
+** term of a join.  Every term of the FROM clause will have at least
+** one corresponding WhereLoop object (unless INDEXED BY constraints
+** prevent a query solution - which is an error) and many terms of the
+** FROM clause will have multiple WhereLoop objects, each describing a
+** potential way of implementing that FROM-clause term, together with
+** dependencies and cost estimates for using the chosen algorithm.
+**
+** Query planning consists of building up a collection of these WhereLoop
+** objects, then computing a particular sequence of WhereLoop objects, with
+** one WhereLoop object per FROM clause term, that satisfy all dependencies
+** and that minimize the overall cost.
+*/
+struct WhereLoop {
+  Bitmask prereq;       /* Bitmask of other loops that must run first */
+  Bitmask maskSelf;     /* Bitmask identifying table iTab */
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  char cId;             /* Symbolic ID of this loop for debugging use */
+#endif
+  u8 iTab;              /* Position in FROM clause of table for this loop */
+  u8 iSortIdx;          /* Sorting index number.  0==None */
+  LogEst rSetup;        /* One-time setup cost (ex: create transient index) */
+  LogEst rRun;          /* Cost of running each loop */
+  LogEst nOut;          /* Estimated number of output rows */
+  union {
+    struct {               /* Information for internal btree tables */
+      u16 nEq;               /* Number of equality constraints */
+      u16 nSkip;             /* Number of initial index columns to skip */
+      Index *pIndex;         /* Index used, or NULL */
+    } btree;
+    struct {               /* Information for virtual tables */
+      int idxNum;            /* Index number */
+      u8 needFree;           /* True if sqlite3_free(idxStr) is needed */
+      i8 isOrdered;          /* True if satisfies ORDER BY */
+      u16 omitMask;          /* Terms that may be omitted */
+      char *idxStr;          /* Index identifier string */
+    } vtab;
+  } u;
+  u32 wsFlags;          /* WHERE_* flags describing the plan */
+  u16 nLTerm;           /* Number of entries in aLTerm[] */
+  /**** whereLoopXfer() copies fields above ***********************/
+# define WHERE_LOOP_XFER_SZ offsetof(WhereLoop,nLSlot)
+  u16 nLSlot;           /* Number of slots allocated for aLTerm[] */
+  WhereTerm **aLTerm;   /* WhereTerms used */
+  WhereLoop *pNextLoop; /* Next WhereLoop object in the WhereClause */
+  WhereTerm *aLTermSpace[4];  /* Initial aLTerm[] space */
+};
+
+/* This object holds the prerequisites and the cost of running a
+** subquery on one operand of an OR operator in the WHERE clause.
+** See WhereOrSet for additional information 
+*/
+struct WhereOrCost {
+  Bitmask prereq;     /* Prerequisites */
+  LogEst rRun;        /* Cost of running this subquery */
+  LogEst nOut;        /* Number of outputs for this subquery */
+};
+
+/* The WhereOrSet object holds a set of possible WhereOrCosts that
+** correspond to the subquery(s) of OR-clause processing.  Only the
+** best N_OR_COST elements are retained.
+*/
+#define N_OR_COST 3
+struct WhereOrSet {
+  u16 n;                      /* Number of valid a[] entries */
+  WhereOrCost a[N_OR_COST];   /* Set of best costs */
+};
+
+
+/* Forward declaration of methods */
+static int whereLoopResize(sqlite3*, WhereLoop*, int);
+
+/*
+** Each instance of this object holds a sequence of WhereLoop objects
+** that implement some or all of a query plan.
+**
+** Think of each WhereLoop object as a node in a graph with arcs
+** showing dependencies and costs for travelling between nodes.  (That is
+** not a completely accurate description because WhereLoop costs are a
+** vector, not a scalar, and because dependencies are many-to-one, not
+** one-to-one as are graph nodes.  But it is a useful visualization aid.)
+** Then a WherePath object is a path through the graph that visits some
+** or all of the WhereLoop objects once.
+**
+** The "solver" works by creating the N best WherePath objects of length
+** 1.  Then using those as a basis to compute the N best WherePath objects
+** of length 2.  And so forth until the length of WherePaths equals the
+** number of nodes in the FROM clause.  The best (lowest cost) WherePath
+** at the end is the choosen query plan.
+*/
+struct WherePath {
+  Bitmask maskLoop;     /* Bitmask of all WhereLoop objects in this path */
+  Bitmask revLoop;      /* aLoop[]s that should be reversed for ORDER BY */
+  LogEst nRow;          /* Estimated number of rows generated by this path */
+  LogEst rCost;         /* Total cost of this path */
+  LogEst rUnsorted;     /* Total cost of this path ignoring sorting costs */
+  i8 isOrdered;         /* No. of ORDER BY terms satisfied. -1 for unknown */
+  WhereLoop **aLoop;    /* Array of WhereLoop objects implementing this path */
+};
 
 /*
 ** The query generator uses an array of instances of this structure to
@@ -102626,9 +110684,9 @@
 **
 **         (t1.X <op> <expr>) OR (t1.Y <op> <expr>) OR ....
 **
-** In this second case, wtFlag as the TERM_ORINFO set and eOperator==WO_OR
+** In this second case, wtFlag has the TERM_ORINFO bit set and eOperator==WO_OR
 ** and the WhereTerm.u.pOrInfo field points to auxiliary information that
-** is collected about the
+** is collected about the OR clause.
 **
 ** If a term in the WHERE clause does not match either of the two previous
 ** categories, then eOperator==0.  The WhereTerm.pExpr field is still set
@@ -102651,16 +110709,16 @@
 ** in prereqRight and prereqAll.  The default is 64 bits, hence SQLite
 ** is only able to process joins with 64 or fewer tables.
 */
-typedef struct WhereTerm WhereTerm;
 struct WhereTerm {
   Expr *pExpr;            /* Pointer to the subexpression that is this term */
   int iParent;            /* Disable pWC->a[iParent] when this term disabled */
   int leftCursor;         /* Cursor number of X in "X <op> <expr>" */
   union {
     int leftColumn;         /* Column number of X in "X <op> <expr>" */
-    WhereOrInfo *pOrInfo;   /* Extra information if eOperator==WO_OR */
-    WhereAndInfo *pAndInfo; /* Extra information if eOperator==WO_AND */
+    WhereOrInfo *pOrInfo;   /* Extra information if (eOperator & WO_OR)!=0 */
+    WhereAndInfo *pAndInfo; /* Extra information if (eOperator& WO_AND)!=0 */
   } u;
+  LogEst truthProb;       /* Probability of truth for this expression */
   u16 eOperator;          /* A WO_xx value describing <op> */
   u8 wtFlags;             /* TERM_xxx bit flags.  See below */
   u8 nChild;              /* Number of children that must disable us */
@@ -102679,13 +110737,29 @@
 #define TERM_ORINFO     0x10   /* Need to free the WhereTerm.u.pOrInfo object */
 #define TERM_ANDINFO    0x20   /* Need to free the WhereTerm.u.pAndInfo obj */
 #define TERM_OR_OK      0x40   /* Used during OR-clause processing */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
 #  define TERM_VNULL    0x80   /* Manufactured x>NULL or x<=NULL term */
 #else
 #  define TERM_VNULL    0x00   /* Disabled if not using stat3 */
 #endif
 
 /*
+** An instance of the WhereScan object is used as an iterator for locating
+** terms in the WHERE clause that are useful to the query planner.
+*/
+struct WhereScan {
+  WhereClause *pOrigWC;      /* Original, innermost WhereClause */
+  WhereClause *pWC;          /* WhereClause currently being scanned */
+  char *zCollName;           /* Required collating sequence, if not NULL */
+  char idxaff;               /* Must match this affinity, if zCollName!=NULL */
+  unsigned char nEquiv;      /* Number of entries in aEquiv[] */
+  unsigned char iEquiv;      /* Next unused slot in aEquiv[] */
+  u32 opMask;                /* Acceptable operators */
+  int k;                     /* Resume scanning at this->pWC->a[this->k] */
+  int aEquiv[22];            /* Cursor,Column pairs for equivalence classes */
+};
+
+/*
 ** An instance of the following structure holds all information about a
 ** WHERE clause.  Mostly this is a container for one or more WhereTerms.
 **
@@ -102698,12 +110772,9 @@
 ** subclauses points to the WhereClause object for the whole clause.
 */
 struct WhereClause {
-  Parse *pParse;           /* The parser context */
-  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet;  /* Mapping of table cursor numbers to bitmasks */
-  Bitmask vmask;           /* Bitmask identifying virtual table cursors */
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;       /* WHERE clause processing context */
   WhereClause *pOuter;     /* Outer conjunction */
   u8 op;                   /* Split operator.  TK_AND or TK_OR */
-  u16 wctrlFlags;          /* Might include WHERE_AND_ONLY */
   int nTerm;               /* Number of terms */
   int nSlot;               /* Number of entries in a[] */
   WhereTerm *a;            /* Each a[] describes a term of the WHERE cluase */
@@ -102763,19 +110834,61 @@
 };
 
 /*
-** A WhereCost object records a lookup strategy and the estimated
-** cost of pursuing that strategy.
+** This object is a convenience wrapper holding all information needed
+** to construct WhereLoop objects for a particular query.
 */
-struct WhereCost {
-  WherePlan plan;    /* The lookup strategy */
-  double rCost;      /* Overall cost of pursuing this search strategy */
-  Bitmask used;      /* Bitmask of cursors used by this plan */
+struct WhereLoopBuilder {
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;        /* Information about this WHERE */
+  WhereClause *pWC;         /* WHERE clause terms */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;       /* ORDER BY clause */
+  WhereLoop *pNew;          /* Template WhereLoop */
+  WhereOrSet *pOrSet;       /* Record best loops here, if not NULL */
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  UnpackedRecord *pRec;     /* Probe for stat4 (if required) */
+  int nRecValid;            /* Number of valid fields currently in pRec */
+#endif
 };
 
 /*
-** Bitmasks for the operators that indices are able to exploit.  An
+** The WHERE clause processing routine has two halves.  The
+** first part does the start of the WHERE loop and the second
+** half does the tail of the WHERE loop.  An instance of
+** this structure is returned by the first half and passed
+** into the second half to give some continuity.
+**
+** An instance of this object holds the complete state of the query
+** planner.
+*/
+struct WhereInfo {
+  Parse *pParse;            /* Parsing and code generating context */
+  SrcList *pTabList;        /* List of tables in the join */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy;       /* The ORDER BY clause or NULL */
+  ExprList *pResultSet;     /* Result set. DISTINCT operates on these */
+  WhereLoop *pLoops;        /* List of all WhereLoop objects */
+  Bitmask revMask;          /* Mask of ORDER BY terms that need reversing */
+  LogEst nRowOut;           /* Estimated number of output rows */
+  u16 wctrlFlags;           /* Flags originally passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() */
+  i8 nOBSat;                /* Number of ORDER BY terms satisfied by indices */
+  u8 sorted;                /* True if really sorted (not just grouped) */
+  u8 okOnePass;             /* Ok to use one-pass algorithm for UPDATE/DELETE */
+  u8 untestedTerms;         /* Not all WHERE terms resolved by outer loop */
+  u8 eDistinct;             /* One of the WHERE_DISTINCT_* values below */
+  u8 nLevel;                /* Number of nested loop */
+  int iTop;                 /* The very beginning of the WHERE loop */
+  int iContinue;            /* Jump here to continue with next record */
+  int iBreak;               /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
+  int savedNQueryLoop;      /* pParse->nQueryLoop outside the WHERE loop */
+  int aiCurOnePass[2];      /* OP_OpenWrite cursors for the ONEPASS opt */
+  WhereMaskSet sMaskSet;    /* Map cursor numbers to bitmasks */
+  WhereClause sWC;          /* Decomposition of the WHERE clause */
+  WhereLevel a[1];          /* Information about each nest loop in WHERE */
+};
+
+/*
+** Bitmasks for the operators on WhereTerm objects.  These are all
+** operators that are of interest to the query planner.  An
 ** OR-ed combination of these values can be used when searching for
-** terms in the where clause.
+** particular WhereTerms within a WhereClause.
 */
 #define WO_IN     0x001
 #define WO_EQ     0x002
@@ -102787,62 +110900,159 @@
 #define WO_ISNULL 0x080
 #define WO_OR     0x100       /* Two or more OR-connected terms */
 #define WO_AND    0x200       /* Two or more AND-connected terms */
+#define WO_EQUIV  0x400       /* Of the form A==B, both columns */
 #define WO_NOOP   0x800       /* This term does not restrict search space */
 
 #define WO_ALL    0xfff       /* Mask of all possible WO_* values */
 #define WO_SINGLE 0x0ff       /* Mask of all non-compound WO_* values */
 
 /*
-** Value for wsFlags returned by bestIndex() and stored in
-** WhereLevel.wsFlags.  These flags determine which search
-** strategies are appropriate.
-**
-** The least significant 12 bits is reserved as a mask for WO_ values above.
-** The WhereLevel.wsFlags field is usually set to WO_IN|WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL.
-** But if the table is the right table of a left join, WhereLevel.wsFlags
-** is set to WO_IN|WO_EQ.  The WhereLevel.wsFlags field can then be used as
-** the "op" parameter to findTerm when we are resolving equality constraints.
-** ISNULL constraints will then not be used on the right table of a left
-** join.  Tickets #2177 and #2189.
+** These are definitions of bits in the WhereLoop.wsFlags field.
+** The particular combination of bits in each WhereLoop help to
+** determine the algorithm that WhereLoop represents.
 */
-#define WHERE_ROWID_EQ     0x00001000  /* rowid=EXPR or rowid IN (...) */
-#define WHERE_ROWID_RANGE  0x00002000  /* rowid<EXPR and/or rowid>EXPR */
-#define WHERE_COLUMN_EQ    0x00010000  /* x=EXPR or x IN (...) or x IS NULL */
-#define WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE 0x00020000  /* x<EXPR and/or x>EXPR */
-#define WHERE_COLUMN_IN    0x00040000  /* x IN (...) */
-#define WHERE_COLUMN_NULL  0x00080000  /* x IS NULL */
-#define WHERE_INDEXED      0x000f0000  /* Anything that uses an index */
-#define WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN 0x100f3000  /* Does not do a full table scan */
-#define WHERE_IN_ABLE      0x000f1000  /* Able to support an IN operator */
-#define WHERE_TOP_LIMIT    0x00100000  /* x<EXPR or x<=EXPR constraint */
-#define WHERE_BTM_LIMIT    0x00200000  /* x>EXPR or x>=EXPR constraint */
-#define WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT   0x00300000  /* Both x>EXPR and x<EXPR */
-#define WHERE_IDX_ONLY     0x00800000  /* Use index only - omit table */
-#define WHERE_ORDERBY      0x01000000  /* Output will appear in correct order */
-#define WHERE_REVERSE      0x02000000  /* Scan in reverse order */
-#define WHERE_UNIQUE       0x04000000  /* Selects no more than one row */
-#define WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE 0x08000000  /* Use virtual-table processing */
-#define WHERE_MULTI_OR     0x10000000  /* OR using multiple indices */
-#define WHERE_TEMP_INDEX   0x20000000  /* Uses an ephemeral index */
-#define WHERE_DISTINCT     0x40000000  /* Correct order for DISTINCT */
+#define WHERE_COLUMN_EQ    0x00000001  /* x=EXPR */
+#define WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE 0x00000002  /* x<EXPR and/or x>EXPR */
+#define WHERE_COLUMN_IN    0x00000004  /* x IN (...) */
+#define WHERE_COLUMN_NULL  0x00000008  /* x IS NULL */
+#define WHERE_CONSTRAINT   0x0000000f  /* Any of the WHERE_COLUMN_xxx values */
+#define WHERE_TOP_LIMIT    0x00000010  /* x<EXPR or x<=EXPR constraint */
+#define WHERE_BTM_LIMIT    0x00000020  /* x>EXPR or x>=EXPR constraint */
+#define WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT   0x00000030  /* Both x>EXPR and x<EXPR */
+#define WHERE_IDX_ONLY     0x00000040  /* Use index only - omit table */
+#define WHERE_IPK          0x00000100  /* x is the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY */
+#define WHERE_INDEXED      0x00000200  /* WhereLoop.u.btree.pIndex is valid */
+#define WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE 0x00000400  /* WhereLoop.u.vtab is valid */
+#define WHERE_IN_ABLE      0x00000800  /* Able to support an IN operator */
+#define WHERE_ONEROW       0x00001000  /* Selects no more than one row */
+#define WHERE_MULTI_OR     0x00002000  /* OR using multiple indices */
+#define WHERE_AUTO_INDEX   0x00004000  /* Uses an ephemeral index */
+#define WHERE_SKIPSCAN     0x00008000  /* Uses the skip-scan algorithm */
+#define WHERE_UNQ_WANTED   0x00010000  /* WHERE_ONEROW would have been helpful*/
+
+/************** End of whereInt.h ********************************************/
+/************** Continuing where we left off in where.c **********************/
+
+/*
+** Return the estimated number of output rows from a WHERE clause
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE u64 sqlite3WhereOutputRowCount(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  return sqlite3LogEstToInt(pWInfo->nRowOut);
+}
+
+/*
+** Return one of the WHERE_DISTINCT_xxxxx values to indicate how this
+** WHERE clause returns outputs for DISTINCT processing.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereIsDistinct(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  return pWInfo->eDistinct;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if the WHERE clause returns rows in ORDER BY order.
+** Return FALSE if the output needs to be sorted.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereIsOrdered(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  return pWInfo->nOBSat;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the VDBE address or label to jump to in order to continue
+** immediately with the next row of a WHERE clause.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereContinueLabel(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  assert( pWInfo->iContinue!=0 );
+  return pWInfo->iContinue;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the VDBE address or label to jump to in order to break
+** out of a WHERE loop.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereBreakLabel(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  return pWInfo->iBreak;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if an UPDATE or DELETE statement can operate directly on
+** the rowids returned by a WHERE clause.  Return FALSE if doing an
+** UPDATE or DELETE might change subsequent WHERE clause results.
+**
+** If the ONEPASS optimization is used (if this routine returns true)
+** then also write the indices of open cursors used by ONEPASS
+** into aiCur[0] and aiCur[1].  iaCur[0] gets the cursor of the data
+** table and iaCur[1] gets the cursor used by an auxiliary index.
+** Either value may be -1, indicating that cursor is not used.
+** Any cursors returned will have been opened for writing.
+**
+** aiCur[0] and aiCur[1] both get -1 if the where-clause logic is
+** unable to use the ONEPASS optimization.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereOkOnePass(WhereInfo *pWInfo, int *aiCur){
+  memcpy(aiCur, pWInfo->aiCurOnePass, sizeof(int)*2);
+  return pWInfo->okOnePass;
+}
+
+/*
+** Move the content of pSrc into pDest
+*/
+static void whereOrMove(WhereOrSet *pDest, WhereOrSet *pSrc){
+  pDest->n = pSrc->n;
+  memcpy(pDest->a, pSrc->a, pDest->n*sizeof(pDest->a[0]));
+}
+
+/*
+** Try to insert a new prerequisite/cost entry into the WhereOrSet pSet.
+**
+** The new entry might overwrite an existing entry, or it might be
+** appended, or it might be discarded.  Do whatever is the right thing
+** so that pSet keeps the N_OR_COST best entries seen so far.
+*/
+static int whereOrInsert(
+  WhereOrSet *pSet,      /* The WhereOrSet to be updated */
+  Bitmask prereq,        /* Prerequisites of the new entry */
+  LogEst rRun,           /* Run-cost of the new entry */
+  LogEst nOut            /* Number of outputs for the new entry */
+){
+  u16 i;
+  WhereOrCost *p;
+  for(i=pSet->n, p=pSet->a; i>0; i--, p++){
+    if( rRun<=p->rRun && (prereq & p->prereq)==prereq ){
+      goto whereOrInsert_done;
+    }
+    if( p->rRun<=rRun && (p->prereq & prereq)==p->prereq ){
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pSet->n<N_OR_COST ){
+    p = &pSet->a[pSet->n++];
+    p->nOut = nOut;
+  }else{
+    p = pSet->a;
+    for(i=1; i<pSet->n; i++){
+      if( p->rRun>pSet->a[i].rRun ) p = pSet->a + i;
+    }
+    if( p->rRun<=rRun ) return 0;
+  }
+whereOrInsert_done:
+  p->prereq = prereq;
+  p->rRun = rRun;
+  if( p->nOut>nOut ) p->nOut = nOut;
+  return 1;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Initialize a preallocated WhereClause structure.
 */
 static void whereClauseInit(
   WhereClause *pWC,        /* The WhereClause to be initialized */
-  Parse *pParse,           /* The parsing context */
-  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet,  /* Mapping from table cursor numbers to bitmasks */
-  u16 wctrlFlags           /* Might include WHERE_AND_ONLY */
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo        /* The WHERE processing context */
 ){
-  pWC->pParse = pParse;
-  pWC->pMaskSet = pMaskSet;
+  pWC->pWInfo = pWInfo;
   pWC->pOuter = 0;
   pWC->nTerm = 0;
   pWC->nSlot = ArraySize(pWC->aStatic);
   pWC->a = pWC->aStatic;
-  pWC->vmask = 0;
-  pWC->wctrlFlags = wctrlFlags;
 }
 
 /* Forward reference */
@@ -102871,7 +111081,7 @@
 static void whereClauseClear(WhereClause *pWC){
   int i;
   WhereTerm *a;
-  sqlite3 *db = pWC->pParse->db;
+  sqlite3 *db = pWC->pWInfo->pParse->db;
   for(i=pWC->nTerm-1, a=pWC->a; i>=0; i--, a++){
     if( a->wtFlags & TERM_DYNAMIC ){
       sqlite3ExprDelete(db, a->pExpr);
@@ -102909,10 +111119,10 @@
 static int whereClauseInsert(WhereClause *pWC, Expr *p, u8 wtFlags){
   WhereTerm *pTerm;
   int idx;
-  testcase( wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );  /* EV: R-00211-15100 */
+  testcase( wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
   if( pWC->nTerm>=pWC->nSlot ){
     WhereTerm *pOld = pWC->a;
-    sqlite3 *db = pWC->pParse->db;
+    sqlite3 *db = pWC->pWInfo->pParse->db;
     pWC->a = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(pWC->a[0])*pWC->nSlot*2 );
     if( pWC->a==0 ){
       if( wtFlags & TERM_DYNAMIC ){
@@ -102928,7 +111138,12 @@
     pWC->nSlot = sqlite3DbMallocSize(db, pWC->a)/sizeof(pWC->a[0]);
   }
   pTerm = &pWC->a[idx = pWC->nTerm++];
-  pTerm->pExpr = p;
+  if( p && ExprHasProperty(p, EP_Unlikely) ){
+    pTerm->truthProb = sqlite3LogEst(p->iTable) - 99;
+  }else{
+    pTerm->truthProb = 1;
+  }
+  pTerm->pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(p);
   pTerm->wtFlags = wtFlags;
   pTerm->pWC = pWC;
   pTerm->iParent = -1;
@@ -102952,8 +111167,8 @@
 ** the WhereClause.a[] array.  The slot[] array grows as needed to contain
 ** all terms of the WHERE clause.
 */
-static void whereSplit(WhereClause *pWC, Expr *pExpr, int op){
-  pWC->op = (u8)op;
+static void whereSplit(WhereClause *pWC, Expr *pExpr, u8 op){
+  pWC->op = op;
   if( pExpr==0 ) return;
   if( pExpr->op!=op ){
     whereClauseInsert(pWC, pExpr, 0);
@@ -102964,9 +111179,9 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Initialize an expression mask set (a WhereMaskSet object)
+** Initialize a WhereMaskSet object
 */
-#define initMaskSet(P)  memset(P, 0, sizeof(*P))
+#define initMaskSet(P)  (P)->n=0
 
 /*
 ** Return the bitmask for the given cursor number.  Return 0 if
@@ -102977,7 +111192,7 @@
   assert( pMaskSet->n<=(int)sizeof(Bitmask)*8 );
   for(i=0; i<pMaskSet->n; i++){
     if( pMaskSet->ix[i]==iCursor ){
-      return ((Bitmask)1)<<i;
+      return MASKBIT(i);
     }
   }
   return 0;
@@ -102997,18 +111212,9 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** This routine walks (recursively) an expression tree and generates
+** These routines walk (recursively) an expression tree and generate
 ** a bitmask indicating which tables are used in that expression
 ** tree.
-**
-** In order for this routine to work, the calling function must have
-** previously invoked sqlite3ResolveExprNames() on the expression.  See
-** the header comment on that routine for additional information.
-** The sqlite3ResolveExprNames() routines looks for column names and
-** sets their opcodes to TK_COLUMN and their Expr.iTable fields to
-** the VDBE cursor number of the table.  This routine just has to
-** translate the cursor numbers into bitmask values and OR all
-** the bitmasks together.
 */
 static Bitmask exprListTableUsage(WhereMaskSet*, ExprList*);
 static Bitmask exprSelectTableUsage(WhereMaskSet*, Select*);
@@ -103062,14 +111268,7 @@
 /*
 ** Return TRUE if the given operator is one of the operators that is
 ** allowed for an indexable WHERE clause term.  The allowed operators are
-** "=", "<", ">", "<=", ">=", and "IN".
-**
-** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-59926-26393 To be usable by an index a term must be
-** of one of the following forms: column = expression column > expression
-** column >= expression column < expression column <= expression
-** expression = column expression > column expression >= column
-** expression < column expression <= column column IN
-** (expression-list) column IN (subquery) column IS NULL
+** "=", "<", ">", "<=", ">=", "IN", and "IS NULL"
 */
 static int allowedOp(int op){
   assert( TK_GT>TK_EQ && TK_GT<TK_GE );
@@ -103088,23 +111287,31 @@
 ** Commute a comparison operator.  Expressions of the form "X op Y"
 ** are converted into "Y op X".
 **
-** If a collation sequence is associated with either the left or right
-** side of the comparison, it remains associated with the same side after
-** the commutation. So "Y collate NOCASE op X" becomes 
-** "X collate NOCASE op Y". This is because any collation sequence on
+** If left/right precedence rules come into play when determining the
+** collating sequence, then COLLATE operators are adjusted to ensure
+** that the collating sequence does not change.  For example:
+** "Y collate NOCASE op X" becomes "X op Y" because any collation sequence on
 ** the left hand side of a comparison overrides any collation sequence 
-** attached to the right. For the same reason the EP_ExpCollate flag
+** attached to the right. For the same reason the EP_Collate flag
 ** is not commuted.
 */
 static void exprCommute(Parse *pParse, Expr *pExpr){
-  u16 expRight = (pExpr->pRight->flags & EP_ExpCollate);
-  u16 expLeft = (pExpr->pLeft->flags & EP_ExpCollate);
+  u16 expRight = (pExpr->pRight->flags & EP_Collate);
+  u16 expLeft = (pExpr->pLeft->flags & EP_Collate);
   assert( allowedOp(pExpr->op) && pExpr->op!=TK_IN );
-  pExpr->pRight->pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pRight);
-  pExpr->pLeft->pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft);
-  SWAP(CollSeq*,pExpr->pRight->pColl,pExpr->pLeft->pColl);
-  pExpr->pRight->flags = (pExpr->pRight->flags & ~EP_ExpCollate) | expLeft;
-  pExpr->pLeft->flags = (pExpr->pLeft->flags & ~EP_ExpCollate) | expRight;
+  if( expRight==expLeft ){
+    /* Either X and Y both have COLLATE operator or neither do */
+    if( expRight ){
+      /* Both X and Y have COLLATE operators.  Make sure X is always
+      ** used by clearing the EP_Collate flag from Y. */
+      pExpr->pRight->flags &= ~EP_Collate;
+    }else if( sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr->pLeft)!=0 ){
+      /* Neither X nor Y have COLLATE operators, but X has a non-default
+      ** collating sequence.  So add the EP_Collate marker on X to cause
+      ** it to be searched first. */
+      pExpr->pLeft->flags |= EP_Collate;
+    }
+  }
   SWAP(Expr*,pExpr->pRight,pExpr->pLeft);
   if( pExpr->op>=TK_GT ){
     assert( TK_LT==TK_GT+2 );
@@ -103141,10 +111348,154 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Advance to the next WhereTerm that matches according to the criteria
+** established when the pScan object was initialized by whereScanInit().
+** Return NULL if there are no more matching WhereTerms.
+*/
+static WhereTerm *whereScanNext(WhereScan *pScan){
+  int iCur;            /* The cursor on the LHS of the term */
+  int iColumn;         /* The column on the LHS of the term.  -1 for IPK */
+  Expr *pX;            /* An expression being tested */
+  WhereClause *pWC;    /* Shorthand for pScan->pWC */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;    /* The term being tested */
+  int k = pScan->k;    /* Where to start scanning */
+
+  while( pScan->iEquiv<=pScan->nEquiv ){
+    iCur = pScan->aEquiv[pScan->iEquiv-2];
+    iColumn = pScan->aEquiv[pScan->iEquiv-1];
+    while( (pWC = pScan->pWC)!=0 ){
+      for(pTerm=pWC->a+k; k<pWC->nTerm; k++, pTerm++){
+        if( pTerm->leftCursor==iCur
+         && pTerm->u.leftColumn==iColumn
+         && (pScan->iEquiv<=2 || !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin))
+        ){
+          if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_EQUIV)!=0
+           && pScan->nEquiv<ArraySize(pScan->aEquiv)
+          ){
+            int j;
+            pX = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pTerm->pExpr->pRight);
+            assert( pX->op==TK_COLUMN );
+            for(j=0; j<pScan->nEquiv; j+=2){
+              if( pScan->aEquiv[j]==pX->iTable
+               && pScan->aEquiv[j+1]==pX->iColumn ){
+                  break;
+              }
+            }
+            if( j==pScan->nEquiv ){
+              pScan->aEquiv[j] = pX->iTable;
+              pScan->aEquiv[j+1] = pX->iColumn;
+              pScan->nEquiv += 2;
+            }
+          }
+          if( (pTerm->eOperator & pScan->opMask)!=0 ){
+            /* Verify the affinity and collating sequence match */
+            if( pScan->zCollName && (pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL)==0 ){
+              CollSeq *pColl;
+              Parse *pParse = pWC->pWInfo->pParse;
+              pX = pTerm->pExpr;
+              if( !sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pX, pScan->idxaff) ){
+                continue;
+              }
+              assert(pX->pLeft);
+              pColl = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse,
+                                                  pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
+              if( pColl==0 ) pColl = pParse->db->pDfltColl;
+              if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pScan->zCollName) ){
+                continue;
+              }
+            }
+            if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_EQ)!=0
+             && (pX = pTerm->pExpr->pRight)->op==TK_COLUMN
+             && pX->iTable==pScan->aEquiv[0]
+             && pX->iColumn==pScan->aEquiv[1]
+            ){
+              continue;
+            }
+            pScan->k = k+1;
+            return pTerm;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      pScan->pWC = pScan->pWC->pOuter;
+      k = 0;
+    }
+    pScan->pWC = pScan->pOrigWC;
+    k = 0;
+    pScan->iEquiv += 2;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize a WHERE clause scanner object.  Return a pointer to the
+** first match.  Return NULL if there are no matches.
+**
+** The scanner will be searching the WHERE clause pWC.  It will look
+** for terms of the form "X <op> <expr>" where X is column iColumn of table
+** iCur.  The <op> must be one of the operators described by opMask.
+**
+** If the search is for X and the WHERE clause contains terms of the
+** form X=Y then this routine might also return terms of the form
+** "Y <op> <expr>".  The number of levels of transitivity is limited,
+** but is enough to handle most commonly occurring SQL statements.
+**
+** If X is not the INTEGER PRIMARY KEY then X must be compatible with
+** index pIdx.
+*/
+static WhereTerm *whereScanInit(
+  WhereScan *pScan,       /* The WhereScan object being initialized */
+  WhereClause *pWC,       /* The WHERE clause to be scanned */
+  int iCur,               /* Cursor to scan for */
+  int iColumn,            /* Column to scan for */
+  u32 opMask,             /* Operator(s) to scan for */
+  Index *pIdx             /* Must be compatible with this index */
+){
+  int j;
+
+  /* memset(pScan, 0, sizeof(*pScan)); */
+  pScan->pOrigWC = pWC;
+  pScan->pWC = pWC;
+  if( pIdx && iColumn>=0 ){
+    pScan->idxaff = pIdx->pTable->aCol[iColumn].affinity;
+    for(j=0; pIdx->aiColumn[j]!=iColumn; j++){
+      if( NEVER(j>pIdx->nColumn) ) return 0;
+    }
+    pScan->zCollName = pIdx->azColl[j];
+  }else{
+    pScan->idxaff = 0;
+    pScan->zCollName = 0;
+  }
+  pScan->opMask = opMask;
+  pScan->k = 0;
+  pScan->aEquiv[0] = iCur;
+  pScan->aEquiv[1] = iColumn;
+  pScan->nEquiv = 2;
+  pScan->iEquiv = 2;
+  return whereScanNext(pScan);
+}
+
+/*
 ** Search for a term in the WHERE clause that is of the form "X <op> <expr>"
 ** where X is a reference to the iColumn of table iCur and <op> is one of
 ** the WO_xx operator codes specified by the op parameter.
 ** Return a pointer to the term.  Return 0 if not found.
+**
+** The term returned might by Y=<expr> if there is another constraint in
+** the WHERE clause that specifies that X=Y.  Any such constraints will be
+** identified by the WO_EQUIV bit in the pTerm->eOperator field.  The
+** aEquiv[] array holds X and all its equivalents, with each SQL variable
+** taking up two slots in aEquiv[].  The first slot is for the cursor number
+** and the second is for the column number.  There are 22 slots in aEquiv[]
+** so that means we can look for X plus up to 10 other equivalent values.
+** Hence a search for X will return <expr> if X=A1 and A1=A2 and A2=A3
+** and ... and A9=A10 and A10=<expr>.
+**
+** If there are multiple terms in the WHERE clause of the form "X <op> <expr>"
+** then try for the one with no dependencies on <expr> - in other words where
+** <expr> is a constant expression of some kind.  Only return entries of
+** the form "X <op> Y" where Y is a column in another table if no terms of
+** the form "X <op> <const-expr>" exist.   If no terms with a constant RHS
+** exist, try to return a term that does not use WO_EQUIV.
 */
 static WhereTerm *findTerm(
   WhereClause *pWC,     /* The WHERE clause to be searched */
@@ -103154,45 +111505,21 @@
   u32 op,               /* Mask of WO_xx values describing operator */
   Index *pIdx           /* Must be compatible with this index, if not NULL */
 ){
-  WhereTerm *pTerm;
-  int k;
-  assert( iCur>=0 );
-  op &= WO_ALL;
-  for(; pWC; pWC=pWC->pOuter){
-    for(pTerm=pWC->a, k=pWC->nTerm; k; k--, pTerm++){
-      if( pTerm->leftCursor==iCur
-         && (pTerm->prereqRight & notReady)==0
-         && pTerm->u.leftColumn==iColumn
-         && (pTerm->eOperator & op)!=0
-      ){
-        if( iColumn>=0 && pIdx && pTerm->eOperator!=WO_ISNULL ){
-          Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
-          CollSeq *pColl;
-          char idxaff;
-          int j;
-          Parse *pParse = pWC->pParse;
-  
-          idxaff = pIdx->pTable->aCol[iColumn].affinity;
-          if( !sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pX, idxaff) ) continue;
-  
-          /* Figure out the collation sequence required from an index for
-          ** it to be useful for optimising expression pX. Store this
-          ** value in variable pColl.
-          */
-          assert(pX->pLeft);
-          pColl = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
-          assert(pColl || pParse->nErr);
-  
-          for(j=0; pIdx->aiColumn[j]!=iColumn; j++){
-            if( NEVER(j>=pIdx->nColumn) ) return 0;
-          }
-          if( pColl && sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pIdx->azColl[j]) ) continue;
-        }
-        return pTerm;
+  WhereTerm *pResult = 0;
+  WhereTerm *p;
+  WhereScan scan;
+
+  p = whereScanInit(&scan, pWC, iCur, iColumn, op, pIdx);
+  while( p ){
+    if( (p->prereqRight & notReady)==0 ){
+      if( p->prereqRight==0 && (p->eOperator&WO_EQ)!=0 ){
+        return p;
       }
+      if( pResult==0 ) pResult = p;
     }
+    p = whereScanNext(&scan);
   }
-  return 0;
+  return pResult;
 }
 
 /* Forward reference */
@@ -103200,8 +111527,6 @@
 
 /*
 ** Call exprAnalyze on all terms in a WHERE clause.  
-**
-**
 */
 static void exprAnalyzeAll(
   SrcList *pTabList,       /* the FROM clause */
@@ -103247,22 +111572,22 @@
 #endif
   pList = pExpr->x.pList;
   pLeft = pList->a[1].pExpr;
-  if( pLeft->op!=TK_COLUMN || sqlite3ExprAffinity(pLeft)!=SQLITE_AFF_TEXT ){
+  if( pLeft->op!=TK_COLUMN 
+   || sqlite3ExprAffinity(pLeft)!=SQLITE_AFF_TEXT 
+   || IsVirtual(pLeft->pTab)
+  ){
     /* IMP: R-02065-49465 The left-hand side of the LIKE or GLOB operator must
     ** be the name of an indexed column with TEXT affinity. */
     return 0;
   }
   assert( pLeft->iColumn!=(-1) ); /* Because IPK never has AFF_TEXT */
 
-  pRight = pList->a[0].pExpr;
+  pRight = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pList->a[0].pExpr);
   op = pRight->op;
-  if( op==TK_REGISTER ){
-    op = pRight->op2;
-  }
   if( op==TK_VARIABLE ){
     Vdbe *pReprepare = pParse->pReprepare;
     int iCol = pRight->iColumn;
-    pVal = sqlite3VdbeGetValue(pReprepare, iCol, SQLITE_AFF_NONE);
+    pVal = sqlite3VdbeGetBoundValue(pReprepare, iCol, SQLITE_AFF_NONE);
     if( pVal && sqlite3_value_type(pVal)==SQLITE_TEXT ){
       z = (char *)sqlite3_value_text(pVal);
     }
@@ -103344,8 +111669,10 @@
 ** a join, then transfer the appropriate markings over to derived.
 */
 static void transferJoinMarkings(Expr *pDerived, Expr *pBase){
-  pDerived->flags |= pBase->flags & EP_FromJoin;
-  pDerived->iRightJoinTable = pBase->iRightJoinTable;
+  if( pDerived ){
+    pDerived->flags |= pBase->flags & EP_FromJoin;
+    pDerived->iRightJoinTable = pBase->iRightJoinTable;
+  }
 }
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION) && !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY)
@@ -103375,7 +111702,7 @@
 **
 ** CASE 1:
 **
-** If all subterms are of the form T.C=expr for some single column of C
+** If all subterms are of the form T.C=expr for some single column of C and
 ** a single table T (as shown in example B above) then create a new virtual
 ** term that is an equivalent IN expression.  In other words, if the term
 ** being analyzed is:
@@ -103404,10 +111731,10 @@
 ** From another point of view, "indexable" means that the subterm could
 ** potentially be used with an index if an appropriate index exists.
 ** This analysis does not consider whether or not the index exists; that
-** is something the bestIndex() routine will determine.  This analysis
-** only looks at whether subterms appropriate for indexing exist.
+** is decided elsewhere.  This analysis only looks at whether subterms
+** appropriate for indexing exist.
 **
-** All examples A through E above all satisfy case 2.  But if a term
+** All examples A through E above satisfy case 2.  But if a term
 ** also statisfies case 1 (such as B) we know that the optimizer will
 ** always prefer case 1, so in that case we pretend that case 2 is not
 ** satisfied.
@@ -103430,11 +111757,11 @@
   WhereClause *pWC,         /* the complete WHERE clause */
   int idxTerm               /* Index of the OR-term to be analyzed */
 ){
-  Parse *pParse = pWC->pParse;            /* Parser context */
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pWC->pWInfo;        /* WHERE clause processing context */
+  Parse *pParse = pWInfo->pParse;         /* Parser context */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;               /* Database connection */
   WhereTerm *pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];    /* The term to be analyzed */
   Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;             /* The expression of the term */
-  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet = pWC->pMaskSet; /* Table use masks */
   int i;                                  /* Loop counters */
   WhereClause *pOrWc;       /* Breakup of pTerm into subterms */
   WhereTerm *pOrTerm;       /* A Sub-term within the pOrWc */
@@ -103453,7 +111780,7 @@
   if( pOrInfo==0 ) return;
   pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_ORINFO;
   pOrWc = &pOrInfo->wc;
-  whereClauseInit(pOrWc, pWC->pParse, pMaskSet, pWC->wctrlFlags);
+  whereClauseInit(pOrWc, pWInfo);
   whereSplit(pOrWc, pExpr, TK_OR);
   exprAnalyzeAll(pSrc, pOrWc);
   if( db->mallocFailed ) return;
@@ -103463,11 +111790,10 @@
   ** Compute the set of tables that might satisfy cases 1 or 2.
   */
   indexable = ~(Bitmask)0;
-  chngToIN = ~(pWC->vmask);
+  chngToIN = ~(Bitmask)0;
   for(i=pOrWc->nTerm-1, pOrTerm=pOrWc->a; i>=0 && indexable; i--, pOrTerm++){
     if( (pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_SINGLE)==0 ){
       WhereAndInfo *pAndInfo;
-      assert( pOrTerm->eOperator==0 );
       assert( (pOrTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_ANDINFO|TERM_ORINFO))==0 );
       chngToIN = 0;
       pAndInfo = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(*pAndInfo));
@@ -103480,7 +111806,7 @@
         pOrTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_ANDINFO;
         pOrTerm->eOperator = WO_AND;
         pAndWC = &pAndInfo->wc;
-        whereClauseInit(pAndWC, pWC->pParse, pMaskSet, pWC->wctrlFlags);
+        whereClauseInit(pAndWC, pWC->pWInfo);
         whereSplit(pAndWC, pOrTerm->pExpr, TK_AND);
         exprAnalyzeAll(pSrc, pAndWC);
         pAndWC->pOuter = pWC;
@@ -103489,7 +111815,7 @@
           for(j=0, pAndTerm=pAndWC->a; j<pAndWC->nTerm; j++, pAndTerm++){
             assert( pAndTerm->pExpr );
             if( allowedOp(pAndTerm->pExpr->op) ){
-              b |= getMask(pMaskSet, pAndTerm->leftCursor);
+              b |= getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pAndTerm->leftCursor);
             }
           }
         }
@@ -103500,13 +111826,13 @@
       ** corresponding TERM_VIRTUAL term */
     }else{
       Bitmask b;
-      b = getMask(pMaskSet, pOrTerm->leftCursor);
+      b = getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pOrTerm->leftCursor);
       if( pOrTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ){
         WhereTerm *pOther = &pOrWc->a[pOrTerm->iParent];
-        b |= getMask(pMaskSet, pOther->leftCursor);
+        b |= getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pOther->leftCursor);
       }
       indexable &= b;
-      if( pOrTerm->eOperator!=WO_EQ ){
+      if( (pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_EQ)==0 ){
         chngToIN = 0;
       }else{
         chngToIN &= b;
@@ -103557,7 +111883,7 @@
     for(j=0; j<2 && !okToChngToIN; j++){
       pOrTerm = pOrWc->a;
       for(i=pOrWc->nTerm-1; i>=0; i--, pOrTerm++){
-        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
+        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_EQ );
         pOrTerm->wtFlags &= ~TERM_OR_OK;
         if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCursor ){
           /* This is the 2-bit case and we are on the second iteration and
@@ -103565,7 +111891,7 @@
           assert( j==1 );
           continue;
         }
-        if( (chngToIN & getMask(pMaskSet, pOrTerm->leftCursor))==0 ){
+        if( (chngToIN & getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pOrTerm->leftCursor))==0 ){
           /* This term must be of the form t1.a==t2.b where t2 is in the
           ** chngToIN set but t1 is not.  This term will be either preceeded
           ** or follwed by an inverted copy (t2.b==t1.a).  Skip this term 
@@ -103583,8 +111909,8 @@
         /* No candidate table+column was found.  This can only occur
         ** on the second iteration */
         assert( j==1 );
-        assert( (chngToIN&(chngToIN-1))==0 );
-        assert( chngToIN==getMask(pMaskSet, iCursor) );
+        assert( IsPowerOfTwo(chngToIN) );
+        assert( chngToIN==getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, iCursor) );
         break;
       }
       testcase( j==1 );
@@ -103593,7 +111919,7 @@
       ** table and column is common to every term in the OR clause */
       okToChngToIN = 1;
       for(; i>=0 && okToChngToIN; i--, pOrTerm++){
-        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
+        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_EQ );
         if( pOrTerm->leftCursor!=iCursor ){
           pOrTerm->wtFlags &= ~TERM_OR_OK;
         }else if( pOrTerm->u.leftColumn!=iColumn ){
@@ -103618,8 +111944,6 @@
     /* At this point, okToChngToIN is true if original pTerm satisfies
     ** case 1.  In that case, construct a new virtual term that is 
     ** pTerm converted into an IN operator.
-    **
-    ** EV: R-00211-15100
     */
     if( okToChngToIN ){
       Expr *pDup;            /* A transient duplicate expression */
@@ -103629,11 +111953,11 @@
 
       for(i=pOrWc->nTerm-1, pOrTerm=pOrWc->a; i>=0; i--, pOrTerm++){
         if( (pOrTerm->wtFlags & TERM_OR_OK)==0 ) continue;
-        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
+        assert( pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_EQ );
         assert( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCursor );
         assert( pOrTerm->u.leftColumn==iColumn );
         pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pOrTerm->pExpr->pRight, 0);
-        pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pWC->pParse, pList, pDup);
+        pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pWInfo->pParse, pList, pDup);
         pLeft = pOrTerm->pExpr->pLeft;
       }
       assert( pLeft!=0 );
@@ -103659,7 +111983,6 @@
 }
 #endif /* !SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION && !SQLITE_OMIT_SUBQUERY */
 
-
 /*
 ** The input to this routine is an WhereTerm structure with only the
 ** "pExpr" field filled in.  The job of this routine is to analyze the
@@ -103683,6 +112006,7 @@
   WhereClause *pWC,         /* the WHERE clause */
   int idxTerm               /* Index of the term to be analyzed */
 ){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pWC->pWInfo; /* WHERE clause processing context */
   WhereTerm *pTerm;                /* The term to be analyzed */
   WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet;          /* Set of table index masks */
   Expr *pExpr;                     /* The expression to be analyzed */
@@ -103693,15 +112017,16 @@
   int isComplete = 0;              /* RHS of LIKE/GLOB ends with wildcard */
   int noCase = 0;                  /* LIKE/GLOB distinguishes case */
   int op;                          /* Top-level operator.  pExpr->op */
-  Parse *pParse = pWC->pParse;     /* Parsing context */
+  Parse *pParse = pWInfo->pParse;  /* Parsing context */
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;        /* Database connection */
 
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     return;
   }
   pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
-  pMaskSet = pWC->pMaskSet;
+  pMaskSet = &pWInfo->sMaskSet;
   pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
+  assert( pExpr->op!=TK_AS && pExpr->op!=TK_COLLATE );
   prereqLeft = exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pExpr->pLeft);
   op = pExpr->op;
   if( op==TK_IN ){
@@ -103727,17 +112052,19 @@
   pTerm->leftCursor = -1;
   pTerm->iParent = -1;
   pTerm->eOperator = 0;
-  if( allowedOp(op) && (pTerm->prereqRight & prereqLeft)==0 ){
-    Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
-    Expr *pRight = pExpr->pRight;
+  if( allowedOp(op) ){
+    Expr *pLeft = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pExpr->pLeft);
+    Expr *pRight = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pExpr->pRight);
+    u16 opMask = (pTerm->prereqRight & prereqLeft)==0 ? WO_ALL : WO_EQUIV;
     if( pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN ){
       pTerm->leftCursor = pLeft->iTable;
       pTerm->u.leftColumn = pLeft->iColumn;
-      pTerm->eOperator = operatorMask(op);
+      pTerm->eOperator = operatorMask(op) & opMask;
     }
     if( pRight && pRight->op==TK_COLUMN ){
       WhereTerm *pNew;
       Expr *pDup;
+      u16 eExtraOp = 0;        /* Extra bits for pNew->eOperator */
       if( pTerm->leftCursor>=0 ){
         int idxNew;
         pDup = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pExpr, 0);
@@ -103752,18 +112079,25 @@
         pTerm = &pWC->a[idxTerm];
         pTerm->nChild = 1;
         pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_COPIED;
+        if( pExpr->op==TK_EQ
+         && !ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
+         && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_Transitive)
+        ){
+          pTerm->eOperator |= WO_EQUIV;
+          eExtraOp = WO_EQUIV;
+        }
       }else{
         pDup = pExpr;
         pNew = pTerm;
       }
       exprCommute(pParse, pDup);
-      pLeft = pDup->pLeft;
+      pLeft = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pDup->pLeft);
       pNew->leftCursor = pLeft->iTable;
       pNew->u.leftColumn = pLeft->iColumn;
       testcase( (prereqLeft | extraRight) != prereqLeft );
       pNew->prereqRight = prereqLeft | extraRight;
       pNew->prereqAll = prereqAll;
-      pNew->eOperator = operatorMask(pDup->op);
+      pNew->eOperator = (operatorMask(pDup->op) + eExtraOp) & opMask;
     }
   }
 
@@ -103795,6 +112129,7 @@
       pNewExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, ops[i], 
                              sqlite3ExprDup(db, pExpr->pLeft, 0),
                              sqlite3ExprDup(db, pList->a[i].pExpr, 0), 0);
+      transferJoinMarkings(pNewExpr, pExpr);
       idxNew = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
       testcase( idxNew==0 );
       exprAnalyze(pSrc, pWC, idxNew);
@@ -103836,7 +112171,7 @@
     Expr *pNewExpr2;
     int idxNew1;
     int idxNew2;
-    CollSeq *pColl;    /* Collating sequence to use */
+    Token sCollSeqName;  /* Name of collating sequence */
 
     pLeft = pExpr->x.pList->a[1].pExpr;
     pStr2 = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pStr1, 0);
@@ -103851,23 +112186,26 @@
         ** inequality.  To avoid this, make sure to also run the full
         ** LIKE on all candidate expressions by clearing the isComplete flag
         */
-        if( c=='A'-1 ) isComplete = 0;   /* EV: R-64339-08207 */
-
-
+        if( c=='A'-1 ) isComplete = 0;
         c = sqlite3UpperToLower[c];
       }
       *pC = c + 1;
     }
-    pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, SQLITE_UTF8, noCase ? "NOCASE" : "BINARY",0);
+    sCollSeqName.z = noCase ? "NOCASE" : "BINARY";
+    sCollSeqName.n = 6;
+    pNewExpr1 = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pLeft, 0);
     pNewExpr1 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_GE, 
-                     sqlite3ExprSetColl(sqlite3ExprDup(db,pLeft,0), pColl),
-                     pStr1, 0);
+           sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse,pNewExpr1,&sCollSeqName),
+           pStr1, 0);
+    transferJoinMarkings(pNewExpr1, pExpr);
     idxNew1 = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr1, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
     testcase( idxNew1==0 );
     exprAnalyze(pSrc, pWC, idxNew1);
+    pNewExpr2 = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pLeft, 0);
     pNewExpr2 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_LT,
-                     sqlite3ExprSetColl(sqlite3ExprDup(db,pLeft,0), pColl),
-                     pStr2, 0);
+           sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse,pNewExpr2,&sCollSeqName),
+           pStr2, 0);
+    transferJoinMarkings(pNewExpr2, pExpr);
     idxNew2 = whereClauseInsert(pWC, pNewExpr2, TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_DYNAMIC);
     testcase( idxNew2==0 );
     exprAnalyze(pSrc, pWC, idxNew2);
@@ -103917,7 +112255,7 @@
   }
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
   /* When sqlite_stat3 histogram data is available an operator of the
   ** form "x IS NOT NULL" can sometimes be evaluated more efficiently
   ** as "x>NULL" if x is not an INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.  So construct a
@@ -103931,6 +112269,7 @@
   if( pExpr->op==TK_NOTNULL
    && pExpr->pLeft->op==TK_COLUMN
    && pExpr->pLeft->iColumn>=0
+   && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_Stat3)
   ){
     Expr *pNewExpr;
     Expr *pLeft = pExpr->pLeft;
@@ -103956,7 +112295,7 @@
       pNewTerm->prereqAll = pTerm->prereqAll;
     }
   }
-#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT */
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 
   /* Prevent ON clause terms of a LEFT JOIN from being used to drive
   ** an index for tables to the left of the join.
@@ -103965,30 +112304,8 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Return TRUE if any of the expressions in pList->a[iFirst...] contain
-** a reference to any table other than the iBase table.
-*/
-static int referencesOtherTables(
-  ExprList *pList,          /* Search expressions in ths list */
-  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet,   /* Mapping from tables to bitmaps */
-  int iFirst,               /* Be searching with the iFirst-th expression */
-  int iBase                 /* Ignore references to this table */
-){
-  Bitmask allowed = ~getMask(pMaskSet, iBase);
-  while( iFirst<pList->nExpr ){
-    if( (exprTableUsage(pMaskSet, pList->a[iFirst++].pExpr)&allowed)!=0 ){
-      return 1;
-    }
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-/*
-** This function searches the expression list passed as the second argument
-** for an expression of type TK_COLUMN that refers to the same column and
-** uses the same collation sequence as the iCol'th column of index pIdx.
-** Argument iBase is the cursor number used for the table that pIdx refers
-** to.
+** This function searches pList for a entry that matches the iCol-th column
+** of index pIdx.
 **
 ** If such an expression is found, its index in pList->a[] is returned. If
 ** no expression is found, -1 is returned.
@@ -104004,12 +112321,12 @@
   const char *zColl = pIdx->azColl[iCol];
 
   for(i=0; i<pList->nExpr; i++){
-    Expr *p = pList->a[i].pExpr;
+    Expr *p = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pList->a[i].pExpr);
     if( p->op==TK_COLUMN
      && p->iColumn==pIdx->aiColumn[iCol]
      && p->iTable==iBase
     ){
-      CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, p);
+      CollSeq *pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pList->a[i].pExpr);
       if( ALWAYS(pColl) && 0==sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, zColl) ){
         return i;
       }
@@ -104020,75 +112337,17 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** This routine determines if pIdx can be used to assist in processing a
-** DISTINCT qualifier. In other words, it tests whether or not using this
-** index for the outer loop guarantees that rows with equal values for
-** all expressions in the pDistinct list are delivered grouped together.
-**
-** For example, the query 
-**
-**   SELECT DISTINCT a, b, c FROM tbl WHERE a = ?
-**
-** can benefit from any index on columns "b" and "c".
-*/
-static int isDistinctIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,                  /* Parsing context */
-  WhereClause *pWC,               /* The WHERE clause */
-  Index *pIdx,                    /* The index being considered */
-  int base,                       /* Cursor number for the table pIdx is on */
-  ExprList *pDistinct,            /* The DISTINCT expressions */
-  int nEqCol                      /* Number of index columns with == */
-){
-  Bitmask mask = 0;               /* Mask of unaccounted for pDistinct exprs */
-  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
-
-  if( pIdx->zName==0 || pDistinct==0 || pDistinct->nExpr>=BMS ) return 0;
-  testcase( pDistinct->nExpr==BMS-1 );
-
-  /* Loop through all the expressions in the distinct list. If any of them
-  ** are not simple column references, return early. Otherwise, test if the
-  ** WHERE clause contains a "col=X" clause. If it does, the expression
-  ** can be ignored. If it does not, and the column does not belong to the
-  ** same table as index pIdx, return early. Finally, if there is no
-  ** matching "col=X" expression and the column is on the same table as pIdx,
-  ** set the corresponding bit in variable mask.
-  */
-  for(i=0; i<pDistinct->nExpr; i++){
-    WhereTerm *pTerm;
-    Expr *p = pDistinct->a[i].pExpr;
-    if( p->op!=TK_COLUMN ) return 0;
-    pTerm = findTerm(pWC, p->iTable, p->iColumn, ~(Bitmask)0, WO_EQ, 0);
-    if( pTerm ){
-      Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
-      CollSeq *p1 = sqlite3BinaryCompareCollSeq(pParse, pX->pLeft, pX->pRight);
-      CollSeq *p2 = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, p);
-      if( p1==p2 ) continue;
-    }
-    if( p->iTable!=base ) return 0;
-    mask |= (((Bitmask)1) << i);
-  }
-
-  for(i=nEqCol; mask && i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
-    int iExpr = findIndexCol(pParse, pDistinct, base, pIdx, i);
-    if( iExpr<0 ) break;
-    mask &= ~(((Bitmask)1) << iExpr);
-  }
-
-  return (mask==0);
-}
-
-
-/*
 ** Return true if the DISTINCT expression-list passed as the third argument
-** is redundant. A DISTINCT list is redundant if the database contains a
-** UNIQUE index that guarantees that the result of the query will be distinct
-** anyway.
+** is redundant.
+**
+** A DISTINCT list is redundant if the database contains some subset of
+** columns that are unique and non-null.
 */
 static int isDistinctRedundant(
-  Parse *pParse,
-  SrcList *pTabList,
-  WhereClause *pWC,
-  ExprList *pDistinct
+  Parse *pParse,            /* Parsing context */
+  SrcList *pTabList,        /* The FROM clause */
+  WhereClause *pWC,         /* The WHERE clause */
+  ExprList *pDistinct       /* The result set that needs to be DISTINCT */
 ){
   Table *pTab;
   Index *pIdx;
@@ -104107,7 +112366,7 @@
   ** current SELECT is a correlated sub-query.
   */
   for(i=0; i<pDistinct->nExpr; i++){
-    Expr *p = pDistinct->a[i].pExpr;
+    Expr *p = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pDistinct->a[i].pExpr);
     if( p->op==TK_COLUMN && p->iTable==iBase && p->iColumn<0 ) return 1;
   }
 
@@ -104120,18 +112379,22 @@
   **      list, or else the WHERE clause contains a term of the form "col=X",
   **      where X is a constant value. The collation sequences of the
   **      comparison and select-list expressions must match those of the index.
+  **
+  **   3. All of those index columns for which the WHERE clause does not
+  **      contain a "col=X" term are subject to a NOT NULL constraint.
   */
   for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
-    if( pIdx->onError==OE_None ) continue;
-    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nColumn; i++){
-      int iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
-      if( 0==findTerm(pWC, iBase, iCol, ~(Bitmask)0, WO_EQ, pIdx) 
-       && 0>findIndexCol(pParse, pDistinct, iBase, pIdx, i)
-      ){
-        break;
+    if( !IsUniqueIndex(pIdx) ) continue;
+    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nKeyCol; i++){
+      i16 iCol = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
+      if( 0==findTerm(pWC, iBase, iCol, ~(Bitmask)0, WO_EQ, pIdx) ){
+        int iIdxCol = findIndexCol(pParse, pDistinct, iBase, pIdx, i);
+        if( iIdxCol<0 || pTab->aCol[iCol].notNull==0 ){
+          break;
+        }
       }
     }
-    if( i==pIdx->nColumn ){
+    if( i==pIdx->nKeyCol ){
       /* This index implies that the DISTINCT qualifier is redundant. */
       return 1;
     }
@@ -104140,169 +112403,12 @@
   return 0;
 }
 
-/*
-** This routine decides if pIdx can be used to satisfy the ORDER BY
-** clause.  If it can, it returns 1.  If pIdx cannot satisfy the
-** ORDER BY clause, this routine returns 0.
-**
-** pOrderBy is an ORDER BY clause from a SELECT statement.  pTab is the
-** left-most table in the FROM clause of that same SELECT statement and
-** the table has a cursor number of "base".  pIdx is an index on pTab.
-**
-** nEqCol is the number of columns of pIdx that are used as equality
-** constraints.  Any of these columns may be missing from the ORDER BY
-** clause and the match can still be a success.
-**
-** All terms of the ORDER BY that match against the index must be either
-** ASC or DESC.  (Terms of the ORDER BY clause past the end of a UNIQUE
-** index do not need to satisfy this constraint.)  The *pbRev value is
-** set to 1 if the ORDER BY clause is all DESC and it is set to 0 if
-** the ORDER BY clause is all ASC.
-*/
-static int isSortingIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,          /* Parsing context */
-  WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet, /* Mapping from table cursor numbers to bitmaps */
-  Index *pIdx,            /* The index we are testing */
-  int base,               /* Cursor number for the table to be sorted */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,     /* The ORDER BY clause */
-  int nEqCol,             /* Number of index columns with == constraints */
-  int wsFlags,            /* Index usages flags */
-  int *pbRev              /* Set to 1 if ORDER BY is DESC */
-){
-  int i, j;                       /* Loop counters */
-  int sortOrder = 0;              /* XOR of index and ORDER BY sort direction */
-  int nTerm;                      /* Number of ORDER BY terms */
-  struct ExprList_item *pTerm;    /* A term of the ORDER BY clause */
-  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-
-  if( !pOrderBy ) return 0;
-  if( wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN ) return 0;
-  if( pIdx->bUnordered ) return 0;
-
-  nTerm = pOrderBy->nExpr;
-  assert( nTerm>0 );
-
-  /* Argument pIdx must either point to a 'real' named index structure, 
-  ** or an index structure allocated on the stack by bestBtreeIndex() to
-  ** represent the rowid index that is part of every table.  */
-  assert( pIdx->zName || (pIdx->nColumn==1 && pIdx->aiColumn[0]==-1) );
-
-  /* Match terms of the ORDER BY clause against columns of
-  ** the index.
-  **
-  ** Note that indices have pIdx->nColumn regular columns plus
-  ** one additional column containing the rowid.  The rowid column
-  ** of the index is also allowed to match against the ORDER BY
-  ** clause.
-  */
-  for(i=j=0, pTerm=pOrderBy->a; j<nTerm && i<=pIdx->nColumn; i++){
-    Expr *pExpr;       /* The expression of the ORDER BY pTerm */
-    CollSeq *pColl;    /* The collating sequence of pExpr */
-    int termSortOrder; /* Sort order for this term */
-    int iColumn;       /* The i-th column of the index.  -1 for rowid */
-    int iSortOrder;    /* 1 for DESC, 0 for ASC on the i-th index term */
-    const char *zColl; /* Name of the collating sequence for i-th index term */
-
-    pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
-    if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN || pExpr->iTable!=base ){
-      /* Can not use an index sort on anything that is not a column in the
-      ** left-most table of the FROM clause */
-      break;
-    }
-    pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pParse, pExpr);
-    if( !pColl ){
-      pColl = db->pDfltColl;
-    }
-    if( pIdx->zName && i<pIdx->nColumn ){
-      iColumn = pIdx->aiColumn[i];
-      if( iColumn==pIdx->pTable->iPKey ){
-        iColumn = -1;
-      }
-      iSortOrder = pIdx->aSortOrder[i];
-      zColl = pIdx->azColl[i];
-    }else{
-      iColumn = -1;
-      iSortOrder = 0;
-      zColl = pColl->zName;
-    }
-    if( pExpr->iColumn!=iColumn || sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, zColl) ){
-      /* Term j of the ORDER BY clause does not match column i of the index */
-      if( i<nEqCol ){
-        /* If an index column that is constrained by == fails to match an
-        ** ORDER BY term, that is OK.  Just ignore that column of the index
-        */
-        continue;
-      }else if( i==pIdx->nColumn ){
-        /* Index column i is the rowid.  All other terms match. */
-        break;
-      }else{
-        /* If an index column fails to match and is not constrained by ==
-        ** then the index cannot satisfy the ORDER BY constraint.
-        */
-        return 0;
-      }
-    }
-    assert( pIdx->aSortOrder!=0 || iColumn==-1 );
-    assert( pTerm->sortOrder==0 || pTerm->sortOrder==1 );
-    assert( iSortOrder==0 || iSortOrder==1 );
-    termSortOrder = iSortOrder ^ pTerm->sortOrder;
-    if( i>nEqCol ){
-      if( termSortOrder!=sortOrder ){
-        /* Indices can only be used if all ORDER BY terms past the
-        ** equality constraints are all either DESC or ASC. */
-        return 0;
-      }
-    }else{
-      sortOrder = termSortOrder;
-    }
-    j++;
-    pTerm++;
-    if( iColumn<0 && !referencesOtherTables(pOrderBy, pMaskSet, j, base) ){
-      /* If the indexed column is the primary key and everything matches
-      ** so far and none of the ORDER BY terms to the right reference other
-      ** tables in the join, then we are assured that the index can be used 
-      ** to sort because the primary key is unique and so none of the other
-      ** columns will make any difference
-      */
-      j = nTerm;
-    }
-  }
-
-  *pbRev = sortOrder!=0;
-  if( j>=nTerm ){
-    /* All terms of the ORDER BY clause are covered by this index so
-    ** this index can be used for sorting. */
-    return 1;
-  }
-  if( pIdx->onError!=OE_None && i==pIdx->nColumn
-      && (wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_NULL)==0
-      && !referencesOtherTables(pOrderBy, pMaskSet, j, base) ){
-    /* All terms of this index match some prefix of the ORDER BY clause
-    ** and the index is UNIQUE and no terms on the tail of the ORDER BY
-    ** clause reference other tables in a join.  If this is all true then
-    ** the order by clause is superfluous.  Not that if the matching
-    ** condition is IS NULL then the result is not necessarily unique
-    ** even on a UNIQUE index, so disallow those cases. */
-    return 1;
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
 
 /*
-** Prepare a crude estimate of the logarithm of the input value.
-** The results need not be exact.  This is only used for estimating
-** the total cost of performing operations with O(logN) or O(NlogN)
-** complexity.  Because N is just a guess, it is no great tragedy if
-** logN is a little off.
+** Estimate the logarithm of the input value to base 2.
 */
-static double estLog(double N){
-  double logN = 1;
-  double x = 10;
-  while( N>x ){
-    logN += 1;
-    x *= 10;
-  }
-  return logN;
+static LogEst estLog(LogEst N){
+  return N<=10 ? 0 : sqlite3LogEst(N) - 33;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -104311,7 +112417,7 @@
 ** SQLITE_TEST or SQLITE_DEBUG are defined, then these routines
 ** are no-ops.
 */
-#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(SQLITE_DEBUG)
+#if !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) && defined(WHERETRACE_ENABLED)
 static void TRACE_IDX_INPUTS(sqlite3_index_info *p){
   int i;
   if( !sqlite3WhereTrace ) return;
@@ -104343,115 +112449,13 @@
   sqlite3DebugPrintf("  idxStr=%s\n", p->idxStr);
   sqlite3DebugPrintf("  orderByConsumed=%d\n", p->orderByConsumed);
   sqlite3DebugPrintf("  estimatedCost=%g\n", p->estimatedCost);
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf("  estimatedRows=%lld\n", p->estimatedRows);
 }
 #else
 #define TRACE_IDX_INPUTS(A)
 #define TRACE_IDX_OUTPUTS(A)
 #endif
 
-/* 
-** Required because bestIndex() is called by bestOrClauseIndex() 
-*/
-static void bestIndex(
-    Parse*, WhereClause*, struct SrcList_item*,
-    Bitmask, Bitmask, ExprList*, WhereCost*);
-
-/*
-** This routine attempts to find an scanning strategy that can be used 
-** to optimize an 'OR' expression that is part of a WHERE clause. 
-**
-** The table associated with FROM clause term pSrc may be either a
-** regular B-Tree table or a virtual table.
-*/
-static void bestOrClauseIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
-  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
-  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors not available for indexing */
-  Bitmask notValid,           /* Cursors not available for any purpose */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,         /* The ORDER BY clause */
-  WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
-){
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION
-  const int iCur = pSrc->iCursor;   /* The cursor of the table to be accessed */
-  const Bitmask maskSrc = getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, iCur);  /* Bitmask for pSrc */
-  WhereTerm * const pWCEnd = &pWC->a[pWC->nTerm];        /* End of pWC->a[] */
-  WhereTerm *pTerm;                 /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
-
-  /* The OR-clause optimization is disallowed if the INDEXED BY or
-  ** NOT INDEXED clauses are used or if the WHERE_AND_ONLY bit is set. */
-  if( pSrc->notIndexed || pSrc->pIndex!=0 ){
-    return;
-  }
-  if( pWC->wctrlFlags & WHERE_AND_ONLY ){
-    return;
-  }
-
-  /* Search the WHERE clause terms for a usable WO_OR term. */
-  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
-    if( pTerm->eOperator==WO_OR 
-     && ((pTerm->prereqAll & ~maskSrc) & notReady)==0
-     && (pTerm->u.pOrInfo->indexable & maskSrc)!=0 
-    ){
-      WhereClause * const pOrWC = &pTerm->u.pOrInfo->wc;
-      WhereTerm * const pOrWCEnd = &pOrWC->a[pOrWC->nTerm];
-      WhereTerm *pOrTerm;
-      int flags = WHERE_MULTI_OR;
-      double rTotal = 0;
-      double nRow = 0;
-      Bitmask used = 0;
-
-      for(pOrTerm=pOrWC->a; pOrTerm<pOrWCEnd; pOrTerm++){
-        WhereCost sTermCost;
-        WHERETRACE(("... Multi-index OR testing for term %d of %d....\n", 
-          (pOrTerm - pOrWC->a), (pTerm - pWC->a)
-        ));
-        if( pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_AND ){
-          WhereClause *pAndWC = &pOrTerm->u.pAndInfo->wc;
-          bestIndex(pParse, pAndWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, 0, &sTermCost);
-        }else if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur ){
-          WhereClause tempWC;
-          tempWC.pParse = pWC->pParse;
-          tempWC.pMaskSet = pWC->pMaskSet;
-          tempWC.pOuter = pWC;
-          tempWC.op = TK_AND;
-          tempWC.a = pOrTerm;
-          tempWC.wctrlFlags = 0;
-          tempWC.nTerm = 1;
-          bestIndex(pParse, &tempWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, 0, &sTermCost);
-        }else{
-          continue;
-        }
-        rTotal += sTermCost.rCost;
-        nRow += sTermCost.plan.nRow;
-        used |= sTermCost.used;
-        if( rTotal>=pCost->rCost ) break;
-      }
-
-      /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, increase the scan cost to account 
-      ** for the cost of the sort. */
-      if( pOrderBy!=0 ){
-        WHERETRACE(("... sorting increases OR cost %.9g to %.9g\n",
-                    rTotal, rTotal+nRow*estLog(nRow)));
-        rTotal += nRow*estLog(nRow);
-      }
-
-      /* If the cost of scanning using this OR term for optimization is
-      ** less than the current cost stored in pCost, replace the contents
-      ** of pCost. */
-      WHERETRACE(("... multi-index OR cost=%.9g nrow=%.9g\n", rTotal, nRow));
-      if( rTotal<pCost->rCost ){
-        pCost->rCost = rTotal;
-        pCost->used = used;
-        pCost->plan.nRow = nRow;
-        pCost->plan.wsFlags = flags;
-        pCost->plan.u.pTerm = pTerm;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION */
-}
-
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
 /*
 ** Return TRUE if the WHERE clause term pTerm is of a form where it
@@ -104465,87 +112469,15 @@
 ){
   char aff;
   if( pTerm->leftCursor!=pSrc->iCursor ) return 0;
-  if( pTerm->eOperator!=WO_EQ ) return 0;
+  if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_EQ)==0 ) return 0;
   if( (pTerm->prereqRight & notReady)!=0 ) return 0;
+  if( pTerm->u.leftColumn<0 ) return 0;
   aff = pSrc->pTab->aCol[pTerm->u.leftColumn].affinity;
   if( !sqlite3IndexAffinityOk(pTerm->pExpr, aff) ) return 0;
   return 1;
 }
 #endif
 
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
-/*
-** If the query plan for pSrc specified in pCost is a full table scan
-** and indexing is allows (if there is no NOT INDEXED clause) and it
-** possible to construct a transient index that would perform better
-** than a full table scan even when the cost of constructing the index
-** is taken into account, then alter the query plan to use the
-** transient index.
-*/
-static void bestAutomaticIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
-  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
-  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors that are not available */
-  WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
-){
-  double nTableRow;           /* Rows in the input table */
-  double logN;                /* log(nTableRow) */
-  double costTempIdx;         /* per-query cost of the transient index */
-  WhereTerm *pTerm;           /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
-  WhereTerm *pWCEnd;          /* End of pWC->a[] */
-  Table *pTable;              /* Table tht might be indexed */
-
-  if( pParse->nQueryLoop<=(double)1 ){
-    /* There is no point in building an automatic index for a single scan */
-    return;
-  }
-  if( (pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_AutoIndex)==0 ){
-    /* Automatic indices are disabled at run-time */
-    return;
-  }
-  if( (pCost->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)!=0 ){
-    /* We already have some kind of index in use for this query. */
-    return;
-  }
-  if( pSrc->notIndexed ){
-    /* The NOT INDEXED clause appears in the SQL. */
-    return;
-  }
-  if( pSrc->isCorrelated ){
-    /* The source is a correlated sub-query. No point in indexing it. */
-    return;
-  }
-
-  assert( pParse->nQueryLoop >= (double)1 );
-  pTable = pSrc->pTab;
-  nTableRow = pTable->nRowEst;
-  logN = estLog(nTableRow);
-  costTempIdx = 2*logN*(nTableRow/pParse->nQueryLoop + 1);
-  if( costTempIdx>=pCost->rCost ){
-    /* The cost of creating the transient table would be greater than
-    ** doing the full table scan */
-    return;
-  }
-
-  /* Search for any equality comparison term */
-  pWCEnd = &pWC->a[pWC->nTerm];
-  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
-    if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
-      WHERETRACE(("auto-index reduces cost from %.1f to %.1f\n",
-                    pCost->rCost, costTempIdx));
-      pCost->rCost = costTempIdx;
-      pCost->plan.nRow = logN + 1;
-      pCost->plan.wsFlags = WHERE_TEMP_INDEX;
-      pCost->used = pTerm->prereqRight;
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-}
-#else
-# define bestAutomaticIndex(A,B,C,D,E)  /* no-op */
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX */
-
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
 /*
@@ -104560,50 +112492,61 @@
   Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors that are not available */
   WhereLevel *pLevel          /* Write new index here */
 ){
-  int nColumn;                /* Number of columns in the constructed index */
+  int nKeyCol;                /* Number of columns in the constructed index */
   WhereTerm *pTerm;           /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
   WhereTerm *pWCEnd;          /* End of pWC->a[] */
-  int nByte;                  /* Byte of memory needed for pIdx */
   Index *pIdx;                /* Object describing the transient index */
   Vdbe *v;                    /* Prepared statement under construction */
   int addrInit;               /* Address of the initialization bypass jump */
   Table *pTable;              /* The table being indexed */
-  KeyInfo *pKeyinfo;          /* Key information for the index */   
   int addrTop;                /* Top of the index fill loop */
   int regRecord;              /* Register holding an index record */
   int n;                      /* Column counter */
   int i;                      /* Loop counter */
   int mxBitCol;               /* Maximum column in pSrc->colUsed */
   CollSeq *pColl;             /* Collating sequence to on a column */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop;           /* The Loop object */
+  char *zNotUsed;             /* Extra space on the end of pIdx */
   Bitmask idxCols;            /* Bitmap of columns used for indexing */
   Bitmask extraCols;          /* Bitmap of additional columns */
+  u8 sentWarning = 0;         /* True if a warnning has been issued */
 
   /* Generate code to skip over the creation and initialization of the
   ** transient index on 2nd and subsequent iterations of the loop. */
   v = pParse->pVdbe;
   assert( v!=0 );
-  addrInit = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse);
+  addrInit = sqlite3CodeOnce(pParse); VdbeCoverage(v);
 
   /* Count the number of columns that will be added to the index
   ** and used to match WHERE clause constraints */
-  nColumn = 0;
+  nKeyCol = 0;
   pTable = pSrc->pTab;
   pWCEnd = &pWC->a[pWC->nTerm];
+  pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
   idxCols = 0;
   for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
     if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
       int iCol = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
-      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? ((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1) : ((Bitmask)1)<<iCol;
+      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? MASKBIT(BMS-1) : MASKBIT(iCol);
       testcase( iCol==BMS );
       testcase( iCol==BMS-1 );
+      if( !sentWarning ){
+        sqlite3_log(SQLITE_WARNING_AUTOINDEX,
+            "automatic index on %s(%s)", pTable->zName,
+            pTable->aCol[iCol].zName);
+        sentWarning = 1;
+      }
       if( (idxCols & cMask)==0 ){
-        nColumn++;
+        if( whereLoopResize(pParse->db, pLoop, nKeyCol+1) ) return;
+        pLoop->aLTerm[nKeyCol++] = pTerm;
         idxCols |= cMask;
       }
     }
   }
-  assert( nColumn>0 );
-  pLevel->plan.nEq = nColumn;
+  assert( nKeyCol>0 );
+  pLoop->u.btree.nEq = pLoop->nLTerm = nKeyCol;
+  pLoop->wsFlags = WHERE_COLUMN_EQ | WHERE_IDX_ONLY | WHERE_INDEXED
+                     | WHERE_AUTO_INDEX;
 
   /* Count the number of additional columns needed to create a
   ** covering index.  A "covering index" is an index that contains all
@@ -104613,38 +112556,32 @@
   ** original table changes and the index and table cannot both be used
   ** if they go out of sync.
   */
-  extraCols = pSrc->colUsed & (~idxCols | (((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1)));
+  extraCols = pSrc->colUsed & (~idxCols | MASKBIT(BMS-1));
   mxBitCol = (pTable->nCol >= BMS-1) ? BMS-1 : pTable->nCol;
   testcase( pTable->nCol==BMS-1 );
   testcase( pTable->nCol==BMS-2 );
   for(i=0; i<mxBitCol; i++){
-    if( extraCols & (((Bitmask)1)<<i) ) nColumn++;
+    if( extraCols & MASKBIT(i) ) nKeyCol++;
   }
-  if( pSrc->colUsed & (((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1)) ){
-    nColumn += pTable->nCol - BMS + 1;
+  if( pSrc->colUsed & MASKBIT(BMS-1) ){
+    nKeyCol += pTable->nCol - BMS + 1;
   }
-  pLevel->plan.wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ | WHERE_IDX_ONLY | WO_EQ;
+  pLoop->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ | WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
 
   /* Construct the Index object to describe this index */
-  nByte = sizeof(Index);
-  nByte += nColumn*sizeof(int);     /* Index.aiColumn */
-  nByte += nColumn*sizeof(char*);   /* Index.azColl */
-  nByte += nColumn;                 /* Index.aSortOrder */
-  pIdx = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, nByte);
+  pIdx = sqlite3AllocateIndexObject(pParse->db, nKeyCol+1, 0, &zNotUsed);
   if( pIdx==0 ) return;
-  pLevel->plan.u.pIdx = pIdx;
-  pIdx->azColl = (char**)&pIdx[1];
-  pIdx->aiColumn = (int*)&pIdx->azColl[nColumn];
-  pIdx->aSortOrder = (u8*)&pIdx->aiColumn[nColumn];
+  pLoop->u.btree.pIndex = pIdx;
   pIdx->zName = "auto-index";
-  pIdx->nColumn = nColumn;
   pIdx->pTable = pTable;
   n = 0;
   idxCols = 0;
   for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
     if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, notReady) ){
       int iCol = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
-      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? ((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1) : ((Bitmask)1)<<iCol;
+      Bitmask cMask = iCol>=BMS ? MASKBIT(BMS-1) : MASKBIT(iCol);
+      testcase( iCol==BMS-1 );
+      testcase( iCol==BMS );
       if( (idxCols & cMask)==0 ){
         Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
         idxCols |= cMask;
@@ -104655,40 +112592,42 @@
       }
     }
   }
-  assert( (u32)n==pLevel->plan.nEq );
+  assert( (u32)n==pLoop->u.btree.nEq );
 
   /* Add additional columns needed to make the automatic index into
   ** a covering index */
   for(i=0; i<mxBitCol; i++){
-    if( extraCols & (((Bitmask)1)<<i) ){
+    if( extraCols & MASKBIT(i) ){
       pIdx->aiColumn[n] = i;
       pIdx->azColl[n] = "BINARY";
       n++;
     }
   }
-  if( pSrc->colUsed & (((Bitmask)1)<<(BMS-1)) ){
+  if( pSrc->colUsed & MASKBIT(BMS-1) ){
     for(i=BMS-1; i<pTable->nCol; i++){
       pIdx->aiColumn[n] = i;
       pIdx->azColl[n] = "BINARY";
       n++;
     }
   }
-  assert( n==nColumn );
+  assert( n==nKeyCol );
+  pIdx->aiColumn[n] = -1;
+  pIdx->azColl[n] = "BINARY";
 
   /* Create the automatic index */
-  pKeyinfo = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIdx);
   assert( pLevel->iIdxCur>=0 );
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenAutoindex, pLevel->iIdxCur, nColumn+1, 0,
-                    (char*)pKeyinfo, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
+  pLevel->iIdxCur = pParse->nTab++;
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenAutoindex, pLevel->iIdxCur, nKeyCol+1);
+  sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIdx);
   VdbeComment((v, "for %s", pTable->zName));
 
   /* Fill the automatic index with content */
-  addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, pLevel->iTabCur);
+  addrTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Rewind, pLevel->iTabCur); VdbeCoverage(v);
   regRecord = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-  sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, pLevel->iTabCur, regRecord, 1);
+  sqlite3GenerateIndexKey(pParse, pIdx, pLevel->iTabCur, regRecord, 0, 0, 0, 0);
   sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxInsert, pLevel->iIdxCur, regRecord);
   sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
-  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, pLevel->iTabCur, addrTop+1);
+  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, pLevel->iTabCur, addrTop+1); VdbeCoverage(v);
   sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX);
   sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addrTop);
   sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regRecord);
@@ -104705,7 +112644,7 @@
 ** by passing the pointer returned by this function to sqlite3_free().
 */
 static sqlite3_index_info *allocateIndexInfo(
-  Parse *pParse, 
+  Parse *pParse,
   WhereClause *pWC,
   struct SrcList_item *pSrc,
   ExprList *pOrderBy
@@ -104719,16 +112658,15 @@
   int nOrderBy;
   sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo;
 
-  WHERETRACE(("Recomputing index info for %s...\n", pSrc->pTab->zName));
-
   /* Count the number of possible WHERE clause constraints referring
   ** to this virtual table */
   for(i=nTerm=0, pTerm=pWC->a; i<pWC->nTerm; i++, pTerm++){
     if( pTerm->leftCursor != pSrc->iCursor ) continue;
-    assert( (pTerm->eOperator&(pTerm->eOperator-1))==0 );
-    testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_IN );
-    testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_ISNULL );
-    if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_IN|WO_ISNULL) ) continue;
+    assert( IsPowerOfTwo(pTerm->eOperator & ~WO_EQUIV) );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ALL );
+    if( (pTerm->eOperator & ~(WO_ISNULL|WO_EQUIV))==0 ) continue;
     if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL ) continue;
     nTerm++;
   }
@@ -104739,12 +112677,13 @@
   */
   nOrderBy = 0;
   if( pOrderBy ){
-    for(i=0; i<pOrderBy->nExpr; i++){
+    int n = pOrderBy->nExpr;
+    for(i=0; i<n; i++){
       Expr *pExpr = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
       if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN || pExpr->iTable!=pSrc->iCursor ) break;
     }
-    if( i==pOrderBy->nExpr ){
-      nOrderBy = pOrderBy->nExpr;
+    if( i==n){
+      nOrderBy = n;
     }
   }
 
@@ -104755,7 +112694,6 @@
                            + sizeof(*pIdxOrderBy)*nOrderBy );
   if( pIdxInfo==0 ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "out of memory");
-    /* (double)0 In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
     return 0;
   }
 
@@ -104775,15 +112713,19 @@
                                                                    pUsage;
 
   for(i=j=0, pTerm=pWC->a; i<pWC->nTerm; i++, pTerm++){
+    u8 op;
     if( pTerm->leftCursor != pSrc->iCursor ) continue;
-    assert( (pTerm->eOperator&(pTerm->eOperator-1))==0 );
-    testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_IN );
-    testcase( pTerm->eOperator==WO_ISNULL );
-    if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_IN|WO_ISNULL) ) continue;
+    assert( IsPowerOfTwo(pTerm->eOperator & ~WO_EQUIV) );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL );
+    testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ALL );
+    if( (pTerm->eOperator & ~(WO_ISNULL|WO_EQUIV))==0 ) continue;
     if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL ) continue;
     pIdxCons[j].iColumn = pTerm->u.leftColumn;
     pIdxCons[j].iTermOffset = i;
-    pIdxCons[j].op = (u8)pTerm->eOperator;
+    op = (u8)pTerm->eOperator & WO_ALL;
+    if( op==WO_IN ) op = WO_EQ;
+    pIdxCons[j].op = op;
     /* The direct assignment in the previous line is possible only because
     ** the WO_ and SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_ codes are identical.  The
     ** following asserts verify this fact. */
@@ -104793,7 +112735,7 @@
     assert( WO_GT==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT );
     assert( WO_GE==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE );
     assert( WO_MATCH==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH );
-    assert( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_MATCH) );
+    assert( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_IN|WO_EQ|WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_MATCH) );
     j++;
   }
   for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
@@ -104808,8 +112750,8 @@
 /*
 ** The table object reference passed as the second argument to this function
 ** must represent a virtual table. This function invokes the xBestIndex()
-** method of the virtual table with the sqlite3_index_info pointer passed
-** as the argument.
+** method of the virtual table with the sqlite3_index_info object that
+** comes in as the 3rd argument to this function.
 **
 ** If an error occurs, pParse is populated with an error message and a
 ** non-zero value is returned. Otherwise, 0 is returned and the output
@@ -104824,7 +112766,6 @@
   int i;
   int rc;
 
-  WHERETRACE(("xBestIndex for %s\n", pTab->zName));
   TRACE_IDX_INPUTS(p);
   rc = pVtab->pModule->xBestIndex(pVtab, p);
   TRACE_IDX_OUTPUTS(p);
@@ -104850,164 +112791,10 @@
 
   return pParse->nErr;
 }
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE) */
 
 
-/*
-** Compute the best index for a virtual table.
-**
-** The best index is computed by the xBestIndex method of the virtual
-** table module.  This routine is really just a wrapper that sets up
-** the sqlite3_index_info structure that is used to communicate with
-** xBestIndex.
-**
-** In a join, this routine might be called multiple times for the
-** same virtual table.  The sqlite3_index_info structure is created
-** and initialized on the first invocation and reused on all subsequent
-** invocations.  The sqlite3_index_info structure is also used when
-** code is generated to access the virtual table.  The whereInfoDelete() 
-** routine takes care of freeing the sqlite3_index_info structure after
-** everybody has finished with it.
-*/
-static void bestVirtualIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,                  /* The parsing context */
-  WhereClause *pWC,               /* The WHERE clause */
-  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,      /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,               /* Mask of cursors not available for index */
-  Bitmask notValid,               /* Cursors not valid for any purpose */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,             /* The order by clause */
-  WhereCost *pCost,               /* Lowest cost query plan */
-  sqlite3_index_info **ppIdxInfo  /* Index information passed to xBestIndex */
-){
-  Table *pTab = pSrc->pTab;
-  sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo;
-  struct sqlite3_index_constraint *pIdxCons;
-  struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage *pUsage;
-  WhereTerm *pTerm;
-  int i, j;
-  int nOrderBy;
-  double rCost;
-
-  /* Make sure wsFlags is initialized to some sane value. Otherwise, if the 
-  ** malloc in allocateIndexInfo() fails and this function returns leaving
-  ** wsFlags in an uninitialized state, the caller may behave unpredictably.
-  */
-  memset(pCost, 0, sizeof(*pCost));
-  pCost->plan.wsFlags = WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE;
-
-  /* If the sqlite3_index_info structure has not been previously
-  ** allocated and initialized, then allocate and initialize it now.
-  */
-  pIdxInfo = *ppIdxInfo;
-  if( pIdxInfo==0 ){
-    *ppIdxInfo = pIdxInfo = allocateIndexInfo(pParse, pWC, pSrc, pOrderBy);
-  }
-  if( pIdxInfo==0 ){
-    return;
-  }
-
-  /* At this point, the sqlite3_index_info structure that pIdxInfo points
-  ** to will have been initialized, either during the current invocation or
-  ** during some prior invocation.  Now we just have to customize the
-  ** details of pIdxInfo for the current invocation and pass it to
-  ** xBestIndex.
-  */
-
-  /* The module name must be defined. Also, by this point there must
-  ** be a pointer to an sqlite3_vtab structure. Otherwise
-  ** sqlite3ViewGetColumnNames() would have picked up the error. 
-  */
-  assert( pTab->azModuleArg && pTab->azModuleArg[0] );
-  assert( sqlite3GetVTable(pParse->db, pTab) );
-
-  /* Set the aConstraint[].usable fields and initialize all 
-  ** output variables to zero.
-  **
-  ** aConstraint[].usable is true for constraints where the right-hand
-  ** side contains only references to tables to the left of the current
-  ** table.  In other words, if the constraint is of the form:
-  **
-  **           column = expr
-  **
-  ** and we are evaluating a join, then the constraint on column is 
-  ** only valid if all tables referenced in expr occur to the left
-  ** of the table containing column.
-  **
-  ** The aConstraints[] array contains entries for all constraints
-  ** on the current table.  That way we only have to compute it once
-  ** even though we might try to pick the best index multiple times.
-  ** For each attempt at picking an index, the order of tables in the
-  ** join might be different so we have to recompute the usable flag
-  ** each time.
-  */
-  pIdxCons = *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint;
-  pUsage = pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage;
-  for(i=0; i<pIdxInfo->nConstraint; i++, pIdxCons++){
-    j = pIdxCons->iTermOffset;
-    pTerm = &pWC->a[j];
-    pIdxCons->usable = (pTerm->prereqRight&notReady) ? 0 : 1;
-  }
-  memset(pUsage, 0, sizeof(pUsage[0])*pIdxInfo->nConstraint);
-  if( pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr ){
-    sqlite3_free(pIdxInfo->idxStr);
-  }
-  pIdxInfo->idxStr = 0;
-  pIdxInfo->idxNum = 0;
-  pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr = 0;
-  pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed = 0;
-  /* ((double)2) In case of SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT... */
-  pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL / ((double)2);
-  nOrderBy = pIdxInfo->nOrderBy;
-  if( !pOrderBy ){
-    pIdxInfo->nOrderBy = 0;
-  }
-
-  if( vtabBestIndex(pParse, pTab, pIdxInfo) ){
-    return;
-  }
-
-  pIdxCons = *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint;
-  for(i=0; i<pIdxInfo->nConstraint; i++){
-    if( pUsage[i].argvIndex>0 ){
-      pCost->used |= pWC->a[pIdxCons[i].iTermOffset].prereqRight;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* If there is an ORDER BY clause, and the selected virtual table index
-  ** does not satisfy it, increase the cost of the scan accordingly. This
-  ** matches the processing for non-virtual tables in bestBtreeIndex().
-  */
-  rCost = pIdxInfo->estimatedCost;
-  if( pOrderBy && pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed==0 ){
-    rCost += estLog(rCost)*rCost;
-  }
-
-  /* The cost is not allowed to be larger than SQLITE_BIG_DBL (the
-  ** inital value of lowestCost in this loop. If it is, then the
-  ** (cost<lowestCost) test below will never be true.
-  ** 
-  ** Use "(double)2" instead of "2.0" in case OMIT_FLOATING_POINT 
-  ** is defined.
-  */
-  if( (SQLITE_BIG_DBL/((double)2))<rCost ){
-    pCost->rCost = (SQLITE_BIG_DBL/((double)2));
-  }else{
-    pCost->rCost = rCost;
-  }
-  pCost->plan.u.pVtabIdx = pIdxInfo;
-  if( pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed ){
-    pCost->plan.wsFlags |= WHERE_ORDERBY;
-  }
-  pCost->plan.nEq = 0;
-  pIdxInfo->nOrderBy = nOrderBy;
-
-  /* Try to find a more efficient access pattern by using multiple indexes
-  ** to optimize an OR expression within the WHERE clause. 
-  */
-  bestOrClauseIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost);
-}
-#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
 /*
 ** Estimate the location of a particular key among all keys in an
 ** index.  Store the results in aStat as follows:
@@ -105017,142 +112804,76 @@
 **
 ** Return SQLITE_OK on success.
 */
-static int whereKeyStats(
+static void whereKeyStats(
   Parse *pParse,              /* Database connection */
   Index *pIdx,                /* Index to consider domain of */
-  sqlite3_value *pVal,        /* Value to consider */
+  UnpackedRecord *pRec,       /* Vector of values to consider */
   int roundUp,                /* Round up if true.  Round down if false */
   tRowcnt *aStat              /* OUT: stats written here */
 ){
-  tRowcnt n;
-  IndexSample *aSample;
-  int i, eType;
-  int isEq = 0;
-  i64 v;
-  double r, rS;
+  IndexSample *aSample = pIdx->aSample;
+  int iCol;                   /* Index of required stats in anEq[] etc. */
+  int iMin = 0;               /* Smallest sample not yet tested */
+  int i = pIdx->nSample;      /* Smallest sample larger than or equal to pRec */
+  int iTest;                  /* Next sample to test */
+  int res;                    /* Result of comparison operation */
 
-  assert( roundUp==0 || roundUp==1 );
-  assert( pIdx->nSample>0 );
-  if( pVal==0 ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
-  n = pIdx->aiRowEst[0];
-  aSample = pIdx->aSample;
-  eType = sqlite3_value_type(pVal);
-
-  if( eType==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
-    v = sqlite3_value_int64(pVal);
-    r = (i64)v;
-    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nSample; i++){
-      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_NULL ) continue;
-      if( aSample[i].eType>=SQLITE_TEXT ) break;
-      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
-        if( aSample[i].u.i>=v ){
-          isEq = aSample[i].u.i==v;
-          break;
-        }
-      }else{
-        assert( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_FLOAT );
-        if( aSample[i].u.r>=r ){
-          isEq = aSample[i].u.r==r;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }else if( eType==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
-    r = sqlite3_value_double(pVal);
-    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nSample; i++){
-      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_NULL ) continue;
-      if( aSample[i].eType>=SQLITE_TEXT ) break;
-      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_FLOAT ){
-        rS = aSample[i].u.r;
-      }else{
-        rS = aSample[i].u.i;
-      }
-      if( rS>=r ){
-        isEq = rS==r;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }else if( eType==SQLITE_NULL ){
-    i = 0;
-    if( aSample[0].eType==SQLITE_NULL ) isEq = 1;
-  }else{
-    assert( eType==SQLITE_TEXT || eType==SQLITE_BLOB );
-    for(i=0; i<pIdx->nSample; i++){
-      if( aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_TEXT || aSample[i].eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-    if( i<pIdx->nSample ){      
-      sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
-      CollSeq *pColl;
-      const u8 *z;
-      if( eType==SQLITE_BLOB ){
-        z = (const u8 *)sqlite3_value_blob(pVal);
-        pColl = db->pDfltColl;
-        assert( pColl->enc==SQLITE_UTF8 );
-      }else{
-        pColl = sqlite3GetCollSeq(db, SQLITE_UTF8, 0, *pIdx->azColl);
-        if( pColl==0 ){
-          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no such collation sequence: %s",
-                          *pIdx->azColl);
-          return SQLITE_ERROR;
-        }
-        z = (const u8 *)sqlite3ValueText(pVal, pColl->enc);
-        if( !z ){
-          return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-        }
-        assert( z && pColl && pColl->xCmp );
-      }
-      n = sqlite3ValueBytes(pVal, pColl->enc);
-  
-      for(; i<pIdx->nSample; i++){
-        int c;
-        int eSampletype = aSample[i].eType;
-        if( eSampletype<eType ) continue;
-        if( eSampletype!=eType ) break;
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
-        if( pColl->enc!=SQLITE_UTF8 ){
-          int nSample;
-          char *zSample = sqlite3Utf8to16(
-              db, pColl->enc, aSample[i].u.z, aSample[i].nByte, &nSample
-          );
-          if( !zSample ){
-            assert( db->mallocFailed );
-            return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-          }
-          c = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, nSample, zSample, n, z);
-          sqlite3DbFree(db, zSample);
-        }else
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER( pParse );
 #endif
-        {
-          c = pColl->xCmp(pColl->pUser, aSample[i].nByte, aSample[i].u.z, n, z);
-        }
-        if( c>=0 ){
-          if( c==0 ) isEq = 1;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
+  assert( pRec!=0 );
+  iCol = pRec->nField - 1;
+  assert( pIdx->nSample>0 );
+  assert( pRec->nField>0 && iCol<pIdx->nSampleCol );
+  do{
+    iTest = (iMin+i)/2;
+    res = sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[iTest].n, aSample[iTest].p, pRec, 0);
+    if( res<0 ){
+      iMin = iTest+1;
+    }else{
+      i = iTest;
     }
+  }while( res && iMin<i );
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  /* The following assert statements check that the binary search code
+  ** above found the right answer. This block serves no purpose other
+  ** than to invoke the asserts.  */
+  if( res==0 ){
+    /* If (res==0) is true, then sample $i must be equal to pRec */
+    assert( i<pIdx->nSample );
+    assert( 0==sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[i].n, aSample[i].p, pRec, 0)
+         || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+  }else{
+    /* Otherwise, pRec must be smaller than sample $i and larger than
+    ** sample ($i-1).  */
+    assert( i==pIdx->nSample 
+         || sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[i].n, aSample[i].p, pRec, 0)>0
+         || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
+    assert( i==0
+         || sqlite3VdbeRecordCompare(aSample[i-1].n, aSample[i-1].p, pRec, 0)<0
+         || pParse->db->mallocFailed );
   }
+#endif /* ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG */
 
   /* At this point, aSample[i] is the first sample that is greater than
   ** or equal to pVal.  Or if i==pIdx->nSample, then all samples are less
-  ** than pVal.  If aSample[i]==pVal, then isEq==1.
+  ** than pVal.  If aSample[i]==pVal, then res==0.
   */
-  if( isEq ){
-    assert( i<pIdx->nSample );
-    aStat[0] = aSample[i].nLt;
-    aStat[1] = aSample[i].nEq;
+  if( res==0 ){
+    aStat[0] = aSample[i].anLt[iCol];
+    aStat[1] = aSample[i].anEq[iCol];
   }else{
     tRowcnt iLower, iUpper, iGap;
     if( i==0 ){
       iLower = 0;
-      iUpper = aSample[0].nLt;
+      iUpper = aSample[0].anLt[iCol];
     }else{
-      iUpper = i>=pIdx->nSample ? n : aSample[i].nLt;
-      iLower = aSample[i-1].nEq + aSample[i-1].nLt;
+      i64 nRow0 = sqlite3LogEstToInt(pIdx->aiRowLogEst[0]);
+      iUpper = i>=pIdx->nSample ? nRow0 : aSample[i].anLt[iCol];
+      iLower = aSample[i-1].anEq[iCol] + aSample[i-1].anLt[iCol];
     }
-    aStat[1] = pIdx->avgEq;
+    aStat[1] = pIdx->aAvgEq[iCol];
     if( iLower>=iUpper ){
       iGap = 0;
     }else{
@@ -105165,44 +112886,140 @@
     }
     aStat[0] = iLower + iGap;
   }
-  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
-#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 
 /*
-** If expression pExpr represents a literal value, set *pp to point to
-** an sqlite3_value structure containing the same value, with affinity
-** aff applied to it, before returning. It is the responsibility of the 
-** caller to eventually release this structure by passing it to 
-** sqlite3ValueFree().
+** If it is not NULL, pTerm is a term that provides an upper or lower
+** bound on a range scan. Without considering pTerm, it is estimated 
+** that the scan will visit nNew rows. This function returns the number
+** estimated to be visited after taking pTerm into account.
 **
-** If the current parse is a recompile (sqlite3Reprepare()) and pExpr
-** is an SQL variable that currently has a non-NULL value bound to it,
-** create an sqlite3_value structure containing this value, again with
-** affinity aff applied to it, instead.
-**
-** If neither of the above apply, set *pp to NULL.
-**
-** If an error occurs, return an error code. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
+** If the user explicitly specified a likelihood() value for this term,
+** then the return value is the likelihood multiplied by the number of
+** input rows. Otherwise, this function assumes that an "IS NOT NULL" term
+** has a likelihood of 0.50, and any other term a likelihood of 0.25.
 */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-static int valueFromExpr(
-  Parse *pParse, 
-  Expr *pExpr, 
-  u8 aff, 
-  sqlite3_value **pp
-){
-  if( pExpr->op==TK_VARIABLE
-   || (pExpr->op==TK_REGISTER && pExpr->op2==TK_VARIABLE)
-  ){
-    int iVar = pExpr->iColumn;
-    sqlite3VdbeSetVarmask(pParse->pVdbe, iVar);
-    *pp = sqlite3VdbeGetValue(pParse->pReprepare, iVar, aff);
-    return SQLITE_OK;
+static LogEst whereRangeAdjust(WhereTerm *pTerm, LogEst nNew){
+  LogEst nRet = nNew;
+  if( pTerm ){
+    if( pTerm->truthProb<=0 ){
+      nRet += pTerm->truthProb;
+    }else if( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ){
+      nRet -= 20;        assert( 20==sqlite3LogEst(4) );
+    }
   }
-  return sqlite3ValueFromExpr(pParse->db, pExpr, SQLITE_UTF8, aff, pp);
+  return nRet;
 }
-#endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+/* 
+** This function is called to estimate the number of rows visited by a
+** range-scan on a skip-scan index. For example:
+**
+**   CREATE INDEX i1 ON t1(a, b, c);
+**   SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=? AND c BETWEEN ? AND ?;
+**
+** Value pLoop->nOut is currently set to the estimated number of rows 
+** visited for scanning (a=? AND b=?). This function reduces that estimate 
+** by some factor to account for the (c BETWEEN ? AND ?) expression based
+** on the stat4 data for the index. this scan will be peformed multiple 
+** times (once for each (a,b) combination that matches a=?) is dealt with 
+** by the caller.
+**
+** It does this by scanning through all stat4 samples, comparing values
+** extracted from pLower and pUpper with the corresponding column in each
+** sample. If L and U are the number of samples found to be less than or
+** equal to the values extracted from pLower and pUpper respectively, and
+** N is the total number of samples, the pLoop->nOut value is adjusted
+** as follows:
+**
+**   nOut = nOut * ( min(U - L, 1) / N )
+**
+** If pLower is NULL, or a value cannot be extracted from the term, L is
+** set to zero. If pUpper is NULL, or a value cannot be extracted from it,
+** U is set to N.
+**
+** Normally, this function sets *pbDone to 1 before returning. However,
+** if no value can be extracted from either pLower or pUpper (and so the
+** estimate of the number of rows delivered remains unchanged), *pbDone
+** is left as is.
+**
+** If an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned. Otherwise, 
+** SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int whereRangeSkipScanEst(
+  Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
+  WhereTerm *pLower,   /* Lower bound on the range. ex: "x>123" Might be NULL */
+  WhereTerm *pUpper,   /* Upper bound on the range. ex: "x<455" Might be NULL */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop,    /* Update the .nOut value of this loop */
+  int *pbDone          /* Set to true if at least one expr. value extracted */
+){
+  Index *p = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+  int nEq = pLoop->u.btree.nEq;
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
+  int nLower = -1;
+  int nUpper = p->nSample+1;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int iCol = p->aiColumn[nEq];
+  u8 aff = iCol>=0 ? p->pTable->aCol[iCol].affinity : SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
+  CollSeq *pColl;
+  
+  sqlite3_value *p1 = 0;          /* Value extracted from pLower */
+  sqlite3_value *p2 = 0;          /* Value extracted from pUpper */
+  sqlite3_value *pVal = 0;        /* Value extracted from record */
+
+  pColl = sqlite3LocateCollSeq(pParse, p->azColl[nEq]);
+  if( pLower ){
+    rc = sqlite3Stat4ValueFromExpr(pParse, pLower->pExpr->pRight, aff, &p1);
+    nLower = 0;
+  }
+  if( pUpper && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3Stat4ValueFromExpr(pParse, pUpper->pExpr->pRight, aff, &p2);
+    nUpper = p2 ? 0 : p->nSample;
+  }
+
+  if( p1 || p2 ){
+    int i;
+    int nDiff;
+    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nSample; i++){
+      rc = sqlite3Stat4Column(db, p->aSample[i].p, p->aSample[i].n, nEq, &pVal);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p1 ){
+        int res = sqlite3MemCompare(p1, pVal, pColl);
+        if( res>=0 ) nLower++;
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p2 ){
+        int res = sqlite3MemCompare(p2, pVal, pColl);
+        if( res>=0 ) nUpper++;
+      }
+    }
+    nDiff = (nUpper - nLower);
+    if( nDiff<=0 ) nDiff = 1;
+
+    /* If there is both an upper and lower bound specified, and the 
+    ** comparisons indicate that they are close together, use the fallback
+    ** method (assume that the scan visits 1/64 of the rows) for estimating
+    ** the number of rows visited. Otherwise, estimate the number of rows
+    ** using the method described in the header comment for this function. */
+    if( nDiff!=1 || pUpper==0 || pLower==0 ){
+      int nAdjust = (sqlite3LogEst(p->nSample) - sqlite3LogEst(nDiff));
+      pLoop->nOut -= nAdjust;
+      *pbDone = 1;
+      WHERETRACE(0x10, ("range skip-scan regions: %u..%u  adjust=%d est=%d\n",
+                           nLower, nUpper, nAdjust*-1, pLoop->nOut));
+    }
+
+  }else{
+    assert( *pbDone==0 );
+  }
+
+  sqlite3ValueFree(p1);
+  sqlite3ValueFree(p2);
+  sqlite3ValueFree(pVal);
+
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 
 /*
 ** This function is used to estimate the number of rows that will be visited
@@ -105219,97 +113036,167 @@
 ** If either of the upper or lower bound is not present, then NULL is passed in
 ** place of the corresponding WhereTerm.
 **
-** The nEq parameter is passed the index of the index column subject to the
-** range constraint. Or, equivalently, the number of equality constraints
-** optimized by the proposed index scan. For example, assuming index p is
-** on t1(a, b), and the SQL query is:
+** The value in (pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.nEq) is the index of the index
+** column subject to the range constraint. Or, equivalently, the number of
+** equality constraints optimized by the proposed index scan. For example,
+** assuming index p is on t1(a, b), and the SQL query is:
 **
 **   ... FROM t1 WHERE a = ? AND b > ? AND b < ? ...
 **
-** then nEq should be passed the value 1 (as the range restricted column,
-** b, is the second left-most column of the index). Or, if the query is:
+** then nEq is set to 1 (as the range restricted column, b, is the second 
+** left-most column of the index). Or, if the query is:
 **
 **   ... FROM t1 WHERE a > ? AND a < ? ...
 **
-** then nEq should be passed 0.
+** then nEq is set to 0.
 **
-** The returned value is an integer divisor to reduce the estimated
-** search space.  A return value of 1 means that range constraints are
-** no help at all.  A return value of 2 means range constraints are
-** expected to reduce the search space by half.  And so forth...
-**
-** In the absence of sqlite_stat3 ANALYZE data, each range inequality
-** reduces the search space by a factor of 4.  Hence a single constraint (x>?)
-** results in a return of 4 and a range constraint (x>? AND x<?) results
-** in a return of 16.
+** When this function is called, *pnOut is set to the sqlite3LogEst() of the
+** number of rows that the index scan is expected to visit without 
+** considering the range constraints. If nEq is 0, this is the number of 
+** rows in the index. Assuming no error occurs, *pnOut is adjusted (reduced)
+** to account for the range contraints pLower and pUpper.
+** 
+** In the absence of sqlite_stat4 ANALYZE data, or if such data cannot be
+** used, a single range inequality reduces the search space by a factor of 4. 
+** and a pair of constraints (x>? AND x<?) reduces the expected number of
+** rows visited by a factor of 64.
 */
 static int whereRangeScanEst(
   Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
-  Index *p,            /* The index containing the range-compared column; "x" */
-  int nEq,             /* index into p->aCol[] of the range-compared column */
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
   WhereTerm *pLower,   /* Lower bound on the range. ex: "x>123" Might be NULL */
   WhereTerm *pUpper,   /* Upper bound on the range. ex: "x<455" Might be NULL */
-  double *pRangeDiv   /* OUT: Reduce search space by this divisor */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop     /* Modify the .nOut and maybe .rRun fields */
 ){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nOut = pLoop->nOut;
+  LogEst nNew;
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+  Index *p = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+  int nEq = pLoop->u.btree.nEq;
 
-  if( nEq==0 && p->nSample ){
-    sqlite3_value *pRangeVal;
-    tRowcnt iLower = 0;
-    tRowcnt iUpper = p->aiRowEst[0];
-    tRowcnt a[2];
-    u8 aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[0]].affinity;
+  if( p->nSample>0
+   && nEq<p->nSampleCol
+   && OptimizationEnabled(pParse->db, SQLITE_Stat3) 
+  ){
+    if( nEq==pBuilder->nRecValid ){
+      UnpackedRecord *pRec = pBuilder->pRec;
+      tRowcnt a[2];
+      u8 aff;
 
-    if( pLower ){
-      Expr *pExpr = pLower->pExpr->pRight;
-      rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pRangeVal);
-      assert( pLower->eOperator==WO_GT || pLower->eOperator==WO_GE );
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK
-       && whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRangeVal, 0, a)==SQLITE_OK
-      ){
-        iLower = a[0];
-        if( pLower->eOperator==WO_GT ) iLower += a[1];
-      }
-      sqlite3ValueFree(pRangeVal);
-    }
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pUpper ){
-      Expr *pExpr = pUpper->pExpr->pRight;
-      rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pRangeVal);
-      assert( pUpper->eOperator==WO_LT || pUpper->eOperator==WO_LE );
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK
-       && whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRangeVal, 1, a)==SQLITE_OK
-      ){
-        iUpper = a[0];
-        if( pUpper->eOperator==WO_LE ) iUpper += a[1];
-      }
-      sqlite3ValueFree(pRangeVal);
-    }
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      if( iUpper<=iLower ){
-        *pRangeDiv = (double)p->aiRowEst[0];
+      /* Variable iLower will be set to the estimate of the number of rows in 
+      ** the index that are less than the lower bound of the range query. The
+      ** lower bound being the concatenation of $P and $L, where $P is the
+      ** key-prefix formed by the nEq values matched against the nEq left-most
+      ** columns of the index, and $L is the value in pLower.
+      **
+      ** Or, if pLower is NULL or $L cannot be extracted from it (because it
+      ** is not a simple variable or literal value), the lower bound of the
+      ** range is $P. Due to a quirk in the way whereKeyStats() works, even
+      ** if $L is available, whereKeyStats() is called for both ($P) and 
+      ** ($P:$L) and the larger of the two returned values used.
+      **
+      ** Similarly, iUpper is to be set to the estimate of the number of rows
+      ** less than the upper bound of the range query. Where the upper bound
+      ** is either ($P) or ($P:$U). Again, even if $U is available, both values
+      ** of iUpper are requested of whereKeyStats() and the smaller used.
+      */
+      tRowcnt iLower;
+      tRowcnt iUpper;
+
+      if( nEq==p->nKeyCol ){
+        aff = SQLITE_AFF_INTEGER;
       }else{
-        *pRangeDiv = (double)p->aiRowEst[0]/(double)(iUpper - iLower);
+        aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[nEq]].affinity;
       }
-      WHERETRACE(("range scan regions: %u..%u  div=%g\n",
-                  (u32)iLower, (u32)iUpper, *pRangeDiv));
-      return SQLITE_OK;
+      /* Determine iLower and iUpper using ($P) only. */
+      if( nEq==0 ){
+        iLower = 0;
+        iUpper = sqlite3LogEstToInt(p->aiRowLogEst[0]);
+      }else{
+        /* Note: this call could be optimized away - since the same values must 
+        ** have been requested when testing key $P in whereEqualScanEst().  */
+        whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRec, 0, a);
+        iLower = a[0];
+        iUpper = a[0] + a[1];
+      }
+
+      /* If possible, improve on the iLower estimate using ($P:$L). */
+      if( pLower ){
+        int bOk;                    /* True if value is extracted from pExpr */
+        Expr *pExpr = pLower->pExpr->pRight;
+        assert( (pLower->eOperator & (WO_GT|WO_GE))!=0 );
+        rc = sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(pParse, p, &pRec, pExpr, aff, nEq, &bOk);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bOk ){
+          tRowcnt iNew;
+          whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRec, 0, a);
+          iNew = a[0] + ((pLower->eOperator & WO_GT) ? a[1] : 0);
+          if( iNew>iLower ) iLower = iNew;
+          nOut--;
+        }
+      }
+
+      /* If possible, improve on the iUpper estimate using ($P:$U). */
+      if( pUpper ){
+        int bOk;                    /* True if value is extracted from pExpr */
+        Expr *pExpr = pUpper->pExpr->pRight;
+        assert( (pUpper->eOperator & (WO_LT|WO_LE))!=0 );
+        rc = sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(pParse, p, &pRec, pExpr, aff, nEq, &bOk);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bOk ){
+          tRowcnt iNew;
+          whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRec, 1, a);
+          iNew = a[0] + ((pUpper->eOperator & WO_LE) ? a[1] : 0);
+          if( iNew<iUpper ) iUpper = iNew;
+          nOut--;
+        }
+      }
+
+      pBuilder->pRec = pRec;
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        if( iUpper>iLower ){
+          nNew = sqlite3LogEst(iUpper - iLower);
+        }else{
+          nNew = 10;        assert( 10==sqlite3LogEst(2) );
+        }
+        if( nNew<nOut ){
+          nOut = nNew;
+        }
+        pLoop->nOut = (LogEst)nOut;
+        WHERETRACE(0x10, ("range scan regions: %u..%u  est=%d\n",
+                           (u32)iLower, (u32)iUpper, nOut));
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+    }else{
+      int bDone = 0;
+      rc = whereRangeSkipScanEst(pParse, pLower, pUpper, pLoop, &bDone);
+      if( bDone ) return rc;
     }
   }
 #else
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pParse);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nEq);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pBuilder);
 #endif
   assert( pLower || pUpper );
-  *pRangeDiv = (double)1;
-  if( pLower && (pLower->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ) *pRangeDiv *= (double)4;
-  if( pUpper ) *pRangeDiv *= (double)4;
+  assert( pUpper==0 || (pUpper->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 );
+  nNew = whereRangeAdjust(pLower, nOut);
+  nNew = whereRangeAdjust(pUpper, nNew);
+
+  /* TUNING: If there is both an upper and lower limit, assume the range is
+  ** reduced by an additional 75%. This means that, by default, an open-ended
+  ** range query (e.g. col > ?) is assumed to match 1/4 of the rows in the
+  ** index. While a closed range (e.g. col BETWEEN ? AND ?) is estimated to
+  ** match 1/64 of the index. */ 
+  if( pLower && pUpper ) nNew -= 20;
+
+  nOut -= (pLower!=0) + (pUpper!=0);
+  if( nNew<10 ) nNew = 10;
+  if( nNew<nOut ) nOut = nNew;
+  pLoop->nOut = (LogEst)nOut;
   return rc;
 }
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
 /*
 ** Estimate the number of rows that will be returned based on
 ** an equality constraint x=VALUE and where that VALUE occurs in
@@ -105329,37 +113216,53 @@
 */
 static int whereEqualScanEst(
   Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
-  Index *p,            /* The index whose left-most column is pTerm */
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
   Expr *pExpr,         /* Expression for VALUE in the x=VALUE constraint */
-  double *pnRow        /* Write the revised row estimate here */
+  tRowcnt *pnRow       /* Write the revised row estimate here */
 ){
-  sqlite3_value *pRhs = 0;  /* VALUE on right-hand side of pTerm */
+  Index *p = pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.pIndex;
+  int nEq = pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.nEq;
+  UnpackedRecord *pRec = pBuilder->pRec;
   u8 aff;                   /* Column affinity */
   int rc;                   /* Subfunction return code */
   tRowcnt a[2];             /* Statistics */
+  int bOk;
 
+  assert( nEq>=1 );
+  assert( nEq<=p->nColumn );
   assert( p->aSample!=0 );
   assert( p->nSample>0 );
-  aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[0]].affinity;
-  if( pExpr ){
-    rc = valueFromExpr(pParse, pExpr, aff, &pRhs);
-    if( rc ) goto whereEqualScanEst_cancel;
-  }else{
-    pRhs = sqlite3ValueNew(pParse->db);
+  assert( pBuilder->nRecValid<nEq );
+
+  /* If values are not available for all fields of the index to the left
+  ** of this one, no estimate can be made. Return SQLITE_NOTFOUND. */
+  if( pBuilder->nRecValid<(nEq-1) ){
+    return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
   }
-  if( pRhs==0 ) return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
-  rc = whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRhs, 0, a);
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    WHERETRACE(("equality scan regions: %d\n", (int)a[1]));
-    *pnRow = a[1];
+
+  /* This is an optimization only. The call to sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue()
+  ** below would return the same value.  */
+  if( nEq>=p->nColumn ){
+    *pnRow = 1;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
   }
-whereEqualScanEst_cancel:
-  sqlite3ValueFree(pRhs);
+
+  aff = p->pTable->aCol[p->aiColumn[nEq-1]].affinity;
+  rc = sqlite3Stat4ProbeSetValue(pParse, p, &pRec, pExpr, aff, nEq-1, &bOk);
+  pBuilder->pRec = pRec;
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  if( bOk==0 ) return SQLITE_NOTFOUND;
+  pBuilder->nRecValid = nEq;
+
+  whereKeyStats(pParse, p, pRec, 0, a);
+  WHERETRACE(0x10,("equality scan regions: %d\n", (int)a[1]));
+  *pnRow = a[1];
+  
   return rc;
 }
-#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3) */
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
 /*
 ** Estimate the number of rows that will be returned based on
 ** an IN constraint where the right-hand side of the IN operator
@@ -105378,567 +113281,35 @@
 */
 static int whereInScanEst(
   Parse *pParse,       /* Parsing & code generating context */
-  Index *p,            /* The index whose left-most column is pTerm */
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
   ExprList *pList,     /* The value list on the RHS of "x IN (v1,v2,v3,...)" */
-  double *pnRow        /* Write the revised row estimate here */
+  tRowcnt *pnRow       /* Write the revised row estimate here */
 ){
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;         /* Subfunction return code */
-  double nEst;                /* Number of rows for a single term */
-  double nRowEst = (double)0; /* New estimate of the number of rows */
-  int i;                      /* Loop counter */
+  Index *p = pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.pIndex;
+  i64 nRow0 = sqlite3LogEstToInt(p->aiRowLogEst[0]);
+  int nRecValid = pBuilder->nRecValid;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;     /* Subfunction return code */
+  tRowcnt nEst;           /* Number of rows for a single term */
+  tRowcnt nRowEst = 0;    /* New estimate of the number of rows */
+  int i;                  /* Loop counter */
 
   assert( p->aSample!=0 );
   for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<pList->nExpr; i++){
-    nEst = p->aiRowEst[0];
-    rc = whereEqualScanEst(pParse, p, pList->a[i].pExpr, &nEst);
+    nEst = nRow0;
+    rc = whereEqualScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pList->a[i].pExpr, &nEst);
     nRowEst += nEst;
+    pBuilder->nRecValid = nRecValid;
   }
+
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    if( nRowEst > p->aiRowEst[0] ) nRowEst = p->aiRowEst[0];
+    if( nRowEst > nRow0 ) nRowEst = nRow0;
     *pnRow = nRowEst;
-    WHERETRACE(("IN row estimate: est=%g\n", nRowEst));
+    WHERETRACE(0x10,("IN row estimate: est=%g\n", nRowEst));
   }
+  assert( pBuilder->nRecValid==nRecValid );
   return rc;
 }
-#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3) */
-
-
-/*
-** Find the best query plan for accessing a particular table.  Write the
-** best query plan and its cost into the WhereCost object supplied as the
-** last parameter.
-**
-** The lowest cost plan wins.  The cost is an estimate of the amount of
-** CPU and disk I/O needed to process the requested result.
-** Factors that influence cost include:
-**
-**    *  The estimated number of rows that will be retrieved.  (The
-**       fewer the better.)
-**
-**    *  Whether or not sorting must occur.
-**
-**    *  Whether or not there must be separate lookups in the
-**       index and in the main table.
-**
-** If there was an INDEXED BY clause (pSrc->pIndex) attached to the table in
-** the SQL statement, then this function only considers plans using the 
-** named index. If no such plan is found, then the returned cost is
-** SQLITE_BIG_DBL. If a plan is found that uses the named index, 
-** then the cost is calculated in the usual way.
-**
-** If a NOT INDEXED clause (pSrc->notIndexed!=0) was attached to the table 
-** in the SELECT statement, then no indexes are considered. However, the 
-** selected plan may still take advantage of the built-in rowid primary key
-** index.
-*/
-static void bestBtreeIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
-  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
-  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors not available for indexing */
-  Bitmask notValid,           /* Cursors not available for any purpose */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,         /* The ORDER BY clause */
-  ExprList *pDistinct,        /* The select-list if query is DISTINCT */
-  WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
-){
-  int iCur = pSrc->iCursor;   /* The cursor of the table to be accessed */
-  Index *pProbe;              /* An index we are evaluating */
-  Index *pIdx;                /* Copy of pProbe, or zero for IPK index */
-  int eqTermMask;             /* Current mask of valid equality operators */
-  int idxEqTermMask;          /* Index mask of valid equality operators */
-  Index sPk;                  /* A fake index object for the primary key */
-  tRowcnt aiRowEstPk[2];      /* The aiRowEst[] value for the sPk index */
-  int aiColumnPk = -1;        /* The aColumn[] value for the sPk index */
-  int wsFlagMask;             /* Allowed flags in pCost->plan.wsFlag */
-
-  /* Initialize the cost to a worst-case value */
-  memset(pCost, 0, sizeof(*pCost));
-  pCost->rCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL;
-
-  /* If the pSrc table is the right table of a LEFT JOIN then we may not
-  ** use an index to satisfy IS NULL constraints on that table.  This is
-  ** because columns might end up being NULL if the table does not match -
-  ** a circumstance which the index cannot help us discover.  Ticket #2177.
-  */
-  if( pSrc->jointype & JT_LEFT ){
-    idxEqTermMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN;
-  }else{
-    idxEqTermMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_ISNULL;
-  }
-
-  if( pSrc->pIndex ){
-    /* An INDEXED BY clause specifies a particular index to use */
-    pIdx = pProbe = pSrc->pIndex;
-    wsFlagMask = ~(WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE);
-    eqTermMask = idxEqTermMask;
-  }else{
-    /* There is no INDEXED BY clause.  Create a fake Index object in local
-    ** variable sPk to represent the rowid primary key index.  Make this
-    ** fake index the first in a chain of Index objects with all of the real
-    ** indices to follow */
-    Index *pFirst;                  /* First of real indices on the table */
-    memset(&sPk, 0, sizeof(Index));
-    sPk.nColumn = 1;
-    sPk.aiColumn = &aiColumnPk;
-    sPk.aiRowEst = aiRowEstPk;
-    sPk.onError = OE_Replace;
-    sPk.pTable = pSrc->pTab;
-    aiRowEstPk[0] = pSrc->pTab->nRowEst;
-    aiRowEstPk[1] = 1;
-    pFirst = pSrc->pTab->pIndex;
-    if( pSrc->notIndexed==0 ){
-      /* The real indices of the table are only considered if the
-      ** NOT INDEXED qualifier is omitted from the FROM clause */
-      sPk.pNext = pFirst;
-    }
-    pProbe = &sPk;
-    wsFlagMask = ~(
-        WHERE_COLUMN_IN|WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_COLUMN_NULL|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE
-    );
-    eqTermMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN;
-    pIdx = 0;
-  }
-
-  /* Loop over all indices looking for the best one to use
-  */
-  for(; pProbe; pIdx=pProbe=pProbe->pNext){
-    const tRowcnt * const aiRowEst = pProbe->aiRowEst;
-    double cost;                /* Cost of using pProbe */
-    double nRow;                /* Estimated number of rows in result set */
-    double log10N = (double)1;  /* base-10 logarithm of nRow (inexact) */
-    int rev;                    /* True to scan in reverse order */
-    int wsFlags = 0;
-    Bitmask used = 0;
-
-    /* The following variables are populated based on the properties of
-    ** index being evaluated. They are then used to determine the expected
-    ** cost and number of rows returned.
-    **
-    **  nEq: 
-    **    Number of equality terms that can be implemented using the index.
-    **    In other words, the number of initial fields in the index that
-    **    are used in == or IN or NOT NULL constraints of the WHERE clause.
-    **
-    **  nInMul:  
-    **    The "in-multiplier". This is an estimate of how many seek operations 
-    **    SQLite must perform on the index in question. For example, if the 
-    **    WHERE clause is:
-    **
-    **      WHERE a IN (1, 2, 3) AND b IN (4, 5, 6)
-    **
-    **    SQLite must perform 9 lookups on an index on (a, b), so nInMul is 
-    **    set to 9. Given the same schema and either of the following WHERE 
-    **    clauses:
-    **
-    **      WHERE a =  1
-    **      WHERE a >= 2
-    **
-    **    nInMul is set to 1.
-    **
-    **    If there exists a WHERE term of the form "x IN (SELECT ...)", then 
-    **    the sub-select is assumed to return 25 rows for the purposes of 
-    **    determining nInMul.
-    **
-    **  bInEst:  
-    **    Set to true if there was at least one "x IN (SELECT ...)" term used 
-    **    in determining the value of nInMul.  Note that the RHS of the
-    **    IN operator must be a SELECT, not a value list, for this variable
-    **    to be true.
-    **
-    **  rangeDiv:
-    **    An estimate of a divisor by which to reduce the search space due
-    **    to inequality constraints.  In the absence of sqlite_stat3 ANALYZE
-    **    data, a single inequality reduces the search space to 1/4rd its
-    **    original size (rangeDiv==4).  Two inequalities reduce the search
-    **    space to 1/16th of its original size (rangeDiv==16).
-    **
-    **  bSort:   
-    **    Boolean. True if there is an ORDER BY clause that will require an 
-    **    external sort (i.e. scanning the index being evaluated will not 
-    **    correctly order records).
-    **
-    **  bLookup: 
-    **    Boolean. True if a table lookup is required for each index entry
-    **    visited.  In other words, true if this is not a covering index.
-    **    This is always false for the rowid primary key index of a table.
-    **    For other indexes, it is true unless all the columns of the table
-    **    used by the SELECT statement are present in the index (such an
-    **    index is sometimes described as a covering index).
-    **    For example, given the index on (a, b), the second of the following 
-    **    two queries requires table b-tree lookups in order to find the value
-    **    of column c, but the first does not because columns a and b are
-    **    both available in the index.
-    **
-    **             SELECT a, b    FROM tbl WHERE a = 1;
-    **             SELECT a, b, c FROM tbl WHERE a = 1;
-    */
-    int nEq;                      /* Number of == or IN terms matching index */
-    int bInEst = 0;               /* True if "x IN (SELECT...)" seen */
-    int nInMul = 1;               /* Number of distinct equalities to lookup */
-    double rangeDiv = (double)1;  /* Estimated reduction in search space */
-    int nBound = 0;               /* Number of range constraints seen */
-    int bSort = !!pOrderBy;       /* True if external sort required */
-    int bDist = !!pDistinct;      /* True if index cannot help with DISTINCT */
-    int bLookup = 0;              /* True if not a covering index */
-    WhereTerm *pTerm;             /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-    WhereTerm *pFirstTerm = 0;    /* First term matching the index */
-#endif
-
-    /* Determine the values of nEq and nInMul */
-    for(nEq=0; nEq<pProbe->nColumn; nEq++){
-      int j = pProbe->aiColumn[nEq];
-      pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, eqTermMask, pIdx);
-      if( pTerm==0 ) break;
-      wsFlags |= (WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_EQ);
-      testcase( pTerm->pWC!=pWC );
-      if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN ){
-        Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
-        wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_IN;
-        if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
-          /* "x IN (SELECT ...)":  Assume the SELECT returns 25 rows */
-          nInMul *= 25;
-          bInEst = 1;
-        }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList && pExpr->x.pList->nExpr) ){
-          /* "x IN (value, value, ...)" */
-          nInMul *= pExpr->x.pList->nExpr;
-        }
-      }else if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_ISNULL ){
-        wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_NULL;
-      }
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-      if( nEq==0 && pProbe->aSample ) pFirstTerm = pTerm;
-#endif
-      used |= pTerm->prereqRight;
-    }
- 
-    /* If the index being considered is UNIQUE, and there is an equality 
-    ** constraint for all columns in the index, then this search will find
-    ** at most a single row. In this case set the WHERE_UNIQUE flag to 
-    ** indicate this to the caller.
-    **
-    ** Otherwise, if the search may find more than one row, test to see if
-    ** there is a range constraint on indexed column (nEq+1) that can be 
-    ** optimized using the index. 
-    */
-    if( nEq==pProbe->nColumn && pProbe->onError!=OE_None ){
-      testcase( wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN );
-      testcase( wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_NULL );
-      if( (wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_IN|WHERE_COLUMN_NULL))==0 ){
-        wsFlags |= WHERE_UNIQUE;
-      }
-    }else if( pProbe->bUnordered==0 ){
-      int j = (nEq==pProbe->nColumn ? -1 : pProbe->aiColumn[nEq]);
-      if( findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE, pIdx) ){
-        WhereTerm *pTop = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE, pIdx);
-        WhereTerm *pBtm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, j, notReady, WO_GT|WO_GE, pIdx);
-        whereRangeScanEst(pParse, pProbe, nEq, pBtm, pTop, &rangeDiv);
-        if( pTop ){
-          nBound = 1;
-          wsFlags |= WHERE_TOP_LIMIT;
-          used |= pTop->prereqRight;
-          testcase( pTop->pWC!=pWC );
-        }
-        if( pBtm ){
-          nBound++;
-          wsFlags |= WHERE_BTM_LIMIT;
-          used |= pBtm->prereqRight;
-          testcase( pBtm->pWC!=pWC );
-        }
-        wsFlags |= (WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE);
-      }
-    }
-
-    /* If there is an ORDER BY clause and the index being considered will
-    ** naturally scan rows in the required order, set the appropriate flags
-    ** in wsFlags. Otherwise, if there is an ORDER BY clause but the index
-    ** will scan rows in a different order, set the bSort variable.  */
-    if( isSortingIndex(
-          pParse, pWC->pMaskSet, pProbe, iCur, pOrderBy, nEq, wsFlags, &rev)
-    ){
-      bSort = 0;
-      wsFlags |= WHERE_ROWID_RANGE|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_ORDERBY;
-      wsFlags |= (rev ? WHERE_REVERSE : 0);
-    }
-
-    /* If there is a DISTINCT qualifier and this index will scan rows in
-    ** order of the DISTINCT expressions, clear bDist and set the appropriate
-    ** flags in wsFlags. */
-    if( isDistinctIndex(pParse, pWC, pProbe, iCur, pDistinct, nEq)
-     && (wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN)==0
-    ){
-      bDist = 0;
-      wsFlags |= WHERE_ROWID_RANGE|WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_DISTINCT;
-    }
-
-    /* If currently calculating the cost of using an index (not the IPK
-    ** index), determine if all required column data may be obtained without 
-    ** using the main table (i.e. if the index is a covering
-    ** index for this query). If it is, set the WHERE_IDX_ONLY flag in
-    ** wsFlags. Otherwise, set the bLookup variable to true.  */
-    if( pIdx && wsFlags ){
-      Bitmask m = pSrc->colUsed;
-      int j;
-      for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
-        int x = pIdx->aiColumn[j];
-        if( x<BMS-1 ){
-          m &= ~(((Bitmask)1)<<x);
-        }
-      }
-      if( m==0 ){
-        wsFlags |= WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
-      }else{
-        bLookup = 1;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /*
-    ** Estimate the number of rows of output.  For an "x IN (SELECT...)"
-    ** constraint, do not let the estimate exceed half the rows in the table.
-    */
-    nRow = (double)(aiRowEst[nEq] * nInMul);
-    if( bInEst && nRow*2>aiRowEst[0] ){
-      nRow = aiRowEst[0]/2;
-      nInMul = (int)(nRow / aiRowEst[nEq]);
-    }
-
-#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3
-    /* If the constraint is of the form x=VALUE or x IN (E1,E2,...)
-    ** and we do not think that values of x are unique and if histogram
-    ** data is available for column x, then it might be possible
-    ** to get a better estimate on the number of rows based on
-    ** VALUE and how common that value is according to the histogram.
-    */
-    if( nRow>(double)1 && nEq==1 && pFirstTerm!=0 && aiRowEst[1]>1 ){
-      assert( (pFirstTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL|WO_IN))!=0 );
-      if( pFirstTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL) ){
-        testcase( pFirstTerm->eOperator==WO_EQ );
-        testcase( pFirstTerm->eOperator==WO_ISNULL );
-        whereEqualScanEst(pParse, pProbe, pFirstTerm->pExpr->pRight, &nRow);
-      }else if( bInEst==0 ){
-        assert( pFirstTerm->eOperator==WO_IN );
-        whereInScanEst(pParse, pProbe, pFirstTerm->pExpr->x.pList, &nRow);
-      }
-    }
-#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3 */
-
-    /* Adjust the number of output rows and downward to reflect rows
-    ** that are excluded by range constraints.
-    */
-    nRow = nRow/rangeDiv;
-    if( nRow<1 ) nRow = 1;
-
-    /* Experiments run on real SQLite databases show that the time needed
-    ** to do a binary search to locate a row in a table or index is roughly
-    ** log10(N) times the time to move from one row to the next row within
-    ** a table or index.  The actual times can vary, with the size of
-    ** records being an important factor.  Both moves and searches are
-    ** slower with larger records, presumably because fewer records fit
-    ** on one page and hence more pages have to be fetched.
-    **
-    ** The ANALYZE command and the sqlite_stat1 and sqlite_stat3 tables do
-    ** not give us data on the relative sizes of table and index records.
-    ** So this computation assumes table records are about twice as big
-    ** as index records
-    */
-    if( (wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0 ){
-      /* The cost of a full table scan is a number of move operations equal
-      ** to the number of rows in the table.
-      **
-      ** We add an additional 4x penalty to full table scans.  This causes
-      ** the cost function to err on the side of choosing an index over
-      ** choosing a full scan.  This 4x full-scan penalty is an arguable
-      ** decision and one which we expect to revisit in the future.  But
-      ** it seems to be working well enough at the moment.
-      */
-      cost = aiRowEst[0]*4;
-    }else{
-      log10N = estLog(aiRowEst[0]);
-      cost = nRow;
-      if( pIdx ){
-        if( bLookup ){
-          /* For an index lookup followed by a table lookup:
-          **    nInMul index searches to find the start of each index range
-          **  + nRow steps through the index
-          **  + nRow table searches to lookup the table entry using the rowid
-          */
-          cost += (nInMul + nRow)*log10N;
-        }else{
-          /* For a covering index:
-          **     nInMul index searches to find the initial entry 
-          **   + nRow steps through the index
-          */
-          cost += nInMul*log10N;
-        }
-      }else{
-        /* For a rowid primary key lookup:
-        **    nInMult table searches to find the initial entry for each range
-        **  + nRow steps through the table
-        */
-        cost += nInMul*log10N;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /* Add in the estimated cost of sorting the result.  Actual experimental
-    ** measurements of sorting performance in SQLite show that sorting time
-    ** adds C*N*log10(N) to the cost, where N is the number of rows to be 
-    ** sorted and C is a factor between 1.95 and 4.3.  We will split the
-    ** difference and select C of 3.0.
-    */
-    if( bSort ){
-      cost += nRow*estLog(nRow)*3;
-    }
-    if( bDist ){
-      cost += nRow*estLog(nRow)*3;
-    }
-
-    /**** Cost of using this index has now been computed ****/
-
-    /* If there are additional constraints on this table that cannot
-    ** be used with the current index, but which might lower the number
-    ** of output rows, adjust the nRow value accordingly.  This only 
-    ** matters if the current index is the least costly, so do not bother
-    ** with this step if we already know this index will not be chosen.
-    ** Also, never reduce the output row count below 2 using this step.
-    **
-    ** It is critical that the notValid mask be used here instead of
-    ** the notReady mask.  When computing an "optimal" index, the notReady
-    ** mask will only have one bit set - the bit for the current table.
-    ** The notValid mask, on the other hand, always has all bits set for
-    ** tables that are not in outer loops.  If notReady is used here instead
-    ** of notValid, then a optimal index that depends on inner joins loops
-    ** might be selected even when there exists an optimal index that has
-    ** no such dependency.
-    */
-    if( nRow>2 && cost<=pCost->rCost ){
-      int k;                       /* Loop counter */
-      int nSkipEq = nEq;           /* Number of == constraints to skip */
-      int nSkipRange = nBound;     /* Number of < constraints to skip */
-      Bitmask thisTab;             /* Bitmap for pSrc */
-
-      thisTab = getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, iCur);
-      for(pTerm=pWC->a, k=pWC->nTerm; nRow>2 && k; k--, pTerm++){
-        if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ) continue;
-        if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notValid)!=thisTab ) continue;
-        if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_ISNULL) ){
-          if( nSkipEq ){
-            /* Ignore the first nEq equality matches since the index
-            ** has already accounted for these */
-            nSkipEq--;
-          }else{
-            /* Assume each additional equality match reduces the result
-            ** set size by a factor of 10 */
-            nRow /= 10;
-          }
-        }else if( pTerm->eOperator & (WO_LT|WO_LE|WO_GT|WO_GE) ){
-          if( nSkipRange ){
-            /* Ignore the first nSkipRange range constraints since the index
-            ** has already accounted for these */
-            nSkipRange--;
-          }else{
-            /* Assume each additional range constraint reduces the result
-            ** set size by a factor of 3.  Indexed range constraints reduce
-            ** the search space by a larger factor: 4.  We make indexed range
-            ** more selective intentionally because of the subjective 
-            ** observation that indexed range constraints really are more
-            ** selective in practice, on average. */
-            nRow /= 3;
-          }
-        }else if( pTerm->eOperator!=WO_NOOP ){
-          /* Any other expression lowers the output row count by half */
-          nRow /= 2;
-        }
-      }
-      if( nRow<2 ) nRow = 2;
-    }
-
-
-    WHERETRACE((
-      "%s(%s): nEq=%d nInMul=%d rangeDiv=%d bSort=%d bLookup=%d wsFlags=0x%x\n"
-      "         notReady=0x%llx log10N=%.1f nRow=%.1f cost=%.1f used=0x%llx\n",
-      pSrc->pTab->zName, (pIdx ? pIdx->zName : "ipk"), 
-      nEq, nInMul, (int)rangeDiv, bSort, bLookup, wsFlags,
-      notReady, log10N, nRow, cost, used
-    ));
-
-    /* If this index is the best we have seen so far, then record this
-    ** index and its cost in the pCost structure.
-    */
-    if( (!pIdx || wsFlags)
-     && (cost<pCost->rCost || (cost<=pCost->rCost && nRow<pCost->plan.nRow))
-    ){
-      pCost->rCost = cost;
-      pCost->used = used;
-      pCost->plan.nRow = nRow;
-      pCost->plan.wsFlags = (wsFlags&wsFlagMask);
-      pCost->plan.nEq = nEq;
-      pCost->plan.u.pIdx = pIdx;
-    }
-
-    /* If there was an INDEXED BY clause, then only that one index is
-    ** considered. */
-    if( pSrc->pIndex ) break;
-
-    /* Reset masks for the next index in the loop */
-    wsFlagMask = ~(WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE);
-    eqTermMask = idxEqTermMask;
-  }
-
-  /* If there is no ORDER BY clause and the SQLITE_ReverseOrder flag
-  ** is set, then reverse the order that the index will be scanned
-  ** in. This is used for application testing, to help find cases
-  ** where application behaviour depends on the (undefined) order that
-  ** SQLite outputs rows in in the absence of an ORDER BY clause.  */
-  if( !pOrderBy && pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_ReverseOrder ){
-    pCost->plan.wsFlags |= WHERE_REVERSE;
-  }
-
-  assert( pOrderBy || (pCost->plan.wsFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY)==0 );
-  assert( pCost->plan.u.pIdx==0 || (pCost->plan.wsFlags&WHERE_ROWID_EQ)==0 );
-  assert( pSrc->pIndex==0 
-       || pCost->plan.u.pIdx==0 
-       || pCost->plan.u.pIdx==pSrc->pIndex 
-  );
-
-  WHERETRACE(("best index is: %s\n", 
-    ((pCost->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0 ? "none" : 
-         pCost->plan.u.pIdx ? pCost->plan.u.pIdx->zName : "ipk")
-  ));
-  
-  bestOrClauseIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost);
-  bestAutomaticIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, pCost);
-  pCost->plan.wsFlags |= eqTermMask;
-}
-
-/*
-** Find the query plan for accessing table pSrc->pTab. Write the
-** best query plan and its cost into the WhereCost object supplied 
-** as the last parameter. This function may calculate the cost of
-** both real and virtual table scans.
-*/
-static void bestIndex(
-  Parse *pParse,              /* The parsing context */
-  WhereClause *pWC,           /* The WHERE clause */
-  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,  /* The FROM clause term to search */
-  Bitmask notReady,           /* Mask of cursors not available for indexing */
-  Bitmask notValid,           /* Cursors not available for any purpose */
-  ExprList *pOrderBy,         /* The ORDER BY clause */
-  WhereCost *pCost            /* Lowest cost query plan */
-){
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  if( IsVirtual(pSrc->pTab) ){
-    sqlite3_index_info *p = 0;
-    bestVirtualIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, pCost,&p);
-    if( p->needToFreeIdxStr ){
-      sqlite3_free(p->idxStr);
-    }
-    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, p);
-  }else
-#endif
-  {
-    bestBtreeIndex(pParse, pWC, pSrc, notReady, notValid, pOrderBy, 0, pCost);
-  }
-}
+#endif /* SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4 */
 
 /*
 ** Disable a term in the WHERE clause.  Except, do not disable the term
@@ -105955,9 +113326,6 @@
 ** in the ON clause.  The term is disabled in (3) because it is not part
 ** of a LEFT OUTER JOIN.  In (1), the term is not disabled.
 **
-** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-24597-58655 No tests are done for terms that are
-** completely satisfied by indices.
-**
 ** Disabling a term causes that term to not be tested in the inner loop
 ** of the join.  Disabling is an optimization.  When terms are satisfied
 ** by indices, we disable them to prevent redundant tests in the inner
@@ -105970,6 +113338,7 @@
   if( pTerm
       && (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED)==0
       && (pLevel->iLeftJoin==0 || ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin))
+      && (pLevel->notReady & pTerm->prereqAll)==0
   ){
     pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
     if( pTerm->iParent>=0 ){
@@ -106035,7 +113404,9 @@
 static int codeEqualityTerm(
   Parse *pParse,      /* The parsing context */
   WhereTerm *pTerm,   /* The term of the WHERE clause to be coded */
-  WhereLevel *pLevel, /* When level of the FROM clause we are working on */
+  WhereLevel *pLevel, /* The level of the FROM clause we are working on */
+  int iEq,            /* Index of the equality term within this level */
+  int bRev,           /* True for reverse-order IN operations */
   int iTarget         /* Attempt to leave results in this register */
 ){
   Expr *pX = pTerm->pExpr;
@@ -106053,13 +113424,29 @@
     int eType;
     int iTab;
     struct InLoop *pIn;
+    WhereLoop *pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
 
+    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0
+      && pLoop->u.btree.pIndex!=0
+      && pLoop->u.btree.pIndex->aSortOrder[iEq]
+    ){
+      testcase( iEq==0 );
+      testcase( bRev );
+      bRev = !bRev;
+    }
     assert( pX->op==TK_IN );
     iReg = iTarget;
-    eType = sqlite3FindInIndex(pParse, pX, 0);
+    eType = sqlite3FindInIndex(pParse, pX, IN_INDEX_LOOP, 0);
+    if( eType==IN_INDEX_INDEX_DESC ){
+      testcase( bRev );
+      bRev = !bRev;
+    }
     iTab = pX->iTable;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rewind, iTab, 0);
-    assert( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IN_ABLE );
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, bRev ? OP_Last : OP_Rewind, iTab, 0);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, !bRev);
+    assert( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_MULTI_OR)==0 );
+    pLoop->wsFlags |= WHERE_IN_ABLE;
     if( pLevel->u.in.nIn==0 ){
       pLevel->addrNxt = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
     }
@@ -106076,7 +113463,8 @@
       }else{
         pIn->addrInTop = sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iTab, 0, iReg);
       }
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, iReg);
+      pIn->eEndLoopOp = bRev ? OP_PrevIfOpen : OP_NextIfOpen;
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IsNull, iReg); VdbeCoverage(v);
     }else{
       pLevel->u.in.nIn = 0;
     }
@@ -106088,7 +113476,7 @@
 
 /*
 ** Generate code that will evaluate all == and IN constraints for an
-** index.
+** index scan.
 **
 ** For example, consider table t1(a,b,c,d,e,f) with index i1(a,b,c).
 ** Suppose the WHERE clause is this:  a==5 AND b IN (1,2,3) AND c>5 AND c<10
@@ -106103,9 +113491,15 @@
 ** The only thing it does is allocate the pLevel->iMem memory cell and
 ** compute the affinity string.
 **
-** This routine always allocates at least one memory cell and returns
-** the index of that memory cell. The code that
-** calls this routine will use that memory cell to store the termination
+** The nExtraReg parameter is 0 or 1.  It is 0 if all WHERE clause constraints
+** are == or IN and are covered by the nEq.  nExtraReg is 1 if there is
+** an inequality constraint (such as the "c>=5 AND c<10" in the example) that
+** occurs after the nEq quality constraints.
+**
+** This routine allocates a range of nEq+nExtraReg memory cells and returns
+** the index of the first memory cell in that range. The code that
+** calls this routine will use that memory range to store keys for
+** start and termination conditions of the loop.
 ** key value of the loop.  If one or more IN operators appear, then
 ** this routine allocates an additional nEq memory cells for internal
 ** use.
@@ -106128,29 +113522,33 @@
 static int codeAllEqualityTerms(
   Parse *pParse,        /* Parsing context */
   WhereLevel *pLevel,   /* Which nested loop of the FROM we are coding */
-  WhereClause *pWC,     /* The WHERE clause */
-  Bitmask notReady,     /* Which parts of FROM have not yet been coded */
+  int bRev,             /* Reverse the order of IN operators */
   int nExtraReg,        /* Number of extra registers to allocate */
   char **pzAff          /* OUT: Set to point to affinity string */
 ){
-  int nEq = pLevel->plan.nEq;   /* The number of == or IN constraints to code */
+  u16 nEq;                      /* The number of == or IN constraints to code */
+  u16 nSkip;                    /* Number of left-most columns to skip */
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;      /* The vm under construction */
   Index *pIdx;                  /* The index being used for this loop */
-  int iCur = pLevel->iTabCur;   /* The cursor of the table */
   WhereTerm *pTerm;             /* A single constraint term */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop;             /* The WhereLoop object */
   int j;                        /* Loop counter */
   int regBase;                  /* Base register */
   int nReg;                     /* Number of registers to allocate */
   char *zAff;                   /* Affinity string to return */
 
   /* This module is only called on query plans that use an index. */
-  assert( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED );
-  pIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pIdx;
+  pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
+  assert( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 );
+  nEq = pLoop->u.btree.nEq;
+  nSkip = pLoop->u.btree.nSkip;
+  pIdx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+  assert( pIdx!=0 );
 
   /* Figure out how many memory cells we will need then allocate them.
   */
   regBase = pParse->nMem + 1;
-  nReg = pLevel->plan.nEq + nExtraReg;
+  nReg = pLoop->u.btree.nEq + nExtraReg;
   pParse->nMem += nReg;
 
   zAff = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db, sqlite3IndexAffinityStr(v, pIdx));
@@ -106158,19 +113556,37 @@
     pParse->db->mallocFailed = 1;
   }
 
+  if( nSkip ){
+    int iIdxCur = pLevel->iIdxCur;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, (bRev?OP_Last:OP_Rewind), iIdxCur);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev==0);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev!=0);
+    VdbeComment((v, "begin skip-scan on %s", pIdx->zName));
+    j = sqlite3VdbeAddOp0(v, OP_Goto);
+    pLevel->addrSkip = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, (bRev?OP_SeekLT:OP_SeekGT),
+                            iIdxCur, 0, regBase, nSkip);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev==0);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev!=0);
+    sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j);
+    for(j=0; j<nSkip; j++){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, j, regBase+j);
+      assert( pIdx->aiColumn[j]>=0 );
+      VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIdx->pTable->aCol[pIdx->aiColumn[j]].zName));
+    }
+  }    
+
   /* Evaluate the equality constraints
   */
-  assert( pIdx->nColumn>=nEq );
-  for(j=0; j<nEq; j++){
+  assert( zAff==0 || (int)strlen(zAff)>=nEq );
+  for(j=nSkip; j<nEq; j++){
     int r1;
-    int k = pIdx->aiColumn[j];
-    pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, k, notReady, pLevel->plan.wsFlags, pIdx);
-    if( NEVER(pTerm==0) ) break;
-    /* The following true for indices with redundant columns. 
+    pTerm = pLoop->aLTerm[j];
+    assert( pTerm!=0 );
+    /* The following testcase is true for indices with redundant columns. 
     ** Ex: CREATE INDEX i1 ON t1(a,b,a); SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE a=0 AND b=0; */
     testcase( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED)!=0 );
-    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
-    r1 = codeEqualityTerm(pParse, pTerm, pLevel, regBase+j);
+    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
+    r1 = codeEqualityTerm(pParse, pTerm, pLevel, j, bRev, regBase+j);
     if( r1!=regBase+j ){
       if( nReg==1 ){
         sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, regBase);
@@ -106183,7 +113599,10 @@
     testcase( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN );
     if( (pTerm->eOperator & (WO_ISNULL|WO_IN))==0 ){
       Expr *pRight = pTerm->pExpr->pRight;
-      sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+j, pLevel->addrBrk);
+      if( sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pRight) ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regBase+j, pLevel->addrBrk);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+      }
       if( zAff ){
         if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, zAff[j])==SQLITE_AFF_NONE ){
           zAff[j] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
@@ -106214,7 +113633,7 @@
   const char *zOp             /* Name of the operator */
 ){
   if( iTerm ) sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, " AND ", 5);
-  sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, zColumn, -1);
+  sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(pStr, zColumn);
   sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, zOp, 1);
   sqlite3StrAccumAppend(pStr, "?", 1);
 }
@@ -106238,32 +113657,40 @@
 ** It is the responsibility of the caller to free the buffer when it is
 ** no longer required.
 */
-static char *explainIndexRange(sqlite3 *db, WhereLevel *pLevel, Table *pTab){
-  WherePlan *pPlan = &pLevel->plan;
-  Index *pIndex = pPlan->u.pIdx;
-  int nEq = pPlan->nEq;
+static char *explainIndexRange(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *pLoop, Table *pTab){
+  Index *pIndex = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+  u16 nEq = pLoop->u.btree.nEq;
+  u16 nSkip = pLoop->u.btree.nSkip;
   int i, j;
   Column *aCol = pTab->aCol;
-  int *aiColumn = pIndex->aiColumn;
+  i16 *aiColumn = pIndex->aiColumn;
   StrAccum txt;
 
-  if( nEq==0 && (pPlan->wsFlags & (WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))==0 ){
+  if( nEq==0 && (pLoop->wsFlags & (WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))==0 ){
     return 0;
   }
   sqlite3StrAccumInit(&txt, 0, 0, SQLITE_MAX_LENGTH);
   txt.db = db;
   sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, " (", 2);
   for(i=0; i<nEq; i++){
-    explainAppendTerm(&txt, i, aCol[aiColumn[i]].zName, "=");
+    char *z = aiColumn[i] < 0 ? "rowid" : aCol[aiColumn[i]].zName;
+    if( i>=nSkip ){
+      explainAppendTerm(&txt, i, z, "=");
+    }else{
+      if( i ) sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, " AND ", 5);
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, "ANY(", 4);
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppendAll(&txt, z);
+      sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, ")", 1);
+    }
   }
 
   j = i;
-  if( pPlan->wsFlags&WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
-    char *z = (j==pIndex->nColumn ) ? "rowid" : aCol[aiColumn[j]].zName;
+  if( pLoop->wsFlags&WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
+    char *z = aiColumn[j] < 0 ? "rowid" : aCol[aiColumn[j]].zName;
     explainAppendTerm(&txt, i++, z, ">");
   }
-  if( pPlan->wsFlags&WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
-    char *z = (j==pIndex->nColumn ) ? "rowid" : aCol[aiColumn[j]].zName;
+  if( pLoop->wsFlags&WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
+    char *z = aiColumn[j] < 0 ? "rowid" : aCol[aiColumn[j]].zName;
     explainAppendTerm(&txt, i, z, "<");
   }
   sqlite3StrAccumAppend(&txt, ")", 1);
@@ -106284,21 +113711,26 @@
   int iFrom,                      /* Value for "from" column of output */
   u16 wctrlFlags                  /* Flags passed to sqlite3WhereBegin() */
 ){
-  if( pParse->explain==2 ){
-    u32 flags = pLevel->plan.wsFlags;
+#ifndef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  if( pParse->explain==2 )
+#endif
+  {
     struct SrcList_item *pItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
     Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;      /* VM being constructed */
     sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;     /* Database handle */
     char *zMsg;                   /* Text to add to EQP output */
-    sqlite3_int64 nRow;           /* Expected number of rows visited by scan */
     int iId = pParse->iSelectId;  /* Select id (left-most output column) */
     int isSearch;                 /* True for a SEARCH. False for SCAN. */
+    WhereLoop *pLoop;             /* The controlling WhereLoop object */
+    u32 flags;                    /* Flags that describe this loop */
 
+    pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
+    flags = pLoop->wsFlags;
     if( (flags&WHERE_MULTI_OR) || (wctrlFlags&WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY) ) return;
 
-    isSearch = (pLevel->plan.nEq>0)
-             || (flags&(WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))!=0
-             || (wctrlFlags&(WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN|WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX));
+    isSearch = (flags&(WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))!=0
+            || ((flags&WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 && (pLoop->u.btree.nEq>0))
+            || (wctrlFlags&(WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN|WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX));
 
     zMsg = sqlite3MPrintf(db, "%s", isSearch?"SEARCH":"SCAN");
     if( pItem->pSelect ){
@@ -106310,43 +113742,44 @@
     if( pItem->zAlias ){
       zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s AS %s", zMsg, pItem->zAlias);
     }
-    if( (flags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 ){
-      char *zWhere = explainIndexRange(db, pLevel, pItem->pTab);
-      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s USING %s%sINDEX%s%s%s", zMsg, 
-          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"AUTOMATIC ":""),
-          ((flags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)?"COVERING ":""),
-          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"":" "),
-          ((flags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)?"": pLevel->plan.u.pIdx->zName),
-          zWhere
-      );
+    if( (flags & (WHERE_IPK|WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE))==0
+     && ALWAYS(pLoop->u.btree.pIndex!=0)
+    ){
+      const char *zFmt;
+      Index *pIdx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+      char *zWhere = explainIndexRange(db, pLoop, pItem->pTab);
+      assert( !(flags&WHERE_AUTO_INDEX) || (flags&WHERE_IDX_ONLY) );
+      if( !HasRowid(pItem->pTab) && IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx) ){
+        zFmt = zWhere ? "%s USING PRIMARY KEY%.0s%s" : "%s%.0s%s";
+      }else if( flags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX ){
+        zFmt = "%s USING AUTOMATIC COVERING INDEX%.0s%s";
+      }else if( flags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY ){
+        zFmt = "%s USING COVERING INDEX %s%s";
+      }else{
+        zFmt = "%s USING INDEX %s%s";
+      }
+      zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, zFmt, zMsg, pIdx->zName, zWhere);
       sqlite3DbFree(db, zWhere);
-    }else if( flags & (WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE) ){
+    }else if( (flags & WHERE_IPK)!=0 && (flags & WHERE_CONSTRAINT)!=0 ){
       zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s USING INTEGER PRIMARY KEY", zMsg);
 
-      if( flags&WHERE_ROWID_EQ ){
+      if( flags&(WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_COLUMN_IN) ){
         zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid=?)", zMsg);
       }else if( (flags&WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT)==WHERE_BOTH_LIMIT ){
         zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid>? AND rowid<?)", zMsg);
       }else if( flags&WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
         zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid>?)", zMsg);
-      }else if( flags&WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
+      }else if( ALWAYS(flags&WHERE_TOP_LIMIT) ){
         zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (rowid<?)", zMsg);
       }
     }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
     else if( (flags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
-      sqlite3_index_info *pVtabIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pVtabIdx;
       zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s VIRTUAL TABLE INDEX %d:%s", zMsg,
-                  pVtabIdx->idxNum, pVtabIdx->idxStr);
+                  pLoop->u.vtab.idxNum, pLoop->u.vtab.idxStr);
     }
 #endif
-    if( wctrlFlags&(WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN|WHERE_ORDERBY_MAX) ){
-      testcase( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN );
-      nRow = 1;
-    }else{
-      nRow = (sqlite3_int64)pLevel->plan.nRow;
-    }
-    zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s (~%lld rows)", zMsg, nRow);
+    zMsg = sqlite3MAppendf(db, zMsg, "%s", zMsg);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_Explain, iId, iLevel, iFrom, zMsg, P4_DYNAMIC);
   }
 }
@@ -106362,7 +113795,6 @@
 static Bitmask codeOneLoopStart(
   WhereInfo *pWInfo,   /* Complete information about the WHERE clause */
   int iLevel,          /* Which level of pWInfo->a[] should be coded */
-  u16 wctrlFlags,      /* One of the WHERE_* flags defined in sqliteInt.h */
   Bitmask notReady     /* Which tables are currently available */
 ){
   int j, k;            /* Loop counters */
@@ -106371,9 +113803,11 @@
   int omitTable;       /* True if we use the index only */
   int bRev;            /* True if we need to scan in reverse order */
   WhereLevel *pLevel;  /* The where level to be coded */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop;    /* The WhereLoop object being coded */
   WhereClause *pWC;    /* Decomposition of the entire WHERE clause */
   WhereTerm *pTerm;               /* A WHERE clause term */
   Parse *pParse;                  /* Parsing context */
+  sqlite3 *db;                    /* Database connection */
   Vdbe *v;                        /* The prepared stmt under constructions */
   struct SrcList_item *pTabItem;  /* FROM clause term being coded */
   int addrBrk;                    /* Jump here to break out of the loop */
@@ -106383,13 +113817,17 @@
 
   pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
   v = pParse->pVdbe;
-  pWC = pWInfo->pWC;
+  pWC = &pWInfo->sWC;
+  db = pParse->db;
   pLevel = &pWInfo->a[iLevel];
+  pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
   pTabItem = &pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
   iCur = pTabItem->iCursor;
-  bRev = (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_REVERSE)!=0;
-  omitTable = (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)!=0 
-           && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_FORCE_TABLE)==0;
+  pLevel->notReady = notReady & ~getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, iCur);
+  bRev = (pWInfo->revMask>>iLevel)&1;
+  omitTable = (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)!=0 
+           && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_FORCE_TABLE)==0;
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "Begin WHERE-loop%d: %s",iLevel,pTabItem->pTab->zName));
 
   /* Create labels for the "break" and "continue" instructions
   ** for the current loop.  Jump to addrBrk to break out of a loop.
@@ -106414,72 +113852,88 @@
     VdbeComment((v, "init LEFT JOIN no-match flag"));
   }
 
+  /* Special case of a FROM clause subquery implemented as a co-routine */
+  if( pTabItem->viaCoroutine ){
+    int regYield = pTabItem->regReturn;
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_InitCoroutine, regYield, 0, pTabItem->addrFillSub);
+    pLevel->p2 =  sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Yield, regYield, addrBrk);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    VdbeComment((v, "next row of \"%s\"", pTabItem->pTab->zName));
+    pLevel->op = OP_Goto;
+  }else
+
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-  if(  (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
-    /* Case 0:  The table is a virtual-table.  Use the VFilter and VNext
+  if(  (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
+    /* Case 1:  The table is a virtual-table.  Use the VFilter and VNext
     **          to access the data.
     */
     int iReg;   /* P3 Value for OP_VFilter */
-    sqlite3_index_info *pVtabIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pVtabIdx;
-    int nConstraint = pVtabIdx->nConstraint;
-    struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage *aUsage =
-                                                pVtabIdx->aConstraintUsage;
-    const struct sqlite3_index_constraint *aConstraint =
-                                                pVtabIdx->aConstraint;
+    int addrNotFound;
+    int nConstraint = pLoop->nLTerm;
 
     sqlite3ExprCachePush(pParse);
     iReg = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nConstraint+2);
-    for(j=1; j<=nConstraint; j++){
-      for(k=0; k<nConstraint; k++){
-        if( aUsage[k].argvIndex==j ){
-          int iTerm = aConstraint[k].iTermOffset;
-          sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pWC->a[iTerm].pExpr->pRight, iReg+j+1);
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      if( k==nConstraint ) break;
-    }
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pVtabIdx->idxNum, iReg);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, j-1, iReg+1);
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VFilter, iCur, addrBrk, iReg, pVtabIdx->idxStr,
-                      pVtabIdx->needToFreeIdxStr ? P4_MPRINTF : P4_STATIC);
-    pVtabIdx->needToFreeIdxStr = 0;
+    addrNotFound = pLevel->addrBrk;
     for(j=0; j<nConstraint; j++){
-      if( aUsage[j].omit ){
-        int iTerm = aConstraint[j].iTermOffset;
-        disableTerm(pLevel, &pWC->a[iTerm]);
+      int iTarget = iReg+j+2;
+      pTerm = pLoop->aLTerm[j];
+      if( pTerm==0 ) continue;
+      if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN ){
+        codeEqualityTerm(pParse, pTerm, pLevel, j, bRev, iTarget);
+        addrNotFound = pLevel->addrNxt;
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pTerm->pExpr->pRight, iTarget);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, pLoop->u.vtab.idxNum, iReg);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, nConstraint, iReg+1);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VFilter, iCur, addrNotFound, iReg,
+                      pLoop->u.vtab.idxStr,
+                      pLoop->u.vtab.needFree ? P4_MPRINTF : P4_STATIC);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    pLoop->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
+    for(j=0; j<nConstraint && j<16; j++){
+      if( (pLoop->u.vtab.omitMask>>j)&1 ){
+        disableTerm(pLevel, pLoop->aLTerm[j]);
       }
     }
     pLevel->op = OP_VNext;
     pLevel->p1 = iCur;
     pLevel->p2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
     sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, iReg, nConstraint+2);
-    sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse, 1);
+    sqlite3ExprCachePop(pParse);
   }else
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
 
-  if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ROWID_EQ ){
-    /* Case 1:  We can directly reference a single row using an
+  if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IPK)!=0
+   && (pLoop->wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_IN|WHERE_COLUMN_EQ))!=0
+  ){
+    /* Case 2:  We can directly reference a single row using an
     **          equality comparison against the ROWID field.  Or
     **          we reference multiple rows using a "rowid IN (...)"
     **          construct.
     */
-    iReleaseReg = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-    pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_EQ|WO_IN, 0);
+    assert( pLoop->u.btree.nEq==1 );
+    pTerm = pLoop->aLTerm[0];
     assert( pTerm!=0 );
     assert( pTerm->pExpr!=0 );
-    assert( pTerm->leftCursor==iCur );
     assert( omitTable==0 );
-    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
-    iRowidReg = codeEqualityTerm(pParse, pTerm, pLevel, iReleaseReg);
+    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
+    iReleaseReg = ++pParse->nMem;
+    iRowidReg = codeEqualityTerm(pParse, pTerm, pLevel, 0, bRev, iReleaseReg);
+    if( iRowidReg!=iReleaseReg ) sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, iReleaseReg);
     addrNxt = pLevel->addrNxt;
-    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, iRowidReg, addrNxt);
+    sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_MustBeInt, iRowidReg, addrNxt); VdbeCoverage(v);
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_NotExists, iCur, addrNxt, iRowidReg);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, iRowidReg, 1);
     sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iCur, -1, iRowidReg);
     VdbeComment((v, "pk"));
     pLevel->op = OP_Noop;
-  }else if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ROWID_RANGE ){
-    /* Case 2:  We have an inequality comparison against the ROWID field.
+  }else if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IPK)!=0
+         && (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE)!=0
+  ){
+    /* Case 3:  We have an inequality comparison against the ROWID field.
     */
     int testOp = OP_Noop;
     int start;
@@ -106487,8 +113941,11 @@
     WhereTerm *pStart, *pEnd;
 
     assert( omitTable==0 );
-    pStart = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_GT|WO_GE, 0);
-    pEnd = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, notReady, WO_LT|WO_LE, 0);
+    j = 0;
+    pStart = pEnd = 0;
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ) pStart = pLoop->aLTerm[j++];
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ) pEnd = pLoop->aLTerm[j++];
+    assert( pStart!=0 || pEnd!=0 );
     if( bRev ){
       pTerm = pStart;
       pStart = pEnd;
@@ -106502,34 +113959,42 @@
       ** seek opcodes.  It depends on a particular ordering of TK_xx
       */
       const u8 aMoveOp[] = {
-           /* TK_GT */  OP_SeekGt,
-           /* TK_LE */  OP_SeekLe,
-           /* TK_LT */  OP_SeekLt,
-           /* TK_GE */  OP_SeekGe
+           /* TK_GT */  OP_SeekGT,
+           /* TK_LE */  OP_SeekLE,
+           /* TK_LT */  OP_SeekLT,
+           /* TK_GE */  OP_SeekGE
       };
       assert( TK_LE==TK_GT+1 );      /* Make sure the ordering.. */
       assert( TK_LT==TK_GT+2 );      /*  ... of the TK_xx values... */
       assert( TK_GE==TK_GT+3 );      /*  ... is correcct. */
 
-      testcase( pStart->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
+      assert( (pStart->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 );
+      testcase( pStart->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
       pX = pStart->pExpr;
       assert( pX!=0 );
-      assert( pStart->leftCursor==iCur );
+      testcase( pStart->leftCursor!=iCur ); /* transitive constraints */
       r1 = sqlite3ExprCodeTemp(pParse, pX->pRight, &rTemp);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, aMoveOp[pX->op-TK_GT], iCur, addrBrk, r1);
       VdbeComment((v, "pk"));
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pX->op==TK_GT);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pX->op==TK_LE);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pX->op==TK_LT);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pX->op==TK_GE);
       sqlite3ExprCacheAffinityChange(pParse, r1, 1);
       sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, rTemp);
       disableTerm(pLevel, pStart);
     }else{
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, bRev ? OP_Last : OP_Rewind, iCur, addrBrk);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev==0);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev!=0);
     }
     if( pEnd ){
       Expr *pX;
       pX = pEnd->pExpr;
       assert( pX!=0 );
-      assert( pEnd->leftCursor==iCur );
-      testcase( pEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
+      assert( (pEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 );
+      testcase( pEnd->leftCursor!=iCur ); /* Transitive constraints */
+      testcase( pEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
       memEndValue = ++pParse->nMem;
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pX->pRight, memEndValue);
       if( pX->op==TK_LT || pX->op==TK_GT ){
@@ -106543,20 +114008,20 @@
     pLevel->op = bRev ? OP_Prev : OP_Next;
     pLevel->p1 = iCur;
     pLevel->p2 = start;
-    if( pStart==0 && pEnd==0 ){
-      pLevel->p5 = SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP;
-    }else{
-      assert( pLevel->p5==0 );
-    }
+    assert( pLevel->p5==0 );
     if( testOp!=OP_Noop ){
-      iRowidReg = iReleaseReg = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+      iRowidReg = ++pParse->nMem;
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Rowid, iCur, iRowidReg);
       sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iCur, -1, iRowidReg);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, testOp, memEndValue, addrBrk, iRowidReg);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, testOp==OP_Le);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, testOp==OP_Lt);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, testOp==OP_Ge);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, testOp==OP_Gt);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, SQLITE_AFF_NUMERIC | SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
     }
-  }else if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_COLUMN_EQ) ){
-    /* Case 3: A scan using an index.
+  }else if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED ){
+    /* Case 4: A scan using an index.
     **
     **         The WHERE clause may contain zero or more equality 
     **         terms ("==" or "IN" operators) that refer to the N
@@ -106592,20 +114057,19 @@
       0,
       OP_Rewind,           /* 2: (!start_constraints && startEq &&  !bRev) */
       OP_Last,             /* 3: (!start_constraints && startEq &&   bRev) */
-      OP_SeekGt,           /* 4: (start_constraints  && !startEq && !bRev) */
-      OP_SeekLt,           /* 5: (start_constraints  && !startEq &&  bRev) */
-      OP_SeekGe,           /* 6: (start_constraints  &&  startEq && !bRev) */
-      OP_SeekLe            /* 7: (start_constraints  &&  startEq &&  bRev) */
+      OP_SeekGT,           /* 4: (start_constraints  && !startEq && !bRev) */
+      OP_SeekLT,           /* 5: (start_constraints  && !startEq &&  bRev) */
+      OP_SeekGE,           /* 6: (start_constraints  &&  startEq && !bRev) */
+      OP_SeekLE            /* 7: (start_constraints  &&  startEq &&  bRev) */
     };
     static const u8 aEndOp[] = {
-      OP_Noop,             /* 0: (!end_constraints) */
-      OP_IdxGE,            /* 1: (end_constraints && !bRev) */
-      OP_IdxLT             /* 2: (end_constraints && bRev) */
+      OP_IdxGE,            /* 0: (end_constraints && !bRev && !endEq) */
+      OP_IdxGT,            /* 1: (end_constraints && !bRev &&  endEq) */
+      OP_IdxLE,            /* 2: (end_constraints &&  bRev && !endEq) */
+      OP_IdxLT,            /* 3: (end_constraints &&  bRev &&  endEq) */
     };
-    int nEq = pLevel->plan.nEq;  /* Number of == or IN terms */
-    int isMinQuery = 0;          /* If this is an optimized SELECT min(x).. */
+    u16 nEq = pLoop->u.btree.nEq;     /* Number of == or IN terms */
     int regBase;                 /* Base register holding constraint values */
-    int r1;                      /* Temp register */
     WhereTerm *pRangeStart = 0;  /* Inequality constraint at range start */
     WhereTerm *pRangeEnd = 0;    /* Inequality constraint at range end */
     int startEq;                 /* True if range start uses ==, >= or <= */
@@ -106617,11 +114081,13 @@
     int nExtraReg = 0;           /* Number of extra registers needed */
     int op;                      /* Instruction opcode */
     char *zStartAff;             /* Affinity for start of range constraint */
-    char *zEndAff;               /* Affinity for end of range constraint */
+    char cEndAff = 0;            /* Affinity for end of range constraint */
+    u8 bSeekPastNull = 0;        /* True to seek past initial nulls */
+    u8 bStopAtNull = 0;          /* Add condition to terminate at NULLs */
 
-    pIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pIdx;
+    pIdx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
     iIdxCur = pLevel->iIdxCur;
-    k = (nEq==pIdx->nColumn ? -1 : pIdx->aiColumn[nEq]);
+    assert( nEq>=pLoop->u.btree.nSkip );
 
     /* If this loop satisfies a sort order (pOrderBy) request that 
     ** was passed to this function to implement a "SELECT min(x) ..." 
@@ -106631,52 +114097,62 @@
     ** the first one after the nEq equality constraints in the index,
     ** this requires some special handling.
     */
-    if( (wctrlFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN)!=0
-     && (pLevel->plan.wsFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY)
-     && (pIdx->nColumn>nEq)
+    assert( pWInfo->pOrderBy==0
+         || pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr==1
+         || (pWInfo->wctrlFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN)==0 );
+    if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags&WHERE_ORDERBY_MIN)!=0
+     && pWInfo->nOBSat>0
+     && (pIdx->nKeyCol>nEq)
     ){
-      /* assert( pOrderBy->nExpr==1 ); */
-      /* assert( pOrderBy->a[0].pExpr->iColumn==pIdx->aiColumn[nEq] ); */
-      isMinQuery = 1;
+      assert( pLoop->u.btree.nSkip==0 );
+      bSeekPastNull = 1;
       nExtraReg = 1;
     }
 
     /* Find any inequality constraint terms for the start and end 
     ** of the range. 
     */
-    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
-      pRangeEnd = findTerm(pWC, iCur, k, notReady, (WO_LT|WO_LE), pIdx);
+    j = nEq;
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
+      pRangeStart = pLoop->aLTerm[j++];
       nExtraReg = 1;
     }
-    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
-      pRangeStart = findTerm(pWC, iCur, k, notReady, (WO_GT|WO_GE), pIdx);
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT ){
+      pRangeEnd = pLoop->aLTerm[j++];
       nExtraReg = 1;
+      if( pRangeStart==0
+       && (j = pIdx->aiColumn[nEq])>=0 
+       && pIdx->pTable->aCol[j].notNull==0
+      ){
+        bSeekPastNull = 1;
+      }
     }
+    assert( pRangeEnd==0 || (pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 );
 
     /* Generate code to evaluate all constraint terms using == or IN
     ** and store the values of those terms in an array of registers
     ** starting at regBase.
     */
-    regBase = codeAllEqualityTerms(
-        pParse, pLevel, pWC, notReady, nExtraReg, &zStartAff
-    );
-    zEndAff = sqlite3DbStrDup(pParse->db, zStartAff);
+    regBase = codeAllEqualityTerms(pParse,pLevel,bRev,nExtraReg,&zStartAff);
+    assert( zStartAff==0 || sqlite3Strlen30(zStartAff)>=nEq );
+    if( zStartAff ) cEndAff = zStartAff[nEq];
     addrNxt = pLevel->addrNxt;
 
     /* If we are doing a reverse order scan on an ascending index, or
     ** a forward order scan on a descending index, interchange the 
     ** start and end terms (pRangeStart and pRangeEnd).
     */
-    if( (nEq<pIdx->nColumn && bRev==(pIdx->aSortOrder[nEq]==SQLITE_SO_ASC))
-     || (bRev && pIdx->nColumn==nEq)
+    if( (nEq<pIdx->nKeyCol && bRev==(pIdx->aSortOrder[nEq]==SQLITE_SO_ASC))
+     || (bRev && pIdx->nKeyCol==nEq)
     ){
       SWAP(WhereTerm *, pRangeEnd, pRangeStart);
+      SWAP(u8, bSeekPastNull, bStopAtNull);
     }
 
-    testcase( pRangeStart && pRangeStart->eOperator & WO_LE );
-    testcase( pRangeStart && pRangeStart->eOperator & WO_GE );
-    testcase( pRangeEnd && pRangeEnd->eOperator & WO_LE );
-    testcase( pRangeEnd && pRangeEnd->eOperator & WO_GE );
+    testcase( pRangeStart && (pRangeStart->eOperator & WO_LE)!=0 );
+    testcase( pRangeStart && (pRangeStart->eOperator & WO_GE)!=0 );
+    testcase( pRangeEnd && (pRangeEnd->eOperator & WO_LE)!=0 );
+    testcase( pRangeEnd && (pRangeEnd->eOperator & WO_GE)!=0 );
     startEq = !pRangeStart || pRangeStart->eOperator & (WO_LE|WO_GE);
     endEq =   !pRangeEnd || pRangeEnd->eOperator & (WO_LE|WO_GE);
     start_constraints = pRangeStart || nEq>0;
@@ -106686,8 +114162,11 @@
     if( pRangeStart ){
       Expr *pRight = pRangeStart->pExpr->pRight;
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pRight, regBase+nEq);
-      if( (pRangeStart->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ){
-        sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+      if( (pRangeStart->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0
+       && sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pRight)
+      ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
       }
       if( zStartAff ){
         if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, zStartAff[nEq])==SQLITE_AFF_NONE){
@@ -106701,23 +114180,24 @@
         }
       }  
       nConstraint++;
-      testcase( pRangeStart->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
-    }else if( isMinQuery ){
+      testcase( pRangeStart->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
+    }else if( bSeekPastNull ){
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regBase+nEq);
       nConstraint++;
       startEq = 0;
       start_constraints = 1;
     }
-    codeApplyAffinity(pParse, regBase, nConstraint, zStartAff);
+    codeApplyAffinity(pParse, regBase, nConstraint - bSeekPastNull, zStartAff);
     op = aStartOp[(start_constraints<<2) + (startEq<<1) + bRev];
     assert( op!=0 );
-    testcase( op==OP_Rewind );
-    testcase( op==OP_Last );
-    testcase( op==OP_SeekGt );
-    testcase( op==OP_SeekGe );
-    testcase( op==OP_SeekLe );
-    testcase( op==OP_SeekLt );
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, op, iIdxCur, addrNxt, regBase, nConstraint);
+    VdbeCoverage(v);
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_Rewind);  testcase( op==OP_Rewind );
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_Last);    testcase( op==OP_Last );
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_SeekGT);  testcase( op==OP_SeekGT );
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_SeekGE);  testcase( op==OP_SeekGE );
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_SeekLE);  testcase( op==OP_SeekLE );
+    VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_SeekLT);  testcase( op==OP_SeekLT );
 
     /* Load the value for the inequality constraint at the end of the
     ** range (if any).
@@ -106727,67 +114207,64 @@
       Expr *pRight = pRangeEnd->pExpr->pRight;
       sqlite3ExprCacheRemove(pParse, regBase+nEq, 1);
       sqlite3ExprCode(pParse, pRight, regBase+nEq);
-      if( (pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0 ){
-        sqlite3ExprCodeIsNullJump(v, pRight, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+      if( (pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VNULL)==0
+       && sqlite3ExprCanBeNull(pRight)
+      ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, regBase+nEq, addrNxt);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
       }
-      if( zEndAff ){
-        if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, zEndAff[nEq])==SQLITE_AFF_NONE){
-          /* Since the comparison is to be performed with no conversions
-          ** applied to the operands, set the affinity to apply to pRight to 
-          ** SQLITE_AFF_NONE.  */
-          zEndAff[nEq] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
-        }
-        if( sqlite3ExprNeedsNoAffinityChange(pRight, zEndAff[nEq]) ){
-          zEndAff[nEq] = SQLITE_AFF_NONE;
-        }
-      }  
-      codeApplyAffinity(pParse, regBase, nEq+1, zEndAff);
+      if( sqlite3CompareAffinity(pRight, cEndAff)!=SQLITE_AFF_NONE
+       && !sqlite3ExprNeedsNoAffinityChange(pRight, cEndAff)
+      ){
+        codeApplyAffinity(pParse, regBase+nEq, 1, &cEndAff);
+      }
       nConstraint++;
-      testcase( pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* EV: R-30575-11662 */
+      testcase( pRangeEnd->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
+    }else if( bStopAtNull ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regBase+nEq);
+      endEq = 0;
+      nConstraint++;
     }
-    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, zStartAff);
-    sqlite3DbFree(pParse->db, zEndAff);
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, zStartAff);
 
     /* Top of the loop body */
     pLevel->p2 = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
 
     /* Check if the index cursor is past the end of the range. */
-    op = aEndOp[(pRangeEnd || nEq) * (1 + bRev)];
-    testcase( op==OP_Noop );
-    testcase( op==OP_IdxGE );
-    testcase( op==OP_IdxLT );
-    if( op!=OP_Noop ){
+    if( nConstraint ){
+      op = aEndOp[bRev*2 + endEq];
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, op, iIdxCur, addrNxt, regBase, nConstraint);
-      sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, endEq!=bRev ?1:0);
+      testcase( op==OP_IdxGT );  VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_IdxGT );
+      testcase( op==OP_IdxGE );  VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_IdxGE );
+      testcase( op==OP_IdxLT );  VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_IdxLT );
+      testcase( op==OP_IdxLE );  VdbeCoverageIf(v, op==OP_IdxLE );
     }
 
-    /* If there are inequality constraints, check that the value
-    ** of the table column that the inequality contrains is not NULL.
-    ** If it is, jump to the next iteration of the loop.
-    */
-    r1 = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
-    testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT );
-    testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT );
-    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_BTM_LIMIT|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT))!=0 ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, nEq, r1);
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IsNull, r1, addrCont);
-    }
-    sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, r1);
-
     /* Seek the table cursor, if required */
     disableTerm(pLevel, pRangeStart);
     disableTerm(pLevel, pRangeEnd);
-    if( !omitTable ){
-      iRowidReg = iReleaseReg = sqlite3GetTempReg(pParse);
+    if( omitTable ){
+      /* pIdx is a covering index.  No need to access the main table. */
+    }else if( HasRowid(pIdx->pTable) ){
+      iRowidReg = ++pParse->nMem;
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_IdxRowid, iIdxCur, iRowidReg);
       sqlite3ExprCacheStore(pParse, iCur, -1, iRowidReg);
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Seek, iCur, iRowidReg);  /* Deferred seek */
+    }else if( iCur!=iIdxCur ){
+      Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pIdx->pTable);
+      iRowidReg = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, pPk->nKeyCol);
+      for(j=0; j<pPk->nKeyCol; j++){
+        k = sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(pIdx, pPk->aiColumn[j]);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_Column, iIdxCur, k, iRowidReg+j);
+      }
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_NotFound, iCur, addrCont,
+                           iRowidReg, pPk->nKeyCol); VdbeCoverage(v);
     }
 
     /* Record the instruction used to terminate the loop. Disable 
     ** WHERE clause terms made redundant by the index range scan.
     */
-    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_UNIQUE ){
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW ){
       pLevel->op = OP_Noop;
     }else if( bRev ){
       pLevel->op = OP_Prev;
@@ -106795,11 +114272,17 @@
       pLevel->op = OP_Next;
     }
     pLevel->p1 = iIdxCur;
+    pLevel->p3 = (pLoop->wsFlags&WHERE_UNQ_WANTED)!=0 ? 1:0;
+    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_CONSTRAINT)==0 ){
+      pLevel->p5 = SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP;
+    }else{
+      assert( pLevel->p5==0 );
+    }
   }else
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION
-  if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_MULTI_OR ){
-    /* Case 4:  Two or more separately indexed terms connected by OR
+  if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_MULTI_OR ){
+    /* Case 5:  Two or more separately indexed terms connected by OR
     **
     ** Example:
     **
@@ -106837,9 +114320,15 @@
     **
     **       B: <after the loop>
     **
+    ** Added 2014-05-26: If the table is a WITHOUT ROWID table, then
+    ** use an ephermeral index instead of a RowSet to record the primary
+    ** keys of the rows we have already seen.
+    **
     */
     WhereClause *pOrWc;    /* The OR-clause broken out into subterms */
     SrcList *pOrTab;       /* Shortened table list or OR-clause generation */
+    Index *pCov = 0;             /* Potential covering index (or NULL) */
+    int iCovCur = pParse->nTab++;  /* Cursor used for index scans (if any) */
 
     int regReturn = ++pParse->nMem;           /* Register used with OP_Gosub */
     int regRowset = 0;                        /* Register for RowSet object */
@@ -106848,17 +114337,19 @@
     int iRetInit;                             /* Address of regReturn init */
     int untestedTerms = 0;             /* Some terms not completely tested */
     int ii;                            /* Loop counter */
+    u16 wctrlFlags;                    /* Flags for sub-WHERE clause */
     Expr *pAndExpr = 0;                /* An ".. AND (...)" expression */
+    Table *pTab = pTabItem->pTab;
    
-    pTerm = pLevel->plan.u.pTerm;
+    pTerm = pLoop->aLTerm[0];
     assert( pTerm!=0 );
-    assert( pTerm->eOperator==WO_OR );
+    assert( pTerm->eOperator & WO_OR );
     assert( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_ORINFO)!=0 );
     pOrWc = &pTerm->u.pOrInfo->wc;
     pLevel->op = OP_Return;
     pLevel->p1 = regReturn;
 
-    /* Set up a new SrcList ni pOrTab containing the table being scanned
+    /* Set up a new SrcList in pOrTab containing the table being scanned
     ** by this loop in the a[0] slot and all notReady tables in a[1..] slots.
     ** This becomes the SrcList in the recursive call to sqlite3WhereBegin().
     */
@@ -106866,10 +114357,10 @@
       int nNotReady;                 /* The number of notReady tables */
       struct SrcList_item *origSrc;     /* Original list of tables */
       nNotReady = pWInfo->nLevel - iLevel - 1;
-      pOrTab = sqlite3StackAllocRaw(pParse->db,
+      pOrTab = sqlite3StackAllocRaw(db,
                             sizeof(*pOrTab)+ nNotReady*sizeof(pOrTab->a[0]));
       if( pOrTab==0 ) return notReady;
-      pOrTab->nAlloc = (i16)(nNotReady + 1);
+      pOrTab->nAlloc = (u8)(nNotReady + 1);
       pOrTab->nSrc = pOrTab->nAlloc;
       memcpy(pOrTab->a, pTabItem, sizeof(*pTabItem));
       origSrc = pWInfo->pTabList->a;
@@ -106881,7 +114372,8 @@
     }
 
     /* Initialize the rowset register to contain NULL. An SQL NULL is 
-    ** equivalent to an empty rowset.
+    ** equivalent to an empty rowset.  Or, create an ephermeral index
+    ** capable of holding primary keys in the case of a WITHOUT ROWID.
     **
     ** Also initialize regReturn to contain the address of the instruction 
     ** immediately following the OP_Return at the bottom of the loop. This
@@ -106891,10 +114383,17 @@
     ** fall through to the next instruction, just as an OP_Next does if
     ** called on an uninitialized cursor.
     */
-    if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK)==0 ){
-      regRowset = ++pParse->nMem;
+    if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK)==0 ){
+      if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+        regRowset = ++pParse->nMem;
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regRowset);
+      }else{
+        Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+        regRowset = pParse->nTab++;
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_OpenEphemeral, regRowset, pPk->nKeyCol);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pPk);
+      }
       regRowid = ++pParse->nMem;
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Null, 0, regRowset);
     }
     iRetInit = sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Integer, 0, regReturn);
 
@@ -106907,49 +114406,111 @@
     ** the "interesting" terms of z - terms that did not originate in the
     ** ON or USING clause of a LEFT JOIN, and terms that are usable as 
     ** indices.
+    **
+    ** This optimization also only applies if the (x1 OR x2 OR ...) term
+    ** is not contained in the ON clause of a LEFT JOIN.
+    ** See ticket http://www.sqlite.org/src/info/f2369304e4
     */
     if( pWC->nTerm>1 ){
       int iTerm;
       for(iTerm=0; iTerm<pWC->nTerm; iTerm++){
         Expr *pExpr = pWC->a[iTerm].pExpr;
+        if( &pWC->a[iTerm] == pTerm ) continue;
         if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ) continue;
-        if( pWC->a[iTerm].wtFlags & (TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_ORINFO) ) continue;
+        testcase( pWC->a[iTerm].wtFlags & TERM_ORINFO );
+        testcase( pWC->a[iTerm].wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
+        if( pWC->a[iTerm].wtFlags & (TERM_ORINFO|TERM_VIRTUAL) ) continue;
         if( (pWC->a[iTerm].eOperator & WO_ALL)==0 ) continue;
-        pExpr = sqlite3ExprDup(pParse->db, pExpr, 0);
-        pAndExpr = sqlite3ExprAnd(pParse->db, pAndExpr, pExpr);
+        pExpr = sqlite3ExprDup(db, pExpr, 0);
+        pAndExpr = sqlite3ExprAnd(db, pAndExpr, pExpr);
       }
       if( pAndExpr ){
         pAndExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_AND, 0, pAndExpr, 0);
       }
     }
 
+    /* Run a separate WHERE clause for each term of the OR clause.  After
+    ** eliminating duplicates from other WHERE clauses, the action for each
+    ** sub-WHERE clause is to to invoke the main loop body as a subroutine.
+    */
+    wctrlFlags =  WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE | WHERE_AND_ONLY |
+                  WHERE_FORCE_TABLE | WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY;
     for(ii=0; ii<pOrWc->nTerm; ii++){
       WhereTerm *pOrTerm = &pOrWc->a[ii];
-      if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur || pOrTerm->eOperator==WO_AND ){
-        WhereInfo *pSubWInfo;          /* Info for single OR-term scan */
-        Expr *pOrExpr = pOrTerm->pExpr;
-        if( pAndExpr ){
+      if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur || (pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_AND)!=0 ){
+        WhereInfo *pSubWInfo;           /* Info for single OR-term scan */
+        Expr *pOrExpr = pOrTerm->pExpr; /* Current OR clause term */
+        int j1 = 0;                     /* Address of jump operation */
+        if( pAndExpr && !ExprHasProperty(pOrExpr, EP_FromJoin) ){
           pAndExpr->pLeft = pOrExpr;
           pOrExpr = pAndExpr;
         }
         /* Loop through table entries that match term pOrTerm. */
         pSubWInfo = sqlite3WhereBegin(pParse, pOrTab, pOrExpr, 0, 0,
-                        WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE | WHERE_AND_ONLY |
-                        WHERE_FORCE_TABLE | WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY);
+                                      wctrlFlags, iCovCur);
+        assert( pSubWInfo || pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed );
         if( pSubWInfo ){
+          WhereLoop *pSubLoop;
           explainOneScan(
               pParse, pOrTab, &pSubWInfo->a[0], iLevel, pLevel->iFrom, 0
           );
-          if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK)==0 ){
-            int iSet = ((ii==pOrWc->nTerm-1)?-1:ii);
+          /* This is the sub-WHERE clause body.  First skip over
+          ** duplicate rows from prior sub-WHERE clauses, and record the
+          ** rowid (or PRIMARY KEY) for the current row so that the same
+          ** row will be skipped in subsequent sub-WHERE clauses.
+          */
+          if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_DUPLICATES_OK)==0 ){
             int r;
-            r = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTabItem->pTab, -1, iCur, 
-                                         regRowid);
-            sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_RowSetTest, regRowset,
-                                 sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v)+2, r, iSet);
+            int iSet = ((ii==pOrWc->nTerm-1)?-1:ii);
+            if( HasRowid(pTab) ){
+              r = sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTab, -1, iCur, regRowid, 0);
+              j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_RowSetTest, regRowset, 0, r,iSet);
+              VdbeCoverage(v);
+            }else{
+              Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+              int nPk = pPk->nKeyCol;
+              int iPk;
+
+              /* Read the PK into an array of temp registers. */
+              r = sqlite3GetTempRange(pParse, nPk);
+              for(iPk=0; iPk<nPk; iPk++){
+                int iCol = pPk->aiColumn[iPk];
+                sqlite3ExprCodeGetColumn(pParse, pTab, iCol, iCur, r+iPk, 0);
+              }
+
+              /* Check if the temp table already contains this key. If so,
+              ** the row has already been included in the result set and
+              ** can be ignored (by jumping past the Gosub below). Otherwise,
+              ** insert the key into the temp table and proceed with processing
+              ** the row.
+              **
+              ** Use some of the same optimizations as OP_RowSetTest: If iSet
+              ** is zero, assume that the key cannot already be present in
+              ** the temp table. And if iSet is -1, assume that there is no 
+              ** need to insert the key into the temp table, as it will never 
+              ** be tested for.  */ 
+              if( iSet ){
+                j1 = sqlite3VdbeAddOp4Int(v, OP_Found, regRowset, 0, r, nPk);
+                VdbeCoverage(v);
+              }
+              if( iSet>=0 ){
+                sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_MakeRecord, r, nPk, regRowid);
+                sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, OP_IdxInsert, regRowset, regRowid, 0);
+                if( iSet ) sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, OPFLAG_USESEEKRESULT);
+              }
+
+              /* Release the array of temp registers */
+              sqlite3ReleaseTempRange(pParse, r, nPk);
+            }
           }
+
+          /* Invoke the main loop body as a subroutine */
           sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Gosub, regReturn, iLoopBody);
 
+          /* Jump here (skipping the main loop body subroutine) if the
+          ** current sub-WHERE row is a duplicate from prior sub-WHEREs. */
+          if( j1 ) sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, j1);
+
           /* The pSubWInfo->untestedTerms flag means that this OR term
           ** contained one or more AND term from a notReady table.  The
           ** terms from the notReady table could not be tested and will
@@ -106957,52 +114518,81 @@
           */
           if( pSubWInfo->untestedTerms ) untestedTerms = 1;
 
+          /* If all of the OR-connected terms are optimized using the same
+          ** index, and the index is opened using the same cursor number
+          ** by each call to sqlite3WhereBegin() made by this loop, it may
+          ** be possible to use that index as a covering index.
+          **
+          ** If the call to sqlite3WhereBegin() above resulted in a scan that
+          ** uses an index, and this is either the first OR-connected term
+          ** processed or the index is the same as that used by all previous
+          ** terms, set pCov to the candidate covering index. Otherwise, set 
+          ** pCov to NULL to indicate that no candidate covering index will 
+          ** be available.
+          */
+          pSubLoop = pSubWInfo->a[0].pWLoop;
+          assert( (pSubLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)==0 );
+          if( (pSubLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0
+           && (ii==0 || pSubLoop->u.btree.pIndex==pCov)
+           && (HasRowid(pTab) || !IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pSubLoop->u.btree.pIndex))
+          ){
+            assert( pSubWInfo->a[0].iIdxCur==iCovCur );
+            pCov = pSubLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+            wctrlFlags |= WHERE_REOPEN_IDX;
+          }else{
+            pCov = 0;
+          }
+
           /* Finish the loop through table entries that match term pOrTerm. */
           sqlite3WhereEnd(pSubWInfo);
         }
       }
     }
+    pLevel->u.pCovidx = pCov;
+    if( pCov ) pLevel->iIdxCur = iCovCur;
     if( pAndExpr ){
       pAndExpr->pLeft = 0;
-      sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, pAndExpr);
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(db, pAndExpr);
     }
     sqlite3VdbeChangeP1(v, iRetInit, sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v));
     sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pLevel->addrBrk);
     sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, iLoopBody);
 
-    if( pWInfo->nLevel>1 ) sqlite3StackFree(pParse->db, pOrTab);
+    if( pWInfo->nLevel>1 ) sqlite3StackFree(db, pOrTab);
     if( !untestedTerms ) disableTerm(pLevel, pTerm);
   }else
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_OR_OPTIMIZATION */
 
   {
-    /* Case 5:  There is no usable index.  We must do a complete
+    /* Case 6:  There is no usable index.  We must do a complete
     **          scan of the entire table.
     */
     static const u8 aStep[] = { OP_Next, OP_Prev };
     static const u8 aStart[] = { OP_Rewind, OP_Last };
     assert( bRev==0 || bRev==1 );
-    assert( omitTable==0 );
-    pLevel->op = aStep[bRev];
-    pLevel->p1 = iCur;
-    pLevel->p2 = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, aStart[bRev], iCur, addrBrk);
-    pLevel->p5 = SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP;
+    if( pTabItem->isRecursive ){
+      /* Tables marked isRecursive have only a single row that is stored in
+      ** a pseudo-cursor.  No need to Rewind or Next such cursors. */
+      pLevel->op = OP_Noop;
+    }else{
+      pLevel->op = aStep[bRev];
+      pLevel->p1 = iCur;
+      pLevel->p2 = 1 + sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, aStart[bRev], iCur, addrBrk);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev==0);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, bRev!=0);
+      pLevel->p5 = SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP;
+    }
   }
-  notReady &= ~getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, iCur);
 
   /* Insert code to test every subexpression that can be completely
   ** computed using the current set of tables.
-  **
-  ** IMPLEMENTATION-OF: R-49525-50935 Terms that cannot be satisfied through
-  ** the use of indices become tests that are evaluated against each row of
-  ** the relevant input tables.
   */
   for(pTerm=pWC->a, j=pWC->nTerm; j>0; j--, pTerm++){
     Expr *pE;
-    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ); /* IMP: R-30575-11662 */
+    testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
     testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED );
     if( pTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_CODED) ) continue;
-    if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notReady)!=0 ){
+    if( (pTerm->prereqAll & pLevel->notReady)!=0 ){
       testcase( pWInfo->untestedTerms==0
                && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY)!=0 );
       pWInfo->untestedTerms = 1;
@@ -107017,6 +114607,39 @@
     pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
   }
 
+  /* Insert code to test for implied constraints based on transitivity
+  ** of the "==" operator.
+  **
+  ** Example: If the WHERE clause contains "t1.a=t2.b" and "t2.b=123"
+  ** and we are coding the t1 loop and the t2 loop has not yet coded,
+  ** then we cannot use the "t1.a=t2.b" constraint, but we can code
+  ** the implied "t1.a=123" constraint.
+  */
+  for(pTerm=pWC->a, j=pWC->nTerm; j>0; j--, pTerm++){
+    Expr *pE, *pEAlt;
+    WhereTerm *pAlt;
+    if( pTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_CODED) ) continue;
+    if( pTerm->eOperator!=(WO_EQUIV|WO_EQ) ) continue;
+    if( pTerm->leftCursor!=iCur ) continue;
+    if( pLevel->iLeftJoin ) continue;
+    pE = pTerm->pExpr;
+    assert( !ExprHasProperty(pE, EP_FromJoin) );
+    assert( (pTerm->prereqRight & pLevel->notReady)!=0 );
+    pAlt = findTerm(pWC, iCur, pTerm->u.leftColumn, notReady, WO_EQ|WO_IN, 0);
+    if( pAlt==0 ) continue;
+    if( pAlt->wtFlags & (TERM_CODED) ) continue;
+    testcase( pAlt->eOperator & WO_EQ );
+    testcase( pAlt->eOperator & WO_IN );
+    VdbeModuleComment((v, "begin transitive constraint"));
+    pEAlt = sqlite3StackAllocRaw(db, sizeof(*pEAlt));
+    if( pEAlt ){
+      *pEAlt = *pAlt->pExpr;
+      pEAlt->pLeft = pE->pLeft;
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pEAlt, addrCont, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      sqlite3StackFree(db, pEAlt);
+    }
+  }
+
   /* For a LEFT OUTER JOIN, generate code that will record the fact that
   ** at least one row of the right table has matched the left table.  
   */
@@ -107026,10 +114649,10 @@
     VdbeComment((v, "record LEFT JOIN hit"));
     sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
     for(pTerm=pWC->a, j=0; j<pWC->nTerm; j++, pTerm++){
-      testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );  /* IMP: R-30575-11662 */
+      testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL );
       testcase( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_CODED );
       if( pTerm->wtFlags & (TERM_VIRTUAL|TERM_CODED) ) continue;
-      if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notReady)!=0 ){
+      if( (pTerm->prereqAll & pLevel->notReady)!=0 ){
         assert( pWInfo->untestedTerms );
         continue;
       }
@@ -107038,52 +114661,2125 @@
       pTerm->wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
     }
   }
-  sqlite3ReleaseTempReg(pParse, iReleaseReg);
 
-  return notReady;
+  return pLevel->notReady;
 }
 
-#if defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+#if defined(WHERETRACE_ENABLED) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_TREE_EXPLAIN)
 /*
-** The following variable holds a text description of query plan generated
-** by the most recent call to sqlite3WhereBegin().  Each call to WhereBegin
-** overwrites the previous.  This information is used for testing and
-** analysis only.
+** Generate "Explanation" text for a WhereTerm.
 */
-SQLITE_API char sqlite3_query_plan[BMS*2*40];  /* Text of the join */
-static int nQPlan = 0;              /* Next free slow in _query_plan[] */
+static void whereExplainTerm(Vdbe *v, WhereTerm *pTerm){
+  char zType[4];
+  memcpy(zType, "...", 4);
+  if( pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL ) zType[0] = 'V';
+  if( pTerm->eOperator & WO_EQUIV  ) zType[1] = 'E';
+  if( ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin) ) zType[2] = 'L';
+  sqlite3ExplainPrintf(v, "%s ", zType);
+  sqlite3ExplainExpr(v, pTerm->pExpr);
+}
+#endif /* WHERETRACE_ENABLED && SQLITE_ENABLE_TREE_EXPLAIN */
 
-#endif /* SQLITE_TEST */
 
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
+/*
+** Print a WhereLoop object for debugging purposes
+*/
+static void whereLoopPrint(WhereLoop *p, WhereClause *pWC){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pWC->pWInfo;
+  int nb = 1+(pWInfo->pTabList->nSrc+7)/8;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem = pWInfo->pTabList->a + p->iTab;
+  Table *pTab = pItem->pTab;
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf("%c%2d.%0*llx.%0*llx", p->cId,
+                     p->iTab, nb, p->maskSelf, nb, p->prereq);
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf(" %12s",
+                     pItem->zAlias ? pItem->zAlias : pTab->zName);
+  if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 ){
+     const char *zName;
+     if( p->u.btree.pIndex && (zName = p->u.btree.pIndex->zName)!=0 ){
+      if( strncmp(zName, "sqlite_autoindex_", 17)==0 ){
+        int i = sqlite3Strlen30(zName) - 1;
+        while( zName[i]!='_' ) i--;
+        zName += i;
+      }
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf(".%-16s %2d", zName, p->u.btree.nEq);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf("%20s","");
+    }
+  }else{
+    char *z;
+    if( p->u.vtab.idxStr ){
+      z = sqlite3_mprintf("(%d,\"%s\",%x)",
+                p->u.vtab.idxNum, p->u.vtab.idxStr, p->u.vtab.omitMask);
+    }else{
+      z = sqlite3_mprintf("(%d,%x)", p->u.vtab.idxNum, p->u.vtab.omitMask);
+    }
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf(" %-19s", z);
+    sqlite3_free(z);
+  }
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf(" f %05x N %d", p->wsFlags, p->nLTerm);
+  sqlite3DebugPrintf(" cost %d,%d,%d\n", p->rSetup, p->rRun, p->nOut);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_TREE_EXPLAIN
+  /* If the 0x100 bit of wheretracing is set, then show all of the constraint
+  ** expressions in the WhereLoop.aLTerm[] array.
+  */
+  if( p->nLTerm && (sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x100)!=0 ){  /* WHERETRACE 0x100 */
+    int i;
+    Vdbe *v = pWInfo->pParse->pVdbe;
+    sqlite3ExplainBegin(v);
+    for(i=0; i<p->nLTerm; i++){
+      WhereTerm *pTerm = p->aLTerm[i];
+      if( pTerm==0 ) continue;
+      sqlite3ExplainPrintf(v, "  (%d) #%-2d ", i+1, (int)(pTerm-pWC->a));
+      sqlite3ExplainPush(v);
+      whereExplainTerm(v, pTerm);
+      sqlite3ExplainPop(v);
+      sqlite3ExplainNL(v);
+    }
+    sqlite3ExplainFinish(v);
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%s", sqlite3VdbeExplanation(v));
+  }
+#endif
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Convert bulk memory into a valid WhereLoop that can be passed
+** to whereLoopClear harmlessly.
+*/
+static void whereLoopInit(WhereLoop *p){
+  p->aLTerm = p->aLTermSpace;
+  p->nLTerm = 0;
+  p->nLSlot = ArraySize(p->aLTermSpace);
+  p->wsFlags = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Clear the WhereLoop.u union.  Leave WhereLoop.pLTerm intact.
+*/
+static void whereLoopClearUnion(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p){
+  if( p->wsFlags & (WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE|WHERE_AUTO_INDEX) ){
+    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 && p->u.vtab.needFree ){
+      sqlite3_free(p->u.vtab.idxStr);
+      p->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
+      p->u.vtab.idxStr = 0;
+    }else if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 && p->u.btree.pIndex!=0 ){
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.btree.pIndex->zColAff);
+      sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(p->u.btree.pIndex->pKeyInfo);
+      sqlite3DbFree(db, p->u.btree.pIndex);
+      p->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Deallocate internal memory used by a WhereLoop object
+*/
+static void whereLoopClear(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p){
+  if( p->aLTerm!=p->aLTermSpace ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aLTerm);
+  whereLoopClearUnion(db, p);
+  whereLoopInit(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Increase the memory allocation for pLoop->aLTerm[] to be at least n.
+*/
+static int whereLoopResize(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p, int n){
+  WhereTerm **paNew;
+  if( p->nLSlot>=n ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  n = (n+7)&~7;
+  paNew = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(p->aLTerm[0])*n);
+  if( paNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memcpy(paNew, p->aLTerm, sizeof(p->aLTerm[0])*p->nLSlot);
+  if( p->aLTerm!=p->aLTermSpace ) sqlite3DbFree(db, p->aLTerm);
+  p->aLTerm = paNew;
+  p->nLSlot = n;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Transfer content from the second pLoop into the first.
+*/
+static int whereLoopXfer(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *pTo, WhereLoop *pFrom){
+  whereLoopClearUnion(db, pTo);
+  if( whereLoopResize(db, pTo, pFrom->nLTerm) ){
+    memset(&pTo->u, 0, sizeof(pTo->u));
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memcpy(pTo, pFrom, WHERE_LOOP_XFER_SZ);
+  memcpy(pTo->aLTerm, pFrom->aLTerm, pTo->nLTerm*sizeof(pTo->aLTerm[0]));
+  if( pFrom->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE ){
+    pFrom->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
+  }else if( (pFrom->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 ){
+    pFrom->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete a WhereLoop object
+*/
+static void whereLoopDelete(sqlite3 *db, WhereLoop *p){
+  whereLoopClear(db, p);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, p);
+}
 
 /*
 ** Free a WhereInfo structure
 */
 static void whereInfoFree(sqlite3 *db, WhereInfo *pWInfo){
   if( ALWAYS(pWInfo) ){
-    int i;
-    for(i=0; i<pWInfo->nLevel; i++){
-      sqlite3_index_info *pInfo = pWInfo->a[i].pIdxInfo;
-      if( pInfo ){
-        /* assert( pInfo->needToFreeIdxStr==0 || db->mallocFailed ); */
-        if( pInfo->needToFreeIdxStr ){
-          sqlite3_free(pInfo->idxStr);
-        }
-        sqlite3DbFree(db, pInfo);
-      }
-      if( pWInfo->a[i].plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX ){
-        Index *pIdx = pWInfo->a[i].plan.u.pIdx;
-        if( pIdx ){
-          sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdx->zColAff);
-          sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdx);
-        }
-      }
+    whereClauseClear(&pWInfo->sWC);
+    while( pWInfo->pLoops ){
+      WhereLoop *p = pWInfo->pLoops;
+      pWInfo->pLoops = p->pNextLoop;
+      whereLoopDelete(db, p);
     }
-    whereClauseClear(pWInfo->pWC);
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pWInfo);
   }
 }
 
+/*
+** Return TRUE if both of the following are true:
+**
+**   (1)  X has the same or lower cost that Y
+**   (2)  X is a proper subset of Y
+**
+** By "proper subset" we mean that X uses fewer WHERE clause terms
+** than Y and that every WHERE clause term used by X is also used
+** by Y.
+**
+** If X is a proper subset of Y then Y is a better choice and ought
+** to have a lower cost.  This routine returns TRUE when that cost 
+** relationship is inverted and needs to be adjusted.
+*/
+static int whereLoopCheaperProperSubset(
+  const WhereLoop *pX,       /* First WhereLoop to compare */
+  const WhereLoop *pY        /* Compare against this WhereLoop */
+){
+  int i, j;
+  if( pX->nLTerm >= pY->nLTerm ) return 0; /* X is not a subset of Y */
+  if( pX->rRun >= pY->rRun ){
+    if( pX->rRun > pY->rRun ) return 0;    /* X costs more than Y */
+    if( pX->nOut > pY->nOut ) return 0;    /* X costs more than Y */
+  }
+  for(i=pX->nLTerm-1; i>=0; i--){
+    for(j=pY->nLTerm-1; j>=0; j--){
+      if( pY->aLTerm[j]==pX->aLTerm[i] ) break;
+    }
+    if( j<0 ) return 0;  /* X not a subset of Y since term X[i] not used by Y */
+  }
+  return 1;  /* All conditions meet */
+}
+
+/*
+** Try to adjust the cost of WhereLoop pTemplate upwards or downwards so
+** that:
+**
+**   (1) pTemplate costs less than any other WhereLoops that are a proper
+**       subset of pTemplate
+**
+**   (2) pTemplate costs more than any other WhereLoops for which pTemplate
+**       is a proper subset.
+**
+** To say "WhereLoop X is a proper subset of Y" means that X uses fewer
+** WHERE clause terms than Y and that every WHERE clause term used by X is
+** also used by Y.
+**
+** This adjustment is omitted for SKIPSCAN loops.  In a SKIPSCAN loop, the
+** WhereLoop.nLTerm field is not an accurate measure of the number of WHERE
+** clause terms covered, since some of the first nLTerm entries in aLTerm[]
+** will be NULL (because they are skipped).  That makes it more difficult
+** to compare the loops.  We could add extra code to do the comparison, and
+** perhaps we will someday.  But SKIPSCAN is sufficiently uncommon, and this
+** adjustment is sufficient minor, that it is very difficult to construct
+** a test case where the extra code would improve the query plan.  Better
+** to avoid the added complexity and just omit cost adjustments to SKIPSCAN
+** loops.
+*/
+static void whereLoopAdjustCost(const WhereLoop *p, WhereLoop *pTemplate){
+  if( (pTemplate->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)==0 ) return;
+  if( (pTemplate->wsFlags & WHERE_SKIPSCAN)!=0 ) return;
+  for(; p; p=p->pNextLoop){
+    if( p->iTab!=pTemplate->iTab ) continue;
+    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)==0 ) continue;
+    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_SKIPSCAN)!=0 ) continue;
+    if( whereLoopCheaperProperSubset(p, pTemplate) ){
+      /* Adjust pTemplate cost downward so that it is cheaper than its 
+      ** subset p */
+      pTemplate->rRun = p->rRun;
+      pTemplate->nOut = p->nOut - 1;
+    }else if( whereLoopCheaperProperSubset(pTemplate, p) ){
+      /* Adjust pTemplate cost upward so that it is costlier than p since
+      ** pTemplate is a proper subset of p */
+      pTemplate->rRun = p->rRun;
+      pTemplate->nOut = p->nOut + 1;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Search the list of WhereLoops in *ppPrev looking for one that can be
+** supplanted by pTemplate.
+**
+** Return NULL if the WhereLoop list contains an entry that can supplant
+** pTemplate, in other words if pTemplate does not belong on the list.
+**
+** If pX is a WhereLoop that pTemplate can supplant, then return the
+** link that points to pX.
+**
+** If pTemplate cannot supplant any existing element of the list but needs
+** to be added to the list, then return a pointer to the tail of the list.
+*/
+static WhereLoop **whereLoopFindLesser(
+  WhereLoop **ppPrev,
+  const WhereLoop *pTemplate
+){
+  WhereLoop *p;
+  for(p=(*ppPrev); p; ppPrev=&p->pNextLoop, p=*ppPrev){
+    if( p->iTab!=pTemplate->iTab || p->iSortIdx!=pTemplate->iSortIdx ){
+      /* If either the iTab or iSortIdx values for two WhereLoop are different
+      ** then those WhereLoops need to be considered separately.  Neither is
+      ** a candidate to replace the other. */
+      continue;
+    }
+    /* In the current implementation, the rSetup value is either zero
+    ** or the cost of building an automatic index (NlogN) and the NlogN
+    ** is the same for compatible WhereLoops. */
+    assert( p->rSetup==0 || pTemplate->rSetup==0 
+                 || p->rSetup==pTemplate->rSetup );
+
+    /* whereLoopAddBtree() always generates and inserts the automatic index
+    ** case first.  Hence compatible candidate WhereLoops never have a larger
+    ** rSetup. Call this SETUP-INVARIANT */
+    assert( p->rSetup>=pTemplate->rSetup );
+
+    /* Any loop using an appliation-defined index (or PRIMARY KEY or
+    ** UNIQUE constraint) with one or more == constraints is better
+    ** than an automatic index. */
+    if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0
+     && (pTemplate->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0
+     && (pTemplate->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_EQ)!=0
+     && (p->prereq & pTemplate->prereq)==pTemplate->prereq
+    ){
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /* If existing WhereLoop p is better than pTemplate, pTemplate can be
+    ** discarded.  WhereLoop p is better if:
+    **   (1)  p has no more dependencies than pTemplate, and
+    **   (2)  p has an equal or lower cost than pTemplate
+    */
+    if( (p->prereq & pTemplate->prereq)==p->prereq    /* (1)  */
+     && p->rSetup<=pTemplate->rSetup                  /* (2a) */
+     && p->rRun<=pTemplate->rRun                      /* (2b) */
+     && p->nOut<=pTemplate->nOut                      /* (2c) */
+    ){
+      return 0;  /* Discard pTemplate */
+    }
+
+    /* If pTemplate is always better than p, then cause p to be overwritten
+    ** with pTemplate.  pTemplate is better than p if:
+    **   (1)  pTemplate has no more dependences than p, and
+    **   (2)  pTemplate has an equal or lower cost than p.
+    */
+    if( (p->prereq & pTemplate->prereq)==pTemplate->prereq   /* (1)  */
+     && p->rRun>=pTemplate->rRun                             /* (2a) */
+     && p->nOut>=pTemplate->nOut                             /* (2b) */
+    ){
+      assert( p->rSetup>=pTemplate->rSetup ); /* SETUP-INVARIANT above */
+      break;   /* Cause p to be overwritten by pTemplate */
+    }
+  }
+  return ppPrev;
+}
+
+/*
+** Insert or replace a WhereLoop entry using the template supplied.
+**
+** An existing WhereLoop entry might be overwritten if the new template
+** is better and has fewer dependencies.  Or the template will be ignored
+** and no insert will occur if an existing WhereLoop is faster and has
+** fewer dependencies than the template.  Otherwise a new WhereLoop is
+** added based on the template.
+**
+** If pBuilder->pOrSet is not NULL then we care about only the
+** prerequisites and rRun and nOut costs of the N best loops.  That
+** information is gathered in the pBuilder->pOrSet object.  This special
+** processing mode is used only for OR clause processing.
+**
+** When accumulating multiple loops (when pBuilder->pOrSet is NULL) we
+** still might overwrite similar loops with the new template if the
+** new template is better.  Loops may be overwritten if the following 
+** conditions are met:
+**
+**    (1)  They have the same iTab.
+**    (2)  They have the same iSortIdx.
+**    (3)  The template has same or fewer dependencies than the current loop
+**    (4)  The template has the same or lower cost than the current loop
+*/
+static int whereLoopInsert(WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder, WhereLoop *pTemplate){
+  WhereLoop **ppPrev, *p;
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
+  sqlite3 *db = pWInfo->pParse->db;
+
+  /* If pBuilder->pOrSet is defined, then only keep track of the costs
+  ** and prereqs.
+  */
+  if( pBuilder->pOrSet!=0 ){
+#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED
+    u16 n = pBuilder->pOrSet->n;
+    int x =
+#endif
+    whereOrInsert(pBuilder->pOrSet, pTemplate->prereq, pTemplate->rRun,
+                                    pTemplate->nOut);
+#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x8 */
+    if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x8 ){
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf(x?"   or-%d:  ":"   or-X:  ", n);
+      whereLoopPrint(pTemplate, pBuilder->pWC);
+    }
+#endif
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  /* Look for an existing WhereLoop to replace with pTemplate
+  */
+  whereLoopAdjustCost(pWInfo->pLoops, pTemplate);
+  ppPrev = whereLoopFindLesser(&pWInfo->pLoops, pTemplate);
+
+  if( ppPrev==0 ){
+    /* There already exists a WhereLoop on the list that is better
+    ** than pTemplate, so just ignore pTemplate */
+#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x8 */
+    if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x8 ){
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf("ins-noop: ");
+      whereLoopPrint(pTemplate, pBuilder->pWC);
+    }
+#endif
+    return SQLITE_OK;  
+  }else{
+    p = *ppPrev;
+  }
+
+  /* If we reach this point it means that either p[] should be overwritten
+  ** with pTemplate[] if p[] exists, or if p==NULL then allocate a new
+  ** WhereLoop and insert it.
+  */
+#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x8 */
+  if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x8 ){
+    if( p!=0 ){
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf("ins-del:  ");
+      whereLoopPrint(p, pBuilder->pWC);
+    }
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("ins-new:  ");
+    whereLoopPrint(pTemplate, pBuilder->pWC);
+  }
+#endif
+  if( p==0 ){
+    /* Allocate a new WhereLoop to add to the end of the list */
+    *ppPrev = p = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, sizeof(WhereLoop));
+    if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    whereLoopInit(p);
+    p->pNextLoop = 0;
+  }else{
+    /* We will be overwriting WhereLoop p[].  But before we do, first
+    ** go through the rest of the list and delete any other entries besides
+    ** p[] that are also supplated by pTemplate */
+    WhereLoop **ppTail = &p->pNextLoop;
+    WhereLoop *pToDel;
+    while( *ppTail ){
+      ppTail = whereLoopFindLesser(ppTail, pTemplate);
+      if( ppTail==0 ) break;
+      pToDel = *ppTail;
+      if( pToDel==0 ) break;
+      *ppTail = pToDel->pNextLoop;
+#if WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x8 */
+      if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x8 ){
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf("ins-del:  ");
+        whereLoopPrint(pToDel, pBuilder->pWC);
+      }
+#endif
+      whereLoopDelete(db, pToDel);
+    }
+  }
+  whereLoopXfer(db, p, pTemplate);
+  if( (p->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 ){
+    Index *pIndex = p->u.btree.pIndex;
+    if( pIndex && pIndex->tnum==0 ){
+      p->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Adjust the WhereLoop.nOut value downward to account for terms of the
+** WHERE clause that reference the loop but which are not used by an
+** index.
+**
+** In the current implementation, the first extra WHERE clause term reduces
+** the number of output rows by a factor of 10 and each additional term
+** reduces the number of output rows by sqrt(2).
+*/
+static void whereLoopOutputAdjust(WhereClause *pWC, WhereLoop *pLoop){
+  WhereTerm *pTerm, *pX;
+  Bitmask notAllowed = ~(pLoop->prereq|pLoop->maskSelf);
+  int i, j;
+
+  if( !OptimizationEnabled(pWC->pWInfo->pParse->db, SQLITE_AdjustOutEst) ){
+    return;
+  }
+  for(i=pWC->nTerm, pTerm=pWC->a; i>0; i--, pTerm++){
+    if( (pTerm->wtFlags & TERM_VIRTUAL)!=0 ) break;
+    if( (pTerm->prereqAll & pLoop->maskSelf)==0 ) continue;
+    if( (pTerm->prereqAll & notAllowed)!=0 ) continue;
+    for(j=pLoop->nLTerm-1; j>=0; j--){
+      pX = pLoop->aLTerm[j];
+      if( pX==0 ) continue;
+      if( pX==pTerm ) break;
+      if( pX->iParent>=0 && (&pWC->a[pX->iParent])==pTerm ) break;
+    }
+    if( j<0 ){
+      pLoop->nOut += (pTerm->truthProb<=0 ? pTerm->truthProb : -1);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Adjust the cost C by the costMult facter T.  This only occurs if
+** compiled with -DSQLITE_ENABLE_COSTMULT
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COSTMULT
+# define ApplyCostMultiplier(C,T)  C += T
+#else
+# define ApplyCostMultiplier(C,T)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** We have so far matched pBuilder->pNew->u.btree.nEq terms of the 
+** index pIndex. Try to match one more.
+**
+** When this function is called, pBuilder->pNew->nOut contains the 
+** number of rows expected to be visited by filtering using the nEq 
+** terms only. If it is modified, this value is restored before this 
+** function returns.
+**
+** If pProbe->tnum==0, that means pIndex is a fake index used for the
+** INTEGER PRIMARY KEY.
+*/
+static int whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,     /* The WhereLoop factory */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc,      /* FROM clause term being analyzed */
+  Index *pProbe,                  /* An index on pSrc */
+  LogEst nInMul                   /* log(Number of iterations due to IN) */
+){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;  /* WHERE analyse context */
+  Parse *pParse = pWInfo->pParse;        /* Parsing context */
+  sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;       /* Database connection malloc context */
+  WhereLoop *pNew;                /* Template WhereLoop under construction */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;               /* A WhereTerm under consideration */
+  int opMask;                     /* Valid operators for constraints */
+  WhereScan scan;                 /* Iterator for WHERE terms */
+  Bitmask saved_prereq;           /* Original value of pNew->prereq */
+  u16 saved_nLTerm;               /* Original value of pNew->nLTerm */
+  u16 saved_nEq;                  /* Original value of pNew->u.btree.nEq */
+  u16 saved_nSkip;                /* Original value of pNew->u.btree.nSkip */
+  u32 saved_wsFlags;              /* Original value of pNew->wsFlags */
+  LogEst saved_nOut;              /* Original value of pNew->nOut */
+  int iCol;                       /* Index of the column in the table */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  LogEst rLogSize;                /* Logarithm of table size */
+  WhereTerm *pTop = 0, *pBtm = 0; /* Top and bottom range constraints */
+
+  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
+  if( db->mallocFailed ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+
+  assert( (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)==0 );
+  assert( (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT)==0 );
+  if( pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT ){
+    opMask = WO_LT|WO_LE;
+  }else if( pProbe->tnum<=0 || (pSrc->jointype & JT_LEFT)!=0 ){
+    opMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_LT|WO_LE;
+  }else{
+    opMask = WO_EQ|WO_IN|WO_ISNULL|WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_LT|WO_LE;
+  }
+  if( pProbe->bUnordered ) opMask &= ~(WO_GT|WO_GE|WO_LT|WO_LE);
+
+  assert( pNew->u.btree.nEq<pProbe->nColumn );
+  iCol = pProbe->aiColumn[pNew->u.btree.nEq];
+
+  pTerm = whereScanInit(&scan, pBuilder->pWC, pSrc->iCursor, iCol,
+                        opMask, pProbe);
+  saved_nEq = pNew->u.btree.nEq;
+  saved_nSkip = pNew->u.btree.nSkip;
+  saved_nLTerm = pNew->nLTerm;
+  saved_wsFlags = pNew->wsFlags;
+  saved_prereq = pNew->prereq;
+  saved_nOut = pNew->nOut;
+  pNew->rSetup = 0;
+  rLogSize = estLog(pProbe->aiRowLogEst[0]);
+
+  /* Consider using a skip-scan if there are no WHERE clause constraints
+  ** available for the left-most terms of the index, and if the average
+  ** number of repeats in the left-most terms is at least 18. 
+  **
+  ** The magic number 18 is selected on the basis that scanning 17 rows
+  ** is almost always quicker than an index seek (even though if the index
+  ** contains fewer than 2^17 rows we assume otherwise in other parts of
+  ** the code). And, even if it is not, it should not be too much slower. 
+  ** On the other hand, the extra seeks could end up being significantly
+  ** more expensive.  */
+  assert( 42==sqlite3LogEst(18) );
+  if( pTerm==0
+   && saved_nEq==saved_nSkip
+   && saved_nEq+1<pProbe->nKeyCol
+   && pProbe->aiRowLogEst[saved_nEq+1]>=42  /* TUNING: Minimum for skip-scan */
+   && (rc = whereLoopResize(db, pNew, pNew->nLTerm+1))==SQLITE_OK
+  ){
+    LogEst nIter;
+    pNew->u.btree.nEq++;
+    pNew->u.btree.nSkip++;
+    pNew->aLTerm[pNew->nLTerm++] = 0;
+    pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_SKIPSCAN;
+    nIter = pProbe->aiRowLogEst[saved_nEq] - pProbe->aiRowLogEst[saved_nEq+1];
+    pNew->nOut -= nIter;
+    whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(pBuilder, pSrc, pProbe, nIter + nInMul);
+    pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
+  }
+  for(; rc==SQLITE_OK && pTerm!=0; pTerm = whereScanNext(&scan)){
+    u16 eOp = pTerm->eOperator;   /* Shorthand for pTerm->eOperator */
+    LogEst rCostIdx;
+    LogEst nOutUnadjusted;        /* nOut before IN() and WHERE adjustments */
+    int nIn = 0;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    int nRecValid = pBuilder->nRecValid;
+#endif
+    if( (eOp==WO_ISNULL || (pTerm->wtFlags&TERM_VNULL)!=0)
+     && (iCol<0 || pSrc->pTab->aCol[iCol].notNull)
+    ){
+      continue; /* ignore IS [NOT] NULL constraints on NOT NULL columns */
+    }
+    if( pTerm->prereqRight & pNew->maskSelf ) continue;
+
+    pNew->wsFlags = saved_wsFlags;
+    pNew->u.btree.nEq = saved_nEq;
+    pNew->nLTerm = saved_nLTerm;
+    if( whereLoopResize(db, pNew, pNew->nLTerm+1) ) break; /* OOM */
+    pNew->aLTerm[pNew->nLTerm++] = pTerm;
+    pNew->prereq = (saved_prereq | pTerm->prereqRight) & ~pNew->maskSelf;
+
+    assert( nInMul==0
+        || (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_NULL)!=0 
+        || (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_IN)!=0 
+        || (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_SKIPSCAN)!=0 
+    );
+
+    if( eOp & WO_IN ){
+      Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
+      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_IN;
+      if( ExprHasProperty(pExpr, EP_xIsSelect) ){
+        /* "x IN (SELECT ...)":  TUNING: the SELECT returns 25 rows */
+        nIn = 46;  assert( 46==sqlite3LogEst(25) );
+      }else if( ALWAYS(pExpr->x.pList && pExpr->x.pList->nExpr) ){
+        /* "x IN (value, value, ...)" */
+        nIn = sqlite3LogEst(pExpr->x.pList->nExpr);
+      }
+      assert( nIn>0 );  /* RHS always has 2 or more terms...  The parser
+                        ** changes "x IN (?)" into "x=?". */
+
+    }else if( eOp & (WO_EQ) ){
+      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_EQ;
+      if( iCol<0 || (nInMul==0 && pNew->u.btree.nEq==pProbe->nKeyCol-1) ){
+        if( iCol>=0 && !IsUniqueIndex(pProbe) ){
+          pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_UNQ_WANTED;
+        }else{
+          pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_ONEROW;
+        }
+      }
+    }else if( eOp & WO_ISNULL ){
+      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_NULL;
+    }else if( eOp & (WO_GT|WO_GE) ){
+      testcase( eOp & WO_GT );
+      testcase( eOp & WO_GE );
+      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_BTM_LIMIT;
+      pBtm = pTerm;
+      pTop = 0;
+    }else{
+      assert( eOp & (WO_LT|WO_LE) );
+      testcase( eOp & WO_LT );
+      testcase( eOp & WO_LE );
+      pNew->wsFlags |= WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE|WHERE_TOP_LIMIT;
+      pTop = pTerm;
+      pBtm = (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_BTM_LIMIT)!=0 ?
+                     pNew->aLTerm[pNew->nLTerm-2] : 0;
+    }
+
+    /* At this point pNew->nOut is set to the number of rows expected to
+    ** be visited by the index scan before considering term pTerm, or the
+    ** values of nIn and nInMul. In other words, assuming that all 
+    ** "x IN(...)" terms are replaced with "x = ?". This block updates
+    ** the value of pNew->nOut to account for pTerm (but not nIn/nInMul).  */
+    assert( pNew->nOut==saved_nOut );
+    if( pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE ){
+      /* Adjust nOut using stat3/stat4 data. Or, if there is no stat3/stat4
+      ** data, using some other estimate.  */
+      whereRangeScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pBtm, pTop, pNew);
+    }else{
+      int nEq = ++pNew->u.btree.nEq;
+      assert( eOp & (WO_ISNULL|WO_EQ|WO_IN) );
+
+      assert( pNew->nOut==saved_nOut );
+      if( pTerm->truthProb<=0 && iCol>=0 ){
+        assert( (eOp & WO_IN) || nIn==0 );
+        testcase( eOp & WO_IN );
+        pNew->nOut += pTerm->truthProb;
+        pNew->nOut -= nIn;
+      }else{
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+        tRowcnt nOut = 0;
+        if( nInMul==0 
+         && pProbe->nSample 
+         && pNew->u.btree.nEq<=pProbe->nSampleCol
+         && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_Stat3) 
+         && ((eOp & WO_IN)==0 || !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_xIsSelect))
+        ){
+          Expr *pExpr = pTerm->pExpr;
+          if( (eOp & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL))!=0 ){
+            testcase( eOp & WO_EQ );
+            testcase( eOp & WO_ISNULL );
+            rc = whereEqualScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pExpr->pRight, &nOut);
+          }else{
+            rc = whereInScanEst(pParse, pBuilder, pExpr->x.pList, &nOut);
+          }
+          if( rc==SQLITE_NOTFOUND ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;          /* Jump out of the pTerm loop */
+          if( nOut ){
+            pNew->nOut = sqlite3LogEst(nOut);
+            if( pNew->nOut>saved_nOut ) pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
+            pNew->nOut -= nIn;
+          }
+        }
+        if( nOut==0 )
+#endif
+        {
+          pNew->nOut += (pProbe->aiRowLogEst[nEq] - pProbe->aiRowLogEst[nEq-1]);
+          if( eOp & WO_ISNULL ){
+            /* TUNING: If there is no likelihood() value, assume that a 
+            ** "col IS NULL" expression matches twice as many rows 
+            ** as (col=?). */
+            pNew->nOut += 10;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* Set rCostIdx to the cost of visiting selected rows in index. Add
+    ** it to pNew->rRun, which is currently set to the cost of the index
+    ** seek only. Then, if this is a non-covering index, add the cost of
+    ** visiting the rows in the main table.  */
+    rCostIdx = pNew->nOut + 1 + (15*pProbe->szIdxRow)/pSrc->pTab->szTabRow;
+    pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rLogSize, rCostIdx);
+    if( (pNew->wsFlags & (WHERE_IDX_ONLY|WHERE_IPK))==0 ){
+      pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstAdd(pNew->rRun, pNew->nOut + 16);
+    }
+    ApplyCostMultiplier(pNew->rRun, pProbe->pTable->costMult);
+
+    nOutUnadjusted = pNew->nOut;
+    pNew->rRun += nInMul + nIn;
+    pNew->nOut += nInMul + nIn;
+    whereLoopOutputAdjust(pBuilder->pWC, pNew);
+    rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
+
+    if( pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_COLUMN_RANGE ){
+      pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
+    }else{
+      pNew->nOut = nOutUnadjusted;
+    }
+
+    if( (pNew->wsFlags & WHERE_TOP_LIMIT)==0
+     && pNew->u.btree.nEq<pProbe->nColumn
+    ){
+      whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(pBuilder, pSrc, pProbe, nInMul+nIn);
+    }
+    pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    pBuilder->nRecValid = nRecValid;
+#endif
+  }
+  pNew->prereq = saved_prereq;
+  pNew->u.btree.nEq = saved_nEq;
+  pNew->u.btree.nSkip = saved_nSkip;
+  pNew->wsFlags = saved_wsFlags;
+  pNew->nOut = saved_nOut;
+  pNew->nLTerm = saved_nLTerm;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return True if it is possible that pIndex might be useful in
+** implementing the ORDER BY clause in pBuilder.
+**
+** Return False if pBuilder does not contain an ORDER BY clause or
+** if there is no way for pIndex to be useful in implementing that
+** ORDER BY clause.
+*/
+static int indexMightHelpWithOrderBy(
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,
+  Index *pIndex,
+  int iCursor
+){
+  ExprList *pOB;
+  int ii, jj;
+
+  if( pIndex->bUnordered ) return 0;
+  if( (pOB = pBuilder->pWInfo->pOrderBy)==0 ) return 0;
+  for(ii=0; ii<pOB->nExpr; ii++){
+    Expr *pExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pOB->a[ii].pExpr);
+    if( pExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) return 0;
+    if( pExpr->iTable==iCursor ){
+      for(jj=0; jj<pIndex->nKeyCol; jj++){
+        if( pExpr->iColumn==pIndex->aiColumn[jj] ) return 1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a bitmask where 1s indicate that the corresponding column of
+** the table is used by an index.  Only the first 63 columns are considered.
+*/
+static Bitmask columnsInIndex(Index *pIdx){
+  Bitmask m = 0;
+  int j;
+  for(j=pIdx->nColumn-1; j>=0; j--){
+    int x = pIdx->aiColumn[j];
+    if( x>=0 ){
+      testcase( x==BMS-1 );
+      testcase( x==BMS-2 );
+      if( x<BMS-1 ) m |= MASKBIT(x);
+    }
+  }
+  return m;
+}
+
+/* Check to see if a partial index with pPartIndexWhere can be used
+** in the current query.  Return true if it can be and false if not.
+*/
+static int whereUsablePartialIndex(int iTab, WhereClause *pWC, Expr *pWhere){
+  int i;
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;
+  for(i=0, pTerm=pWC->a; i<pWC->nTerm; i++, pTerm++){
+    if( sqlite3ExprImpliesExpr(pTerm->pExpr, pWhere, iTab) ) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add all WhereLoop objects for a single table of the join where the table
+** is idenfied by pBuilder->pNew->iTab.  That table is guaranteed to be
+** a b-tree table, not a virtual table.
+**
+** The costs (WhereLoop.rRun) of the b-tree loops added by this function
+** are calculated as follows:
+**
+** For a full scan, assuming the table (or index) contains nRow rows:
+**
+**     cost = nRow * 3.0                    // full-table scan
+**     cost = nRow * K                      // scan of covering index
+**     cost = nRow * (K+3.0)                // scan of non-covering index
+**
+** where K is a value between 1.1 and 3.0 set based on the relative 
+** estimated average size of the index and table records.
+**
+** For an index scan, where nVisit is the number of index rows visited
+** by the scan, and nSeek is the number of seek operations required on 
+** the index b-tree:
+**
+**     cost = nSeek * (log(nRow) + K * nVisit)          // covering index
+**     cost = nSeek * (log(nRow) + (K+3.0) * nVisit)    // non-covering index
+**
+** Normally, nSeek is 1. nSeek values greater than 1 come about if the 
+** WHERE clause includes "x IN (....)" terms used in place of "x=?". Or when 
+** implicit "x IN (SELECT x FROM tbl)" terms are added for skip-scans.
+**
+** The estimated values (nRow, nVisit, nSeek) often contain a large amount
+** of uncertainty.  For this reason, scoring is designed to pick plans that
+** "do the least harm" if the estimates are inaccurate.  For example, a
+** log(nRow) factor is omitted from a non-covering index scan in order to
+** bias the scoring in favor of using an index, since the worst-case
+** performance of using an index is far better than the worst-case performance
+** of a full table scan.
+*/
+static int whereLoopAddBtree(
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder, /* WHERE clause information */
+  Bitmask mExtra              /* Extra prerequesites for using this table */
+){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;          /* WHERE analysis context */
+  Index *pProbe;              /* An index we are evaluating */
+  Index sPk;                  /* A fake index object for the primary key */
+  LogEst aiRowEstPk[2];       /* The aiRowLogEst[] value for the sPk index */
+  i16 aiColumnPk = -1;        /* The aColumn[] value for the sPk index */
+  SrcList *pTabList;          /* The FROM clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc;  /* The FROM clause btree term to add */
+  WhereLoop *pNew;            /* Template WhereLoop object */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;         /* Return code */
+  int iSortIdx = 1;           /* Index number */
+  int b;                      /* A boolean value */
+  LogEst rSize;               /* number of rows in the table */
+  LogEst rLogSize;            /* Logarithm of the number of rows in the table */
+  WhereClause *pWC;           /* The parsed WHERE clause */
+  Table *pTab;                /* Table being queried */
+  
+  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
+  pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
+  pTabList = pWInfo->pTabList;
+  pSrc = pTabList->a + pNew->iTab;
+  pTab = pSrc->pTab;
+  pWC = pBuilder->pWC;
+  assert( !IsVirtual(pSrc->pTab) );
+
+  if( pSrc->pIndex ){
+    /* An INDEXED BY clause specifies a particular index to use */
+    pProbe = pSrc->pIndex;
+  }else if( !HasRowid(pTab) ){
+    pProbe = pTab->pIndex;
+  }else{
+    /* There is no INDEXED BY clause.  Create a fake Index object in local
+    ** variable sPk to represent the rowid primary key index.  Make this
+    ** fake index the first in a chain of Index objects with all of the real
+    ** indices to follow */
+    Index *pFirst;                  /* First of real indices on the table */
+    memset(&sPk, 0, sizeof(Index));
+    sPk.nKeyCol = 1;
+    sPk.nColumn = 1;
+    sPk.aiColumn = &aiColumnPk;
+    sPk.aiRowLogEst = aiRowEstPk;
+    sPk.onError = OE_Replace;
+    sPk.pTable = pTab;
+    sPk.szIdxRow = pTab->szTabRow;
+    aiRowEstPk[0] = pTab->nRowLogEst;
+    aiRowEstPk[1] = 0;
+    pFirst = pSrc->pTab->pIndex;
+    if( pSrc->notIndexed==0 ){
+      /* The real indices of the table are only considered if the
+      ** NOT INDEXED qualifier is omitted from the FROM clause */
+      sPk.pNext = pFirst;
+    }
+    pProbe = &sPk;
+  }
+  rSize = pTab->nRowLogEst;
+  rLogSize = estLog(rSize);
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
+  /* Automatic indexes */
+  if( !pBuilder->pOrSet
+   && (pWInfo->pParse->db->flags & SQLITE_AutoIndex)!=0
+   && pSrc->pIndex==0
+   && !pSrc->viaCoroutine
+   && !pSrc->notIndexed
+   && HasRowid(pTab)
+   && !pSrc->isCorrelated
+   && !pSrc->isRecursive
+  ){
+    /* Generate auto-index WhereLoops */
+    WhereTerm *pTerm;
+    WhereTerm *pWCEnd = pWC->a + pWC->nTerm;
+    for(pTerm=pWC->a; rc==SQLITE_OK && pTerm<pWCEnd; pTerm++){
+      if( pTerm->prereqRight & pNew->maskSelf ) continue;
+      if( termCanDriveIndex(pTerm, pSrc, 0) ){
+        pNew->u.btree.nEq = 1;
+        pNew->u.btree.nSkip = 0;
+        pNew->u.btree.pIndex = 0;
+        pNew->nLTerm = 1;
+        pNew->aLTerm[0] = pTerm;
+        /* TUNING: One-time cost for computing the automatic index is
+        ** approximately 7*N*log2(N) where N is the number of rows in
+        ** the table being indexed. */
+        pNew->rSetup = rLogSize + rSize + 28;  assert( 28==sqlite3LogEst(7) );
+        ApplyCostMultiplier(pNew->rSetup, pTab->costMult);
+        /* TUNING: Each index lookup yields 20 rows in the table.  This
+        ** is more than the usual guess of 10 rows, since we have no way
+        ** of knowning how selective the index will ultimately be.  It would
+        ** not be unreasonable to make this value much larger. */
+        pNew->nOut = 43;  assert( 43==sqlite3LogEst(20) );
+        pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rLogSize,pNew->nOut);
+        pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_AUTO_INDEX;
+        pNew->prereq = mExtra | pTerm->prereqRight;
+        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX */
+
+  /* Loop over all indices
+  */
+  for(; rc==SQLITE_OK && pProbe; pProbe=pProbe->pNext, iSortIdx++){
+    if( pProbe->pPartIdxWhere!=0
+     && !whereUsablePartialIndex(pNew->iTab, pWC, pProbe->pPartIdxWhere) ){
+      continue;  /* Partial index inappropriate for this query */
+    }
+    rSize = pProbe->aiRowLogEst[0];
+    pNew->u.btree.nEq = 0;
+    pNew->u.btree.nSkip = 0;
+    pNew->nLTerm = 0;
+    pNew->iSortIdx = 0;
+    pNew->rSetup = 0;
+    pNew->prereq = mExtra;
+    pNew->nOut = rSize;
+    pNew->u.btree.pIndex = pProbe;
+    b = indexMightHelpWithOrderBy(pBuilder, pProbe, pSrc->iCursor);
+    /* The ONEPASS_DESIRED flags never occurs together with ORDER BY */
+    assert( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0 || b==0 );
+    if( pProbe->tnum<=0 ){
+      /* Integer primary key index */
+      pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_IPK;
+
+      /* Full table scan */
+      pNew->iSortIdx = b ? iSortIdx : 0;
+      /* TUNING: Cost of full table scan is (N*3.0). */
+      pNew->rRun = rSize + 16;
+      ApplyCostMultiplier(pNew->rRun, pTab->costMult);
+      whereLoopOutputAdjust(pWC, pNew);
+      rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
+      pNew->nOut = rSize;
+      if( rc ) break;
+    }else{
+      Bitmask m;
+      if( pProbe->isCovering ){
+        pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_IDX_ONLY | WHERE_INDEXED;
+        m = 0;
+      }else{
+        m = pSrc->colUsed & ~columnsInIndex(pProbe);
+        pNew->wsFlags = (m==0) ? (WHERE_IDX_ONLY|WHERE_INDEXED) : WHERE_INDEXED;
+      }
+
+      /* Full scan via index */
+      if( b
+       || !HasRowid(pTab)
+       || ( m==0
+         && pProbe->bUnordered==0
+         && (pProbe->szIdxRow<pTab->szTabRow)
+         && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0
+         && sqlite3GlobalConfig.bUseCis
+         && OptimizationEnabled(pWInfo->pParse->db, SQLITE_CoverIdxScan)
+          )
+      ){
+        pNew->iSortIdx = b ? iSortIdx : 0;
+
+        /* The cost of visiting the index rows is N*K, where K is
+        ** between 1.1 and 3.0, depending on the relative sizes of the
+        ** index and table rows. If this is a non-covering index scan,
+        ** also add the cost of visiting table rows (N*3.0).  */
+        pNew->rRun = rSize + 1 + (15*pProbe->szIdxRow)/pTab->szTabRow;
+        if( m!=0 ){
+          pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstAdd(pNew->rRun, rSize+16);
+        }
+        ApplyCostMultiplier(pNew->rRun, pTab->costMult);
+        whereLoopOutputAdjust(pWC, pNew);
+        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
+        pNew->nOut = rSize;
+        if( rc ) break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    rc = whereLoopAddBtreeIndex(pBuilder, pSrc, pProbe, 0);
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3_OR_STAT4
+    sqlite3Stat4ProbeFree(pBuilder->pRec);
+    pBuilder->nRecValid = 0;
+    pBuilder->pRec = 0;
+#endif
+
+    /* If there was an INDEXED BY clause, then only that one index is
+    ** considered. */
+    if( pSrc->pIndex ) break;
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+/*
+** Add all WhereLoop objects for a table of the join identified by
+** pBuilder->pNew->iTab.  That table is guaranteed to be a virtual table.
+*/
+static int whereLoopAddVirtual(
+  WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder,  /* WHERE clause information */
+  Bitmask mExtra
+){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;           /* WHERE analysis context */
+  Parse *pParse;               /* The parsing context */
+  WhereClause *pWC;            /* The WHERE clause */
+  struct SrcList_item *pSrc;   /* The FROM clause term to search */
+  Table *pTab;
+  sqlite3 *db;
+  sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo;
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint *pIdxCons;
+  struct sqlite3_index_constraint_usage *pUsage;
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;
+  int i, j;
+  int iTerm, mxTerm;
+  int nConstraint;
+  int seenIn = 0;              /* True if an IN operator is seen */
+  int seenVar = 0;             /* True if a non-constant constraint is seen */
+  int iPhase;                  /* 0: const w/o IN, 1: const, 2: no IN,  2: IN */
+  WhereLoop *pNew;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
+  pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
+  db = pParse->db;
+  pWC = pBuilder->pWC;
+  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
+  pSrc = &pWInfo->pTabList->a[pNew->iTab];
+  pTab = pSrc->pTab;
+  assert( IsVirtual(pTab) );
+  pIdxInfo = allocateIndexInfo(pParse, pWC, pSrc, pBuilder->pOrderBy);
+  if( pIdxInfo==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pNew->prereq = 0;
+  pNew->rSetup = 0;
+  pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE;
+  pNew->nLTerm = 0;
+  pNew->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
+  pUsage = pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage;
+  nConstraint = pIdxInfo->nConstraint;
+  if( whereLoopResize(db, pNew, nConstraint) ){
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdxInfo);
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  for(iPhase=0; iPhase<=3; iPhase++){
+    if( !seenIn && (iPhase&1)!=0 ){
+      iPhase++;
+      if( iPhase>3 ) break;
+    }
+    if( !seenVar && iPhase>1 ) break;
+    pIdxCons = *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint;
+    for(i=0; i<pIdxInfo->nConstraint; i++, pIdxCons++){
+      j = pIdxCons->iTermOffset;
+      pTerm = &pWC->a[j];
+      switch( iPhase ){
+        case 0:    /* Constants without IN operator */
+          pIdxCons->usable = 0;
+          if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN)!=0 ){
+            seenIn = 1;
+          }
+          if( pTerm->prereqRight!=0 ){
+            seenVar = 1;
+          }else if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN)==0 ){
+            pIdxCons->usable = 1;
+          }
+          break;
+        case 1:    /* Constants with IN operators */
+          assert( seenIn );
+          pIdxCons->usable = (pTerm->prereqRight==0);
+          break;
+        case 2:    /* Variables without IN */
+          assert( seenVar );
+          pIdxCons->usable = (pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN)==0;
+          break;
+        default:   /* Variables with IN */
+          assert( seenVar && seenIn );
+          pIdxCons->usable = 1;
+          break;
+      }
+    }
+    memset(pUsage, 0, sizeof(pUsage[0])*pIdxInfo->nConstraint);
+    if( pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr ) sqlite3_free(pIdxInfo->idxStr);
+    pIdxInfo->idxStr = 0;
+    pIdxInfo->idxNum = 0;
+    pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr = 0;
+    pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed = 0;
+    pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL / (double)2;
+    pIdxInfo->estimatedRows = 25;
+    rc = vtabBestIndex(pParse, pTab, pIdxInfo);
+    if( rc ) goto whereLoopAddVtab_exit;
+    pIdxCons = *(struct sqlite3_index_constraint**)&pIdxInfo->aConstraint;
+    pNew->prereq = mExtra;
+    mxTerm = -1;
+    assert( pNew->nLSlot>=nConstraint );
+    for(i=0; i<nConstraint; i++) pNew->aLTerm[i] = 0;
+    pNew->u.vtab.omitMask = 0;
+    for(i=0; i<nConstraint; i++, pIdxCons++){
+      if( (iTerm = pUsage[i].argvIndex - 1)>=0 ){
+        j = pIdxCons->iTermOffset;
+        if( iTerm>=nConstraint
+         || j<0
+         || j>=pWC->nTerm
+         || pNew->aLTerm[iTerm]!=0
+        ){
+          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+          sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "%s.xBestIndex() malfunction", pTab->zName);
+          goto whereLoopAddVtab_exit;
+        }
+        testcase( iTerm==nConstraint-1 );
+        testcase( j==0 );
+        testcase( j==pWC->nTerm-1 );
+        pTerm = &pWC->a[j];
+        pNew->prereq |= pTerm->prereqRight;
+        assert( iTerm<pNew->nLSlot );
+        pNew->aLTerm[iTerm] = pTerm;
+        if( iTerm>mxTerm ) mxTerm = iTerm;
+        testcase( iTerm==15 );
+        testcase( iTerm==16 );
+        if( iTerm<16 && pUsage[i].omit ) pNew->u.vtab.omitMask |= 1<<iTerm;
+        if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_IN)!=0 ){
+          if( pUsage[i].omit==0 ){
+            /* Do not attempt to use an IN constraint if the virtual table
+            ** says that the equivalent EQ constraint cannot be safely omitted.
+            ** If we do attempt to use such a constraint, some rows might be
+            ** repeated in the output. */
+            break;
+          }
+          /* A virtual table that is constrained by an IN clause may not
+          ** consume the ORDER BY clause because (1) the order of IN terms
+          ** is not necessarily related to the order of output terms and
+          ** (2) Multiple outputs from a single IN value will not merge
+          ** together.  */
+          pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed = 0;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if( i>=nConstraint ){
+      pNew->nLTerm = mxTerm+1;
+      assert( pNew->nLTerm<=pNew->nLSlot );
+      pNew->u.vtab.idxNum = pIdxInfo->idxNum;
+      pNew->u.vtab.needFree = pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr;
+      pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr = 0;
+      pNew->u.vtab.idxStr = pIdxInfo->idxStr;
+      pNew->u.vtab.isOrdered = (i8)(pIdxInfo->orderByConsumed ?
+                                      pIdxInfo->nOrderBy : 0);
+      pNew->rSetup = 0;
+      pNew->rRun = sqlite3LogEstFromDouble(pIdxInfo->estimatedCost);
+      pNew->nOut = sqlite3LogEst(pIdxInfo->estimatedRows);
+      whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
+      if( pNew->u.vtab.needFree ){
+        sqlite3_free(pNew->u.vtab.idxStr);
+        pNew->u.vtab.needFree = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }  
+
+whereLoopAddVtab_exit:
+  if( pIdxInfo->needToFreeIdxStr ) sqlite3_free(pIdxInfo->idxStr);
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pIdxInfo);
+  return rc;
+}
+#endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE */
+
+/*
+** Add WhereLoop entries to handle OR terms.  This works for either
+** btrees or virtual tables.
+*/
+static int whereLoopAddOr(WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder, Bitmask mExtra){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
+  WhereClause *pWC;
+  WhereLoop *pNew;
+  WhereTerm *pTerm, *pWCEnd;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int iCur;
+  WhereClause tempWC;
+  WhereLoopBuilder sSubBuild;
+  WhereOrSet sSum, sCur;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+  
+  pWC = pBuilder->pWC;
+  if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_AND_ONLY ) return SQLITE_OK;
+  pWCEnd = pWC->a + pWC->nTerm;
+  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
+  memset(&sSum, 0, sizeof(sSum));
+  pItem = pWInfo->pTabList->a + pNew->iTab;
+  iCur = pItem->iCursor;
+
+  for(pTerm=pWC->a; pTerm<pWCEnd && rc==SQLITE_OK; pTerm++){
+    if( (pTerm->eOperator & WO_OR)!=0
+     && (pTerm->u.pOrInfo->indexable & pNew->maskSelf)!=0 
+    ){
+      WhereClause * const pOrWC = &pTerm->u.pOrInfo->wc;
+      WhereTerm * const pOrWCEnd = &pOrWC->a[pOrWC->nTerm];
+      WhereTerm *pOrTerm;
+      int once = 1;
+      int i, j;
+    
+      sSubBuild = *pBuilder;
+      sSubBuild.pOrderBy = 0;
+      sSubBuild.pOrSet = &sCur;
+
+      for(pOrTerm=pOrWC->a; pOrTerm<pOrWCEnd; pOrTerm++){
+        if( (pOrTerm->eOperator & WO_AND)!=0 ){
+          sSubBuild.pWC = &pOrTerm->u.pAndInfo->wc;
+        }else if( pOrTerm->leftCursor==iCur ){
+          tempWC.pWInfo = pWC->pWInfo;
+          tempWC.pOuter = pWC;
+          tempWC.op = TK_AND;
+          tempWC.nTerm = 1;
+          tempWC.a = pOrTerm;
+          sSubBuild.pWC = &tempWC;
+        }else{
+          continue;
+        }
+        sCur.n = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+        if( IsVirtual(pItem->pTab) ){
+          rc = whereLoopAddVirtual(&sSubBuild, mExtra);
+        }else
+#endif
+        {
+          rc = whereLoopAddBtree(&sSubBuild, mExtra);
+        }
+        assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || sCur.n==0 );
+        if( sCur.n==0 ){
+          sSum.n = 0;
+          break;
+        }else if( once ){
+          whereOrMove(&sSum, &sCur);
+          once = 0;
+        }else{
+          WhereOrSet sPrev;
+          whereOrMove(&sPrev, &sSum);
+          sSum.n = 0;
+          for(i=0; i<sPrev.n; i++){
+            for(j=0; j<sCur.n; j++){
+              whereOrInsert(&sSum, sPrev.a[i].prereq | sCur.a[j].prereq,
+                            sqlite3LogEstAdd(sPrev.a[i].rRun, sCur.a[j].rRun),
+                            sqlite3LogEstAdd(sPrev.a[i].nOut, sCur.a[j].nOut));
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      pNew->nLTerm = 1;
+      pNew->aLTerm[0] = pTerm;
+      pNew->wsFlags = WHERE_MULTI_OR;
+      pNew->rSetup = 0;
+      pNew->iSortIdx = 0;
+      memset(&pNew->u, 0, sizeof(pNew->u));
+      for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<sSum.n; i++){
+        /* TUNING: Currently sSum.a[i].rRun is set to the sum of the costs
+        ** of all sub-scans required by the OR-scan. However, due to rounding
+        ** errors, it may be that the cost of the OR-scan is equal to its
+        ** most expensive sub-scan. Add the smallest possible penalty 
+        ** (equivalent to multiplying the cost by 1.07) to ensure that 
+        ** this does not happen. Otherwise, for WHERE clauses such as the
+        ** following where there is an index on "y":
+        **
+        **     WHERE likelihood(x=?, 0.99) OR y=?
+        **
+        ** the planner may elect to "OR" together a full-table scan and an
+        ** index lookup. And other similarly odd results.  */
+        pNew->rRun = sSum.a[i].rRun + 1;
+        pNew->nOut = sSum.a[i].nOut;
+        pNew->prereq = sSum.a[i].prereq;
+        rc = whereLoopInsert(pBuilder, pNew);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Add all WhereLoop objects for all tables 
+*/
+static int whereLoopAddAll(WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
+  Bitmask mExtra = 0;
+  Bitmask mPrior = 0;
+  int iTab;
+  SrcList *pTabList = pWInfo->pTabList;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+  sqlite3 *db = pWInfo->pParse->db;
+  int nTabList = pWInfo->nLevel;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  u8 priorJoinType = 0;
+  WhereLoop *pNew;
+
+  /* Loop over the tables in the join, from left to right */
+  pNew = pBuilder->pNew;
+  whereLoopInit(pNew);
+  for(iTab=0, pItem=pTabList->a; iTab<nTabList; iTab++, pItem++){
+    pNew->iTab = iTab;
+    pNew->maskSelf = getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pItem->iCursor);
+    if( ((pItem->jointype|priorJoinType) & (JT_LEFT|JT_CROSS))!=0 ){
+      mExtra = mPrior;
+    }
+    priorJoinType = pItem->jointype;
+    if( IsVirtual(pItem->pTab) ){
+      rc = whereLoopAddVirtual(pBuilder, mExtra);
+    }else{
+      rc = whereLoopAddBtree(pBuilder, mExtra);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = whereLoopAddOr(pBuilder, mExtra);
+    }
+    mPrior |= pNew->maskSelf;
+    if( rc || db->mallocFailed ) break;
+  }
+  whereLoopClear(db, pNew);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Examine a WherePath (with the addition of the extra WhereLoop of the 5th
+** parameters) to see if it outputs rows in the requested ORDER BY
+** (or GROUP BY) without requiring a separate sort operation.  Return N:
+** 
+**   N>0:   N terms of the ORDER BY clause are satisfied
+**   N==0:  No terms of the ORDER BY clause are satisfied
+**   N<0:   Unknown yet how many terms of ORDER BY might be satisfied.   
+**
+** Note that processing for WHERE_GROUPBY and WHERE_DISTINCTBY is not as
+** strict.  With GROUP BY and DISTINCT the only requirement is that
+** equivalent rows appear immediately adjacent to one another.  GROUP BY
+** and DISTINCT do not require rows to appear in any particular order as long
+** as equivelent rows are grouped together.  Thus for GROUP BY and DISTINCT
+** the pOrderBy terms can be matched in any order.  With ORDER BY, the 
+** pOrderBy terms must be matched in strict left-to-right order.
+*/
+static i8 wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo,    /* The WHERE clause */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* ORDER BY or GROUP BY or DISTINCT clause to check */
+  WherePath *pPath,     /* The WherePath to check */
+  u16 wctrlFlags,       /* Might contain WHERE_GROUPBY or WHERE_DISTINCTBY */
+  u16 nLoop,            /* Number of entries in pPath->aLoop[] */
+  WhereLoop *pLast,     /* Add this WhereLoop to the end of pPath->aLoop[] */
+  Bitmask *pRevMask     /* OUT: Mask of WhereLoops to run in reverse order */
+){
+  u8 revSet;            /* True if rev is known */
+  u8 rev;               /* Composite sort order */
+  u8 revIdx;            /* Index sort order */
+  u8 isOrderDistinct;   /* All prior WhereLoops are order-distinct */
+  u8 distinctColumns;   /* True if the loop has UNIQUE NOT NULL columns */
+  u8 isMatch;           /* iColumn matches a term of the ORDER BY clause */
+  u16 nKeyCol;          /* Number of key columns in pIndex */
+  u16 nColumn;          /* Total number of ordered columns in the index */
+  u16 nOrderBy;         /* Number terms in the ORDER BY clause */
+  int iLoop;            /* Index of WhereLoop in pPath being processed */
+  int i, j;             /* Loop counters */
+  int iCur;             /* Cursor number for current WhereLoop */
+  int iColumn;          /* A column number within table iCur */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop = 0; /* Current WhereLoop being processed. */
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;     /* A single term of the WHERE clause */
+  Expr *pOBExpr;        /* An expression from the ORDER BY clause */
+  CollSeq *pColl;       /* COLLATE function from an ORDER BY clause term */
+  Index *pIndex;        /* The index associated with pLoop */
+  sqlite3 *db = pWInfo->pParse->db;  /* Database connection */
+  Bitmask obSat = 0;    /* Mask of ORDER BY terms satisfied so far */
+  Bitmask obDone;       /* Mask of all ORDER BY terms */
+  Bitmask orderDistinctMask;  /* Mask of all well-ordered loops */
+  Bitmask ready;              /* Mask of inner loops */
+
+  /*
+  ** We say the WhereLoop is "one-row" if it generates no more than one
+  ** row of output.  A WhereLoop is one-row if all of the following are true:
+  **  (a) All index columns match with WHERE_COLUMN_EQ.
+  **  (b) The index is unique
+  ** Any WhereLoop with an WHERE_COLUMN_EQ constraint on the rowid is one-row.
+  ** Every one-row WhereLoop will have the WHERE_ONEROW bit set in wsFlags.
+  **
+  ** We say the WhereLoop is "order-distinct" if the set of columns from
+  ** that WhereLoop that are in the ORDER BY clause are different for every
+  ** row of the WhereLoop.  Every one-row WhereLoop is automatically
+  ** order-distinct.   A WhereLoop that has no columns in the ORDER BY clause
+  ** is not order-distinct. To be order-distinct is not quite the same as being
+  ** UNIQUE since a UNIQUE column or index can have multiple rows that 
+  ** are NULL and NULL values are equivalent for the purpose of order-distinct.
+  ** To be order-distinct, the columns must be UNIQUE and NOT NULL.
+  **
+  ** The rowid for a table is always UNIQUE and NOT NULL so whenever the
+  ** rowid appears in the ORDER BY clause, the corresponding WhereLoop is
+  ** automatically order-distinct.
+  */
+
+  assert( pOrderBy!=0 );
+  if( nLoop && OptimizationDisabled(db, SQLITE_OrderByIdxJoin) ) return 0;
+
+  nOrderBy = pOrderBy->nExpr;
+  testcase( nOrderBy==BMS-1 );
+  if( nOrderBy>BMS-1 ) return 0;  /* Cannot optimize overly large ORDER BYs */
+  isOrderDistinct = 1;
+  obDone = MASKBIT(nOrderBy)-1;
+  orderDistinctMask = 0;
+  ready = 0;
+  for(iLoop=0; isOrderDistinct && obSat<obDone && iLoop<=nLoop; iLoop++){
+    if( iLoop>0 ) ready |= pLoop->maskSelf;
+    pLoop = iLoop<nLoop ? pPath->aLoop[iLoop] : pLast;
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE ){
+      if( pLoop->u.vtab.isOrdered ) obSat = obDone;
+      break;
+    }
+    iCur = pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLoop->iTab].iCursor;
+
+    /* Mark off any ORDER BY term X that is a column in the table of
+    ** the current loop for which there is term in the WHERE
+    ** clause of the form X IS NULL or X=? that reference only outer
+    ** loops.
+    */
+    for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
+      if( MASKBIT(i) & obSat ) continue;
+      pOBExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
+      if( pOBExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) continue;
+      if( pOBExpr->iTable!=iCur ) continue;
+      pTerm = findTerm(&pWInfo->sWC, iCur, pOBExpr->iColumn,
+                       ~ready, WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL, 0);
+      if( pTerm==0 ) continue;
+      if( (pTerm->eOperator&WO_EQ)!=0 && pOBExpr->iColumn>=0 ){
+        const char *z1, *z2;
+        pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pWInfo->pParse, pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
+        if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+        z1 = pColl->zName;
+        pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pWInfo->pParse, pTerm->pExpr);
+        if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+        z2 = pColl->zName;
+        if( sqlite3StrICmp(z1, z2)!=0 ) continue;
+      }
+      obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
+    }
+
+    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW)==0 ){
+      if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IPK ){
+        pIndex = 0;
+        nKeyCol = 0;
+        nColumn = 1;
+      }else if( (pIndex = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex)==0 || pIndex->bUnordered ){
+        return 0;
+      }else{
+        nKeyCol = pIndex->nKeyCol;
+        nColumn = pIndex->nColumn;
+        assert( nColumn==nKeyCol+1 || !HasRowid(pIndex->pTable) );
+        assert( pIndex->aiColumn[nColumn-1]==(-1) || !HasRowid(pIndex->pTable));
+        isOrderDistinct = IsUniqueIndex(pIndex);
+      }
+
+      /* Loop through all columns of the index and deal with the ones
+      ** that are not constrained by == or IN.
+      */
+      rev = revSet = 0;
+      distinctColumns = 0;
+      for(j=0; j<nColumn; j++){
+        u8 bOnce;   /* True to run the ORDER BY search loop */
+
+        /* Skip over == and IS NULL terms */
+        if( j<pLoop->u.btree.nEq
+         && pLoop->u.btree.nSkip==0
+         && ((i = pLoop->aLTerm[j]->eOperator) & (WO_EQ|WO_ISNULL))!=0
+        ){
+          if( i & WO_ISNULL ){
+            testcase( isOrderDistinct );
+            isOrderDistinct = 0;
+          }
+          continue;  
+        }
+
+        /* Get the column number in the table (iColumn) and sort order
+        ** (revIdx) for the j-th column of the index.
+        */
+        if( pIndex ){
+          iColumn = pIndex->aiColumn[j];
+          revIdx = pIndex->aSortOrder[j];
+          if( iColumn==pIndex->pTable->iPKey ) iColumn = -1;
+        }else{
+          iColumn = -1;
+          revIdx = 0;
+        }
+
+        /* An unconstrained column that might be NULL means that this
+        ** WhereLoop is not well-ordered
+        */
+        if( isOrderDistinct
+         && iColumn>=0
+         && j>=pLoop->u.btree.nEq
+         && pIndex->pTable->aCol[iColumn].notNull==0
+        ){
+          isOrderDistinct = 0;
+        }
+
+        /* Find the ORDER BY term that corresponds to the j-th column
+        ** of the index and mark that ORDER BY term off 
+        */
+        bOnce = 1;
+        isMatch = 0;
+        for(i=0; bOnce && i<nOrderBy; i++){
+          if( MASKBIT(i) & obSat ) continue;
+          pOBExpr = sqlite3ExprSkipCollate(pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
+          testcase( wctrlFlags & WHERE_GROUPBY );
+          testcase( wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY );
+          if( (wctrlFlags & (WHERE_GROUPBY|WHERE_DISTINCTBY))==0 ) bOnce = 0;
+          if( pOBExpr->op!=TK_COLUMN ) continue;
+          if( pOBExpr->iTable!=iCur ) continue;
+          if( pOBExpr->iColumn!=iColumn ) continue;
+          if( iColumn>=0 ){
+            pColl = sqlite3ExprCollSeq(pWInfo->pParse, pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr);
+            if( !pColl ) pColl = db->pDfltColl;
+            if( sqlite3StrICmp(pColl->zName, pIndex->azColl[j])!=0 ) continue;
+          }
+          isMatch = 1;
+          break;
+        }
+        if( isMatch && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_GROUPBY)==0 ){
+          /* Make sure the sort order is compatible in an ORDER BY clause.
+          ** Sort order is irrelevant for a GROUP BY clause. */
+          if( revSet ){
+            if( (rev ^ revIdx)!=pOrderBy->a[i].sortOrder ) isMatch = 0;
+          }else{
+            rev = revIdx ^ pOrderBy->a[i].sortOrder;
+            if( rev ) *pRevMask |= MASKBIT(iLoop);
+            revSet = 1;
+          }
+        }
+        if( isMatch ){
+          if( iColumn<0 ){
+            testcase( distinctColumns==0 );
+            distinctColumns = 1;
+          }
+          obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
+        }else{
+          /* No match found */
+          if( j==0 || j<nKeyCol ){
+            testcase( isOrderDistinct!=0 );
+            isOrderDistinct = 0;
+          }
+          break;
+        }
+      } /* end Loop over all index columns */
+      if( distinctColumns ){
+        testcase( isOrderDistinct==0 );
+        isOrderDistinct = 1;
+      }
+    } /* end-if not one-row */
+
+    /* Mark off any other ORDER BY terms that reference pLoop */
+    if( isOrderDistinct ){
+      orderDistinctMask |= pLoop->maskSelf;
+      for(i=0; i<nOrderBy; i++){
+        Expr *p;
+        Bitmask mTerm;
+        if( MASKBIT(i) & obSat ) continue;
+        p = pOrderBy->a[i].pExpr;
+        mTerm = exprTableUsage(&pWInfo->sMaskSet,p);
+        if( mTerm==0 && !sqlite3ExprIsConstant(p) ) continue;
+        if( (mTerm&~orderDistinctMask)==0 ){
+          obSat |= MASKBIT(i);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } /* End the loop over all WhereLoops from outer-most down to inner-most */
+  if( obSat==obDone ) return (i8)nOrderBy;
+  if( !isOrderDistinct ){
+    for(i=nOrderBy-1; i>0; i--){
+      Bitmask m = MASKBIT(i) - 1;
+      if( (obSat&m)==m ) return i;
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** If the WHERE_GROUPBY flag is set in the mask passed to sqlite3WhereBegin(),
+** the planner assumes that the specified pOrderBy list is actually a GROUP
+** BY clause - and so any order that groups rows as required satisfies the
+** request.
+**
+** Normally, in this case it is not possible for the caller to determine
+** whether or not the rows are really being delivered in sorted order, or
+** just in some other order that provides the required grouping. However,
+** if the WHERE_SORTBYGROUP flag is also passed to sqlite3WhereBegin(), then
+** this function may be called on the returned WhereInfo object. It returns
+** true if the rows really will be sorted in the specified order, or false
+** otherwise.
+**
+** For example, assuming:
+**
+**   CREATE INDEX i1 ON t1(x, Y);
+**
+** then
+**
+**   SELECT * FROM t1 GROUP BY x,y ORDER BY x,y;   -- IsSorted()==1
+**   SELECT * FROM t1 GROUP BY y,x ORDER BY y,x;   -- IsSorted()==0
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3WhereIsSorted(WhereInfo *pWInfo){
+  assert( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_GROUPBY );
+  assert( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_SORTBYGROUP );
+  return pWInfo->sorted;
+}
+
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED
+/* For debugging use only: */
+static const char *wherePathName(WherePath *pPath, int nLoop, WhereLoop *pLast){
+  static char zName[65];
+  int i;
+  for(i=0; i<nLoop; i++){ zName[i] = pPath->aLoop[i]->cId; }
+  if( pLast ) zName[i++] = pLast->cId;
+  zName[i] = 0;
+  return zName;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+** Return the cost of sorting nRow rows, assuming that the keys have 
+** nOrderby columns and that the first nSorted columns are already in
+** order.
+*/
+static LogEst whereSortingCost(
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo,
+  LogEst nRow,
+  int nOrderBy,
+  int nSorted
+){
+  /* TUNING: Estimated cost of a full external sort, where N is 
+  ** the number of rows to sort is:
+  **
+  **   cost = (3.0 * N * log(N)).
+  ** 
+  ** Or, if the order-by clause has X terms but only the last Y 
+  ** terms are out of order, then block-sorting will reduce the 
+  ** sorting cost to:
+  **
+  **   cost = (3.0 * N * log(N)) * (Y/X)
+  **
+  ** The (Y/X) term is implemented using stack variable rScale
+  ** below.  */
+  LogEst rScale, rSortCost;
+  assert( nOrderBy>0 && 66==sqlite3LogEst(100) );
+  rScale = sqlite3LogEst((nOrderBy-nSorted)*100/nOrderBy) - 66;
+  rSortCost = nRow + estLog(nRow) + rScale + 16;
+
+  /* TUNING: The cost of implementing DISTINCT using a B-TREE is
+  ** similar but with a larger constant of proportionality. 
+  ** Multiply by an additional factor of 3.0.  */
+  if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT ){
+    rSortCost += 16;
+  }
+
+  return rSortCost;
+}
+
+/*
+** Given the list of WhereLoop objects at pWInfo->pLoops, this routine
+** attempts to find the lowest cost path that visits each WhereLoop
+** once.  This path is then loaded into the pWInfo->a[].pWLoop fields.
+**
+** Assume that the total number of output rows that will need to be sorted
+** will be nRowEst (in the 10*log2 representation).  Or, ignore sorting
+** costs if nRowEst==0.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK on success or SQLITE_NOMEM of a memory allocation
+** error occurs.
+*/
+static int wherePathSolver(WhereInfo *pWInfo, LogEst nRowEst){
+  int mxChoice;             /* Maximum number of simultaneous paths tracked */
+  int nLoop;                /* Number of terms in the join */
+  Parse *pParse;            /* Parsing context */
+  sqlite3 *db;              /* The database connection */
+  int iLoop;                /* Loop counter over the terms of the join */
+  int ii, jj;               /* Loop counters */
+  int mxI = 0;              /* Index of next entry to replace */
+  int nOrderBy;             /* Number of ORDER BY clause terms */
+  LogEst mxCost = 0;        /* Maximum cost of a set of paths */
+  LogEst mxUnsorted = 0;    /* Maximum unsorted cost of a set of path */
+  int nTo, nFrom;           /* Number of valid entries in aTo[] and aFrom[] */
+  WherePath *aFrom;         /* All nFrom paths at the previous level */
+  WherePath *aTo;           /* The nTo best paths at the current level */
+  WherePath *pFrom;         /* An element of aFrom[] that we are working on */
+  WherePath *pTo;           /* An element of aTo[] that we are working on */
+  WhereLoop *pWLoop;        /* One of the WhereLoop objects */
+  WhereLoop **pX;           /* Used to divy up the pSpace memory */
+  LogEst *aSortCost = 0;    /* Sorting and partial sorting costs */
+  char *pSpace;             /* Temporary memory used by this routine */
+  int nSpace;               /* Bytes of space allocated at pSpace */
+
+  pParse = pWInfo->pParse;
+  db = pParse->db;
+  nLoop = pWInfo->nLevel;
+  /* TUNING: For simple queries, only the best path is tracked.
+  ** For 2-way joins, the 5 best paths are followed.
+  ** For joins of 3 or more tables, track the 10 best paths */
+  mxChoice = (nLoop<=1) ? 1 : (nLoop==2 ? 5 : 10);
+  assert( nLoop<=pWInfo->pTabList->nSrc );
+  WHERETRACE(0x002, ("---- begin solver.  (nRowEst=%d)\n", nRowEst));
+
+  /* If nRowEst is zero and there is an ORDER BY clause, ignore it. In this
+  ** case the purpose of this call is to estimate the number of rows returned
+  ** by the overall query. Once this estimate has been obtained, the caller
+  ** will invoke this function a second time, passing the estimate as the
+  ** nRowEst parameter.  */
+  if( pWInfo->pOrderBy==0 || nRowEst==0 ){
+    nOrderBy = 0;
+  }else{
+    nOrderBy = pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr;
+  }
+
+  /* Allocate and initialize space for aTo, aFrom and aSortCost[] */
+  nSpace = (sizeof(WherePath)+sizeof(WhereLoop*)*nLoop)*mxChoice*2;
+  nSpace += sizeof(LogEst) * nOrderBy;
+  pSpace = sqlite3DbMallocRaw(db, nSpace);
+  if( pSpace==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  aTo = (WherePath*)pSpace;
+  aFrom = aTo+mxChoice;
+  memset(aFrom, 0, sizeof(aFrom[0]));
+  pX = (WhereLoop**)(aFrom+mxChoice);
+  for(ii=mxChoice*2, pFrom=aTo; ii>0; ii--, pFrom++, pX += nLoop){
+    pFrom->aLoop = pX;
+  }
+  if( nOrderBy ){
+    /* If there is an ORDER BY clause and it is not being ignored, set up
+    ** space for the aSortCost[] array. Each element of the aSortCost array
+    ** is either zero - meaning it has not yet been initialized - or the
+    ** cost of sorting nRowEst rows of data where the first X terms of
+    ** the ORDER BY clause are already in order, where X is the array 
+    ** index.  */
+    aSortCost = (LogEst*)pX;
+    memset(aSortCost, 0, sizeof(LogEst) * nOrderBy);
+  }
+  assert( aSortCost==0 || &pSpace[nSpace]==(char*)&aSortCost[nOrderBy] );
+  assert( aSortCost!=0 || &pSpace[nSpace]==(char*)pX );
+
+  /* Seed the search with a single WherePath containing zero WhereLoops.
+  **
+  ** TUNING: Do not let the number of iterations go above 25.  If the cost
+  ** of computing an automatic index is not paid back within the first 25
+  ** rows, then do not use the automatic index. */
+  aFrom[0].nRow = MIN(pParse->nQueryLoop, 46);  assert( 46==sqlite3LogEst(25) );
+  nFrom = 1;
+  assert( aFrom[0].isOrdered==0 );
+  if( nOrderBy ){
+    /* If nLoop is zero, then there are no FROM terms in the query. Since
+    ** in this case the query may return a maximum of one row, the results
+    ** are already in the requested order. Set isOrdered to nOrderBy to
+    ** indicate this. Or, if nLoop is greater than zero, set isOrdered to
+    ** -1, indicating that the result set may or may not be ordered, 
+    ** depending on the loops added to the current plan.  */
+    aFrom[0].isOrdered = nLoop>0 ? -1 : nOrderBy;
+  }
+
+  /* Compute successively longer WherePaths using the previous generation
+  ** of WherePaths as the basis for the next.  Keep track of the mxChoice
+  ** best paths at each generation */
+  for(iLoop=0; iLoop<nLoop; iLoop++){
+    nTo = 0;
+    for(ii=0, pFrom=aFrom; ii<nFrom; ii++, pFrom++){
+      for(pWLoop=pWInfo->pLoops; pWLoop; pWLoop=pWLoop->pNextLoop){
+        LogEst nOut;                      /* Rows visited by (pFrom+pWLoop) */
+        LogEst rCost;                     /* Cost of path (pFrom+pWLoop) */
+        LogEst rUnsorted;                 /* Unsorted cost of (pFrom+pWLoop) */
+        i8 isOrdered = pFrom->isOrdered;  /* isOrdered for (pFrom+pWLoop) */
+        Bitmask maskNew;                  /* Mask of src visited by (..) */
+        Bitmask revMask = 0;              /* Mask of rev-order loops for (..) */
+
+        if( (pWLoop->prereq & ~pFrom->maskLoop)!=0 ) continue;
+        if( (pWLoop->maskSelf & pFrom->maskLoop)!=0 ) continue;
+        /* At this point, pWLoop is a candidate to be the next loop. 
+        ** Compute its cost */
+        rUnsorted = sqlite3LogEstAdd(pWLoop->rSetup,pWLoop->rRun + pFrom->nRow);
+        rUnsorted = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rUnsorted, pFrom->rUnsorted);
+        nOut = pFrom->nRow + pWLoop->nOut;
+        maskNew = pFrom->maskLoop | pWLoop->maskSelf;
+        if( isOrdered<0 ){
+          isOrdered = wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo,
+                       pWInfo->pOrderBy, pFrom, pWInfo->wctrlFlags,
+                       iLoop, pWLoop, &revMask);
+        }else{
+          revMask = pFrom->revLoop;
+        }
+        if( isOrdered>=0 && isOrdered<nOrderBy ){
+          if( aSortCost[isOrdered]==0 ){
+            aSortCost[isOrdered] = whereSortingCost(
+                pWInfo, nRowEst, nOrderBy, isOrdered
+            );
+          }
+          rCost = sqlite3LogEstAdd(rUnsorted, aSortCost[isOrdered]);
+
+          WHERETRACE(0x002,
+              ("---- sort cost=%-3d (%d/%d) increases cost %3d to %-3d\n",
+               aSortCost[isOrdered], (nOrderBy-isOrdered), nOrderBy, 
+               rUnsorted, rCost));
+        }else{
+          rCost = rUnsorted;
+        }
+
+        /* Check to see if pWLoop should be added to the set of
+        ** mxChoice best-so-far paths.
+        **
+        ** First look for an existing path among best-so-far paths
+        ** that covers the same set of loops and has the same isOrdered
+        ** setting as the current path candidate.
+        **
+        ** The term "((pTo->isOrdered^isOrdered)&0x80)==0" is equivalent
+        ** to (pTo->isOrdered==(-1))==(isOrdered==(-1))" for the range
+        ** of legal values for isOrdered, -1..64.
+        */
+        for(jj=0, pTo=aTo; jj<nTo; jj++, pTo++){
+          if( pTo->maskLoop==maskNew
+           && ((pTo->isOrdered^isOrdered)&0x80)==0
+          ){
+            testcase( jj==nTo-1 );
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        if( jj>=nTo ){
+          /* None of the existing best-so-far paths match the candidate. */
+          if( nTo>=mxChoice
+           && (rCost>mxCost || (rCost==mxCost && rUnsorted>=mxUnsorted))
+          ){
+            /* The current candidate is no better than any of the mxChoice
+            ** paths currently in the best-so-far buffer.  So discard
+            ** this candidate as not viable. */
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
+            if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
+              sqlite3DebugPrintf("Skip   %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c\n",
+                  wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut,
+                  isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
+            }
+#endif
+            continue;
+          }
+          /* If we reach this points it means that the new candidate path
+          ** needs to be added to the set of best-so-far paths. */
+          if( nTo<mxChoice ){
+            /* Increase the size of the aTo set by one */
+            jj = nTo++;
+          }else{
+            /* New path replaces the prior worst to keep count below mxChoice */
+            jj = mxI;
+          }
+          pTo = &aTo[jj];
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
+          if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
+            sqlite3DebugPrintf("New    %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c\n",
+                wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut,
+                isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
+          }
+#endif
+        }else{
+          /* Control reaches here if best-so-far path pTo=aTo[jj] covers the
+          ** same set of loops and has the sam isOrdered setting as the
+          ** candidate path.  Check to see if the candidate should replace
+          ** pTo or if the candidate should be skipped */
+          if( pTo->rCost<rCost || (pTo->rCost==rCost && pTo->nRow<=nOut) ){
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
+            if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
+              sqlite3DebugPrintf(
+                  "Skip   %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c",
+                  wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut,
+                  isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
+              sqlite3DebugPrintf("   vs %s cost=%-3d,%d order=%c\n",
+                  wherePathName(pTo, iLoop+1, 0), pTo->rCost, pTo->nRow,
+                  pTo->isOrdered>=0 ? pTo->isOrdered+'0' : '?');
+            }
+#endif
+            /* Discard the candidate path from further consideration */
+            testcase( pTo->rCost==rCost );
+            continue;
+          }
+          testcase( pTo->rCost==rCost+1 );
+          /* Control reaches here if the candidate path is better than the
+          ** pTo path.  Replace pTo with the candidate. */
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* 0x4 */
+          if( sqlite3WhereTrace&0x4 ){
+            sqlite3DebugPrintf(
+                "Update %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c",
+                wherePathName(pFrom, iLoop, pWLoop), rCost, nOut,
+                isOrdered>=0 ? isOrdered+'0' : '?');
+            sqlite3DebugPrintf("  was %s cost=%-3d,%3d order=%c\n",
+                wherePathName(pTo, iLoop+1, 0), pTo->rCost, pTo->nRow,
+                pTo->isOrdered>=0 ? pTo->isOrdered+'0' : '?');
+          }
+#endif
+        }
+        /* pWLoop is a winner.  Add it to the set of best so far */
+        pTo->maskLoop = pFrom->maskLoop | pWLoop->maskSelf;
+        pTo->revLoop = revMask;
+        pTo->nRow = nOut;
+        pTo->rCost = rCost;
+        pTo->rUnsorted = rUnsorted;
+        pTo->isOrdered = isOrdered;
+        memcpy(pTo->aLoop, pFrom->aLoop, sizeof(WhereLoop*)*iLoop);
+        pTo->aLoop[iLoop] = pWLoop;
+        if( nTo>=mxChoice ){
+          mxI = 0;
+          mxCost = aTo[0].rCost;
+          mxUnsorted = aTo[0].nRow;
+          for(jj=1, pTo=&aTo[1]; jj<mxChoice; jj++, pTo++){
+            if( pTo->rCost>mxCost 
+             || (pTo->rCost==mxCost && pTo->rUnsorted>mxUnsorted) 
+            ){
+              mxCost = pTo->rCost;
+              mxUnsorted = pTo->rUnsorted;
+              mxI = jj;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED  /* >=2 */
+    if( sqlite3WhereTrace>=2 ){
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf("---- after round %d ----\n", iLoop);
+      for(ii=0, pTo=aTo; ii<nTo; ii++, pTo++){
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf(" %s cost=%-3d nrow=%-3d order=%c",
+           wherePathName(pTo, iLoop+1, 0), pTo->rCost, pTo->nRow,
+           pTo->isOrdered>=0 ? (pTo->isOrdered+'0') : '?');
+        if( pTo->isOrdered>0 ){
+          sqlite3DebugPrintf(" rev=0x%llx\n", pTo->revLoop);
+        }else{
+          sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
+        }
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* Swap the roles of aFrom and aTo for the next generation */
+    pFrom = aTo;
+    aTo = aFrom;
+    aFrom = pFrom;
+    nFrom = nTo;
+  }
+
+  if( nFrom==0 ){
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "no query solution");
+    sqlite3DbFree(db, pSpace);
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  
+  /* Find the lowest cost path.  pFrom will be left pointing to that path */
+  pFrom = aFrom;
+  for(ii=1; ii<nFrom; ii++){
+    if( pFrom->rCost>aFrom[ii].rCost ) pFrom = &aFrom[ii];
+  }
+  assert( pWInfo->nLevel==nLoop );
+  /* Load the lowest cost path into pWInfo */
+  for(iLoop=0; iLoop<nLoop; iLoop++){
+    WhereLevel *pLevel = pWInfo->a + iLoop;
+    pLevel->pWLoop = pWLoop = pFrom->aLoop[iLoop];
+    pLevel->iFrom = pWLoop->iTab;
+    pLevel->iTabCur = pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom].iCursor;
+  }
+  if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT)!=0
+   && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY)==0
+   && pWInfo->eDistinct==WHERE_DISTINCT_NOOP
+   && nRowEst
+  ){
+    Bitmask notUsed;
+    int rc = wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo, pWInfo->pResultSet, pFrom,
+                 WHERE_DISTINCTBY, nLoop-1, pFrom->aLoop[nLoop-1], &notUsed);
+    if( rc==pWInfo->pResultSet->nExpr ){
+      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pWInfo->pOrderBy ){
+    if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_DISTINCTBY ){
+      if( pFrom->isOrdered==pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr ){
+        pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED;
+      }
+    }else{
+      pWInfo->nOBSat = pFrom->isOrdered;
+      if( pWInfo->nOBSat<0 ) pWInfo->nOBSat = 0;
+      pWInfo->revMask = pFrom->revLoop;
+    }
+    if( (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_SORTBYGROUP)
+        && pWInfo->nOBSat==pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr
+    ){
+      Bitmask notUsed = 0;
+      int nOrder = wherePathSatisfiesOrderBy(pWInfo, pWInfo->pOrderBy, 
+          pFrom, 0, nLoop-1, pFrom->aLoop[nLoop-1], &notUsed
+      );
+      assert( pWInfo->sorted==0 );
+      pWInfo->sorted = (nOrder==pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr);
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  pWInfo->nRowOut = pFrom->nRow;
+
+  /* Free temporary memory and return success */
+  sqlite3DbFree(db, pSpace);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Most queries use only a single table (they are not joins) and have
+** simple == constraints against indexed fields.  This routine attempts
+** to plan those simple cases using much less ceremony than the
+** general-purpose query planner, and thereby yield faster sqlite3_prepare()
+** times for the common case.
+**
+** Return non-zero on success, if this query can be handled by this
+** no-frills query planner.  Return zero if this query needs the 
+** general-purpose query planner.
+*/
+static int whereShortCut(WhereLoopBuilder *pBuilder){
+  WhereInfo *pWInfo;
+  struct SrcList_item *pItem;
+  WhereClause *pWC;
+  WhereTerm *pTerm;
+  WhereLoop *pLoop;
+  int iCur;
+  int j;
+  Table *pTab;
+  Index *pIdx;
+  
+  pWInfo = pBuilder->pWInfo;
+  if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_FORCE_TABLE ) return 0;
+  assert( pWInfo->pTabList->nSrc>=1 );
+  pItem = pWInfo->pTabList->a;
+  pTab = pItem->pTab;
+  if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) return 0;
+  if( pItem->zIndex ) return 0;
+  iCur = pItem->iCursor;
+  pWC = &pWInfo->sWC;
+  pLoop = pBuilder->pNew;
+  pLoop->wsFlags = 0;
+  pLoop->u.btree.nSkip = 0;
+  pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, -1, 0, WO_EQ, 0);
+  if( pTerm ){
+    pLoop->wsFlags = WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_IPK|WHERE_ONEROW;
+    pLoop->aLTerm[0] = pTerm;
+    pLoop->nLTerm = 1;
+    pLoop->u.btree.nEq = 1;
+    /* TUNING: Cost of a rowid lookup is 10 */
+    pLoop->rRun = 33;  /* 33==sqlite3LogEst(10) */
+  }else{
+    for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+      assert( pLoop->aLTermSpace==pLoop->aLTerm );
+      assert( ArraySize(pLoop->aLTermSpace)==4 );
+      if( !IsUniqueIndex(pIdx)
+       || pIdx->pPartIdxWhere!=0 
+       || pIdx->nKeyCol>ArraySize(pLoop->aLTermSpace) 
+      ) continue;
+      for(j=0; j<pIdx->nKeyCol; j++){
+        pTerm = findTerm(pWC, iCur, pIdx->aiColumn[j], 0, WO_EQ, pIdx);
+        if( pTerm==0 ) break;
+        pLoop->aLTerm[j] = pTerm;
+      }
+      if( j!=pIdx->nKeyCol ) continue;
+      pLoop->wsFlags = WHERE_COLUMN_EQ|WHERE_ONEROW|WHERE_INDEXED;
+      if( pIdx->isCovering || (pItem->colUsed & ~columnsInIndex(pIdx))==0 ){
+        pLoop->wsFlags |= WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
+      }
+      pLoop->nLTerm = j;
+      pLoop->u.btree.nEq = j;
+      pLoop->u.btree.pIndex = pIdx;
+      /* TUNING: Cost of a unique index lookup is 15 */
+      pLoop->rRun = 39;  /* 39==sqlite3LogEst(15) */
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  if( pLoop->wsFlags ){
+    pLoop->nOut = (LogEst)1;
+    pWInfo->a[0].pWLoop = pLoop;
+    pLoop->maskSelf = getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, iCur);
+    pWInfo->a[0].iTabCur = iCur;
+    pWInfo->nRowOut = 1;
+    if( pWInfo->pOrderBy ) pWInfo->nOBSat =  pWInfo->pOrderBy->nExpr;
+    if( pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT ){
+      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE;
+    }
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+    pLoop->cId = '0';
+#endif
+    return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
 
 /*
 ** Generate the beginning of the loop used for WHERE clause processing.
@@ -107160,40 +116856,56 @@
 **
 ** ORDER BY CLAUSE PROCESSING
 **
-** *ppOrderBy is a pointer to the ORDER BY clause of a SELECT statement,
+** pOrderBy is a pointer to the ORDER BY clause (or the GROUP BY clause
+** if the WHERE_GROUPBY flag is set in wctrlFlags) of a SELECT statement
 ** if there is one.  If there is no ORDER BY clause or if this routine
-** is called from an UPDATE or DELETE statement, then ppOrderBy is NULL.
+** is called from an UPDATE or DELETE statement, then pOrderBy is NULL.
 **
-** If an index can be used so that the natural output order of the table
-** scan is correct for the ORDER BY clause, then that index is used and
-** *ppOrderBy is set to NULL.  This is an optimization that prevents an
-** unnecessary sort of the result set if an index appropriate for the
-** ORDER BY clause already exists.
-**
-** If the where clause loops cannot be arranged to provide the correct
-** output order, then the *ppOrderBy is unchanged.
+** The iIdxCur parameter is the cursor number of an index.  If 
+** WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY is set, iIdxCur is the cursor number of an index
+** to use for OR clause processing.  The WHERE clause should use this
+** specific cursor.  If WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED is set, then iIdxCur is
+** the first cursor in an array of cursors for all indices.  iIdxCur should
+** be used to compute the appropriate cursor depending on which index is
+** used.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE WhereInfo *sqlite3WhereBegin(
   Parse *pParse,        /* The parser context */
-  SrcList *pTabList,    /* A list of all tables to be scanned */
+  SrcList *pTabList,    /* FROM clause: A list of all tables to be scanned */
   Expr *pWhere,         /* The WHERE clause */
-  ExprList **ppOrderBy, /* An ORDER BY clause, or NULL */
-  ExprList *pDistinct,  /* The select-list for DISTINCT queries - or NULL */
-  u16 wctrlFlags        /* One of the WHERE_* flags defined in sqliteInt.h */
+  ExprList *pOrderBy,   /* An ORDER BY (or GROUP BY) clause, or NULL */
+  ExprList *pResultSet, /* Result set of the query */
+  u16 wctrlFlags,       /* One of the WHERE_* flags defined in sqliteInt.h */
+  int iIdxCur           /* If WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY is set, index cursor number */
 ){
-  int i;                     /* Loop counter */
   int nByteWInfo;            /* Num. bytes allocated for WhereInfo struct */
   int nTabList;              /* Number of elements in pTabList */
   WhereInfo *pWInfo;         /* Will become the return value of this function */
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;   /* The virtual database engine */
   Bitmask notReady;          /* Cursors that are not yet positioned */
+  WhereLoopBuilder sWLB;     /* The WhereLoop builder */
   WhereMaskSet *pMaskSet;    /* The expression mask set */
-  WhereClause *pWC;               /* Decomposition of the WHERE clause */
-  struct SrcList_item *pTabItem;  /* A single entry from pTabList */
-  WhereLevel *pLevel;             /* A single level in the pWInfo list */
-  int iFrom;                      /* First unused FROM clause element */
-  int andFlags;              /* AND-ed combination of all pWC->a[].wtFlags */
+  WhereLevel *pLevel;        /* A single level in pWInfo->a[] */
+  WhereLoop *pLoop;          /* Pointer to a single WhereLoop object */
+  int ii;                    /* Loop counter */
   sqlite3 *db;               /* Database connection */
+  int rc;                    /* Return code */
+
+
+  /* Variable initialization */
+  db = pParse->db;
+  memset(&sWLB, 0, sizeof(sWLB));
+
+  /* An ORDER/GROUP BY clause of more than 63 terms cannot be optimized */
+  testcase( pOrderBy && pOrderBy->nExpr==BMS-1 );
+  if( pOrderBy && pOrderBy->nExpr>=BMS ) pOrderBy = 0;
+  sWLB.pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
+
+  /* Disable the DISTINCT optimization if SQLITE_DistinctOpt is set via
+  ** sqlite3_test_ctrl(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) */
+  if( OptimizationDisabled(db, SQLITE_DistinctOpt) ){
+    wctrlFlags &= ~WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT;
+  }
 
   /* The number of tables in the FROM clause is limited by the number of
   ** bits in a Bitmask 
@@ -107218,45 +116930,57 @@
   ** field (type Bitmask) it must be aligned on an 8-byte boundary on
   ** some architectures. Hence the ROUND8() below.
   */
-  db = pParse->db;
   nByteWInfo = ROUND8(sizeof(WhereInfo)+(nTabList-1)*sizeof(WhereLevel));
-  pWInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, 
-      nByteWInfo + 
-      sizeof(WhereClause) +
-      sizeof(WhereMaskSet)
-  );
+  pWInfo = sqlite3DbMallocZero(db, nByteWInfo + sizeof(WhereLoop));
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     sqlite3DbFree(db, pWInfo);
     pWInfo = 0;
     goto whereBeginError;
   }
+  pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[0] = pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[1] = -1;
   pWInfo->nLevel = nTabList;
   pWInfo->pParse = pParse;
   pWInfo->pTabList = pTabList;
-  pWInfo->iBreak = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
-  pWInfo->pWC = pWC = (WhereClause *)&((u8 *)pWInfo)[nByteWInfo];
+  pWInfo->pOrderBy = pOrderBy;
+  pWInfo->pResultSet = pResultSet;
+  pWInfo->iBreak = pWInfo->iContinue = sqlite3VdbeMakeLabel(v);
   pWInfo->wctrlFlags = wctrlFlags;
   pWInfo->savedNQueryLoop = pParse->nQueryLoop;
-  pMaskSet = (WhereMaskSet*)&pWC[1];
-
-  /* Disable the DISTINCT optimization if SQLITE_DistinctOpt is set via
-  ** sqlite3_test_ctrl(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS,...) */
-  if( db->flags & SQLITE_DistinctOpt ) pDistinct = 0;
+  pMaskSet = &pWInfo->sMaskSet;
+  sWLB.pWInfo = pWInfo;
+  sWLB.pWC = &pWInfo->sWC;
+  sWLB.pNew = (WhereLoop*)(((char*)pWInfo)+nByteWInfo);
+  assert( EIGHT_BYTE_ALIGNMENT(sWLB.pNew) );
+  whereLoopInit(sWLB.pNew);
+#ifdef SQLITE_DEBUG
+  sWLB.pNew->cId = '*';
+#endif
 
   /* Split the WHERE clause into separate subexpressions where each
   ** subexpression is separated by an AND operator.
   */
   initMaskSet(pMaskSet);
-  whereClauseInit(pWC, pParse, pMaskSet, wctrlFlags);
-  sqlite3ExprCodeConstants(pParse, pWhere);
-  whereSplit(pWC, pWhere, TK_AND);   /* IMP: R-15842-53296 */
+  whereClauseInit(&pWInfo->sWC, pWInfo);
+  whereSplit(&pWInfo->sWC, pWhere, TK_AND);
     
   /* Special case: a WHERE clause that is constant.  Evaluate the
   ** expression and either jump over all of the code or fall thru.
   */
-  if( pWhere && (nTabList==0 || sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(pWhere)) ){
-    sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, pWhere, pWInfo->iBreak, SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
-    pWhere = 0;
+  for(ii=0; ii<sWLB.pWC->nTerm; ii++){
+    if( nTabList==0 || sqlite3ExprIsConstantNotJoin(sWLB.pWC->a[ii].pExpr) ){
+      sqlite3ExprIfFalse(pParse, sWLB.pWC->a[ii].pExpr, pWInfo->iBreak,
+                         SQLITE_JUMPIFNULL);
+      sWLB.pWC->a[ii].wtFlags |= TERM_CODED;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Special case: No FROM clause
+  */
+  if( nTabList==0 ){
+    if( pOrderBy ) pWInfo->nOBSat = pOrderBy->nExpr;
+    if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT ){
+      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE;
+    }
   }
 
   /* Assign a bit from the bitmask to every term in the FROM clause.
@@ -107270,30 +116994,19 @@
   ** bitmask for all tables to the left of the join.  Knowing the bitmask
   ** for all tables to the left of a left join is important.  Ticket #3015.
   **
-  ** Configure the WhereClause.vmask variable so that bits that correspond
-  ** to virtual table cursors are set. This is used to selectively disable 
-  ** the OR-to-IN transformation in exprAnalyzeOrTerm(). It is not helpful 
-  ** with virtual tables.
-  **
   ** Note that bitmasks are created for all pTabList->nSrc tables in
   ** pTabList, not just the first nTabList tables.  nTabList is normally
   ** equal to pTabList->nSrc but might be shortened to 1 if the
   ** WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY flag is set.
   */
-  assert( pWC->vmask==0 && pMaskSet->n==0 );
-  for(i=0; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++){
-    createMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[i].iCursor);
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-    if( ALWAYS(pTabList->a[i].pTab) && IsVirtual(pTabList->a[i].pTab) ){
-      pWC->vmask |= ((Bitmask)1 << i);
-    }
-#endif
+  for(ii=0; ii<pTabList->nSrc; ii++){
+    createMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[ii].iCursor);
   }
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   {
     Bitmask toTheLeft = 0;
-    for(i=0; i<pTabList->nSrc; i++){
-      Bitmask m = getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[i].iCursor);
+    for(ii=0; ii<pTabList->nSrc; ii++){
+      Bitmask m = getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[ii].iCursor);
       assert( (m-1)==toTheLeft );
       toTheLeft |= m;
     }
@@ -107305,283 +117018,184 @@
   ** want to analyze these virtual terms, so start analyzing at the end
   ** and work forward so that the added virtual terms are never processed.
   */
-  exprAnalyzeAll(pTabList, pWC);
+  exprAnalyzeAll(pTabList, &pWInfo->sWC);
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     goto whereBeginError;
   }
 
-  /* Check if the DISTINCT qualifier, if there is one, is redundant. 
-  ** If it is, then set pDistinct to NULL and WhereInfo.eDistinct to
-  ** WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE to tell the caller to ignore the DISTINCT.
-  */
-  if( pDistinct && isDistinctRedundant(pParse, pTabList, pWC, pDistinct) ){
-    pDistinct = 0;
-    pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE;
+  if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT ){
+    if( isDistinctRedundant(pParse, pTabList, &pWInfo->sWC, pResultSet) ){
+      /* The DISTINCT marking is pointless.  Ignore it. */
+      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE;
+    }else if( pOrderBy==0 ){
+      /* Try to ORDER BY the result set to make distinct processing easier */
+      pWInfo->wctrlFlags |= WHERE_DISTINCTBY;
+      pWInfo->pOrderBy = pResultSet;
+    }
   }
 
-  /* Chose the best index to use for each table in the FROM clause.
-  **
-  ** This loop fills in the following fields:
-  **
-  **   pWInfo->a[].pIdx      The index to use for this level of the loop.
-  **   pWInfo->a[].wsFlags   WHERE_xxx flags associated with pIdx
-  **   pWInfo->a[].nEq       The number of == and IN constraints
-  **   pWInfo->a[].iFrom     Which term of the FROM clause is being coded
-  **   pWInfo->a[].iTabCur   The VDBE cursor for the database table
-  **   pWInfo->a[].iIdxCur   The VDBE cursor for the index
-  **   pWInfo->a[].pTerm     When wsFlags==WO_OR, the OR-clause term
-  **
-  ** This loop also figures out the nesting order of tables in the FROM
-  ** clause.
-  */
-  notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
-  andFlags = ~0;
-  WHERETRACE(("*** Optimizer Start ***\n"));
-  for(i=iFrom=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; i<nTabList; i++, pLevel++){
-    WhereCost bestPlan;         /* Most efficient plan seen so far */
-    Index *pIdx;                /* Index for FROM table at pTabItem */
-    int j;                      /* For looping over FROM tables */
-    int bestJ = -1;             /* The value of j */
-    Bitmask m;                  /* Bitmask value for j or bestJ */
-    int isOptimal;              /* Iterator for optimal/non-optimal search */
-    int nUnconstrained;         /* Number tables without INDEXED BY */
-    Bitmask notIndexed;         /* Mask of tables that cannot use an index */
-
-    memset(&bestPlan, 0, sizeof(bestPlan));
-    bestPlan.rCost = SQLITE_BIG_DBL;
-    WHERETRACE(("*** Begin search for loop %d ***\n", i));
-
-    /* Loop through the remaining entries in the FROM clause to find the
-    ** next nested loop. The loop tests all FROM clause entries
-    ** either once or twice. 
-    **
-    ** The first test is always performed if there are two or more entries
-    ** remaining and never performed if there is only one FROM clause entry
-    ** to choose from.  The first test looks for an "optimal" scan.  In
-    ** this context an optimal scan is one that uses the same strategy
-    ** for the given FROM clause entry as would be selected if the entry
-    ** were used as the innermost nested loop.  In other words, a table
-    ** is chosen such that the cost of running that table cannot be reduced
-    ** by waiting for other tables to run first.  This "optimal" test works
-    ** by first assuming that the FROM clause is on the inner loop and finding
-    ** its query plan, then checking to see if that query plan uses any
-    ** other FROM clause terms that are notReady.  If no notReady terms are
-    ** used then the "optimal" query plan works.
-    **
-    ** Note that the WhereCost.nRow parameter for an optimal scan might
-    ** not be as small as it would be if the table really were the innermost
-    ** join.  The nRow value can be reduced by WHERE clause constraints
-    ** that do not use indices.  But this nRow reduction only happens if the
-    ** table really is the innermost join.  
-    **
-    ** The second loop iteration is only performed if no optimal scan
-    ** strategies were found by the first iteration. This second iteration
-    ** is used to search for the lowest cost scan overall.
-    **
-    ** Previous versions of SQLite performed only the second iteration -
-    ** the next outermost loop was always that with the lowest overall
-    ** cost. However, this meant that SQLite could select the wrong plan
-    ** for scripts such as the following:
-    **   
-    **   CREATE TABLE t1(a, b); 
-    **   CREATE TABLE t2(c, d);
-    **   SELECT * FROM t2, t1 WHERE t2.rowid = t1.a;
-    **
-    ** The best strategy is to iterate through table t1 first. However it
-    ** is not possible to determine this with a simple greedy algorithm.
-    ** Since the cost of a linear scan through table t2 is the same 
-    ** as the cost of a linear scan through table t1, a simple greedy 
-    ** algorithm may choose to use t2 for the outer loop, which is a much
-    ** costlier approach.
-    */
-    nUnconstrained = 0;
-    notIndexed = 0;
-    for(isOptimal=(iFrom<nTabList-1); isOptimal>=0 && bestJ<0; isOptimal--){
-      Bitmask mask;             /* Mask of tables not yet ready */
-      for(j=iFrom, pTabItem=&pTabList->a[j]; j<nTabList; j++, pTabItem++){
-        int doNotReorder;    /* True if this table should not be reordered */
-        WhereCost sCost;     /* Cost information from best[Virtual]Index() */
-        ExprList *pOrderBy;  /* ORDER BY clause for index to optimize */
-        ExprList *pDist;     /* DISTINCT clause for index to optimize */
-  
-        doNotReorder =  (pTabItem->jointype & (JT_LEFT|JT_CROSS))!=0;
-        if( j!=iFrom && doNotReorder ) break;
-        m = getMask(pMaskSet, pTabItem->iCursor);
-        if( (m & notReady)==0 ){
-          if( j==iFrom ) iFrom++;
-          continue;
-        }
-        mask = (isOptimal ? m : notReady);
-        pOrderBy = ((i==0 && ppOrderBy )?*ppOrderBy:0);
-        pDist = (i==0 ? pDistinct : 0);
-        if( pTabItem->pIndex==0 ) nUnconstrained++;
-  
-        WHERETRACE(("=== trying table %d with isOptimal=%d ===\n",
-                    j, isOptimal));
-        assert( pTabItem->pTab );
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-        if( IsVirtual(pTabItem->pTab) ){
-          sqlite3_index_info **pp = &pWInfo->a[j].pIdxInfo;
-          bestVirtualIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, mask, notReady, pOrderBy,
-                           &sCost, pp);
-        }else 
+  /* Construct the WhereLoop objects */
+  WHERETRACE(0xffff,("*** Optimizer Start ***\n"));
+  /* Display all terms of the WHERE clause */
+#if defined(WHERETRACE_ENABLED) && defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_TREE_EXPLAIN)
+  if( sqlite3WhereTrace & 0x100 ){
+    int i;
+    Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
+    sqlite3ExplainBegin(v);
+    for(i=0; i<sWLB.pWC->nTerm; i++){
+      sqlite3ExplainPrintf(v, "#%-2d ", i);
+      sqlite3ExplainPush(v);
+      whereExplainTerm(v, &sWLB.pWC->a[i]);
+      sqlite3ExplainPop(v);
+      sqlite3ExplainNL(v);
+    }
+    sqlite3ExplainFinish(v);
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("%s", sqlite3VdbeExplanation(v));
+  }
 #endif
-        {
-          bestBtreeIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, mask, notReady, pOrderBy,
-              pDist, &sCost);
-        }
-        assert( isOptimal || (sCost.used&notReady)==0 );
-
-        /* If an INDEXED BY clause is present, then the plan must use that
-        ** index if it uses any index at all */
-        assert( pTabItem->pIndex==0 
-                  || (sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0
-                  || sCost.plan.u.pIdx==pTabItem->pIndex );
-
-        if( isOptimal && (sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0 ){
-          notIndexed |= m;
-        }
-
-        /* Conditions under which this table becomes the best so far:
-        **
-        **   (1) The table must not depend on other tables that have not
-        **       yet run.
-        **
-        **   (2) A full-table-scan plan cannot supercede indexed plan unless
-        **       the full-table-scan is an "optimal" plan as defined above.
-        **
-        **   (3) All tables have an INDEXED BY clause or this table lacks an
-        **       INDEXED BY clause or this table uses the specific
-        **       index specified by its INDEXED BY clause.  This rule ensures
-        **       that a best-so-far is always selected even if an impossible
-        **       combination of INDEXED BY clauses are given.  The error
-        **       will be detected and relayed back to the application later.
-        **       The NEVER() comes about because rule (2) above prevents
-        **       An indexable full-table-scan from reaching rule (3).
-        **
-        **   (4) The plan cost must be lower than prior plans or else the
-        **       cost must be the same and the number of rows must be lower.
-        */
-        if( (sCost.used&notReady)==0                       /* (1) */
-            && (bestJ<0 || (notIndexed&m)!=0               /* (2) */
-                || (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)==0
-                || (sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)!=0)
-            && (nUnconstrained==0 || pTabItem->pIndex==0   /* (3) */
-                || NEVER((sCost.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_NOT_FULLSCAN)!=0))
-            && (bestJ<0 || sCost.rCost<bestPlan.rCost      /* (4) */
-                || (sCost.rCost<=bestPlan.rCost 
-                 && sCost.plan.nRow<bestPlan.plan.nRow))
-        ){
-          WHERETRACE(("=== table %d is best so far"
-                      " with cost=%g and nRow=%g\n",
-                      j, sCost.rCost, sCost.plan.nRow));
-          bestPlan = sCost;
-          bestJ = j;
-        }
-        if( doNotReorder ) break;
+  if( nTabList!=1 || whereShortCut(&sWLB)==0 ){
+    rc = whereLoopAddAll(&sWLB);
+    if( rc ) goto whereBeginError;
+  
+    /* Display all of the WhereLoop objects if wheretrace is enabled */
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* !=0 */
+    if( sqlite3WhereTrace ){
+      WhereLoop *p;
+      int i;
+      static char zLabel[] = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwyxz"
+                                       "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWYXZ";
+      for(p=pWInfo->pLoops, i=0; p; p=p->pNextLoop, i++){
+        p->cId = zLabel[i%sizeof(zLabel)];
+        whereLoopPrint(p, sWLB.pWC);
       }
     }
-    assert( bestJ>=0 );
-    assert( notReady & getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[bestJ].iCursor) );
-    WHERETRACE(("*** Optimizer selects table %d for loop %d"
-                " with cost=%g and nRow=%g\n",
-                bestJ, pLevel-pWInfo->a, bestPlan.rCost, bestPlan.plan.nRow));
-    /* The ALWAYS() that follows was added to hush up clang scan-build */
-    if( (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ORDERBY)!=0 && ALWAYS(ppOrderBy) ){
-      *ppOrderBy = 0;
-    }
-    if( (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_DISTINCT)!=0 ){
-      assert( pWInfo->eDistinct==0 );
-      pWInfo->eDistinct = WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED;
-    }
-    andFlags &= bestPlan.plan.wsFlags;
-    pLevel->plan = bestPlan.plan;
-    testcase( bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED );
-    testcase( bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX );
-    if( bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_INDEXED|WHERE_TEMP_INDEX) ){
-      pLevel->iIdxCur = pParse->nTab++;
-    }else{
-      pLevel->iIdxCur = -1;
-    }
-    notReady &= ~getMask(pMaskSet, pTabList->a[bestJ].iCursor);
-    pLevel->iFrom = (u8)bestJ;
-    if( bestPlan.plan.nRow>=(double)1 ){
-      pParse->nQueryLoop *= bestPlan.plan.nRow;
-    }
-
-    /* Check that if the table scanned by this loop iteration had an
-    ** INDEXED BY clause attached to it, that the named index is being
-    ** used for the scan. If not, then query compilation has failed.
-    ** Return an error.
-    */
-    pIdx = pTabList->a[bestJ].pIndex;
-    if( pIdx ){
-      if( (bestPlan.plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)==0 ){
-        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "cannot use index: %s", pIdx->zName);
-        goto whereBeginError;
-      }else{
-        /* If an INDEXED BY clause is used, the bestIndex() function is
-        ** guaranteed to find the index specified in the INDEXED BY clause
-        ** if it find an index at all. */
-        assert( bestPlan.plan.u.pIdx==pIdx );
-      }
+#endif
+  
+    wherePathSolver(pWInfo, 0);
+    if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
+    if( pWInfo->pOrderBy ){
+       wherePathSolver(pWInfo, pWInfo->nRowOut+1);
+       if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
     }
   }
-  WHERETRACE(("*** Optimizer Finished ***\n"));
-  if( pParse->nErr || db->mallocFailed ){
+  if( pWInfo->pOrderBy==0 && (db->flags & SQLITE_ReverseOrder)!=0 ){
+     pWInfo->revMask = (Bitmask)(-1);
+  }
+  if( pParse->nErr || NEVER(db->mallocFailed) ){
     goto whereBeginError;
   }
-
-  /* If the total query only selects a single row, then the ORDER BY
-  ** clause is irrelevant.
-  */
-  if( (andFlags & WHERE_UNIQUE)!=0 && ppOrderBy ){
-    *ppOrderBy = 0;
+#ifdef WHERETRACE_ENABLED /* !=0 */
+  if( sqlite3WhereTrace ){
+    int ii;
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("---- Solution nRow=%d", pWInfo->nRowOut);
+    if( pWInfo->nOBSat>0 ){
+      sqlite3DebugPrintf(" ORDERBY=%d,0x%llx", pWInfo->nOBSat, pWInfo->revMask);
+    }
+    switch( pWInfo->eDistinct ){
+      case WHERE_DISTINCT_UNIQUE: {
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf("  DISTINCT=unique");
+        break;
+      }
+      case WHERE_DISTINCT_ORDERED: {
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf("  DISTINCT=ordered");
+        break;
+      }
+      case WHERE_DISTINCT_UNORDERED: {
+        sqlite3DebugPrintf("  DISTINCT=unordered");
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3DebugPrintf("\n");
+    for(ii=0; ii<pWInfo->nLevel; ii++){
+      whereLoopPrint(pWInfo->a[ii].pWLoop, sWLB.pWC);
+    }
   }
+#endif
+  /* Attempt to omit tables from the join that do not effect the result */
+  if( pWInfo->nLevel>=2
+   && pResultSet!=0
+   && OptimizationEnabled(db, SQLITE_OmitNoopJoin)
+  ){
+    Bitmask tabUsed = exprListTableUsage(pMaskSet, pResultSet);
+    if( sWLB.pOrderBy ) tabUsed |= exprListTableUsage(pMaskSet, sWLB.pOrderBy);
+    while( pWInfo->nLevel>=2 ){
+      WhereTerm *pTerm, *pEnd;
+      pLoop = pWInfo->a[pWInfo->nLevel-1].pWLoop;
+      if( (pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLoop->iTab].jointype & JT_LEFT)==0 ) break;
+      if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_WANT_DISTINCT)==0
+       && (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW)==0
+      ){
+        break;
+      }
+      if( (tabUsed & pLoop->maskSelf)!=0 ) break;
+      pEnd = sWLB.pWC->a + sWLB.pWC->nTerm;
+      for(pTerm=sWLB.pWC->a; pTerm<pEnd; pTerm++){
+        if( (pTerm->prereqAll & pLoop->maskSelf)!=0
+         && !ExprHasProperty(pTerm->pExpr, EP_FromJoin)
+        ){
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if( pTerm<pEnd ) break;
+      WHERETRACE(0xffff, ("-> drop loop %c not used\n", pLoop->cId));
+      pWInfo->nLevel--;
+      nTabList--;
+    }
+  }
+  WHERETRACE(0xffff,("*** Optimizer Finished ***\n"));
+  pWInfo->pParse->nQueryLoop += pWInfo->nRowOut;
 
   /* If the caller is an UPDATE or DELETE statement that is requesting
   ** to use a one-pass algorithm, determine if this is appropriate.
-  ** The one-pass algorithm only works if the WHERE clause constraints
+  ** The one-pass algorithm only works if the WHERE clause constrains
   ** the statement to update a single row.
   */
   assert( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0 || pWInfo->nLevel==1 );
-  if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)!=0 && (andFlags & WHERE_UNIQUE)!=0 ){
+  if( (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)!=0 
+   && (pWInfo->a[0].pWLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_ONEROW)!=0 ){
     pWInfo->okOnePass = 1;
-    pWInfo->a[0].plan.wsFlags &= ~WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
+    if( HasRowid(pTabList->a[0].pTab) ){
+      pWInfo->a[0].pWLoop->wsFlags &= ~WHERE_IDX_ONLY;
+    }
   }
 
   /* Open all tables in the pTabList and any indices selected for
   ** searching those tables.
   */
-  sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, -1); /* Insert the cookie verifier Goto */
   notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
-  pWInfo->nRowOut = (double)1;
-  for(i=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; i<nTabList; i++, pLevel++){
+  for(ii=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; ii<nTabList; ii++, pLevel++){
     Table *pTab;     /* Table to open */
     int iDb;         /* Index of database containing table/index */
+    struct SrcList_item *pTabItem;
 
     pTabItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
     pTab = pTabItem->pTab;
-    pLevel->iTabCur = pTabItem->iCursor;
-    pWInfo->nRowOut *= pLevel->plan.nRow;
     iDb = sqlite3SchemaToIndex(db, pTab->pSchema);
+    pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
     if( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)!=0 || pTab->pSelect ){
       /* Do nothing */
     }else
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
-    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
+    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_VIRTUALTABLE)!=0 ){
       const char *pVTab = (const char *)sqlite3GetVTable(db, pTab);
       int iCur = pTabItem->iCursor;
       sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_VOpen, iCur, 0, 0, pVTab, P4_VTAB);
+    }else if( IsVirtual(pTab) ){
+      /* noop */
     }else
 #endif
-    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
+    if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
          && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE)==0 ){
-      int op = pWInfo->okOnePass ? OP_OpenWrite : OP_OpenRead;
+      int op = OP_OpenRead;
+      if( pWInfo->okOnePass ){
+        op = OP_OpenWrite;
+        pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[0] = pTabItem->iCursor;
+      };
       sqlite3OpenTable(pParse, pTabItem->iCursor, iDb, pTab, op);
-      testcase( pTab->nCol==BMS-1 );
-      testcase( pTab->nCol==BMS );
-      if( !pWInfo->okOnePass && pTab->nCol<BMS ){
+      assert( pTabItem->iCursor==pLevel->iTabCur );
+      testcase( !pWInfo->okOnePass && pTab->nCol==BMS-1 );
+      testcase( !pWInfo->okOnePass && pTab->nCol==BMS );
+      if( !pWInfo->okOnePass && pTab->nCol<BMS && HasRowid(pTab) ){
         Bitmask b = pTabItem->colUsed;
         int n = 0;
         for(; b; b=b>>1, n++){}
@@ -107592,23 +117206,46 @@
     }else{
       sqlite3TableLock(pParse, iDb, pTab->tnum, 0, pTab->zName);
     }
-#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
-    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)!=0 ){
-      constructAutomaticIndex(pParse, pWC, pTabItem, notReady, pLevel);
-    }else
-#endif
-    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 ){
-      Index *pIx = pLevel->plan.u.pIdx;
-      KeyInfo *pKey = sqlite3IndexKeyinfo(pParse, pIx);
-      int iIdxCur = pLevel->iIdxCur;
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED ){
+      Index *pIx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+      int iIndexCur;
+      int op = OP_OpenRead;
+      /* iIdxCur is always set if to a positive value if ONEPASS is possible */
+      assert( iIdxCur!=0 || (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED)==0 );
+      if( !HasRowid(pTab) && IsPrimaryKeyIndex(pIx)
+       && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY)!=0
+      ){
+        /* This is one term of an OR-optimization using the PRIMARY KEY of a
+        ** WITHOUT ROWID table.  No need for a separate index */
+        iIndexCur = pLevel->iTabCur;
+        op = 0;
+      }else if( pWInfo->okOnePass ){
+        Index *pJ = pTabItem->pTab->pIndex;
+        iIndexCur = iIdxCur;
+        assert( wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONEPASS_DESIRED );
+        while( ALWAYS(pJ) && pJ!=pIx ){
+          iIndexCur++;
+          pJ = pJ->pNext;
+        }
+        op = OP_OpenWrite;
+        pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[1] = iIndexCur;
+      }else if( iIdxCur && (wctrlFlags & WHERE_ONETABLE_ONLY)!=0 ){
+        iIndexCur = iIdxCur;
+        if( wctrlFlags & WHERE_REOPEN_IDX ) op = OP_ReopenIdx;
+      }else{
+        iIndexCur = pParse->nTab++;
+      }
+      pLevel->iIdxCur = iIndexCur;
       assert( pIx->pSchema==pTab->pSchema );
-      assert( iIdxCur>=0 );
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp4(v, OP_OpenRead, iIdxCur, pIx->tnum, iDb,
-                        (char*)pKey, P4_KEYINFO_HANDOFF);
-      VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIx->zName));
+      assert( iIndexCur>=0 );
+      if( op ){
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, op, iIndexCur, pIx->tnum, iDb);
+        sqlite3VdbeSetP4KeyInfo(pParse, pIx);
+        VdbeComment((v, "%s", pIx->zName));
+      }
     }
-    sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
-    notReady &= ~getMask(pWC->pMaskSet, pTabItem->iCursor);
+    if( iDb>=0 ) sqlite3CodeVerifySchema(pParse, iDb);
+    notReady &= ~getMask(&pWInfo->sMaskSet, pTabItem->iCursor);
   }
   pWInfo->iTop = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
   if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
@@ -107618,65 +117255,23 @@
   ** program.
   */
   notReady = ~(Bitmask)0;
-  for(i=0; i<nTabList; i++){
-    pLevel = &pWInfo->a[i];
-    explainOneScan(pParse, pTabList, pLevel, i, pLevel->iFrom, wctrlFlags);
-    notReady = codeOneLoopStart(pWInfo, i, wctrlFlags, notReady);
+  for(ii=0; ii<nTabList; ii++){
+    pLevel = &pWInfo->a[ii];
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
+    if( (pLevel->pWLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_AUTO_INDEX)!=0 ){
+      constructAutomaticIndex(pParse, &pWInfo->sWC,
+                &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom], notReady, pLevel);
+      if( db->mallocFailed ) goto whereBeginError;
+    }
+#endif
+    explainOneScan(pParse, pTabList, pLevel, ii, pLevel->iFrom, wctrlFlags);
+    pLevel->addrBody = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+    notReady = codeOneLoopStart(pWInfo, ii, notReady);
     pWInfo->iContinue = pLevel->addrCont;
   }
 
-#ifdef SQLITE_TEST  /* For testing and debugging use only */
-  /* Record in the query plan information about the current table
-  ** and the index used to access it (if any).  If the table itself
-  ** is not used, its name is just '{}'.  If no index is used
-  ** the index is listed as "{}".  If the primary key is used the
-  ** index name is '*'.
-  */
-  for(i=0; i<nTabList; i++){
-    char *z;
-    int n;
-    pLevel = &pWInfo->a[i];
-    pTabItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
-    z = pTabItem->zAlias;
-    if( z==0 ) z = pTabItem->pTab->zName;
-    n = sqlite3Strlen30(z);
-    if( n+nQPlan < sizeof(sqlite3_query_plan)-10 ){
-      if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY ){
-        memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], "{}", 2);
-        nQPlan += 2;
-      }else{
-        memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], z, n);
-        nQPlan += n;
-      }
-      sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan++] = ' ';
-    }
-    testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ROWID_EQ );
-    testcase( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_ROWID_RANGE );
-    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & (WHERE_ROWID_EQ|WHERE_ROWID_RANGE) ){
-      memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], "* ", 2);
-      nQPlan += 2;
-    }else if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 ){
-      n = sqlite3Strlen30(pLevel->plan.u.pIdx->zName);
-      if( n+nQPlan < sizeof(sqlite3_query_plan)-2 ){
-        memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], pLevel->plan.u.pIdx->zName, n);
-        nQPlan += n;
-        sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan++] = ' ';
-      }
-    }else{
-      memcpy(&sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan], "{} ", 3);
-      nQPlan += 3;
-    }
-  }
-  while( nQPlan>0 && sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan-1]==' ' ){
-    sqlite3_query_plan[--nQPlan] = 0;
-  }
-  sqlite3_query_plan[nQPlan] = 0;
-  nQPlan = 0;
-#endif /* SQLITE_TEST // Testing and debugging use only */
-
-  /* Record the continuation address in the WhereInfo structure.  Then
-  ** clean up and return.
-  */
+  /* Done. */
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "Begin WHERE-core"));
   return pWInfo;
 
   /* Jump here if malloc fails */
@@ -107697,40 +117292,56 @@
   Vdbe *v = pParse->pVdbe;
   int i;
   WhereLevel *pLevel;
+  WhereLoop *pLoop;
   SrcList *pTabList = pWInfo->pTabList;
   sqlite3 *db = pParse->db;
 
   /* Generate loop termination code.
   */
+  VdbeModuleComment((v, "End WHERE-core"));
   sqlite3ExprCacheClear(pParse);
   for(i=pWInfo->nLevel-1; i>=0; i--){
+    int addr;
     pLevel = &pWInfo->a[i];
+    pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
     sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrCont);
     if( pLevel->op!=OP_Noop ){
-      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, pLevel->op, pLevel->p1, pLevel->p2);
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp3(v, pLevel->op, pLevel->p1, pLevel->p2, pLevel->p3);
       sqlite3VdbeChangeP5(v, pLevel->p5);
+      VdbeCoverage(v);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pLevel->op==OP_Next);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pLevel->op==OP_Prev);
+      VdbeCoverageIf(v, pLevel->op==OP_VNext);
     }
-    if( pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IN_ABLE && pLevel->u.in.nIn>0 ){
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IN_ABLE && pLevel->u.in.nIn>0 ){
       struct InLoop *pIn;
       int j;
       sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrNxt);
       for(j=pLevel->u.in.nIn, pIn=&pLevel->u.in.aInLoop[j-1]; j>0; j--, pIn--){
         sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pIn->addrInTop+1);
-        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Next, pIn->iCur, pIn->addrInTop);
+        sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp, pIn->iCur, pIn->addrInTop);
+        VdbeCoverage(v);
+        VdbeCoverageIf(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp==OP_PrevIfOpen);
+        VdbeCoverageIf(v, pIn->eEndLoopOp==OP_NextIfOpen);
         sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pIn->addrInTop-1);
       }
       sqlite3DbFree(db, pLevel->u.in.aInLoop);
     }
     sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pLevel->addrBrk);
+    if( pLevel->addrSkip ){
+      sqlite3VdbeAddOp2(v, OP_Goto, 0, pLevel->addrSkip);
+      VdbeComment((v, "next skip-scan on %s", pLoop->u.btree.pIndex->zName));
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pLevel->addrSkip);
+      sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, pLevel->addrSkip-2);
+    }
     if( pLevel->iLeftJoin ){
-      int addr;
-      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, pLevel->iLeftJoin);
-      assert( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
-           || (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 );
-      if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
+      addr = sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_IfPos, pLevel->iLeftJoin); VdbeCoverage(v);
+      assert( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
+           || (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 );
+      if( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NullRow, pTabList->a[i].iCursor);
       }
-      if( pLevel->iIdxCur>=0 ){
+      if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_NullRow, pLevel->iIdxCur);
       }
       if( pLevel->op==OP_Return ){
@@ -107740,6 +117351,8 @@
       }
       sqlite3VdbeJumpHere(v, addr);
     }
+    VdbeModuleComment((v, "End WHERE-loop%d: %s", i,
+                     pWInfo->pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom].pTab->zName));
   }
 
   /* The "break" point is here, just past the end of the outer loop.
@@ -107747,32 +117360,65 @@
   */
   sqlite3VdbeResolveLabel(v, pWInfo->iBreak);
 
-  /* Close all of the cursors that were opened by sqlite3WhereBegin.
-  */
-  assert( pWInfo->nLevel==1 || pWInfo->nLevel==pTabList->nSrc );
+  assert( pWInfo->nLevel<=pTabList->nSrc );
   for(i=0, pLevel=pWInfo->a; i<pWInfo->nLevel; i++, pLevel++){
+    int k, last;
+    VdbeOp *pOp;
+    Index *pIdx = 0;
     struct SrcList_item *pTabItem = &pTabList->a[pLevel->iFrom];
     Table *pTab = pTabItem->pTab;
     assert( pTab!=0 );
+    pLoop = pLevel->pWLoop;
+
+    /* For a co-routine, change all OP_Column references to the table of
+    ** the co-routine into OP_SCopy of result contained in a register.
+    ** OP_Rowid becomes OP_Null.
+    */
+    if( pTabItem->viaCoroutine && !db->mallocFailed ){
+      last = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
+      k = pLevel->addrBody;
+      pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, k);
+      for(; k<last; k++, pOp++){
+        if( pOp->p1!=pLevel->iTabCur ) continue;
+        if( pOp->opcode==OP_Column ){
+          pOp->opcode = OP_Copy;
+          pOp->p1 = pOp->p2 + pTabItem->regResult;
+          pOp->p2 = pOp->p3;
+          pOp->p3 = 0;
+        }else if( pOp->opcode==OP_Rowid ){
+          pOp->opcode = OP_Null;
+          pOp->p1 = 0;
+          pOp->p3 = 0;
+        }
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    /* Close all of the cursors that were opened by sqlite3WhereBegin.
+    ** Except, do not close cursors that will be reused by the OR optimization
+    ** (WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE).  And do not close the OP_OpenWrite cursors
+    ** created for the ONEPASS optimization.
+    */
     if( (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Ephemeral)==0
      && pTab->pSelect==0
      && (pWInfo->wctrlFlags & WHERE_OMIT_OPEN_CLOSE)==0
     ){
-      int ws = pLevel->plan.wsFlags;
+      int ws = pLoop->wsFlags;
       if( !pWInfo->okOnePass && (ws & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, pTabItem->iCursor);
       }
-      if( (ws & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 && (ws & WHERE_TEMP_INDEX)==0 ){
+      if( (ws & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0
+       && (ws & (WHERE_IPK|WHERE_AUTO_INDEX))==0 
+       && pLevel->iIdxCur!=pWInfo->aiCurOnePass[1]
+      ){
         sqlite3VdbeAddOp1(v, OP_Close, pLevel->iIdxCur);
       }
     }
 
-    /* If this scan uses an index, make code substitutions to read data
-    ** from the index in preference to the table. Sometimes, this means
-    ** the table need never be read from. This is a performance boost,
-    ** as the vdbe level waits until the table is read before actually
-    ** seeking the table cursor to the record corresponding to the current
-    ** position in the index.
+    /* If this scan uses an index, make VDBE code substitutions to read data
+    ** from the index instead of from the table where possible.  In some cases
+    ** this optimization prevents the table from ever being read, which can
+    ** yield a significant performance boost.
     ** 
     ** Calls to the code generator in between sqlite3WhereBegin and
     ** sqlite3WhereEnd will have created code that references the table
@@ -107780,26 +117426,30 @@
     ** that reference the table and converts them into opcodes that
     ** reference the index.
     */
-    if( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_INDEXED)!=0 && !db->mallocFailed){
-      int k, j, last;
-      VdbeOp *pOp;
-      Index *pIdx = pLevel->plan.u.pIdx;
-
-      assert( pIdx!=0 );
-      pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, pWInfo->iTop);
+    if( pLoop->wsFlags & (WHERE_INDEXED|WHERE_IDX_ONLY) ){
+      pIdx = pLoop->u.btree.pIndex;
+    }else if( pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_MULTI_OR ){
+      pIdx = pLevel->u.pCovidx;
+    }
+    if( pIdx && !db->mallocFailed ){
       last = sqlite3VdbeCurrentAddr(v);
-      for(k=pWInfo->iTop; k<last; k++, pOp++){
+      k = pLevel->addrBody;
+      pOp = sqlite3VdbeGetOp(v, k);
+      for(; k<last; k++, pOp++){
         if( pOp->p1!=pLevel->iTabCur ) continue;
         if( pOp->opcode==OP_Column ){
-          for(j=0; j<pIdx->nColumn; j++){
-            if( pOp->p2==pIdx->aiColumn[j] ){
-              pOp->p2 = j;
-              pOp->p1 = pLevel->iIdxCur;
-              break;
-            }
+          int x = pOp->p2;
+          assert( pIdx->pTable==pTab );
+          if( !HasRowid(pTab) ){
+            Index *pPk = sqlite3PrimaryKeyIndex(pTab);
+            x = pPk->aiColumn[x];
           }
-          assert( (pLevel->plan.wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0
-               || j<pIdx->nColumn );
+          x = sqlite3ColumnOfIndex(pIdx, x);
+          if( x>=0 ){
+            pOp->p2 = x;
+            pOp->p1 = pLevel->iIdxCur;
+          }
+          assert( (pLoop->wsFlags & WHERE_IDX_ONLY)==0 || x>=0 );
         }else if( pOp->opcode==OP_Rowid ){
           pOp->p1 = pLevel->iIdxCur;
           pOp->opcode = OP_IdxRowid;
@@ -107857,7 +117507,7 @@
 */
 struct LikeOp {
   Token eOperator;  /* "like" or "glob" or "regexp" */
-  int not;         /* True if the NOT keyword is present */
+  int bNot;         /* True if the NOT keyword is present */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -107876,14 +117526,6 @@
 */
 struct AttachKey { int type;  Token key; };
 
-/*
-** One or more VALUES claues
-*/
-struct ValueList {
-  ExprList *pList;
-  Select *pSelect;
-};
-
 
   /* This is a utility routine used to set the ExprSpan.zStart and
   ** ExprSpan.zEnd values of pOut so that the span covers the complete
@@ -108007,27 +117649,28 @@
 **                       defined, then do no error processing.
 */
 #define YYCODETYPE unsigned char
-#define YYNOCODE 251
+#define YYNOCODE 254
 #define YYACTIONTYPE unsigned short int
-#define YYWILDCARD 67
+#define YYWILDCARD 70
 #define sqlite3ParserTOKENTYPE Token
 typedef union {
   int yyinit;
   sqlite3ParserTOKENTYPE yy0;
-  struct LimitVal yy64;
-  Expr* yy122;
-  Select* yy159;
-  IdList* yy180;
-  struct {int value; int mask;} yy207;
-  u8 yy258;
-  struct LikeOp yy318;
-  TriggerStep* yy327;
-  ExprSpan yy342;
-  SrcList* yy347;
-  int yy392;
-  struct TrigEvent yy410;
-  ExprList* yy442;
-  struct ValueList yy487;
+  Select* yy3;
+  ExprList* yy14;
+  With* yy59;
+  SrcList* yy65;
+  struct LikeOp yy96;
+  Expr* yy132;
+  u8 yy186;
+  int yy328;
+  ExprSpan yy346;
+  struct TrigEvent yy378;
+  u16 yy381;
+  IdList* yy408;
+  struct {int value; int mask;} yy429;
+  TriggerStep* yy473;
+  struct LimitVal yy476;
 } YYMINORTYPE;
 #ifndef YYSTACKDEPTH
 #define YYSTACKDEPTH 100
@@ -108036,7 +117679,7 @@
 #define sqlite3ParserARG_PDECL ,Parse *pParse
 #define sqlite3ParserARG_FETCH Parse *pParse = yypParser->pParse
 #define sqlite3ParserARG_STORE yypParser->pParse = pParse
-#define YYNSTATE 629
+#define YYNSTATE 642
 #define YYNRULE 327
 #define YYFALLBACK 1
 #define YY_NO_ACTION      (YYNSTATE+YYNRULE+2)
@@ -108107,476 +117750,463 @@
 **                     shifting non-terminals after a reduce.
 **  yy_default[]       Default action for each state.
 */
-#define YY_ACTTAB_COUNT (1580)
+#define YY_ACTTAB_COUNT (1497)
 static const YYACTIONTYPE yy_action[] = {
- /*     0 */   310,  328,  574,  573,   15,  172,  187,  596,   56,   56,
- /*    10 */    56,   56,   49,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,
- /*    20 */    52,   52,   51,  234,  622,  621,  626,  622,  621,  299,
- /*    30 */   589,  583,   56,   56,   56,   56,  236,   54,   54,   54,
- /*    40 */    54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  351,   57,
- /*    50 */    58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,
- /*    60 */    56,   56,  570,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,
- /*    70 */    52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  596,  326,  607,  233,  232,
- /*    80 */    33,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,
- /*    90 */    51,  234,  619,  618,  326,  619,  618,  166,  605,  492,
- /*   100 */   381,  378,  377,  235,  589,  583,  554,  495,    1,   59,
- /*   110 */    19,  376,  622,  621,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,
- /*   120 */   234,  571,  571,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,
- /*   130 */    55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,  215,   54,   54,   54,
- /*   140 */    54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  224,
- /*   150 */    50,   47,  147,  177,  139,  281,  384,  276,  383,  169,
- /*   160 */   408,  553,  578,  578,  622,  621,  272,  224,  439,  550,
- /*   170 */   552,  410,  139,  281,  384,  276,  383,  169,  589,  583,
- /*   180 */   619,  618,  280,  620,  272,  195,  413,  309,  440,  441,
- /*   190 */   567,  491,  214,  279,  560,  600,   92,   57,   58,   48,
- /*   200 */   581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,
- /*   210 */   559,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,
- /*   220 */    51,  234,  310,  464,  233,  232,  558,  133,  519,   50,
- /*   230 */    47,  147,  619,  618,  565,  436,  397,  515,  514,  518,
- /*   240 */   410,  387,  438,  389,  437,  622,  621,  442,  570,  433,
- /*   250 */   203,  390,  589,  583,    6,  413,  166,  670,  250,  381,
- /*   260 */   378,  377,  525,  190,  600,   92,  594,  571,  571,  465,
- /*   270 */   376,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,
- /*   280 */    56,   56,   56,   56,  599,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,
- /*   290 */    53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  592,  592,  592,
- /*   300 */   490,  182,  247,  548,  249,  397,  273,  410,    7,  439,
- /*   310 */   398,  606,   67,  619,  618,  620,  472,  256,  347,  255,
- /*   320 */   473,  620,  413,  576,  620,   65,  589,  583,  236,  440,
- /*   330 */   336,  600,   92,   68,  364,  192,  481,  622,  621,  547,
- /*   340 */   622,  621,  560,  323,  207,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,
- /*   350 */   582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,  559,   54,
- /*   360 */    54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,
- /*   370 */   310,  410,  397,  146,  558,  531,  401,  348,  599,  166,
- /*   380 */   248,  204,  381,  378,  377,  541,  413,  171,  337,  570,
- /*   390 */   622,  621,   40,  376,   38,  600,   74,  465,  548,  490,
- /*   400 */   589,  583,  532,  350,  579,  619,  618,  297,  619,  618,
- /*   410 */   480,   67,  470,   39,  620,  599,  406,  574,  573,   57,
- /*   420 */    58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,
- /*   430 */    56,   56,  577,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,
- /*   440 */    52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  256,  347,  255,  530,   52,
- /*   450 */    52,   52,   51,  234,  345,  564,  236,  386,  619,  618,
- /*   460 */   957,  185,  418,    2,  408,  410,  578,  578,  198,  197,
- /*   470 */   196,  499,  183,  167,  589,  583,  671,  570,  505,  506,
- /*   480 */   413,  267,  601,  672,  546,  208,  602,   36,  601,  600,
- /*   490 */    91,  468,  602,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,
- /*   500 */    55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,  202,   54,   54,   54,
- /*   510 */    54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  599,
- /*   520 */   157,  408,  527,  578,  578,  263,  490,  265,  410,  873,
- /*   530 */   410,  474,  474,  366,  373,  410,  504,  428,   67,  290,
- /*   540 */   599,  620,  352,  413,  408,  413,  578,  578,  589,  583,
- /*   550 */   413,  382,  600,   92,  600,   16,  543,   62,  503,  600,
- /*   560 */    92,  408,  346,  578,  578,  168,   45,   57,   58,   48,
- /*   570 */   581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,
- /*   580 */   200,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,
- /*   590 */    51,  234,  310,  393,  395,  534,  510,  617,  616,  615,
- /*   600 */   318,  314,  172,   66,  596,  410,  338,  596,  324,  571,
- /*   610 */   571,   50,   47,  147,  599,  629,  627,  330,  539,  315,
- /*   620 */   413,   30,  589,  583,  272,  236,  199,  144,  176,  600,
- /*   630 */    73,  420,  947,  620,  947,  420,  946,  351,  946,  175,
- /*   640 */   596,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,
- /*   650 */    56,   56,   56,   56,  410,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,
- /*   660 */    53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  261,  410,  413,
- /*   670 */   269,  208,  596,  363,  410,  596,  424,  360,  600,   69,
- /*   680 */   424,  327,  620,  413,   50,   47,  147,  410,  358,  413,
- /*   690 */   575,  553,  600,   94,  483,  509,  589,  583,  600,   97,
- /*   700 */   552,  484,  413,  620,  188,  599,  551,  563,  596,  566,
- /*   710 */   334,  600,   95,  205,  201,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,
- /*   720 */   582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,  352,   54,
- /*   730 */    54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,
- /*   740 */   310,  410,  261,  410,  167,   22,  356,  599,  359,  623,
- /*   750 */    50,   47,  147,  548,  357,  562,  413,  620,  413,  332,
- /*   760 */   523,  270,  410,  167,  620,  600,  104,  600,  103,  603,
- /*   770 */   589,  583,  339,  539,  304,  423,  222,  413,  174,  304,
- /*   780 */   422,  561,  567,  405,  214,  260,  600,  106,  620,   57,
- /*   790 */    58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,
- /*   800 */    56,   56,  410,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,
- /*   810 */    52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  410,  557,  413,  410,  421,
- /*   820 */   273,   35,  512,  146,  421,   12,  600,  107,  213,  144,
- /*   830 */   413,  410,   32,  413,  410,  620,  365,  353,  358,  600,
- /*   840 */   134,   11,  600,  135,  589,  583,  413,   21,  548,  413,
- /*   850 */   316,  148,  620,  620,  170,  600,   98,  223,  600,  102,
- /*   860 */   374,  168,  167,   57,   58,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,
- /*   870 */    55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,  410,   54,   54,   54,
- /*   880 */    54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  410,
- /*   890 */   273,  413,  410,  273,  212,  469,  410,  167,  628,    2,
- /*   900 */   600,  101,  545,  221,  413,  620,  130,  413,  620,  410,
- /*   910 */   539,  413,  537,  600,   93,  315,  600,  100,  589,  583,
- /*   920 */   600,   77,  425,  305,  413,  620,  254,  322,  599,  458,
- /*   930 */   320,  171,  543,  600,   96,  521,  520,   57,   58,   48,
- /*   940 */   581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,
- /*   950 */   410,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,
- /*   960 */    51,  234,  310,  410,  273,  413,  410,  457,  358,   35,
- /*   970 */   426,  230,  306,  319,  600,  138,  467,  520,  413,  620,
- /*   980 */   143,  413,  410,  620,  410,  353,  529,  600,  137,  142,
- /*   990 */   600,  136,  589,  583,  604,  261,  528,  413,  229,  413,
- /*  1000 */   620,  321,  495,   28,  543,  543,  600,   76,  600,   90,
- /*  1010 */   620,   57,   46,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,
- /*  1020 */    56,   56,   56,   56,  410,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,
- /*  1030 */    53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,  310,  261,  451,  413,
- /*  1040 */   410,  211,  611,  285,  283,  610,  609,  502,  600,   89,
- /*  1050 */   380,  217,  620,  128,  140,  413,  220,  620,  410,  409,
- /*  1060 */   620,  620,  588,  587,  600,   75,  589,  583,  271,  620,
- /*  1070 */    51,  234,  127,  413,  620,  599,  627,  330,   27,  375,
- /*  1080 */   449,  279,  600,   88,  585,  584,   58,   48,  581,  580,
- /*  1090 */   582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,   56,   56,  410,   54,
- /*  1100 */    54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,   52,   52,   51,  234,
- /*  1110 */   310,  586,  410,  413,  410,  261,  593,  165,  399,  556,
- /*  1120 */   126,  371,  600,   87,  478,  186,  123,  413,  367,  413,
- /*  1130 */   620,  620,  410,  620,  620,  410,  600,   99,  600,   86,
- /*  1140 */   589,  583,  475,  122,  258,  171,  471,  413,  160,  121,
- /*  1150 */   413,   14,  159,  463,   25,   24,  600,   17,  448,  600,
- /*  1160 */    85,   48,  581,  580,  582,  582,   55,   55,   56,   56,
- /*  1170 */    56,   56,  158,   54,   54,   54,   54,   53,   53,   52,
- /*  1180 */    52,   52,   51,  234,   44,  404,  261,    3,  544,  261,
- /*  1190 */   540,  414,  621,  460,  119,  118,  538,  275,   10,  349,
- /*  1200 */     4,  620,  407,  620,  620,  620,  116,   44,  404,  410,
- /*  1210 */     3,  620,  620,  410,  414,  621,  456,  454,  252,  450,
- /*  1220 */   508,  402,  111,  109,  413,  407,  155,  444,  413,  447,
- /*  1230 */   435,  565,  219,  600,   84,  620,  108,  600,   83,   64,
- /*  1240 */   434,  417,  625,  150,  402,  333,  410,  237,  238,  124,
- /*  1250 */   274,   41,   42,  533,  565,  206,  189,  261,   43,  412,
- /*  1260 */   411,  413,  261,  594,  488,  620,  329,  149,  419,  268,
- /*  1270 */   600,   72,  620,  266,   41,   42,  181,  620,  410,  620,
- /*  1280 */   105,   43,  412,  411,  620,  624,  594,  614,  620,  599,
- /*  1290 */   228,  125,  313,  413,  592,  592,  592,  591,  590,   13,
- /*  1300 */   218,  410,  600,   71,  236,  244,   44,  404,  264,    3,
- /*  1310 */   312,  613,  340,  414,  621,  180,  413,  592,  592,  592,
- /*  1320 */   591,  590,   13,  620,  407,  600,   82,  410,  416,   34,
- /*  1330 */   404,  410,    3,  410,  262,  410,  414,  621,  612,  331,
- /*  1340 */   178,  415,  413,  402,    8,  236,  413,  407,  413,  620,
- /*  1350 */   413,  600,   81,  565,  257,  600,   80,  600,   70,  600,
- /*  1360 */    18,  598,  361,  462,  461,   30,  402,  294,   31,  620,
- /*  1370 */   293,  354,  251,   41,   42,  410,  565,  620,  620,  620,
- /*  1380 */    43,  412,  411,  453,  396,  594,  620,  620,  394,   61,
- /*  1390 */   413,  292,  443,  622,  621,  243,   41,   42,  620,  600,
- /*  1400 */    79,  597,  291,   43,  412,  411,   60,  620,  594,  240,
- /*  1410 */   620,  410,  231,   37,  555,  173,  592,  592,  592,  591,
- /*  1420 */   590,   13,  216,  239,  620,  184,  413,  302,  301,  300,
- /*  1430 */   179,  298,  388,  565,  452,  600,   78,  286,  620,  592,
- /*  1440 */   592,  592,  591,  590,   13,  429,   29,  413,  151,  289,
- /*  1450 */   242,  145,  392,  194,  193,  288,  600,    9,  542,  241,
- /*  1460 */   620,  525,  391,  284,  620,  594,  620,  620,  522,  536,
- /*  1470 */   620,  535,  153,  385,  465,  516,  282,  325,  154,  517,
- /*  1480 */   277,  152,  512,  511,  513,  129,  226,  308,  487,  486,
- /*  1490 */   485,  164,  372,  493,  307,  227,  592,  592,  592,  225,
- /*  1500 */   479,  163,  368,  370,  162,  476,  210,  477,   26,  259,
- /*  1510 */   161,  466,  362,  141,  132,  120,  117,  455,  156,  115,
- /*  1520 */   344,  343,  256,  342,  245,  114,  113,  446,  311,  112,
- /*  1530 */    23,  317,  432,  236,  131,  431,  110,  430,   20,  427,
- /*  1540 */   608,  595,  295,   63,  379,  287,  509,  191,  278,  403,
- /*  1550 */   572,  569,  497,  498,  496,  494,  335,  459,  445,  303,
- /*  1560 */   296,  246,  341,  355,    5,  568,  369,  507,  253,  549,
- /*  1570 */   526,  209,  400,  501,  500,  524,  234,  958,  489,  482,
+ /*     0 */   306,  212,  432,  955,  639,  191,  955,  295,  559,   88,
+ /*    10 */    88,   88,   88,   81,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,
+ /*    20 */    84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  185,  184,  183,  635,  635,
+ /*    30 */   292,  606,  606,   88,   88,   88,   88,  683,   86,   86,
+ /*    40 */    86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,   16,
+ /*    50 */   436,  597,   89,   90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,
+ /*    60 */    87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  684,   86,   86,   86,   86,
+ /*    70 */    85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  306,  559,   84,
+ /*    80 */    84,   84,   83,  330,   65,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,
+ /*    90 */    85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  635,  635,  634,  633,
+ /*   100 */   182,  682,  550,  379,  376,  375,   17,  322,  606,  606,
+ /*   110 */   371,  198,  479,   91,  374,   82,   79,  165,   85,   85,
+ /*   120 */    84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  598,  635,  635,  107,   89,
+ /*   130 */    90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,
+ /*   140 */    88,   88,  186,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,
+ /*   150 */    84,   84,   83,  330,  306,  594,  594,  142,  328,  327,
+ /*   160 */   484,  249,  344,  238,  635,  635,  634,  633,  585,  448,
+ /*   170 */   526,  525,  229,  388,    1,  394,  450,  584,  449,  635,
+ /*   180 */   635,  635,  635,  319,  395,  606,  606,  199,  157,  273,
+ /*   190 */   382,  268,  381,  187,  635,  635,  634,  633,  311,  555,
+ /*   200 */   266,  593,  593,  266,  347,  588,   89,   90,   80,  600,
+ /*   210 */   599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  478,
+ /*   220 */    86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,
+ /*   230 */   330,  306,  272,  536,  634,  633,  146,  610,  197,  310,
+ /*   240 */   575,  182,  482,  271,  379,  376,  375,  506,   21,  634,
+ /*   250 */   633,  634,  633,  635,  635,  374,  611,  574,  548,  440,
+ /*   260 */   111,  563,  606,  606,  634,  633,  324,  479,  608,  608,
+ /*   270 */   608,  300,  435,  573,  119,  407,  210,  162,  562,  883,
+ /*   280 */   592,  592,  306,   89,   90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,
+ /*   290 */    87,   87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  506,   86,   86,   86,
+ /*   300 */    86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  620,  111,
+ /*   310 */   635,  635,  361,  606,  606,  358,  249,  349,  248,  433,
+ /*   320 */   243,  479,  586,  634,  633,  195,  611,   93,  119,  221,
+ /*   330 */   575,  497,  534,  534,   89,   90,   80,  600,  599,  601,
+ /*   340 */   601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  574,   86,   86,
+ /*   350 */    86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  306,
+ /*   360 */    77,  429,  638,  573,  589,  530,  240,  230,  242,  105,
+ /*   370 */   249,  349,  248,  515,  588,  208,  460,  529,  564,  173,
+ /*   380 */   634,  633,  970,  144,  430,    2,  424,  228,  380,  557,
+ /*   390 */   606,  606,  190,  153,  159,  158,  514,   51,  632,  631,
+ /*   400 */   630,   71,  536,  432,  954,  196,  610,  954,  614,   45,
+ /*   410 */    18,   89,   90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,
+ /*   420 */    88,   88,   88,   88,  261,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,
+ /*   430 */    85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  306,  608,  608,  608,
+ /*   440 */   542,  424,  402,  385,  241,  506,  451,  320,  211,  543,
+ /*   450 */   164,  436,  386,  293,  451,  587,  108,  496,  111,  334,
+ /*   460 */   391,  591,  424,  614,   27,  452,  453,  606,  606,   72,
+ /*   470 */   257,   70,  259,  452,  339,  342,  564,  582,   68,  415,
+ /*   480 */   469,  328,  327,   62,  614,   45,  110,  393,   89,   90,
+ /*   490 */    80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,
+ /*   500 */    88,  152,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,
+ /*   510 */    84,   83,  330,  306,  110,  499,  520,  538,  402,  389,
+ /*   520 */   424,  110,  566,  500,  593,  593,  454,   82,   79,  165,
+ /*   530 */   424,  591,  384,  564,  340,  615,  188,  162,  424,  350,
+ /*   540 */   616,  424,  614,   44,  606,  606,  445,  582,  300,  434,
+ /*   550 */   151,   19,  614,    9,  568,  580,  348,  615,  469,  567,
+ /*   560 */   614,   26,  616,  614,   45,   89,   90,   80,  600,  599,
+ /*   570 */   601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  411,   86,
+ /*   580 */    86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,
+ /*   590 */   306,  579,  110,  578,  521,  282,  433,  398,  400,  255,
+ /*   600 */   486,   82,   79,  165,  487,  164,   82,   79,  165,  488,
+ /*   610 */   488,  364,  387,  424,  544,  544,  509,  350,  362,  155,
+ /*   620 */   191,  606,  606,  559,  642,  640,  333,   82,   79,  165,
+ /*   630 */   305,  564,  507,  312,  357,  614,   45,  329,  596,  595,
+ /*   640 */   194,  337,   89,   90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,
+ /*   650 */    87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  424,   86,   86,   86,   86,
+ /*   660 */    85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  306,   20,  323,
+ /*   670 */   150,  263,  211,  543,  421,  596,  595,  614,   22,  424,
+ /*   680 */   193,  424,  284,  424,  391,  424,  509,  424,  577,  424,
+ /*   690 */   186,  335,  424,  559,  424,  313,  120,  546,  606,  606,
+ /*   700 */    67,  614,   47,  614,   50,  614,   48,  614,  100,  614,
+ /*   710 */    99,  614,  101,  576,  614,  102,  614,  109,  326,   89,
+ /*   720 */    90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,
+ /*   730 */    88,   88,  424,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,
+ /*   740 */    84,   84,   83,  330,  306,  424,  311,  424,  585,   54,
+ /*   750 */   424,  516,  517,  590,  614,  112,  424,  584,  424,  572,
+ /*   760 */   424,  195,  424,  571,  424,   67,  424,  614,   94,  614,
+ /*   770 */    98,  424,  614,   97,  264,  606,  606,  195,  614,   46,
+ /*   780 */   614,   96,  614,   30,  614,   49,  614,  115,  614,  114,
+ /*   790 */   418,  229,  388,  614,  113,  306,   89,   90,   80,  600,
+ /*   800 */   599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,   88,  424,
+ /*   810 */    86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,   83,
+ /*   820 */   330,  119,  424,  590,  110,  372,  606,  606,  195,   53,
+ /*   830 */   250,  614,   29,  195,  472,  438,  729,  190,  302,  498,
+ /*   840 */    14,  523,  641,    2,  614,   43,  306,   89,   90,   80,
+ /*   850 */   600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,   88,
+ /*   860 */   424,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,   84,
+ /*   870 */    83,  330,  424,  613,  964,  964,  354,  606,  606,  420,
+ /*   880 */   312,   64,  614,   42,  391,  355,  283,  437,  301,  255,
+ /*   890 */   414,  410,  495,  492,  614,   28,  471,  306,   89,   90,
+ /*   900 */    80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,   88,
+ /*   910 */    88,  424,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,   84,
+ /*   920 */    84,   83,  330,  424,  110,  110,  110,  110,  606,  606,
+ /*   930 */   110,  254,   13,  614,   41,  532,  531,  283,  481,  531,
+ /*   940 */   457,  284,  119,  561,  356,  614,   40,  284,  306,   89,
+ /*   950 */    78,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,   88,
+ /*   960 */    88,   88,  424,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,   84,
+ /*   970 */    84,   84,   83,  330,  110,  424,  341,  220,  555,  606,
+ /*   980 */   606,  351,  555,  318,  614,   95,  413,  255,   83,  330,
+ /*   990 */   284,  284,  255,  640,  333,  356,  255,  614,   39,  306,
+ /*  1000 */   356,   90,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,   88,
+ /*  1010 */    88,   88,   88,  424,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,   85,
+ /*  1020 */    84,   84,   84,   83,  330,  424,  317,  316,  141,  465,
+ /*  1030 */   606,  606,  219,  619,  463,  614,   10,  417,  462,  255,
+ /*  1040 */   189,  510,  553,  351,  207,  363,  161,  614,   38,  315,
+ /*  1050 */   218,  255,  255,   80,  600,  599,  601,  601,   87,   87,
+ /*  1060 */    88,   88,   88,   88,  424,   86,   86,   86,   86,   85,
+ /*  1070 */    85,   84,   84,   84,   83,  330,   76,  419,  255,    3,
+ /*  1080 */   878,  461,  424,  247,  331,  331,  614,   37,  217,   76,
+ /*  1090 */   419,  390,    3,  216,  215,  422,    4,  331,  331,  424,
+ /*  1100 */   547,   12,  424,  545,  614,   36,  424,  541,  422,  424,
+ /*  1110 */   540,  424,  214,  424,  408,  424,  539,  403,  605,  605,
+ /*  1120 */   237,  614,   25,  119,  614,   24,  588,  408,  614,   45,
+ /*  1130 */   118,  614,   35,  614,   34,  614,   33,  614,   23,  588,
+ /*  1140 */    60,  223,  603,  602,  513,  378,   73,   74,  140,  139,
+ /*  1150 */   424,  110,  265,   75,  426,  425,   59,  424,  610,   73,
+ /*  1160 */    74,  549,  402,  404,  424,  373,   75,  426,  425,  604,
+ /*  1170 */   138,  610,  614,   11,  392,   76,  419,  181,    3,  614,
+ /*  1180 */    32,  271,  369,  331,  331,  493,  614,   31,  149,  608,
+ /*  1190 */   608,  608,  607,   15,  422,  365,  614,    8,  137,  489,
+ /*  1200 */   136,  190,  608,  608,  608,  607,   15,  485,  176,  135,
+ /*  1210 */     7,  252,  477,  408,  174,  133,  175,  474,   57,   56,
+ /*  1220 */   132,  130,  119,   76,  419,  588,    3,  468,  245,  464,
+ /*  1230 */   171,  331,  331,  125,  123,  456,  447,  122,  446,  104,
+ /*  1240 */   336,  231,  422,  166,  154,   73,   74,  332,  116,  431,
+ /*  1250 */   121,  309,   75,  426,  425,  222,  106,  610,  308,  637,
+ /*  1260 */   204,  408,  629,  627,  628,    6,  200,  428,  427,  290,
+ /*  1270 */   203,  622,  201,  588,   62,   63,  289,   66,  419,  399,
+ /*  1280 */     3,  401,  288,   92,  143,  331,  331,  287,  608,  608,
+ /*  1290 */   608,  607,   15,   73,   74,  227,  422,  325,   69,  416,
+ /*  1300 */    75,  426,  425,  612,  412,  610,  192,   61,  569,  209,
+ /*  1310 */   396,  226,  278,  225,  383,  408,  527,  558,  276,  533,
+ /*  1320 */   552,  528,  321,  523,  370,  508,  180,  588,  494,  179,
+ /*  1330 */   366,  117,  253,  269,  522,  503,  608,  608,  608,  607,
+ /*  1340 */    15,  551,  502,   58,  274,  524,  178,   73,   74,  304,
+ /*  1350 */   501,  368,  303,  206,   75,  426,  425,  491,  360,  610,
+ /*  1360 */   213,  177,  483,  131,  345,  298,  297,  296,  202,  294,
+ /*  1370 */   480,  490,  466,  134,  172,  129,  444,  346,  470,  128,
+ /*  1380 */   314,  459,  103,  127,  126,  148,  124,  167,  443,  235,
+ /*  1390 */   608,  608,  608,  607,   15,  442,  439,  623,  234,  299,
+ /*  1400 */   145,  583,  291,  377,  581,  160,  119,  156,  270,  636,
+ /*  1410 */   971,  169,  279,  626,  520,  625,  473,  624,  170,  621,
+ /*  1420 */   618,  119,  168,   55,  409,  423,  537,  609,  286,  285,
+ /*  1430 */   405,  570,  560,  556,    5,   52,  458,  554,  147,  267,
+ /*  1440 */   519,  504,  518,  406,  262,  239,  260,  512,  343,  511,
+ /*  1450 */   258,  353,  565,  256,  224,  251,  359,  277,  275,  476,
+ /*  1460 */   475,  246,  352,  244,  467,  455,  236,  233,  232,  307,
+ /*  1470 */   441,  281,  205,  163,  397,  280,  535,  505,  330,  617,
+ /*  1480 */   971,  971,  971,  971,  367,  971,  971,  971,  971,  971,
+ /*  1490 */   971,  971,  971,  971,  971,  971,  338,
 };
 static const YYCODETYPE yy_lookahead[] = {
- /*     0 */    19,  169,  170,  171,   22,   24,   24,   26,   77,   78,
- /*    10 */    79,   80,   81,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
- /*    20 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   26,   27,    1,   26,   27,   15,
- /*    30 */    49,   50,   77,   78,   79,   80,  116,   82,   83,   84,
- /*    40 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,  128,   68,
- /*    50 */    69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
- /*    60 */    79,   80,  230,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
- /*    70 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   19,   94,   19,   23,   86,   87,
- /*    80 */    25,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
- /*    90 */    91,   92,   94,   95,   19,   94,   95,   96,  172,  173,
- /*   100 */    99,  100,  101,  197,   49,   50,  177,  181,   22,   54,
- /*   110 */   204,  110,   26,   27,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,
- /*   120 */    92,  129,  130,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,
- /*   130 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   22,   82,   83,   84,
- /*   140 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,   92,
- /*   150 */   221,  222,  223,   96,   97,   98,   99,  100,  101,  102,
- /*   160 */   112,   32,  114,  115,   26,   27,  109,   92,  150,   25,
- /*   170 */    41,  150,   97,   98,   99,  100,  101,  102,   49,   50,
- /*   180 */    94,   95,   98,  165,  109,   25,  165,  163,  170,  171,
- /*   190 */   166,  167,  168,  109,   12,  174,  175,   68,   69,   70,
- /*   200 */    71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,
- /*   210 */    28,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
- /*   220 */    91,   92,   19,   11,   86,   87,   44,   24,   46,  221,
- /*   230 */   222,  223,   94,   95,   66,   97,  215,    7,    8,   57,
- /*   240 */   150,  220,  104,   19,  106,   26,   27,  229,  230,  241,
- /*   250 */   160,   27,   49,   50,   22,  165,   96,  118,   16,   99,
- /*   260 */   100,  101,   94,  119,  174,  175,   98,  129,  130,   57,
- /*   270 */   110,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,
- /*   280 */    77,   78,   79,   80,  194,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,
- /*   290 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  129,  130,  131,
- /*   300 */   150,   23,   60,   25,   62,  215,  150,  150,   76,  150,
- /*   310 */   220,  161,  162,   94,   95,  165,   30,  105,  106,  107,
- /*   320 */    34,  165,  165,   23,  165,   25,   49,   50,  116,  170,
- /*   330 */   171,  174,  175,   22,   48,  185,  186,   26,   27,  120,
- /*   340 */    26,   27,   12,  187,  160,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,
- /*   350 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   28,   82,
- /*   360 */    83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
- /*   370 */    19,  150,  215,   95,   44,   23,   46,  220,  194,   96,
- /*   380 */   138,  160,   99,  100,  101,   23,  165,   25,  229,  230,
- /*   390 */    26,   27,  135,  110,  137,  174,  175,   57,  120,  150,
- /*   400 */    49,   50,   88,  219,  113,   94,   95,  158,   94,   95,
- /*   410 */   161,  162,   21,  136,  165,  194,  169,  170,  171,   68,
- /*   420 */    69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
- /*   430 */    79,   80,   23,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
- /*   440 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  105,  106,  107,   23,   88,
- /*   450 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   63,   23,  116,   88,   94,   95,
- /*   460 */   142,  143,  144,  145,  112,  150,  114,  115,  105,  106,
- /*   470 */   107,   23,   23,   25,   49,   50,  118,  230,   97,   98,
- /*   480 */   165,   16,  113,  118,  120,  160,  117,  136,  113,  174,
- /*   490 */   175,  100,  117,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,
- /*   500 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  160,   82,   83,   84,
- /*   510 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  194,
- /*   520 */    25,  112,   23,  114,  115,   60,  150,   62,  150,  138,
- /*   530 */   150,  105,  106,  107,   19,  150,   36,  161,  162,  224,
- /*   540 */   194,  165,  217,  165,  112,  165,  114,  115,   49,   50,
- /*   550 */   165,   51,  174,  175,  174,  175,  166,  232,   58,  174,
- /*   560 */   175,  112,  237,  114,  115,   50,   22,   68,   69,   70,
- /*   570 */    71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,
- /*   580 */   160,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
- /*   590 */    91,   92,   19,  215,  214,  205,   23,    7,    8,    9,
- /*   600 */   215,  155,   24,   22,   26,  150,   97,   26,  108,  129,
- /*   610 */   130,  221,  222,  223,  194,    0,    1,    2,  150,  104,
- /*   620 */   165,  126,   49,   50,  109,  116,  206,  207,  118,  174,
- /*   630 */   175,   22,   23,  165,   25,   22,   23,  128,   25,  118,
- /*   640 */    26,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,
- /*   650 */    77,   78,   79,   80,  150,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,
- /*   660 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  150,  150,  165,
- /*   670 */    23,  160,   94,  227,  150,   94,   67,  231,  174,  175,
- /*   680 */    67,  213,  165,  165,  221,  222,  223,  150,  150,  165,
- /*   690 */    23,   32,  174,  175,  181,  182,   49,   50,  174,  175,
- /*   700 */    41,  188,  165,  165,   22,  194,  177,   11,   94,   23,
- /*   710 */   193,  174,  175,  160,   22,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,
- /*   720 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  217,   82,
- /*   730 */    83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
- /*   740 */    19,  150,  150,  150,   25,   24,   19,  194,  237,  150,
- /*   750 */   221,  222,  223,   25,   27,   23,  165,  165,  165,  242,
- /*   760 */   165,   23,  150,   25,  165,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,
- /*   770 */    49,   50,  219,  150,   22,   23,  238,  165,   25,   22,
- /*   780 */    23,   23,  166,  167,  168,  193,  174,  175,  165,   68,
- /*   790 */    69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
- /*   800 */    79,   80,  150,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
- /*   810 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  150,   23,  165,  150,   67,
- /*   820 */   150,   25,  103,   95,   67,   35,  174,  175,  206,  207,
- /*   830 */   165,  150,   25,  165,  150,  165,  213,  150,  150,  174,
- /*   840 */   175,   35,  174,  175,   49,   50,  165,   52,  120,  165,
- /*   850 */   245,  246,  165,  165,   35,  174,  175,  187,  174,  175,
- /*   860 */    23,   50,   25,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,
- /*   870 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  150,   82,   83,   84,
- /*   880 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  150,
- /*   890 */   150,  165,  150,  150,  160,   23,  150,   25,  144,  145,
- /*   900 */   174,  175,  120,  216,  165,  165,   22,  165,  165,  150,
- /*   910 */   150,  165,   27,  174,  175,  104,  174,  175,   49,   50,
- /*   920 */   174,  175,  247,  248,  165,  165,  238,  187,  194,   23,
- /*   930 */   187,   25,  166,  174,  175,  190,  191,   68,   69,   70,
- /*   940 */    71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,
- /*   950 */   150,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
- /*   960 */    91,   92,   19,  150,  150,  165,  150,   23,  150,   25,
- /*   970 */    23,  205,   25,  213,  174,  175,  190,  191,  165,  165,
- /*   980 */   118,  165,  150,  165,  150,  150,   23,  174,  175,   39,
- /*   990 */   174,  175,   49,   50,  173,  150,   23,  165,   52,  165,
- /*  1000 */   165,  187,  181,   22,  166,  166,  174,  175,  174,  175,
- /*  1010 */   165,   68,   69,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,
- /*  1020 */    77,   78,   79,   80,  150,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,
- /*  1030 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   19,  150,  193,  165,
- /*  1040 */   150,  160,  150,  205,  205,  150,  150,   29,  174,  175,
- /*  1050 */    52,  216,  165,   22,  150,  165,  238,  165,  150,  150,
- /*  1060 */   165,  165,   49,   50,  174,  175,   49,   50,   23,  165,
- /*  1070 */    91,   92,   22,  165,  165,  194,    1,    2,   22,   52,
- /*  1080 */   193,  109,  174,  175,   71,   72,   69,   70,   71,   72,
- /*  1090 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,  150,   82,
- /*  1100 */    83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
- /*  1110 */    19,   98,  150,  165,  150,  150,  150,  102,  150,  150,
- /*  1120 */    22,   19,  174,  175,   20,   24,  104,  165,   43,  165,
- /*  1130 */   165,  165,  150,  165,  165,  150,  174,  175,  174,  175,
- /*  1140 */    49,   50,   59,   53,  138,   25,   53,  165,  104,   22,
- /*  1150 */   165,    5,  118,    1,   76,   76,  174,  175,  193,  174,
- /*  1160 */   175,   70,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
- /*  1170 */    79,   80,   35,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,
- /*  1180 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   19,   20,  150,   22,  150,  150,
- /*  1190 */   150,   26,   27,   27,  108,  127,  150,  150,   22,   25,
- /*  1200 */    22,  165,   37,  165,  165,  165,  119,   19,   20,  150,
- /*  1210 */    22,  165,  165,  150,   26,   27,   23,    1,   16,   20,
- /*  1220 */   150,   56,  119,  108,  165,   37,  121,  128,  165,  193,
- /*  1230 */    23,   66,  193,  174,  175,  165,  127,  174,  175,   16,
- /*  1240 */    23,  146,  147,   15,   56,   65,  150,  152,  140,  154,
- /*  1250 */   150,   86,   87,   88,   66,  160,   22,  150,   93,   94,
- /*  1260 */    95,  165,  150,   98,  150,  165,    3,  246,    4,  150,
- /*  1270 */   174,  175,  165,  150,   86,   87,    6,  165,  150,  165,
- /*  1280 */   164,   93,   94,   95,  165,  149,   98,  149,  165,  194,
- /*  1290 */   180,  180,  249,  165,  129,  130,  131,  132,  133,  134,
- /*  1300 */   193,  150,  174,  175,  116,  193,   19,   20,  150,   22,
- /*  1310 */   249,  149,  217,   26,   27,  151,  165,  129,  130,  131,
- /*  1320 */   132,  133,  134,  165,   37,  174,  175,  150,  149,   19,
- /*  1330 */    20,  150,   22,  150,  150,  150,   26,   27,   13,  244,
- /*  1340 */   151,  159,  165,   56,   25,  116,  165,   37,  165,  165,
- /*  1350 */   165,  174,  175,   66,  150,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,
- /*  1360 */   175,  194,  150,  150,  150,  126,   56,  199,  124,  165,
- /*  1370 */   200,  150,  150,   86,   87,  150,   66,  165,  165,  165,
- /*  1380 */    93,   94,   95,  150,  122,   98,  165,  165,  123,   22,
- /*  1390 */   165,  201,  150,   26,   27,  150,   86,   87,  165,  174,
- /*  1400 */   175,  203,  202,   93,   94,   95,  125,  165,   98,  150,
- /*  1410 */   165,  150,  225,  135,  157,  118,  129,  130,  131,  132,
- /*  1420 */   133,  134,    5,  150,  165,  157,  165,   10,   11,   12,
- /*  1430 */    13,   14,  150,   66,   17,  174,  175,  210,  165,  129,
- /*  1440 */   130,  131,  132,  133,  134,  150,  104,  165,   31,  150,
- /*  1450 */    33,  150,  150,   86,   87,  150,  174,  175,  211,   42,
- /*  1460 */   165,   94,  121,  210,  165,   98,  165,  165,  176,  211,
- /*  1470 */   165,  211,   55,  104,   57,  184,  210,   47,   61,  176,
- /*  1480 */   176,   64,  103,  176,  178,   22,   92,  179,  176,  176,
- /*  1490 */   176,  156,   18,  184,  179,  228,  129,  130,  131,  228,
- /*  1500 */   157,  156,   45,  157,  156,  236,  157,  157,  135,  235,
- /*  1510 */   156,  189,  157,   68,  218,  189,   22,  199,  156,  192,
- /*  1520 */   157,   18,  105,  106,  107,  192,  192,  199,  111,  192,
- /*  1530 */   240,  157,   40,  116,  218,  157,  189,  157,  240,   38,
- /*  1540 */   153,  166,  198,  243,  178,  209,  182,  196,  177,  226,
- /*  1550 */   230,  230,  166,  177,  177,  166,  139,  199,  199,  148,
- /*  1560 */   195,  209,  209,  239,  196,  166,  234,  183,  239,  208,
- /*  1570 */   174,  233,  191,  183,  183,  174,   92,  250,  186,  186,
+ /*     0 */    19,   22,   22,   23,    1,   24,   26,   15,   27,   80,
+ /*    10 */    81,   82,   83,   84,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
+ /*    20 */    91,   92,   93,   94,   95,  108,  109,  110,   27,   28,
+ /*    30 */    23,   50,   51,   80,   81,   82,   83,  122,   85,   86,
+ /*    40 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   22,
+ /*    50 */    70,   23,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
+ /*    60 */    79,   80,   81,   82,   83,  122,   85,   86,   87,   88,
+ /*    70 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   19,   97,   91,
+ /*    80 */    92,   93,   94,   95,   26,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,
+ /*    90 */    90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   27,   28,   97,   98,
+ /*   100 */    99,  122,  211,  102,  103,  104,   79,   19,   50,   51,
+ /*   110 */    19,  122,   59,   55,  113,  224,  225,  226,   89,   90,
+ /*   120 */    91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   23,   27,   28,   26,   71,
+ /*   130 */    72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,
+ /*   140 */    82,   83,   51,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,
+ /*   150 */    92,   93,   94,   95,   19,  132,  133,   58,   89,   90,
+ /*   160 */    21,  108,  109,  110,   27,   28,   97,   98,   33,  100,
+ /*   170 */     7,    8,  119,  120,   22,   19,  107,   42,  109,   27,
+ /*   180 */    28,   27,   28,   95,   28,   50,   51,   99,  100,  101,
+ /*   190 */   102,  103,  104,  105,   27,   28,   97,   98,  107,  152,
+ /*   200 */   112,  132,  133,  112,   65,   69,   71,   72,   73,   74,
+ /*   210 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,   83,   11,
+ /*   220 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,
+ /*   230 */    95,   19,  101,   97,   97,   98,   24,  101,  122,  157,
+ /*   240 */    12,   99,  103,  112,  102,  103,  104,  152,   22,   97,
+ /*   250 */    98,   97,   98,   27,   28,  113,   27,   29,   91,  164,
+ /*   260 */   165,  124,   50,   51,   97,   98,  219,   59,  132,  133,
+ /*   270 */   134,   22,   23,   45,   66,   47,  212,  213,  124,  140,
+ /*   280 */   132,  133,   19,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,
+ /*   290 */    78,   79,   80,   81,   82,   83,  152,   85,   86,   87,
+ /*   300 */    88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,  164,  165,
+ /*   310 */    27,   28,  230,   50,   51,  233,  108,  109,  110,   70,
+ /*   320 */    16,   59,   23,   97,   98,   26,   97,   22,   66,  185,
+ /*   330 */    12,  187,   27,   28,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,
+ /*   340 */    77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,   83,   29,   85,   86,
+ /*   350 */    87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   19,
+ /*   360 */    22,  148,  149,   45,   23,   47,   62,  154,   64,  156,
+ /*   370 */   108,  109,  110,   37,   69,   23,  163,   59,   26,   26,
+ /*   380 */    97,   98,  144,  145,  146,  147,  152,  200,   52,   23,
+ /*   390 */    50,   51,   26,   22,   89,   90,   60,  210,    7,    8,
+ /*   400 */     9,  138,   97,   22,   23,   26,  101,   26,  174,  175,
+ /*   410 */   197,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,
+ /*   420 */    80,   81,   82,   83,   16,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,
+ /*   430 */    90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   19,  132,  133,  134,
+ /*   440 */    23,  152,  208,  209,  140,  152,  152,  111,  195,  196,
+ /*   450 */    98,   70,  163,  160,  152,   23,   22,  164,  165,  246,
+ /*   460 */   207,   27,  152,  174,  175,  171,  172,   50,   51,  137,
+ /*   470 */    62,  139,   64,  171,  172,  222,  124,   27,  138,   24,
+ /*   480 */   163,   89,   90,  130,  174,  175,  197,  163,   71,   72,
+ /*   490 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,
+ /*   500 */    83,   22,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
+ /*   510 */    93,   94,   95,   19,  197,  181,  182,   23,  208,  209,
+ /*   520 */   152,  197,   26,  189,  132,  133,  232,  224,  225,  226,
+ /*   530 */   152,   97,   91,   26,  232,  116,  212,  213,  152,  222,
+ /*   540 */   121,  152,  174,  175,   50,   51,  243,   97,   22,   23,
+ /*   550 */    22,  234,  174,  175,  177,   23,  239,  116,  163,  177,
+ /*   560 */   174,  175,  121,  174,  175,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,
+ /*   570 */    76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,   83,   24,   85,
+ /*   580 */    86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,
+ /*   590 */    19,   23,  197,   11,   23,  227,   70,  208,  220,  152,
+ /*   600 */    31,  224,  225,  226,   35,   98,  224,  225,  226,  108,
+ /*   610 */   109,  110,  115,  152,  117,  118,   27,  222,   49,  123,
+ /*   620 */    24,   50,   51,   27,    0,    1,    2,  224,  225,  226,
+ /*   630 */   166,  124,  168,  169,  239,  174,  175,  170,  171,  172,
+ /*   640 */    22,  194,   71,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,
+ /*   650 */    79,   80,   81,   82,   83,  152,   85,   86,   87,   88,
+ /*   660 */    89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   19,   22,  208,
+ /*   670 */    24,   23,  195,  196,  170,  171,  172,  174,  175,  152,
+ /*   680 */    26,  152,  152,  152,  207,  152,   97,  152,   23,  152,
+ /*   690 */    51,  244,  152,   97,  152,  247,  248,   23,   50,   51,
+ /*   700 */    26,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,
+ /*   710 */   175,  174,  175,   23,  174,  175,  174,  175,  188,   71,
+ /*   720 */    72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,
+ /*   730 */    82,   83,  152,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,
+ /*   740 */    92,   93,   94,   95,   19,  152,  107,  152,   33,   24,
+ /*   750 */   152,  100,  101,   27,  174,  175,  152,   42,  152,   23,
+ /*   760 */   152,   26,  152,   23,  152,   26,  152,  174,  175,  174,
+ /*   770 */   175,  152,  174,  175,   23,   50,   51,   26,  174,  175,
+ /*   780 */   174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,
+ /*   790 */   163,  119,  120,  174,  175,   19,   71,   72,   73,   74,
+ /*   800 */    75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,   83,  152,
+ /*   810 */    85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,   94,
+ /*   820 */    95,   66,  152,   97,  197,   23,   50,   51,   26,   53,
+ /*   830 */    23,  174,  175,   26,   23,   23,   23,   26,   26,   26,
+ /*   840 */    36,  106,  146,  147,  174,  175,   19,   71,   72,   73,
+ /*   850 */    74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,   83,
+ /*   860 */   152,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,   93,
+ /*   870 */    94,   95,  152,  196,  119,  120,   19,   50,   51,  168,
+ /*   880 */   169,   26,  174,  175,  207,   28,  152,  249,  250,  152,
+ /*   890 */   163,  163,  163,  163,  174,  175,  163,   19,   71,   72,
+ /*   900 */    73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,   82,
+ /*   910 */    83,  152,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,   92,
+ /*   920 */    93,   94,   95,  152,  197,  197,  197,  197,   50,   51,
+ /*   930 */   197,  194,   36,  174,  175,  191,  192,  152,  191,  192,
+ /*   940 */   163,  152,   66,  124,  152,  174,  175,  152,   19,   71,
+ /*   950 */    72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,   81,
+ /*   960 */    82,   83,  152,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,   91,
+ /*   970 */    92,   93,   94,   95,  197,  152,  100,  188,  152,   50,
+ /*   980 */    51,  152,  152,  188,  174,  175,  252,  152,   94,   95,
+ /*   990 */   152,  152,  152,    1,    2,  152,  152,  174,  175,   19,
+ /*  1000 */   152,   72,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,   80,
+ /*  1010 */    81,   82,   83,  152,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,   90,
+ /*  1020 */    91,   92,   93,   94,   95,  152,  188,  188,   22,  194,
+ /*  1030 */    50,   51,  240,  173,  194,  174,  175,  252,  194,  152,
+ /*  1040 */    36,  181,   28,  152,   23,  219,  122,  174,  175,  219,
+ /*  1050 */   221,  152,  152,   73,   74,   75,   76,   77,   78,   79,
+ /*  1060 */    80,   81,   82,   83,  152,   85,   86,   87,   88,   89,
+ /*  1070 */    90,   91,   92,   93,   94,   95,   19,   20,  152,   22,
+ /*  1080 */    23,  194,  152,  240,   27,   28,  174,  175,  240,   19,
+ /*  1090 */    20,   26,   22,  194,  194,   38,   22,   27,   28,  152,
+ /*  1100 */    23,   22,  152,  116,  174,  175,  152,   23,   38,  152,
+ /*  1110 */    23,  152,  221,  152,   57,  152,   23,  163,   50,   51,
+ /*  1120 */   194,  174,  175,   66,  174,  175,   69,   57,  174,  175,
+ /*  1130 */    40,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,  174,  175,   69,
+ /*  1140 */    22,   53,   74,   75,   30,   53,   89,   90,   22,   22,
+ /*  1150 */   152,  197,   23,   96,   97,   98,   22,  152,  101,   89,
+ /*  1160 */    90,   91,  208,  209,  152,   53,   96,   97,   98,  101,
+ /*  1170 */    22,  101,  174,  175,  152,   19,   20,  105,   22,  174,
+ /*  1180 */   175,  112,   19,   27,   28,   20,  174,  175,   24,  132,
+ /*  1190 */   133,  134,  135,  136,   38,   44,  174,  175,  107,   61,
+ /*  1200 */    54,   26,  132,  133,  134,  135,  136,   54,  107,   22,
+ /*  1210 */     5,  140,    1,   57,   36,  111,  122,   28,   79,   79,
+ /*  1220 */   131,  123,   66,   19,   20,   69,   22,    1,   16,   20,
+ /*  1230 */   125,   27,   28,  123,  111,  120,   23,  131,   23,   16,
+ /*  1240 */    68,  142,   38,   15,   22,   89,   90,    3,  167,    4,
+ /*  1250 */   248,  251,   96,   97,   98,  180,  180,  101,  251,  151,
+ /*  1260 */     6,   57,  151,   13,  151,   26,   25,  151,  161,  202,
+ /*  1270 */   153,  162,  153,   69,  130,  128,  203,   19,   20,  127,
+ /*  1280 */    22,  126,  204,  129,   22,   27,   28,  205,  132,  133,
+ /*  1290 */   134,  135,  136,   89,   90,  231,   38,   95,  137,  179,
+ /*  1300 */    96,   97,   98,  206,  179,  101,  122,  107,  159,  159,
+ /*  1310 */   125,  231,  216,  228,  107,   57,  184,  217,  216,  176,
+ /*  1320 */   217,  176,   48,  106,   18,  184,  158,   69,  159,  158,
+ /*  1330 */    46,   71,  237,  176,  176,  176,  132,  133,  134,  135,
+ /*  1340 */   136,  217,  176,  137,  216,  178,  158,   89,   90,  179,
+ /*  1350 */   176,  159,  179,  159,   96,   97,   98,  159,  159,  101,
+ /*  1360 */     5,  158,  202,   22,   18,   10,   11,   12,   13,   14,
+ /*  1370 */   190,  238,   17,  190,  158,  193,   41,  159,  202,  193,
+ /*  1380 */   159,  202,  245,  193,  193,  223,  190,   32,  159,   34,
+ /*  1390 */   132,  133,  134,  135,  136,  159,   39,  155,   43,  150,
+ /*  1400 */   223,  177,  201,  178,  177,  186,   66,  199,  177,  152,
+ /*  1410 */   253,   56,  215,  152,  182,  152,  202,  152,   63,  152,
+ /*  1420 */   152,   66,   67,  242,  229,  152,  174,  152,  152,  152,
+ /*  1430 */   152,  152,  152,  152,  199,  242,  202,  152,  198,  152,
+ /*  1440 */   152,  152,  183,  192,  152,  215,  152,  183,  215,  183,
+ /*  1450 */   152,  241,  214,  152,  211,  152,  152,  211,  211,  152,
+ /*  1460 */   152,  241,  152,  152,  152,  152,  152,  152,  152,  114,
+ /*  1470 */   152,  152,  235,  152,  152,  152,  174,  187,   95,  174,
+ /*  1480 */   253,  253,  253,  253,  236,  253,  253,  253,  253,  253,
+ /*  1490 */   253,  253,  253,  253,  253,  253,  141,
 };
-#define YY_SHIFT_USE_DFLT (-81)
-#define YY_SHIFT_COUNT (417)
-#define YY_SHIFT_MIN   (-80)
-#define YY_SHIFT_MAX   (1503)
+#define YY_SHIFT_USE_DFLT (-86)
+#define YY_SHIFT_COUNT (429)
+#define YY_SHIFT_MIN   (-85)
+#define YY_SHIFT_MAX   (1383)
 static const short yy_shift_ofst[] = {
- /*     0 */  1075, 1188, 1417, 1188, 1287, 1287,  138,  138,    1,  -19,
- /*    10 */  1287, 1287, 1287, 1287,  340,   -2,  129,  129,  795, 1165,
- /*    20 */  1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287,
- /*    30 */  1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287,
- /*    40 */  1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1310, 1287,
- /*    50 */  1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287, 1287,
- /*    60 */  1287, 1287,  212,   -2,   -2,   -8,   -8,  614, 1229,   55,
- /*    70 */   721,  647,  573,  499,  425,  351,  277,  203,  869,  869,
- /*    80 */   869,  869,  869,  869,  869,  869,  869,  869,  869,  869,
- /*    90 */   869,  869,  869,  943,  869, 1017, 1091, 1091,  -69,  -45,
- /*   100 */   -45,  -45,  -45,  -45,   -1,   57,   28,  361,   -2,   -2,
- /*   110 */    -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,
- /*   120 */    -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,  391,  515,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,
- /*   130 */    -2,  509,  -80,  614,  979, 1484,  -81,  -81,  -81, 1367,
- /*   140 */    75,  182,  182,  314,  311,  364,  219,   86,  613,  609,
- /*   150 */    -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,
- /*   160 */    -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,
- /*   170 */    -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,   -2,
- /*   180 */    -2,   -2,  578,  578,  578,  615, 1229, 1229, 1229,  -81,
- /*   190 */   -81,  -81,  160,  168,  168,  283,  500,  500,  500,  278,
- /*   200 */   449,  330,  432,  409,  352,   48,   48,   48,   48,  426,
- /*   210 */   286,   48,   48,  728,  581,  369,  590,  495,  224,  224,
- /*   220 */   727,  495,  727,  719,  614,  659,  614,  659,  811,  659,
- /*   230 */   224,  257,  480,  480,  614,  144,  375,  -18, 1501, 1297,
- /*   240 */  1297, 1492, 1492, 1297, 1494, 1445, 1239, 1503, 1503, 1503,
- /*   250 */  1503, 1297, 1474, 1239, 1494, 1445, 1445, 1297, 1474, 1373,
- /*   260 */  1457, 1297, 1297, 1474, 1297, 1474, 1297, 1474, 1463, 1369,
- /*   270 */  1369, 1369, 1430, 1394, 1394, 1463, 1369, 1379, 1369, 1430,
- /*   280 */  1369, 1369, 1341, 1342, 1341, 1342, 1341, 1342, 1297, 1297,
- /*   290 */  1278, 1281, 1262, 1244, 1265, 1239, 1229, 1319, 1325, 1325,
- /*   300 */  1270, 1270, 1270, 1270,  -81,  -81,  -81,  -81,  -81,  -81,
- /*   310 */  1013,  242,  757,  752,  465,  363,  947,  232,  944,  906,
- /*   320 */   872,  837,  738,  448,  381,  230,   84,  362,  300, 1264,
- /*   330 */  1263, 1234, 1108, 1228, 1180, 1223, 1217, 1207, 1099, 1174,
- /*   340 */  1109, 1115, 1103, 1199, 1105, 1202, 1216, 1087, 1193, 1178,
- /*   350 */  1174, 1176, 1068, 1079, 1078, 1086, 1166, 1137, 1034, 1152,
- /*   360 */  1146, 1127, 1044, 1006, 1093, 1120, 1090, 1083, 1085, 1022,
- /*   370 */  1101, 1104, 1102,  972, 1015, 1098, 1027, 1056, 1050, 1045,
- /*   380 */  1031,  998, 1018,  981,  946,  950,  973,  963,  862,  885,
- /*   390 */   819,  884,  782,  796,  806,  807,  790,  796,  793,  758,
- /*   400 */   753,  732,  692,  696,  682,  686,  667,  544,  291,  521,
- /*   410 */   510,  365,  358,  139,  114,   54,   14,   25,
+ /*     0 */   992, 1057, 1355, 1156, 1204, 1204,    1,  262,  -19,  135,
+ /*    10 */   135,  776, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204,   69,   69,   53,  208,
+ /*    20 */   283,  755,   58,  725,  648,  571,  494,  417,  340,  263,
+ /*    30 */   212,  827,  827,  827,  827,  827,  827,  827,  827,  827,
+ /*    40 */   827,  827,  827,  827,  827,  827,  878,  827,  929,  980,
+ /*    50 */   980, 1070, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204,
+ /*    60 */  1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204,
+ /*    70 */  1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204,
+ /*    80 */  1258, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204, 1204,
+ /*    90 */  1204, 1204, 1204, 1204,  -71,  -47,  -47,  -47,  -47,  -47,
+ /*   100 */     0,   29,  -12,  283,  283,  139,   91,  392,  392,  894,
+ /*   110 */   672,  726, 1383,  -86,  -86,  -86,   88,  318,  318,   99,
+ /*   120 */   381,  -20,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,
+ /*   130 */   283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,
+ /*   140 */   283,  283,  283,  283,  624,  876,  726,  672, 1340, 1340,
+ /*   150 */  1340, 1340, 1340, 1340,  -86,  -86,  -86,  305,  136,  136,
+ /*   160 */   142,  167,  226,  154,  137,  152,  283,  283,  283,  283,
+ /*   170 */   283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,
+ /*   180 */   283,  283,  283,  336,  336,  336,  283,  283,  352,  283,
+ /*   190 */   283,  283,  283,  283,  228,  283,  283,  283,  283,  283,
+ /*   200 */   283,  283,  283,  283,  283,  501,  569,  596,  596,  596,
+ /*   210 */   507,  497,  441,  391,  353,  156,  156,  857,  353,  857,
+ /*   220 */   735,  813,  639,  715,  156,  332,  715,  715,  496,  419,
+ /*   230 */   646, 1357, 1184, 1184, 1335, 1335, 1184, 1341, 1260, 1144,
+ /*   240 */  1346, 1346, 1346, 1346, 1184, 1306, 1144, 1341, 1260, 1260,
+ /*   250 */  1144, 1184, 1306, 1206, 1284, 1184, 1184, 1306, 1184, 1306,
+ /*   260 */  1184, 1306, 1262, 1207, 1207, 1207, 1274, 1262, 1207, 1217,
+ /*   270 */  1207, 1274, 1207, 1207, 1185, 1200, 1185, 1200, 1185, 1200,
+ /*   280 */  1184, 1184, 1161, 1262, 1202, 1202, 1262, 1154, 1155, 1147,
+ /*   290 */  1152, 1144, 1241, 1239, 1250, 1250, 1254, 1254, 1254, 1254,
+ /*   300 */   -86,  -86,  -86,  -86,  -86,  -86, 1068,  304,  526,  249,
+ /*   310 */   408,  -83,  434,  812,   27,  811,  807,  802,  751,  589,
+ /*   320 */   651,  163,  131,  674,  366,  450,  299,  148,   23,  102,
+ /*   330 */   229,  -21, 1245, 1244, 1222, 1099, 1228, 1172, 1223, 1215,
+ /*   340 */  1213, 1115, 1106, 1123, 1110, 1209, 1105, 1212, 1226, 1098,
+ /*   350 */  1089, 1140, 1139, 1104, 1189, 1178, 1094, 1211, 1205, 1187,
+ /*   360 */  1101, 1071, 1153, 1175, 1146, 1138, 1151, 1091, 1164, 1165,
+ /*   370 */  1163, 1069, 1072, 1148, 1112, 1134, 1127, 1129, 1126, 1092,
+ /*   380 */  1114, 1118, 1088, 1090, 1093, 1087, 1084,  987, 1079, 1077,
+ /*   390 */  1074, 1065,  924, 1021, 1014, 1004, 1006,  819,  739,  896,
+ /*   400 */   855,  804,  739,  740,  736,  690,  654,  665,  618,  582,
+ /*   410 */   568,  528,  554,  379,  532,  479,  455,  379,  432,  371,
+ /*   420 */   341,   28,  338,  116,  -11,  -57,  -85,    7,   -8,    3,
 };
-#define YY_REDUCE_USE_DFLT (-169)
-#define YY_REDUCE_COUNT (309)
-#define YY_REDUCE_MIN   (-168)
-#define YY_REDUCE_MAX   (1411)
+#define YY_REDUCE_USE_DFLT (-110)
+#define YY_REDUCE_COUNT (305)
+#define YY_REDUCE_MIN   (-109)
+#define YY_REDUCE_MAX   (1323)
 static const short yy_reduce_ofst[] = {
- /*     0 */   318,   90, 1095,  221,  157,   21,  159,   18,  150,  390,
- /*    10 */   385,  378,  380,  315,  325,  249,  529,  -71,    8, 1282,
- /*    20 */  1261, 1225, 1185, 1183, 1181, 1177, 1151, 1128, 1096, 1063,
- /*    30 */  1059,  985,  982,  964,  962,  948,  908,  890,  874,  834,
- /*    40 */   832,  816,  813,  800,  759,  746,  742,  739,  726,  684,
- /*    50 */   681,  668,  665,  652,  612,  593,  591,  537,  524,  518,
- /*    60 */   504,  455,  511,  376,  517,  247, -168,   24,  420,  463,
- /*    70 */   463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,
- /*    80 */   463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,
- /*    90 */   463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,
- /*   100 */   463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  -74,  463,  463, 1112,  835,
- /*   110 */  1107, 1039, 1036,  965,  887,  845,  818,  760,  688,  687,
- /*   120 */   538,  743,  623,  592,  446,  513,  814,  740,  670,  156,
- /*   130 */   468,  553,  184,  616,  463,  463,  463,  463,  463,  595,
- /*   140 */   821,  786,  745,  909, 1305, 1302, 1301, 1299,  675,  675,
- /*   150 */  1295, 1273, 1259, 1245, 1242, 1233, 1222, 1221, 1214, 1213,
- /*   160 */  1212, 1204, 1184, 1158, 1123, 1119, 1114, 1100, 1070, 1047,
- /*   170 */  1046, 1040, 1038,  969,  968,  966,  909,  904,  896,  895,
- /*   180 */   892,  599,  839,  838,  766,  754,  881,  734,  346,  605,
- /*   190 */   622,  -94, 1393, 1401, 1396, 1392, 1391, 1390, 1384, 1361,
- /*   200 */  1365, 1381, 1365, 1365, 1365, 1365, 1365, 1365, 1365, 1332,
- /*   210 */  1338, 1365, 1365, 1361, 1399, 1368, 1411, 1359, 1353, 1352,
- /*   220 */  1329, 1358, 1324, 1366, 1389, 1377, 1386, 1376, 1364, 1371,
- /*   230 */  1336, 1323, 1321, 1320, 1375, 1344, 1351, 1387, 1300, 1380,
- /*   240 */  1378, 1298, 1290, 1374, 1316, 1347, 1328, 1337, 1334, 1333,
- /*   250 */  1327, 1363, 1362, 1318, 1296, 1326, 1322, 1355, 1354, 1269,
- /*   260 */  1274, 1350, 1349, 1348, 1346, 1345, 1343, 1335, 1315, 1314,
- /*   270 */  1313, 1312, 1309, 1271, 1267, 1308, 1307, 1306, 1304, 1291,
- /*   280 */  1303, 1292, 1260, 1266, 1258, 1253, 1247, 1227, 1268, 1257,
- /*   290 */  1187, 1198, 1200, 1190, 1170, 1168, 1167, 1182, 1189, 1164,
- /*   300 */  1179, 1162, 1138, 1136, 1061, 1043, 1021, 1111, 1110, 1116,
+ /*     0 */   238,  954,  213,  289,  310,  234,  144,  317, -109,  382,
+ /*    10 */   377,  303,  461,  389,  378,  368,  302,  294,  253,  395,
+ /*    20 */   293,  324,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,
+ /*    30 */   403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,
+ /*    40 */   403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,
+ /*    50 */   403, 1022, 1012, 1005,  998,  963,  961,  959,  957,  950,
+ /*    60 */   947,  930,  912,  873,  861,  823,  810,  771,  759,  720,
+ /*    70 */   708,  670,  657,  619,  614,  612,  610,  608,  606,  604,
+ /*    80 */   598,  595,  593,  580,  542,  540,  537,  535,  533,  531,
+ /*    90 */   529,  527,  503,  386,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,  403,
+ /*   100 */   403,  403,  403,   95,  447,   82,  334,  504,  467,  403,
+ /*   110 */   477,  464,  403,  403,  403,  403,  860,  747,  744,  785,
+ /*   120 */   638,  638,  926,  891,  900,  899,  887,  844,  840,  835,
+ /*   130 */   848,  830,  843,  829,  792,  839,  826,  737,  838,  795,
+ /*   140 */   789,   47,  734,  530,  696,  777,  711,  677,  733,  730,
+ /*   150 */   729,  728,  727,  627,  448,   64,  187, 1305, 1302, 1252,
+ /*   160 */  1290, 1273, 1323, 1322, 1321, 1319, 1318, 1316, 1315, 1314,
+ /*   170 */  1313, 1312, 1311, 1310, 1308, 1307, 1304, 1303, 1301, 1298,
+ /*   180 */  1294, 1292, 1289, 1266, 1264, 1259, 1288, 1287, 1238, 1285,
+ /*   190 */  1281, 1280, 1279, 1278, 1251, 1277, 1276, 1275, 1273, 1268,
+ /*   200 */  1267, 1265, 1263, 1261, 1257, 1248, 1237, 1247, 1246, 1243,
+ /*   210 */  1238, 1240, 1235, 1249, 1234, 1233, 1230, 1220, 1214, 1210,
+ /*   220 */  1225, 1219, 1232, 1231, 1197, 1195, 1227, 1224, 1201, 1208,
+ /*   230 */  1242, 1137, 1236, 1229, 1193, 1181, 1221, 1177, 1196, 1179,
+ /*   240 */  1191, 1190, 1186, 1182, 1218, 1216, 1176, 1162, 1183, 1180,
+ /*   250 */  1160, 1199, 1203, 1133, 1095, 1198, 1194, 1188, 1192, 1171,
+ /*   260 */  1169, 1168, 1173, 1174, 1166, 1159, 1141, 1170, 1158, 1167,
+ /*   270 */  1157, 1132, 1145, 1143, 1124, 1128, 1103, 1102, 1100, 1096,
+ /*   280 */  1150, 1149, 1085, 1125, 1080, 1064, 1120, 1097, 1082, 1078,
+ /*   290 */  1073, 1067, 1109, 1107, 1119, 1117, 1116, 1113, 1111, 1108,
+ /*   300 */  1007, 1000, 1002, 1076, 1075, 1081,
 };
 static const YYACTIONTYPE yy_default[] = {
- /*     0 */   634,  868,  956,  956,  868,  868,  956,  956,  956,  758,
- /*    10 */   956,  956,  956,  866,  956,  956,  786,  786,  930,  956,
- /*    20 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*    30 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*    40 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*    50 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*    60 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  673,  762,  792,
- /*    70 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  929,  931,
- /*    80 */   800,  799,  909,  773,  797,  790,  794,  869,  862,  863,
- /*    90 */   861,  865,  870,  956,  793,  829,  846,  828,  840,  845,
- /*   100 */   852,  844,  841,  831,  830,  665,  832,  833,  956,  956,
- /*   110 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   120 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  660,  727,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   130 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  834,  835,  849,  848,  847,  956,
- /*   140 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   150 */   956,  936,  934,  956,  881,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   160 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   170 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   180 */   956,  640,  758,  758,  758,  634,  956,  956,  956,  948,
- /*   190 */   762,  752,  718,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   200 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  802,  741,  919,  921,  956,
- /*   210 */   902,  739,  662,  760,  675,  750,  642,  796,  775,  775,
- /*   220 */   914,  796,  914,  699,  956,  786,  956,  786,  696,  786,
- /*   230 */   775,  864,  956,  956,  956,  759,  750,  956,  941,  766,
- /*   240 */   766,  933,  933,  766,  808,  731,  796,  738,  738,  738,
- /*   250 */   738,  766,  657,  796,  808,  731,  731,  766,  657,  908,
- /*   260 */   906,  766,  766,  657,  766,  657,  766,  657,  874,  729,
- /*   270 */   729,  729,  714,  878,  878,  874,  729,  699,  729,  714,
- /*   280 */   729,  729,  779,  774,  779,  774,  779,  774,  766,  766,
- /*   290 */   956,  791,  780,  789,  787,  796,  956,  717,  650,  650,
- /*   300 */   639,  639,  639,  639,  953,  953,  948,  701,  701,  683,
- /*   310 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  883,  956,  956,
- /*   320 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   330 */   635,  943,  956,  956,  940,  956,  956,  956,  956,  801,
- /*   340 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   350 */   918,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  912,  956,
- /*   360 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  905,  904,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   370 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   380 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,
- /*   390 */   956,  956,  956,  788,  956,  781,  956,  867,  956,  956,
- /*   400 */   956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  956,  744,  817,
- /*   410 */   956,  816,  820,  815,  667,  956,  648,  956,  631,  636,
- /*   420 */   952,  955,  954,  951,  950,  949,  944,  942,  939,  938,
- /*   430 */   937,  935,  932,  928,  887,  885,  892,  891,  890,  889,
- /*   440 */   888,  886,  884,  882,  803,  798,  795,  927,  880,  740,
- /*   450 */   737,  736,  656,  945,  911,  920,  807,  806,  809,  917,
- /*   460 */   916,  915,  913,  910,  897,  805,  804,  732,  872,  871,
- /*   470 */   659,  901,  900,  899,  903,  907,  898,  768,  658,  655,
- /*   480 */   664,  721,  720,  728,  726,  725,  724,  723,  722,  719,
- /*   490 */   666,  674,  685,  713,  698,  697,  877,  879,  876,  875,
- /*   500 */   706,  705,  711,  710,  709,  708,  707,  704,  703,  702,
- /*   510 */   695,  694,  700,  693,  716,  715,  712,  692,  735,  734,
- /*   520 */   733,  730,  691,  690,  689,  820,  688,  687,  826,  825,
- /*   530 */   813,  856,  755,  754,  753,  765,  764,  777,  776,  811,
- /*   540 */   810,  778,  763,  757,  756,  772,  771,  770,  769,  761,
- /*   550 */   751,  783,  785,  784,  782,  858,  767,  855,  926,  925,
- /*   560 */   924,  923,  922,  860,  859,  827,  824,  678,  679,  895,
- /*   570 */   894,  896,  893,  681,  680,  677,  676,  857,  746,  745,
- /*   580 */   853,  850,  842,  838,  854,  851,  843,  839,  837,  836,
- /*   590 */   822,  821,  819,  818,  814,  823,  669,  747,  743,  742,
- /*   600 */   812,  749,  748,  686,  684,  682,  663,  661,  654,  652,
- /*   610 */   651,  653,  649,  647,  646,  645,  644,  643,  672,  671,
- /*   620 */   670,  668,  667,  641,  638,  637,  633,  632,  630,
+ /*     0 */   647,  964,  964,  964,  878,  878,  969,  964,  774,  802,
+ /*    10 */   802,  938,  969,  969,  969,  876,  969,  969,  969,  964,
+ /*    20 */   969,  778,  808,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*    30 */   969,  937,  939,  816,  815,  918,  789,  813,  806,  810,
+ /*    40 */   879,  872,  873,  871,  875,  880,  969,  809,  841,  856,
+ /*    50 */   840,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*    60 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*    70 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*    80 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*    90 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  850,  855,  862,  854,  851,  843,
+ /*   100 */   842,  844,  845,  969,  969,  673,  739,  969,  969,  846,
+ /*   110 */   969,  685,  847,  859,  858,  857,  680,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   120 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   130 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   140 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  647,  964,  969,  969,  964,  964,
+ /*   150 */   964,  964,  964,  964,  956,  778,  768,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   160 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  944,  942,  969,
+ /*   170 */   891,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   180 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   190 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   200 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  653,  969,  911,  774,  774,  774,
+ /*   210 */   776,  754,  766,  655,  812,  791,  791,  923,  812,  923,
+ /*   220 */   710,  733,  707,  802,  791,  874,  802,  802,  775,  766,
+ /*   230 */   969,  949,  782,  782,  941,  941,  782,  821,  743,  812,
+ /*   240 */   750,  750,  750,  750,  782,  670,  812,  821,  743,  743,
+ /*   250 */   812,  782,  670,  917,  915,  782,  782,  670,  782,  670,
+ /*   260 */   782,  670,  884,  741,  741,  741,  725,  884,  741,  710,
+ /*   270 */   741,  725,  741,  741,  795,  790,  795,  790,  795,  790,
+ /*   280 */   782,  782,  969,  884,  888,  888,  884,  807,  796,  805,
+ /*   290 */   803,  812,  676,  728,  663,  663,  652,  652,  652,  652,
+ /*   300 */   961,  961,  956,  712,  712,  695,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   310 */   969,  969,  687,  969,  893,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   320 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   330 */   969,  828,  969,  648,  951,  969,  969,  948,  969,  969,
+ /*   340 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   350 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  921,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   360 */   969,  969,  969,  914,  913,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   370 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   380 */   969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  757,  969,  969,
+ /*   390 */   969,  761,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  804,  969,
+ /*   400 */   797,  969,  877,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,  969,
+ /*   410 */   969,  969,  969,  966,  969,  969,  969,  965,  969,  969,
+ /*   420 */   969,  969,  969,  830,  969,  829,  833,  969,  661,  969,
+ /*   430 */   644,  649,  960,  963,  962,  959,  958,  957,  952,  950,
+ /*   440 */   947,  946,  945,  943,  940,  936,  897,  895,  902,  901,
+ /*   450 */   900,  899,  898,  896,  894,  892,  818,  817,  814,  811,
+ /*   460 */   753,  935,  890,  752,  749,  748,  669,  953,  920,  929,
+ /*   470 */   928,  927,  822,  926,  925,  924,  922,  919,  906,  820,
+ /*   480 */   819,  744,  882,  881,  672,  910,  909,  908,  912,  916,
+ /*   490 */   907,  784,  751,  671,  668,  675,  679,  731,  732,  740,
+ /*   500 */   738,  737,  736,  735,  734,  730,  681,  686,  724,  709,
+ /*   510 */   708,  717,  716,  722,  721,  720,  719,  718,  715,  714,
+ /*   520 */   713,  706,  705,  711,  704,  727,  726,  723,  703,  747,
+ /*   530 */   746,  745,  742,  702,  701,  700,  833,  699,  698,  838,
+ /*   540 */   837,  866,  826,  755,  759,  758,  762,  763,  771,  770,
+ /*   550 */   769,  780,  781,  793,  792,  824,  823,  794,  779,  773,
+ /*   560 */   772,  788,  787,  786,  785,  777,  767,  799,  798,  868,
+ /*   570 */   783,  867,  865,  934,  933,  932,  931,  930,  870,  967,
+ /*   580 */   968,  887,  889,  886,  801,  800,  885,  869,  839,  836,
+ /*   590 */   690,  691,  905,  904,  903,  693,  692,  689,  688,  863,
+ /*   600 */   860,  852,  864,  861,  853,  849,  848,  834,  832,  831,
+ /*   610 */   827,  835,  760,  756,  825,  765,  764,  697,  696,  694,
+ /*   620 */   678,  677,  674,  667,  665,  664,  666,  662,  660,  659,
+ /*   630 */   658,  657,  656,  684,  683,  682,  654,  651,  650,  646,
+ /*   640 */   645,  643,
 };
 
 /* The next table maps tokens into fallback tokens.  If a construct
@@ -108593,71 +118223,74 @@
 static const YYCODETYPE yyFallback[] = {
     0,  /*          $ => nothing */
     0,  /*       SEMI => nothing */
-   26,  /*    EXPLAIN => ID */
-   26,  /*      QUERY => ID */
-   26,  /*       PLAN => ID */
-   26,  /*      BEGIN => ID */
+   27,  /*    EXPLAIN => ID */
+   27,  /*      QUERY => ID */
+   27,  /*       PLAN => ID */
+   27,  /*      BEGIN => ID */
     0,  /* TRANSACTION => nothing */
-   26,  /*   DEFERRED => ID */
-   26,  /*  IMMEDIATE => ID */
-   26,  /*  EXCLUSIVE => ID */
+   27,  /*   DEFERRED => ID */
+   27,  /*  IMMEDIATE => ID */
+   27,  /*  EXCLUSIVE => ID */
     0,  /*     COMMIT => nothing */
-   26,  /*        END => ID */
-   26,  /*   ROLLBACK => ID */
-   26,  /*  SAVEPOINT => ID */
-   26,  /*    RELEASE => ID */
+   27,  /*        END => ID */
+   27,  /*   ROLLBACK => ID */
+   27,  /*  SAVEPOINT => ID */
+   27,  /*    RELEASE => ID */
     0,  /*         TO => nothing */
     0,  /*      TABLE => nothing */
     0,  /*     CREATE => nothing */
-   26,  /*         IF => ID */
+   27,  /*         IF => ID */
     0,  /*        NOT => nothing */
     0,  /*     EXISTS => nothing */
-   26,  /*       TEMP => ID */
+   27,  /*       TEMP => ID */
     0,  /*         LP => nothing */
     0,  /*         RP => nothing */
     0,  /*         AS => nothing */
+   27,  /*    WITHOUT => ID */
     0,  /*      COMMA => nothing */
     0,  /*         ID => nothing */
     0,  /*    INDEXED => nothing */
-   26,  /*      ABORT => ID */
-   26,  /*     ACTION => ID */
-   26,  /*      AFTER => ID */
-   26,  /*    ANALYZE => ID */
-   26,  /*        ASC => ID */
-   26,  /*     ATTACH => ID */
-   26,  /*     BEFORE => ID */
-   26,  /*         BY => ID */
-   26,  /*    CASCADE => ID */
-   26,  /*       CAST => ID */
-   26,  /*   COLUMNKW => ID */
-   26,  /*   CONFLICT => ID */
-   26,  /*   DATABASE => ID */
-   26,  /*       DESC => ID */
-   26,  /*     DETACH => ID */
-   26,  /*       EACH => ID */
-   26,  /*       FAIL => ID */
-   26,  /*        FOR => ID */
-   26,  /*     IGNORE => ID */
-   26,  /*  INITIALLY => ID */
-   26,  /*    INSTEAD => ID */
-   26,  /*    LIKE_KW => ID */
-   26,  /*      MATCH => ID */
-   26,  /*         NO => ID */
-   26,  /*        KEY => ID */
-   26,  /*         OF => ID */
-   26,  /*     OFFSET => ID */
-   26,  /*     PRAGMA => ID */
-   26,  /*      RAISE => ID */
-   26,  /*    REPLACE => ID */
-   26,  /*   RESTRICT => ID */
-   26,  /*        ROW => ID */
-   26,  /*    TRIGGER => ID */
-   26,  /*     VACUUM => ID */
-   26,  /*       VIEW => ID */
-   26,  /*    VIRTUAL => ID */
-   26,  /*    REINDEX => ID */
-   26,  /*     RENAME => ID */
-   26,  /*   CTIME_KW => ID */
+   27,  /*      ABORT => ID */
+   27,  /*     ACTION => ID */
+   27,  /*      AFTER => ID */
+   27,  /*    ANALYZE => ID */
+   27,  /*        ASC => ID */
+   27,  /*     ATTACH => ID */
+   27,  /*     BEFORE => ID */
+   27,  /*         BY => ID */
+   27,  /*    CASCADE => ID */
+   27,  /*       CAST => ID */
+   27,  /*   COLUMNKW => ID */
+   27,  /*   CONFLICT => ID */
+   27,  /*   DATABASE => ID */
+   27,  /*       DESC => ID */
+   27,  /*     DETACH => ID */
+   27,  /*       EACH => ID */
+   27,  /*       FAIL => ID */
+   27,  /*        FOR => ID */
+   27,  /*     IGNORE => ID */
+   27,  /*  INITIALLY => ID */
+   27,  /*    INSTEAD => ID */
+   27,  /*    LIKE_KW => ID */
+   27,  /*      MATCH => ID */
+   27,  /*         NO => ID */
+   27,  /*        KEY => ID */
+   27,  /*         OF => ID */
+   27,  /*     OFFSET => ID */
+   27,  /*     PRAGMA => ID */
+   27,  /*      RAISE => ID */
+   27,  /*  RECURSIVE => ID */
+   27,  /*    REPLACE => ID */
+   27,  /*   RESTRICT => ID */
+   27,  /*        ROW => ID */
+   27,  /*    TRIGGER => ID */
+   27,  /*     VACUUM => ID */
+   27,  /*       VIEW => ID */
+   27,  /*    VIRTUAL => ID */
+   27,  /*       WITH => ID */
+   27,  /*    REINDEX => ID */
+   27,  /*     RENAME => ID */
+   27,  /*   CTIME_KW => ID */
 };
 #endif /* YYFALLBACK */
 
@@ -108742,63 +118375,64 @@
   "ROLLBACK",      "SAVEPOINT",     "RELEASE",       "TO",          
   "TABLE",         "CREATE",        "IF",            "NOT",         
   "EXISTS",        "TEMP",          "LP",            "RP",          
-  "AS",            "COMMA",         "ID",            "INDEXED",     
-  "ABORT",         "ACTION",        "AFTER",         "ANALYZE",     
-  "ASC",           "ATTACH",        "BEFORE",        "BY",          
-  "CASCADE",       "CAST",          "COLUMNKW",      "CONFLICT",    
-  "DATABASE",      "DESC",          "DETACH",        "EACH",        
-  "FAIL",          "FOR",           "IGNORE",        "INITIALLY",   
-  "INSTEAD",       "LIKE_KW",       "MATCH",         "NO",          
-  "KEY",           "OF",            "OFFSET",        "PRAGMA",      
-  "RAISE",         "REPLACE",       "RESTRICT",      "ROW",         
-  "TRIGGER",       "VACUUM",        "VIEW",          "VIRTUAL",     
-  "REINDEX",       "RENAME",        "CTIME_KW",      "ANY",         
-  "OR",            "AND",           "IS",            "BETWEEN",     
-  "IN",            "ISNULL",        "NOTNULL",       "NE",          
-  "EQ",            "GT",            "LE",            "LT",          
-  "GE",            "ESCAPE",        "BITAND",        "BITOR",       
-  "LSHIFT",        "RSHIFT",        "PLUS",          "MINUS",       
-  "STAR",          "SLASH",         "REM",           "CONCAT",      
-  "COLLATE",       "BITNOT",        "STRING",        "JOIN_KW",     
-  "CONSTRAINT",    "DEFAULT",       "NULL",          "PRIMARY",     
-  "UNIQUE",        "CHECK",         "REFERENCES",    "AUTOINCR",    
-  "ON",            "INSERT",        "DELETE",        "UPDATE",      
-  "SET",           "DEFERRABLE",    "FOREIGN",       "DROP",        
-  "UNION",         "ALL",           "EXCEPT",        "INTERSECT",   
-  "SELECT",        "DISTINCT",      "DOT",           "FROM",        
+  "AS",            "WITHOUT",       "COMMA",         "ID",          
+  "INDEXED",       "ABORT",         "ACTION",        "AFTER",       
+  "ANALYZE",       "ASC",           "ATTACH",        "BEFORE",      
+  "BY",            "CASCADE",       "CAST",          "COLUMNKW",    
+  "CONFLICT",      "DATABASE",      "DESC",          "DETACH",      
+  "EACH",          "FAIL",          "FOR",           "IGNORE",      
+  "INITIALLY",     "INSTEAD",       "LIKE_KW",       "MATCH",       
+  "NO",            "KEY",           "OF",            "OFFSET",      
+  "PRAGMA",        "RAISE",         "RECURSIVE",     "REPLACE",     
+  "RESTRICT",      "ROW",           "TRIGGER",       "VACUUM",      
+  "VIEW",          "VIRTUAL",       "WITH",          "REINDEX",     
+  "RENAME",        "CTIME_KW",      "ANY",           "OR",          
+  "AND",           "IS",            "BETWEEN",       "IN",          
+  "ISNULL",        "NOTNULL",       "NE",            "EQ",          
+  "GT",            "LE",            "LT",            "GE",          
+  "ESCAPE",        "BITAND",        "BITOR",         "LSHIFT",      
+  "RSHIFT",        "PLUS",          "MINUS",         "STAR",        
+  "SLASH",         "REM",           "CONCAT",        "COLLATE",     
+  "BITNOT",        "STRING",        "JOIN_KW",       "CONSTRAINT",  
+  "DEFAULT",       "NULL",          "PRIMARY",       "UNIQUE",      
+  "CHECK",         "REFERENCES",    "AUTOINCR",      "ON",          
+  "INSERT",        "DELETE",        "UPDATE",        "SET",         
+  "DEFERRABLE",    "FOREIGN",       "DROP",          "UNION",       
+  "ALL",           "EXCEPT",        "INTERSECT",     "SELECT",      
+  "VALUES",        "DISTINCT",      "DOT",           "FROM",        
   "JOIN",          "USING",         "ORDER",         "GROUP",       
   "HAVING",        "LIMIT",         "WHERE",         "INTO",        
-  "VALUES",        "INTEGER",       "FLOAT",         "BLOB",        
-  "REGISTER",      "VARIABLE",      "CASE",          "WHEN",        
-  "THEN",          "ELSE",          "INDEX",         "ALTER",       
-  "ADD",           "error",         "input",         "cmdlist",     
-  "ecmd",          "explain",       "cmdx",          "cmd",         
-  "transtype",     "trans_opt",     "nm",            "savepoint_opt",
-  "create_table",  "create_table_args",  "createkw",      "temp",        
-  "ifnotexists",   "dbnm",          "columnlist",    "conslist_opt",
-  "select",        "column",        "columnid",      "type",        
-  "carglist",      "id",            "ids",           "typetoken",   
-  "typename",      "signed",        "plus_num",      "minus_num",   
-  "carg",          "ccons",         "term",          "expr",        
+  "INTEGER",       "FLOAT",         "BLOB",          "VARIABLE",    
+  "CASE",          "WHEN",          "THEN",          "ELSE",        
+  "INDEX",         "ALTER",         "ADD",           "error",       
+  "input",         "cmdlist",       "ecmd",          "explain",     
+  "cmdx",          "cmd",           "transtype",     "trans_opt",   
+  "nm",            "savepoint_opt",  "create_table",  "create_table_args",
+  "createkw",      "temp",          "ifnotexists",   "dbnm",        
+  "columnlist",    "conslist_opt",  "table_options",  "select",      
+  "column",        "columnid",      "type",          "carglist",    
+  "typetoken",     "typename",      "signed",        "plus_num",    
+  "minus_num",     "ccons",         "term",          "expr",        
   "onconf",        "sortorder",     "autoinc",       "idxlist_opt", 
   "refargs",       "defer_subclause",  "refarg",        "refact",      
-  "init_deferred_pred_opt",  "conslist",      "tcons",         "idxlist",     
-  "defer_subclause_opt",  "orconf",        "resolvetype",   "raisetype",   
-  "ifexists",      "fullname",      "oneselect",     "multiselect_op",
-  "distinct",      "selcollist",    "from",          "where_opt",   
-  "groupby_opt",   "having_opt",    "orderby_opt",   "limit_opt",   
-  "sclp",          "as",            "seltablist",    "stl_prefix",  
-  "joinop",        "indexed_opt",   "on_opt",        "using_opt",   
-  "joinop2",       "inscollist",    "sortlist",      "nexprlist",   
-  "setlist",       "insert_cmd",    "inscollist_opt",  "valuelist",   
-  "exprlist",      "likeop",        "between_op",    "in_op",       
-  "case_operand",  "case_exprlist",  "case_else",     "uniqueflag",  
-  "collate",       "nmnum",         "number",        "trigger_decl",
-  "trigger_cmd_list",  "trigger_time",  "trigger_event",  "foreach_clause",
-  "when_clause",   "trigger_cmd",   "trnm",          "tridxby",     
-  "database_kw_opt",  "key_opt",       "add_column_fullname",  "kwcolumn_opt",
-  "create_vtab",   "vtabarglist",   "vtabarg",       "vtabargtoken",
-  "lp",            "anylist",     
+  "init_deferred_pred_opt",  "conslist",      "tconscomma",    "tcons",       
+  "idxlist",       "defer_subclause_opt",  "orconf",        "resolvetype", 
+  "raisetype",     "ifexists",      "fullname",      "selectnowith",
+  "oneselect",     "with",          "multiselect_op",  "distinct",    
+  "selcollist",    "from",          "where_opt",     "groupby_opt", 
+  "having_opt",    "orderby_opt",   "limit_opt",     "values",      
+  "nexprlist",     "exprlist",      "sclp",          "as",          
+  "seltablist",    "stl_prefix",    "joinop",        "indexed_opt", 
+  "on_opt",        "using_opt",     "joinop2",       "idlist",      
+  "sortlist",      "setlist",       "insert_cmd",    "inscollist_opt",
+  "likeop",        "between_op",    "in_op",         "case_operand",
+  "case_exprlist",  "case_else",     "uniqueflag",    "collate",     
+  "nmnum",         "trigger_decl",  "trigger_cmd_list",  "trigger_time",
+  "trigger_event",  "foreach_clause",  "when_clause",   "trigger_cmd", 
+  "trnm",          "tridxby",       "database_kw_opt",  "key_opt",     
+  "add_column_fullname",  "kwcolumn_opt",  "create_vtab",   "vtabarglist", 
+  "vtabarg",       "vtabargtoken",  "lp",            "anylist",     
+  "wqlist",      
 };
 #endif /* NDEBUG */
 
@@ -108838,301 +118472,301 @@
  /*  29 */ "ifnotexists ::= IF NOT EXISTS",
  /*  30 */ "temp ::= TEMP",
  /*  31 */ "temp ::=",
- /*  32 */ "create_table_args ::= LP columnlist conslist_opt RP",
+ /*  32 */ "create_table_args ::= LP columnlist conslist_opt RP table_options",
  /*  33 */ "create_table_args ::= AS select",
- /*  34 */ "columnlist ::= columnlist COMMA column",
- /*  35 */ "columnlist ::= column",
- /*  36 */ "column ::= columnid type carglist",
- /*  37 */ "columnid ::= nm",
- /*  38 */ "id ::= ID",
- /*  39 */ "id ::= INDEXED",
- /*  40 */ "ids ::= ID|STRING",
- /*  41 */ "nm ::= id",
- /*  42 */ "nm ::= STRING",
- /*  43 */ "nm ::= JOIN_KW",
- /*  44 */ "type ::=",
- /*  45 */ "type ::= typetoken",
- /*  46 */ "typetoken ::= typename",
- /*  47 */ "typetoken ::= typename LP signed RP",
- /*  48 */ "typetoken ::= typename LP signed COMMA signed RP",
- /*  49 */ "typename ::= ids",
- /*  50 */ "typename ::= typename ids",
- /*  51 */ "signed ::= plus_num",
- /*  52 */ "signed ::= minus_num",
- /*  53 */ "carglist ::= carglist carg",
- /*  54 */ "carglist ::=",
- /*  55 */ "carg ::= CONSTRAINT nm ccons",
- /*  56 */ "carg ::= ccons",
- /*  57 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT term",
- /*  58 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT LP expr RP",
- /*  59 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT PLUS term",
- /*  60 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT MINUS term",
- /*  61 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT id",
- /*  62 */ "ccons ::= NULL onconf",
- /*  63 */ "ccons ::= NOT NULL onconf",
- /*  64 */ "ccons ::= PRIMARY KEY sortorder onconf autoinc",
- /*  65 */ "ccons ::= UNIQUE onconf",
- /*  66 */ "ccons ::= CHECK LP expr RP",
- /*  67 */ "ccons ::= REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs",
- /*  68 */ "ccons ::= defer_subclause",
- /*  69 */ "ccons ::= COLLATE ids",
- /*  70 */ "autoinc ::=",
- /*  71 */ "autoinc ::= AUTOINCR",
- /*  72 */ "refargs ::=",
- /*  73 */ "refargs ::= refargs refarg",
- /*  74 */ "refarg ::= MATCH nm",
- /*  75 */ "refarg ::= ON INSERT refact",
- /*  76 */ "refarg ::= ON DELETE refact",
- /*  77 */ "refarg ::= ON UPDATE refact",
- /*  78 */ "refact ::= SET NULL",
- /*  79 */ "refact ::= SET DEFAULT",
- /*  80 */ "refact ::= CASCADE",
- /*  81 */ "refact ::= RESTRICT",
- /*  82 */ "refact ::= NO ACTION",
- /*  83 */ "defer_subclause ::= NOT DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt",
- /*  84 */ "defer_subclause ::= DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt",
- /*  85 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::=",
- /*  86 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED",
- /*  87 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY IMMEDIATE",
- /*  88 */ "conslist_opt ::=",
- /*  89 */ "conslist_opt ::= COMMA conslist",
- /*  90 */ "conslist ::= conslist COMMA tcons",
- /*  91 */ "conslist ::= conslist tcons",
- /*  92 */ "conslist ::= tcons",
- /*  93 */ "tcons ::= CONSTRAINT nm",
- /*  94 */ "tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP idxlist autoinc RP onconf",
- /*  95 */ "tcons ::= UNIQUE LP idxlist RP onconf",
- /*  96 */ "tcons ::= CHECK LP expr RP onconf",
- /*  97 */ "tcons ::= FOREIGN KEY LP idxlist RP REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs defer_subclause_opt",
- /*  98 */ "defer_subclause_opt ::=",
- /*  99 */ "defer_subclause_opt ::= defer_subclause",
- /* 100 */ "onconf ::=",
- /* 101 */ "onconf ::= ON CONFLICT resolvetype",
- /* 102 */ "orconf ::=",
- /* 103 */ "orconf ::= OR resolvetype",
- /* 104 */ "resolvetype ::= raisetype",
- /* 105 */ "resolvetype ::= IGNORE",
- /* 106 */ "resolvetype ::= REPLACE",
- /* 107 */ "cmd ::= DROP TABLE ifexists fullname",
- /* 108 */ "ifexists ::= IF EXISTS",
- /* 109 */ "ifexists ::=",
- /* 110 */ "cmd ::= createkw temp VIEW ifnotexists nm dbnm AS select",
- /* 111 */ "cmd ::= DROP VIEW ifexists fullname",
- /* 112 */ "cmd ::= select",
- /* 113 */ "select ::= oneselect",
- /* 114 */ "select ::= select multiselect_op oneselect",
+ /*  34 */ "table_options ::=",
+ /*  35 */ "table_options ::= WITHOUT nm",
+ /*  36 */ "columnlist ::= columnlist COMMA column",
+ /*  37 */ "columnlist ::= column",
+ /*  38 */ "column ::= columnid type carglist",
+ /*  39 */ "columnid ::= nm",
+ /*  40 */ "nm ::= ID|INDEXED",
+ /*  41 */ "nm ::= STRING",
+ /*  42 */ "nm ::= JOIN_KW",
+ /*  43 */ "type ::=",
+ /*  44 */ "type ::= typetoken",
+ /*  45 */ "typetoken ::= typename",
+ /*  46 */ "typetoken ::= typename LP signed RP",
+ /*  47 */ "typetoken ::= typename LP signed COMMA signed RP",
+ /*  48 */ "typename ::= ID|STRING",
+ /*  49 */ "typename ::= typename ID|STRING",
+ /*  50 */ "signed ::= plus_num",
+ /*  51 */ "signed ::= minus_num",
+ /*  52 */ "carglist ::= carglist ccons",
+ /*  53 */ "carglist ::=",
+ /*  54 */ "ccons ::= CONSTRAINT nm",
+ /*  55 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT term",
+ /*  56 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT LP expr RP",
+ /*  57 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT PLUS term",
+ /*  58 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT MINUS term",
+ /*  59 */ "ccons ::= DEFAULT ID|INDEXED",
+ /*  60 */ "ccons ::= NULL onconf",
+ /*  61 */ "ccons ::= NOT NULL onconf",
+ /*  62 */ "ccons ::= PRIMARY KEY sortorder onconf autoinc",
+ /*  63 */ "ccons ::= UNIQUE onconf",
+ /*  64 */ "ccons ::= CHECK LP expr RP",
+ /*  65 */ "ccons ::= REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs",
+ /*  66 */ "ccons ::= defer_subclause",
+ /*  67 */ "ccons ::= COLLATE ID|STRING",
+ /*  68 */ "autoinc ::=",
+ /*  69 */ "autoinc ::= AUTOINCR",
+ /*  70 */ "refargs ::=",
+ /*  71 */ "refargs ::= refargs refarg",
+ /*  72 */ "refarg ::= MATCH nm",
+ /*  73 */ "refarg ::= ON INSERT refact",
+ /*  74 */ "refarg ::= ON DELETE refact",
+ /*  75 */ "refarg ::= ON UPDATE refact",
+ /*  76 */ "refact ::= SET NULL",
+ /*  77 */ "refact ::= SET DEFAULT",
+ /*  78 */ "refact ::= CASCADE",
+ /*  79 */ "refact ::= RESTRICT",
+ /*  80 */ "refact ::= NO ACTION",
+ /*  81 */ "defer_subclause ::= NOT DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt",
+ /*  82 */ "defer_subclause ::= DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt",
+ /*  83 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::=",
+ /*  84 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED",
+ /*  85 */ "init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY IMMEDIATE",
+ /*  86 */ "conslist_opt ::=",
+ /*  87 */ "conslist_opt ::= COMMA conslist",
+ /*  88 */ "conslist ::= conslist tconscomma tcons",
+ /*  89 */ "conslist ::= tcons",
+ /*  90 */ "tconscomma ::= COMMA",
+ /*  91 */ "tconscomma ::=",
+ /*  92 */ "tcons ::= CONSTRAINT nm",
+ /*  93 */ "tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP idxlist autoinc RP onconf",
+ /*  94 */ "tcons ::= UNIQUE LP idxlist RP onconf",
+ /*  95 */ "tcons ::= CHECK LP expr RP onconf",
+ /*  96 */ "tcons ::= FOREIGN KEY LP idxlist RP REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs defer_subclause_opt",
+ /*  97 */ "defer_subclause_opt ::=",
+ /*  98 */ "defer_subclause_opt ::= defer_subclause",
+ /*  99 */ "onconf ::=",
+ /* 100 */ "onconf ::= ON CONFLICT resolvetype",
+ /* 101 */ "orconf ::=",
+ /* 102 */ "orconf ::= OR resolvetype",
+ /* 103 */ "resolvetype ::= raisetype",
+ /* 104 */ "resolvetype ::= IGNORE",
+ /* 105 */ "resolvetype ::= REPLACE",
+ /* 106 */ "cmd ::= DROP TABLE ifexists fullname",
+ /* 107 */ "ifexists ::= IF EXISTS",
+ /* 108 */ "ifexists ::=",
+ /* 109 */ "cmd ::= createkw temp VIEW ifnotexists nm dbnm AS select",
+ /* 110 */ "cmd ::= DROP VIEW ifexists fullname",
+ /* 111 */ "cmd ::= select",
+ /* 112 */ "select ::= with selectnowith",
+ /* 113 */ "selectnowith ::= oneselect",
+ /* 114 */ "selectnowith ::= selectnowith multiselect_op oneselect",
  /* 115 */ "multiselect_op ::= UNION",
  /* 116 */ "multiselect_op ::= UNION ALL",
  /* 117 */ "multiselect_op ::= EXCEPT|INTERSECT",
  /* 118 */ "oneselect ::= SELECT distinct selcollist from where_opt groupby_opt having_opt orderby_opt limit_opt",
- /* 119 */ "distinct ::= DISTINCT",
- /* 120 */ "distinct ::= ALL",
- /* 121 */ "distinct ::=",
- /* 122 */ "sclp ::= selcollist COMMA",
- /* 123 */ "sclp ::=",
- /* 124 */ "selcollist ::= sclp expr as",
- /* 125 */ "selcollist ::= sclp STAR",
- /* 126 */ "selcollist ::= sclp nm DOT STAR",
- /* 127 */ "as ::= AS nm",
- /* 128 */ "as ::= ids",
- /* 129 */ "as ::=",
- /* 130 */ "from ::=",
- /* 131 */ "from ::= FROM seltablist",
- /* 132 */ "stl_prefix ::= seltablist joinop",
- /* 133 */ "stl_prefix ::=",
- /* 134 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix nm dbnm as indexed_opt on_opt using_opt",
- /* 135 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP select RP as on_opt using_opt",
- /* 136 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP seltablist RP as on_opt using_opt",
- /* 137 */ "dbnm ::=",
- /* 138 */ "dbnm ::= DOT nm",
- /* 139 */ "fullname ::= nm dbnm",
- /* 140 */ "joinop ::= COMMA|JOIN",
- /* 141 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN",
- /* 142 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm JOIN",
- /* 143 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm nm JOIN",
- /* 144 */ "on_opt ::= ON expr",
- /* 145 */ "on_opt ::=",
- /* 146 */ "indexed_opt ::=",
- /* 147 */ "indexed_opt ::= INDEXED BY nm",
- /* 148 */ "indexed_opt ::= NOT INDEXED",
- /* 149 */ "using_opt ::= USING LP inscollist RP",
- /* 150 */ "using_opt ::=",
- /* 151 */ "orderby_opt ::=",
- /* 152 */ "orderby_opt ::= ORDER BY sortlist",
- /* 153 */ "sortlist ::= sortlist COMMA expr sortorder",
- /* 154 */ "sortlist ::= expr sortorder",
- /* 155 */ "sortorder ::= ASC",
- /* 156 */ "sortorder ::= DESC",
- /* 157 */ "sortorder ::=",
- /* 158 */ "groupby_opt ::=",
- /* 159 */ "groupby_opt ::= GROUP BY nexprlist",
- /* 160 */ "having_opt ::=",
- /* 161 */ "having_opt ::= HAVING expr",
- /* 162 */ "limit_opt ::=",
- /* 163 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr",
- /* 164 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr OFFSET expr",
- /* 165 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr COMMA expr",
- /* 166 */ "cmd ::= DELETE FROM fullname indexed_opt where_opt",
- /* 167 */ "where_opt ::=",
- /* 168 */ "where_opt ::= WHERE expr",
- /* 169 */ "cmd ::= UPDATE orconf fullname indexed_opt SET setlist where_opt",
- /* 170 */ "setlist ::= setlist COMMA nm EQ expr",
- /* 171 */ "setlist ::= nm EQ expr",
- /* 172 */ "cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt valuelist",
- /* 173 */ "cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt select",
- /* 174 */ "cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt DEFAULT VALUES",
- /* 175 */ "insert_cmd ::= INSERT orconf",
- /* 176 */ "insert_cmd ::= REPLACE",
- /* 177 */ "valuelist ::= VALUES LP nexprlist RP",
- /* 178 */ "valuelist ::= valuelist COMMA LP exprlist RP",
+ /* 119 */ "oneselect ::= values",
+ /* 120 */ "values ::= VALUES LP nexprlist RP",
+ /* 121 */ "values ::= values COMMA LP exprlist RP",
+ /* 122 */ "distinct ::= DISTINCT",
+ /* 123 */ "distinct ::= ALL",
+ /* 124 */ "distinct ::=",
+ /* 125 */ "sclp ::= selcollist COMMA",
+ /* 126 */ "sclp ::=",
+ /* 127 */ "selcollist ::= sclp expr as",
+ /* 128 */ "selcollist ::= sclp STAR",
+ /* 129 */ "selcollist ::= sclp nm DOT STAR",
+ /* 130 */ "as ::= AS nm",
+ /* 131 */ "as ::= ID|STRING",
+ /* 132 */ "as ::=",
+ /* 133 */ "from ::=",
+ /* 134 */ "from ::= FROM seltablist",
+ /* 135 */ "stl_prefix ::= seltablist joinop",
+ /* 136 */ "stl_prefix ::=",
+ /* 137 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix nm dbnm as indexed_opt on_opt using_opt",
+ /* 138 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP select RP as on_opt using_opt",
+ /* 139 */ "seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP seltablist RP as on_opt using_opt",
+ /* 140 */ "dbnm ::=",
+ /* 141 */ "dbnm ::= DOT nm",
+ /* 142 */ "fullname ::= nm dbnm",
+ /* 143 */ "joinop ::= COMMA|JOIN",
+ /* 144 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN",
+ /* 145 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm JOIN",
+ /* 146 */ "joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm nm JOIN",
+ /* 147 */ "on_opt ::= ON expr",
+ /* 148 */ "on_opt ::=",
+ /* 149 */ "indexed_opt ::=",
+ /* 150 */ "indexed_opt ::= INDEXED BY nm",
+ /* 151 */ "indexed_opt ::= NOT INDEXED",
+ /* 152 */ "using_opt ::= USING LP idlist RP",
+ /* 153 */ "using_opt ::=",
+ /* 154 */ "orderby_opt ::=",
+ /* 155 */ "orderby_opt ::= ORDER BY sortlist",
+ /* 156 */ "sortlist ::= sortlist COMMA expr sortorder",
+ /* 157 */ "sortlist ::= expr sortorder",
+ /* 158 */ "sortorder ::= ASC",
+ /* 159 */ "sortorder ::= DESC",
+ /* 160 */ "sortorder ::=",
+ /* 161 */ "groupby_opt ::=",
+ /* 162 */ "groupby_opt ::= GROUP BY nexprlist",
+ /* 163 */ "having_opt ::=",
+ /* 164 */ "having_opt ::= HAVING expr",
+ /* 165 */ "limit_opt ::=",
+ /* 166 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr",
+ /* 167 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr OFFSET expr",
+ /* 168 */ "limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr COMMA expr",
+ /* 169 */ "cmd ::= with DELETE FROM fullname indexed_opt where_opt",
+ /* 170 */ "where_opt ::=",
+ /* 171 */ "where_opt ::= WHERE expr",
+ /* 172 */ "cmd ::= with UPDATE orconf fullname indexed_opt SET setlist where_opt",
+ /* 173 */ "setlist ::= setlist COMMA nm EQ expr",
+ /* 174 */ "setlist ::= nm EQ expr",
+ /* 175 */ "cmd ::= with insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt select",
+ /* 176 */ "cmd ::= with insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt DEFAULT VALUES",
+ /* 177 */ "insert_cmd ::= INSERT orconf",
+ /* 178 */ "insert_cmd ::= REPLACE",
  /* 179 */ "inscollist_opt ::=",
- /* 180 */ "inscollist_opt ::= LP inscollist RP",
- /* 181 */ "inscollist ::= inscollist COMMA nm",
- /* 182 */ "inscollist ::= nm",
+ /* 180 */ "inscollist_opt ::= LP idlist RP",
+ /* 181 */ "idlist ::= idlist COMMA nm",
+ /* 182 */ "idlist ::= nm",
  /* 183 */ "expr ::= term",
  /* 184 */ "expr ::= LP expr RP",
  /* 185 */ "term ::= NULL",
- /* 186 */ "expr ::= id",
+ /* 186 */ "expr ::= ID|INDEXED",
  /* 187 */ "expr ::= JOIN_KW",
  /* 188 */ "expr ::= nm DOT nm",
  /* 189 */ "expr ::= nm DOT nm DOT nm",
  /* 190 */ "term ::= INTEGER|FLOAT|BLOB",
  /* 191 */ "term ::= STRING",
- /* 192 */ "expr ::= REGISTER",
- /* 193 */ "expr ::= VARIABLE",
- /* 194 */ "expr ::= expr COLLATE ids",
- /* 195 */ "expr ::= CAST LP expr AS typetoken RP",
- /* 196 */ "expr ::= ID LP distinct exprlist RP",
- /* 197 */ "expr ::= ID LP STAR RP",
- /* 198 */ "term ::= CTIME_KW",
- /* 199 */ "expr ::= expr AND expr",
- /* 200 */ "expr ::= expr OR expr",
- /* 201 */ "expr ::= expr LT|GT|GE|LE expr",
- /* 202 */ "expr ::= expr EQ|NE expr",
- /* 203 */ "expr ::= expr BITAND|BITOR|LSHIFT|RSHIFT expr",
- /* 204 */ "expr ::= expr PLUS|MINUS expr",
- /* 205 */ "expr ::= expr STAR|SLASH|REM expr",
- /* 206 */ "expr ::= expr CONCAT expr",
- /* 207 */ "likeop ::= LIKE_KW",
- /* 208 */ "likeop ::= NOT LIKE_KW",
- /* 209 */ "likeop ::= MATCH",
- /* 210 */ "likeop ::= NOT MATCH",
- /* 211 */ "expr ::= expr likeop expr",
- /* 212 */ "expr ::= expr likeop expr ESCAPE expr",
- /* 213 */ "expr ::= expr ISNULL|NOTNULL",
- /* 214 */ "expr ::= expr NOT NULL",
- /* 215 */ "expr ::= expr IS expr",
- /* 216 */ "expr ::= expr IS NOT expr",
- /* 217 */ "expr ::= NOT expr",
- /* 218 */ "expr ::= BITNOT expr",
- /* 219 */ "expr ::= MINUS expr",
- /* 220 */ "expr ::= PLUS expr",
- /* 221 */ "between_op ::= BETWEEN",
- /* 222 */ "between_op ::= NOT BETWEEN",
- /* 223 */ "expr ::= expr between_op expr AND expr",
- /* 224 */ "in_op ::= IN",
- /* 225 */ "in_op ::= NOT IN",
- /* 226 */ "expr ::= expr in_op LP exprlist RP",
- /* 227 */ "expr ::= LP select RP",
- /* 228 */ "expr ::= expr in_op LP select RP",
- /* 229 */ "expr ::= expr in_op nm dbnm",
- /* 230 */ "expr ::= EXISTS LP select RP",
- /* 231 */ "expr ::= CASE case_operand case_exprlist case_else END",
- /* 232 */ "case_exprlist ::= case_exprlist WHEN expr THEN expr",
- /* 233 */ "case_exprlist ::= WHEN expr THEN expr",
- /* 234 */ "case_else ::= ELSE expr",
- /* 235 */ "case_else ::=",
- /* 236 */ "case_operand ::= expr",
- /* 237 */ "case_operand ::=",
- /* 238 */ "exprlist ::= nexprlist",
- /* 239 */ "exprlist ::=",
- /* 240 */ "nexprlist ::= nexprlist COMMA expr",
- /* 241 */ "nexprlist ::= expr",
- /* 242 */ "cmd ::= createkw uniqueflag INDEX ifnotexists nm dbnm ON nm LP idxlist RP",
- /* 243 */ "uniqueflag ::= UNIQUE",
- /* 244 */ "uniqueflag ::=",
- /* 245 */ "idxlist_opt ::=",
- /* 246 */ "idxlist_opt ::= LP idxlist RP",
- /* 247 */ "idxlist ::= idxlist COMMA nm collate sortorder",
- /* 248 */ "idxlist ::= nm collate sortorder",
- /* 249 */ "collate ::=",
- /* 250 */ "collate ::= COLLATE ids",
- /* 251 */ "cmd ::= DROP INDEX ifexists fullname",
- /* 252 */ "cmd ::= VACUUM",
- /* 253 */ "cmd ::= VACUUM nm",
- /* 254 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm",
- /* 255 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ nmnum",
- /* 256 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP nmnum RP",
- /* 257 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ minus_num",
- /* 258 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP minus_num RP",
- /* 259 */ "nmnum ::= plus_num",
- /* 260 */ "nmnum ::= nm",
- /* 261 */ "nmnum ::= ON",
- /* 262 */ "nmnum ::= DELETE",
- /* 263 */ "nmnum ::= DEFAULT",
- /* 264 */ "plus_num ::= PLUS number",
- /* 265 */ "plus_num ::= number",
- /* 266 */ "minus_num ::= MINUS number",
- /* 267 */ "number ::= INTEGER|FLOAT",
- /* 268 */ "cmd ::= createkw trigger_decl BEGIN trigger_cmd_list END",
- /* 269 */ "trigger_decl ::= temp TRIGGER ifnotexists nm dbnm trigger_time trigger_event ON fullname foreach_clause when_clause",
- /* 270 */ "trigger_time ::= BEFORE",
- /* 271 */ "trigger_time ::= AFTER",
- /* 272 */ "trigger_time ::= INSTEAD OF",
- /* 273 */ "trigger_time ::=",
- /* 274 */ "trigger_event ::= DELETE|INSERT",
- /* 275 */ "trigger_event ::= UPDATE",
- /* 276 */ "trigger_event ::= UPDATE OF inscollist",
- /* 277 */ "foreach_clause ::=",
- /* 278 */ "foreach_clause ::= FOR EACH ROW",
- /* 279 */ "when_clause ::=",
- /* 280 */ "when_clause ::= WHEN expr",
- /* 281 */ "trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd_list trigger_cmd SEMI",
- /* 282 */ "trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd SEMI",
- /* 283 */ "trnm ::= nm",
- /* 284 */ "trnm ::= nm DOT nm",
- /* 285 */ "tridxby ::=",
- /* 286 */ "tridxby ::= INDEXED BY nm",
- /* 287 */ "tridxby ::= NOT INDEXED",
- /* 288 */ "trigger_cmd ::= UPDATE orconf trnm tridxby SET setlist where_opt",
- /* 289 */ "trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt valuelist",
- /* 290 */ "trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt select",
- /* 291 */ "trigger_cmd ::= DELETE FROM trnm tridxby where_opt",
- /* 292 */ "trigger_cmd ::= select",
- /* 293 */ "expr ::= RAISE LP IGNORE RP",
- /* 294 */ "expr ::= RAISE LP raisetype COMMA nm RP",
- /* 295 */ "raisetype ::= ROLLBACK",
- /* 296 */ "raisetype ::= ABORT",
- /* 297 */ "raisetype ::= FAIL",
- /* 298 */ "cmd ::= DROP TRIGGER ifexists fullname",
- /* 299 */ "cmd ::= ATTACH database_kw_opt expr AS expr key_opt",
- /* 300 */ "cmd ::= DETACH database_kw_opt expr",
- /* 301 */ "key_opt ::=",
- /* 302 */ "key_opt ::= KEY expr",
- /* 303 */ "database_kw_opt ::= DATABASE",
- /* 304 */ "database_kw_opt ::=",
- /* 305 */ "cmd ::= REINDEX",
- /* 306 */ "cmd ::= REINDEX nm dbnm",
- /* 307 */ "cmd ::= ANALYZE",
- /* 308 */ "cmd ::= ANALYZE nm dbnm",
- /* 309 */ "cmd ::= ALTER TABLE fullname RENAME TO nm",
- /* 310 */ "cmd ::= ALTER TABLE add_column_fullname ADD kwcolumn_opt column",
- /* 311 */ "add_column_fullname ::= fullname",
- /* 312 */ "kwcolumn_opt ::=",
- /* 313 */ "kwcolumn_opt ::= COLUMNKW",
- /* 314 */ "cmd ::= create_vtab",
- /* 315 */ "cmd ::= create_vtab LP vtabarglist RP",
- /* 316 */ "create_vtab ::= createkw VIRTUAL TABLE ifnotexists nm dbnm USING nm",
- /* 317 */ "vtabarglist ::= vtabarg",
- /* 318 */ "vtabarglist ::= vtabarglist COMMA vtabarg",
- /* 319 */ "vtabarg ::=",
- /* 320 */ "vtabarg ::= vtabarg vtabargtoken",
- /* 321 */ "vtabargtoken ::= ANY",
- /* 322 */ "vtabargtoken ::= lp anylist RP",
- /* 323 */ "lp ::= LP",
- /* 324 */ "anylist ::=",
- /* 325 */ "anylist ::= anylist LP anylist RP",
- /* 326 */ "anylist ::= anylist ANY",
+ /* 192 */ "expr ::= VARIABLE",
+ /* 193 */ "expr ::= expr COLLATE ID|STRING",
+ /* 194 */ "expr ::= CAST LP expr AS typetoken RP",
+ /* 195 */ "expr ::= ID|INDEXED LP distinct exprlist RP",
+ /* 196 */ "expr ::= ID|INDEXED LP STAR RP",
+ /* 197 */ "term ::= CTIME_KW",
+ /* 198 */ "expr ::= expr AND expr",
+ /* 199 */ "expr ::= expr OR expr",
+ /* 200 */ "expr ::= expr LT|GT|GE|LE expr",
+ /* 201 */ "expr ::= expr EQ|NE expr",
+ /* 202 */ "expr ::= expr BITAND|BITOR|LSHIFT|RSHIFT expr",
+ /* 203 */ "expr ::= expr PLUS|MINUS expr",
+ /* 204 */ "expr ::= expr STAR|SLASH|REM expr",
+ /* 205 */ "expr ::= expr CONCAT expr",
+ /* 206 */ "likeop ::= LIKE_KW|MATCH",
+ /* 207 */ "likeop ::= NOT LIKE_KW|MATCH",
+ /* 208 */ "expr ::= expr likeop expr",
+ /* 209 */ "expr ::= expr likeop expr ESCAPE expr",
+ /* 210 */ "expr ::= expr ISNULL|NOTNULL",
+ /* 211 */ "expr ::= expr NOT NULL",
+ /* 212 */ "expr ::= expr IS expr",
+ /* 213 */ "expr ::= expr IS NOT expr",
+ /* 214 */ "expr ::= NOT expr",
+ /* 215 */ "expr ::= BITNOT expr",
+ /* 216 */ "expr ::= MINUS expr",
+ /* 217 */ "expr ::= PLUS expr",
+ /* 218 */ "between_op ::= BETWEEN",
+ /* 219 */ "between_op ::= NOT BETWEEN",
+ /* 220 */ "expr ::= expr between_op expr AND expr",
+ /* 221 */ "in_op ::= IN",
+ /* 222 */ "in_op ::= NOT IN",
+ /* 223 */ "expr ::= expr in_op LP exprlist RP",
+ /* 224 */ "expr ::= LP select RP",
+ /* 225 */ "expr ::= expr in_op LP select RP",
+ /* 226 */ "expr ::= expr in_op nm dbnm",
+ /* 227 */ "expr ::= EXISTS LP select RP",
+ /* 228 */ "expr ::= CASE case_operand case_exprlist case_else END",
+ /* 229 */ "case_exprlist ::= case_exprlist WHEN expr THEN expr",
+ /* 230 */ "case_exprlist ::= WHEN expr THEN expr",
+ /* 231 */ "case_else ::= ELSE expr",
+ /* 232 */ "case_else ::=",
+ /* 233 */ "case_operand ::= expr",
+ /* 234 */ "case_operand ::=",
+ /* 235 */ "exprlist ::= nexprlist",
+ /* 236 */ "exprlist ::=",
+ /* 237 */ "nexprlist ::= nexprlist COMMA expr",
+ /* 238 */ "nexprlist ::= expr",
+ /* 239 */ "cmd ::= createkw uniqueflag INDEX ifnotexists nm dbnm ON nm LP idxlist RP where_opt",
+ /* 240 */ "uniqueflag ::= UNIQUE",
+ /* 241 */ "uniqueflag ::=",
+ /* 242 */ "idxlist_opt ::=",
+ /* 243 */ "idxlist_opt ::= LP idxlist RP",
+ /* 244 */ "idxlist ::= idxlist COMMA nm collate sortorder",
+ /* 245 */ "idxlist ::= nm collate sortorder",
+ /* 246 */ "collate ::=",
+ /* 247 */ "collate ::= COLLATE ID|STRING",
+ /* 248 */ "cmd ::= DROP INDEX ifexists fullname",
+ /* 249 */ "cmd ::= VACUUM",
+ /* 250 */ "cmd ::= VACUUM nm",
+ /* 251 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm",
+ /* 252 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ nmnum",
+ /* 253 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP nmnum RP",
+ /* 254 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ minus_num",
+ /* 255 */ "cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP minus_num RP",
+ /* 256 */ "nmnum ::= plus_num",
+ /* 257 */ "nmnum ::= nm",
+ /* 258 */ "nmnum ::= ON",
+ /* 259 */ "nmnum ::= DELETE",
+ /* 260 */ "nmnum ::= DEFAULT",
+ /* 261 */ "plus_num ::= PLUS INTEGER|FLOAT",
+ /* 262 */ "plus_num ::= INTEGER|FLOAT",
+ /* 263 */ "minus_num ::= MINUS INTEGER|FLOAT",
+ /* 264 */ "cmd ::= createkw trigger_decl BEGIN trigger_cmd_list END",
+ /* 265 */ "trigger_decl ::= temp TRIGGER ifnotexists nm dbnm trigger_time trigger_event ON fullname foreach_clause when_clause",
+ /* 266 */ "trigger_time ::= BEFORE",
+ /* 267 */ "trigger_time ::= AFTER",
+ /* 268 */ "trigger_time ::= INSTEAD OF",
+ /* 269 */ "trigger_time ::=",
+ /* 270 */ "trigger_event ::= DELETE|INSERT",
+ /* 271 */ "trigger_event ::= UPDATE",
+ /* 272 */ "trigger_event ::= UPDATE OF idlist",
+ /* 273 */ "foreach_clause ::=",
+ /* 274 */ "foreach_clause ::= FOR EACH ROW",
+ /* 275 */ "when_clause ::=",
+ /* 276 */ "when_clause ::= WHEN expr",
+ /* 277 */ "trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd_list trigger_cmd SEMI",
+ /* 278 */ "trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd SEMI",
+ /* 279 */ "trnm ::= nm",
+ /* 280 */ "trnm ::= nm DOT nm",
+ /* 281 */ "tridxby ::=",
+ /* 282 */ "tridxby ::= INDEXED BY nm",
+ /* 283 */ "tridxby ::= NOT INDEXED",
+ /* 284 */ "trigger_cmd ::= UPDATE orconf trnm tridxby SET setlist where_opt",
+ /* 285 */ "trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt select",
+ /* 286 */ "trigger_cmd ::= DELETE FROM trnm tridxby where_opt",
+ /* 287 */ "trigger_cmd ::= select",
+ /* 288 */ "expr ::= RAISE LP IGNORE RP",
+ /* 289 */ "expr ::= RAISE LP raisetype COMMA nm RP",
+ /* 290 */ "raisetype ::= ROLLBACK",
+ /* 291 */ "raisetype ::= ABORT",
+ /* 292 */ "raisetype ::= FAIL",
+ /* 293 */ "cmd ::= DROP TRIGGER ifexists fullname",
+ /* 294 */ "cmd ::= ATTACH database_kw_opt expr AS expr key_opt",
+ /* 295 */ "cmd ::= DETACH database_kw_opt expr",
+ /* 296 */ "key_opt ::=",
+ /* 297 */ "key_opt ::= KEY expr",
+ /* 298 */ "database_kw_opt ::= DATABASE",
+ /* 299 */ "database_kw_opt ::=",
+ /* 300 */ "cmd ::= REINDEX",
+ /* 301 */ "cmd ::= REINDEX nm dbnm",
+ /* 302 */ "cmd ::= ANALYZE",
+ /* 303 */ "cmd ::= ANALYZE nm dbnm",
+ /* 304 */ "cmd ::= ALTER TABLE fullname RENAME TO nm",
+ /* 305 */ "cmd ::= ALTER TABLE add_column_fullname ADD kwcolumn_opt column",
+ /* 306 */ "add_column_fullname ::= fullname",
+ /* 307 */ "kwcolumn_opt ::=",
+ /* 308 */ "kwcolumn_opt ::= COLUMNKW",
+ /* 309 */ "cmd ::= create_vtab",
+ /* 310 */ "cmd ::= create_vtab LP vtabarglist RP",
+ /* 311 */ "create_vtab ::= createkw VIRTUAL TABLE ifnotexists nm dbnm USING nm",
+ /* 312 */ "vtabarglist ::= vtabarg",
+ /* 313 */ "vtabarglist ::= vtabarglist COMMA vtabarg",
+ /* 314 */ "vtabarg ::=",
+ /* 315 */ "vtabarg ::= vtabarg vtabargtoken",
+ /* 316 */ "vtabargtoken ::= ANY",
+ /* 317 */ "vtabargtoken ::= lp anylist RP",
+ /* 318 */ "lp ::= LP",
+ /* 319 */ "anylist ::=",
+ /* 320 */ "anylist ::= anylist LP anylist RP",
+ /* 321 */ "anylist ::= anylist ANY",
+ /* 322 */ "with ::=",
+ /* 323 */ "with ::= WITH wqlist",
+ /* 324 */ "with ::= WITH RECURSIVE wqlist",
+ /* 325 */ "wqlist ::= nm idxlist_opt AS LP select RP",
+ /* 326 */ "wqlist ::= wqlist COMMA nm idxlist_opt AS LP select RP",
 };
 #endif /* NDEBUG */
 
@@ -109211,76 +118845,76 @@
     ** which appear on the RHS of the rule, but which are not used
     ** inside the C code.
     */
-    case 160: /* select */
-    case 194: /* oneselect */
+    case 163: /* select */
+    case 195: /* selectnowith */
+    case 196: /* oneselect */
+    case 207: /* values */
 {
-sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy159));
+sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy3));
 }
       break;
     case 174: /* term */
     case 175: /* expr */
 {
-sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy342).pExpr);
+sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy346).pExpr);
 }
       break;
     case 179: /* idxlist_opt */
-    case 187: /* idxlist */
-    case 197: /* selcollist */
-    case 200: /* groupby_opt */
-    case 202: /* orderby_opt */
-    case 204: /* sclp */
-    case 214: /* sortlist */
-    case 215: /* nexprlist */
-    case 216: /* setlist */
-    case 220: /* exprlist */
-    case 225: /* case_exprlist */
+    case 188: /* idxlist */
+    case 200: /* selcollist */
+    case 203: /* groupby_opt */
+    case 205: /* orderby_opt */
+    case 208: /* nexprlist */
+    case 209: /* exprlist */
+    case 210: /* sclp */
+    case 220: /* sortlist */
+    case 221: /* setlist */
+    case 228: /* case_exprlist */
 {
-sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy442));
+sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy14));
 }
       break;
-    case 193: /* fullname */
-    case 198: /* from */
-    case 206: /* seltablist */
-    case 207: /* stl_prefix */
+    case 194: /* fullname */
+    case 201: /* from */
+    case 212: /* seltablist */
+    case 213: /* stl_prefix */
 {
-sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy347));
+sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy65));
 }
       break;
-    case 199: /* where_opt */
-    case 201: /* having_opt */
-    case 210: /* on_opt */
-    case 224: /* case_operand */
-    case 226: /* case_else */
-    case 236: /* when_clause */
-    case 241: /* key_opt */
+    case 197: /* with */
+    case 252: /* wqlist */
 {
-sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy122));
+sqlite3WithDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy59));
 }
       break;
-    case 211: /* using_opt */
-    case 213: /* inscollist */
-    case 218: /* inscollist_opt */
+    case 202: /* where_opt */
+    case 204: /* having_opt */
+    case 216: /* on_opt */
+    case 227: /* case_operand */
+    case 229: /* case_else */
+    case 238: /* when_clause */
+    case 243: /* key_opt */
 {
-sqlite3IdListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy180));
+sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy132));
 }
       break;
-    case 219: /* valuelist */
+    case 217: /* using_opt */
+    case 219: /* idlist */
+    case 223: /* inscollist_opt */
 {
-
-  sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy487).pList);
-  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy487).pSelect);
-
+sqlite3IdListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy408));
 }
       break;
-    case 232: /* trigger_cmd_list */
-    case 237: /* trigger_cmd */
+    case 234: /* trigger_cmd_list */
+    case 239: /* trigger_cmd */
 {
-sqlite3DeleteTriggerStep(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy327));
+sqlite3DeleteTriggerStep(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy473));
 }
       break;
-    case 234: /* trigger_event */
+    case 236: /* trigger_event */
 {
-sqlite3IdListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy410).b);
+sqlite3IdListDelete(pParse->db, (yypminor->yy378).b);
 }
       break;
     default:  break;   /* If no destructor action specified: do nothing */
@@ -109525,63 +119159,61 @@
   YYCODETYPE lhs;         /* Symbol on the left-hand side of the rule */
   unsigned char nrhs;     /* Number of right-hand side symbols in the rule */
 } yyRuleInfo[] = {
-  { 142, 1 },
-  { 143, 2 },
-  { 143, 1 },
   { 144, 1 },
-  { 144, 3 },
-  { 145, 0 },
+  { 145, 2 },
   { 145, 1 },
-  { 145, 3 },
   { 146, 1 },
+  { 146, 3 },
+  { 147, 0 },
+  { 147, 1 },
   { 147, 3 },
-  { 149, 0 },
-  { 149, 1 },
-  { 149, 2 },
-  { 148, 0 },
   { 148, 1 },
-  { 148, 1 },
-  { 148, 1 },
-  { 147, 2 },
-  { 147, 2 },
-  { 147, 2 },
-  { 151, 1 },
+  { 149, 3 },
   { 151, 0 },
-  { 147, 2 },
-  { 147, 3 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 147, 2 },
-  { 152, 6 },
-  { 154, 1 },
-  { 156, 0 },
-  { 156, 3 },
-  { 155, 1 },
-  { 155, 0 },
-  { 153, 4 },
-  { 153, 2 },
+  { 151, 1 },
+  { 151, 2 },
+  { 150, 0 },
+  { 150, 1 },
+  { 150, 1 },
+  { 150, 1 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 153, 1 },
+  { 153, 0 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 149, 3 },
+  { 149, 5 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 154, 6 },
+  { 156, 1 },
+  { 158, 0 },
   { 158, 3 },
-  { 158, 1 },
-  { 161, 3 },
-  { 162, 1 },
+  { 157, 1 },
+  { 157, 0 },
+  { 155, 5 },
+  { 155, 2 },
+  { 162, 0 },
+  { 162, 2 },
+  { 160, 3 },
+  { 160, 1 },
+  { 164, 3 },
   { 165, 1 },
-  { 165, 1 },
+  { 152, 1 },
+  { 152, 1 },
+  { 152, 1 },
+  { 166, 0 },
   { 166, 1 },
-  { 150, 1 },
-  { 150, 1 },
-  { 150, 1 },
-  { 163, 0 },
-  { 163, 1 },
-  { 167, 1 },
-  { 167, 4 },
-  { 167, 6 },
   { 168, 1 },
-  { 168, 2 },
+  { 168, 4 },
+  { 168, 6 },
   { 169, 1 },
-  { 169, 1 },
-  { 164, 2 },
-  { 164, 0 },
-  { 172, 3 },
-  { 172, 1 },
+  { 169, 2 },
+  { 170, 1 },
+  { 170, 1 },
+  { 167, 2 },
+  { 167, 0 },
+  { 173, 2 },
   { 173, 2 },
   { 173, 4 },
   { 173, 3 },
@@ -109613,101 +119245,103 @@
   { 184, 0 },
   { 184, 2 },
   { 184, 2 },
-  { 159, 0 },
-  { 159, 2 },
+  { 161, 0 },
+  { 161, 2 },
   { 185, 3 },
-  { 185, 2 },
   { 185, 1 },
-  { 186, 2 },
-  { 186, 7 },
-  { 186, 5 },
-  { 186, 5 },
-  { 186, 10 },
-  { 188, 0 },
-  { 188, 1 },
+  { 186, 1 },
+  { 186, 0 },
+  { 187, 2 },
+  { 187, 7 },
+  { 187, 5 },
+  { 187, 5 },
+  { 187, 10 },
+  { 189, 0 },
+  { 189, 1 },
   { 176, 0 },
   { 176, 3 },
-  { 189, 0 },
-  { 189, 2 },
-  { 190, 1 },
-  { 190, 1 },
-  { 190, 1 },
-  { 147, 4 },
-  { 192, 2 },
-  { 192, 0 },
-  { 147, 8 },
-  { 147, 4 },
-  { 147, 1 },
-  { 160, 1 },
-  { 160, 3 },
-  { 195, 1 },
-  { 195, 2 },
-  { 195, 1 },
-  { 194, 9 },
-  { 196, 1 },
-  { 196, 1 },
-  { 196, 0 },
-  { 204, 2 },
-  { 204, 0 },
-  { 197, 3 },
-  { 197, 2 },
-  { 197, 4 },
-  { 205, 2 },
-  { 205, 1 },
-  { 205, 0 },
-  { 198, 0 },
-  { 198, 2 },
-  { 207, 2 },
-  { 207, 0 },
-  { 206, 7 },
-  { 206, 7 },
-  { 206, 7 },
-  { 157, 0 },
-  { 157, 2 },
+  { 190, 0 },
+  { 190, 2 },
+  { 191, 1 },
+  { 191, 1 },
+  { 191, 1 },
+  { 149, 4 },
   { 193, 2 },
-  { 208, 1 },
-  { 208, 2 },
-  { 208, 3 },
-  { 208, 4 },
+  { 193, 0 },
+  { 149, 8 },
+  { 149, 4 },
+  { 149, 1 },
+  { 163, 2 },
+  { 195, 1 },
+  { 195, 3 },
+  { 198, 1 },
+  { 198, 2 },
+  { 198, 1 },
+  { 196, 9 },
+  { 196, 1 },
+  { 207, 4 },
+  { 207, 5 },
+  { 199, 1 },
+  { 199, 1 },
+  { 199, 0 },
   { 210, 2 },
   { 210, 0 },
-  { 209, 0 },
-  { 209, 3 },
-  { 209, 2 },
-  { 211, 4 },
+  { 200, 3 },
+  { 200, 2 },
+  { 200, 4 },
+  { 211, 2 },
+  { 211, 1 },
   { 211, 0 },
-  { 202, 0 },
-  { 202, 3 },
-  { 214, 4 },
+  { 201, 0 },
+  { 201, 2 },
+  { 213, 2 },
+  { 213, 0 },
+  { 212, 7 },
+  { 212, 7 },
+  { 212, 7 },
+  { 159, 0 },
+  { 159, 2 },
+  { 194, 2 },
+  { 214, 1 },
   { 214, 2 },
+  { 214, 3 },
+  { 214, 4 },
+  { 216, 2 },
+  { 216, 0 },
+  { 215, 0 },
+  { 215, 3 },
+  { 215, 2 },
+  { 217, 4 },
+  { 217, 0 },
+  { 205, 0 },
+  { 205, 3 },
+  { 220, 4 },
+  { 220, 2 },
   { 177, 1 },
   { 177, 1 },
   { 177, 0 },
-  { 200, 0 },
-  { 200, 3 },
-  { 201, 0 },
-  { 201, 2 },
   { 203, 0 },
-  { 203, 2 },
-  { 203, 4 },
-  { 203, 4 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 199, 0 },
-  { 199, 2 },
-  { 147, 7 },
-  { 216, 5 },
-  { 216, 3 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 147, 6 },
-  { 217, 2 },
-  { 217, 1 },
-  { 219, 4 },
-  { 219, 5 },
-  { 218, 0 },
-  { 218, 3 },
-  { 213, 3 },
-  { 213, 1 },
+  { 203, 3 },
+  { 204, 0 },
+  { 204, 2 },
+  { 206, 0 },
+  { 206, 2 },
+  { 206, 4 },
+  { 206, 4 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 202, 0 },
+  { 202, 2 },
+  { 149, 8 },
+  { 221, 5 },
+  { 221, 3 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 149, 7 },
+  { 222, 2 },
+  { 222, 1 },
+  { 223, 0 },
+  { 223, 3 },
+  { 219, 3 },
+  { 219, 1 },
   { 175, 1 },
   { 175, 3 },
   { 174, 1 },
@@ -109718,7 +119352,6 @@
   { 174, 1 },
   { 174, 1 },
   { 175, 1 },
-  { 175, 1 },
   { 175, 3 },
   { 175, 6 },
   { 175, 5 },
@@ -109732,126 +119365,127 @@
   { 175, 3 },
   { 175, 3 },
   { 175, 3 },
-  { 221, 1 },
-  { 221, 2 },
-  { 221, 1 },
-  { 221, 2 },
-  { 175, 3 },
-  { 175, 5 },
-  { 175, 2 },
-  { 175, 3 },
-  { 175, 3 },
-  { 175, 4 },
-  { 175, 2 },
-  { 175, 2 },
-  { 175, 2 },
-  { 175, 2 },
-  { 222, 1 },
-  { 222, 2 },
-  { 175, 5 },
-  { 223, 1 },
-  { 223, 2 },
-  { 175, 5 },
-  { 175, 3 },
-  { 175, 5 },
-  { 175, 4 },
-  { 175, 4 },
-  { 175, 5 },
-  { 225, 5 },
-  { 225, 4 },
-  { 226, 2 },
-  { 226, 0 },
   { 224, 1 },
-  { 224, 0 },
-  { 220, 1 },
-  { 220, 0 },
-  { 215, 3 },
-  { 215, 1 },
-  { 147, 11 },
+  { 224, 2 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 4 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 175, 2 },
+  { 225, 1 },
+  { 225, 2 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 226, 1 },
+  { 226, 2 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 175, 3 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 175, 4 },
+  { 175, 4 },
+  { 175, 5 },
+  { 228, 5 },
+  { 228, 4 },
+  { 229, 2 },
+  { 229, 0 },
   { 227, 1 },
   { 227, 0 },
+  { 209, 1 },
+  { 209, 0 },
+  { 208, 3 },
+  { 208, 1 },
+  { 149, 12 },
+  { 230, 1 },
+  { 230, 0 },
   { 179, 0 },
   { 179, 3 },
-  { 187, 5 },
-  { 187, 3 },
-  { 228, 0 },
-  { 228, 2 },
-  { 147, 4 },
-  { 147, 1 },
-  { 147, 2 },
-  { 147, 3 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 147, 6 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 147, 6 },
-  { 229, 1 },
-  { 229, 1 },
-  { 229, 1 },
-  { 229, 1 },
-  { 229, 1 },
-  { 170, 2 },
-  { 170, 1 },
+  { 188, 5 },
+  { 188, 3 },
+  { 231, 0 },
+  { 231, 2 },
+  { 149, 4 },
+  { 149, 1 },
+  { 149, 2 },
+  { 149, 3 },
+  { 149, 5 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 149, 5 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 232, 1 },
+  { 232, 1 },
+  { 232, 1 },
+  { 232, 1 },
+  { 232, 1 },
   { 171, 2 },
-  { 230, 1 },
-  { 147, 5 },
-  { 231, 11 },
-  { 233, 1 },
-  { 233, 1 },
-  { 233, 2 },
-  { 233, 0 },
-  { 234, 1 },
-  { 234, 1 },
-  { 234, 3 },
+  { 171, 1 },
+  { 172, 2 },
+  { 149, 5 },
+  { 233, 11 },
+  { 235, 1 },
+  { 235, 1 },
+  { 235, 2 },
   { 235, 0 },
-  { 235, 3 },
-  { 236, 0 },
-  { 236, 2 },
-  { 232, 3 },
-  { 232, 2 },
-  { 238, 1 },
-  { 238, 3 },
-  { 239, 0 },
-  { 239, 3 },
-  { 239, 2 },
-  { 237, 7 },
-  { 237, 5 },
-  { 237, 5 },
-  { 237, 5 },
-  { 237, 1 },
+  { 236, 1 },
+  { 236, 1 },
+  { 236, 3 },
+  { 237, 0 },
+  { 237, 3 },
+  { 238, 0 },
+  { 238, 2 },
+  { 234, 3 },
+  { 234, 2 },
+  { 240, 1 },
+  { 240, 3 },
+  { 241, 0 },
+  { 241, 3 },
+  { 241, 2 },
+  { 239, 7 },
+  { 239, 5 },
+  { 239, 5 },
+  { 239, 1 },
   { 175, 4 },
   { 175, 6 },
-  { 191, 1 },
-  { 191, 1 },
-  { 191, 1 },
-  { 147, 4 },
-  { 147, 6 },
-  { 147, 3 },
-  { 241, 0 },
-  { 241, 2 },
-  { 240, 1 },
-  { 240, 0 },
-  { 147, 1 },
-  { 147, 3 },
-  { 147, 1 },
-  { 147, 3 },
-  { 147, 6 },
-  { 147, 6 },
-  { 242, 1 },
+  { 192, 1 },
+  { 192, 1 },
+  { 192, 1 },
+  { 149, 4 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 149, 3 },
   { 243, 0 },
-  { 243, 1 },
-  { 147, 1 },
-  { 147, 4 },
-  { 244, 8 },
+  { 243, 2 },
+  { 242, 1 },
+  { 242, 0 },
+  { 149, 1 },
+  { 149, 3 },
+  { 149, 1 },
+  { 149, 3 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 149, 6 },
+  { 244, 1 },
+  { 245, 0 },
   { 245, 1 },
-  { 245, 3 },
-  { 246, 0 },
-  { 246, 2 },
+  { 149, 1 },
+  { 149, 4 },
+  { 246, 8 },
   { 247, 1 },
   { 247, 3 },
-  { 248, 1 },
-  { 249, 0 },
-  { 249, 4 },
-  { 249, 2 },
+  { 248, 0 },
+  { 248, 2 },
+  { 249, 1 },
+  { 249, 3 },
+  { 250, 1 },
+  { 251, 0 },
+  { 251, 4 },
+  { 251, 2 },
+  { 197, 0 },
+  { 197, 2 },
+  { 197, 3 },
+  { 252, 6 },
+  { 252, 8 },
 };
 
 static void yy_accept(yyParser*);  /* Forward Declaration */
@@ -109919,17 +119553,17 @@
 { sqlite3FinishCoding(pParse); }
         break;
       case 9: /* cmd ::= BEGIN transtype trans_opt */
-{sqlite3BeginTransaction(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy392);}
+{sqlite3BeginTransaction(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy328);}
         break;
       case 13: /* transtype ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = TK_DEFERRED;}
+{yygotominor.yy328 = TK_DEFERRED;}
         break;
       case 14: /* transtype ::= DEFERRED */
       case 15: /* transtype ::= IMMEDIATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==15);
       case 16: /* transtype ::= EXCLUSIVE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==16);
       case 115: /* multiselect_op ::= UNION */ yytestcase(yyruleno==115);
       case 117: /* multiselect_op ::= EXCEPT|INTERSECT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==117);
-{yygotominor.yy392 = yymsp[0].major;}
+{yygotominor.yy328 = yymsp[0].major;}
         break;
       case 17: /* cmd ::= COMMIT trans_opt */
       case 18: /* cmd ::= END trans_opt */ yytestcase(yyruleno==18);
@@ -109955,7 +119589,7 @@
         break;
       case 26: /* create_table ::= createkw temp TABLE ifnotexists nm dbnm */
 {
-   sqlite3StartTable(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy392,0,0,yymsp[-2].minor.yy392);
+   sqlite3StartTable(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy328,0,0,yymsp[-2].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
       case 27: /* createkw ::= CREATE */
@@ -109966,508 +119600,569 @@
         break;
       case 28: /* ifnotexists ::= */
       case 31: /* temp ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==31);
-      case 70: /* autoinc ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==70);
-      case 83: /* defer_subclause ::= NOT DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt */ yytestcase(yyruleno==83);
-      case 85: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==85);
-      case 87: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY IMMEDIATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==87);
-      case 98: /* defer_subclause_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==98);
-      case 109: /* ifexists ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==109);
-      case 120: /* distinct ::= ALL */ yytestcase(yyruleno==120);
-      case 121: /* distinct ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==121);
-      case 221: /* between_op ::= BETWEEN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==221);
-      case 224: /* in_op ::= IN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==224);
-{yygotominor.yy392 = 0;}
+      case 68: /* autoinc ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==68);
+      case 81: /* defer_subclause ::= NOT DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt */ yytestcase(yyruleno==81);
+      case 83: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==83);
+      case 85: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY IMMEDIATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==85);
+      case 97: /* defer_subclause_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==97);
+      case 108: /* ifexists ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==108);
+      case 218: /* between_op ::= BETWEEN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==218);
+      case 221: /* in_op ::= IN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==221);
+{yygotominor.yy328 = 0;}
         break;
       case 29: /* ifnotexists ::= IF NOT EXISTS */
       case 30: /* temp ::= TEMP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==30);
-      case 71: /* autoinc ::= AUTOINCR */ yytestcase(yyruleno==71);
-      case 86: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED */ yytestcase(yyruleno==86);
-      case 108: /* ifexists ::= IF EXISTS */ yytestcase(yyruleno==108);
-      case 119: /* distinct ::= DISTINCT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==119);
-      case 222: /* between_op ::= NOT BETWEEN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==222);
-      case 225: /* in_op ::= NOT IN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==225);
-{yygotominor.yy392 = 1;}
+      case 69: /* autoinc ::= AUTOINCR */ yytestcase(yyruleno==69);
+      case 84: /* init_deferred_pred_opt ::= INITIALLY DEFERRED */ yytestcase(yyruleno==84);
+      case 107: /* ifexists ::= IF EXISTS */ yytestcase(yyruleno==107);
+      case 219: /* between_op ::= NOT BETWEEN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==219);
+      case 222: /* in_op ::= NOT IN */ yytestcase(yyruleno==222);
+{yygotominor.yy328 = 1;}
         break;
-      case 32: /* create_table_args ::= LP columnlist conslist_opt RP */
+      case 32: /* create_table_args ::= LP columnlist conslist_opt RP table_options */
 {
-  sqlite3EndTable(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,0);
+  sqlite3EndTable(pParse,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,yymsp[0].minor.yy186,0);
 }
         break;
       case 33: /* create_table_args ::= AS select */
 {
-  sqlite3EndTable(pParse,0,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy159);
-  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy159);
+  sqlite3EndTable(pParse,0,0,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy3);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy3);
 }
         break;
-      case 36: /* column ::= columnid type carglist */
+      case 34: /* table_options ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy186 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 35: /* table_options ::= WITHOUT nm */
+{
+  if( yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n==5 && sqlite3_strnicmp(yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z,"rowid",5)==0 ){
+    yygotominor.yy186 = TF_WithoutRowid;
+  }else{
+    yygotominor.yy186 = 0;
+    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "unknown table option: %.*s", yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n, yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z);
+  }
+}
+        break;
+      case 38: /* column ::= columnid type carglist */
 {
   yygotominor.yy0.z = yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.z;
   yygotominor.yy0.n = (int)(pParse->sLastToken.z-yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.z) + pParse->sLastToken.n;
 }
         break;
-      case 37: /* columnid ::= nm */
+      case 39: /* columnid ::= nm */
 {
   sqlite3AddColumn(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
   yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[0].minor.yy0;
+  pParse->constraintName.n = 0;
 }
         break;
-      case 38: /* id ::= ID */
-      case 39: /* id ::= INDEXED */ yytestcase(yyruleno==39);
-      case 40: /* ids ::= ID|STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==40);
-      case 41: /* nm ::= id */ yytestcase(yyruleno==41);
-      case 42: /* nm ::= STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==42);
-      case 43: /* nm ::= JOIN_KW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==43);
-      case 46: /* typetoken ::= typename */ yytestcase(yyruleno==46);
-      case 49: /* typename ::= ids */ yytestcase(yyruleno==49);
-      case 127: /* as ::= AS nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==127);
-      case 128: /* as ::= ids */ yytestcase(yyruleno==128);
-      case 138: /* dbnm ::= DOT nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==138);
-      case 147: /* indexed_opt ::= INDEXED BY nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==147);
-      case 250: /* collate ::= COLLATE ids */ yytestcase(yyruleno==250);
-      case 259: /* nmnum ::= plus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==259);
-      case 260: /* nmnum ::= nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==260);
-      case 261: /* nmnum ::= ON */ yytestcase(yyruleno==261);
-      case 262: /* nmnum ::= DELETE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==262);
-      case 263: /* nmnum ::= DEFAULT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==263);
-      case 264: /* plus_num ::= PLUS number */ yytestcase(yyruleno==264);
-      case 265: /* plus_num ::= number */ yytestcase(yyruleno==265);
-      case 266: /* minus_num ::= MINUS number */ yytestcase(yyruleno==266);
-      case 267: /* number ::= INTEGER|FLOAT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==267);
-      case 283: /* trnm ::= nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==283);
+      case 40: /* nm ::= ID|INDEXED */
+      case 41: /* nm ::= STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==41);
+      case 42: /* nm ::= JOIN_KW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==42);
+      case 45: /* typetoken ::= typename */ yytestcase(yyruleno==45);
+      case 48: /* typename ::= ID|STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==48);
+      case 130: /* as ::= AS nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==130);
+      case 131: /* as ::= ID|STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==131);
+      case 141: /* dbnm ::= DOT nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==141);
+      case 150: /* indexed_opt ::= INDEXED BY nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==150);
+      case 247: /* collate ::= COLLATE ID|STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==247);
+      case 256: /* nmnum ::= plus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==256);
+      case 257: /* nmnum ::= nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==257);
+      case 258: /* nmnum ::= ON */ yytestcase(yyruleno==258);
+      case 259: /* nmnum ::= DELETE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==259);
+      case 260: /* nmnum ::= DEFAULT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==260);
+      case 261: /* plus_num ::= PLUS INTEGER|FLOAT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==261);
+      case 262: /* plus_num ::= INTEGER|FLOAT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==262);
+      case 263: /* minus_num ::= MINUS INTEGER|FLOAT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==263);
+      case 279: /* trnm ::= nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==279);
 {yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[0].minor.yy0;}
         break;
-      case 45: /* type ::= typetoken */
+      case 44: /* type ::= typetoken */
 {sqlite3AddColumnType(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 47: /* typetoken ::= typename LP signed RP */
+      case 46: /* typetoken ::= typename LP signed RP */
 {
   yygotominor.yy0.z = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
   yygotominor.yy0.n = (int)(&yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n] - yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z);
 }
         break;
-      case 48: /* typetoken ::= typename LP signed COMMA signed RP */
+      case 47: /* typetoken ::= typename LP signed COMMA signed RP */
 {
   yygotominor.yy0.z = yymsp[-5].minor.yy0.z;
   yygotominor.yy0.n = (int)(&yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n] - yymsp[-5].minor.yy0.z);
 }
         break;
-      case 50: /* typename ::= typename ids */
+      case 49: /* typename ::= typename ID|STRING */
 {yygotominor.yy0.z=yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z; yygotominor.yy0.n=yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n+(int)(yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z-yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z);}
         break;
-      case 57: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT term */
-      case 59: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT PLUS term */ yytestcase(yyruleno==59);
-{sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342);}
+      case 54: /* ccons ::= CONSTRAINT nm */
+      case 92: /* tcons ::= CONSTRAINT nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==92);
+{pParse->constraintName = yymsp[0].minor.yy0;}
         break;
-      case 58: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT LP expr RP */
-{sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy342);}
+      case 55: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT term */
+      case 57: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT PLUS term */ yytestcase(yyruleno==57);
+{sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346);}
         break;
-      case 60: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT MINUS term */
+      case 56: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT LP expr RP */
+{sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy346);}
+        break;
+      case 58: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT MINUS term */
 {
   ExprSpan v;
-  v.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_UMINUS, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  v.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_UMINUS, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
   v.zStart = yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z;
-  v.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.zEnd;
+  v.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.zEnd;
   sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&v);
 }
         break;
-      case 61: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT id */
+      case 59: /* ccons ::= DEFAULT ID|INDEXED */
 {
   ExprSpan v;
   spanExpr(&v, pParse, TK_STRING, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
   sqlite3AddDefaultValue(pParse,&v);
 }
         break;
-      case 63: /* ccons ::= NOT NULL onconf */
-{sqlite3AddNotNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy392);}
+      case 61: /* ccons ::= NOT NULL onconf */
+{sqlite3AddNotNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy328);}
         break;
-      case 64: /* ccons ::= PRIMARY KEY sortorder onconf autoinc */
-{sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(pParse,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy392,yymsp[0].minor.yy392,yymsp[-2].minor.yy392);}
+      case 62: /* ccons ::= PRIMARY KEY sortorder onconf autoinc */
+{sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(pParse,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy328,yymsp[0].minor.yy328,yymsp[-2].minor.yy328);}
         break;
-      case 65: /* ccons ::= UNIQUE onconf */
-{sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse,0,0,0,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy392,0,0,0,0);}
+      case 63: /* ccons ::= UNIQUE onconf */
+{sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse,0,0,0,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy328,0,0,0,0);}
         break;
-      case 66: /* ccons ::= CHECK LP expr RP */
-{sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.pExpr);}
+      case 64: /* ccons ::= CHECK LP expr RP */
+{sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy346.pExpr);}
         break;
-      case 67: /* ccons ::= REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs */
-{sqlite3CreateForeignKey(pParse,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy442,yymsp[0].minor.yy392);}
+      case 65: /* ccons ::= REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs */
+{sqlite3CreateForeignKey(pParse,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy14,yymsp[0].minor.yy328);}
         break;
-      case 68: /* ccons ::= defer_subclause */
-{sqlite3DeferForeignKey(pParse,yymsp[0].minor.yy392);}
+      case 66: /* ccons ::= defer_subclause */
+{sqlite3DeferForeignKey(pParse,yymsp[0].minor.yy328);}
         break;
-      case 69: /* ccons ::= COLLATE ids */
+      case 67: /* ccons ::= COLLATE ID|STRING */
 {sqlite3AddCollateType(pParse, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 72: /* refargs ::= */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = OE_None*0x0101; /* EV: R-19803-45884 */}
+      case 70: /* refargs ::= */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = OE_None*0x0101; /* EV: R-19803-45884 */}
         break;
-      case 73: /* refargs ::= refargs refarg */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = (yymsp[-1].minor.yy392 & ~yymsp[0].minor.yy207.mask) | yymsp[0].minor.yy207.value; }
+      case 71: /* refargs ::= refargs refarg */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = (yymsp[-1].minor.yy328 & ~yymsp[0].minor.yy429.mask) | yymsp[0].minor.yy429.value; }
         break;
-      case 74: /* refarg ::= MATCH nm */
-      case 75: /* refarg ::= ON INSERT refact */ yytestcase(yyruleno==75);
-{ yygotominor.yy207.value = 0;     yygotominor.yy207.mask = 0x000000; }
+      case 72: /* refarg ::= MATCH nm */
+      case 73: /* refarg ::= ON INSERT refact */ yytestcase(yyruleno==73);
+{ yygotominor.yy429.value = 0;     yygotominor.yy429.mask = 0x000000; }
         break;
-      case 76: /* refarg ::= ON DELETE refact */
-{ yygotominor.yy207.value = yymsp[0].minor.yy392;     yygotominor.yy207.mask = 0x0000ff; }
+      case 74: /* refarg ::= ON DELETE refact */
+{ yygotominor.yy429.value = yymsp[0].minor.yy328;     yygotominor.yy429.mask = 0x0000ff; }
         break;
-      case 77: /* refarg ::= ON UPDATE refact */
-{ yygotominor.yy207.value = yymsp[0].minor.yy392<<8;  yygotominor.yy207.mask = 0x00ff00; }
+      case 75: /* refarg ::= ON UPDATE refact */
+{ yygotominor.yy429.value = yymsp[0].minor.yy328<<8;  yygotominor.yy429.mask = 0x00ff00; }
         break;
-      case 78: /* refact ::= SET NULL */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = OE_SetNull;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+      case 76: /* refact ::= SET NULL */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = OE_SetNull;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
         break;
-      case 79: /* refact ::= SET DEFAULT */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = OE_SetDflt;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+      case 77: /* refact ::= SET DEFAULT */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = OE_SetDflt;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
         break;
-      case 80: /* refact ::= CASCADE */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Cascade;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+      case 78: /* refact ::= CASCADE */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Cascade;  /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
         break;
-      case 81: /* refact ::= RESTRICT */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Restrict; /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+      case 79: /* refact ::= RESTRICT */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Restrict; /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
         break;
-      case 82: /* refact ::= NO ACTION */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = OE_None;     /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
+      case 80: /* refact ::= NO ACTION */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = OE_None;     /* EV: R-33326-45252 */}
         break;
-      case 84: /* defer_subclause ::= DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt */
-      case 99: /* defer_subclause_opt ::= defer_subclause */ yytestcase(yyruleno==99);
-      case 101: /* onconf ::= ON CONFLICT resolvetype */ yytestcase(yyruleno==101);
-      case 104: /* resolvetype ::= raisetype */ yytestcase(yyruleno==104);
-{yygotominor.yy392 = yymsp[0].minor.yy392;}
+      case 82: /* defer_subclause ::= DEFERRABLE init_deferred_pred_opt */
+      case 98: /* defer_subclause_opt ::= defer_subclause */ yytestcase(yyruleno==98);
+      case 100: /* onconf ::= ON CONFLICT resolvetype */ yytestcase(yyruleno==100);
+      case 103: /* resolvetype ::= raisetype */ yytestcase(yyruleno==103);
+{yygotominor.yy328 = yymsp[0].minor.yy328;}
         break;
-      case 88: /* conslist_opt ::= */
+      case 86: /* conslist_opt ::= */
 {yygotominor.yy0.n = 0; yygotominor.yy0.z = 0;}
         break;
-      case 89: /* conslist_opt ::= COMMA conslist */
+      case 87: /* conslist_opt ::= COMMA conslist */
 {yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy0;}
         break;
-      case 94: /* tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP idxlist autoinc RP onconf */
-{sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy442,yymsp[0].minor.yy392,yymsp[-2].minor.yy392,0);}
+      case 90: /* tconscomma ::= COMMA */
+{pParse->constraintName.n = 0;}
         break;
-      case 95: /* tcons ::= UNIQUE LP idxlist RP onconf */
-{sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse,0,0,0,yymsp[-2].minor.yy442,yymsp[0].minor.yy392,0,0,0,0);}
+      case 93: /* tcons ::= PRIMARY KEY LP idxlist autoinc RP onconf */
+{sqlite3AddPrimaryKey(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy14,yymsp[0].minor.yy328,yymsp[-2].minor.yy328,0);}
         break;
-      case 96: /* tcons ::= CHECK LP expr RP onconf */
-{sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr);}
+      case 94: /* tcons ::= UNIQUE LP idxlist RP onconf */
+{sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse,0,0,0,yymsp[-2].minor.yy14,yymsp[0].minor.yy328,0,0,0,0);}
         break;
-      case 97: /* tcons ::= FOREIGN KEY LP idxlist RP REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs defer_subclause_opt */
+      case 95: /* tcons ::= CHECK LP expr RP onconf */
+{sqlite3AddCheckConstraint(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr);}
+        break;
+      case 96: /* tcons ::= FOREIGN KEY LP idxlist RP REFERENCES nm idxlist_opt refargs defer_subclause_opt */
 {
-    sqlite3CreateForeignKey(pParse, yymsp[-6].minor.yy442, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy442, yymsp[-1].minor.yy392);
-    sqlite3DeferForeignKey(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy392);
+    sqlite3CreateForeignKey(pParse, yymsp[-6].minor.yy14, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy14, yymsp[-1].minor.yy328);
+    sqlite3DeferForeignKey(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 100: /* onconf ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Default;}
+      case 99: /* onconf ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Default;}
         break;
-      case 102: /* orconf ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy258 = OE_Default;}
+      case 101: /* orconf ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy186 = OE_Default;}
         break;
-      case 103: /* orconf ::= OR resolvetype */
-{yygotominor.yy258 = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy392;}
+      case 102: /* orconf ::= OR resolvetype */
+{yygotominor.yy186 = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy328;}
         break;
-      case 105: /* resolvetype ::= IGNORE */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Ignore;}
+      case 104: /* resolvetype ::= IGNORE */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Ignore;}
         break;
-      case 106: /* resolvetype ::= REPLACE */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Replace;}
+      case 105: /* resolvetype ::= REPLACE */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Replace;}
         break;
-      case 107: /* cmd ::= DROP TABLE ifexists fullname */
+      case 106: /* cmd ::= DROP TABLE ifexists fullname */
 {
-  sqlite3DropTable(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy347, 0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy392);
+  sqlite3DropTable(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy65, 0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 110: /* cmd ::= createkw temp VIEW ifnotexists nm dbnm AS select */
+      case 109: /* cmd ::= createkw temp VIEW ifnotexists nm dbnm AS select */
 {
-  sqlite3CreateView(pParse, &yymsp[-7].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[0].minor.yy159, yymsp[-6].minor.yy392, yymsp[-4].minor.yy392);
+  sqlite3CreateView(pParse, &yymsp[-7].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[0].minor.yy3, yymsp[-6].minor.yy328, yymsp[-4].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 111: /* cmd ::= DROP VIEW ifexists fullname */
+      case 110: /* cmd ::= DROP VIEW ifexists fullname */
 {
-  sqlite3DropTable(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy347, 1, yymsp[-1].minor.yy392);
+  sqlite3DropTable(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy65, 1, yymsp[-1].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 112: /* cmd ::= select */
+      case 111: /* cmd ::= select */
 {
-  SelectDest dest = {SRT_Output, 0, 0, 0, 0};
-  sqlite3Select(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy159, &dest);
+  SelectDest dest = {SRT_Output, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0};
+  sqlite3Select(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy3, &dest);
   sqlite3ExplainBegin(pParse->pVdbe);
-  sqlite3ExplainSelect(pParse->pVdbe, yymsp[0].minor.yy159);
+  sqlite3ExplainSelect(pParse->pVdbe, yymsp[0].minor.yy3);
   sqlite3ExplainFinish(pParse->pVdbe);
-  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy159);
+  sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy3);
 }
         break;
-      case 113: /* select ::= oneselect */
-{yygotominor.yy159 = yymsp[0].minor.yy159;}
-        break;
-      case 114: /* select ::= select multiselect_op oneselect */
+      case 112: /* select ::= with selectnowith */
 {
-  if( yymsp[0].minor.yy159 ){
-    yymsp[0].minor.yy159->op = (u8)yymsp[-1].minor.yy392;
-    yymsp[0].minor.yy159->pPrior = yymsp[-2].minor.yy159;
+  Select *p = yymsp[0].minor.yy3, *pNext, *pLoop;
+  if( p ){
+    int cnt = 0, mxSelect;
+    p->pWith = yymsp[-1].minor.yy59;
+    if( p->pPrior ){
+      pNext = 0;
+      for(pLoop=p; pLoop; pNext=pLoop, pLoop=pLoop->pPrior, cnt++){
+        pLoop->pNext = pNext;
+        pLoop->selFlags |= SF_Compound;
+      }
+      mxSelect = pParse->db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_COMPOUND_SELECT];
+      if( mxSelect && cnt>mxSelect ){
+        sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many terms in compound SELECT");
+      }
+    }
   }else{
-    sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-2].minor.yy159);
+    sqlite3WithDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy59);
   }
-  yygotominor.yy159 = yymsp[0].minor.yy159;
+  yygotominor.yy3 = p;
+}
+        break;
+      case 113: /* selectnowith ::= oneselect */
+      case 119: /* oneselect ::= values */ yytestcase(yyruleno==119);
+{yygotominor.yy3 = yymsp[0].minor.yy3;}
+        break;
+      case 114: /* selectnowith ::= selectnowith multiselect_op oneselect */
+{
+  Select *pRhs = yymsp[0].minor.yy3;
+  if( pRhs && pRhs->pPrior ){
+    SrcList *pFrom;
+    Token x;
+    x.n = 0;
+    pFrom = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,0,0,0,&x,pRhs,0,0);
+    pRhs = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,0,pFrom,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
+  }
+  if( pRhs ){
+    pRhs->op = (u8)yymsp[-1].minor.yy328;
+    pRhs->pPrior = yymsp[-2].minor.yy3;
+    if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy328!=TK_ALL ) pParse->hasCompound = 1;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-2].minor.yy3);
+  }
+  yygotominor.yy3 = pRhs;
 }
         break;
       case 116: /* multiselect_op ::= UNION ALL */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = TK_ALL;}
+{yygotominor.yy328 = TK_ALL;}
         break;
       case 118: /* oneselect ::= SELECT distinct selcollist from where_opt groupby_opt having_opt orderby_opt limit_opt */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy159 = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy442,yymsp[-5].minor.yy347,yymsp[-4].minor.yy122,yymsp[-3].minor.yy442,yymsp[-2].minor.yy122,yymsp[-1].minor.yy442,yymsp[-7].minor.yy392,yymsp[0].minor.yy64.pLimit,yymsp[0].minor.yy64.pOffset);
+  yygotominor.yy3 = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy14,yymsp[-5].minor.yy65,yymsp[-4].minor.yy132,yymsp[-3].minor.yy14,yymsp[-2].minor.yy132,yymsp[-1].minor.yy14,yymsp[-7].minor.yy381,yymsp[0].minor.yy476.pLimit,yymsp[0].minor.yy476.pOffset);
 }
         break;
-      case 122: /* sclp ::= selcollist COMMA */
-      case 246: /* idxlist_opt ::= LP idxlist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==246);
-{yygotominor.yy442 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy442;}
-        break;
-      case 123: /* sclp ::= */
-      case 151: /* orderby_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==151);
-      case 158: /* groupby_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==158);
-      case 239: /* exprlist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==239);
-      case 245: /* idxlist_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==245);
-{yygotominor.yy442 = 0;}
-        break;
-      case 124: /* selcollist ::= sclp expr as */
+      case 120: /* values ::= VALUES LP nexprlist RP */
 {
-   yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy442, yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-   if( yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n>0 ) sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy442, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, 1);
-   sqlite3ExprListSetSpan(pParse,yygotominor.yy442,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy342);
+  yygotominor.yy3 = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy14,0,0,0,0,0,SF_Values,0,0);
 }
         break;
-      case 125: /* selcollist ::= sclp STAR */
+      case 121: /* values ::= values COMMA LP exprlist RP */
+{
+  Select *pRight = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy14,0,0,0,0,0,SF_Values,0,0);
+  if( pRight ){
+    pRight->op = TK_ALL;
+    pRight->pPrior = yymsp[-4].minor.yy3;
+    yygotominor.yy3 = pRight;
+  }else{
+    yygotominor.yy3 = yymsp[-4].minor.yy3;
+  }
+}
+        break;
+      case 122: /* distinct ::= DISTINCT */
+{yygotominor.yy381 = SF_Distinct;}
+        break;
+      case 123: /* distinct ::= ALL */
+      case 124: /* distinct ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==124);
+{yygotominor.yy381 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 125: /* sclp ::= selcollist COMMA */
+      case 243: /* idxlist_opt ::= LP idxlist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==243);
+{yygotominor.yy14 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy14;}
+        break;
+      case 126: /* sclp ::= */
+      case 154: /* orderby_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==154);
+      case 161: /* groupby_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==161);
+      case 236: /* exprlist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==236);
+      case 242: /* idxlist_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==242);
+{yygotominor.yy14 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 127: /* selcollist ::= sclp expr as */
+{
+   yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy14, yymsp[-1].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+   if( yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n>0 ) sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy14, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, 1);
+   sqlite3ExprListSetSpan(pParse,yygotominor.yy14,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy346);
+}
+        break;
+      case 128: /* selcollist ::= sclp STAR */
 {
   Expr *p = sqlite3Expr(pParse->db, TK_ALL, 0);
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy442, p);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy14, p);
 }
         break;
-      case 126: /* selcollist ::= sclp nm DOT STAR */
+      case 129: /* selcollist ::= sclp nm DOT STAR */
 {
   Expr *pRight = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ALL, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
   Expr *pLeft = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
   Expr *pDot = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, pLeft, pRight, 0);
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy442, pDot);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy14, pDot);
 }
         break;
-      case 129: /* as ::= */
+      case 132: /* as ::= */
 {yygotominor.yy0.n = 0;}
         break;
-      case 130: /* from ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy347 = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, sizeof(*yygotominor.yy347));}
+      case 133: /* from ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy65 = sqlite3DbMallocZero(pParse->db, sizeof(*yygotominor.yy65));}
         break;
-      case 131: /* from ::= FROM seltablist */
+      case 134: /* from ::= FROM seltablist */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy347 = yymsp[0].minor.yy347;
-  sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(yygotominor.yy347);
+  yygotominor.yy65 = yymsp[0].minor.yy65;
+  sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(yygotominor.yy65);
 }
         break;
-      case 132: /* stl_prefix ::= seltablist joinop */
+      case 135: /* stl_prefix ::= seltablist joinop */
 {
-   yygotominor.yy347 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy347;
-   if( ALWAYS(yygotominor.yy347 && yygotominor.yy347->nSrc>0) ) yygotominor.yy347->a[yygotominor.yy347->nSrc-1].jointype = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy392;
+   yygotominor.yy65 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy65;
+   if( ALWAYS(yygotominor.yy65 && yygotominor.yy65->nSrc>0) ) yygotominor.yy65->a[yygotominor.yy65->nSrc-1].jointype = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy328;
 }
         break;
-      case 133: /* stl_prefix ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy347 = 0;}
+      case 136: /* stl_prefix ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy65 = 0;}
         break;
-      case 134: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix nm dbnm as indexed_opt on_opt using_opt */
+      case 137: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix nm dbnm as indexed_opt on_opt using_opt */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy347 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy347,&yymsp[-5].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy122,yymsp[0].minor.yy180);
-  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yygotominor.yy347, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy65 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy65,&yymsp[-5].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy132,yymsp[0].minor.yy408);
+  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yygotominor.yy65, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 135: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP select RP as on_opt using_opt */
+      case 138: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP select RP as on_opt using_opt */
 {
-    yygotominor.yy347 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy347,0,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy159,yymsp[-1].minor.yy122,yymsp[0].minor.yy180);
+    yygotominor.yy65 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy65,0,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy3,yymsp[-1].minor.yy132,yymsp[0].minor.yy408);
   }
         break;
-      case 136: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP seltablist RP as on_opt using_opt */
+      case 139: /* seltablist ::= stl_prefix LP seltablist RP as on_opt using_opt */
 {
-    if( yymsp[-6].minor.yy347==0 && yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.n==0 && yymsp[-1].minor.yy122==0 && yymsp[0].minor.yy180==0 ){
-      yygotominor.yy347 = yymsp[-4].minor.yy347;
+    if( yymsp[-6].minor.yy65==0 && yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.n==0 && yymsp[-1].minor.yy132==0 && yymsp[0].minor.yy408==0 ){
+      yygotominor.yy65 = yymsp[-4].minor.yy65;
+    }else if( yymsp[-4].minor.yy65->nSrc==1 ){
+      yygotominor.yy65 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy65,0,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy132,yymsp[0].minor.yy408);
+      if( yygotominor.yy65 ){
+        struct SrcList_item *pNew = &yygotominor.yy65->a[yygotominor.yy65->nSrc-1];
+        struct SrcList_item *pOld = yymsp[-4].minor.yy65->a;
+        pNew->zName = pOld->zName;
+        pNew->zDatabase = pOld->zDatabase;
+        pNew->pSelect = pOld->pSelect;
+        pOld->zName = pOld->zDatabase = 0;
+        pOld->pSelect = 0;
+      }
+      sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-4].minor.yy65);
     }else{
       Select *pSubquery;
-      sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(yymsp[-4].minor.yy347);
-      pSubquery = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy347,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
-      yygotominor.yy347 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy347,0,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,pSubquery,yymsp[-1].minor.yy122,yymsp[0].minor.yy180);
+      sqlite3SrcListShiftJoinType(yymsp[-4].minor.yy65);
+      pSubquery = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse,0,yymsp[-4].minor.yy65,0,0,0,0,SF_NestedFrom,0,0);
+      yygotominor.yy65 = sqlite3SrcListAppendFromTerm(pParse,yymsp[-6].minor.yy65,0,0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,pSubquery,yymsp[-1].minor.yy132,yymsp[0].minor.yy408);
     }
   }
         break;
-      case 137: /* dbnm ::= */
-      case 146: /* indexed_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==146);
+      case 140: /* dbnm ::= */
+      case 149: /* indexed_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==149);
 {yygotominor.yy0.z=0; yygotominor.yy0.n=0;}
         break;
-      case 139: /* fullname ::= nm dbnm */
-{yygotominor.yy347 = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+      case 142: /* fullname ::= nm dbnm */
+{yygotominor.yy65 = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 140: /* joinop ::= COMMA|JOIN */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = JT_INNER; }
+      case 143: /* joinop ::= COMMA|JOIN */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = JT_INNER; }
         break;
-      case 141: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0,0); }
+      case 144: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW JOIN */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0,0); }
         break;
-      case 142: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm JOIN */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0); }
+      case 145: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm JOIN */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0); }
         break;
-      case 143: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm nm JOIN */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0); }
+      case 146: /* joinop ::= JOIN_KW nm nm JOIN */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = sqlite3JoinType(pParse,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0); }
         break;
-      case 144: /* on_opt ::= ON expr */
-      case 161: /* having_opt ::= HAVING expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==161);
-      case 168: /* where_opt ::= WHERE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==168);
-      case 234: /* case_else ::= ELSE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==234);
-      case 236: /* case_operand ::= expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==236);
-{yygotominor.yy122 = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr;}
+      case 147: /* on_opt ::= ON expr */
+      case 164: /* having_opt ::= HAVING expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==164);
+      case 171: /* where_opt ::= WHERE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==171);
+      case 231: /* case_else ::= ELSE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==231);
+      case 233: /* case_operand ::= expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==233);
+{yygotominor.yy132 = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr;}
         break;
-      case 145: /* on_opt ::= */
-      case 160: /* having_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==160);
-      case 167: /* where_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==167);
-      case 235: /* case_else ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==235);
-      case 237: /* case_operand ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==237);
-{yygotominor.yy122 = 0;}
+      case 148: /* on_opt ::= */
+      case 163: /* having_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==163);
+      case 170: /* where_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==170);
+      case 232: /* case_else ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==232);
+      case 234: /* case_operand ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==234);
+{yygotominor.yy132 = 0;}
         break;
-      case 148: /* indexed_opt ::= NOT INDEXED */
+      case 151: /* indexed_opt ::= NOT INDEXED */
 {yygotominor.yy0.z=0; yygotominor.yy0.n=1;}
         break;
-      case 149: /* using_opt ::= USING LP inscollist RP */
-      case 180: /* inscollist_opt ::= LP inscollist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==180);
-{yygotominor.yy180 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy180;}
+      case 152: /* using_opt ::= USING LP idlist RP */
+      case 180: /* inscollist_opt ::= LP idlist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==180);
+{yygotominor.yy408 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy408;}
         break;
-      case 150: /* using_opt ::= */
+      case 153: /* using_opt ::= */
       case 179: /* inscollist_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==179);
-{yygotominor.yy180 = 0;}
+{yygotominor.yy408 = 0;}
         break;
-      case 152: /* orderby_opt ::= ORDER BY sortlist */
-      case 159: /* groupby_opt ::= GROUP BY nexprlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==159);
-      case 238: /* exprlist ::= nexprlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==238);
-{yygotominor.yy442 = yymsp[0].minor.yy442;}
+      case 155: /* orderby_opt ::= ORDER BY sortlist */
+      case 162: /* groupby_opt ::= GROUP BY nexprlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==162);
+      case 235: /* exprlist ::= nexprlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==235);
+{yygotominor.yy14 = yymsp[0].minor.yy14;}
         break;
-      case 153: /* sortlist ::= sortlist COMMA expr sortorder */
+      case 156: /* sortlist ::= sortlist COMMA expr sortorder */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy442,yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  if( yygotominor.yy442 ) yygotominor.yy442->a[yygotominor.yy442->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy392;
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy14,yymsp[-1].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  if( yygotominor.yy14 ) yygotominor.yy14->a[yygotominor.yy14->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy328;
 }
         break;
-      case 154: /* sortlist ::= expr sortorder */
+      case 157: /* sortlist ::= expr sortorder */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  if( yygotominor.yy442 && ALWAYS(yygotominor.yy442->a) ) yygotominor.yy442->a[0].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy392;
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,yymsp[-1].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  if( yygotominor.yy14 && ALWAYS(yygotominor.yy14->a) ) yygotominor.yy14->a[0].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy328;
 }
         break;
-      case 155: /* sortorder ::= ASC */
-      case 157: /* sortorder ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==157);
-{yygotominor.yy392 = SQLITE_SO_ASC;}
+      case 158: /* sortorder ::= ASC */
+      case 160: /* sortorder ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==160);
+{yygotominor.yy328 = SQLITE_SO_ASC;}
         break;
-      case 156: /* sortorder ::= DESC */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = SQLITE_SO_DESC;}
+      case 159: /* sortorder ::= DESC */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = SQLITE_SO_DESC;}
         break;
-      case 162: /* limit_opt ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy64.pLimit = 0; yygotominor.yy64.pOffset = 0;}
+      case 165: /* limit_opt ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy476.pLimit = 0; yygotominor.yy476.pOffset = 0;}
         break;
-      case 163: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr */
-{yygotominor.yy64.pLimit = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr; yygotominor.yy64.pOffset = 0;}
+      case 166: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr */
+{yygotominor.yy476.pLimit = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr; yygotominor.yy476.pOffset = 0;}
         break;
-      case 164: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr OFFSET expr */
-{yygotominor.yy64.pLimit = yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr; yygotominor.yy64.pOffset = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr;}
+      case 167: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr OFFSET expr */
+{yygotominor.yy476.pLimit = yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr; yygotominor.yy476.pOffset = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr;}
         break;
-      case 165: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr COMMA expr */
-{yygotominor.yy64.pOffset = yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr; yygotominor.yy64.pLimit = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr;}
+      case 168: /* limit_opt ::= LIMIT expr COMMA expr */
+{yygotominor.yy476.pOffset = yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr; yygotominor.yy476.pLimit = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr;}
         break;
-      case 166: /* cmd ::= DELETE FROM fullname indexed_opt where_opt */
+      case 169: /* cmd ::= with DELETE FROM fullname indexed_opt where_opt */
 {
-  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy347, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
-  sqlite3DeleteFrom(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy347,yymsp[0].minor.yy122);
+  sqlite3WithPush(pParse, yymsp[-5].minor.yy59, 1);
+  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy65, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
+  sqlite3DeleteFrom(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy65,yymsp[0].minor.yy132);
 }
         break;
-      case 169: /* cmd ::= UPDATE orconf fullname indexed_opt SET setlist where_opt */
+      case 172: /* cmd ::= with UPDATE orconf fullname indexed_opt SET setlist where_opt */
 {
-  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy347, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0);
-  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy442,"set list"); 
-  sqlite3Update(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy347,yymsp[-1].minor.yy442,yymsp[0].minor.yy122,yymsp[-5].minor.yy258);
+  sqlite3WithPush(pParse, yymsp[-7].minor.yy59, 1);
+  sqlite3SrcListIndexedBy(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy65, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0);
+  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse,yymsp[-1].minor.yy14,"set list"); 
+  sqlite3Update(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy65,yymsp[-1].minor.yy14,yymsp[0].minor.yy132,yymsp[-5].minor.yy186);
 }
         break;
-      case 170: /* setlist ::= setlist COMMA nm EQ expr */
+      case 173: /* setlist ::= setlist COMMA nm EQ expr */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy442, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy442, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy14, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy14, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
 }
         break;
-      case 171: /* setlist ::= nm EQ expr */
+      case 174: /* setlist ::= nm EQ expr */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy442, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse, 0, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy14, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
 }
         break;
-      case 172: /* cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt valuelist */
-{sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy347, yymsp[0].minor.yy487.pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy487.pSelect, yymsp[-1].minor.yy180, yymsp[-4].minor.yy258);}
-        break;
-      case 173: /* cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt select */
-{sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy347, 0, yymsp[0].minor.yy159, yymsp[-1].minor.yy180, yymsp[-4].minor.yy258);}
-        break;
-      case 174: /* cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt DEFAULT VALUES */
-{sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-3].minor.yy347, 0, 0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy180, yymsp[-5].minor.yy258);}
-        break;
-      case 175: /* insert_cmd ::= INSERT orconf */
-{yygotominor.yy258 = yymsp[0].minor.yy258;}
-        break;
-      case 176: /* insert_cmd ::= REPLACE */
-{yygotominor.yy258 = OE_Replace;}
-        break;
-      case 177: /* valuelist ::= VALUES LP nexprlist RP */
+      case 175: /* cmd ::= with insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt select */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy487.pList = yymsp[-1].minor.yy442;
-  yygotominor.yy487.pSelect = 0;
+  sqlite3WithPush(pParse, yymsp[-5].minor.yy59, 1);
+  sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy65, yymsp[0].minor.yy3, yymsp[-1].minor.yy408, yymsp[-4].minor.yy186);
 }
         break;
-      case 178: /* valuelist ::= valuelist COMMA LP exprlist RP */
+      case 176: /* cmd ::= with insert_cmd INTO fullname inscollist_opt DEFAULT VALUES */
 {
-  Select *pRight = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy442, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-  if( yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pList ){
-    yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pSelect = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pList, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
-    yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pList = 0;
-  }
-  yygotominor.yy487.pList = 0;
-  if( yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pSelect==0 || pRight==0 ){
-    sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, pRight);
-    sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pSelect);
-    yygotominor.yy487.pSelect = 0;
-  }else{
-    pRight->op = TK_ALL;
-    pRight->pPrior = yymsp[-4].minor.yy487.pSelect;
-    pRight->selFlags |= SF_Values;
-    pRight->pPrior->selFlags |= SF_Values;
-    yygotominor.yy487.pSelect = pRight;
-  }
+  sqlite3WithPush(pParse, yymsp[-6].minor.yy59, 1);
+  sqlite3Insert(pParse, yymsp[-3].minor.yy65, 0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy408, yymsp[-5].minor.yy186);
 }
         break;
-      case 181: /* inscollist ::= inscollist COMMA nm */
-{yygotominor.yy180 = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse->db,yymsp[-2].minor.yy180,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+      case 177: /* insert_cmd ::= INSERT orconf */
+{yygotominor.yy186 = yymsp[0].minor.yy186;}
         break;
-      case 182: /* inscollist ::= nm */
-{yygotominor.yy180 = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+      case 178: /* insert_cmd ::= REPLACE */
+{yygotominor.yy186 = OE_Replace;}
+        break;
+      case 181: /* idlist ::= idlist COMMA nm */
+{yygotominor.yy408 = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse->db,yymsp[-2].minor.yy408,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+        break;
+      case 182: /* idlist ::= nm */
+{yygotominor.yy408 = sqlite3IdListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
       case 183: /* expr ::= term */
-{yygotominor.yy342 = yymsp[0].minor.yy342;}
+{yygotominor.yy346 = yymsp[0].minor.yy346;}
         break;
       case 184: /* expr ::= LP expr RP */
-{yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.pExpr; spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+{yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = yymsp[-1].minor.yy346.pExpr; spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
       case 185: /* term ::= NULL */
       case 190: /* term ::= INTEGER|FLOAT|BLOB */ yytestcase(yyruleno==190);
       case 191: /* term ::= STRING */ yytestcase(yyruleno==191);
-{spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy342, pParse, yymsp[0].major, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+{spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy346, pParse, yymsp[0].major, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 186: /* expr ::= id */
+      case 186: /* expr ::= ID|INDEXED */
       case 187: /* expr ::= JOIN_KW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==187);
-{spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy342, pParse, TK_ID, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+{spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy346, pParse, TK_ID, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
       case 188: /* expr ::= nm DOT nm */
 {
   Expr *temp1 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
   Expr *temp2 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp1, temp2, 0);
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp1, temp2, 0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
       case 189: /* expr ::= nm DOT nm DOT nm */
@@ -110476,163 +120171,154 @@
   Expr *temp2 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0);
   Expr *temp3 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_ID, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
   Expr *temp4 = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp2, temp3, 0);
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp1, temp4, 0);
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_DOT, temp1, temp4, 0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 192: /* expr ::= REGISTER */
+      case 192: /* expr ::= VARIABLE */
 {
-  /* When doing a nested parse, one can include terms in an expression
-  ** that look like this:   #1 #2 ...  These terms refer to registers
-  ** in the virtual machine.  #N is the N-th register. */
-  if( pParse->nested==0 ){
-    sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "near \"%T\": syntax error", &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = 0;
+  if( yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n>=2 && yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[0]=='#' && sqlite3Isdigit(yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[1]) ){
+    /* When doing a nested parse, one can include terms in an expression
+    ** that look like this:   #1 #2 ...  These terms refer to registers
+    ** in the virtual machine.  #N is the N-th register. */
+    if( pParse->nested==0 ){
+      sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "near \"%T\": syntax error", &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = 0;
+    }else{
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_REGISTER, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+      if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ) sqlite3GetInt32(&yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[1], &yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->iTable);
+    }
   }else{
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_REGISTER, 0, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-    if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ) sqlite3GetInt32(&yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[1], &yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->iTable);
+    spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy346, pParse, TK_VARIABLE, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+    sqlite3ExprAssignVarNumber(pParse, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr);
   }
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 193: /* expr ::= VARIABLE */
+      case 193: /* expr ::= expr COLLATE ID|STRING */
 {
-  spanExpr(&yygotominor.yy342, pParse, TK_VARIABLE, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-  sqlite3ExprAssignVarNumber(pParse, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr);
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.zStart;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
 }
         break;
-      case 194: /* expr ::= expr COLLATE ids */
+      case 194: /* expr ::= CAST LP expr AS typetoken RP */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(pParse, yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.zStart;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_CAST, yymsp[-3].minor.yy346.pExpr, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346,&yymsp[-5].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 195: /* expr ::= CAST LP expr AS typetoken RP */
+      case 195: /* expr ::= ID|INDEXED LP distinct exprlist RP */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_CAST, yymsp[-3].minor.yy342.pExpr, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342,&yymsp[-5].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-}
-        break;
-      case 196: /* expr ::= ID LP distinct exprlist RP */
-{
-  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy442 && yymsp[-1].minor.yy442->nExpr>pParse->db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG] ){
+  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy14 && yymsp[-1].minor.yy14->nExpr>pParse->db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_FUNCTION_ARG] ){
     sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, "too many arguments on function %T", &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0);
   }
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy442, &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0);
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-  if( yymsp[-2].minor.yy392 && yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->flags |= EP_Distinct;
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy14, &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  if( yymsp[-2].minor.yy381 && yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->flags |= EP_Distinct;
   }
 }
         break;
-      case 197: /* expr ::= ID LP STAR RP */
+      case 196: /* expr ::= ID|INDEXED LP STAR RP */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, 0, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0);
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, 0, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 198: /* term ::= CTIME_KW */
+      case 197: /* term ::= CTIME_KW */
 {
-  /* The CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE, and CURRENT_TIMESTAMP values are
-  ** treated as functions that return constants */
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, 0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->op = TK_CONST_FUNC;  
-  }
-  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy342, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, 0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  spanSet(&yygotominor.yy346, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 199: /* expr ::= expr AND expr */
-      case 200: /* expr ::= expr OR expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==200);
-      case 201: /* expr ::= expr LT|GT|GE|LE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==201);
-      case 202: /* expr ::= expr EQ|NE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==202);
-      case 203: /* expr ::= expr BITAND|BITOR|LSHIFT|RSHIFT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==203);
-      case 204: /* expr ::= expr PLUS|MINUS expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==204);
-      case 205: /* expr ::= expr STAR|SLASH|REM expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==205);
-      case 206: /* expr ::= expr CONCAT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==206);
-{spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,yymsp[-1].major,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy342,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342);}
+      case 198: /* expr ::= expr AND expr */
+      case 199: /* expr ::= expr OR expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==199);
+      case 200: /* expr ::= expr LT|GT|GE|LE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==200);
+      case 201: /* expr ::= expr EQ|NE expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==201);
+      case 202: /* expr ::= expr BITAND|BITOR|LSHIFT|RSHIFT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==202);
+      case 203: /* expr ::= expr PLUS|MINUS expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==203);
+      case 204: /* expr ::= expr STAR|SLASH|REM expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==204);
+      case 205: /* expr ::= expr CONCAT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==205);
+{spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,yymsp[-1].major,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy346,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346);}
         break;
-      case 207: /* likeop ::= LIKE_KW */
-      case 209: /* likeop ::= MATCH */ yytestcase(yyruleno==209);
-{yygotominor.yy318.eOperator = yymsp[0].minor.yy0; yygotominor.yy318.not = 0;}
+      case 206: /* likeop ::= LIKE_KW|MATCH */
+{yygotominor.yy96.eOperator = yymsp[0].minor.yy0; yygotominor.yy96.bNot = 0;}
         break;
-      case 208: /* likeop ::= NOT LIKE_KW */
-      case 210: /* likeop ::= NOT MATCH */ yytestcase(yyruleno==210);
-{yygotominor.yy318.eOperator = yymsp[0].minor.yy0; yygotominor.yy318.not = 1;}
+      case 207: /* likeop ::= NOT LIKE_KW|MATCH */
+{yygotominor.yy96.eOperator = yymsp[0].minor.yy0; yygotominor.yy96.bNot = 1;}
         break;
-      case 211: /* expr ::= expr likeop expr */
+      case 208: /* expr ::= expr likeop expr */
 {
   ExprList *pList;
-  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pList, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy318.eOperator);
-  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy318.not ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.zStart;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.zEnd;
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->flags |= EP_InfixFunc;
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pList, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy96.eOperator);
+  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy96.bNot ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.zStart;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.zEnd;
+  if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->flags |= EP_InfixFunc;
 }
         break;
-      case 212: /* expr ::= expr likeop expr ESCAPE expr */
+      case 209: /* expr ::= expr likeop expr ESCAPE expr */
 {
   ExprList *pList;
-  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pList, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy318.eOperator);
-  if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy318.not ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.zStart;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.zEnd;
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->flags |= EP_InfixFunc;
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3ExprFunction(pParse, pList, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy96.eOperator);
+  if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy96.bNot ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.zStart;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.zEnd;
+  if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->flags |= EP_InfixFunc;
 }
         break;
-      case 213: /* expr ::= expr ISNULL|NOTNULL */
-{spanUnaryPostfix(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,yymsp[0].major,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy342,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+      case 210: /* expr ::= expr ISNULL|NOTNULL */
+{spanUnaryPostfix(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,yymsp[0].major,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy346,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 214: /* expr ::= expr NOT NULL */
-{spanUnaryPostfix(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,TK_NOTNULL,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy342,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
+      case 211: /* expr ::= expr NOT NULL */
+{spanUnaryPostfix(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,TK_NOTNULL,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy346,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 215: /* expr ::= expr IS expr */
+      case 212: /* expr ::= expr IS expr */
 {
-  spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,TK_IS,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy342,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342);
-  binaryToUnaryIfNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, TK_ISNULL);
+  spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,TK_IS,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy346,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346);
+  binaryToUnaryIfNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, TK_ISNULL);
 }
         break;
-      case 216: /* expr ::= expr IS NOT expr */
+      case 213: /* expr ::= expr IS NOT expr */
 {
-  spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,TK_ISNOT,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy342,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342);
-  binaryToUnaryIfNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, TK_NOTNULL);
+  spanBinaryExpr(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,TK_ISNOT,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy346,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346);
+  binaryToUnaryIfNull(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, TK_NOTNULL);
 }
         break;
-      case 217: /* expr ::= NOT expr */
-      case 218: /* expr ::= BITNOT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==218);
-{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,yymsp[-1].major,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
+      case 214: /* expr ::= NOT expr */
+      case 215: /* expr ::= BITNOT expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==215);
+{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,yymsp[-1].major,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 219: /* expr ::= MINUS expr */
-{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,TK_UMINUS,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
+      case 216: /* expr ::= MINUS expr */
+{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,TK_UMINUS,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 220: /* expr ::= PLUS expr */
-{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy342,pParse,TK_UPLUS,&yymsp[0].minor.yy342,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
+      case 217: /* expr ::= PLUS expr */
+{spanUnaryPrefix(&yygotominor.yy346,pParse,TK_UPLUS,&yymsp[0].minor.yy346,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 223: /* expr ::= expr between_op expr AND expr */
+      case 220: /* expr ::= expr between_op expr AND expr */
 {
-  ExprList *pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_BETWEEN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->x.pList = pList;
+  ExprList *pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  pList = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_BETWEEN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->x.pList = pList;
   }else{
     sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, pList);
   } 
-  if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy392 ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.zStart;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.zEnd;
+  if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy328 ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.zStart;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.zEnd;
 }
         break;
-      case 226: /* expr ::= expr in_op LP exprlist RP */
+      case 223: /* expr ::= expr in_op LP exprlist RP */
 {
-    if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy442==0 ){
+    if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy14==0 ){
       /* Expressions of the form
       **
       **      expr1 IN ()
@@ -110641,232 +120327,252 @@
       ** simplify to constants 0 (false) and 1 (true), respectively,
       ** regardless of the value of expr1.
       */
-      yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_INTEGER, 0, 0, &sqlite3IntTokens[yymsp[-3].minor.yy392]);
-      sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-    }else{
-      yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-      if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-        yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->x.pList = yymsp[-1].minor.yy442;
-        sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr);
-      }else{
-        sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy442);
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_INTEGER, 0, 0, &sqlite3IntTokens[yymsp[-3].minor.yy328]);
+      sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+    }else if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy14->nExpr==1 ){
+      /* Expressions of the form:
+      **
+      **      expr1 IN (?1)
+      **      expr1 NOT IN (?2)
+      **
+      ** with exactly one value on the RHS can be simplified to something
+      ** like this:
+      **
+      **      expr1 == ?1
+      **      expr1 <> ?2
+      **
+      ** But, the RHS of the == or <> is marked with the EP_Generic flag
+      ** so that it may not contribute to the computation of comparison
+      ** affinity or the collating sequence to use for comparison.  Otherwise,
+      ** the semantics would be subtly different from IN or NOT IN.
+      */
+      Expr *pRHS = yymsp[-1].minor.yy14->a[0].pExpr;
+      yymsp[-1].minor.yy14->a[0].pExpr = 0;
+      sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy14);
+      /* pRHS cannot be NULL because a malloc error would have been detected
+      ** before now and control would have never reached this point */
+      if( ALWAYS(pRHS) ){
+        pRHS->flags &= ~EP_Collate;
+        pRHS->flags |= EP_Generic;
       }
-      if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy392 ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-    }
-    yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.zStart;
-    yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
-  }
-        break;
-      case 227: /* expr ::= LP select RP */
-{
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_SELECT, 0, 0, 0);
-    if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-      yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy159;
-      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
-      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr);
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, yymsp[-3].minor.yy328 ? TK_NE : TK_EQ, yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.pExpr, pRHS, 0);
     }else{
-      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy159);
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+      if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+        yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->x.pList = yymsp[-1].minor.yy14;
+        sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy14);
+      }
+      if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy328 ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
     }
-    yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.z;
-    yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+    yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.zStart;
+    yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
   }
         break;
-      case 228: /* expr ::= expr in_op LP select RP */
+      case 224: /* expr ::= LP select RP */
 {
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-    if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-      yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy159;
-      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
-      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr);
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_SELECT, 0, 0, 0);
+    if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy3;
+      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
+      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr);
     }else{
-      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy159);
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy3);
     }
-    if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy392 ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-    yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy342.zStart;
-    yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+    yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-2].minor.yy0.z;
+    yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
   }
         break;
-      case 229: /* expr ::= expr in_op nm dbnm */
+      case 225: /* expr ::= expr in_op LP select RP */
+{
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy3;
+      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
+      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr);
+    }else{
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy3);
+    }
+    if( yymsp[-3].minor.yy328 ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy346.zStart;
+    yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  }
+        break;
+      case 226: /* expr ::= expr in_op nm dbnm */
 {
     SrcList *pSrc = sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db, 0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-3].minor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-    if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-      yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->x.pSelect = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 0,pSrc,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
-      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
-      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr);
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_IN, yymsp[-3].minor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+      yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->x.pSelect = sqlite3SelectNew(pParse, 0,pSrc,0,0,0,0,0,0,0);
+      ExprSetProperty(yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, EP_xIsSelect);
+      sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr);
     }else{
       sqlite3SrcListDelete(pParse->db, pSrc);
     }
-    if( yymsp[-2].minor.yy392 ) yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr, 0, 0);
-    yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy342.zStart;
-    yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z ? &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n] : &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.n];
+    if( yymsp[-2].minor.yy328 ) yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_NOT, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr, 0, 0);
+    yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy346.zStart;
+    yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z ? &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n] : &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.n];
   }
         break;
-      case 230: /* expr ::= EXISTS LP select RP */
+      case 227: /* expr ::= EXISTS LP select RP */
 {
-    Expr *p = yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EXISTS, 0, 0, 0);
+    Expr *p = yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_EXISTS, 0, 0, 0);
     if( p ){
-      p->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy159;
+      p->x.pSelect = yymsp[-1].minor.yy3;
       ExprSetProperty(p, EP_xIsSelect);
       sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, p);
     }else{
-      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy159);
+      sqlite3SelectDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy3);
     }
-    yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
-    yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+    yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
+    yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
   }
         break;
-      case 231: /* expr ::= CASE case_operand case_exprlist case_else END */
+      case 228: /* expr ::= CASE case_operand case_exprlist case_else END */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_CASE, yymsp[-3].minor.yy122, yymsp[-1].minor.yy122, 0);
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->x.pList = yymsp[-2].minor.yy442;
-    sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy342.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_CASE, yymsp[-3].minor.yy132, 0, 0);
+  if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->x.pList = yymsp[-1].minor.yy132 ? sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy14,yymsp[-1].minor.yy132) : yymsp[-2].minor.yy14;
+    sqlite3ExprSetHeight(pParse, yygotominor.yy346.pExpr);
   }else{
-    sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-2].minor.yy442);
+    sqlite3ExprListDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-2].minor.yy14);
+    sqlite3ExprDelete(pParse->db, yymsp[-1].minor.yy132);
   }
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy0.z;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-4].minor.yy0.z;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
 }
         break;
-      case 232: /* case_exprlist ::= case_exprlist WHEN expr THEN expr */
+      case 229: /* case_exprlist ::= case_exprlist WHEN expr THEN expr */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy442, yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yygotominor.yy442, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy14, yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yygotominor.yy14, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
 }
         break;
-      case 233: /* case_exprlist ::= WHEN expr THEN expr */
+      case 230: /* case_exprlist ::= WHEN expr THEN expr */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy342.pExpr);
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yygotominor.yy442, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, yymsp[-2].minor.yy346.pExpr);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yygotominor.yy14, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
 }
         break;
-      case 240: /* nexprlist ::= nexprlist COMMA expr */
-{yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy442,yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);}
+      case 237: /* nexprlist ::= nexprlist COMMA expr */
+{yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-2].minor.yy14,yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);}
         break;
-      case 241: /* nexprlist ::= expr */
-{yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);}
+      case 238: /* nexprlist ::= expr */
+{yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0,yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);}
         break;
-      case 242: /* cmd ::= createkw uniqueflag INDEX ifnotexists nm dbnm ON nm LP idxlist RP */
+      case 239: /* cmd ::= createkw uniqueflag INDEX ifnotexists nm dbnm ON nm LP idxlist RP where_opt */
 {
-  sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse, &yymsp[-6].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-5].minor.yy0, 
-                     sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,0), yymsp[-1].minor.yy442, yymsp[-9].minor.yy392,
-                      &yymsp[-10].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, SQLITE_SO_ASC, yymsp[-7].minor.yy392);
+  sqlite3CreateIndex(pParse, &yymsp[-7].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-6].minor.yy0, 
+                     sqlite3SrcListAppend(pParse->db,0,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,0), yymsp[-2].minor.yy14, yymsp[-10].minor.yy328,
+                      &yymsp[-11].minor.yy0, yymsp[0].minor.yy132, SQLITE_SO_ASC, yymsp[-8].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 243: /* uniqueflag ::= UNIQUE */
-      case 296: /* raisetype ::= ABORT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==296);
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Abort;}
+      case 240: /* uniqueflag ::= UNIQUE */
+      case 291: /* raisetype ::= ABORT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==291);
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Abort;}
         break;
-      case 244: /* uniqueflag ::= */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_None;}
+      case 241: /* uniqueflag ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_None;}
         break;
-      case 247: /* idxlist ::= idxlist COMMA nm collate sortorder */
+      case 244: /* idxlist ::= idxlist COMMA nm collate sortorder */
 {
-  Expr *p = 0;
-  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.n>0 ){
-    p = sqlite3Expr(pParse->db, TK_COLUMN, 0);
-    sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(pParse, p, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
-  }
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy442, p);
-  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse,yygotominor.yy442,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,1);
-  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, yygotominor.yy442, "index");
-  if( yygotominor.yy442 ) yygotominor.yy442->a[yygotominor.yy442->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy392;
+  Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,yymsp[-4].minor.yy14, p);
+  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse,yygotominor.yy14,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,1);
+  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, yygotominor.yy14, "index");
+  if( yygotominor.yy14 ) yygotominor.yy14->a[yygotominor.yy14->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy328;
 }
         break;
-      case 248: /* idxlist ::= nm collate sortorder */
+      case 245: /* idxlist ::= nm collate sortorder */
 {
-  Expr *p = 0;
-  if( yymsp[-1].minor.yy0.n>0 ){
-    p = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_COLUMN, 0, 0, 0);
-    sqlite3ExprSetCollByToken(pParse, p, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
-  }
-  yygotominor.yy442 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, p);
-  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy442, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
-  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, yygotominor.yy442, "index");
-  if( yygotominor.yy442 ) yygotominor.yy442->a[yygotominor.yy442->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy392;
+  Expr *p = sqlite3ExprAddCollateToken(pParse, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0);
+  yygotominor.yy14 = sqlite3ExprListAppend(pParse,0, p);
+  sqlite3ExprListSetName(pParse, yygotominor.yy14, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, 1);
+  sqlite3ExprListCheckLength(pParse, yygotominor.yy14, "index");
+  if( yygotominor.yy14 ) yygotominor.yy14->a[yygotominor.yy14->nExpr-1].sortOrder = (u8)yymsp[0].minor.yy328;
 }
         break;
-      case 249: /* collate ::= */
+      case 246: /* collate ::= */
 {yygotominor.yy0.z = 0; yygotominor.yy0.n = 0;}
         break;
-      case 251: /* cmd ::= DROP INDEX ifexists fullname */
-{sqlite3DropIndex(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy347, yymsp[-1].minor.yy392);}
+      case 248: /* cmd ::= DROP INDEX ifexists fullname */
+{sqlite3DropIndex(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy65, yymsp[-1].minor.yy328);}
         break;
-      case 252: /* cmd ::= VACUUM */
-      case 253: /* cmd ::= VACUUM nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==253);
+      case 249: /* cmd ::= VACUUM */
+      case 250: /* cmd ::= VACUUM nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==250);
 {sqlite3Vacuum(pParse);}
         break;
-      case 254: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm */
+      case 251: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm */
 {sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,0,0);}
         break;
-      case 255: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ nmnum */
+      case 252: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ nmnum */
 {sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,0);}
         break;
-      case 256: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP nmnum RP */
+      case 253: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP nmnum RP */
 {sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,0);}
         break;
-      case 257: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ minus_num */
+      case 254: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm EQ minus_num */
 {sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-2].minor.yy0,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0,1);}
         break;
-      case 258: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP minus_num RP */
+      case 255: /* cmd ::= PRAGMA nm dbnm LP minus_num RP */
 {sqlite3Pragma(pParse,&yymsp[-4].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-3].minor.yy0,&yymsp[-1].minor.yy0,1);}
         break;
-      case 268: /* cmd ::= createkw trigger_decl BEGIN trigger_cmd_list END */
+      case 264: /* cmd ::= createkw trigger_decl BEGIN trigger_cmd_list END */
 {
   Token all;
   all.z = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
   all.n = (int)(yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z - yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z) + yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n;
-  sqlite3FinishTrigger(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy327, &all);
+  sqlite3FinishTrigger(pParse, yymsp[-1].minor.yy473, &all);
 }
         break;
-      case 269: /* trigger_decl ::= temp TRIGGER ifnotexists nm dbnm trigger_time trigger_event ON fullname foreach_clause when_clause */
+      case 265: /* trigger_decl ::= temp TRIGGER ifnotexists nm dbnm trigger_time trigger_event ON fullname foreach_clause when_clause */
 {
-  sqlite3BeginTrigger(pParse, &yymsp[-7].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-6].minor.yy0, yymsp[-5].minor.yy392, yymsp[-4].minor.yy410.a, yymsp[-4].minor.yy410.b, yymsp[-2].minor.yy347, yymsp[0].minor.yy122, yymsp[-10].minor.yy392, yymsp[-8].minor.yy392);
+  sqlite3BeginTrigger(pParse, &yymsp[-7].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-6].minor.yy0, yymsp[-5].minor.yy328, yymsp[-4].minor.yy378.a, yymsp[-4].minor.yy378.b, yymsp[-2].minor.yy65, yymsp[0].minor.yy132, yymsp[-10].minor.yy328, yymsp[-8].minor.yy328);
   yygotominor.yy0 = (yymsp[-6].minor.yy0.n==0?yymsp[-7].minor.yy0:yymsp[-6].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 270: /* trigger_time ::= BEFORE */
-      case 273: /* trigger_time ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==273);
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = TK_BEFORE; }
+      case 266: /* trigger_time ::= BEFORE */
+      case 269: /* trigger_time ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==269);
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = TK_BEFORE; }
         break;
-      case 271: /* trigger_time ::= AFTER */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = TK_AFTER;  }
+      case 267: /* trigger_time ::= AFTER */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = TK_AFTER;  }
         break;
-      case 272: /* trigger_time ::= INSTEAD OF */
-{ yygotominor.yy392 = TK_INSTEAD;}
+      case 268: /* trigger_time ::= INSTEAD OF */
+{ yygotominor.yy328 = TK_INSTEAD;}
         break;
-      case 274: /* trigger_event ::= DELETE|INSERT */
-      case 275: /* trigger_event ::= UPDATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==275);
-{yygotominor.yy410.a = yymsp[0].major; yygotominor.yy410.b = 0;}
+      case 270: /* trigger_event ::= DELETE|INSERT */
+      case 271: /* trigger_event ::= UPDATE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==271);
+{yygotominor.yy378.a = yymsp[0].major; yygotominor.yy378.b = 0;}
         break;
-      case 276: /* trigger_event ::= UPDATE OF inscollist */
-{yygotominor.yy410.a = TK_UPDATE; yygotominor.yy410.b = yymsp[0].minor.yy180;}
+      case 272: /* trigger_event ::= UPDATE OF idlist */
+{yygotominor.yy378.a = TK_UPDATE; yygotominor.yy378.b = yymsp[0].minor.yy408;}
         break;
-      case 279: /* when_clause ::= */
-      case 301: /* key_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==301);
-{ yygotominor.yy122 = 0; }
+      case 275: /* when_clause ::= */
+      case 296: /* key_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==296);
+{ yygotominor.yy132 = 0; }
         break;
-      case 280: /* when_clause ::= WHEN expr */
-      case 302: /* key_opt ::= KEY expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==302);
-{ yygotominor.yy122 = yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr; }
+      case 276: /* when_clause ::= WHEN expr */
+      case 297: /* key_opt ::= KEY expr */ yytestcase(yyruleno==297);
+{ yygotominor.yy132 = yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr; }
         break;
-      case 281: /* trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd_list trigger_cmd SEMI */
+      case 277: /* trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd_list trigger_cmd SEMI */
 {
-  assert( yymsp[-2].minor.yy327!=0 );
-  yymsp[-2].minor.yy327->pLast->pNext = yymsp[-1].minor.yy327;
-  yymsp[-2].minor.yy327->pLast = yymsp[-1].minor.yy327;
-  yygotominor.yy327 = yymsp[-2].minor.yy327;
+  assert( yymsp[-2].minor.yy473!=0 );
+  yymsp[-2].minor.yy473->pLast->pNext = yymsp[-1].minor.yy473;
+  yymsp[-2].minor.yy473->pLast = yymsp[-1].minor.yy473;
+  yygotominor.yy473 = yymsp[-2].minor.yy473;
 }
         break;
-      case 282: /* trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd SEMI */
+      case 278: /* trigger_cmd_list ::= trigger_cmd SEMI */
 { 
-  assert( yymsp[-1].minor.yy327!=0 );
-  yymsp[-1].minor.yy327->pLast = yymsp[-1].minor.yy327;
-  yygotominor.yy327 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy327;
+  assert( yymsp[-1].minor.yy473!=0 );
+  yymsp[-1].minor.yy473->pLast = yymsp[-1].minor.yy473;
+  yygotominor.yy473 = yymsp[-1].minor.yy473;
 }
         break;
-      case 284: /* trnm ::= nm DOT nm */
+      case 280: /* trnm ::= nm DOT nm */
 {
   yygotominor.yy0 = yymsp[0].minor.yy0;
   sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse, 
@@ -110874,123 +120580,137 @@
         "statements within triggers");
 }
         break;
-      case 286: /* tridxby ::= INDEXED BY nm */
+      case 282: /* tridxby ::= INDEXED BY nm */
 {
   sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
         "the INDEXED BY clause is not allowed on UPDATE or DELETE statements "
         "within triggers");
 }
         break;
-      case 287: /* tridxby ::= NOT INDEXED */
+      case 283: /* tridxby ::= NOT INDEXED */
 {
   sqlite3ErrorMsg(pParse,
         "the NOT INDEXED clause is not allowed on UPDATE or DELETE statements "
         "within triggers");
 }
         break;
-      case 288: /* trigger_cmd ::= UPDATE orconf trnm tridxby SET setlist where_opt */
-{ yygotominor.yy327 = sqlite3TriggerUpdateStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy442, yymsp[0].minor.yy122, yymsp[-5].minor.yy258); }
+      case 284: /* trigger_cmd ::= UPDATE orconf trnm tridxby SET setlist where_opt */
+{ yygotominor.yy473 = sqlite3TriggerUpdateStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-4].minor.yy0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy14, yymsp[0].minor.yy132, yymsp[-5].minor.yy186); }
         break;
-      case 289: /* trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt valuelist */
-{yygotominor.yy327 = sqlite3TriggerInsertStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy180, yymsp[0].minor.yy487.pList, yymsp[0].minor.yy487.pSelect, yymsp[-4].minor.yy258);}
+      case 285: /* trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt select */
+{yygotominor.yy473 = sqlite3TriggerInsertStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy408, yymsp[0].minor.yy3, yymsp[-4].minor.yy186);}
         break;
-      case 290: /* trigger_cmd ::= insert_cmd INTO trnm inscollist_opt select */
-{yygotominor.yy327 = sqlite3TriggerInsertStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[-1].minor.yy180, 0, yymsp[0].minor.yy159, yymsp[-4].minor.yy258);}
+      case 286: /* trigger_cmd ::= DELETE FROM trnm tridxby where_opt */
+{yygotominor.yy473 = sqlite3TriggerDeleteStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[0].minor.yy132);}
         break;
-      case 291: /* trigger_cmd ::= DELETE FROM trnm tridxby where_opt */
-{yygotominor.yy327 = sqlite3TriggerDeleteStep(pParse->db, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, yymsp[0].minor.yy122);}
+      case 287: /* trigger_cmd ::= select */
+{yygotominor.yy473 = sqlite3TriggerSelectStep(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy3); }
         break;
-      case 292: /* trigger_cmd ::= select */
-{yygotominor.yy327 = sqlite3TriggerSelectStep(pParse->db, yymsp[0].minor.yy159); }
-        break;
-      case 293: /* expr ::= RAISE LP IGNORE RP */
+      case 288: /* expr ::= RAISE LP IGNORE RP */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_RAISE, 0, 0, 0); 
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ){
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->affinity = OE_Ignore;
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_RAISE, 0, 0, 0); 
+  if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ){
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->affinity = OE_Ignore;
   }
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-3].minor.yy0.z;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
 }
         break;
-      case 294: /* expr ::= RAISE LP raisetype COMMA nm RP */
+      case 289: /* expr ::= RAISE LP raisetype COMMA nm RP */
 {
-  yygotominor.yy342.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_RAISE, 0, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0); 
-  if( yygotominor.yy342.pExpr ) {
-    yygotominor.yy342.pExpr->affinity = (char)yymsp[-3].minor.yy392;
+  yygotominor.yy346.pExpr = sqlite3PExpr(pParse, TK_RAISE, 0, 0, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0); 
+  if( yygotominor.yy346.pExpr ) {
+    yygotominor.yy346.pExpr->affinity = (char)yymsp[-3].minor.yy328;
   }
-  yygotominor.yy342.zStart = yymsp[-5].minor.yy0.z;
-  yygotominor.yy342.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
+  yygotominor.yy346.zStart = yymsp[-5].minor.yy0.z;
+  yygotominor.yy346.zEnd = &yymsp[0].minor.yy0.z[yymsp[0].minor.yy0.n];
 }
         break;
-      case 295: /* raisetype ::= ROLLBACK */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Rollback;}
+      case 290: /* raisetype ::= ROLLBACK */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Rollback;}
         break;
-      case 297: /* raisetype ::= FAIL */
-{yygotominor.yy392 = OE_Fail;}
+      case 292: /* raisetype ::= FAIL */
+{yygotominor.yy328 = OE_Fail;}
         break;
-      case 298: /* cmd ::= DROP TRIGGER ifexists fullname */
+      case 293: /* cmd ::= DROP TRIGGER ifexists fullname */
 {
-  sqlite3DropTrigger(pParse,yymsp[0].minor.yy347,yymsp[-1].minor.yy392);
+  sqlite3DropTrigger(pParse,yymsp[0].minor.yy65,yymsp[-1].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 299: /* cmd ::= ATTACH database_kw_opt expr AS expr key_opt */
+      case 294: /* cmd ::= ATTACH database_kw_opt expr AS expr key_opt */
 {
-  sqlite3Attach(pParse, yymsp[-3].minor.yy342.pExpr, yymsp[-1].minor.yy342.pExpr, yymsp[0].minor.yy122);
+  sqlite3Attach(pParse, yymsp[-3].minor.yy346.pExpr, yymsp[-1].minor.yy346.pExpr, yymsp[0].minor.yy132);
 }
         break;
-      case 300: /* cmd ::= DETACH database_kw_opt expr */
+      case 295: /* cmd ::= DETACH database_kw_opt expr */
 {
-  sqlite3Detach(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy342.pExpr);
+  sqlite3Detach(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy346.pExpr);
 }
         break;
-      case 305: /* cmd ::= REINDEX */
+      case 300: /* cmd ::= REINDEX */
 {sqlite3Reindex(pParse, 0, 0);}
         break;
-      case 306: /* cmd ::= REINDEX nm dbnm */
+      case 301: /* cmd ::= REINDEX nm dbnm */
 {sqlite3Reindex(pParse, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 307: /* cmd ::= ANALYZE */
+      case 302: /* cmd ::= ANALYZE */
 {sqlite3Analyze(pParse, 0, 0);}
         break;
-      case 308: /* cmd ::= ANALYZE nm dbnm */
+      case 303: /* cmd ::= ANALYZE nm dbnm */
 {sqlite3Analyze(pParse, &yymsp[-1].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 309: /* cmd ::= ALTER TABLE fullname RENAME TO nm */
+      case 304: /* cmd ::= ALTER TABLE fullname RENAME TO nm */
 {
-  sqlite3AlterRenameTable(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy347,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
+  sqlite3AlterRenameTable(pParse,yymsp[-3].minor.yy65,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 310: /* cmd ::= ALTER TABLE add_column_fullname ADD kwcolumn_opt column */
+      case 305: /* cmd ::= ALTER TABLE add_column_fullname ADD kwcolumn_opt column */
 {
   sqlite3AlterFinishAddColumn(pParse, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0);
 }
         break;
-      case 311: /* add_column_fullname ::= fullname */
+      case 306: /* add_column_fullname ::= fullname */
 {
   pParse->db->lookaside.bEnabled = 0;
-  sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy347);
+  sqlite3AlterBeginAddColumn(pParse, yymsp[0].minor.yy65);
 }
         break;
-      case 314: /* cmd ::= create_vtab */
+      case 309: /* cmd ::= create_vtab */
 {sqlite3VtabFinishParse(pParse,0);}
         break;
-      case 315: /* cmd ::= create_vtab LP vtabarglist RP */
+      case 310: /* cmd ::= create_vtab LP vtabarglist RP */
 {sqlite3VtabFinishParse(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
-      case 316: /* create_vtab ::= createkw VIRTUAL TABLE ifnotexists nm dbnm USING nm */
+      case 311: /* create_vtab ::= createkw VIRTUAL TABLE ifnotexists nm dbnm USING nm */
 {
-    sqlite3VtabBeginParse(pParse, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, yymsp[-4].minor.yy392);
+    sqlite3VtabBeginParse(pParse, &yymsp[-3].minor.yy0, &yymsp[-2].minor.yy0, &yymsp[0].minor.yy0, yymsp[-4].minor.yy328);
 }
         break;
-      case 319: /* vtabarg ::= */
+      case 314: /* vtabarg ::= */
 {sqlite3VtabArgInit(pParse);}
         break;
-      case 321: /* vtabargtoken ::= ANY */
-      case 322: /* vtabargtoken ::= lp anylist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==322);
-      case 323: /* lp ::= LP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==323);
+      case 316: /* vtabargtoken ::= ANY */
+      case 317: /* vtabargtoken ::= lp anylist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==317);
+      case 318: /* lp ::= LP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==318);
 {sqlite3VtabArgExtend(pParse,&yymsp[0].minor.yy0);}
         break;
+      case 322: /* with ::= */
+{yygotominor.yy59 = 0;}
+        break;
+      case 323: /* with ::= WITH wqlist */
+      case 324: /* with ::= WITH RECURSIVE wqlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==324);
+{ yygotominor.yy59 = yymsp[0].minor.yy59; }
+        break;
+      case 325: /* wqlist ::= nm idxlist_opt AS LP select RP */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy59 = sqlite3WithAdd(pParse, 0, &yymsp[-5].minor.yy0, yymsp[-4].minor.yy14, yymsp[-1].minor.yy3);
+}
+        break;
+      case 326: /* wqlist ::= wqlist COMMA nm idxlist_opt AS LP select RP */
+{
+  yygotominor.yy59 = sqlite3WithAdd(pParse, yymsp[-7].minor.yy59, &yymsp[-5].minor.yy0, yymsp[-4].minor.yy14, yymsp[-1].minor.yy3);
+}
+        break;
       default:
       /* (0) input ::= cmdlist */ yytestcase(yyruleno==0);
       /* (1) cmdlist ::= cmdlist ecmd */ yytestcase(yyruleno==1);
@@ -111003,35 +120723,33 @@
       /* (20) savepoint_opt ::= SAVEPOINT */ yytestcase(yyruleno==20);
       /* (21) savepoint_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==21);
       /* (25) cmd ::= create_table create_table_args */ yytestcase(yyruleno==25);
-      /* (34) columnlist ::= columnlist COMMA column */ yytestcase(yyruleno==34);
-      /* (35) columnlist ::= column */ yytestcase(yyruleno==35);
-      /* (44) type ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==44);
-      /* (51) signed ::= plus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==51);
-      /* (52) signed ::= minus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==52);
-      /* (53) carglist ::= carglist carg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==53);
-      /* (54) carglist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==54);
-      /* (55) carg ::= CONSTRAINT nm ccons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==55);
-      /* (56) carg ::= ccons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==56);
-      /* (62) ccons ::= NULL onconf */ yytestcase(yyruleno==62);
-      /* (90) conslist ::= conslist COMMA tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==90);
-      /* (91) conslist ::= conslist tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==91);
-      /* (92) conslist ::= tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==92);
-      /* (93) tcons ::= CONSTRAINT nm */ yytestcase(yyruleno==93);
-      /* (277) foreach_clause ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==277);
-      /* (278) foreach_clause ::= FOR EACH ROW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==278);
-      /* (285) tridxby ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==285);
-      /* (303) database_kw_opt ::= DATABASE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==303);
-      /* (304) database_kw_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==304);
-      /* (312) kwcolumn_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==312);
-      /* (313) kwcolumn_opt ::= COLUMNKW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==313);
-      /* (317) vtabarglist ::= vtabarg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==317);
-      /* (318) vtabarglist ::= vtabarglist COMMA vtabarg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==318);
-      /* (320) vtabarg ::= vtabarg vtabargtoken */ yytestcase(yyruleno==320);
-      /* (324) anylist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==324);
-      /* (325) anylist ::= anylist LP anylist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==325);
-      /* (326) anylist ::= anylist ANY */ yytestcase(yyruleno==326);
+      /* (36) columnlist ::= columnlist COMMA column */ yytestcase(yyruleno==36);
+      /* (37) columnlist ::= column */ yytestcase(yyruleno==37);
+      /* (43) type ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==43);
+      /* (50) signed ::= plus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==50);
+      /* (51) signed ::= minus_num */ yytestcase(yyruleno==51);
+      /* (52) carglist ::= carglist ccons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==52);
+      /* (53) carglist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==53);
+      /* (60) ccons ::= NULL onconf */ yytestcase(yyruleno==60);
+      /* (88) conslist ::= conslist tconscomma tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==88);
+      /* (89) conslist ::= tcons */ yytestcase(yyruleno==89);
+      /* (91) tconscomma ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==91);
+      /* (273) foreach_clause ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==273);
+      /* (274) foreach_clause ::= FOR EACH ROW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==274);
+      /* (281) tridxby ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==281);
+      /* (298) database_kw_opt ::= DATABASE */ yytestcase(yyruleno==298);
+      /* (299) database_kw_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==299);
+      /* (307) kwcolumn_opt ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==307);
+      /* (308) kwcolumn_opt ::= COLUMNKW */ yytestcase(yyruleno==308);
+      /* (312) vtabarglist ::= vtabarg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==312);
+      /* (313) vtabarglist ::= vtabarglist COMMA vtabarg */ yytestcase(yyruleno==313);
+      /* (315) vtabarg ::= vtabarg vtabargtoken */ yytestcase(yyruleno==315);
+      /* (319) anylist ::= */ yytestcase(yyruleno==319);
+      /* (320) anylist ::= anylist LP anylist RP */ yytestcase(yyruleno==320);
+      /* (321) anylist ::= anylist ANY */ yytestcase(yyruleno==321);
         break;
   };
+  assert( yyruleno>=0 && yyruleno<sizeof(yyRuleInfo)/sizeof(yyRuleInfo[0]) );
   yygoto = yyRuleInfo[yyruleno].lhs;
   yysize = yyRuleInfo[yyruleno].nrhs;
   yypParser->yyidx -= yysize;
@@ -111367,20 +121085,20 @@
 ** is substantially reduced.  This is important for embedded applications
 ** on platforms with limited memory.
 */
-/* Hash score: 175 */
+/* Hash score: 182 */
 static int keywordCode(const char *z, int n){
-  /* zText[] encodes 811 bytes of keywords in 541 bytes */
+  /* zText[] encodes 834 bytes of keywords in 554 bytes */
   /*   REINDEXEDESCAPEACHECKEYBEFOREIGNOREGEXPLAINSTEADDATABASELECT       */
   /*   ABLEFTHENDEFERRABLELSEXCEPTRANSACTIONATURALTERAISEXCLUSIVE         */
   /*   XISTSAVEPOINTERSECTRIGGEREFERENCESCONSTRAINTOFFSETEMPORARY         */
-  /*   UNIQUERYATTACHAVINGROUPDATEBEGINNERELEASEBETWEENOTNULLIKE          */
-  /*   CASCADELETECASECOLLATECREATECURRENT_DATEDETACHIMMEDIATEJOIN        */
-  /*   SERTMATCHPLANALYZEPRAGMABORTVALUESVIRTUALIMITWHENWHERENAME         */
-  /*   AFTEREPLACEANDEFAULTAUTOINCREMENTCASTCOLUMNCOMMITCONFLICTCROSS     */
-  /*   CURRENT_TIMESTAMPRIMARYDEFERREDISTINCTDROPFAILFROMFULLGLOBYIF      */
-  /*   ISNULLORDERESTRICTOUTERIGHTROLLBACKROWUNIONUSINGVACUUMVIEW         */
-  /*   INITIALLY                                                          */
-  static const char zText[540] = {
+  /*   UNIQUERYWITHOUTERELEASEATTACHAVINGROUPDATEBEGINNERECURSIVE         */
+  /*   BETWEENOTNULLIKECASCADELETECASECOLLATECREATECURRENT_DATEDETACH     */
+  /*   IMMEDIATEJOINSERTMATCHPLANALYZEPRAGMABORTVALUESVIRTUALIMITWHEN     */
+  /*   WHERENAMEAFTEREPLACEANDEFAULTAUTOINCREMENTCASTCOLUMNCOMMIT         */
+  /*   CONFLICTCROSSCURRENT_TIMESTAMPRIMARYDEFERREDISTINCTDROPFAIL        */
+  /*   FROMFULLGLOBYIFISNULLORDERESTRICTRIGHTROLLBACKROWUNIONUSING        */
+  /*   VACUUMVIEWINITIALLY                                                */
+  static const char zText[553] = {
     'R','E','I','N','D','E','X','E','D','E','S','C','A','P','E','A','C','H',
     'E','C','K','E','Y','B','E','F','O','R','E','I','G','N','O','R','E','G',
     'E','X','P','L','A','I','N','S','T','E','A','D','D','A','T','A','B','A',
@@ -111391,76 +121109,77 @@
     'P','O','I','N','T','E','R','S','E','C','T','R','I','G','G','E','R','E',
     'F','E','R','E','N','C','E','S','C','O','N','S','T','R','A','I','N','T',
     'O','F','F','S','E','T','E','M','P','O','R','A','R','Y','U','N','I','Q',
-    'U','E','R','Y','A','T','T','A','C','H','A','V','I','N','G','R','O','U',
-    'P','D','A','T','E','B','E','G','I','N','N','E','R','E','L','E','A','S',
-    'E','B','E','T','W','E','E','N','O','T','N','U','L','L','I','K','E','C',
-    'A','S','C','A','D','E','L','E','T','E','C','A','S','E','C','O','L','L',
-    'A','T','E','C','R','E','A','T','E','C','U','R','R','E','N','T','_','D',
-    'A','T','E','D','E','T','A','C','H','I','M','M','E','D','I','A','T','E',
-    'J','O','I','N','S','E','R','T','M','A','T','C','H','P','L','A','N','A',
-    'L','Y','Z','E','P','R','A','G','M','A','B','O','R','T','V','A','L','U',
-    'E','S','V','I','R','T','U','A','L','I','M','I','T','W','H','E','N','W',
-    'H','E','R','E','N','A','M','E','A','F','T','E','R','E','P','L','A','C',
-    'E','A','N','D','E','F','A','U','L','T','A','U','T','O','I','N','C','R',
-    'E','M','E','N','T','C','A','S','T','C','O','L','U','M','N','C','O','M',
-    'M','I','T','C','O','N','F','L','I','C','T','C','R','O','S','S','C','U',
-    'R','R','E','N','T','_','T','I','M','E','S','T','A','M','P','R','I','M',
-    'A','R','Y','D','E','F','E','R','R','E','D','I','S','T','I','N','C','T',
-    'D','R','O','P','F','A','I','L','F','R','O','M','F','U','L','L','G','L',
-    'O','B','Y','I','F','I','S','N','U','L','L','O','R','D','E','R','E','S',
-    'T','R','I','C','T','O','U','T','E','R','I','G','H','T','R','O','L','L',
-    'B','A','C','K','R','O','W','U','N','I','O','N','U','S','I','N','G','V',
-    'A','C','U','U','M','V','I','E','W','I','N','I','T','I','A','L','L','Y',
+    'U','E','R','Y','W','I','T','H','O','U','T','E','R','E','L','E','A','S',
+    'E','A','T','T','A','C','H','A','V','I','N','G','R','O','U','P','D','A',
+    'T','E','B','E','G','I','N','N','E','R','E','C','U','R','S','I','V','E',
+    'B','E','T','W','E','E','N','O','T','N','U','L','L','I','K','E','C','A',
+    'S','C','A','D','E','L','E','T','E','C','A','S','E','C','O','L','L','A',
+    'T','E','C','R','E','A','T','E','C','U','R','R','E','N','T','_','D','A',
+    'T','E','D','E','T','A','C','H','I','M','M','E','D','I','A','T','E','J',
+    'O','I','N','S','E','R','T','M','A','T','C','H','P','L','A','N','A','L',
+    'Y','Z','E','P','R','A','G','M','A','B','O','R','T','V','A','L','U','E',
+    'S','V','I','R','T','U','A','L','I','M','I','T','W','H','E','N','W','H',
+    'E','R','E','N','A','M','E','A','F','T','E','R','E','P','L','A','C','E',
+    'A','N','D','E','F','A','U','L','T','A','U','T','O','I','N','C','R','E',
+    'M','E','N','T','C','A','S','T','C','O','L','U','M','N','C','O','M','M',
+    'I','T','C','O','N','F','L','I','C','T','C','R','O','S','S','C','U','R',
+    'R','E','N','T','_','T','I','M','E','S','T','A','M','P','R','I','M','A',
+    'R','Y','D','E','F','E','R','R','E','D','I','S','T','I','N','C','T','D',
+    'R','O','P','F','A','I','L','F','R','O','M','F','U','L','L','G','L','O',
+    'B','Y','I','F','I','S','N','U','L','L','O','R','D','E','R','E','S','T',
+    'R','I','C','T','R','I','G','H','T','R','O','L','L','B','A','C','K','R',
+    'O','W','U','N','I','O','N','U','S','I','N','G','V','A','C','U','U','M',
+    'V','I','E','W','I','N','I','T','I','A','L','L','Y',
   };
   static const unsigned char aHash[127] = {
-      72, 101, 114,  70,   0,  45,   0,   0,  78,   0,  73,   0,   0,
-      42,  12,  74,  15,   0, 113,  81,  50, 108,   0,  19,   0,   0,
-     118,   0, 116, 111,   0,  22,  89,   0,   9,   0,   0,  66,  67,
-       0,  65,   6,   0,  48,  86,  98,   0, 115,  97,   0,   0,  44,
-       0,  99,  24,   0,  17,   0, 119,  49,  23,   0,   5, 106,  25,
-      92,   0,   0, 121, 102,  56, 120,  53,  28,  51,   0,  87,   0,
-      96,  26,   0,  95,   0,   0,   0,  91,  88,  93,  84, 105,  14,
-      39, 104,   0,  77,   0,  18,  85, 107,  32,   0, 117,  76, 109,
-      58,  46,  80,   0,   0,  90,  40,   0, 112,   0,  36,   0,   0,
-      29,   0,  82,  59,  60,   0,  20,  57,   0,  52,
+      76, 105, 117,  74,   0,  45,   0,   0,  82,   0,  77,   0,   0,
+      42,  12,  78,  15,   0, 116,  85,  54, 112,   0,  19,   0,   0,
+     121,   0, 119, 115,   0,  22,  93,   0,   9,   0,   0,  70,  71,
+       0,  69,   6,   0,  48,  90, 102,   0, 118, 101,   0,   0,  44,
+       0, 103,  24,   0,  17,   0, 122,  53,  23,   0,   5, 110,  25,
+      96,   0,   0, 124, 106,  60, 123,  57,  28,  55,   0,  91,   0,
+     100,  26,   0,  99,   0,   0,   0,  95,  92,  97,  88, 109,  14,
+      39, 108,   0,  81,   0,  18,  89, 111,  32,   0, 120,  80, 113,
+      62,  46,  84,   0,   0,  94,  40,  59, 114,   0,  36,   0,   0,
+      29,   0,  86,  63,  64,   0,  20,  61,   0,  56,
   };
-  static const unsigned char aNext[121] = {
+  static const unsigned char aNext[124] = {
        0,   0,   0,   0,   4,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
        0,   2,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  13,   0,   0,   0,   0,
        0,   7,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
-       0,   0,   0,   0,  33,   0,  21,   0,   0,   0,  43,   3,  47,
-       0,   0,   0,   0,  30,   0,  54,   0,  38,   0,   0,   0,   1,
-      62,   0,   0,  63,   0,  41,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,
-      61,   0,   0,   0,   0,  31,  55,  16,  34,  10,   0,   0,   0,
-       0,   0,   0,   0,  11,  68,  75,   0,   8,   0, 100,  94,   0,
-     103,   0,  83,   0,  71,   0,   0, 110,  27,  37,  69,  79,   0,
-      35,  64,   0,   0,
+       0,   0,   0,   0,  33,   0,  21,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  50,
+       0,  43,   3,  47,   0,   0,   0,   0,  30,   0,  58,   0,  38,
+       0,   0,   0,   1,  66,   0,   0,  67,   0,  41,   0,   0,   0,
+       0,   0,   0,  49,  65,   0,   0,   0,   0,  31,  52,  16,  34,
+      10,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,  11,  72,  79,   0,   8,
+       0, 104,  98,   0, 107,   0,  87,   0,  75,  51,   0,  27,  37,
+      73,  83,   0,  35,  68,   0,   0,
   };
-  static const unsigned char aLen[121] = {
+  static const unsigned char aLen[124] = {
        7,   7,   5,   4,   6,   4,   5,   3,   6,   7,   3,   6,   6,
        7,   7,   3,   8,   2,   6,   5,   4,   4,   3,  10,   4,   6,
       11,   6,   2,   7,   5,   5,   9,   6,   9,   9,   7,  10,  10,
-       4,   6,   2,   3,   9,   4,   2,   6,   5,   6,   6,   5,   6,
-       5,   5,   7,   7,   7,   3,   2,   4,   4,   7,   3,   6,   4,
-       7,   6,  12,   6,   9,   4,   6,   5,   4,   7,   6,   5,   6,
-       7,   5,   4,   5,   6,   5,   7,   3,   7,  13,   2,   2,   4,
-       6,   6,   8,   5,  17,  12,   7,   8,   8,   2,   4,   4,   4,
-       4,   4,   2,   2,   6,   5,   8,   5,   5,   8,   3,   5,   5,
-       6,   4,   9,   3,
+       4,   6,   2,   3,   9,   4,   2,   6,   5,   7,   4,   5,   7,
+       6,   6,   5,   6,   5,   5,   9,   7,   7,   3,   2,   4,   4,
+       7,   3,   6,   4,   7,   6,  12,   6,   9,   4,   6,   5,   4,
+       7,   6,   5,   6,   7,   5,   4,   5,   6,   5,   7,   3,   7,
+      13,   2,   2,   4,   6,   6,   8,   5,  17,  12,   7,   8,   8,
+       2,   4,   4,   4,   4,   4,   2,   2,   6,   5,   8,   5,   8,
+       3,   5,   5,   6,   4,   9,   3,
   };
-  static const unsigned short int aOffset[121] = {
+  static const unsigned short int aOffset[124] = {
        0,   2,   2,   8,   9,  14,  16,  20,  23,  25,  25,  29,  33,
       36,  41,  46,  48,  53,  54,  59,  62,  65,  67,  69,  78,  81,
       86,  91,  95,  96, 101, 105, 109, 117, 122, 128, 136, 142, 152,
-     159, 162, 162, 165, 167, 167, 171, 176, 179, 184, 189, 194, 197,
-     203, 206, 210, 217, 223, 223, 223, 226, 229, 233, 234, 238, 244,
-     248, 255, 261, 273, 279, 288, 290, 296, 301, 303, 310, 315, 320,
-     326, 332, 337, 341, 344, 350, 354, 361, 363, 370, 372, 374, 383,
-     387, 393, 399, 407, 412, 412, 428, 435, 442, 443, 450, 454, 458,
-     462, 466, 469, 471, 473, 479, 483, 491, 495, 500, 508, 511, 516,
-     521, 527, 531, 536,
+     159, 162, 162, 165, 167, 167, 171, 176, 179, 184, 184, 188, 192,
+     199, 204, 209, 212, 218, 221, 225, 234, 240, 240, 240, 243, 246,
+     250, 251, 255, 261, 265, 272, 278, 290, 296, 305, 307, 313, 318,
+     320, 327, 332, 337, 343, 349, 354, 358, 361, 367, 371, 378, 380,
+     387, 389, 391, 400, 404, 410, 416, 424, 429, 429, 445, 452, 459,
+     460, 467, 471, 475, 479, 483, 486, 488, 490, 496, 500, 508, 513,
+     521, 524, 529, 534, 540, 544, 549,
   };
-  static const unsigned char aCode[121] = {
+  static const unsigned char aCode[124] = {
     TK_REINDEX,    TK_INDEXED,    TK_INDEX,      TK_DESC,       TK_ESCAPE,     
     TK_EACH,       TK_CHECK,      TK_KEY,        TK_BEFORE,     TK_FOREIGN,    
     TK_FOR,        TK_IGNORE,     TK_LIKE_KW,    TK_EXPLAIN,    TK_INSTEAD,    
@@ -111470,22 +121189,22 @@
     TK_ALTER,      TK_RAISE,      TK_EXCLUSIVE,  TK_EXISTS,     TK_SAVEPOINT,  
     TK_INTERSECT,  TK_TRIGGER,    TK_REFERENCES, TK_CONSTRAINT, TK_INTO,       
     TK_OFFSET,     TK_OF,         TK_SET,        TK_TEMP,       TK_TEMP,       
-    TK_OR,         TK_UNIQUE,     TK_QUERY,      TK_ATTACH,     TK_HAVING,     
-    TK_GROUP,      TK_UPDATE,     TK_BEGIN,      TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_RELEASE,    
-    TK_BETWEEN,    TK_NOTNULL,    TK_NOT,        TK_NO,         TK_NULL,       
-    TK_LIKE_KW,    TK_CASCADE,    TK_ASC,        TK_DELETE,     TK_CASE,       
-    TK_COLLATE,    TK_CREATE,     TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_DETACH,     TK_IMMEDIATE,  
-    TK_JOIN,       TK_INSERT,     TK_MATCH,      TK_PLAN,       TK_ANALYZE,    
-    TK_PRAGMA,     TK_ABORT,      TK_VALUES,     TK_VIRTUAL,    TK_LIMIT,      
-    TK_WHEN,       TK_WHERE,      TK_RENAME,     TK_AFTER,      TK_REPLACE,    
-    TK_AND,        TK_DEFAULT,    TK_AUTOINCR,   TK_TO,         TK_IN,         
-    TK_CAST,       TK_COLUMNKW,   TK_COMMIT,     TK_CONFLICT,   TK_JOIN_KW,    
-    TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_PRIMARY,    TK_DEFERRED,   TK_DISTINCT,   
-    TK_IS,         TK_DROP,       TK_FAIL,       TK_FROM,       TK_JOIN_KW,    
-    TK_LIKE_KW,    TK_BY,         TK_IF,         TK_ISNULL,     TK_ORDER,      
-    TK_RESTRICT,   TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_ROLLBACK,   TK_ROW,        
-    TK_UNION,      TK_USING,      TK_VACUUM,     TK_VIEW,       TK_INITIALLY,  
-    TK_ALL,        
+    TK_OR,         TK_UNIQUE,     TK_QUERY,      TK_WITHOUT,    TK_WITH,       
+    TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_RELEASE,    TK_ATTACH,     TK_HAVING,     TK_GROUP,      
+    TK_UPDATE,     TK_BEGIN,      TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_RECURSIVE,  TK_BETWEEN,    
+    TK_NOTNULL,    TK_NOT,        TK_NO,         TK_NULL,       TK_LIKE_KW,    
+    TK_CASCADE,    TK_ASC,        TK_DELETE,     TK_CASE,       TK_COLLATE,    
+    TK_CREATE,     TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_DETACH,     TK_IMMEDIATE,  TK_JOIN,       
+    TK_INSERT,     TK_MATCH,      TK_PLAN,       TK_ANALYZE,    TK_PRAGMA,     
+    TK_ABORT,      TK_VALUES,     TK_VIRTUAL,    TK_LIMIT,      TK_WHEN,       
+    TK_WHERE,      TK_RENAME,     TK_AFTER,      TK_REPLACE,    TK_AND,        
+    TK_DEFAULT,    TK_AUTOINCR,   TK_TO,         TK_IN,         TK_CAST,       
+    TK_COLUMNKW,   TK_COMMIT,     TK_CONFLICT,   TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_CTIME_KW,   
+    TK_CTIME_KW,   TK_PRIMARY,    TK_DEFERRED,   TK_DISTINCT,   TK_IS,         
+    TK_DROP,       TK_FAIL,       TK_FROM,       TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_LIKE_KW,    
+    TK_BY,         TK_IF,         TK_ISNULL,     TK_ORDER,      TK_RESTRICT,   
+    TK_JOIN_KW,    TK_ROLLBACK,   TK_ROW,        TK_UNION,      TK_USING,      
+    TK_VACUUM,     TK_VIEW,       TK_INITIALLY,  TK_ALL,        
   };
   int h, i;
   if( n<2 ) return TK_ID;
@@ -111542,79 +121261,82 @@
       testcase( i==45 ); /* OR */
       testcase( i==46 ); /* UNIQUE */
       testcase( i==47 ); /* QUERY */
-      testcase( i==48 ); /* ATTACH */
-      testcase( i==49 ); /* HAVING */
-      testcase( i==50 ); /* GROUP */
-      testcase( i==51 ); /* UPDATE */
-      testcase( i==52 ); /* BEGIN */
-      testcase( i==53 ); /* INNER */
-      testcase( i==54 ); /* RELEASE */
-      testcase( i==55 ); /* BETWEEN */
-      testcase( i==56 ); /* NOTNULL */
-      testcase( i==57 ); /* NOT */
-      testcase( i==58 ); /* NO */
-      testcase( i==59 ); /* NULL */
-      testcase( i==60 ); /* LIKE */
-      testcase( i==61 ); /* CASCADE */
-      testcase( i==62 ); /* ASC */
-      testcase( i==63 ); /* DELETE */
-      testcase( i==64 ); /* CASE */
-      testcase( i==65 ); /* COLLATE */
-      testcase( i==66 ); /* CREATE */
-      testcase( i==67 ); /* CURRENT_DATE */
-      testcase( i==68 ); /* DETACH */
-      testcase( i==69 ); /* IMMEDIATE */
-      testcase( i==70 ); /* JOIN */
-      testcase( i==71 ); /* INSERT */
-      testcase( i==72 ); /* MATCH */
-      testcase( i==73 ); /* PLAN */
-      testcase( i==74 ); /* ANALYZE */
-      testcase( i==75 ); /* PRAGMA */
-      testcase( i==76 ); /* ABORT */
-      testcase( i==77 ); /* VALUES */
-      testcase( i==78 ); /* VIRTUAL */
-      testcase( i==79 ); /* LIMIT */
-      testcase( i==80 ); /* WHEN */
-      testcase( i==81 ); /* WHERE */
-      testcase( i==82 ); /* RENAME */
-      testcase( i==83 ); /* AFTER */
-      testcase( i==84 ); /* REPLACE */
-      testcase( i==85 ); /* AND */
-      testcase( i==86 ); /* DEFAULT */
-      testcase( i==87 ); /* AUTOINCREMENT */
-      testcase( i==88 ); /* TO */
-      testcase( i==89 ); /* IN */
-      testcase( i==90 ); /* CAST */
-      testcase( i==91 ); /* COLUMN */
-      testcase( i==92 ); /* COMMIT */
-      testcase( i==93 ); /* CONFLICT */
-      testcase( i==94 ); /* CROSS */
-      testcase( i==95 ); /* CURRENT_TIMESTAMP */
-      testcase( i==96 ); /* CURRENT_TIME */
-      testcase( i==97 ); /* PRIMARY */
-      testcase( i==98 ); /* DEFERRED */
-      testcase( i==99 ); /* DISTINCT */
-      testcase( i==100 ); /* IS */
-      testcase( i==101 ); /* DROP */
-      testcase( i==102 ); /* FAIL */
-      testcase( i==103 ); /* FROM */
-      testcase( i==104 ); /* FULL */
-      testcase( i==105 ); /* GLOB */
-      testcase( i==106 ); /* BY */
-      testcase( i==107 ); /* IF */
-      testcase( i==108 ); /* ISNULL */
-      testcase( i==109 ); /* ORDER */
-      testcase( i==110 ); /* RESTRICT */
-      testcase( i==111 ); /* OUTER */
-      testcase( i==112 ); /* RIGHT */
-      testcase( i==113 ); /* ROLLBACK */
-      testcase( i==114 ); /* ROW */
-      testcase( i==115 ); /* UNION */
-      testcase( i==116 ); /* USING */
-      testcase( i==117 ); /* VACUUM */
-      testcase( i==118 ); /* VIEW */
-      testcase( i==119 ); /* INITIALLY */
-      testcase( i==120 ); /* ALL */
+      testcase( i==48 ); /* WITHOUT */
+      testcase( i==49 ); /* WITH */
+      testcase( i==50 ); /* OUTER */
+      testcase( i==51 ); /* RELEASE */
+      testcase( i==52 ); /* ATTACH */
+      testcase( i==53 ); /* HAVING */
+      testcase( i==54 ); /* GROUP */
+      testcase( i==55 ); /* UPDATE */
+      testcase( i==56 ); /* BEGIN */
+      testcase( i==57 ); /* INNER */
+      testcase( i==58 ); /* RECURSIVE */
+      testcase( i==59 ); /* BETWEEN */
+      testcase( i==60 ); /* NOTNULL */
+      testcase( i==61 ); /* NOT */
+      testcase( i==62 ); /* NO */
+      testcase( i==63 ); /* NULL */
+      testcase( i==64 ); /* LIKE */
+      testcase( i==65 ); /* CASCADE */
+      testcase( i==66 ); /* ASC */
+      testcase( i==67 ); /* DELETE */
+      testcase( i==68 ); /* CASE */
+      testcase( i==69 ); /* COLLATE */
+      testcase( i==70 ); /* CREATE */
+      testcase( i==71 ); /* CURRENT_DATE */
+      testcase( i==72 ); /* DETACH */
+      testcase( i==73 ); /* IMMEDIATE */
+      testcase( i==74 ); /* JOIN */
+      testcase( i==75 ); /* INSERT */
+      testcase( i==76 ); /* MATCH */
+      testcase( i==77 ); /* PLAN */
+      testcase( i==78 ); /* ANALYZE */
+      testcase( i==79 ); /* PRAGMA */
+      testcase( i==80 ); /* ABORT */
+      testcase( i==81 ); /* VALUES */
+      testcase( i==82 ); /* VIRTUAL */
+      testcase( i==83 ); /* LIMIT */
+      testcase( i==84 ); /* WHEN */
+      testcase( i==85 ); /* WHERE */
+      testcase( i==86 ); /* RENAME */
+      testcase( i==87 ); /* AFTER */
+      testcase( i==88 ); /* REPLACE */
+      testcase( i==89 ); /* AND */
+      testcase( i==90 ); /* DEFAULT */
+      testcase( i==91 ); /* AUTOINCREMENT */
+      testcase( i==92 ); /* TO */
+      testcase( i==93 ); /* IN */
+      testcase( i==94 ); /* CAST */
+      testcase( i==95 ); /* COLUMN */
+      testcase( i==96 ); /* COMMIT */
+      testcase( i==97 ); /* CONFLICT */
+      testcase( i==98 ); /* CROSS */
+      testcase( i==99 ); /* CURRENT_TIMESTAMP */
+      testcase( i==100 ); /* CURRENT_TIME */
+      testcase( i==101 ); /* PRIMARY */
+      testcase( i==102 ); /* DEFERRED */
+      testcase( i==103 ); /* DISTINCT */
+      testcase( i==104 ); /* IS */
+      testcase( i==105 ); /* DROP */
+      testcase( i==106 ); /* FAIL */
+      testcase( i==107 ); /* FROM */
+      testcase( i==108 ); /* FULL */
+      testcase( i==109 ); /* GLOB */
+      testcase( i==110 ); /* BY */
+      testcase( i==111 ); /* IF */
+      testcase( i==112 ); /* ISNULL */
+      testcase( i==113 ); /* ORDER */
+      testcase( i==114 ); /* RESTRICT */
+      testcase( i==115 ); /* RIGHT */
+      testcase( i==116 ); /* ROLLBACK */
+      testcase( i==117 ); /* ROW */
+      testcase( i==118 ); /* UNION */
+      testcase( i==119 ); /* USING */
+      testcase( i==120 ); /* VACUUM */
+      testcase( i==121 ); /* VIEW */
+      testcase( i==122 ); /* INITIALLY */
+      testcase( i==123 ); /* ALL */
       return aCode[i];
     }
   }
@@ -111623,7 +121345,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3KeywordCode(const unsigned char *z, int n){
   return keywordCode((char*)z, n);
 }
-#define SQLITE_N_KEYWORD 121
+#define SQLITE_N_KEYWORD 124
 
 /************** End of keywordhash.h *****************************************/
 /************** Continuing where we left off in tokenize.c *******************/
@@ -111687,7 +121409,6 @@
     }
     case '-': {
       if( z[1]=='-' ){
-        /* IMP: R-50417-27976 -- syntax diagram for comments */
         for(i=2; (c=z[i])!=0 && c!='\n'; i++){}
         *tokenType = TK_SPACE;   /* IMP: R-22934-25134 */
         return i;
@@ -111720,7 +121441,6 @@
         *tokenType = TK_SLASH;
         return 1;
       }
-      /* IMP: R-50417-27976 -- syntax diagram for comments */
       for(i=3, c=z[2]; (c!='*' || z[i]!='/') && (c=z[i])!=0; i++){}
       if( c ) i++;
       *tokenType = TK_SPACE;   /* IMP: R-22934-25134 */
@@ -111836,6 +121556,12 @@
       testcase( z[0]=='6' );  testcase( z[0]=='7' );  testcase( z[0]=='8' );
       testcase( z[0]=='9' );
       *tokenType = TK_INTEGER;
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_HEX_INTEGER
+      if( z[0]=='0' && (z[1]=='x' || z[1]=='X') && sqlite3Isxdigit(z[2]) ){
+        for(i=3; sqlite3Isxdigit(z[i]); i++){}
+        return i;
+      }
+#endif
       for(i=0; sqlite3Isdigit(z[i]); i++){}
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_FLOATING_POINT
       if( z[i]=='.' ){
@@ -111869,24 +121595,15 @@
       for(i=1; sqlite3Isdigit(z[i]); i++){}
       return i;
     }
-    case '#': {
-      for(i=1; sqlite3Isdigit(z[i]); i++){}
-      if( i>1 ){
-        /* Parameters of the form #NNN (where NNN is a number) are used
-        ** internally by sqlite3NestedParse.  */
-        *tokenType = TK_REGISTER;
-        return i;
-      }
-      /* Fall through into the next case if the '#' is not followed by
-      ** a digit. Try to match #AAAA where AAAA is a parameter name. */
-    }
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_TCL_VARIABLE
     case '$':
 #endif
     case '@':  /* For compatibility with MS SQL Server */
+    case '#':
     case ':': {
       int n = 0;
-      testcase( z[0]=='$' );  testcase( z[0]=='@' );  testcase( z[0]==':' );
+      testcase( z[0]=='$' );  testcase( z[0]=='@' );
+      testcase( z[0]==':' );  testcase( z[0]=='#' );
       *tokenType = TK_VARIABLE;
       for(i=1; (c=z[i])!=0; i++){
         if( IdChar(c) ){
@@ -111960,7 +121677,7 @@
 
 
   mxSqlLen = db->aLimit[SQLITE_LIMIT_SQL_LENGTH];
-  if( db->activeVdbeCnt==0 ){
+  if( db->nVdbeActive==0 ){
     db->u1.isInterrupted = 0;
   }
   pParse->rc = SQLITE_OK;
@@ -112069,10 +121786,10 @@
     sqlite3DeleteTable(db, pParse->pNewTable);
   }
 
+  if( pParse->bFreeWith ) sqlite3WithDelete(db, pParse->pWith);
   sqlite3DeleteTrigger(db, pParse->pNewTrigger);
   for(i=pParse->nzVar-1; i>=0; i--) sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->azVar[i]);
   sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->azVar);
-  sqlite3DbFree(db, pParse->aAlias);
   while( pParse->pAinc ){
     AutoincInfo *p = pParse->pAinc;
     pParse->pAinc = p->pNext;
@@ -112540,6 +122257,15 @@
 SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_temp_directory = 0;
 
 /*
+** If the following global variable points to a string which is the
+** name of a directory, then that directory will be used to store
+** all database files specified with a relative pathname.
+**
+** See also the "PRAGMA data_store_directory" SQL command.
+*/
+SQLITE_API char *sqlite3_data_directory = 0;
+
+/*
 ** Initialize SQLite.  
 **
 ** This routine must be called to initialize the memory allocation,
@@ -112573,6 +122299,9 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_initialize(void){
   MUTEX_LOGIC( sqlite3_mutex *pMaster; )       /* The main static mutex */
   int rc;                                      /* Result code */
+#ifdef SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT
+  int bRunExtraInit = 0;                       /* Extra initialization needed */
+#endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_OMIT_WSD
   rc = sqlite3_wsd_init(4096, 24);
@@ -112663,6 +122392,9 @@
       sqlite3PCacheBufferSetup( sqlite3GlobalConfig.pPage, 
           sqlite3GlobalConfig.szPage, sqlite3GlobalConfig.nPage);
       sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit = 1;
+#ifdef SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT
+      bRunExtraInit = 1;
+#endif
     }
     sqlite3GlobalConfig.inProgress = 0;
   }
@@ -112703,7 +122435,7 @@
   ** compile-time option.
   */
 #ifdef SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit ){
+  if( bRunExtraInit ){
     int SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT(const char*);
     rc = SQLITE_EXTRA_INIT(0);
   }
@@ -112737,6 +122469,18 @@
   if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMallocInit ){
     sqlite3MallocEnd();
     sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMallocInit = 0;
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_SHUTDOWN_DIRECTORIES
+    /* The heap subsystem has now been shutdown and these values are supposed
+    ** to be NULL or point to memory that was obtained from sqlite3_malloc(),
+    ** which would rely on that heap subsystem; therefore, make sure these
+    ** values cannot refer to heap memory that was just invalidated when the
+    ** heap subsystem was shutdown.  This is only done if the current call to
+    ** this function resulted in the heap subsystem actually being shutdown.
+    */
+    sqlite3_data_directory = 0;
+    sqlite3_temp_directory = 0;
+#endif
   }
   if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isMutexInit ){
     sqlite3MutexEnd();
@@ -112879,8 +122623,8 @@
         memset(&sqlite3GlobalConfig.m, 0, sizeof(sqlite3GlobalConfig.m));
       }else{
         /* The heap pointer is not NULL, then install one of the
-        ** mem5.c/mem3.c methods. If neither ENABLE_MEMSYS3 nor
-        ** ENABLE_MEMSYS5 is defined, return an error.
+        ** mem5.c/mem3.c methods.  The enclosing #if guarantees at
+        ** least one of these methods is currently enabled.
         */
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMSYS3
         sqlite3GlobalConfig.m = *sqlite3MemGetMemsys3();
@@ -112899,7 +122643,7 @@
       break;
     }
     
-    /* Record a pointer to the logger funcction and its first argument.
+    /* Record a pointer to the logger function and its first argument.
     ** The default is NULL.  Logging is disabled if the function pointer is
     ** NULL.
     */
@@ -112919,6 +122663,40 @@
       break;
     }
 
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN: {
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.bUseCis = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG: {
+      typedef void(*SQLLOGFUNC_t)(void*, sqlite3*, const char*, int);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog = va_arg(ap, SQLLOGFUNC_t);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.pSqllogArg = va_arg(ap, void *);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE: {
+      sqlite3_int64 szMmap = va_arg(ap, sqlite3_int64);
+      sqlite3_int64 mxMmap = va_arg(ap, sqlite3_int64);
+      if( mxMmap<0 || mxMmap>SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE ){
+        mxMmap = SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE;
+      }
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.mxMmap = mxMmap;
+      if( szMmap<0 ) szMmap = SQLITE_DEFAULT_MMAP_SIZE;
+      if( szMmap>mxMmap) szMmap = mxMmap;
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.szMmap = szMmap;
+      break;
+    }
+
+#if SQLITE_OS_WIN && defined(SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC)
+    case SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE: {
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.nHeap = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+#endif
+
     default: {
       rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
       break;
@@ -112985,7 +122763,8 @@
     db->lookaside.bEnabled = 1;
     db->lookaside.bMalloced = pBuf==0 ?1:0;
   }else{
-    db->lookaside.pEnd = 0;
+    db->lookaside.pStart = db;
+    db->lookaside.pEnd = db;
     db->lookaside.bEnabled = 0;
     db->lookaside.bMalloced = 0;
   }
@@ -113111,7 +122890,7 @@
 /*
 ** Another built-in collating sequence: NOCASE. 
 **
-** This collating sequence is intended to be used for "case independant
+** This collating sequence is intended to be used for "case independent
 ** comparison". SQLite's knowledge of upper and lower case equivalents
 ** extends only to the 26 characters used in the English language.
 **
@@ -113186,13 +122965,52 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Disconnect all sqlite3_vtab objects that belong to database connection
+** db. This is called when db is being closed.
+*/
+static void disconnectAllVtab(sqlite3 *db){
+#ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_VIRTUALTABLE
+  int i;
+  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+  for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
+    Schema *pSchema = db->aDb[i].pSchema;
+    if( db->aDb[i].pSchema ){
+      HashElem *p;
+      for(p=sqliteHashFirst(&pSchema->tblHash); p; p=sqliteHashNext(p)){
+        Table *pTab = (Table *)sqliteHashData(p);
+        if( IsVirtual(pTab) ) sqlite3VtabDisconnect(db, pTab);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
+  sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
+#else
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(db);
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+** Return TRUE if database connection db has unfinalized prepared
+** statements or unfinished sqlite3_backup objects.  
+*/
+static int connectionIsBusy(sqlite3 *db){
+  int j;
+  assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
+  if( db->pVdbe ) return 1;
+  for(j=0; j<db->nDb; j++){
+    Btree *pBt = db->aDb[j].pBt;
+    if( pBt && sqlite3BtreeIsInBackup(pBt) ) return 1;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Close an existing SQLite database
 */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *db){
-  HashElem *i;                    /* Hash table iterator */
-  int j;
-
+static int sqlite3Close(sqlite3 *db, int forceZombie){
   if( !db ){
+    /* EVIDENCE-OF: R-63257-11740 Calling sqlite3_close() or
+    ** sqlite3_close_v2() with a NULL pointer argument is a harmless no-op. */
     return SQLITE_OK;
   }
   if( !sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(db) ){
@@ -113200,10 +123018,10 @@
   }
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
 
-  /* Force xDestroy calls on all virtual tables */
-  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  /* Force xDisconnect calls on all virtual tables */
+  disconnectAllVtab(db);
 
-  /* If a transaction is open, the ResetInternalSchema() call above
+  /* If a transaction is open, the disconnectAllVtab() call above
   ** will not have called the xDisconnect() method on any virtual
   ** tables in the db->aVTrans[] array. The following sqlite3VtabRollback()
   ** call will do so. We need to do this before the check for active
@@ -113212,28 +123030,80 @@
   */
   sqlite3VtabRollback(db);
 
-  /* If there are any outstanding VMs, return SQLITE_BUSY. */
-  if( db->pVdbe ){
-    sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, 
-        "unable to close due to unfinalised statements");
+  /* Legacy behavior (sqlite3_close() behavior) is to return
+  ** SQLITE_BUSY if the connection can not be closed immediately.
+  */
+  if( !forceZombie && connectionIsBusy(db) ){
+    sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, "unable to close due to unfinalized "
+       "statements or unfinished backups");
     sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
     return SQLITE_BUSY;
   }
-  assert( sqlite3SafetyCheckSickOrOk(db) );
 
-  for(j=0; j<db->nDb; j++){
-    Btree *pBt = db->aDb[j].pBt;
-    if( pBt && sqlite3BtreeIsInBackup(pBt) ){
-      sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, 
-          "unable to close due to unfinished backup operation");
-      sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
-      return SQLITE_BUSY;
-    }
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog ){
+    /* Closing the handle. Fourth parameter is passed the value 2. */
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog(sqlite3GlobalConfig.pSqllogArg, db, 0, 2);
   }
+#endif
+
+  /* Convert the connection into a zombie and then close it.
+  */
+  db->magic = SQLITE_MAGIC_ZOMBIE;
+  sqlite3LeaveMutexAndCloseZombie(db);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Two variations on the public interface for closing a database
+** connection. The sqlite3_close() version returns SQLITE_BUSY and
+** leaves the connection option if there are unfinalized prepared
+** statements or unfinished sqlite3_backups.  The sqlite3_close_v2()
+** version forces the connection to become a zombie if there are
+** unclosed resources, and arranges for deallocation when the last
+** prepare statement or sqlite3_backup closes.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *db){ return sqlite3Close(db,0); }
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close_v2(sqlite3 *db){ return sqlite3Close(db,1); }
+
+
+/*
+** Close the mutex on database connection db.
+**
+** Furthermore, if database connection db is a zombie (meaning that there
+** has been a prior call to sqlite3_close(db) or sqlite3_close_v2(db)) and
+** every sqlite3_stmt has now been finalized and every sqlite3_backup has
+** finished, then free all resources.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3LeaveMutexAndCloseZombie(sqlite3 *db){
+  HashElem *i;                    /* Hash table iterator */
+  int j;
+
+  /* If there are outstanding sqlite3_stmt or sqlite3_backup objects
+  ** or if the connection has not yet been closed by sqlite3_close_v2(),
+  ** then just leave the mutex and return.
+  */
+  if( db->magic!=SQLITE_MAGIC_ZOMBIE || connectionIsBusy(db) ){
+    sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /* If we reach this point, it means that the database connection has
+  ** closed all sqlite3_stmt and sqlite3_backup objects and has been
+  ** passed to sqlite3_close (meaning that it is a zombie).  Therefore,
+  ** go ahead and free all resources.
+  */
+
+  /* If a transaction is open, roll it back. This also ensures that if
+  ** any database schemas have been modified by an uncommitted transaction
+  ** they are reset. And that the required b-tree mutex is held to make
+  ** the pager rollback and schema reset an atomic operation. */
+  sqlite3RollbackAll(db, SQLITE_OK);
 
   /* Free any outstanding Savepoint structures. */
   sqlite3CloseSavepoints(db);
 
+  /* Close all database connections */
   for(j=0; j<db->nDb; j++){
     struct Db *pDb = &db->aDb[j];
     if( pDb->pBt ){
@@ -113244,15 +123114,22 @@
       }
     }
   }
-  sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+  /* Clear the TEMP schema separately and last */
+  if( db->aDb[1].pSchema ){
+    sqlite3SchemaClear(db->aDb[1].pSchema);
+  }
+  sqlite3VtabUnlockList(db);
+
+  /* Free up the array of auxiliary databases */
+  sqlite3CollapseDatabaseArray(db);
+  assert( db->nDb<=2 );
+  assert( db->aDb==db->aDbStatic );
 
   /* Tell the code in notify.c that the connection no longer holds any
   ** locks and does not require any further unlock-notify callbacks.
   */
   sqlite3ConnectionClosed(db);
 
-  assert( db->nDb<=2 );
-  assert( db->aDb==db->aDbStatic );
   for(j=0; j<ArraySize(db->aFunc.a); j++){
     FuncDef *pNext, *pHash, *p;
     for(p=db->aFunc.a[j]; p; p=pHash){
@@ -113288,9 +123165,7 @@
 #endif
 
   sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_OK, 0); /* Deallocates any cached error strings. */
-  if( db->pErr ){
-    sqlite3ValueFree(db->pErr);
-  }
+  sqlite3ValueFree(db->pErr);
   sqlite3CloseExtensions(db);
 
   db->magic = SQLITE_MAGIC_ERROR;
@@ -113310,7 +123185,6 @@
     sqlite3_free(db->lookaside.pStart);
   }
   sqlite3_free(db);
-  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -113324,6 +123198,15 @@
   int inTrans = 0;
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
   sqlite3BeginBenignMalloc();
+
+  /* Obtain all b-tree mutexes before making any calls to BtreeRollback(). 
+  ** This is important in case the transaction being rolled back has
+  ** modified the database schema. If the b-tree mutexes are not taken
+  ** here, then another shared-cache connection might sneak in between
+  ** the database rollback and schema reset, which can cause false
+  ** corruption reports in some cases.  */
+  sqlite3BtreeEnterAll(db);
+
   for(i=0; i<db->nDb; i++){
     Btree *p = db->aDb[i].pBt;
     if( p ){
@@ -113331,19 +123214,21 @@
         inTrans = 1;
       }
       sqlite3BtreeRollback(p, tripCode);
-      db->aDb[i].inTrans = 0;
     }
   }
   sqlite3VtabRollback(db);
   sqlite3EndBenignMalloc();
 
-  if( db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges ){
+  if( (db->flags&SQLITE_InternChanges)!=0 && db->init.busy==0 ){
     sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
-    sqlite3ResetInternalSchema(db, -1);
+    sqlite3ResetAllSchemasOfConnection(db);
   }
+  sqlite3BtreeLeaveAll(db);
 
   /* Any deferred constraint violations have now been resolved. */
   db->nDeferredCons = 0;
+  db->nDeferredImmCons = 0;
+  db->flags &= ~SQLITE_DeferFKs;
 
   /* If one has been configured, invoke the rollback-hook callback */
   if( db->xRollbackCallback && (inTrans || !db->autoCommit) ){
@@ -113352,6 +123237,115 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Return a static string containing the name corresponding to the error code
+** specified in the argument.
+*/
+#if (defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) && SQLITE_OS_WIN) || defined(SQLITE_TEST)
+SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3ErrName(int rc){
+  const char *zName = 0;
+  int i, origRc = rc;
+  for(i=0; i<2 && zName==0; i++, rc &= 0xff){
+    switch( rc ){
+      case SQLITE_OK:                 zName = "SQLITE_OK";                break;
+      case SQLITE_ERROR:              zName = "SQLITE_ERROR";             break;
+      case SQLITE_INTERNAL:           zName = "SQLITE_INTERNAL";          break;
+      case SQLITE_PERM:               zName = "SQLITE_PERM";              break;
+      case SQLITE_ABORT:              zName = "SQLITE_ABORT";             break;
+      case SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK:     zName = "SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK";    break;
+      case SQLITE_BUSY:               zName = "SQLITE_BUSY";              break;
+      case SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY:      zName = "SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY";     break;
+      case SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT:      zName = "SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT";     break;
+      case SQLITE_LOCKED:             zName = "SQLITE_LOCKED";            break;
+      case SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE: zName = "SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE";break;
+      case SQLITE_NOMEM:              zName = "SQLITE_NOMEM";             break;
+      case SQLITE_READONLY:           zName = "SQLITE_READONLY";          break;
+      case SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY:  zName = "SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY"; break;
+      case SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK:  zName = "SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK"; break;
+      case SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK:  zName = "SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK"; break;
+      case SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED:   zName = "SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED";  break;
+      case SQLITE_INTERRUPT:          zName = "SQLITE_INTERRUPT";         break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR:              zName = "SQLITE_IOERR";             break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_READ:         zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_READ";        break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ:   zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ";  break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE:        zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_WRITE";       break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC:        zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_FSYNC";       break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_FSYNC:    zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_FSYNC";   break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE:     zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_TRUNCATE";    break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT:        zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_FSTAT";       break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK:       zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_UNLOCK";      break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK:       zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_RDLOCK";      break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE:       zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE";      break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM:        zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_NOMEM";       break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS:       zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_ACCESS";      break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK:
+                                zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_CHECKRESERVEDLOCK"; break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK:         zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_LOCK";        break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE:        zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_CLOSE";       break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_CLOSE:    zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_DIR_CLOSE";   break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN:      zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_SHMOPEN";     break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE:      zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_SHMSIZE";     break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_SHMLOCK:      zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_SHMLOCK";     break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP:       zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP";      break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK:         zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK";        break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT: zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT";break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP:         zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP";        break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH:  zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH"; break;
+      case SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH:     zName = "SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH";    break;
+      case SQLITE_CORRUPT:            zName = "SQLITE_CORRUPT";           break;
+      case SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB:       zName = "SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB";      break;
+      case SQLITE_NOTFOUND:           zName = "SQLITE_NOTFOUND";          break;
+      case SQLITE_FULL:               zName = "SQLITE_FULL";              break;
+      case SQLITE_CANTOPEN:           zName = "SQLITE_CANTOPEN";          break;
+      case SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR: zName = "SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR";break;
+      case SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR:     zName = "SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR";    break;
+      case SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH:  zName = "SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH"; break;
+      case SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH:  zName = "SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH"; break;
+      case SQLITE_PROTOCOL:           zName = "SQLITE_PROTOCOL";          break;
+      case SQLITE_EMPTY:              zName = "SQLITE_EMPTY";             break;
+      case SQLITE_SCHEMA:             zName = "SQLITE_SCHEMA";            break;
+      case SQLITE_TOOBIG:             zName = "SQLITE_TOOBIG";            break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT:         zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT";        break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE:  zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE"; break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_TRIGGER: zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_TRIGGER";break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY:
+                                zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY";   break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_CHECK:   zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_CHECK";  break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY:
+                                zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY";   break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_NOTNULL: zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_NOTNULL";break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_COMMITHOOK:
+                                zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_COMMITHOOK";   break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_VTAB:    zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_VTAB";   break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION:
+                                zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION";     break;
+      case SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_ROWID:   zName = "SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_ROWID";  break;
+      case SQLITE_MISMATCH:           zName = "SQLITE_MISMATCH";          break;
+      case SQLITE_MISUSE:             zName = "SQLITE_MISUSE";            break;
+      case SQLITE_NOLFS:              zName = "SQLITE_NOLFS";             break;
+      case SQLITE_AUTH:               zName = "SQLITE_AUTH";              break;
+      case SQLITE_FORMAT:             zName = "SQLITE_FORMAT";            break;
+      case SQLITE_RANGE:              zName = "SQLITE_RANGE";             break;
+      case SQLITE_NOTADB:             zName = "SQLITE_NOTADB";            break;
+      case SQLITE_ROW:                zName = "SQLITE_ROW";               break;
+      case SQLITE_NOTICE:             zName = "SQLITE_NOTICE";            break;
+      case SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_WAL: zName = "SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_WAL";break;
+      case SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_ROLLBACK:
+                                zName = "SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_ROLLBACK"; break;
+      case SQLITE_WARNING:            zName = "SQLITE_WARNING";           break;
+      case SQLITE_WARNING_AUTOINDEX:  zName = "SQLITE_WARNING_AUTOINDEX"; break;
+      case SQLITE_DONE:               zName = "SQLITE_DONE";              break;
+    }
+  }
+  if( zName==0 ){
+    static char zBuf[50];
+    sqlite3_snprintf(sizeof(zBuf), zBuf, "SQLITE_UNKNOWN(%d)", origRc);
+    zName = zBuf;
+  }
+  return zName;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
 ** Return a static string that describes the kind of error specified in the
 ** argument.
 */
@@ -113479,6 +123473,7 @@
   db->busyHandler.xFunc = xBusy;
   db->busyHandler.pArg = pArg;
   db->busyHandler.nBusy = 0;
+  db->busyTimeout = 0;
   sqlite3_mutex_leave(db->mutex);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -113498,7 +123493,7 @@
   sqlite3_mutex_enter(db->mutex);
   if( nOps>0 ){
     db->xProgress = xProgress;
-    db->nProgressOps = nOps;
+    db->nProgressOps = (unsigned)nOps;
     db->pProgressArg = pArg;
   }else{
     db->xProgress = 0;
@@ -113516,8 +123511,8 @@
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3 *db, int ms){
   if( ms>0 ){
-    db->busyTimeout = ms;
     sqlite3_busy_handler(db, sqliteDefaultBusyCallback, (void*)db);
+    db->busyTimeout = ms;
   }else{
     sqlite3_busy_handler(db, 0, 0);
   }
@@ -113551,6 +123546,7 @@
 ){
   FuncDef *p;
   int nName;
+  int extraFlags;
 
   assert( sqlite3_mutex_held(db->mutex) );
   if( zFunctionName==0 ||
@@ -113561,6 +123557,10 @@
       (255<(nName = sqlite3Strlen30( zFunctionName))) ){
     return SQLITE_MISUSE_BKPT;
   }
+
+  assert( SQLITE_FUNC_CONSTANT==SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC );
+  extraFlags = enc &  SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC;
+  enc &= (SQLITE_FUNC_ENCMASK|SQLITE_ANY);
   
 #ifndef SQLITE_OMIT_UTF16
   /* If SQLITE_UTF16 is specified as the encoding type, transform this
@@ -113574,10 +123574,10 @@
     enc = SQLITE_UTF16NATIVE;
   }else if( enc==SQLITE_ANY ){
     int rc;
-    rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8,
+    rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF8|extraFlags,
          pUserData, xFunc, xStep, xFinal, pDestructor);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF16LE,
+      rc = sqlite3CreateFunc(db, zFunctionName, nArg, SQLITE_UTF16LE|extraFlags,
           pUserData, xFunc, xStep, xFinal, pDestructor);
     }
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -113595,8 +123595,8 @@
   ** operation to continue but invalidate all precompiled statements.
   */
   p = sqlite3FindFunction(db, zFunctionName, nName, nArg, (u8)enc, 0);
-  if( p && p->iPrefEnc==enc && p->nArg==nArg ){
-    if( db->activeVdbeCnt ){
+  if( p && (p->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_ENCMASK)==enc && p->nArg==nArg ){
+    if( db->nVdbeActive ){
       sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, 
         "unable to delete/modify user-function due to active statements");
       assert( !db->mallocFailed );
@@ -113620,7 +123620,8 @@
     pDestructor->nRef++;
   }
   p->pDestructor = pDestructor;
-  p->flags = 0;
+  p->funcFlags = (p->funcFlags & SQLITE_FUNC_ENCMASK) | extraFlags;
+  testcase( p->funcFlags & SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC );
   p->xFunc = xFunc;
   p->xStep = xStep;
   p->xFinalize = xFinal;
@@ -114050,6 +124051,7 @@
   if( db->mallocFailed ){
     z = sqlite3ErrStr(SQLITE_NOMEM);
   }else{
+    testcase( db->pErr==0 );
     z = (char*)sqlite3_value_text(db->pErr);
     assert( !db->mallocFailed );
     if( z==0 ){
@@ -114091,8 +124093,7 @@
   }else{
     z = sqlite3_value_text16(db->pErr);
     if( z==0 ){
-      sqlite3ValueSetStr(db->pErr, -1, sqlite3ErrStr(db->errCode),
-           SQLITE_UTF8, SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3Error(db, db->errCode, sqlite3ErrStr(db->errCode));
       z = sqlite3_value_text16(db->pErr);
     }
     /* A malloc() may have failed within the call to sqlite3_value_text16()
@@ -114131,6 +124132,41 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Return a string that describes the kind of error specified in the
+** argument.  For now, this simply calls the internal sqlite3ErrStr()
+** function.
+*/
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errstr(int rc){
+  return sqlite3ErrStr(rc);
+}
+
+/*
+** Invalidate all cached KeyInfo objects for database connection "db"
+*/
+static void invalidateCachedKeyInfo(sqlite3 *db){
+  Db *pDb;                    /* A single database */
+  int iDb;                    /* The database index number */
+  HashElem *k;                /* For looping over tables in pDb */
+  Table *pTab;                /* A table in the database */
+  Index *pIdx;                /* Each index */
+
+  for(iDb=0, pDb=db->aDb; iDb<db->nDb; iDb++, pDb++){
+    if( pDb->pBt==0 ) continue;
+    sqlite3BtreeEnter(pDb->pBt);
+    for(k=sqliteHashFirst(&pDb->pSchema->tblHash);  k; k=sqliteHashNext(k)){
+      pTab = (Table*)sqliteHashData(k);
+      for(pIdx=pTab->pIndex; pIdx; pIdx=pIdx->pNext){
+        if( pIdx->pKeyInfo && pIdx->pKeyInfo->db==db ){
+          sqlite3KeyInfoUnref(pIdx->pKeyInfo);
+          pIdx->pKeyInfo = 0;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3BtreeLeave(pDb->pBt);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
 ** Create a new collating function for database "db".  The name is zName
 ** and the encoding is enc.
 */
@@ -114168,12 +124204,13 @@
   */
   pColl = sqlite3FindCollSeq(db, (u8)enc2, zName, 0);
   if( pColl && pColl->xCmp ){
-    if( db->activeVdbeCnt ){
+    if( db->nVdbeActive ){
       sqlite3Error(db, SQLITE_BUSY, 
         "unable to delete/modify collation sequence due to active statements");
       return SQLITE_BUSY;
     }
     sqlite3ExpirePreparedStatements(db);
+    invalidateCachedKeyInfo(db);
 
     /* If collation sequence pColl was created directly by a call to
     ** sqlite3_create_collation, and not generated by synthCollSeq(),
@@ -114222,7 +124259,7 @@
   SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG,
   SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED,
   SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH,
-  SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER,
+  SQLITE_MAX_VARIABLE_NUMBER,      /* IMP: R-38091-32352 */
   SQLITE_MAX_TRIGGER_DEPTH,
 };
 
@@ -114247,8 +124284,8 @@
 #if SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG<0 || SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG>1000
 # error SQLITE_MAX_FUNCTION_ARG must be between 0 and 1000
 #endif
-#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED<0 || SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>62
-# error SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED must be between 0 and 62
+#if SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED<0 || SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED>125
+# error SQLITE_MAX_ATTACHED must be between 0 and 125
 #endif
 #if SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH<1
 # error SQLITE_MAX_LIKE_PATTERN_LENGTH must be at least 1
@@ -114366,20 +124403,20 @@
     zFile = sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
     if( !zFile ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
 
+    iIn = 5;
+#ifndef SQLITE_ALLOW_URI_AUTHORITY
     /* Discard the scheme and authority segments of the URI. */
     if( zUri[5]=='/' && zUri[6]=='/' ){
       iIn = 7;
       while( zUri[iIn] && zUri[iIn]!='/' ) iIn++;
-
       if( iIn!=7 && (iIn!=16 || memcmp("localhost", &zUri[7], 9)) ){
         *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("invalid uri authority: %.*s", 
             iIn-7, &zUri[7]);
         rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
         goto parse_uri_out;
       }
-    }else{
-      iIn = 5;
     }
+#endif
 
     /* Copy the filename and any query parameters into the zFile buffer. 
     ** Decode %HH escape codes along the way. 
@@ -114477,10 +124514,12 @@
             { "ro",  SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY },
             { "rw",  SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE }, 
             { "rwc", SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE },
+            { "memory", SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY },
             { 0, 0 }
           };
 
-          mask = SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY|SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE|SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE;
+          mask = SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY | SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE
+                   | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE | SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY;
           aMode = aOpenMode;
           limit = mask & flags;
           zModeType = "access";
@@ -114501,7 +124540,7 @@
             rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
             goto parse_uri_out;
           }
-          if( mode>limit ){
+          if( (mode & ~SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY)>limit ){
             *pzErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf("%s mode not allowed: %s",
                                         zModeType, zVal);
             rc = SQLITE_PERM;
@@ -114520,6 +124559,7 @@
     memcpy(zFile, zUri, nUri);
     zFile[nUri] = '\0';
     zFile[nUri+1] = '\0';
+    flags &= ~SQLITE_OPEN_URI;
   }
 
   *ppVfs = sqlite3_vfs_find(zVfs);
@@ -114638,8 +124678,12 @@
   memcpy(db->aLimit, aHardLimit, sizeof(db->aLimit));
   db->autoCommit = 1;
   db->nextAutovac = -1;
+  db->szMmap = sqlite3GlobalConfig.szMmap;
   db->nextPagesize = 0;
-  db->flags |= SQLITE_ShortColNames | SQLITE_AutoIndex | SQLITE_EnableTrigger
+  db->flags |= SQLITE_ShortColNames | SQLITE_EnableTrigger | SQLITE_CacheSpill
+#if !defined(SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX) || SQLITE_DEFAULT_AUTOMATIC_INDEX
+                 | SQLITE_AutoIndex
+#endif
 #if SQLITE_DEFAULT_FILE_FORMAT<4
                  | SQLITE_LegacyFileFmt
 #endif
@@ -114763,8 +124807,6 @@
   }
 #endif
 
-  sqlite3Error(db, rc, 0);
-
   /* -DSQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE=1 makes EXCLUSIVE the default locking
   ** mode.  -DSQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE=0 make NORMAL the default locking
   ** mode.  Doing nothing at all also makes NORMAL the default.
@@ -114775,6 +124817,8 @@
                           SQLITE_DEFAULT_LOCKING_MODE);
 #endif
 
+  if( rc ) sqlite3Error(db, rc, 0);
+
   /* Enable the lookaside-malloc subsystem */
   setupLookaside(db, 0, sqlite3GlobalConfig.szLookaside,
                         sqlite3GlobalConfig.nLookaside);
@@ -114796,6 +124840,13 @@
     db->magic = SQLITE_MAGIC_SICK;
   }
   *ppDb = db;
+#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG
+  if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog ){
+    /* Opening a db handle. Fourth parameter is passed 0. */
+    void *pArg = sqlite3GlobalConfig.pSqllogArg;
+    sqlite3GlobalConfig.xSqllog(pArg, db, zFilename, 0);
+  }
+#endif
   return sqlite3ApiExit(0, rc);
 }
 
@@ -114972,8 +125023,6 @@
 ** mode.  Return TRUE if it is and FALSE if not.  Autocommit mode is on
 ** by default.  Autocommit is disabled by a BEGIN statement and reenabled
 ** by the next COMMIT or ROLLBACK.
-**
-******* THIS IS AN EXPERIMENTAL API AND IS SUBJECT TO CHANGE ******
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_get_autocommit(sqlite3 *db){
   return db->autoCommit;
@@ -115101,7 +125150,7 @@
     zDataType = pCol->zType;
     zCollSeq = pCol->zColl;
     notnull = pCol->notNull!=0;
-    primarykey  = pCol->isPrimKey!=0;
+    primarykey  = (pCol->colFlags & COLFLAG_PRIMKEY)!=0;
     autoinc = pTab->iPKey==iCol && (pTab->tabFlags & TF_Autoincrement)!=0;
   }else{
     zDataType = "INTEGER";
@@ -115229,7 +125278,7 @@
     ** to the xRandomness method of the default VFS.
     */
     case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_PRNG_RESET: {
-      sqlite3PrngResetState();
+      sqlite3_randomness(0,0);
       break;
     }
 
@@ -115249,6 +125298,28 @@
     }
 
     /*
+    **  sqlite3_test_control(FAULT_INSTALL, xCallback)
+    **
+    ** Arrange to invoke xCallback() whenever sqlite3FaultSim() is called,
+    ** if xCallback is not NULL.
+    **
+    ** As a test of the fault simulator mechanism itself, sqlite3FaultSim(0)
+    ** is called immediately after installing the new callback and the return
+    ** value from sqlite3FaultSim(0) becomes the return from
+    ** sqlite3_test_control().
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_FAULT_INSTALL: {
+      /* MSVC is picky about pulling func ptrs from va lists.
+      ** http://support.microsoft.com/kb/47961
+      ** sqlite3GlobalConfig.xTestCallback = va_arg(ap, int(*)(int));
+      */
+      typedef int(*TESTCALLBACKFUNC_t)(int);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.xTestCallback = va_arg(ap, TESTCALLBACKFUNC_t);
+      rc = sqlite3FaultSim(0);
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*
     **  sqlite3_test_control(BENIGN_MALLOC_HOOKS, xBegin, xEnd)
     **
     ** Register hooks to call to indicate which malloc() failures 
@@ -115339,6 +125410,22 @@
       break;
     }
 
+    /*
+    **   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER);
+    **
+    ** The integer returned reveals the byte-order of the computer on which
+    ** SQLite is running:
+    **
+    **       1     big-endian,    determined at run-time
+    **      10     little-endian, determined at run-time
+    **  432101     big-endian,    determined at compile-time
+    **  123410     little-endian, determined at compile-time
+    */ 
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER: {
+      rc = SQLITE_BYTEORDER*100 + SQLITE_LITTLEENDIAN*10 + SQLITE_BIGENDIAN;
+      break;
+    }
+
     /*   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_RESERVE, sqlite3 *db, int N)
     **
     ** Set the nReserve size to N for the main database on the database
@@ -115364,8 +125451,7 @@
     */
     case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_OPTIMIZATIONS: {
       sqlite3 *db = va_arg(ap, sqlite3*);
-      int x = va_arg(ap,int);
-      db->flags = (x & SQLITE_OptMask) | (db->flags & ~SQLITE_OptMask);
+      db->dbOptFlags = (u16)(va_arg(ap, int) & 0xffff);
       break;
     }
 
@@ -115430,6 +125516,44 @@
     }
 #endif
 
+    /*   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_NEVER_CORRUPT, int);
+    **
+    ** Set or clear a flag that indicates that the database file is always well-
+    ** formed and never corrupt.  This flag is clear by default, indicating that
+    ** database files might have arbitrary corruption.  Setting the flag during
+    ** testing causes certain assert() statements in the code to be activated
+    ** that demonstrat invariants on well-formed database files.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_NEVER_CORRUPT: {
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.neverCorrupt = va_arg(ap, int);
+      break;
+    }
+
+
+    /*   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_VDBE_COVERAGE, xCallback, ptr);
+    **
+    ** Set the VDBE coverage callback function to xCallback with context 
+    ** pointer ptr.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_VDBE_COVERAGE: {
+#ifdef SQLITE_VDBE_COVERAGE
+      typedef void (*branch_callback)(void*,int,u8,u8);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.xVdbeBranch = va_arg(ap,branch_callback);
+      sqlite3GlobalConfig.pVdbeBranchArg = va_arg(ap,void*);
+#endif
+      break;
+    }
+
+    /*   sqlite3_test_control(SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISINIT);
+    **
+    ** Return SQLITE_OK if SQLite has been initialized and SQLITE_ERROR if
+    ** not.
+    */
+    case SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISINIT: {
+      if( sqlite3GlobalConfig.isInit==0 ) rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+      break;
+    }
+
   }
   va_end(ap);
 #endif /* SQLITE_OMIT_BUILTIN_TEST */
@@ -115478,7 +125602,7 @@
 ){
   const char *z = sqlite3_uri_parameter(zFilename, zParam);
   sqlite3_int64 v;
-  if( z && sqlite3Atoi64(z, &v, sqlite3Strlen30(z), SQLITE_UTF8)==SQLITE_OK ){
+  if( z && sqlite3DecOrHexToI64(z, &v)==SQLITE_OK ){
     bDflt = v;
   }
   return bDflt;
@@ -115514,7 +125638,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_db_readonly(sqlite3 *db, const char *zDbName){
   Btree *pBt = sqlite3DbNameToBtree(db, zDbName);
-  return pBt ? sqlite3PagerIsreadonly(sqlite3BtreePager(pBt)) : -1;
+  return pBt ? sqlite3BtreeIsReadonly(pBt) : -1;
 }
 
 /************** End of main.c ************************************************/
@@ -115924,7 +126048,7 @@
 ** A doclist is stored like this:
 **
 ** array {
-**   varint docid;
+**   varint docid;          (delta from previous doclist)
 **   array {                (position list for column 0)
 **     varint position;     (2 more than the delta from previous position)
 **   }
@@ -115955,8 +126079,8 @@
 ** at D signals the start of a new column; the 1 at E indicates that the
 ** new column is column number 1.  There are two positions at 12 and 45
 ** (14-2 and 35-2+12).  The 0 at H indicate the end-of-document.  The
-** 234 at I is the next docid.  It has one position 72 (72-2) and then
-** terminates with the 0 at K.
+** 234 at I is the delta to next docid (357).  It has one position 70
+** (72-2) and then terminates with the 0 at K.
 **
 ** A "position-list" is the list of positions for multiple columns for
 ** a single docid.  A "column-list" is the set of positions for a single
@@ -116177,7 +126301,7 @@
 
 /* If not building as part of the core, include sqlite3ext.h. */
 #ifndef SQLITE_CORE
-SQLITE_API extern const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api;
+SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT3
 #endif
 
 /************** Include fts3_tokenizer.h in the middle of fts3Int.h **********/
@@ -116253,7 +126377,7 @@
   ** This method should return either SQLITE_OK (0), or an SQLite error 
   ** code. If SQLITE_OK is returned, then *ppTokenizer should be set
   ** to point at the newly created tokenizer structure. The generic
-  ** sqlite3_tokenizer.pModule variable should not be initialised by
+  ** sqlite3_tokenizer.pModule variable should not be initialized by
   ** this callback. The caller will do so.
   */
   int (*xCreate)(
@@ -116358,7 +126482,7 @@
 **    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
 **
 *************************************************************************
-** This is the header file for the generic hash-table implemenation
+** This is the header file for the generic hash-table implementation
 ** used in SQLite.  We've modified it slightly to serve as a standalone
 ** hash table implementation for the full-text indexing module.
 **
@@ -116464,6 +126588,18 @@
 /************** Continuing where we left off in fts3Int.h ********************/
 
 /*
+** This constant determines the maximum depth of an FTS expression tree
+** that the library will create and use. FTS uses recursion to perform 
+** various operations on the query tree, so the disadvantage of a large
+** limit is that it may allow very large queries to use large amounts
+** of stack space (perhaps causing a stack overflow).
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_FTS3_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH
+# define SQLITE_FTS3_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH 12
+#endif
+
+
+/*
 ** This constant controls how often segments are merged. Once there are
 ** FTS3_MERGE_COUNT segments of level N, they are merged into a single
 ** segment of level N+1.
@@ -116491,6 +126627,9 @@
 #ifndef MIN
 # define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
 #endif
+#ifndef MAX
+# define MAX(x,y) ((x)>(y)?(x):(y))
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** Maximum length of a varint encoded integer. The varint format is different
@@ -116545,7 +126684,7 @@
 # define NEVER(X)  (0)
 #else
 # define ALWAYS(x) (x)
-# define NEVER(X)  (x)
+# define NEVER(x)  (x)
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -116555,6 +126694,7 @@
 typedef short int i16;            /* 2-byte (or larger) signed integer */
 typedef unsigned int u32;         /* 4-byte unsigned integer */
 typedef sqlite3_uint64 u64;       /* 8-byte unsigned integer */
+typedef sqlite3_int64 i64;        /* 8-byte signed integer */
 
 /*
 ** Macro used to suppress compiler warnings for unused parameters.
@@ -116614,39 +126754,47 @@
   const char *zName;              /* virtual table name */
   int nColumn;                    /* number of named columns in virtual table */
   char **azColumn;                /* column names.  malloced */
+  u8 *abNotindexed;               /* True for 'notindexed' columns */
   sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer;  /* tokenizer for inserts and queries */
   char *zContentTbl;              /* content=xxx option, or NULL */
   char *zLanguageid;              /* languageid=xxx option, or NULL */
+  int nAutoincrmerge;             /* Value configured by 'automerge' */
+  u32 nLeafAdd;                   /* Number of leaf blocks added this trans */
 
   /* Precompiled statements used by the implementation. Each of these 
   ** statements is run and reset within a single virtual table API call. 
   */
-  sqlite3_stmt *aStmt[28];
+  sqlite3_stmt *aStmt[40];
 
   char *zReadExprlist;
   char *zWriteExprlist;
 
   int nNodeSize;                  /* Soft limit for node size */
-  u8 bHasStat;                    /* True if %_stat table exists */
+  u8 bFts4;                       /* True for FTS4, false for FTS3 */
+  u8 bHasStat;                    /* True if %_stat table exists (2==unknown) */
   u8 bHasDocsize;                 /* True if %_docsize table exists */
   u8 bDescIdx;                    /* True if doclists are in reverse order */
+  u8 bIgnoreSavepoint;            /* True to ignore xSavepoint invocations */
   int nPgsz;                      /* Page size for host database */
   char *zSegmentsTbl;             /* Name of %_segments table */
   sqlite3_blob *pSegments;        /* Blob handle open on %_segments table */
 
-  /* TODO: Fix the first paragraph of this comment.
-  **
+  /* 
   ** The following array of hash tables is used to buffer pending index 
-  ** updates during transactions. Variable nPendingData estimates the memory 
-  ** size of the pending data, including hash table overhead, not including
-  ** malloc overhead.  When nPendingData exceeds nMaxPendingData, the buffer 
-  ** is flushed automatically. Variable iPrevDocid is the docid of the most 
-  ** recently inserted record.
+  ** updates during transactions. All pending updates buffered at any one
+  ** time must share a common language-id (see the FTS4 langid= feature).
+  ** The current language id is stored in variable iPrevLangid.
   **
   ** A single FTS4 table may have multiple full-text indexes. For each index
   ** there is an entry in the aIndex[] array. Index 0 is an index of all the
   ** terms that appear in the document set. Each subsequent index in aIndex[]
   ** is an index of prefixes of a specific length.
+  **
+  ** Variable nPendingData contains an estimate the memory consumed by the 
+  ** pending data structures, including hash table overhead, but not including
+  ** malloc overhead.  When nPendingData exceeds nMaxPendingData, all hash
+  ** tables are flushed to disk. Variable iPrevDocid is the docid of the most 
+  ** recently inserted record.
   */
   int nIndex;                     /* Size of aIndex[] */
   struct Fts3Index {
@@ -116667,6 +126815,12 @@
   int inTransaction;     /* True after xBegin but before xCommit/xRollback */
   int mxSavepoint;       /* Largest valid xSavepoint integer */
 #endif
+
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+  /* True to disable the incremental doclist optimization. This is controled
+  ** by special insert command 'test-no-incr-doclist'.  */
+  int bNoIncrDoclist;
+#endif
 };
 
 /*
@@ -116692,7 +126846,8 @@
   int eEvalmode;                  /* An FTS3_EVAL_XX constant */
   int nRowAvg;                    /* Average size of database rows, in pages */
   sqlite3_int64 nDoc;             /* Documents in table */
-
+  i64 iMinDocid;                  /* Minimum docid to return */
+  i64 iMaxDocid;                  /* Maximum docid to return */
   int isMatchinfoNeeded;          /* True when aMatchinfo[] needs filling in */
   u32 *aMatchinfo;                /* Information about most recent match */
   int nMatchinfo;                 /* Number of elements in aMatchinfo[] */
@@ -116722,6 +126877,15 @@
 #define FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH    1    /* Lookup by rowid on %_content table */
 #define FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH 2    /* Full-text index search */
 
+/*
+** The lower 16-bits of the sqlite3_index_info.idxNum value set by
+** the xBestIndex() method contains the Fts3Cursor.eSearch value described
+** above. The upper 16-bits contain a combination of the following
+** bits, used to describe extra constraints on full-text searches.
+*/
+#define FTS3_HAVE_LANGID    0x00010000      /* languageid=? */
+#define FTS3_HAVE_DOCID_GE  0x00020000      /* docid>=? */
+#define FTS3_HAVE_DOCID_LE  0x00040000      /* docid<=? */
 
 struct Fts3Doclist {
   char *aAll;                    /* Array containing doclist (or NULL) */
@@ -116834,17 +126998,27 @@
   Fts3Table*,int,const char*,int,int,Fts3SegReader**);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFree(Fts3SegReader *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3AllSegdirs(Fts3Table*, int, int, int, sqlite3_stmt **);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadLock(Fts3Table *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(Fts3Table*, sqlite3_int64, char **, int*, int*);
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDoctotal(Fts3Table *, sqlite3_stmt **);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDocsize(Fts3Table *, sqlite3_int64, sqlite3_stmt **);
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS4_DEFERRED
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredTokens(Fts3Cursor *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferToken(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3PhraseToken *, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists(Fts3Cursor *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredDoclists(Fts3Cursor *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferredTokenList(Fts3DeferredToken *, char **, int *);
+#else
+# define sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredTokens(x)
+# define sqlite3Fts3DeferToken(x,y,z) SQLITE_OK
+# define sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists(x) SQLITE_OK
+# define sqlite3Fts3FreeDeferredDoclists(x)
+# define sqlite3Fts3DeferredTokenList(x,y,z) SQLITE_OK
+#endif
+
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(Fts3Table *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MaxLevel(Fts3Table *, int *);
 
 /* Special values interpreted by sqlite3SegReaderCursor() */
 #define FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING        -1
@@ -116896,6 +127070,12 @@
   int nDoclist;                   /* Size of aDoclist[] in bytes */
 };
 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Incrmerge(Fts3Table*,int,int);
+
+#define fts3GetVarint32(p, piVal) (                                           \
+  (*(u8*)(p)&0x80) ? sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p, piVal) : (*piVal=*(u8*)(p), 1) \
+)
+
 /* fts3.c */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(char *, sqlite3_int64);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(const char *, sqlite_int64 *);
@@ -116905,6 +127085,7 @@
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(int,char*,int,char**,sqlite3_int64*,int*,u8*);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseStats(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, u32 *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3FirstFilter(sqlite3_int64, char *, int, char *);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3CreateStatTable(int*, Fts3Table*);
 
 /* fts3_tokenizer.c */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE const char *sqlite3Fts3NextToken(const char *, int *);
@@ -116923,7 +127104,7 @@
 
 /* fts3_expr.c */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(sqlite3_tokenizer *, int,
-  char **, int, int, int, const char *, int, Fts3Expr **
+  char **, int, int, int, const char *, int, Fts3Expr **, char **
 );
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(Fts3Expr *);
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
@@ -116944,11 +127125,19 @@
     Fts3Table*, Fts3MultiSegReader*, int, const char*, int);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(
     Fts3Table *, Fts3MultiSegReader *, sqlite3_int64 *, char **, int *);
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, int iCol); 
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3Expr *, int iCol, char **); 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrOvfl(Fts3Cursor *, Fts3MultiSegReader *, int *);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrRestart(Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr);
 
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3DeferredTokenList(Fts3DeferredToken *, char **, int *);
+/* fts3_tokenize_vtab.c */
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTok(sqlite3*, Fts3Hash *);
+
+/* fts3_unicode2.c (functions generated by parsing unicode text files) */
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FtsUnicodeFold(int, int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(int);
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsdiacritic(int);
+#endif
 
 #endif /* !SQLITE_CORE || SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3 */
 #endif /* _FTSINT_H */
@@ -116994,21 +127183,37 @@
   return (int) (q - (unsigned char *)p);
 }
 
+#define GETVARINT_STEP(v, ptr, shift, mask1, mask2, var, ret) \
+  v = (v & mask1) | ( (*ptr++) << shift );                    \
+  if( (v & mask2)==0 ){ var = v; return ret; }
+#define GETVARINT_INIT(v, ptr, shift, mask1, mask2, var, ret) \
+  v = (*ptr++);                                               \
+  if( (v & mask2)==0 ){ var = v; return ret; }
+
 /* 
 ** Read a 64-bit variable-length integer from memory starting at p[0].
 ** Return the number of bytes read, or 0 on error.
 ** The value is stored in *v.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(const char *p, sqlite_int64 *v){
-  const unsigned char *q = (const unsigned char *) p;
-  sqlite_uint64 x = 0, y = 1;
-  while( (*q&0x80)==0x80 && q-(unsigned char *)p<FTS3_VARINT_MAX ){
-    x += y * (*q++ & 0x7f);
-    y <<= 7;
+  const char *pStart = p;
+  u32 a;
+  u64 b;
+  int shift;
+
+  GETVARINT_INIT(a, p, 0,  0x00,     0x80, *v, 1);
+  GETVARINT_STEP(a, p, 7,  0x7F,     0x4000, *v, 2);
+  GETVARINT_STEP(a, p, 14, 0x3FFF,   0x200000, *v, 3);
+  GETVARINT_STEP(a, p, 21, 0x1FFFFF, 0x10000000, *v, 4);
+  b = (a & 0x0FFFFFFF );
+
+  for(shift=28; shift<=63; shift+=7){
+    u64 c = *p++;
+    b += (c&0x7F) << shift;
+    if( (c & 0x80)==0 ) break;
   }
-  x += y * (*q++);
-  *v = (sqlite_int64) x;
-  return (int) (q - (unsigned char *)p);
+  *v = b;
+  return (int)(p - pStart);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -117016,10 +127221,21 @@
 ** 32-bit integer before it is returned.
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(const char *p, int *pi){
- sqlite_int64 i;
- int ret = sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, &i);
- *pi = (int) i;
- return ret;
+  u32 a;
+
+#ifndef fts3GetVarint32
+  GETVARINT_INIT(a, p, 0,  0x00,     0x80, *pi, 1);
+#else
+  a = (*p++);
+  assert( a & 0x80 );
+#endif
+
+  GETVARINT_STEP(a, p, 7,  0x7F,     0x4000, *pi, 2);
+  GETVARINT_STEP(a, p, 14, 0x3FFF,   0x200000, *pi, 3);
+  GETVARINT_STEP(a, p, 21, 0x1FFFFF, 0x10000000, *pi, 4);
+  a = (a & 0x0FFFFFFF );
+  *pi = (int)(a | ((u32)(*p & 0x0F) << 28));
+  return 5;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -117235,6 +127451,18 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Create the %_stat table if it does not already exist.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3CreateStatTable(int *pRc, Fts3Table *p){
+  fts3DbExec(pRc, p->db, 
+      "CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS %Q.'%q_stat'"
+          "(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, value BLOB);",
+      p->zDb, p->zName
+  );
+  if( (*pRc)==SQLITE_OK ) p->bHasStat = 1;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Create the backing store tables (%_content, %_segments and %_segdir)
 ** required by the FTS3 table passed as the only argument. This is done
 ** as part of the vtab xCreate() method.
@@ -117294,11 +127522,9 @@
         p->zDb, p->zName
     );
   }
+  assert( p->bHasStat==p->bFts4 );
   if( p->bHasStat ){
-    fts3DbExec(&rc, db, 
-        "CREATE TABLE %Q.'%q_stat'(id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, value BLOB);",
-        p->zDb, p->zName
-    );
+    sqlite3Fts3CreateStatTable(&rc, p);
   }
   return rc;
 }
@@ -117735,6 +127961,8 @@
   char *zUncompress = 0;          /* uncompress=? parameter (or NULL) */
   char *zContent = 0;             /* content=? parameter (or NULL) */
   char *zLanguageid = 0;          /* languageid=? parameter (or NULL) */
+  char **azNotindexed = 0;        /* The set of notindexed= columns */
+  int nNotindexed = 0;            /* Size of azNotindexed[] array */
 
   assert( strlen(argv[0])==4 );
   assert( (sqlite3_strnicmp(argv[0], "fts4", 4)==0 && isFts4)
@@ -117744,9 +127972,19 @@
   nDb = (int)strlen(argv[1]) + 1;
   nName = (int)strlen(argv[2]) + 1;
 
-  aCol = (const char **)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(const char *) * (argc-2) );
-  if( !aCol ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-  memset((void *)aCol, 0, sizeof(const char *) * (argc-2));
+  nByte = sizeof(const char *) * (argc-2);
+  aCol = (const char **)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+  if( aCol ){
+    memset((void*)aCol, 0, nByte);
+    azNotindexed = (char **)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+  }
+  if( azNotindexed ){
+    memset(azNotindexed, 0, nByte);
+  }
+  if( !aCol || !azNotindexed ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    goto fts3_init_out;
+  }
 
   /* Loop through all of the arguments passed by the user to the FTS3/4
   ** module (i.e. all the column names and special arguments). This loop
@@ -117785,7 +128023,8 @@
         { "uncompress", 10 },     /* 3 -> UNCOMPRESS */
         { "order",       5 },     /* 4 -> ORDER */
         { "content",     7 },     /* 5 -> CONTENT */
-        { "languageid", 10 }      /* 6 -> LANGUAGEID */
+        { "languageid", 10 },     /* 6 -> LANGUAGEID */
+        { "notindexed", 10 }      /* 7 -> NOTINDEXED */
       };
 
       int iOpt;
@@ -117851,6 +128090,11 @@
               zLanguageid = zVal;
               zVal = 0;
               break;
+
+            case 7:              /* NOTINDEXED */
+              azNotindexed[nNotindexed++] = zVal;
+              zVal = 0;
+              break;
           }
         }
         sqlite3_free(zVal);
@@ -117922,6 +128166,7 @@
   nByte = sizeof(Fts3Table) +                  /* Fts3Table */
           nCol * sizeof(char *) +              /* azColumn */
           nIndex * sizeof(struct Fts3Index) +  /* aIndex */
+          nCol * sizeof(u8) +                  /* abNotindexed */
           nName +                              /* zName */
           nDb +                                /* zDb */
           nString;                             /* Space for azColumn strings */
@@ -117939,7 +128184,9 @@
   p->nMaxPendingData = FTS3_MAX_PENDING_DATA;
   p->bHasDocsize = (isFts4 && bNoDocsize==0);
   p->bHasStat = isFts4;
+  p->bFts4 = isFts4;
   p->bDescIdx = bDescIdx;
+  p->nAutoincrmerge = 0xff;   /* 0xff means setting unknown */
   p->zContentTbl = zContent;
   p->zLanguageid = zLanguageid;
   zContent = 0;
@@ -117953,9 +128200,10 @@
   for(i=0; i<nIndex; i++){
     fts3HashInit(&p->aIndex[i].hPending, FTS3_HASH_STRING, 1);
   }
+  p->abNotindexed = (u8 *)&p->aIndex[nIndex];
 
   /* Fill in the zName and zDb fields of the vtab structure. */
-  zCsr = (char *)&p->aIndex[nIndex];
+  zCsr = (char *)&p->abNotindexed[nCol];
   p->zName = zCsr;
   memcpy(zCsr, argv[2], nName);
   zCsr += nName;
@@ -117976,7 +128224,28 @@
     assert( zCsr <= &((char *)p)[nByte] );
   }
 
-  if( (zCompress==0)!=(zUncompress==0) ){
+  /* Fill in the abNotindexed array */
+  for(iCol=0; iCol<nCol; iCol++){
+    int n = (int)strlen(p->azColumn[iCol]);
+    for(i=0; i<nNotindexed; i++){
+      char *zNot = azNotindexed[i];
+      if( zNot && n==(int)strlen(zNot)
+       && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(p->azColumn[iCol], zNot, n) 
+      ){
+        p->abNotindexed[iCol] = 1;
+        sqlite3_free(zNot);
+        azNotindexed[i] = 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  for(i=0; i<nNotindexed; i++){
+    if( azNotindexed[i] ){
+      *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("no such column: %s", azNotindexed[i]);
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (zCompress==0)!=(zUncompress==0) ){
     char const *zMiss = (zCompress==0 ? "compress" : "uncompress");
     rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
     *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("missing %s parameter in fts4 constructor", zMiss);
@@ -117992,6 +128261,13 @@
     rc = fts3CreateTables(p);
   }
 
+  /* Check to see if a legacy fts3 table has been "upgraded" by the
+  ** addition of a %_stat table so that it can use incremental merge.
+  */
+  if( !isFts4 && !isCreate ){
+    p->bHasStat = 2;
+  }
+
   /* Figure out the page-size for the database. This is required in order to
   ** estimate the cost of loading large doclists from the database.  */
   fts3DatabasePageSize(&rc, p);
@@ -118007,7 +128283,9 @@
   sqlite3_free(zUncompress);
   sqlite3_free(zContent);
   sqlite3_free(zLanguageid);
+  for(i=0; i<nNotindexed; i++) sqlite3_free(azNotindexed[i]);
   sqlite3_free((void *)aCol);
+  sqlite3_free((void *)azNotindexed);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     if( p ){
       fts3DisconnectMethod((sqlite3_vtab *)p);
@@ -118046,6 +128324,19 @@
   return fts3InitVtab(1, db, pAux, argc, argv, ppVtab, pzErr);
 }
 
+/*
+** Set the pIdxInfo->estimatedRows variable to nRow. Unless this
+** extension is currently being used by a version of SQLite too old to
+** support estimatedRows. In that case this function is a no-op.
+*/
+static void fts3SetEstimatedRows(sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo, i64 nRow){
+#if SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER>=3008002
+  if( sqlite3_libversion_number()>=3008002 ){
+    pIdxInfo->estimatedRows = nRow;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
 /* 
 ** Implementation of the xBestIndex method for FTS3 tables. There
 ** are three possible strategies, in order of preference:
@@ -118058,23 +128349,40 @@
   Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pVTab;
   int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
   int iCons = -1;                 /* Index of constraint to use */
+
   int iLangidCons = -1;           /* Index of langid=x constraint, if present */
+  int iDocidGe = -1;              /* Index of docid>=x constraint, if present */
+  int iDocidLe = -1;              /* Index of docid<=x constraint, if present */
+  int iIdx;
 
   /* By default use a full table scan. This is an expensive option,
   ** so search through the constraints to see if a more efficient 
   ** strategy is possible.
   */
   pInfo->idxNum = FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH;
-  pInfo->estimatedCost = 500000;
+  pInfo->estimatedCost = 5000000;
   for(i=0; i<pInfo->nConstraint; i++){
+    int bDocid;                 /* True if this constraint is on docid */
     struct sqlite3_index_constraint *pCons = &pInfo->aConstraint[i];
-    if( pCons->usable==0 ) continue;
+    if( pCons->usable==0 ){
+      if( pCons->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_MATCH ){
+        /* There exists an unusable MATCH constraint. This means that if
+        ** the planner does elect to use the results of this call as part
+        ** of the overall query plan the user will see an "unable to use
+        ** function MATCH in the requested context" error. To discourage
+        ** this, return a very high cost here.  */
+        pInfo->idxNum = FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH;
+        pInfo->estimatedCost = 1e50;
+        fts3SetEstimatedRows(pInfo, ((sqlite3_int64)1) << 50);
+        return SQLITE_OK;
+      }
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    bDocid = (pCons->iColumn<0 || pCons->iColumn==p->nColumn+1);
 
     /* A direct lookup on the rowid or docid column. Assign a cost of 1.0. */
-    if( iCons<0 
-     && pCons->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ 
-     && (pCons->iColumn<0 || pCons->iColumn==p->nColumn+1 )
-    ){
+    if( iCons<0 && pCons->op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ && bDocid ){
       pInfo->idxNum = FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH;
       pInfo->estimatedCost = 1.0;
       iCons = i;
@@ -118103,14 +128411,38 @@
     ){
       iLangidCons = i;
     }
+
+    if( bDocid ){
+      switch( pCons->op ){
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE:
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT:
+          iDocidGe = i;
+          break;
+
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE:
+        case SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT:
+          iDocidLe = i;
+          break;
+      }
+    }
   }
 
+  iIdx = 1;
   if( iCons>=0 ){
-    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iCons].argvIndex = 1;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iCons].argvIndex = iIdx++;
     pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iCons].omit = 1;
   } 
   if( iLangidCons>=0 ){
-    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iLangidCons].argvIndex = 2;
+    pInfo->idxNum |= FTS3_HAVE_LANGID;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iLangidCons].argvIndex = iIdx++;
+  } 
+  if( iDocidGe>=0 ){
+    pInfo->idxNum |= FTS3_HAVE_DOCID_GE;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iDocidGe].argvIndex = iIdx++;
+  } 
+  if( iDocidLe>=0 ){
+    pInfo->idxNum |= FTS3_HAVE_DOCID_LE;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iDocidLe].argvIndex = iIdx++;
   } 
 
   /* Regardless of the strategy selected, FTS can deliver rows in rowid (or
@@ -118213,7 +128545,7 @@
       }else{
         rc = sqlite3_reset(pCsr->pStmt);
         if( rc==SQLITE_OK && ((Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab)->zContentTbl==0 ){
-          /* If no row was found and no error has occured, then the %_content
+          /* If no row was found and no error has occurred, then the %_content
           ** table is missing a row that is present in the full-text index.
           ** The data structures are corrupt.  */
           rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
@@ -118288,10 +128620,10 @@
     /* Load the next term on the node into zBuffer. Use realloc() to expand
     ** the size of zBuffer if required.  */
     if( !isFirstTerm ){
-      zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nPrefix);
+      zCsr += fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nPrefix);
     }
     isFirstTerm = 0;
-    zCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nSuffix);
+    zCsr += fts3GetVarint32(zCsr, &nSuffix);
     
     if( nPrefix<0 || nSuffix<0 || &zCsr[nSuffix]>zEnd ){
       rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
@@ -118379,7 +128711,7 @@
 
   assert( piLeaf || piLeaf2 );
 
-  sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(zNode, &iHeight);
+  fts3GetVarint32(zNode, &iHeight);
   rc = fts3ScanInteriorNode(zTerm, nTerm, zNode, nNode, piLeaf, piLeaf2);
   assert( !piLeaf2 || !piLeaf || rc!=SQLITE_OK || (*piLeaf<=*piLeaf2) );
 
@@ -118581,11 +128913,11 @@
     int iCol1;         /* The current column index in pp1 */
     int iCol2;         /* The current column index in pp2 */
 
-    if( *p1==POS_COLUMN ) sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(&p1[1], &iCol1);
+    if( *p1==POS_COLUMN ) fts3GetVarint32(&p1[1], &iCol1);
     else if( *p1==POS_END ) iCol1 = POSITION_LIST_END;
     else iCol1 = 0;
 
-    if( *p2==POS_COLUMN ) sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(&p2[1], &iCol2);
+    if( *p2==POS_COLUMN ) fts3GetVarint32(&p2[1], &iCol2);
     else if( *p2==POS_END ) iCol2 = POSITION_LIST_END;
     else iCol2 = 0;
 
@@ -118678,11 +129010,11 @@
   assert( p!=0 && *p1!=0 && *p2!=0 );
   if( *p1==POS_COLUMN ){ 
     p1++;
-    p1 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
+    p1 += fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
   }
   if( *p2==POS_COLUMN ){ 
     p2++;
-    p2 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
+    p2 += fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
   }
 
   while( 1 ){
@@ -118732,9 +129064,9 @@
       if( 0==*p1 || 0==*p2 ) break;
 
       p1++;
-      p1 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
+      p1 += fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
       p2++;
-      p2 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
+      p2 += fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
     }
 
     /* Advance pointer p1 or p2 (whichever corresponds to the smaller of
@@ -118746,12 +129078,12 @@
       fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &p1);
       if( 0==*p1 ) break;
       p1++;
-      p1 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
+      p1 += fts3GetVarint32(p1, &iCol1);
     }else{
       fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &p2);
       if( 0==*p2 ) break;
       p2++;
-      p2 += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
+      p2 += fts3GetVarint32(p2, &iCol2);
     }
   }
 
@@ -119335,7 +129667,7 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
   Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
-  int iLangid,
+  int iLangid,                    /* Language-id to search */
   int iIndex,                     /* Index to search (from 0 to p->nIndex-1) */
   int iLevel,                     /* Level of segments to scan */
   const char *zTerm,              /* Term to query for */
@@ -119353,12 +129685,7 @@
   assert( FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL<0 && FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING<0 );
   assert( isPrefix==0 || isScan==0 );
 
-  /* "isScan" is only set to true by the ft4aux module, an ordinary
-  ** full-text tables. */
-  assert( isScan==0 || p->aIndex==0 );
-
   memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(Fts3MultiSegReader));
-
   return fts3SegReaderCursor(
       p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel, zTerm, nTerm, isPrefix, isScan, pCsr
   );
@@ -119458,7 +129785,7 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** This function retreives the doclist for the specified term (or term
+** This function retrieves the doclist for the specified term (or term
 ** prefix) from the database.
 */
 static int fts3TermSelect(
@@ -119563,6 +129890,33 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** The following are copied from sqliteInt.h.
+**
+** Constants for the largest and smallest possible 64-bit signed integers.
+** These macros are designed to work correctly on both 32-bit and 64-bit
+** compilers.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+# define LARGEST_INT64  (0xffffffff|(((sqlite3_int64)0x7fffffff)<<32))
+# define SMALLEST_INT64 (((sqlite3_int64)-1) - LARGEST_INT64)
+#endif
+
+/*
+** If the numeric type of argument pVal is "integer", then return it
+** converted to a 64-bit signed integer. Otherwise, return a copy of
+** the second parameter, iDefault.
+*/
+static sqlite3_int64 fts3DocidRange(sqlite3_value *pVal, i64 iDefault){
+  if( pVal ){
+    int eType = sqlite3_value_numeric_type(pVal);
+    if( eType==SQLITE_INTEGER ){
+      return sqlite3_value_int64(pVal);
+    }
+  }
+  return iDefault;
+}
+
+/*
 ** This is the xFilter interface for the virtual table.  See
 ** the virtual table xFilter method documentation for additional
 ** information.
@@ -119587,57 +129941,69 @@
 ){
   int rc;
   char *zSql;                     /* SQL statement used to access %_content */
+  int eSearch;
   Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table *)pCursor->pVtab;
   Fts3Cursor *pCsr = (Fts3Cursor *)pCursor;
 
+  sqlite3_value *pCons = 0;       /* The MATCH or rowid constraint, if any */
+  sqlite3_value *pLangid = 0;     /* The "langid = ?" constraint, if any */
+  sqlite3_value *pDocidGe = 0;    /* The "docid >= ?" constraint, if any */
+  sqlite3_value *pDocidLe = 0;    /* The "docid <= ?" constraint, if any */
+  int iIdx;
+
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(idxStr);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
 
-  assert( idxNum>=0 && idxNum<=(FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH+p->nColumn) );
-  assert( nVal==0 || nVal==1 || nVal==2 );
-  assert( (nVal==0)==(idxNum==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH) );
+  eSearch = (idxNum & 0x0000FFFF);
+  assert( eSearch>=0 && eSearch<=(FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH+p->nColumn) );
   assert( p->pSegments==0 );
 
+  /* Collect arguments into local variables */
+  iIdx = 0;
+  if( eSearch!=FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ) pCons = apVal[iIdx++];
+  if( idxNum & FTS3_HAVE_LANGID ) pLangid = apVal[iIdx++];
+  if( idxNum & FTS3_HAVE_DOCID_GE ) pDocidGe = apVal[iIdx++];
+  if( idxNum & FTS3_HAVE_DOCID_LE ) pDocidLe = apVal[iIdx++];
+  assert( iIdx==nVal );
+
   /* In case the cursor has been used before, clear it now. */
   sqlite3_finalize(pCsr->pStmt);
   sqlite3_free(pCsr->aDoclist);
   sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pCsr->pExpr);
   memset(&pCursor[1], 0, sizeof(Fts3Cursor)-sizeof(sqlite3_vtab_cursor));
 
+  /* Set the lower and upper bounds on docids to return */
+  pCsr->iMinDocid = fts3DocidRange(pDocidGe, SMALLEST_INT64);
+  pCsr->iMaxDocid = fts3DocidRange(pDocidLe, LARGEST_INT64);
+
   if( idxStr ){
     pCsr->bDesc = (idxStr[0]=='D');
   }else{
     pCsr->bDesc = p->bDescIdx;
   }
-  pCsr->eSearch = (i16)idxNum;
+  pCsr->eSearch = (i16)eSearch;
 
-  if( idxNum!=FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH && idxNum!=FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
-    int iCol = idxNum-FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH;
-    const char *zQuery = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
+  if( eSearch!=FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH && eSearch!=FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
+    int iCol = eSearch-FTS3_FULLTEXT_SEARCH;
+    const char *zQuery = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(pCons);
 
-    if( zQuery==0 && sqlite3_value_type(apVal[0])!=SQLITE_NULL ){
+    if( zQuery==0 && sqlite3_value_type(pCons)!=SQLITE_NULL ){
       return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
 
     pCsr->iLangid = 0;
-    if( nVal==2 ) pCsr->iLangid = sqlite3_value_int(apVal[1]);
+    if( pLangid ) pCsr->iLangid = sqlite3_value_int(pLangid);
 
+    assert( p->base.zErrMsg==0 );
     rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(p->pTokenizer, pCsr->iLangid,
-        p->azColumn, p->bHasStat, p->nColumn, iCol, zQuery, -1, &pCsr->pExpr
+        p->azColumn, p->bFts4, p->nColumn, iCol, zQuery, -1, &pCsr->pExpr, 
+        &p->base.zErrMsg
     );
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ){
-        static const char *zErr = "malformed MATCH expression: [%s]";
-        p->base.zErrMsg = sqlite3_mprintf(zErr, zQuery);
-      }
       return rc;
     }
 
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadLock(p);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
-
     rc = fts3EvalStart(pCsr);
-
     sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
     pCsr->pNextId = pCsr->aDoclist;
@@ -119649,7 +130015,7 @@
   ** full-text query or docid lookup, the statement retrieves a single
   ** row by docid.
   */
-  if( idxNum==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
+  if( eSearch==FTS3_FULLSCAN_SEARCH ){
     zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
         "SELECT %s ORDER BY rowid %s",
         p->zReadExprlist, (pCsr->bDesc ? "DESC" : "ASC")
@@ -119660,10 +130026,10 @@
     }else{
       rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
-  }else if( idxNum==FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH ){
+  }else if( eSearch==FTS3_DOCID_SEARCH ){
     rc = fts3CursorSeekStmt(pCsr, &pCsr->pStmt);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = sqlite3_bind_value(pCsr->pStmt, 1, apVal[0]);
+      rc = sqlite3_bind_value(pCsr->pStmt, 1, pCons);
     }
   }
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
@@ -119766,23 +130132,88 @@
 ** hash-table to the database.
 */
 static int fts3SyncMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
-  int rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush((Fts3Table *)pVtab);
-  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose((Fts3Table *)pVtab);
+
+  /* Following an incremental-merge operation, assuming that the input
+  ** segments are not completely consumed (the usual case), they are updated
+  ** in place to remove the entries that have already been merged. This
+  ** involves updating the leaf block that contains the smallest unmerged
+  ** entry and each block (if any) between the leaf and the root node. So
+  ** if the height of the input segment b-trees is N, and input segments
+  ** are merged eight at a time, updating the input segments at the end
+  ** of an incremental-merge requires writing (8*(1+N)) blocks. N is usually
+  ** small - often between 0 and 2. So the overhead of the incremental
+  ** merge is somewhere between 8 and 24 blocks. To avoid this overhead
+  ** dwarfing the actual productive work accomplished, the incremental merge
+  ** is only attempted if it will write at least 64 leaf blocks. Hence
+  ** nMinMerge.
+  **
+  ** Of course, updating the input segments also involves deleting a bunch
+  ** of blocks from the segments table. But this is not considered overhead
+  ** as it would also be required by a crisis-merge that used the same input 
+  ** segments.
+  */
+  const u32 nMinMerge = 64;       /* Minimum amount of incr-merge work to do */
+
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab;
+  int rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(p);
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK 
+   && p->nLeafAdd>(nMinMerge/16) 
+   && p->nAutoincrmerge && p->nAutoincrmerge!=0xff
+  ){
+    int mxLevel = 0;              /* Maximum relative level value in db */
+    int A;                        /* Incr-merge parameter A */
+
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3MaxLevel(p, &mxLevel);
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || mxLevel==0 );
+    A = p->nLeafAdd * mxLevel;
+    A += (A/2);
+    if( A>(int)nMinMerge ) rc = sqlite3Fts3Incrmerge(p, A, p->nAutoincrmerge);
+  }
+  sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
-** Implementation of xBegin() method. This is a no-op.
+** If it is currently unknown whether or not the FTS table has an %_stat
+** table (if p->bHasStat==2), attempt to determine this (set p->bHasStat
+** to 0 or 1). Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code
+** if an error occurs.
+*/
+static int fts3SetHasStat(Fts3Table *p){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( p->bHasStat==2 ){
+    const char *zFmt ="SELECT 1 FROM %Q.sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name='%q_stat'";
+    char *zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(zFmt, p->zDb, p->zName);
+    if( zSql ){
+      sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        int bHasStat = (sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW);
+        rc = sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) p->bHasStat = bHasStat;
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    }else{
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Implementation of xBegin() method. 
 */
 static int fts3BeginMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
-  TESTONLY( Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab );
+  Fts3Table *p = (Fts3Table*)pVtab;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVtab);
   assert( p->pSegments==0 );
   assert( p->nPendingData==0 );
   assert( p->inTransaction!=1 );
   TESTONLY( p->inTransaction = 1 );
   TESTONLY( p->mxSavepoint = -1; );
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  p->nLeafAdd = 0;
+  return fts3SetHasStat(p);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -120031,6 +130462,10 @@
   sqlite3 *db = p->db;            /* Database connection */
   int rc;                         /* Return Code */
 
+  /* At this point it must be known if the %_stat table exists or not.
+  ** So bHasStat may not be 2.  */
+  rc = fts3SetHasStat(p);
+  
   /* As it happens, the pending terms table is always empty here. This is
   ** because an "ALTER TABLE RENAME TABLE" statement inside a transaction 
   ** always opens a savepoint transaction. And the xSavepoint() method 
@@ -120038,7 +130473,9 @@
   ** PendingTermsFlush() in in case that changes.
   */
   assert( p->nPendingData==0 );
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(p);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(p);
+  }
 
   if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
     fts3DbExec(&rc, db,
@@ -120076,11 +130513,15 @@
 ** Flush the contents of the pending-terms table to disk.
 */
 static int fts3SavepointMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab, int iSavepoint){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(iSavepoint);
   assert( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->inTransaction );
   assert( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->mxSavepoint < iSavepoint );
   TESTONLY( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->mxSavepoint = iSavepoint );
-  return fts3SyncMethod(pVtab);
+  if( ((Fts3Table *)pVtab)->bIgnoreSavepoint==0 ){
+    rc = fts3SyncMethod(pVtab);
+  }
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -120162,12 +130603,15 @@
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3PorterTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3UnicodeTokenizer(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
 SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3IcuTokenizerModule(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const**ppModule);
 #endif
 
 /*
-** Initialise the fts3 extension. If this extension is built as part
+** Initialize the fts3 extension. If this extension is built as part
 ** of the sqlite library, then this function is called directly by
 ** SQLite. If fts3 is built as a dynamically loadable extension, this
 ** function is called by the sqlite3_extension_init() entry point.
@@ -120177,12 +130621,19 @@
   Fts3Hash *pHash = 0;
   const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pSimple = 0;
   const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pPorter = 0;
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pUnicode = 0;
+#endif
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
   const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pIcu = 0;
   sqlite3Fts3IcuTokenizerModule(&pIcu);
 #endif
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+  sqlite3Fts3UnicodeTokenizer(&pUnicode);
+#endif
+
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   rc = sqlite3Fts3InitTerm(db);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
@@ -120194,7 +130645,7 @@
   sqlite3Fts3SimpleTokenizerModule(&pSimple);
   sqlite3Fts3PorterTokenizerModule(&pPorter);
 
-  /* Allocate and initialise the hash-table used to store tokenizers. */
+  /* Allocate and initialize the hash-table used to store tokenizers. */
   pHash = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3Hash));
   if( !pHash ){
     rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
@@ -120206,6 +130657,10 @@
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     if( sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(pHash, "simple", 7, (void *)pSimple)
      || sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(pHash, "porter", 7, (void *)pPorter) 
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+     || sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(pHash, "unicode61", 10, (void *)pUnicode) 
+#endif
 #ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_ICU
      || (pIcu && sqlite3Fts3HashInsert(pHash, "icu", 4, (void *)pIcu))
 #endif
@@ -120252,9 +130707,13 @@
           db, "fts4", &fts3Module, (void *)pHash, 0
       );
     }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3InitTok(db, (void *)pHash);
+    }
     return rc;
   }
 
+
   /* An error has occurred. Delete the hash table and return the error code. */
   assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK );
   if( pHash ){
@@ -120510,6 +130969,12 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Maximum number of tokens a phrase may have to be considered for the
+** incremental doclists strategy.
+*/
+#define MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS 4
+
+/*
 ** This function is called for each Fts3Phrase in a full-text query 
 ** expression to initialize the mechanism for returning rows. Once this
 ** function has been called successfully on an Fts3Phrase, it may be
@@ -120522,23 +130987,43 @@
 ** SQLITE_OK is returned if no error occurs, otherwise an SQLite error code.
 */
 static int fts3EvalPhraseStart(Fts3Cursor *pCsr, int bOptOk, Fts3Phrase *p){
-  int rc;                         /* Error code */
-  Fts3PhraseToken *pFirst = &p->aToken[0];
   Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Error code */
+  int i;
 
-  if( pCsr->bDesc==pTab->bDescIdx 
-   && bOptOk==1 
-   && p->nToken==1 
-   && pFirst->pSegcsr 
-   && pFirst->pSegcsr->bLookup 
-   && pFirst->bFirst==0
-  ){
+  /* Determine if doclists may be loaded from disk incrementally. This is
+  ** possible if the bOptOk argument is true, the FTS doclists will be
+  ** scanned in forward order, and the phrase consists of 
+  ** MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS or fewer tokens, none of which are are "^first"
+  ** tokens or prefix tokens that cannot use a prefix-index.  */
+  int bHaveIncr = 0;
+  int bIncrOk = (bOptOk 
+   && pCsr->bDesc==pTab->bDescIdx 
+   && p->nToken<=MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS && p->nToken>0
+   && p->nToken<=MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS && p->nToken>0
+#ifdef SQLITE_TEST
+   && pTab->bNoIncrDoclist==0
+#endif
+  );
+  for(i=0; bIncrOk==1 && i<p->nToken; i++){
+    Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &p->aToken[i];
+    if( pToken->bFirst || (pToken->pSegcsr!=0 && !pToken->pSegcsr->bLookup) ){
+      bIncrOk = 0;
+    }
+    if( pToken->pSegcsr ) bHaveIncr = 1;
+  }
+
+  if( bIncrOk && bHaveIncr ){
     /* Use the incremental approach. */
     int iCol = (p->iColumn >= pTab->nColumn ? -1 : p->iColumn);
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrStart(
-        pTab, pFirst->pSegcsr, iCol, pFirst->z, pFirst->n);
+    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nToken; i++){
+      Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &p->aToken[i];
+      Fts3MultiSegReader *pSegcsr = pToken->pSegcsr;
+      if( pSegcsr ){
+        rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrStart(pTab, pSegcsr, iCol, pToken->z, pToken->n);
+      }
+    }
     p->bIncr = 1;
-
   }else{
     /* Load the full doclist for the phrase into memory. */
     rc = fts3EvalPhraseLoad(pCsr, p);
@@ -120565,7 +131050,7 @@
   int nDoclist,                   /* Length of aDoclist in bytes */
   char **ppIter,                  /* IN/OUT: Iterator pointer */
   sqlite3_int64 *piDocid,         /* IN/OUT: Docid pointer */
-  int *pnList,                    /* IN/OUT: List length pointer */
+  int *pnList,                    /* OUT: List length pointer */
   u8 *pbEof                       /* OUT: End-of-file flag */
 ){
   char *p = *ppIter;
@@ -120613,6 +131098,251 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Iterate forwards through a doclist.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3DoclistNext(
+  int bDescIdx,                   /* True if the doclist is desc */
+  char *aDoclist,                 /* Pointer to entire doclist */
+  int nDoclist,                   /* Length of aDoclist in bytes */
+  char **ppIter,                  /* IN/OUT: Iterator pointer */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piDocid,         /* IN/OUT: Docid pointer */
+  u8 *pbEof                       /* OUT: End-of-file flag */
+){
+  char *p = *ppIter;
+
+  assert( nDoclist>0 );
+  assert( *pbEof==0 );
+  assert( p || *piDocid==0 );
+  assert( !p || (p>=aDoclist && p<=&aDoclist[nDoclist]) );
+
+  if( p==0 ){
+    p = aDoclist;
+    p += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, piDocid);
+  }else{
+    fts3PoslistCopy(0, &p);
+    if( p>=&aDoclist[nDoclist] ){
+      *pbEof = 1;
+    }else{
+      sqlite3_int64 iVar;
+      p += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(p, &iVar);
+      *piDocid += ((bDescIdx ? -1 : 1) * iVar);
+    }
+  }
+
+  *ppIter = p;
+}
+
+/*
+** Advance the iterator pDL to the next entry in pDL->aAll/nAll. Set *pbEof
+** to true if EOF is reached.
+*/
+static void fts3EvalDlPhraseNext(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,
+  Fts3Doclist *pDL,
+  u8 *pbEof
+){
+  char *pIter;                            /* Used to iterate through aAll */
+  char *pEnd = &pDL->aAll[pDL->nAll];     /* 1 byte past end of aAll */
+ 
+  if( pDL->pNextDocid ){
+    pIter = pDL->pNextDocid;
+  }else{
+    pIter = pDL->aAll;
+  }
+
+  if( pIter>=pEnd ){
+    /* We have already reached the end of this doclist. EOF. */
+    *pbEof = 1;
+  }else{
+    sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
+    pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pIter, &iDelta);
+    if( pTab->bDescIdx==0 || pDL->pNextDocid==0 ){
+      pDL->iDocid += iDelta;
+    }else{
+      pDL->iDocid -= iDelta;
+    }
+    pDL->pList = pIter;
+    fts3PoslistCopy(0, &pIter);
+    pDL->nList = (int)(pIter - pDL->pList);
+
+    /* pIter now points just past the 0x00 that terminates the position-
+    ** list for document pDL->iDocid. However, if this position-list was
+    ** edited in place by fts3EvalNearTrim(), then pIter may not actually
+    ** point to the start of the next docid value. The following line deals
+    ** with this case by advancing pIter past the zero-padding added by
+    ** fts3EvalNearTrim().  */
+    while( pIter<pEnd && *pIter==0 ) pIter++;
+
+    pDL->pNextDocid = pIter;
+    assert( pIter>=&pDL->aAll[pDL->nAll] || *pIter );
+    *pbEof = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Helper type used by fts3EvalIncrPhraseNext() and incrPhraseTokenNext().
+*/
+typedef struct TokenDoclist TokenDoclist;
+struct TokenDoclist {
+  int bIgnore;
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid;
+  char *pList;
+  int nList;
+};
+
+/*
+** Token pToken is an incrementally loaded token that is part of a 
+** multi-token phrase. Advance it to the next matching document in the
+** database and populate output variable *p with the details of the new
+** entry. Or, if the iterator has reached EOF, set *pbEof to true.
+**
+** If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code. Otherwise, return 
+** SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int incrPhraseTokenNext(
+  Fts3Table *pTab,                /* Virtual table handle */
+  Fts3Phrase *pPhrase,            /* Phrase to advance token of */
+  int iToken,                     /* Specific token to advance */
+  TokenDoclist *p,                /* OUT: Docid and doclist for new entry */
+  u8 *pbEof                       /* OUT: True if iterator is at EOF */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  if( pPhrase->iDoclistToken==iToken ){
+    assert( p->bIgnore==0 );
+    assert( pPhrase->aToken[iToken].pSegcsr==0 );
+    fts3EvalDlPhraseNext(pTab, &pPhrase->doclist, pbEof);
+    p->pList = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+    p->nList = pPhrase->doclist.nList;
+    p->iDocid = pPhrase->doclist.iDocid;
+  }else{
+    Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &pPhrase->aToken[iToken];
+    assert( pToken->pDeferred==0 );
+    assert( pToken->pSegcsr || pPhrase->iDoclistToken>=0 );
+    if( pToken->pSegcsr ){
+      assert( p->bIgnore==0 );
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(
+          pTab, pToken->pSegcsr, &p->iDocid, &p->pList, &p->nList
+      );
+      if( p->pList==0 ) *pbEof = 1;
+    }else{
+      p->bIgnore = 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** The phrase iterator passed as the second argument:
+**
+**   * features at least one token that uses an incremental doclist, and 
+**
+**   * does not contain any deferred tokens.
+**
+** Advance it to the next matching documnent in the database and populate
+** the Fts3Doclist.pList and nList fields. 
+**
+** If there is no "next" entry and no error occurs, then *pbEof is set to
+** 1 before returning. Otherwise, if no error occurs and the iterator is
+** successfully advanced, *pbEof is set to 0.
+**
+** If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code. Otherwise, return 
+** SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int fts3EvalIncrPhraseNext(
+  Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS Cursor handle */
+  Fts3Phrase *p,                  /* Phrase object to advance to next docid */
+  u8 *pbEof                       /* OUT: Set to 1 if EOF */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  Fts3Doclist *pDL = &p->doclist;
+  Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
+  u8 bEof = 0;
+
+  /* This is only called if it is guaranteed that the phrase has at least
+  ** one incremental token. In which case the bIncr flag is set. */
+  assert( p->bIncr==1 );
+
+  if( p->nToken==1 && p->bIncr ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(pTab, p->aToken[0].pSegcsr, 
+        &pDL->iDocid, &pDL->pList, &pDL->nList
+    );
+    if( pDL->pList==0 ) bEof = 1;
+  }else{
+    int bDescDoclist = pCsr->bDesc;
+    struct TokenDoclist a[MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS];
+
+    memset(a, 0, sizeof(a));
+    assert( p->nToken<=MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS );
+    assert( p->iDoclistToken<MAX_INCR_PHRASE_TOKENS );
+
+    while( bEof==0 ){
+      int bMaxSet = 0;
+      sqlite3_int64 iMax = 0;     /* Largest docid for all iterators */
+      int i;                      /* Used to iterate through tokens */
+
+      /* Advance the iterator for each token in the phrase once. */
+      for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nToken && bEof==0; i++){
+        rc = incrPhraseTokenNext(pTab, p, i, &a[i], &bEof);
+        if( a[i].bIgnore==0 && (bMaxSet==0 || DOCID_CMP(iMax, a[i].iDocid)<0) ){
+          iMax = a[i].iDocid;
+          bMaxSet = 1;
+        }
+      }
+      assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || a[p->nToken-1].bIgnore==0 );
+      assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || bMaxSet );
+
+      /* Keep advancing iterators until they all point to the same document */
+      for(i=0; i<p->nToken; i++){
+        while( rc==SQLITE_OK && bEof==0 
+            && a[i].bIgnore==0 && DOCID_CMP(a[i].iDocid, iMax)<0 
+        ){
+          rc = incrPhraseTokenNext(pTab, p, i, &a[i], &bEof);
+          if( DOCID_CMP(a[i].iDocid, iMax)>0 ){
+            iMax = a[i].iDocid;
+            i = 0;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      /* Check if the current entries really are a phrase match */
+      if( bEof==0 ){
+        int nList = 0;
+        int nByte = a[p->nToken-1].nList;
+        char *aDoclist = sqlite3_malloc(nByte+1);
+        if( !aDoclist ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        memcpy(aDoclist, a[p->nToken-1].pList, nByte+1);
+
+        for(i=0; i<(p->nToken-1); i++){
+          if( a[i].bIgnore==0 ){
+            char *pL = a[i].pList;
+            char *pR = aDoclist;
+            char *pOut = aDoclist;
+            int nDist = p->nToken-1-i;
+            int res = fts3PoslistPhraseMerge(&pOut, nDist, 0, 1, &pL, &pR);
+            if( res==0 ) break;
+            nList = (int)(pOut - aDoclist);
+          }
+        }
+        if( i==(p->nToken-1) ){
+          pDL->iDocid = iMax;
+          pDL->pList = aDoclist;
+          pDL->nList = nList;
+          pDL->bFreeList = 1;
+          break;
+        }
+        sqlite3_free(aDoclist);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  *pbEof = bEof;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Attempt to move the phrase iterator to point to the next matching docid. 
 ** If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code. Otherwise, return 
 ** SQLITE_OK.
@@ -120631,55 +131361,14 @@
   Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
 
   if( p->bIncr ){
-    assert( p->nToken==1 );
-    assert( pDL->pNextDocid==0 );
-    rc = sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrNext(pTab, p->aToken[0].pSegcsr, 
-        &pDL->iDocid, &pDL->pList, &pDL->nList
-    );
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pDL->pList ){
-      *pbEof = 1;
-    }
+    rc = fts3EvalIncrPhraseNext(pCsr, p, pbEof);
   }else if( pCsr->bDesc!=pTab->bDescIdx && pDL->nAll ){
     sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(pTab->bDescIdx, pDL->aAll, pDL->nAll, 
         &pDL->pNextDocid, &pDL->iDocid, &pDL->nList, pbEof
     );
     pDL->pList = pDL->pNextDocid;
   }else{
-    char *pIter;                            /* Used to iterate through aAll */
-    char *pEnd = &pDL->aAll[pDL->nAll];     /* 1 byte past end of aAll */
-    if( pDL->pNextDocid ){
-      pIter = pDL->pNextDocid;
-    }else{
-      pIter = pDL->aAll;
-    }
-
-    if( pIter>=pEnd ){
-      /* We have already reached the end of this doclist. EOF. */
-      *pbEof = 1;
-    }else{
-      sqlite3_int64 iDelta;
-      pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pIter, &iDelta);
-      if( pTab->bDescIdx==0 || pDL->pNextDocid==0 ){
-        pDL->iDocid += iDelta;
-      }else{
-        pDL->iDocid -= iDelta;
-      }
-      pDL->pList = pIter;
-      fts3PoslistCopy(0, &pIter);
-      pDL->nList = (int)(pIter - pDL->pList);
-
-      /* pIter now points just past the 0x00 that terminates the position-
-      ** list for document pDL->iDocid. However, if this position-list was
-      ** edited in place by fts3EvalNearTrim(), then pIter may not actually
-      ** point to the start of the next docid value. The following line deals
-      ** with this case by advancing pIter past the zero-padding added by
-      ** fts3EvalNearTrim().  */
-      while( pIter<pEnd && *pIter==0 ) pIter++;
-
-      pDL->pNextDocid = pIter;
-      assert( pIter>=&pDL->aAll[pDL->nAll] || *pIter );
-      *pbEof = 0;
-    }
+    fts3EvalDlPhraseNext(pTab, pDL, pbEof);
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -120704,7 +131393,6 @@
 static void fts3EvalStartReaders(
   Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS Cursor handle */
   Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Expression to initialize phrases in */
-  int bOptOk,                     /* True to enable incremental loading */
   int *pRc                        /* IN/OUT: Error code */
 ){
   if( pExpr && SQLITE_OK==*pRc ){
@@ -120715,10 +131403,10 @@
         if( pExpr->pPhrase->aToken[i].pDeferred==0 ) break;
       }
       pExpr->bDeferred = (i==nToken);
-      *pRc = fts3EvalPhraseStart(pCsr, bOptOk, pExpr->pPhrase);
+      *pRc = fts3EvalPhraseStart(pCsr, 1, pExpr->pPhrase);
     }else{
-      fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, bOptOk, pRc);
-      fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, bOptOk, pRc);
+      fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pLeft, pRc);
+      fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pExpr->pRight, pRc);
       pExpr->bDeferred = (pExpr->pLeft->bDeferred && pExpr->pRight->bDeferred);
     }
   }
@@ -120960,7 +131648,7 @@
       ** overflowing the 32-bit integer it is stored in. */
       if( ii<12 ) nLoad4 = nLoad4*4;
 
-      if( ii==0 || pTC->pPhrase->nToken>1 ){
+      if( ii==0 || (pTC->pPhrase->nToken>1 && ii!=nToken-1) ){
         /* Either this is the cheapest token in the entire query, or it is
         ** part of a multi-token phrase. Either way, the entire doclist will
         ** (eventually) be loaded into memory. It may as well be now. */
@@ -121007,7 +131695,8 @@
   fts3EvalAllocateReaders(pCsr, pCsr->pExpr, &nToken, &nOr, &rc);
 
   /* Determine which, if any, tokens in the expression should be deferred. */
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nToken>1 && pTab->bHasStat ){
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS4_DEFERRED
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nToken>1 && pTab->bFts4 ){
     Fts3TokenAndCost *aTC;
     Fts3Expr **apOr;
     aTC = (Fts3TokenAndCost *)sqlite3_malloc(
@@ -121037,8 +131726,9 @@
       sqlite3_free(aTC);
     }
   }
+#endif
 
-  fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pCsr->pExpr, 1, &rc);
+  fts3EvalStartReaders(pCsr, pCsr->pExpr, &rc);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -121312,35 +132002,39 @@
       nTmp += p->pRight->pPhrase->doclist.nList;
     }
     nTmp += p->pPhrase->doclist.nList;
-    aTmp = sqlite3_malloc(nTmp*2);
-    if( !aTmp ){
-      *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    if( nTmp==0 ){
       res = 0;
     }else{
-      char *aPoslist = p->pPhrase->doclist.pList;
-      int nToken = p->pPhrase->nToken;
+      aTmp = sqlite3_malloc(nTmp*2);
+      if( !aTmp ){
+        *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+        res = 0;
+      }else{
+        char *aPoslist = p->pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+        int nToken = p->pPhrase->nToken;
 
-      for(p=p->pParent;res && p && p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR; p=p->pParent){
-        Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = p->pRight->pPhrase;
-        int nNear = p->nNear;
-        res = fts3EvalNearTrim(nNear, aTmp, &aPoslist, &nToken, pPhrase);
+        for(p=p->pParent;res && p && p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR; p=p->pParent){
+          Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = p->pRight->pPhrase;
+          int nNear = p->nNear;
+          res = fts3EvalNearTrim(nNear, aTmp, &aPoslist, &nToken, pPhrase);
+        }
+
+        aPoslist = pExpr->pRight->pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+        nToken = pExpr->pRight->pPhrase->nToken;
+        for(p=pExpr->pLeft; p && res; p=p->pLeft){
+          int nNear;
+          Fts3Phrase *pPhrase;
+          assert( p->pParent && p->pParent->pLeft==p );
+          nNear = p->pParent->nNear;
+          pPhrase = (
+              p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ? p->pRight->pPhrase : p->pPhrase
+              );
+          res = fts3EvalNearTrim(nNear, aTmp, &aPoslist, &nToken, pPhrase);
+        }
       }
-  
-      aPoslist = pExpr->pRight->pPhrase->doclist.pList;
-      nToken = pExpr->pRight->pPhrase->nToken;
-      for(p=pExpr->pLeft; p && res; p=p->pLeft){
-        int nNear;
-        Fts3Phrase *pPhrase;
-        assert( p->pParent && p->pParent->pLeft==p );
-        nNear = p->pParent->nNear;
-        pPhrase = (
-            p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ? p->pRight->pPhrase : p->pPhrase
-        );
-        res = fts3EvalNearTrim(nNear, aTmp, &aPoslist, &nToken, pPhrase);
-      }
+
+      sqlite3_free(aTmp);
     }
-
-    sqlite3_free(aTmp);
   }
 
   return res;
@@ -121420,6 +132114,7 @@
         break;
 
       default: {
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS4_DEFERRED
         if( pCsr->pDeferred 
          && (pExpr->iDocid==pCsr->iPrevId || pExpr->bDeferred)
         ){
@@ -121431,7 +132126,9 @@
           *pRc = fts3EvalDeferredPhrase(pCsr, pPhrase);
           bHit = (pPhrase->doclist.pList!=0);
           pExpr->iDocid = pCsr->iPrevId;
-        }else{
+        }else
+#endif
+        {
           bHit = (pExpr->bEof==0 && pExpr->iDocid==pCsr->iPrevId);
         }
         break;
@@ -121514,6 +132211,16 @@
       pCsr->iPrevId = pExpr->iDocid;
     }while( pCsr->isEof==0 && fts3EvalTestDeferredAndNear(pCsr, &rc) );
   }
+
+  /* Check if the cursor is past the end of the docid range specified
+  ** by Fts3Cursor.iMinDocid/iMaxDocid. If so, set the EOF flag.  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (
+        (pCsr->bDesc==0 && pCsr->iPrevId>pCsr->iMaxDocid)
+     || (pCsr->bDesc!=0 && pCsr->iPrevId<pCsr->iMinDocid)
+  )){
+    pCsr->isEof = 1;
+  }
+
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -121537,12 +132244,16 @@
     if( pPhrase ){
       fts3EvalInvalidatePoslist(pPhrase);
       if( pPhrase->bIncr ){
-        assert( pPhrase->nToken==1 );
-        assert( pPhrase->aToken[0].pSegcsr );
-        sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrRestart(pPhrase->aToken[0].pSegcsr);
+        int i;
+        for(i=0; i<pPhrase->nToken; i++){
+          Fts3PhraseToken *pToken = &pPhrase->aToken[i];
+          assert( pToken->pDeferred==0 );
+          if( pToken->pSegcsr ){
+            sqlite3Fts3MsrIncrRestart(pToken->pSegcsr);
+          }
+        }
         *pRc = fts3EvalPhraseStart(pCsr, 0, pPhrase);
       }
-
       pPhrase->doclist.pNextDocid = 0;
       pPhrase->doclist.iDocid = 0;
     }
@@ -121587,7 +132298,7 @@
         pExpr->aMI[iCol*3 + 2] += (iCnt>0);
         if( *p==0x00 ) break;
         p++;
-        p += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p, &iCol);
+        p += fts3GetVarint32(p, &iCol);
       }
     }
 
@@ -121757,7 +132468,7 @@
 ** of the current row. 
 **
 ** More specifically, the returned buffer contains 1 varint for each 
-** occurence of the phrase in the column, stored using the normal (delta+2) 
+** occurrence of the phrase in the column, stored using the normal (delta+2) 
 ** compression and is terminated by either an 0x01 or 0x00 byte. For example,
 ** if the requested column contains "a b X c d X X" and the position-list
 ** for 'X' is requested, the buffer returned may contain:
@@ -121767,29 +132478,128 @@
 ** This function works regardless of whether or not the phrase is deferred,
 ** incremental, or neither.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE char *sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(
   Fts3Cursor *pCsr,               /* FTS3 cursor object */
   Fts3Expr *pExpr,                /* Phrase to return doclist for */
-  int iCol                        /* Column to return position list for */
+  int iCol,                       /* Column to return position list for */
+  char **ppOut                    /* OUT: Pointer to position list */
 ){
   Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
   Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
-  char *pIter = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+  char *pIter;
   int iThis;
+  sqlite3_int64 iDocid;
 
+  /* If this phrase is applies specifically to some column other than 
+  ** column iCol, return a NULL pointer.  */
+  *ppOut = 0;
   assert( iCol>=0 && iCol<pTab->nColumn );
-  if( !pIter 
-   || pExpr->bEof 
-   || pExpr->iDocid!=pCsr->iPrevId
-   || (pPhrase->iColumn<pTab->nColumn && pPhrase->iColumn!=iCol) 
-  ){
-    return 0;
+  if( (pPhrase->iColumn<pTab->nColumn && pPhrase->iColumn!=iCol) ){
+    return SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
-  assert( pPhrase->doclist.nList>0 );
+  iDocid = pExpr->iDocid;
+  pIter = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+  if( iDocid!=pCsr->iPrevId || pExpr->bEof ){
+    int bDescDoclist = pTab->bDescIdx;      /* For DOCID_CMP macro */
+    int iMul;                     /* +1 if csr dir matches index dir, else -1 */
+    int bOr = 0;
+    u8 bEof = 0;
+    u8 bTreeEof = 0;
+    Fts3Expr *p;                  /* Used to iterate from pExpr to root */
+    Fts3Expr *pNear;              /* Most senior NEAR ancestor (or pExpr) */
+
+    /* Check if this phrase descends from an OR expression node. If not, 
+    ** return NULL. Otherwise, the entry that corresponds to docid 
+    ** pCsr->iPrevId may lie earlier in the doclist buffer. Or, if the
+    ** tree that the node is part of has been marked as EOF, but the node
+    ** itself is not EOF, then it may point to an earlier entry. */
+    pNear = pExpr;
+    for(p=pExpr->pParent; p; p=p->pParent){
+      if( p->eType==FTSQUERY_OR ) bOr = 1;
+      if( p->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR ) pNear = p;
+      if( p->bEof ) bTreeEof = 1;
+    }
+    if( bOr==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
+    /* This is the descendent of an OR node. In this case we cannot use
+    ** an incremental phrase. Load the entire doclist for the phrase
+    ** into memory in this case.  */
+    if( pPhrase->bIncr ){
+      int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      int bEofSave = pExpr->bEof;
+      fts3EvalRestart(pCsr, pExpr, &rc);
+      while( rc==SQLITE_OK && !pExpr->bEof ){
+        fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pExpr, &rc);
+        if( bEofSave==0 && pExpr->iDocid==iDocid ) break;
+      }
+      pIter = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+      assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || pPhrase->bIncr==0 );
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    }
+    
+    iMul = ((pCsr->bDesc==bDescDoclist) ? 1 : -1);
+    while( bTreeEof==1 
+        && pNear->bEof==0
+        && (DOCID_CMP(pNear->iDocid, pCsr->iPrevId) * iMul)<0
+    ){
+      int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+      fts3EvalNextRow(pCsr, pExpr, &rc);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+      iDocid = pExpr->iDocid;
+      pIter = pPhrase->doclist.pList;
+    }
+
+    bEof = (pPhrase->doclist.nAll==0);
+    assert( bDescDoclist==0 || bDescDoclist==1 );
+    assert( pCsr->bDesc==0 || pCsr->bDesc==1 );
+
+    if( bEof==0 ){
+      if( pCsr->bDesc==bDescDoclist ){
+        int dummy;
+        if( pNear->bEof ){
+          /* This expression is already at EOF. So position it to point to the
+          ** last entry in the doclist at pPhrase->doclist.aAll[]. Variable
+          ** iDocid is already set for this entry, so all that is required is
+          ** to set pIter to point to the first byte of the last position-list
+          ** in the doclist. 
+          **
+          ** It would also be correct to set pIter and iDocid to zero. In
+          ** this case, the first call to sqltie3Fts4DoclistPrev() below
+          ** would also move the iterator to point to the last entry in the 
+          ** doclist. However, this is expensive, as to do so it has to 
+          ** iterate through the entire doclist from start to finish (since
+          ** it does not know the docid for the last entry).  */
+          pIter = &pPhrase->doclist.aAll[pPhrase->doclist.nAll-1];
+          fts3ReversePoslist(pPhrase->doclist.aAll, &pIter);
+        }
+        while( (pIter==0 || DOCID_CMP(iDocid, pCsr->iPrevId)>0 ) && bEof==0 ){
+          sqlite3Fts3DoclistPrev(
+              bDescDoclist, pPhrase->doclist.aAll, pPhrase->doclist.nAll, 
+              &pIter, &iDocid, &dummy, &bEof
+          );
+        }
+      }else{
+        if( pNear->bEof ){
+          pIter = 0;
+          iDocid = 0;
+        }
+        while( (pIter==0 || DOCID_CMP(iDocid, pCsr->iPrevId)<0 ) && bEof==0 ){
+          sqlite3Fts3DoclistNext(
+              bDescDoclist, pPhrase->doclist.aAll, pPhrase->doclist.nAll, 
+              &pIter, &iDocid, &bEof
+          );
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( bEof || iDocid!=pCsr->iPrevId ) pIter = 0;
+  }
+  if( pIter==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
+
   if( *pIter==0x01 ){
     pIter++;
-    pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pIter, &iThis);
+    pIter += fts3GetVarint32(pIter, &iThis);
   }else{
     iThis = 0;
   }
@@ -121797,10 +132607,11 @@
     fts3ColumnlistCopy(0, &pIter);
     if( *pIter==0x00 ) return 0;
     pIter++;
-    pIter += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pIter, &iThis);
+    pIter += fts3GetVarint32(pIter, &iThis);
   }
 
-  return ((iCol==iThis)?pIter:0);
+  *ppOut = ((iCol==iThis)?pIter:0);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -121823,6 +132634,7 @@
   }
 }
 
+
 /*
 ** Return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB.
 */
@@ -121836,7 +132648,10 @@
 /*
 ** Initialize API pointer table, if required.
 */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
+#ifdef _WIN32
+__declspec(dllexport)
+#endif
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_fts3_init(
   sqlite3 *db, 
   char **pzErrMsg,
   const sqlite3_api_routines *pApi
@@ -121882,6 +132697,7 @@
   Fts3SegFilter filter;
   char *zStop;
   int nStop;                      /* Byte-length of string zStop */
+  int iLangid;                    /* Language id to query */
   int isEof;                      /* True if cursor is at EOF */
   sqlite3_int64 iRowid;           /* Current rowid */
 
@@ -121896,7 +132712,8 @@
 /*
 ** Schema of the terms table.
 */
-#define FTS3_TERMS_SCHEMA "CREATE TABLE x(term, col, documents, occurrences)"
+#define FTS3_AUX_SCHEMA \
+  "CREATE TABLE x(term, col, documents, occurrences, languageid HIDDEN)"
 
 /*
 ** This function does all the work for both the xConnect and xCreate methods.
@@ -121921,20 +132738,29 @@
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pUnused);
 
-  /* The user should specify a single argument - the name of an fts3 table. */
-  if( argc!=4 ){
-    *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf(
-        "wrong number of arguments to fts4aux constructor"
-    );
-    return SQLITE_ERROR;
-  }
+  /* The user should invoke this in one of two forms:
+  **
+  **     CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE xxx USING fts4aux(fts4-table);
+  **     CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE xxx USING fts4aux(fts4-table-db, fts4-table);
+  */
+  if( argc!=4 && argc!=5 ) goto bad_args;
 
   zDb = argv[1]; 
   nDb = (int)strlen(zDb);
-  zFts3 = argv[3];
+  if( argc==5 ){
+    if( nDb==4 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp("temp", zDb, 4) ){
+      zDb = argv[3]; 
+      nDb = (int)strlen(zDb);
+      zFts3 = argv[4];
+    }else{
+      goto bad_args;
+    }
+  }else{
+    zFts3 = argv[3];
+  }
   nFts3 = (int)strlen(zFts3);
 
-  rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(db, FTS3_TERMS_SCHEMA);
+  rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(db, FTS3_AUX_SCHEMA);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
 
   nByte = sizeof(Fts3auxTable) + sizeof(Fts3Table) + nDb + nFts3 + 2;
@@ -121954,6 +132780,10 @@
 
   *ppVtab = (sqlite3_vtab *)p;
   return SQLITE_OK;
+
+ bad_args:
+  *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("invalid arguments to fts4aux constructor");
+  return SQLITE_ERROR;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -121990,6 +132820,8 @@
   int iEq = -1;
   int iGe = -1;
   int iLe = -1;
+  int iLangid = -1;
+  int iNext = 1;                  /* Next free argvIndex value */
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVTab);
 
@@ -122001,36 +132833,48 @@
     pInfo->orderByConsumed = 1;
   }
 
-  /* Search for equality and range constraints on the "term" column. */
+  /* Search for equality and range constraints on the "term" column. 
+  ** And equality constraints on the hidden "languageid" column. */
   for(i=0; i<pInfo->nConstraint; i++){
-    if( pInfo->aConstraint[i].usable && pInfo->aConstraint[i].iColumn==0 ){
+    if( pInfo->aConstraint[i].usable ){
       int op = pInfo->aConstraint[i].op;
-      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ ) iEq = i;
-      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT ) iLe = i;
-      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE ) iLe = i;
-      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT ) iGe = i;
-      if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE ) iGe = i;
+      int iCol = pInfo->aConstraint[i].iColumn;
+
+      if( iCol==0 ){
+        if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ ) iEq = i;
+        if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LT ) iLe = i;
+        if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_LE ) iLe = i;
+        if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GT ) iGe = i;
+        if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_GE ) iGe = i;
+      }
+      if( iCol==4 ){
+        if( op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ ) iLangid = i;
+      }
     }
   }
 
   if( iEq>=0 ){
     pInfo->idxNum = FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT;
-    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iEq].argvIndex = 1;
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iEq].argvIndex = iNext++;
     pInfo->estimatedCost = 5;
   }else{
     pInfo->idxNum = 0;
     pInfo->estimatedCost = 20000;
     if( iGe>=0 ){
       pInfo->idxNum += FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT;
-      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iGe].argvIndex = 1;
+      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iGe].argvIndex = iNext++;
       pInfo->estimatedCost /= 2;
     }
     if( iLe>=0 ){
       pInfo->idxNum += FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT;
-      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iLe].argvIndex = 1 + (iGe>=0);
+      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iLe].argvIndex = iNext++;
       pInfo->estimatedCost /= 2;
     }
   }
+  if( iLangid>=0 ){
+    pInfo->aConstraintUsage[iLangid].argvIndex = iNext++;
+    pInfo->estimatedCost--;
+  }
 
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -122190,7 +133034,14 @@
   Fts3auxCursor *pCsr = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
   Fts3Table *pFts3 = ((Fts3auxTable *)pCursor->pVtab)->pFts3Tab;
   int rc;
-  int isScan;
+  int isScan = 0;
+  int iLangVal = 0;               /* Language id to query */
+
+  int iEq = -1;                   /* Index of term=? value in apVal */
+  int iGe = -1;                   /* Index of term>=? value in apVal */
+  int iLe = -1;                   /* Index of term<=? value in apVal */
+  int iLangid = -1;               /* Index of languageid=? value in apVal */
+  int iNext = 0;
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(idxStr);
@@ -122200,7 +133051,21 @@
        || idxNum==FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT || idxNum==FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT
        || idxNum==(FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT|FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT)
   );
-  isScan = (idxNum!=FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT);
+
+  if( idxNum==FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT ){
+    iEq = iNext++;
+  }else{
+    isScan = 1;
+    if( idxNum & FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT ){
+      iGe = iNext++;
+    }
+    if( idxNum & FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT ){
+      iLe = iNext++;
+    }
+  }
+  if( iNext<nVal ){
+    iLangid = iNext++;
+  }
 
   /* In case this cursor is being reused, close and zero it. */
   testcase(pCsr->filter.zTerm);
@@ -122212,22 +133077,35 @@
   pCsr->filter.flags = FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS|FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY;
   if( isScan ) pCsr->filter.flags |= FTS3_SEGMENT_SCAN;
 
-  if( idxNum&(FTS4AUX_EQ_CONSTRAINT|FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT) ){
+  if( iEq>=0 || iGe>=0 ){
     const unsigned char *zStr = sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
+    assert( (iEq==0 && iGe==-1) || (iEq==-1 && iGe==0) );
     if( zStr ){
       pCsr->filter.zTerm = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zStr);
       pCsr->filter.nTerm = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[0]);
       if( pCsr->filter.zTerm==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
     }
   }
-  if( idxNum&FTS4AUX_LE_CONSTRAINT ){
-    int iIdx = (idxNum&FTS4AUX_GE_CONSTRAINT) ? 1 : 0;
-    pCsr->zStop = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_value_text(apVal[iIdx]));
-    pCsr->nStop = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[iIdx]);
+
+  if( iLe>=0 ){
+    pCsr->zStop = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_value_text(apVal[iLe]));
+    pCsr->nStop = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[iLe]);
     if( pCsr->zStop==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
+  
+  if( iLangid>=0 ){
+    iLangVal = sqlite3_value_int(apVal[iLangid]);
 
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(pFts3, 0, 0, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL,
+    /* If the user specified a negative value for the languageid, use zero
+    ** instead. This works, as the "languageid=?" constraint will also
+    ** be tested by the VDBE layer. The test will always be false (since
+    ** this module will not return a row with a negative languageid), and
+    ** so the overall query will return zero rows.  */
+    if( iLangVal<0 ) iLangVal = 0;
+  }
+  pCsr->iLangid = iLangVal;
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(pFts3, iLangVal, 0, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL,
       pCsr->filter.zTerm, pCsr->filter.nTerm, 0, isScan, &pCsr->csr
   );
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -122251,24 +133129,37 @@
 */
 static int fts3auxColumnMethod(
   sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* Cursor to retrieve value from */
-  sqlite3_context *pContext,      /* Context for sqlite3_result_xxx() calls */
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx,          /* Context for sqlite3_result_xxx() calls */
   int iCol                        /* Index of column to read value from */
 ){
   Fts3auxCursor *p = (Fts3auxCursor *)pCursor;
 
   assert( p->isEof==0 );
-  if( iCol==0 ){        /* Column "term" */
-    sqlite3_result_text(pContext, p->csr.zTerm, p->csr.nTerm, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
-  }else if( iCol==1 ){  /* Column "col" */
-    if( p->iCol ){
-      sqlite3_result_int(pContext, p->iCol-1);
-    }else{
-      sqlite3_result_text(pContext, "*", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
-    }
-  }else if( iCol==2 ){  /* Column "documents" */
-    sqlite3_result_int64(pContext, p->aStat[p->iCol].nDoc);
-  }else{                /* Column "occurrences" */
-    sqlite3_result_int64(pContext, p->aStat[p->iCol].nOcc);
+  switch( iCol ){
+    case 0: /* term */
+      sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, p->csr.zTerm, p->csr.nTerm, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      break;
+
+    case 1: /* col */
+      if( p->iCol ){
+        sqlite3_result_int(pCtx, p->iCol-1);
+      }else{
+        sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, "*", -1, SQLITE_STATIC);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 2: /* documents */
+      sqlite3_result_int64(pCtx, p->aStat[p->iCol].nDoc);
+      break;
+
+    case 3: /* occurrences */
+      sqlite3_result_int64(pCtx, p->aStat[p->iCol].nOcc);
+      break;
+
+    default: /* languageid */
+      assert( iCol==4 );
+      sqlite3_result_int(pCtx, p->iLangid);
+      break;
   }
 
   return SQLITE_OK;
@@ -122433,7 +133324,7 @@
 ** This function is equivalent to the standard isspace() function. 
 **
 ** The standard isspace() can be awkward to use safely, because although it
-** is defined to accept an argument of type int, its behaviour when passed
+** is defined to accept an argument of type int, its behavior when passed
 ** an integer that falls outside of the range of the unsigned char type
 ** is undefined (and sometimes, "undefined" means segfault). This wrapper
 ** is defined to accept an argument of type char, and always returns 0 for
@@ -122482,6 +133373,11 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** Function getNextNode(), which is called by fts3ExprParse(), may itself
+** call fts3ExprParse(). So this forward declaration is required.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprParse(ParseContext *, const char *, int, Fts3Expr **, int *);
 
 /*
 ** Extract the next token from buffer z (length n) using the tokenizer
@@ -122507,12 +133403,19 @@
   int rc;
   sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor;
   Fts3Expr *pRet = 0;
-  int nConsumed = 0;
+  int i = 0;
 
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3OpenTokenizer(pTokenizer, pParse->iLangid, z, n, &pCursor);
+  /* Set variable i to the maximum number of bytes of input to tokenize. */
+  for(i=0; i<n; i++){
+    if( sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses && (z[i]=='(' || z[i]==')') ) break;
+    if( z[i]=='*' || z[i]=='"' ) break;
+  }
+
+  *pnConsumed = i;
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3OpenTokenizer(pTokenizer, pParse->iLangid, z, i, &pCursor);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     const char *zToken;
-    int nToken, iStart, iEnd, iPosition;
+    int nToken = 0, iStart = 0, iEnd = 0, iPosition = 0;
     int nByte;                               /* total space to allocate */
 
     rc = pModule->xNext(pCursor, &zToken, &nToken, &iStart, &iEnd, &iPosition);
@@ -122550,13 +133453,14 @@
         }
 
       }
-      nConsumed = iEnd;
+      *pnConsumed = iEnd;
+    }else if( i && rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
     }
 
     pModule->xClose(pCursor);
   }
   
-  *pnConsumed = nConsumed;
   *ppExpr = pRet;
   return rc;
 }
@@ -122627,7 +133531,7 @@
     int ii;
     for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK; ii++){
       const char *zByte;
-      int nByte, iBegin, iEnd, iPos;
+      int nByte = 0, iBegin = 0, iEnd = 0, iPos = 0;
       rc = pModule->xNext(pCursor, &zByte, &nByte, &iBegin, &iEnd, &iPos);
       if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
         Fts3PhraseToken *pToken;
@@ -122697,12 +133601,6 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Function getNextNode(), which is called by fts3ExprParse(), may itself
-** call fts3ExprParse(). So this forward declaration is required.
-*/
-static int fts3ExprParse(ParseContext *, const char *, int, Fts3Expr **, int *);
-
-/*
 ** The output variable *ppExpr is populated with an allocated Fts3Expr 
 ** structure, or set to 0 if the end of the input buffer is reached.
 **
@@ -122798,27 +133696,6 @@
     }
   }
 
-  /* Check for an open bracket. */
-  if( sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses ){
-    if( *zInput=='(' ){
-      int nConsumed;
-      pParse->nNest++;
-      rc = fts3ExprParse(pParse, &zInput[1], nInput-1, ppExpr, &nConsumed);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !*ppExpr ){
-        rc = SQLITE_DONE;
-      }
-      *pnConsumed = (int)((zInput - z) + 1 + nConsumed);
-      return rc;
-    }
-  
-    /* Check for a close bracket. */
-    if( *zInput==')' ){
-      pParse->nNest--;
-      *pnConsumed = (int)((zInput - z) + 1);
-      return SQLITE_DONE;
-    }
-  }
-
   /* See if we are dealing with a quoted phrase. If this is the case, then
   ** search for the closing quote and pass the whole string to getNextString()
   ** for processing. This is easy to do, as fts3 has no syntax for escaping
@@ -122833,6 +133710,21 @@
     return getNextString(pParse, &zInput[1], ii-1, ppExpr);
   }
 
+  if( sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses ){
+    if( *zInput=='(' ){
+      int nConsumed = 0;
+      pParse->nNest++;
+      rc = fts3ExprParse(pParse, zInput+1, nInput-1, ppExpr, &nConsumed);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && !*ppExpr ){ rc = SQLITE_DONE; }
+      *pnConsumed = (int)(zInput - z) + 1 + nConsumed;
+      return rc;
+    }else if( *zInput==')' ){
+      pParse->nNest--;
+      *pnConsumed = (int)((zInput - z) + 1);
+      *ppExpr = 0;
+      return SQLITE_DONE;
+    }
+  }
 
   /* If control flows to this point, this must be a regular token, or 
   ** the end of the input. Read a regular token using the sqlite3_tokenizer
@@ -122951,94 +133843,100 @@
   while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     Fts3Expr *p = 0;
     int nByte = 0;
+
     rc = getNextNode(pParse, zIn, nIn, &p, &nByte);
+    assert( nByte>0 || (rc!=SQLITE_OK && p==0) );
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      int isPhrase;
+      if( p ){
+        int isPhrase;
 
-      if( !sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses 
-       && p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE && pParse->isNot 
-      ){
-        /* Create an implicit NOT operator. */
-        Fts3Expr *pNot = fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
-        if( !pNot ){
-          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
-          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-          goto exprparse_out;
-        }
-        pNot->eType = FTSQUERY_NOT;
-        pNot->pRight = p;
-        if( pNotBranch ){
-          pNot->pLeft = pNotBranch;
-        }
-        pNotBranch = pNot;
-        p = pPrev;
-      }else{
-        int eType = p->eType;
-        isPhrase = (eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE || p->pLeft);
-
-        /* The isRequirePhrase variable is set to true if a phrase or
-        ** an expression contained in parenthesis is required. If a
-        ** binary operator (AND, OR, NOT or NEAR) is encounted when
-        ** isRequirePhrase is set, this is a syntax error.
-        */
-        if( !isPhrase && isRequirePhrase ){
-          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
-          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-          goto exprparse_out;
-        }
-  
-        if( isPhrase && !isRequirePhrase ){
-          /* Insert an implicit AND operator. */
-          Fts3Expr *pAnd;
-          assert( pRet && pPrev );
-          pAnd = fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
-          if( !pAnd ){
+        if( !sqlite3_fts3_enable_parentheses 
+            && p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE && pParse->isNot 
+        ){
+          /* Create an implicit NOT operator. */
+          Fts3Expr *pNot = fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
+          if( !pNot ){
             sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
             rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
             goto exprparse_out;
           }
-          pAnd->eType = FTSQUERY_AND;
-          insertBinaryOperator(&pRet, pPrev, pAnd);
-          pPrev = pAnd;
-        }
+          pNot->eType = FTSQUERY_NOT;
+          pNot->pRight = p;
+          p->pParent = pNot;
+          if( pNotBranch ){
+            pNot->pLeft = pNotBranch;
+            pNotBranch->pParent = pNot;
+          }
+          pNotBranch = pNot;
+          p = pPrev;
+        }else{
+          int eType = p->eType;
+          isPhrase = (eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE || p->pLeft);
 
-        /* This test catches attempts to make either operand of a NEAR
-        ** operator something other than a phrase. For example, either of
-        ** the following:
-        **
-        **    (bracketed expression) NEAR phrase
-        **    phrase NEAR (bracketed expression)
-        **
-        ** Return an error in either case.
-        */
-        if( pPrev && (
+          /* The isRequirePhrase variable is set to true if a phrase or
+          ** an expression contained in parenthesis is required. If a
+          ** binary operator (AND, OR, NOT or NEAR) is encounted when
+          ** isRequirePhrase is set, this is a syntax error.
+          */
+          if( !isPhrase && isRequirePhrase ){
+            sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
+            rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+            goto exprparse_out;
+          }
+
+          if( isPhrase && !isRequirePhrase ){
+            /* Insert an implicit AND operator. */
+            Fts3Expr *pAnd;
+            assert( pRet && pPrev );
+            pAnd = fts3MallocZero(sizeof(Fts3Expr));
+            if( !pAnd ){
+              sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
+              rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+              goto exprparse_out;
+            }
+            pAnd->eType = FTSQUERY_AND;
+            insertBinaryOperator(&pRet, pPrev, pAnd);
+            pPrev = pAnd;
+          }
+
+          /* This test catches attempts to make either operand of a NEAR
+           ** operator something other than a phrase. For example, either of
+           ** the following:
+           **
+           **    (bracketed expression) NEAR phrase
+           **    phrase NEAR (bracketed expression)
+           **
+           ** Return an error in either case.
+           */
+          if( pPrev && (
             (eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR && !isPhrase && pPrev->eType!=FTSQUERY_PHRASE)
          || (eType!=FTSQUERY_PHRASE && isPhrase && pPrev->eType==FTSQUERY_NEAR)
-        )){
-          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
-          rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
-          goto exprparse_out;
-        }
-  
-        if( isPhrase ){
-          if( pRet ){
-            assert( pPrev && pPrev->pLeft && pPrev->pRight==0 );
-            pPrev->pRight = p;
-            p->pParent = pPrev;
-          }else{
-            pRet = p;
+          )){
+            sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
+            rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+            goto exprparse_out;
           }
-        }else{
-          insertBinaryOperator(&pRet, pPrev, p);
+
+          if( isPhrase ){
+            if( pRet ){
+              assert( pPrev && pPrev->pLeft && pPrev->pRight==0 );
+              pPrev->pRight = p;
+              p->pParent = pPrev;
+            }else{
+              pRet = p;
+            }
+          }else{
+            insertBinaryOperator(&pRet, pPrev, p);
+          }
+          isRequirePhrase = !isPhrase;
         }
-        isRequirePhrase = !isPhrase;
+        pPrev = p;
       }
       assert( nByte>0 );
     }
     assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || (nByte>0 && nByte<=nIn) );
     nIn -= nByte;
     zIn += nByte;
-    pPrev = p;
   }
 
   if( rc==SQLITE_DONE && pRet && isRequirePhrase ){
@@ -123056,6 +133954,7 @@
           pIter = pIter->pLeft;
         }
         pIter->pLeft = pRet;
+        pRet->pParent = pIter;
         pRet = pNotBranch;
       }
     }
@@ -123073,6 +133972,223 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Return SQLITE_ERROR if the maximum depth of the expression tree passed 
+** as the only argument is more than nMaxDepth.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprCheckDepth(Fts3Expr *p, int nMaxDepth){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  if( p ){
+    if( nMaxDepth<0 ){ 
+      rc = SQLITE_TOOBIG;
+    }else{
+      rc = fts3ExprCheckDepth(p->pLeft, nMaxDepth-1);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = fts3ExprCheckDepth(p->pRight, nMaxDepth-1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function attempts to transform the expression tree at (*pp) to
+** an equivalent but more balanced form. The tree is modified in place.
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned and (*pp) set to point to the 
+** new root expression node. 
+**
+** nMaxDepth is the maximum allowable depth of the balanced sub-tree.
+**
+** Otherwise, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned and 
+** expression (*pp) freed.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprBalance(Fts3Expr **pp, int nMaxDepth){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  Fts3Expr *pRoot = *pp;          /* Initial root node */
+  Fts3Expr *pFree = 0;            /* List of free nodes. Linked by pParent. */
+  int eType = pRoot->eType;       /* Type of node in this tree */
+
+  if( nMaxDepth==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && (eType==FTSQUERY_AND || eType==FTSQUERY_OR) ){
+    Fts3Expr **apLeaf;
+    apLeaf = (Fts3Expr **)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3Expr *) * nMaxDepth);
+    if( 0==apLeaf ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      memset(apLeaf, 0, sizeof(Fts3Expr *) * nMaxDepth);
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      int i;
+      Fts3Expr *p;
+
+      /* Set $p to point to the left-most leaf in the tree of eType nodes. */
+      for(p=pRoot; p->eType==eType; p=p->pLeft){
+        assert( p->pParent==0 || p->pParent->pLeft==p );
+        assert( p->pLeft && p->pRight );
+      }
+
+      /* This loop runs once for each leaf in the tree of eType nodes. */
+      while( 1 ){
+        int iLvl;
+        Fts3Expr *pParent = p->pParent;     /* Current parent of p */
+
+        assert( pParent==0 || pParent->pLeft==p );
+        p->pParent = 0;
+        if( pParent ){
+          pParent->pLeft = 0;
+        }else{
+          pRoot = 0;
+        }
+        rc = fts3ExprBalance(&p, nMaxDepth-1);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+
+        for(iLvl=0; p && iLvl<nMaxDepth; iLvl++){
+          if( apLeaf[iLvl]==0 ){
+            apLeaf[iLvl] = p;
+            p = 0;
+          }else{
+            assert( pFree );
+            pFree->pLeft = apLeaf[iLvl];
+            pFree->pRight = p;
+            pFree->pLeft->pParent = pFree;
+            pFree->pRight->pParent = pFree;
+
+            p = pFree;
+            pFree = pFree->pParent;
+            p->pParent = 0;
+            apLeaf[iLvl] = 0;
+          }
+        }
+        if( p ){
+          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p);
+          rc = SQLITE_TOOBIG;
+          break;
+        }
+
+        /* If that was the last leaf node, break out of the loop */
+        if( pParent==0 ) break;
+
+        /* Set $p to point to the next leaf in the tree of eType nodes */
+        for(p=pParent->pRight; p->eType==eType; p=p->pLeft);
+
+        /* Remove pParent from the original tree. */
+        assert( pParent->pParent==0 || pParent->pParent->pLeft==pParent );
+        pParent->pRight->pParent = pParent->pParent;
+        if( pParent->pParent ){
+          pParent->pParent->pLeft = pParent->pRight;
+        }else{
+          assert( pParent==pRoot );
+          pRoot = pParent->pRight;
+        }
+
+        /* Link pParent into the free node list. It will be used as an
+        ** internal node of the new tree.  */
+        pParent->pParent = pFree;
+        pFree = pParent;
+      }
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        p = 0;
+        for(i=0; i<nMaxDepth; i++){
+          if( apLeaf[i] ){
+            if( p==0 ){
+              p = apLeaf[i];
+              p->pParent = 0;
+            }else{
+              assert( pFree!=0 );
+              pFree->pRight = p;
+              pFree->pLeft = apLeaf[i];
+              pFree->pLeft->pParent = pFree;
+              pFree->pRight->pParent = pFree;
+
+              p = pFree;
+              pFree = pFree->pParent;
+              p->pParent = 0;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        pRoot = p;
+      }else{
+        /* An error occurred. Delete the contents of the apLeaf[] array 
+        ** and pFree list. Everything else is cleaned up by the call to
+        ** sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pRoot) below.  */
+        Fts3Expr *pDel;
+        for(i=0; i<nMaxDepth; i++){
+          sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(apLeaf[i]);
+        }
+        while( (pDel=pFree)!=0 ){
+          pFree = pDel->pParent;
+          sqlite3_free(pDel);
+        }
+      }
+
+      assert( pFree==0 );
+      sqlite3_free( apLeaf );
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pRoot);
+    pRoot = 0;
+  }
+  *pp = pRoot;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is similar to sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(), with the following
+** differences:
+**
+**   1. It does not do expression rebalancing.
+**   2. It does not check that the expression does not exceed the 
+**      maximum allowable depth.
+**   3. Even if it fails, *ppExpr may still be set to point to an 
+**      expression tree. It should be deleted using sqlite3Fts3ExprFree()
+**      in this case.
+*/
+static int fts3ExprParseUnbalanced(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer,      /* Tokenizer module */
+  int iLangid,                        /* Language id for tokenizer */
+  char **azCol,                       /* Array of column names for fts3 table */
+  int bFts4,                          /* True to allow FTS4-only syntax */
+  int nCol,                           /* Number of entries in azCol[] */
+  int iDefaultCol,                    /* Default column to query */
+  const char *z, int n,               /* Text of MATCH query */
+  Fts3Expr **ppExpr                   /* OUT: Parsed query structure */
+){
+  int nParsed;
+  int rc;
+  ParseContext sParse;
+
+  memset(&sParse, 0, sizeof(ParseContext));
+  sParse.pTokenizer = pTokenizer;
+  sParse.iLangid = iLangid;
+  sParse.azCol = (const char **)azCol;
+  sParse.nCol = nCol;
+  sParse.iDefaultCol = iDefaultCol;
+  sParse.bFts4 = bFts4;
+  if( z==0 ){
+    *ppExpr = 0;
+    return SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+  if( n<0 ){
+    n = (int)strlen(z);
+  }
+  rc = fts3ExprParse(&sParse, z, n, ppExpr, &nParsed);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || *ppExpr==0 );
+
+  /* Check for mismatched parenthesis */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sParse.nNest ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+  
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Parameters z and n contain a pointer to and length of a buffer containing
 ** an fts3 query expression, respectively. This function attempts to parse the
 ** query expression and create a tree of Fts3Expr structures representing the
@@ -123104,49 +134220,74 @@
   int nCol,                           /* Number of entries in azCol[] */
   int iDefaultCol,                    /* Default column to query */
   const char *z, int n,               /* Text of MATCH query */
-  Fts3Expr **ppExpr                   /* OUT: Parsed query structure */
+  Fts3Expr **ppExpr,                  /* OUT: Parsed query structure */
+  char **pzErr                        /* OUT: Error message (sqlite3_malloc) */
 ){
-  int nParsed;
-  int rc;
-  ParseContext sParse;
-
-  memset(&sParse, 0, sizeof(ParseContext));
-  sParse.pTokenizer = pTokenizer;
-  sParse.iLangid = iLangid;
-  sParse.azCol = (const char **)azCol;
-  sParse.nCol = nCol;
-  sParse.iDefaultCol = iDefaultCol;
-  sParse.bFts4 = bFts4;
-  if( z==0 ){
-    *ppExpr = 0;
-    return SQLITE_OK;
+  int rc = fts3ExprParseUnbalanced(
+      pTokenizer, iLangid, azCol, bFts4, nCol, iDefaultCol, z, n, ppExpr
+  );
+  
+  /* Rebalance the expression. And check that its depth does not exceed
+  ** SQLITE_FTS3_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH.  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && *ppExpr ){
+    rc = fts3ExprBalance(ppExpr, SQLITE_FTS3_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3ExprCheckDepth(*ppExpr, SQLITE_FTS3_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH);
+    }
   }
-  if( n<0 ){
-    n = (int)strlen(z);
-  }
-  rc = fts3ExprParse(&sParse, z, n, ppExpr, &nParsed);
 
-  /* Check for mismatched parenthesis */
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && sParse.nNest ){
-    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(*ppExpr);
     *ppExpr = 0;
+    if( rc==SQLITE_TOOBIG ){
+      *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf(
+          "FTS expression tree is too large (maximum depth %d)", 
+          SQLITE_FTS3_MAX_EXPR_DEPTH
+      );
+      rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }else if( rc==SQLITE_ERROR ){
+      *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("malformed MATCH expression: [%s]", z);
+    }
   }
 
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
-** Free a parsed fts3 query expression allocated by sqlite3Fts3ExprParse().
+** Free a single node of an expression tree.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(Fts3Expr *p){
-  if( p ){
-    assert( p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE || p->pPhrase==0 );
-    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p->pLeft);
-    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(p->pRight);
-    sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseCleanup(p->pPhrase);
-    sqlite3_free(p->aMI);
-    sqlite3_free(p);
+static void fts3FreeExprNode(Fts3Expr *p){
+  assert( p->eType==FTSQUERY_PHRASE || p->pPhrase==0 );
+  sqlite3Fts3EvalPhraseCleanup(p->pPhrase);
+  sqlite3_free(p->aMI);
+  sqlite3_free(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** Free a parsed fts3 query expression allocated by sqlite3Fts3ExprParse().
+**
+** This function would be simpler if it recursively called itself. But
+** that would mean passing a sufficiently large expression to ExprParse()
+** could cause a stack overflow.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(Fts3Expr *pDel){
+  Fts3Expr *p;
+  assert( pDel==0 || pDel->pParent==0 );
+  for(p=pDel; p && (p->pLeft||p->pRight); p=(p->pLeft ? p->pLeft : p->pRight)){
+    assert( p->pParent==0 || p==p->pParent->pRight || p==p->pParent->pLeft );
+  }
+  while( p ){
+    Fts3Expr *pParent = p->pParent;
+    fts3FreeExprNode(p);
+    if( pParent && p==pParent->pLeft && pParent->pRight ){
+      p = pParent->pRight;
+      while( p && (p->pLeft || p->pRight) ){
+        assert( p==p->pParent->pRight || p==p->pParent->pLeft );
+        p = (p->pLeft ? p->pLeft : p->pRight);
+      }
+    }else{
+      p = pParent;
+    }
   }
 }
 
@@ -123198,6 +134339,9 @@
 ** the returned expression text and then freed using sqlite3_free().
 */
 static char *exprToString(Fts3Expr *pExpr, char *zBuf){
+  if( pExpr==0 ){
+    return sqlite3_mprintf("");
+  }
   switch( pExpr->eType ){
     case FTSQUERY_PHRASE: {
       Fts3Phrase *pPhrase = pExpr->pPhrase;
@@ -123305,10 +134449,21 @@
     azCol[ii] = (char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[ii+2]);
   }
 
-  rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(
-      pTokenizer, 0, azCol, 0, nCol, nCol, zExpr, nExpr, &pExpr
-  );
+  if( sqlite3_user_data(context) ){
+    char *zDummy = 0;
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3ExprParse(
+        pTokenizer, 0, azCol, 0, nCol, nCol, zExpr, nExpr, &pExpr, &zDummy
+    );
+    assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pExpr==0 );
+    sqlite3_free(zDummy);
+  }else{
+    rc = fts3ExprParseUnbalanced(
+        pTokenizer, 0, azCol, 0, nCol, nCol, zExpr, nExpr, &pExpr
+    );
+  }
+
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK && rc!=SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+    sqlite3Fts3ExprFree(pExpr);
     sqlite3_result_error(context, "Error parsing expression", -1);
   }else if( rc==SQLITE_NOMEM || !(zBuf = exprToString(pExpr, 0)) ){
     sqlite3_result_error_nomem(context);
@@ -123331,9 +134486,15 @@
 ** with database connection db. 
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ExprInitTestInterface(sqlite3* db){
-  return sqlite3_create_function(
+  int rc = sqlite3_create_function(
       db, "fts3_exprtest", -1, SQLITE_UTF8, 0, fts3ExprTest, 0, 0
   );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, "fts3_exprtest_rebalance", 
+        -1, SQLITE_UTF8, (void *)1, fts3ExprTest, 0, 0
+    );
+  }
+  return rc;
 }
 
 #endif
@@ -123437,13 +134598,13 @@
 */
 static int fts3StrHash(const void *pKey, int nKey){
   const char *z = (const char *)pKey;
-  int h = 0;
+  unsigned h = 0;
   if( nKey<=0 ) nKey = (int) strlen(z);
   while( nKey > 0  ){
     h = (h<<3) ^ h ^ *z++;
     nKey--;
   }
-  return h & 0x7fffffff;
+  return (int)(h & 0x7fffffff);
 }
 static int fts3StrCompare(const void *pKey1, int n1, const void *pKey2, int n2){
   if( n1!=n2 ) return 1;
@@ -124128,12 +135289,14 @@
   /* Step 2 */
   switch( z[1] ){
    case 'a':
-     stem(&z, "lanoita", "ate", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "lanoit", "tion", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "lanoita", "ate", m_gt_0) ){
+       stem(&z, "lanoit", "tion", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 'c':
-     stem(&z, "icne", "ence", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "icna", "ance", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "icne", "ence", m_gt_0) ){
+       stem(&z, "icna", "ance", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 'e':
      stem(&z, "rezi", "ize", m_gt_0);
@@ -124142,43 +135305,54 @@
      stem(&z, "igol", "log", m_gt_0);
      break;
    case 'l':
-     stem(&z, "ilb", "ble", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "illa", "al", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "iltne", "ent", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "ile", "e", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "ilsuo", "ous", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "ilb", "ble", m_gt_0) 
+      && !stem(&z, "illa", "al", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "iltne", "ent", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "ile", "e", m_gt_0)
+     ){
+       stem(&z, "ilsuo", "ous", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 'o':
-     stem(&z, "noitazi", "ize", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "noita", "ate", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "rota", "ate", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "noitazi", "ize", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "noita", "ate", m_gt_0)
+     ){
+       stem(&z, "rota", "ate", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 's':
-     stem(&z, "msila", "al", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "ssenevi", "ive", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "ssenluf", "ful", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "ssensuo", "ous", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "msila", "al", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "ssenevi", "ive", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "ssenluf", "ful", m_gt_0)
+     ){
+       stem(&z, "ssensuo", "ous", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 't':
-     stem(&z, "itila", "al", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "itivi", "ive", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "itilib", "ble", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "itila", "al", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "itivi", "ive", m_gt_0)
+     ){
+       stem(&z, "itilib", "ble", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
   }
 
   /* Step 3 */
   switch( z[0] ){
    case 'e':
-     stem(&z, "etaci", "ic", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "evita", "", m_gt_0)   ||
-     stem(&z, "ezila", "al", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "etaci", "ic", m_gt_0)
+      && !stem(&z, "evita", "", m_gt_0)
+     ){
+       stem(&z, "ezila", "al", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 'i':
      stem(&z, "itici", "ic", m_gt_0);
      break;
    case 'l':
-     stem(&z, "laci", "ic", m_gt_0) ||
-     stem(&z, "luf", "", m_gt_0);
+     if( !stem(&z, "laci", "ic", m_gt_0) ){
+       stem(&z, "luf", "", m_gt_0);
+     }
      break;
    case 's':
      stem(&z, "ssen", "", m_gt_0);
@@ -124219,9 +135393,11 @@
            z += 3;
          }
        }else if( z[2]=='e' ){
-         stem(&z, "tneme", "", m_gt_1) ||
-         stem(&z, "tnem", "", m_gt_1) ||
-         stem(&z, "tne", "", m_gt_1);
+         if( !stem(&z, "tneme", "", m_gt_1)
+          && !stem(&z, "tnem", "", m_gt_1)
+         ){
+           stem(&z, "tne", "", m_gt_1);
+         }
        }
      }
      break;
@@ -124240,8 +135416,9 @@
      }
      break;
    case 't':
-     stem(&z, "eta", "", m_gt_1) ||
-     stem(&z, "iti", "", m_gt_1);
+     if( !stem(&z, "eta", "", m_gt_1) ){
+       stem(&z, "iti", "", m_gt_1);
+     }
      break;
    case 'u':
      if( z[0]=='s' && z[2]=='o' && m_gt_1(z+3) ){
@@ -124576,16 +135753,15 @@
 
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
 
-/* #include <tcl.h> */
+#include <tcl.h>
 /* #include <string.h> */
 
 /*
 ** Implementation of a special SQL scalar function for testing tokenizers 
 ** designed to be used in concert with the Tcl testing framework. This
-** function must be called with two arguments:
+** function must be called with two or more arguments:
 **
-**   SELECT <function-name>(<key-name>, <input-string>);
-**   SELECT <function-name>(<key-name>, <pointer>);
+**   SELECT <function-name>(<key-name>, ..., <input-string>);
 **
 ** where <function-name> is the name passed as the second argument
 ** to the sqlite3Fts3InitHashTable() function (e.g. 'fts3_tokenizer')
@@ -124622,27 +135798,27 @@
   const char *zInput;
   int nInput;
 
-  const char *zArg = 0;
+  const char *azArg[64];
 
   const char *zToken;
-  int nToken;
-  int iStart;
-  int iEnd;
-  int iPos;
+  int nToken = 0;
+  int iStart = 0;
+  int iEnd = 0;
+  int iPos = 0;
+  int i;
 
   Tcl_Obj *pRet;
 
-  assert( argc==2 || argc==3 );
+  if( argc<2 ){
+    sqlite3_result_error(context, "insufficient arguments", -1);
+    return;
+  }
 
   nName = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[0]);
   zName = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[0]);
   nInput = sqlite3_value_bytes(argv[argc-1]);
   zInput = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[argc-1]);
 
-  if( argc==3 ){
-    zArg = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[1]);
-  }
-
   pHash = (Fts3Hash *)sqlite3_user_data(context);
   p = (sqlite3_tokenizer_module *)sqlite3Fts3HashFind(pHash, zName, nName+1);
 
@@ -124656,7 +135832,11 @@
   pRet = Tcl_NewObj();
   Tcl_IncrRefCount(pRet);
 
-  if( SQLITE_OK!=p->xCreate(zArg ? 1 : 0, &zArg, &pTokenizer) ){
+  for(i=1; i<argc-1; i++){
+    azArg[i-1] = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(argv[i]);
+  }
+
+  if( SQLITE_OK!=p->xCreate(argc-2, azArg, &pTokenizer) ){
     zErr = "error in xCreate()";
     goto finish;
   }
@@ -124798,7 +135978,7 @@
 /*
 ** Set up SQL objects in database db used to access the contents of
 ** the hash table pointed to by argument pHash. The hash table must
-** been initialised to use string keys, and to take a private copy 
+** been initialized to use string keys, and to take a private copy 
 ** of the key when a value is inserted. i.e. by a call similar to:
 **
 **    sqlite3Fts3HashInit(pHash, FTS3_HASH_STRING, 1);
@@ -124840,10 +136020,7 @@
   }
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
-    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest, 2, any, p, testFunc, 0, 0);
-  }
-  if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
-    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest, 3, any, p, testFunc, 0, 0);
+    rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest, -1, any, p, testFunc, 0, 0);
   }
   if( SQLITE_OK==rc ){
     rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, zTest2, 0, any, pdb, intTestFunc, 0, 0);
@@ -125096,6 +136273,462 @@
 #endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
 
 /************** End of fts3_tokenizer1.c *************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_tokenize_vtab.c ******************************/
+/*
+** 2013 Apr 22
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** This file contains code for the "fts3tokenize" virtual table module.
+** An fts3tokenize virtual table is created as follows:
+**
+**   CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE <tbl> USING fts3tokenize(
+**       <tokenizer-name>, <arg-1>, ...
+**   );
+**
+** The table created has the following schema:
+**
+**   CREATE TABLE <tbl>(input, token, start, end, position)
+**
+** When queried, the query must include a WHERE clause of type:
+**
+**   input = <string>
+**
+** The virtual table module tokenizes this <string>, using the FTS3 
+** tokenizer specified by the arguments to the CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE 
+** statement and returns one row for each token in the result. With
+** fields set as follows:
+**
+**   input:   Always set to a copy of <string>
+**   token:   A token from the input.
+**   start:   Byte offset of the token within the input <string>.
+**   end:     Byte offset of the byte immediately following the end of the
+**            token within the input string.
+**   pos:     Token offset of token within input.
+**
+*/
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+/* #include <string.h> */
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+
+typedef struct Fts3tokTable Fts3tokTable;
+typedef struct Fts3tokCursor Fts3tokCursor;
+
+/*
+** Virtual table structure.
+*/
+struct Fts3tokTable {
+  sqlite3_vtab base;              /* Base class used by SQLite core */
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pMod;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTok;
+};
+
+/*
+** Virtual table cursor structure.
+*/
+struct Fts3tokCursor {
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;       /* Base class used by SQLite core */
+  char *zInput;                   /* Input string */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCsr; /* Cursor to iterate through zInput */
+  int iRowid;                     /* Current 'rowid' value */
+  const char *zToken;             /* Current 'token' value */
+  int nToken;                     /* Size of zToken in bytes */
+  int iStart;                     /* Current 'start' value */
+  int iEnd;                       /* Current 'end' value */
+  int iPos;                       /* Current 'pos' value */
+};
+
+/*
+** Query FTS for the tokenizer implementation named zName.
+*/
+static int fts3tokQueryTokenizer(
+  Fts3Hash *pHash,
+  const char *zName,
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module **pp,
+  char **pzErr
+){
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_module *p;
+  int nName = (int)strlen(zName);
+
+  p = (sqlite3_tokenizer_module *)sqlite3Fts3HashFind(pHash, zName, nName+1);
+  if( !p ){
+    *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("unknown tokenizer: %s", zName);
+    return SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }
+
+  *pp = p;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** The second argument, argv[], is an array of pointers to nul-terminated
+** strings. This function makes a copy of the array and strings into a 
+** single block of memory. It then dequotes any of the strings that appear
+** to be quoted.
+**
+** If successful, output parameter *pazDequote is set to point at the
+** array of dequoted strings and SQLITE_OK is returned. The caller is
+** responsible for eventually calling sqlite3_free() to free the array
+** in this case. Or, if an error occurs, an SQLite error code is returned.
+** The final value of *pazDequote is undefined in this case.
+*/
+static int fts3tokDequoteArray(
+  int argc,                       /* Number of elements in argv[] */
+  const char * const *argv,       /* Input array */
+  char ***pazDequote              /* Output array */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  if( argc==0 ){
+    *pazDequote = 0;
+  }else{
+    int i;
+    int nByte = 0;
+    char **azDequote;
+
+    for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
+      nByte += (int)(strlen(argv[i]) + 1);
+    }
+
+    *pazDequote = azDequote = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(char *)*argc + nByte);
+    if( azDequote==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      char *pSpace = (char *)&azDequote[argc];
+      for(i=0; i<argc; i++){
+        int n = (int)strlen(argv[i]);
+        azDequote[i] = pSpace;
+        memcpy(pSpace, argv[i], n+1);
+        sqlite3Fts3Dequote(pSpace);
+        pSpace += (n+1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Schema of the tokenizer table.
+*/
+#define FTS3_TOK_SCHEMA "CREATE TABLE x(input, token, start, end, position)"
+
+/*
+** This function does all the work for both the xConnect and xCreate methods.
+** These tables have no persistent representation of their own, so xConnect
+** and xCreate are identical operations.
+**
+**   argv[0]: module name
+**   argv[1]: database name 
+**   argv[2]: table name
+**   argv[3]: first argument (tokenizer name)
+*/
+static int fts3tokConnectMethod(
+  sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database connection */
+  void *pHash,                    /* Hash table of tokenizers */
+  int argc,                       /* Number of elements in argv array */
+  const char * const *argv,       /* xCreate/xConnect argument array */
+  sqlite3_vtab **ppVtab,          /* OUT: New sqlite3_vtab object */
+  char **pzErr                    /* OUT: sqlite3_malloc'd error message */
+){
+  Fts3tokTable *pTab;
+  const sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pMod = 0;
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *pTok = 0;
+  int rc;
+  char **azDequote = 0;
+  int nDequote;
+
+  rc = sqlite3_declare_vtab(db, FTS3_TOK_SCHEMA);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  nDequote = argc-3;
+  rc = fts3tokDequoteArray(nDequote, &argv[3], &azDequote);
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    const char *zModule;
+    if( nDequote<1 ){
+      zModule = "simple";
+    }else{
+      zModule = azDequote[0];
+    }
+    rc = fts3tokQueryTokenizer((Fts3Hash*)pHash, zModule, &pMod, pzErr);
+  }
+
+  assert( (rc==SQLITE_OK)==(pMod!=0) );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    const char * const *azArg = (const char * const *)&azDequote[1];
+    rc = pMod->xCreate((nDequote>1 ? nDequote-1 : 0), azArg, &pTok);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pTab = (Fts3tokTable *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3tokTable));
+    if( pTab==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    memset(pTab, 0, sizeof(Fts3tokTable));
+    pTab->pMod = pMod;
+    pTab->pTok = pTok;
+    *ppVtab = &pTab->base;
+  }else{
+    if( pTok ){
+      pMod->xDestroy(pTok);
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(azDequote);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function does the work for both the xDisconnect and xDestroy methods.
+** These tables have no persistent representation of their own, so xDisconnect
+** and xDestroy are identical operations.
+*/
+static int fts3tokDisconnectMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVtab){
+  Fts3tokTable *pTab = (Fts3tokTable *)pVtab;
+
+  pTab->pMod->xDestroy(pTab->pTok);
+  sqlite3_free(pTab);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xBestIndex - Analyze a WHERE and ORDER BY clause.
+*/
+static int fts3tokBestIndexMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, 
+  sqlite3_index_info *pInfo
+){
+  int i;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVTab);
+
+  for(i=0; i<pInfo->nConstraint; i++){
+    if( pInfo->aConstraint[i].usable 
+     && pInfo->aConstraint[i].iColumn==0 
+     && pInfo->aConstraint[i].op==SQLITE_INDEX_CONSTRAINT_EQ 
+    ){
+      pInfo->idxNum = 1;
+      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[i].argvIndex = 1;
+      pInfo->aConstraintUsage[i].omit = 1;
+      pInfo->estimatedCost = 1;
+      return SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+  }
+
+  pInfo->idxNum = 0;
+  assert( pInfo->estimatedCost>1000000.0 );
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xOpen - Open a cursor.
+*/
+static int fts3tokOpenMethod(sqlite3_vtab *pVTab, sqlite3_vtab_cursor **ppCsr){
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(pVTab);
+
+  pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(Fts3tokCursor));
+  if( pCsr==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(Fts3tokCursor));
+
+  *ppCsr = (sqlite3_vtab_cursor *)pCsr;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Reset the tokenizer cursor passed as the only argument. As if it had
+** just been returned by fts3tokOpenMethod().
+*/
+static void fts3tokResetCursor(Fts3tokCursor *pCsr){
+  if( pCsr->pCsr ){
+    Fts3tokTable *pTab = (Fts3tokTable *)(pCsr->base.pVtab);
+    pTab->pMod->xClose(pCsr->pCsr);
+    pCsr->pCsr = 0;
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->zInput);
+  pCsr->zInput = 0;
+  pCsr->zToken = 0;
+  pCsr->nToken = 0;
+  pCsr->iStart = 0;
+  pCsr->iEnd = 0;
+  pCsr->iPos = 0;
+  pCsr->iRowid = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** xClose - Close a cursor.
+*/
+static int fts3tokCloseMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)pCursor;
+
+  fts3tokResetCursor(pCsr);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xNext - Advance the cursor to the next row, if any.
+*/
+static int fts3tokNextMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)pCursor;
+  Fts3tokTable *pTab = (Fts3tokTable *)(pCursor->pVtab);
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  pCsr->iRowid++;
+  rc = pTab->pMod->xNext(pCsr->pCsr,
+      &pCsr->zToken, &pCsr->nToken,
+      &pCsr->iStart, &pCsr->iEnd, &pCsr->iPos
+  );
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    fts3tokResetCursor(pCsr);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** xFilter - Initialize a cursor to point at the start of its data.
+*/
+static int fts3tokFilterMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* The cursor used for this query */
+  int idxNum,                     /* Strategy index */
+  const char *idxStr,             /* Unused */
+  int nVal,                       /* Number of elements in apVal */
+  sqlite3_value **apVal           /* Arguments for the indexing scheme */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)pCursor;
+  Fts3tokTable *pTab = (Fts3tokTable *)(pCursor->pVtab);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(idxStr);
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(nVal);
+
+  fts3tokResetCursor(pCsr);
+  if( idxNum==1 ){
+    const char *zByte = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[0]);
+    int nByte = sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[0]);
+    pCsr->zInput = sqlite3_malloc(nByte+1);
+    if( pCsr->zInput==0 ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      memcpy(pCsr->zInput, zByte, nByte);
+      pCsr->zInput[nByte] = 0;
+      rc = pTab->pMod->xOpen(pTab->pTok, pCsr->zInput, nByte, &pCsr->pCsr);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        pCsr->pCsr->pTokenizer = pTab->pTok;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  return fts3tokNextMethod(pCursor);
+}
+
+/*
+** xEof - Return true if the cursor is at EOF, or false otherwise.
+*/
+static int fts3tokEofMethod(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor){
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)pCursor;
+  return (pCsr->zToken==0);
+}
+
+/*
+** xColumn - Return a column value.
+*/
+static int fts3tokColumnMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* Cursor to retrieve value from */
+  sqlite3_context *pCtx,          /* Context for sqlite3_result_xxx() calls */
+  int iCol                        /* Index of column to read value from */
+){
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)pCursor;
+
+  /* CREATE TABLE x(input, token, start, end, position) */
+  switch( iCol ){
+    case 0:
+      sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, pCsr->zInput, -1, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      break;
+    case 1:
+      sqlite3_result_text(pCtx, pCsr->zToken, pCsr->nToken, SQLITE_TRANSIENT);
+      break;
+    case 2:
+      sqlite3_result_int(pCtx, pCsr->iStart);
+      break;
+    case 3:
+      sqlite3_result_int(pCtx, pCsr->iEnd);
+      break;
+    default:
+      assert( iCol==4 );
+      sqlite3_result_int(pCtx, pCsr->iPos);
+      break;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** xRowid - Return the current rowid for the cursor.
+*/
+static int fts3tokRowidMethod(
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pCursor,   /* Cursor to retrieve value from */
+  sqlite_int64 *pRowid            /* OUT: Rowid value */
+){
+  Fts3tokCursor *pCsr = (Fts3tokCursor *)pCursor;
+  *pRowid = (sqlite3_int64)pCsr->iRowid;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Register the fts3tok module with database connection db. Return SQLITE_OK
+** if successful or an error code if sqlite3_create_module() fails.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3InitTok(sqlite3 *db, Fts3Hash *pHash){
+  static const sqlite3_module fts3tok_module = {
+     0,                           /* iVersion      */
+     fts3tokConnectMethod,        /* xCreate       */
+     fts3tokConnectMethod,        /* xConnect      */
+     fts3tokBestIndexMethod,      /* xBestIndex    */
+     fts3tokDisconnectMethod,     /* xDisconnect   */
+     fts3tokDisconnectMethod,     /* xDestroy      */
+     fts3tokOpenMethod,           /* xOpen         */
+     fts3tokCloseMethod,          /* xClose        */
+     fts3tokFilterMethod,         /* xFilter       */
+     fts3tokNextMethod,           /* xNext         */
+     fts3tokEofMethod,            /* xEof          */
+     fts3tokColumnMethod,         /* xColumn       */
+     fts3tokRowidMethod,          /* xRowid        */
+     0,                           /* xUpdate       */
+     0,                           /* xBegin        */
+     0,                           /* xSync         */
+     0,                           /* xCommit       */
+     0,                           /* xRollback     */
+     0,                           /* xFindFunction */
+     0,                           /* xRename       */
+     0,                           /* xSavepoint    */
+     0,                           /* xRelease      */
+     0                            /* xRollbackTo   */
+  };
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  rc = sqlite3_create_module(db, "fts3tokenize", &fts3tok_module, (void*)pHash);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
+
+/************** End of fts3_tokenize_vtab.c **********************************/
 /************** Begin file fts3_write.c **************************************/
 /*
 ** 2009 Oct 23
@@ -125122,6 +136755,9 @@
 /* #include <assert.h> */
 /* #include <stdlib.h> */
 
+
+#define FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT 16
+
 /*
 ** When full-text index nodes are loaded from disk, the buffer that they
 ** are loaded into has the following number of bytes of padding at the end 
@@ -125161,6 +136797,29 @@
 # define FTS3_NODE_CHUNK_THRESHOLD (FTS3_NODE_CHUNKSIZE*4)
 #endif
 
+/*
+** The two values that may be meaningfully bound to the :1 parameter in
+** statements SQL_REPLACE_STAT and SQL_SELECT_STAT.
+*/
+#define FTS_STAT_DOCTOTAL      0
+#define FTS_STAT_INCRMERGEHINT 1
+#define FTS_STAT_AUTOINCRMERGE 2
+
+/*
+** If FTS_LOG_MERGES is defined, call sqlite3_log() to report each automatic
+** and incremental merge operation that takes place. This is used for 
+** debugging FTS only, it should not usually be turned on in production
+** systems.
+*/
+#ifdef FTS3_LOG_MERGES
+static void fts3LogMerge(int nMerge, sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel){
+  sqlite3_log(SQLITE_OK, "%d-way merge from level %d", nMerge, (int)iAbsLevel);
+}
+#else
+#define fts3LogMerge(x, y)
+#endif
+
+
 typedef struct PendingList PendingList;
 typedef struct SegmentNode SegmentNode;
 typedef struct SegmentWriter SegmentWriter;
@@ -125208,7 +136867,8 @@
 */
 struct Fts3SegReader {
   int iIdx;                       /* Index within level, or 0x7FFFFFFF for PT */
-  int bLookup;                    /* True for a lookup only */
+  u8 bLookup;                     /* True for a lookup only */
+  u8 rootOnly;                    /* True for a root-only reader */
 
   sqlite3_int64 iStartBlock;      /* Rowid of first leaf block to traverse */
   sqlite3_int64 iLeafEndBlock;    /* Rowid of final leaf block to traverse */
@@ -125242,7 +136902,7 @@
 };
 
 #define fts3SegReaderIsPending(p) ((p)->ppNextElem!=0)
-#define fts3SegReaderIsRootOnly(p) ((p)->aNode==(char *)&(p)[1])
+#define fts3SegReaderIsRootOnly(p) ((p)->rootOnly!=0)
 
 /*
 ** An instance of this structure is used to create a segment b-tree in the
@@ -125264,6 +136924,7 @@
   int nSize;                      /* Size of allocation at aData */
   int nData;                      /* Bytes of data in aData */
   char *aData;                    /* Pointer to block from malloc() */
+  i64 nLeafData;                  /* Number of bytes of leaf data written */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -125322,15 +136983,26 @@
 #define SQL_DELETE_DOCSIZE            19
 #define SQL_REPLACE_DOCSIZE           20
 #define SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE            21
-#define SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL           22
-#define SQL_REPLACE_DOCTOTAL          23
+#define SQL_SELECT_STAT               22
+#define SQL_REPLACE_STAT              23
 
 #define SQL_SELECT_ALL_PREFIX_LEVEL   24
 #define SQL_DELETE_ALL_TERMS_SEGDIR   25
-
 #define SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_RANGE       26
-
 #define SQL_SELECT_ALL_LANGID         27
+#define SQL_FIND_MERGE_LEVEL          28
+#define SQL_MAX_LEAF_NODE_ESTIMATE    29
+#define SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_ENTRY       30
+#define SQL_SHIFT_SEGDIR_ENTRY        31
+#define SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR             32
+#define SQL_CHOMP_SEGDIR              33
+#define SQL_SEGMENT_IS_APPENDABLE     34
+#define SQL_SELECT_INDEXES            35
+#define SQL_SELECT_MXLEVEL            36
+
+#define SQL_SELECT_LEVEL_RANGE2       37
+#define SQL_UPDATE_LEVEL_IDX          38
+#define SQL_UPDATE_LEVEL              39
 
 /*
 ** This function is used to obtain an SQLite prepared statement handle
@@ -125359,9 +137031,9 @@
 /* 6  */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_stat'",
 /* 7  */  "SELECT %s WHERE rowid=?",
 /* 8  */  "SELECT (SELECT max(idx) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ?) + 1",
-/* 9  */  "INSERT INTO %Q.'%q_segments'(blockid, block) VALUES(?, ?)",
+/* 9  */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_segments'(blockid, block) VALUES(?, ?)",
 /* 10 */  "SELECT coalesce((SELECT max(blockid) FROM %Q.'%q_segments') + 1, 1)",
-/* 11 */  "INSERT INTO %Q.'%q_segdir' VALUES(?,?,?,?,?,?)",
+/* 11 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_segdir' VALUES(?,?,?,?,?,?)",
 
           /* Return segments in order from oldest to newest.*/ 
 /* 12 */  "SELECT idx, start_block, leaves_end_block, end_block, root "
@@ -125379,14 +137051,72 @@
 /* 19 */  "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_docsize' WHERE docid = ?",
 /* 20 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_docsize' VALUES(?,?)",
 /* 21 */  "SELECT size FROM %Q.'%q_docsize' WHERE docid=?",
-/* 22 */  "SELECT value FROM %Q.'%q_stat' WHERE id=0",
-/* 23 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_stat' VALUES(0,?)",
+/* 22 */  "SELECT value FROM %Q.'%q_stat' WHERE id=?",
+/* 23 */  "REPLACE INTO %Q.'%q_stat' VALUES(?,?)",
 /* 24 */  "",
 /* 25 */  "",
 
 /* 26 */ "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ?",
 /* 27 */ "SELECT DISTINCT level / (1024 * ?) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir'",
 
+/* This statement is used to determine which level to read the input from
+** when performing an incremental merge. It returns the absolute level number
+** of the oldest level in the db that contains at least ? segments. Or,
+** if no level in the FTS index contains more than ? segments, the statement
+** returns zero rows.  */
+/* 28 */ "SELECT level FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' GROUP BY level HAVING count(*)>=?"
+         "  ORDER BY (level %% 1024) ASC LIMIT 1",
+
+/* Estimate the upper limit on the number of leaf nodes in a new segment
+** created by merging the oldest :2 segments from absolute level :1. See 
+** function sqlite3Fts3Incrmerge() for details.  */
+/* 29 */ "SELECT 2 * total(1 + leaves_end_block - start_block) "
+         "  FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ? AND idx < ?",
+
+/* SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_ENTRY
+**   Delete the %_segdir entry on absolute level :1 with index :2.  */
+/* 30 */ "DELETE FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ? AND idx = ?",
+
+/* SQL_SHIFT_SEGDIR_ENTRY
+**   Modify the idx value for the segment with idx=:3 on absolute level :2
+**   to :1.  */
+/* 31 */ "UPDATE %Q.'%q_segdir' SET idx = ? WHERE level=? AND idx=?",
+
+/* SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR
+**   Read a single entry from the %_segdir table. The entry from absolute 
+**   level :1 with index value :2.  */
+/* 32 */  "SELECT idx, start_block, leaves_end_block, end_block, root "
+            "FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level = ? AND idx = ?",
+
+/* SQL_CHOMP_SEGDIR
+**   Update the start_block (:1) and root (:2) fields of the %_segdir
+**   entry located on absolute level :3 with index :4.  */
+/* 33 */  "UPDATE %Q.'%q_segdir' SET start_block = ?, root = ?"
+            "WHERE level = ? AND idx = ?",
+
+/* SQL_SEGMENT_IS_APPENDABLE
+**   Return a single row if the segment with end_block=? is appendable. Or
+**   no rows otherwise.  */
+/* 34 */  "SELECT 1 FROM %Q.'%q_segments' WHERE blockid=? AND block IS NULL",
+
+/* SQL_SELECT_INDEXES
+**   Return the list of valid segment indexes for absolute level ?  */
+/* 35 */  "SELECT idx FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level=? ORDER BY 1 ASC",
+
+/* SQL_SELECT_MXLEVEL
+**   Return the largest relative level in the FTS index or indexes.  */
+/* 36 */  "SELECT max( level %% 1024 ) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir'",
+
+          /* Return segments in order from oldest to newest.*/ 
+/* 37 */  "SELECT level, idx, end_block "
+            "FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ? "
+            "ORDER BY level DESC, idx ASC",
+
+          /* Update statements used while promoting segments */
+/* 38 */  "UPDATE OR FAIL %Q.'%q_segdir' SET level=-1,idx=? "
+            "WHERE level=? AND idx=?",
+/* 39 */  "UPDATE OR FAIL %Q.'%q_segdir' SET level=? WHERE level=-1"
+
   };
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
@@ -125424,22 +137154,18 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+
 static int fts3SelectDocsize(
   Fts3Table *pTab,                /* FTS3 table handle */
-  int eStmt,                      /* Either SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE or DOCTOTAL */
   sqlite3_int64 iDocid,           /* Docid to bind for SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE */
   sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Statement handle */
 ){
   sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;        /* Statement requested from fts3SqlStmt() */
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
 
-  assert( eStmt==SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE || eStmt==SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL );
-
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(pTab, eStmt, &pStmt, 0);
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(pTab, SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE, &pStmt, 0);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    if( eStmt==SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE ){
-      sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iDocid);
-    }
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iDocid);
     rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_ROW || sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)!=SQLITE_BLOB ){
       rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
@@ -125458,7 +137184,21 @@
   Fts3Table *pTab,                /* Fts3 table handle */
   sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Statement handle */
 ){
-  return fts3SelectDocsize(pTab, SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL, 0, ppStmt);
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+  int rc;
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(pTab, SQL_SELECT_STAT, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, FTS_STAT_DOCTOTAL);
+    if( sqlite3_step(pStmt)!=SQLITE_ROW
+     || sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)!=SQLITE_BLOB
+    ){
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = FTS_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+      pStmt = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  *ppStmt = pStmt;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3SelectDocsize(
@@ -125466,7 +137206,7 @@
   sqlite3_int64 iDocid,           /* Docid to read size data for */
   sqlite3_stmt **ppStmt           /* OUT: Statement handle */
 ){
-  return fts3SelectDocsize(pTab, SQL_SELECT_DOCSIZE, iDocid, ppStmt);
+  return fts3SelectDocsize(pTab, iDocid, ppStmt);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -125496,37 +137236,30 @@
 
 
 /*
-** This function ensures that the caller has obtained a shared-cache
-** table-lock on the %_content table. This is required before reading
-** data from the fts3 table. If this lock is not acquired first, then
-** the caller may end up holding read-locks on the %_segments and %_segdir
-** tables, but no read-lock on the %_content table. If this happens 
-** a second connection will be able to write to the fts3 table, but
-** attempting to commit those writes might return SQLITE_LOCKED or
-** SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE (because the commit attempts to obtain 
-** write-locks on the %_segments and %_segdir ** tables). 
+** This function ensures that the caller has obtained an exclusive 
+** shared-cache table-lock on the %_segdir table. This is required before 
+** writing data to the fts3 table. If this lock is not acquired first, then
+** the caller may end up attempting to take this lock as part of committing
+** a transaction, causing SQLite to return SQLITE_LOCKED or 
+** LOCKED_SHAREDCACHEto a COMMIT command.
 **
-** We try to avoid this because if FTS3 returns any error when committing
-** a transaction, the whole transaction will be rolled back. And this is
-** not what users expect when they get SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE. It can
-** still happen if the user reads data directly from the %_segments or
-** %_segdir tables instead of going through FTS3 though.
-**
-** This reasoning does not apply to a content=xxx table.
+** It is best to avoid this because if FTS3 returns any error when 
+** committing a transaction, the whole transaction will be rolled back. 
+** And this is not what users expect when they get SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE. 
+** It can still happen if the user locks the underlying tables directly 
+** instead of accessing them via FTS.
 */
-SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3ReadLock(Fts3Table *p){
-  int rc;                         /* Return code */
-  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;            /* Statement used to obtain lock */
-
-  if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
-    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_CONTENT_BY_ROWID, &pStmt, 0);
+static int fts3Writelock(Fts3Table *p){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  
+  if( p->nPendingData==0 ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_LEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
       sqlite3_bind_null(pStmt, 1);
       sqlite3_step(pStmt);
       rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
     }
-  }else{
-    rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }
 
   return rc;
@@ -125556,10 +137289,10 @@
 ** iIndex starts at absolute level ((iLangid * (nPrefix+1) + iIndex) * 1024).
 */
 static sqlite3_int64 getAbsoluteLevel(
-  Fts3Table *p, 
-  int iLangid, 
-  int iIndex, 
-  int iLevel
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  int iLangid,                    /* Language id */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index in p->aIndex[] */
+  int iLevel                      /* Level of segments */
 ){
   sqlite3_int64 iBase;            /* First absolute level for iLangid/iIndex */
   assert( iLangid>=0 );
@@ -125570,7 +137303,6 @@
   return iBase + iLevel;
 }
 
-
 /*
 ** Set *ppStmt to a statement handle that may be used to iterate through
 ** all rows in the %_segdir table, from oldest to newest. If successful,
@@ -125784,16 +137516,16 @@
   int iLangid,                    /* Language id to use */
   const char *zText,              /* Text of document to be inserted */
   int iCol,                       /* Column into which text is being inserted */
-  u32 *pnWord                     /* OUT: Number of tokens inserted */
+  u32 *pnWord                     /* IN/OUT: Incr. by number tokens inserted */
 ){
   int rc;
-  int iStart;
-  int iEnd;
-  int iPos;
+  int iStart = 0;
+  int iEnd = 0;
+  int iPos = 0;
   int nWord = 0;
 
   char const *zToken;
-  int nToken;
+  int nToken = 0;
 
   sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer = p->pTokenizer;
   sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pModule = pTokenizer->pModule;
@@ -125848,7 +137580,7 @@
   }
 
   pModule->xClose(pCsr);
-  *pnWord = nWord;
+  *pnWord += nWord;
   return (rc==SQLITE_DONE ? SQLITE_OK : rc);
 }
 
@@ -125915,12 +137647,15 @@
 ){
   int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
   for(i=2; i<p->nColumn+2; i++){
-    const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[i]);
-    int rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, iLangid, zText, i-2, &aSz[i-2]);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      return rc;
+    int iCol = i-2;
+    if( p->abNotindexed[iCol]==0 ){
+      const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_value_text(apVal[i]);
+      int rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, iLangid, zText, iCol, &aSz[iCol]);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+        return rc;
+      }
+      aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[i]);
     }
-    aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_value_bytes(apVal[i]);
   }
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
@@ -126052,11 +137787,13 @@
   int *pRC,               /* Result code */
   Fts3Table *p,           /* The FTS table to delete from */
   sqlite3_value *pRowid,  /* The docid to be deleted */
-  u32 *aSz                /* Sizes of deleted document written here */
+  u32 *aSz,               /* Sizes of deleted document written here */
+  int *pbFound            /* OUT: Set to true if row really does exist */
 ){
   int rc;
   sqlite3_stmt *pSelect;
 
+  assert( *pbFound==0 );
   if( *pRC ) return;
   rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_CONTENT_BY_ROWID, &pSelect, &pRowid);
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -126065,15 +137802,19 @@
       int iLangid = langidFromSelect(p, pSelect);
       rc = fts3PendingTermsDocid(p, iLangid, sqlite3_column_int64(pSelect, 0));
       for(i=1; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<=p->nColumn; i++){
-        const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pSelect, i);
-        rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, iLangid, zText, -1, &aSz[i-1]);
-        aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_column_bytes(pSelect, i);
+        int iCol = i-1;
+        if( p->abNotindexed[iCol]==0 ){
+          const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pSelect, i);
+          rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, iLangid, zText, -1, &aSz[iCol]);
+          aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_column_bytes(pSelect, i);
+        }
       }
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
         sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
         *pRC = rc;
         return;
       }
+      *pbFound = 1;
     }
     rc = sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
   }else{
@@ -126136,6 +137877,7 @@
     ** if iNext is less than FTS3_MERGE_COUNT, allocate index iNext.
     */
     if( iNext>=FTS3_MERGE_COUNT ){
+      fts3LogMerge(16, getAbsoluteLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel));
       rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel);
       *piIdx = 0;
     }else{
@@ -126183,7 +137925,7 @@
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
 
   /* pnBlob must be non-NULL. paBlob may be NULL or non-NULL. */
-  assert( pnBlob);
+  assert( pnBlob );
 
   if( p->pSegments ){
     rc = sqlite3_blob_reopen(p->pSegments, iBlockid);
@@ -126349,8 +138091,8 @@
   
   /* Because of the FTS3_NODE_PADDING bytes of padding, the following is 
   ** safe (no risk of overread) even if the node data is corrupted. */
-  pNext += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &nPrefix);
-  pNext += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &nSuffix);
+  pNext += fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &nPrefix);
+  pNext += fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &nSuffix);
   if( nPrefix<0 || nSuffix<=0 
    || &pNext[nSuffix]>&pReader->aNode[pReader->nNode] 
   ){
@@ -126373,7 +138115,7 @@
   memcpy(&pReader->zTerm[nPrefix], pNext, nSuffix);
   pReader->nTerm = nPrefix+nSuffix;
   pNext += nSuffix;
-  pNext += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &pReader->nDoclist);
+  pNext += fts3GetVarint32(pNext, &pReader->nDoclist);
   pReader->aDoclist = pNext;
   pReader->pOffsetList = 0;
 
@@ -126466,7 +138208,7 @@
       /* The following line of code (and the "p++" below the while() loop) is
       ** normally all that is required to move pointer p to the desired 
       ** position. The exception is if this node is being loaded from disk
-      ** incrementally and pointer "p" now points to the first byte passed
+      ** incrementally and pointer "p" now points to the first byte past
       ** the populated part of pReader->aNode[].
       */
       while( *p | c ) c = *p++ & 0x80;
@@ -126486,6 +138228,7 @@
       *pnOffsetList = (int)(p - pReader->pOffsetList - 1);
     }
 
+    /* List may have been edited in place by fts3EvalNearTrim() */
     while( p<pEnd && *p==0 ) p++;
   
     /* If there are no more entries in the doclist, set pOffsetList to
@@ -126524,7 +138267,7 @@
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   int pgsz = p->nPgsz;
 
-  assert( p->bHasStat );
+  assert( p->bFts4 );
   assert( pgsz>0 );
 
   for(ii=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && ii<pMsr->nSegment; ii++){
@@ -126589,7 +138332,7 @@
   }
   memset(pReader, 0, sizeof(Fts3SegReader));
   pReader->iIdx = iAge;
-  pReader->bLookup = bLookup;
+  pReader->bLookup = bLookup!=0;
   pReader->iStartBlock = iStartLeaf;
   pReader->iLeafEndBlock = iEndLeaf;
   pReader->iEndBlock = iEndBlock;
@@ -126597,6 +138340,7 @@
   if( nExtra ){
     /* The entire segment is stored in the root node. */
     pReader->aNode = (char *)&pReader[1];
+    pReader->rootOnly = 1;
     pReader->nNode = nRoot;
     memcpy(pReader->aNode, zRoot, nRoot);
     memset(&pReader->aNode[nRoot], 0, FTS3_NODE_PADDING);
@@ -126882,6 +138626,27 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** Find the largest relative level number in the table. If successful, set
+** *pnMax to this value and return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, if an error occurs,
+** set *pnMax to zero and return an SQLite error code.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3MaxLevel(Fts3Table *p, int *pnMax){
+  int rc;
+  int mxLevel = 0;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_MXLEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+      mxLevel = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  }
+  *pnMax = mxLevel;
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /* 
 ** Insert a record into the %_segdir table.
 */
@@ -126892,6 +138657,7 @@
   sqlite3_int64 iStartBlock,      /* Value for "start_block" field */
   sqlite3_int64 iLeafEndBlock,    /* Value for "leaves_end_block" field */
   sqlite3_int64 iEndBlock,        /* Value for "end_block" field */
+  sqlite3_int64 nLeafData,        /* Bytes of leaf data in segment */
   char *zRoot,                    /* Blob value for "root" field */
   int nRoot                       /* Number of bytes in buffer zRoot */
 ){
@@ -126902,7 +138668,13 @@
     sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 2, iIdx);
     sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 3, iStartBlock);
     sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 4, iLeafEndBlock);
-    sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 5, iEndBlock);
+    if( nLeafData==0 ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 5, iEndBlock);
+    }else{
+      char *zEnd = sqlite3_mprintf("%lld %lld", iEndBlock, nLeafData);
+      if( !zEnd ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      sqlite3_bind_text(pStmt, 5, zEnd, -1, sqlite3_free);
+    }
     sqlite3_bind_blob(pStmt, 6, zRoot, nRoot, SQLITE_STATIC);
     sqlite3_step(pStmt);
     rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
@@ -127198,6 +138970,7 @@
     /* The current leaf node is full. Write it out to the database. */
     rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, pWriter->iFree++, pWriter->aData, nData);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+    p->nLeafAdd++;
 
     /* Add the current term to the interior node tree. The term added to
     ** the interior tree must:
@@ -127227,6 +139000,9 @@
       nDoclist;                             /* Doclist data */
   }
 
+  /* Increase the total number of bytes written to account for the new entry. */
+  pWriter->nLeafData += nReq;
+
   /* If the buffer currently allocated is too small for this entry, realloc
   ** the buffer to make it large enough.
   */
@@ -127298,14 +139074,15 @@
           pWriter->iFirst, pWriter->iFree, &iLast, &zRoot, &nRoot);
     }
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      rc = fts3WriteSegdir(
-          p, iLevel, iIdx, pWriter->iFirst, iLastLeaf, iLast, zRoot, nRoot);
+      rc = fts3WriteSegdir(p, iLevel, iIdx, 
+          pWriter->iFirst, iLastLeaf, iLast, pWriter->nLeafData, zRoot, nRoot);
     }
   }else{
     /* The entire tree fits on the root node. Write it to the segdir table. */
-    rc = fts3WriteSegdir(
-        p, iLevel, iIdx, 0, 0, 0, pWriter->aData, pWriter->nData);
+    rc = fts3WriteSegdir(p, iLevel, iIdx, 
+        0, 0, 0, pWriter->nLeafData, pWriter->aData, pWriter->nData);
   }
+  p->nLeafAdd++;
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -127388,6 +139165,60 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** iAbsLevel is an absolute level that may be assumed to exist within
+** the database. This function checks if it is the largest level number
+** within its index. Assuming no error occurs, *pbMax is set to 1 if
+** iAbsLevel is indeed the largest level, or 0 otherwise, and SQLITE_OK
+** is returned. If an error occurs, an error code is returned and the
+** final value of *pbMax is undefined.
+*/
+static int fts3SegmentIsMaxLevel(Fts3Table *p, i64 iAbsLevel, int *pbMax){
+
+  /* Set pStmt to the compiled version of:
+  **
+  **   SELECT max(level) FROM %Q.'%q_segdir' WHERE level BETWEEN ? AND ?
+  **
+  ** (1024 is actually the value of macro FTS3_SEGDIR_PREFIXLEVEL_STR).
+  */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt;
+  int rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR_MAX_LEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iAbsLevel+1);
+  sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 2, 
+      ((iAbsLevel/FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL)+1) * FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL
+  );
+
+  *pbMax = 0;
+  if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+    *pbMax = sqlite3_column_type(pStmt, 0)==SQLITE_NULL;
+  }
+  return sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+}
+
+/*
+** Delete all entries in the %_segments table associated with the segment
+** opened with seg-reader pSeg. This function does not affect the contents
+** of the %_segdir table.
+*/
+static int fts3DeleteSegment(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS table handle */
+  Fts3SegReader *pSeg             /* Segment to delete */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  if( pSeg->iStartBlock ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pDelete;        /* SQL statement to delete rows */
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGMENTS_RANGE, &pDelete, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDelete, 1, pSeg->iStartBlock);
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDelete, 2, pSeg->iEndBlock);
+      sqlite3_step(pDelete);
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pDelete);
+    }
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
 ** This function is used after merging multiple segments into a single large
 ** segment to delete the old, now redundant, segment b-trees. Specifically,
 ** it:
@@ -127409,19 +139240,12 @@
   Fts3SegReader **apSegment,      /* Array of SegReader objects */
   int nReader                     /* Size of array apSegment */
 ){
-  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
   int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
-  sqlite3_stmt *pDelete;          /* SQL statement to delete rows */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pDelete = 0;      /* SQL statement to delete rows */
 
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGMENTS_RANGE, &pDelete, 0);
   for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<nReader; i++){
-    Fts3SegReader *pSegment = apSegment[i];
-    if( pSegment->iStartBlock ){
-      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDelete, 1, pSegment->iStartBlock);
-      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDelete, 2, pSegment->iEndBlock);
-      sqlite3_step(pDelete);
-      rc = sqlite3_reset(pDelete);
-    }
+    rc = fts3DeleteSegment(p, apSegment[i]);
   }
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     return rc;
@@ -127461,9 +139285,13 @@
 **
 ** If there are no entries in the input position list for column iCol, then
 ** *pnList is set to zero before returning.
+**
+** If parameter bZero is non-zero, then any part of the input list following
+** the end of the output list is zeroed before returning.
 */
 static void fts3ColumnFilter(
   int iCol,                       /* Column to filter on */
+  int bZero,                      /* Zero out anything following *ppList */
   char **ppList,                  /* IN/OUT: Pointer to position list */
   int *pnList                     /* IN/OUT: Size of buffer *ppList in bytes */
 ){
@@ -127489,9 +139317,12 @@
       break;
     }
     p = &pList[1];
-    p += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(p, &iCurrent);
+    p += fts3GetVarint32(p, &iCurrent);
   }
 
+  if( bZero && &pList[nList]!=pEnd ){
+    memset(&pList[nList], 0, pEnd - &pList[nList]);
+  }
   *ppList = pList;
   *pnList = nList;
 }
@@ -127565,19 +139396,19 @@
       if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
       fts3SegReaderSort(pMsr->apSegment, nMerge, j, xCmp);
 
+      if( nList>0 && fts3SegReaderIsPending(apSegment[0]) ){
+        rc = fts3MsrBufferData(pMsr, pList, nList+1);
+        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+        assert( (pMsr->aBuffer[nList] & 0xFE)==0x00 );
+        pList = pMsr->aBuffer;
+      }
+
       if( pMsr->iColFilter>=0 ){
-        fts3ColumnFilter(pMsr->iColFilter, &pList, &nList);
+        fts3ColumnFilter(pMsr->iColFilter, 1, &pList, &nList);
       }
 
       if( nList>0 ){
-        if( fts3SegReaderIsPending(apSegment[0]) ){
-          rc = fts3MsrBufferData(pMsr, pList, nList+1);
-          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
-          *paPoslist = pMsr->aBuffer;
-          assert( (pMsr->aBuffer[nList] & 0xFE)==0x00 );
-        }else{
-          *paPoslist = pList;
-        }
+        *paPoslist = pList;
         *piDocid = iDocid;
         *pnPoslist = nList;
         break;
@@ -127805,8 +139636,8 @@
       fts3SegReaderSort(apSegment, nMerge, nMerge, xCmp);
       while( apSegment[0]->pOffsetList ){
         int j;                    /* Number of segments that share a docid */
-        char *pList;
-        int nList;
+        char *pList = 0;
+        int nList = 0;
         int nByte;
         sqlite3_int64 iDocid = apSegment[0]->iDocid;
         fts3SegReaderNextDocid(p, apSegment[0], &pList, &nList);
@@ -127820,7 +139651,7 @@
         }
 
         if( isColFilter ){
-          fts3ColumnFilter(pFilter->iCol, &pList, &nList);
+          fts3ColumnFilter(pFilter->iCol, 0, &pList, &nList);
         }
 
         if( !isIgnoreEmpty || nList>0 ){
@@ -127900,6 +139731,140 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Decode the "end_block" field, selected by column iCol of the SELECT 
+** statement passed as the first argument. 
+**
+** The "end_block" field may contain either an integer, or a text field
+** containing the text representation of two non-negative integers separated 
+** by one or more space (0x20) characters. In the first case, set *piEndBlock 
+** to the integer value and *pnByte to zero before returning. In the second, 
+** set *piEndBlock to the first value and *pnByte to the second.
+*/
+static void fts3ReadEndBlockField(
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt, 
+  int iCol, 
+  i64 *piEndBlock,
+  i64 *pnByte
+){
+  const unsigned char *zText = sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, iCol);
+  if( zText ){
+    int i;
+    int iMul = 1;
+    i64 iVal = 0;
+    for(i=0; zText[i]>='0' && zText[i]<='9'; i++){
+      iVal = iVal*10 + (zText[i] - '0');
+    }
+    *piEndBlock = iVal;
+    while( zText[i]==' ' ) i++;
+    iVal = 0;
+    if( zText[i]=='-' ){
+      i++;
+      iMul = -1;
+    }
+    for(/* no-op */; zText[i]>='0' && zText[i]<='9'; i++){
+      iVal = iVal*10 + (zText[i] - '0');
+    }
+    *pnByte = (iVal * (i64)iMul);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** A segment of size nByte bytes has just been written to absolute level
+** iAbsLevel. Promote any segments that should be promoted as a result.
+*/
+static int fts3PromoteSegments(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level just updated */
+  sqlite3_int64 nByte             /* Size of new segment at iAbsLevel */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pRange;
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_LEVEL_RANGE2, &pRange, 0);
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int bOk = 0;
+    i64 iLast = (iAbsLevel/FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL + 1) * FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL - 1;
+    i64 nLimit = (nByte*3)/2;
+
+    /* Loop through all entries in the %_segdir table corresponding to 
+    ** segments in this index on levels greater than iAbsLevel. If there is
+    ** at least one such segment, and it is possible to determine that all 
+    ** such segments are smaller than nLimit bytes in size, they will be 
+    ** promoted to level iAbsLevel.  */
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pRange, 1, iAbsLevel+1);
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pRange, 2, iLast);
+    while( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pRange) ){
+      i64 nSize = 0, dummy;
+      fts3ReadEndBlockField(pRange, 2, &dummy, &nSize);
+      if( nSize<=0 || nSize>nLimit ){
+        /* If nSize==0, then the %_segdir.end_block field does not not 
+        ** contain a size value. This happens if it was written by an
+        ** old version of FTS. In this case it is not possible to determine
+        ** the size of the segment, and so segment promotion does not
+        ** take place.  */
+        bOk = 0;
+        break;
+      }
+      bOk = 1;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pRange);
+
+    if( bOk ){
+      int iIdx = 0;
+      sqlite3_stmt *pUpdate1;
+      sqlite3_stmt *pUpdate2;
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_UPDATE_LEVEL_IDX, &pUpdate1, 0);
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_UPDATE_LEVEL, &pUpdate2, 0);
+      }
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+
+        /* Loop through all %_segdir entries for segments in this index with
+        ** levels equal to or greater than iAbsLevel. As each entry is visited,
+        ** updated it to set (level = -1) and (idx = N), where N is 0 for the
+        ** oldest segment in the range, 1 for the next oldest, and so on.
+        **
+        ** In other words, move all segments being promoted to level -1,
+        ** setting the "idx" fields as appropriate to keep them in the same
+        ** order. The contents of level -1 (which is never used, except
+        ** transiently here), will be moved back to level iAbsLevel below.  */
+        sqlite3_bind_int64(pRange, 1, iAbsLevel);
+        while( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pRange) ){
+          sqlite3_bind_int(pUpdate1, 1, iIdx++);
+          sqlite3_bind_int(pUpdate1, 2, sqlite3_column_int(pRange, 0));
+          sqlite3_bind_int(pUpdate1, 3, sqlite3_column_int(pRange, 1));
+          sqlite3_step(pUpdate1);
+          rc = sqlite3_reset(pUpdate1);
+          if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+            sqlite3_reset(pRange);
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = sqlite3_reset(pRange);
+      }
+
+      /* Move level -1 to level iAbsLevel */
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        sqlite3_bind_int64(pUpdate2, 1, iAbsLevel);
+        sqlite3_step(pUpdate2);
+        rc = sqlite3_reset(pUpdate2);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
 ** Merge all level iLevel segments in the database into a single 
 ** iLevel+1 segment. Or, if iLevel<0, merge all segments into a
 ** single segment with a level equal to the numerically largest level 
@@ -127923,6 +139888,7 @@
   Fts3SegFilter filter;           /* Segment term filter condition */
   Fts3MultiSegReader csr;         /* Cursor to iterate through level(s) */
   int bIgnoreEmpty = 0;           /* True to ignore empty segments */
+  i64 iMaxLevel = 0;              /* Max level number for this index/langid */
 
   assert( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL
        || iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING
@@ -127934,30 +139900,35 @@
   rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel, 0, 0, 1, 0, &csr);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || csr.nSegment==0 ) goto finished;
 
+  if( iLevel!=FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING ){
+    rc = fts3SegmentMaxLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex, &iMaxLevel);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+  }
+
   if( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL ){
     /* This call is to merge all segments in the database to a single
-    ** segment. The level of the new segment is equal to the the numerically 
+    ** segment. The level of the new segment is equal to the numerically
     ** greatest segment level currently present in the database for this
     ** index. The idx of the new segment is always 0.  */
     if( csr.nSegment==1 ){
       rc = SQLITE_DONE;
       goto finished;
     }
-    rc = fts3SegmentMaxLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex, &iNewLevel);
+    iNewLevel = iMaxLevel;
     bIgnoreEmpty = 1;
 
-  }else if( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING ){
-    iNewLevel = getAbsoluteLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex, 0);
-    rc = fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(p, iLangid, iIndex, 0, &iIdx);
   }else{
     /* This call is to merge all segments at level iLevel. find the next
     ** available segment index at level iLevel+1. The call to
     ** fts3AllocateSegdirIdx() will merge the segments at level iLevel+1 to 
     ** a single iLevel+2 segment if necessary.  */
-    rc = fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel+1, &iIdx);
+    assert( FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING==-1 );
     iNewLevel = getAbsoluteLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel+1);
+    rc = fts3AllocateSegdirIdx(p, iLangid, iIndex, iLevel+1, &iIdx);
+    bIgnoreEmpty = (iLevel!=FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING) && (iNewLevel>iMaxLevel);
   }
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
+
   assert( csr.nSegment>0 );
   assert( iNewLevel>=getAbsoluteLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex, 0) );
   assert( iNewLevel<getAbsoluteLevel(p, iLangid, iIndex,FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL) );
@@ -127974,7 +139945,7 @@
         csr.zTerm, csr.nTerm, csr.aDoclist, csr.nDoclist);
   }
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
-  assert( pWriter );
+  assert( pWriter || bIgnoreEmpty );
 
   if( iLevel!=FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING ){
     rc = fts3DeleteSegdir(
@@ -127982,7 +139953,14 @@
     );
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto finished;
   }
-  rc = fts3SegWriterFlush(p, pWriter, iNewLevel, iIdx);
+  if( pWriter ){
+    rc = fts3SegWriterFlush(p, pWriter, iNewLevel, iIdx);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( iLevel==FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING || iNewLevel<iMaxLevel ){
+        rc = fts3PromoteSegments(p, iNewLevel, pWriter->nLeafData);
+      }
+    }
+  }
 
  finished:
   fts3SegWriterFree(pWriter);
@@ -127992,16 +139970,38 @@
 
 
 /* 
-** Flush the contents of pendingTerms to level 0 segments.
+** Flush the contents of pendingTerms to level 0 segments. 
 */
 SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsFlush(Fts3Table *p){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   int i;
+        
   for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<p->nIndex; i++){
     rc = fts3SegmentMerge(p, p->iPrevLangid, i, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_PENDING);
     if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
   }
   sqlite3Fts3PendingTermsClear(p);
+
+  /* Determine the auto-incr-merge setting if unknown.  If enabled,
+  ** estimate the number of leaf blocks of content to be written
+  */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p->bHasStat
+   && p->nAutoincrmerge==0xff && p->nLeafAdd>0
+  ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_STAT, &pStmt, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, FTS_STAT_AUTOINCRMERGE);
+      rc = sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_ROW ){
+        p->nAutoincrmerge = sqlite3_column_int(pStmt, 0);
+        if( p->nAutoincrmerge==1 ) p->nAutoincrmerge = 8;
+      }else if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
+        p->nAutoincrmerge = 0;
+      }
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+    }
+  }
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -128112,12 +140112,13 @@
     return;
   }
   pBlob = (char*)&a[nStat];
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_DOCTOTAL, &pStmt, 0);
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_STAT, &pStmt, 0);
   if( rc ){
     sqlite3_free(a);
     *pRC = rc;
     return;
   }
+  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, FTS_STAT_DOCTOTAL);
   if( sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW ){
     fts3DecodeIntArray(nStat, a,
          sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 0),
@@ -128125,7 +140126,12 @@
   }else{
     memset(a, 0, sizeof(u32)*(nStat) );
   }
-  sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_free(a);
+    *pRC = rc;
+    return;
+  }
   if( nChng<0 && a[0]<(u32)(-nChng) ){
     a[0] = 0;
   }else{
@@ -128141,13 +140147,14 @@
     a[i+1] = x;
   }
   fts3EncodeIntArray(nStat, a, pBlob, &nBlob);
-  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_REPLACE_DOCTOTAL, &pStmt, 0);
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_REPLACE_STAT, &pStmt, 0);
   if( rc ){
     sqlite3_free(a);
     *pRC = rc;
     return;
   }
-  sqlite3_bind_blob(pStmt, 1, pBlob, nBlob, SQLITE_STATIC);
+  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, FTS_STAT_DOCTOTAL);
+  sqlite3_bind_blob(pStmt, 2, pBlob, nBlob, SQLITE_STATIC);
   sqlite3_step(pStmt);
   *pRC = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
   sqlite3_free(a);
@@ -128233,11 +140240,13 @@
       int iCol;
       int iLangid = langidFromSelect(p, pStmt);
       rc = fts3PendingTermsDocid(p, iLangid, sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 0));
-      aSz[p->nColumn] = 0;
+      memset(aSz, 0, sizeof(aSz[0]) * (p->nColumn+1));
       for(iCol=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && iCol<p->nColumn; iCol++){
-        const char *z = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, iCol+1);
-        rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, iLangid, z, iCol, &aSz[iCol]);
-        aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, iCol+1);
+        if( p->abNotindexed[iCol]==0 ){
+          const char *z = (const char *) sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, iCol+1);
+          rc = fts3PendingTermsAdd(p, iLangid, z, iCol, &aSz[iCol]);
+          aSz[p->nColumn] += sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, iCol+1);
+        }
       }
       if( p->bHasDocsize ){
         fts3InsertDocsize(&rc, p, aSz);
@@ -128252,7 +140261,7 @@
         }
       }
     }
-    if( p->bHasStat ){
+    if( p->bFts4 ){
       fts3UpdateDocTotals(&rc, p, aSzIns, aSzDel, nEntry);
     }
     sqlite3_free(aSz);
@@ -128268,6 +140277,1715 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+
+/*
+** This function opens a cursor used to read the input data for an 
+** incremental merge operation. Specifically, it opens a cursor to scan
+** the oldest nSeg segments (idx=0 through idx=(nSeg-1)) in absolute 
+** level iAbsLevel.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeCsr(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level to open */
+  int nSeg,                       /* Number of segments to merge */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr        /* Cursor object to populate */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;        /* Statement used to read %_segdir entry */  
+  int nByte;                      /* Bytes allocated at pCsr->apSegment[] */
+
+  /* Allocate space for the Fts3MultiSegReader.aCsr[] array */
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(*pCsr));
+  nByte = sizeof(Fts3SegReader *) * nSeg;
+  pCsr->apSegment = (Fts3SegReader **)sqlite3_malloc(nByte);
+
+  if( pCsr->apSegment==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    memset(pCsr->apSegment, 0, nByte);
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_LEVEL, &pStmt, 0);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int i;
+    int rc2;
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pStmt, 1, iAbsLevel);
+    assert( pCsr->nSegment==0 );
+    for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3_step(pStmt)==SQLITE_ROW && i<nSeg; i++){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderNew(i, 0,
+          sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 1),        /* segdir.start_block */
+          sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 2),        /* segdir.leaves_end_block */
+          sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 3),        /* segdir.end_block */
+          sqlite3_column_blob(pStmt, 4),         /* segdir.root */
+          sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, 4),        /* segdir.root */
+          &pCsr->apSegment[i]
+      );
+      pCsr->nSegment++;
+    }
+    rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+typedef struct IncrmergeWriter IncrmergeWriter;
+typedef struct NodeWriter NodeWriter;
+typedef struct Blob Blob;
+typedef struct NodeReader NodeReader;
+
+/*
+** An instance of the following structure is used as a dynamic buffer
+** to build up nodes or other blobs of data in.
+**
+** The function blobGrowBuffer() is used to extend the allocation.
+*/
+struct Blob {
+  char *a;                        /* Pointer to allocation */
+  int n;                          /* Number of valid bytes of data in a[] */
+  int nAlloc;                     /* Allocated size of a[] (nAlloc>=n) */
+};
+
+/*
+** This structure is used to build up buffers containing segment b-tree 
+** nodes (blocks).
+*/
+struct NodeWriter {
+  sqlite3_int64 iBlock;           /* Current block id */
+  Blob key;                       /* Last key written to the current block */
+  Blob block;                     /* Current block image */
+};
+
+/*
+** An object of this type contains the state required to create or append
+** to an appendable b-tree segment.
+*/
+struct IncrmergeWriter {
+  int nLeafEst;                   /* Space allocated for leaf blocks */
+  int nWork;                      /* Number of leaf pages flushed */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel;        /* Absolute level of input segments */
+  int iIdx;                       /* Index of *output* segment in iAbsLevel+1 */
+  sqlite3_int64 iStart;           /* Block number of first allocated block */
+  sqlite3_int64 iEnd;             /* Block number of last allocated block */
+  sqlite3_int64 nLeafData;        /* Bytes of leaf page data so far */
+  u8 bNoLeafData;                 /* If true, store 0 for segment size */
+  NodeWriter aNodeWriter[FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT];
+};
+
+/*
+** An object of the following type is used to read data from a single
+** FTS segment node. See the following functions:
+**
+**     nodeReaderInit()
+**     nodeReaderNext()
+**     nodeReaderRelease()
+*/
+struct NodeReader {
+  const char *aNode;
+  int nNode;
+  int iOff;                       /* Current offset within aNode[] */
+
+  /* Output variables. Containing the current node entry. */
+  sqlite3_int64 iChild;           /* Pointer to child node */
+  Blob term;                      /* Current term */
+  const char *aDoclist;           /* Pointer to doclist */
+  int nDoclist;                   /* Size of doclist in bytes */
+};
+
+/*
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op.
+** Otherwise, if the allocation at pBlob->a is not already at least nMin
+** bytes in size, extend (realloc) it to be so.
+**
+** If an OOM error occurs, set *pRc to SQLITE_NOMEM and leave pBlob->a
+** unmodified. Otherwise, if the allocation succeeds, update pBlob->nAlloc
+** to reflect the new size of the pBlob->a[] buffer.
+*/
+static void blobGrowBuffer(Blob *pBlob, int nMin, int *pRc){
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK && nMin>pBlob->nAlloc ){
+    int nAlloc = nMin;
+    char *a = (char *)sqlite3_realloc(pBlob->a, nAlloc);
+    if( a ){
+      pBlob->nAlloc = nAlloc;
+      pBlob->a = a;
+    }else{
+      *pRc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Attempt to advance the node-reader object passed as the first argument to
+** the next entry on the node. 
+**
+** Return an error code if an error occurs (SQLITE_NOMEM is possible). 
+** Otherwise return SQLITE_OK. If there is no next entry on the node
+** (e.g. because the current entry is the last) set NodeReader->aNode to
+** NULL to indicate EOF. Otherwise, populate the NodeReader structure output 
+** variables for the new entry.
+*/
+static int nodeReaderNext(NodeReader *p){
+  int bFirst = (p->term.n==0);    /* True for first term on the node */
+  int nPrefix = 0;                /* Bytes to copy from previous term */
+  int nSuffix = 0;                /* Bytes to append to the prefix */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+
+  assert( p->aNode );
+  if( p->iChild && bFirst==0 ) p->iChild++;
+  if( p->iOff>=p->nNode ){
+    /* EOF */
+    p->aNode = 0;
+  }else{
+    if( bFirst==0 ){
+      p->iOff += fts3GetVarint32(&p->aNode[p->iOff], &nPrefix);
+    }
+    p->iOff += fts3GetVarint32(&p->aNode[p->iOff], &nSuffix);
+
+    blobGrowBuffer(&p->term, nPrefix+nSuffix, &rc);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      memcpy(&p->term.a[nPrefix], &p->aNode[p->iOff], nSuffix);
+      p->term.n = nPrefix+nSuffix;
+      p->iOff += nSuffix;
+      if( p->iChild==0 ){
+        p->iOff += fts3GetVarint32(&p->aNode[p->iOff], &p->nDoclist);
+        p->aDoclist = &p->aNode[p->iOff];
+        p->iOff += p->nDoclist;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert( p->iOff<=p->nNode );
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Release all dynamic resources held by node-reader object *p.
+*/
+static void nodeReaderRelease(NodeReader *p){
+  sqlite3_free(p->term.a);
+}
+
+/*
+** Initialize a node-reader object to read the node in buffer aNode/nNode.
+**
+** If successful, SQLITE_OK is returned and the NodeReader object set to 
+** point to the first entry on the node (if any). Otherwise, an SQLite
+** error code is returned.
+*/
+static int nodeReaderInit(NodeReader *p, const char *aNode, int nNode){
+  memset(p, 0, sizeof(NodeReader));
+  p->aNode = aNode;
+  p->nNode = nNode;
+
+  /* Figure out if this is a leaf or an internal node. */
+  if( p->aNode[0] ){
+    /* An internal node. */
+    p->iOff = 1 + sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(&p->aNode[1], &p->iChild);
+  }else{
+    p->iOff = 1;
+  }
+
+  return nodeReaderNext(p);
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called while writing an FTS segment each time a leaf o
+** node is finished and written to disk. The key (zTerm/nTerm) is guaranteed
+** to be greater than the largest key on the node just written, but smaller
+** than or equal to the first key that will be written to the next leaf
+** node.
+**
+** The block id of the leaf node just written to disk may be found in
+** (pWriter->aNodeWriter[0].iBlock) when this function is called.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergePush(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Fts3 table handle */
+  IncrmergeWriter *pWriter,       /* Writer object */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Term to write to internal node */
+  int nTerm                       /* Bytes at zTerm */
+){
+  sqlite3_int64 iPtr = pWriter->aNodeWriter[0].iBlock;
+  int iLayer;
+
+  assert( nTerm>0 );
+  for(iLayer=1; ALWAYS(iLayer<FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT); iLayer++){
+    sqlite3_int64 iNextPtr = 0;
+    NodeWriter *pNode = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[iLayer];
+    int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    int nPrefix;
+    int nSuffix;
+    int nSpace;
+
+    /* Figure out how much space the key will consume if it is written to
+    ** the current node of layer iLayer. Due to the prefix compression, 
+    ** the space required changes depending on which node the key is to
+    ** be added to.  */
+    nPrefix = fts3PrefixCompress(pNode->key.a, pNode->key.n, zTerm, nTerm);
+    nSuffix = nTerm - nPrefix;
+    nSpace  = sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nPrefix);
+    nSpace += sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nSuffix) + nSuffix;
+
+    if( pNode->key.n==0 || (pNode->block.n + nSpace)<=p->nNodeSize ){ 
+      /* If the current node of layer iLayer contains zero keys, or if adding
+      ** the key to it will not cause it to grow to larger than nNodeSize 
+      ** bytes in size, write the key here.  */
+
+      Blob *pBlk = &pNode->block;
+      if( pBlk->n==0 ){
+        blobGrowBuffer(pBlk, p->nNodeSize, &rc);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          pBlk->a[0] = (char)iLayer;
+          pBlk->n = 1 + sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pBlk->a[1], iPtr);
+        }
+      }
+      blobGrowBuffer(pBlk, pBlk->n + nSpace, &rc);
+      blobGrowBuffer(&pNode->key, nTerm, &rc);
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        if( pNode->key.n ){
+          pBlk->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pBlk->a[pBlk->n], nPrefix);
+        }
+        pBlk->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pBlk->a[pBlk->n], nSuffix);
+        memcpy(&pBlk->a[pBlk->n], &zTerm[nPrefix], nSuffix);
+        pBlk->n += nSuffix;
+
+        memcpy(pNode->key.a, zTerm, nTerm);
+        pNode->key.n = nTerm;
+      }
+    }else{
+      /* Otherwise, flush the current node of layer iLayer to disk.
+      ** Then allocate a new, empty sibling node. The key will be written
+      ** into the parent of this node. */
+      rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, pNode->iBlock, pNode->block.a, pNode->block.n);
+
+      assert( pNode->block.nAlloc>=p->nNodeSize );
+      pNode->block.a[0] = (char)iLayer;
+      pNode->block.n = 1 + sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pNode->block.a[1], iPtr+1);
+
+      iNextPtr = pNode->iBlock;
+      pNode->iBlock++;
+      pNode->key.n = 0;
+    }
+
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || iNextPtr==0 ) return rc;
+    iPtr = iNextPtr;
+  }
+
+  assert( 0 );
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Append a term and (optionally) doclist to the FTS segment node currently
+** stored in blob *pNode. The node need not contain any terms, but the
+** header must be written before this function is called.
+**
+** A node header is a single 0x00 byte for a leaf node, or a height varint
+** followed by the left-hand-child varint for an internal node.
+**
+** The term to be appended is passed via arguments zTerm/nTerm. For a 
+** leaf node, the doclist is passed as aDoclist/nDoclist. For an internal
+** node, both aDoclist and nDoclist must be passed 0.
+**
+** If the size of the value in blob pPrev is zero, then this is the first
+** term written to the node. Otherwise, pPrev contains a copy of the 
+** previous term. Before this function returns, it is updated to contain a
+** copy of zTerm/nTerm.
+**
+** It is assumed that the buffer associated with pNode is already large
+** enough to accommodate the new entry. The buffer associated with pPrev
+** is extended by this function if requrired.
+**
+** If an error (i.e. OOM condition) occurs, an SQLite error code is
+** returned. Otherwise, SQLITE_OK.
+*/
+static int fts3AppendToNode(
+  Blob *pNode,                    /* Current node image to append to */
+  Blob *pPrev,                    /* Buffer containing previous term written */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* New term to write */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  const char *aDoclist,           /* Doclist (or NULL) to write */
+  int nDoclist                    /* Size of aDoclist in bytes */ 
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  int bFirst = (pPrev->n==0);     /* True if this is the first term written */
+  int nPrefix;                    /* Size of term prefix in bytes */
+  int nSuffix;                    /* Size of term suffix in bytes */
+
+  /* Node must have already been started. There must be a doclist for a
+  ** leaf node, and there must not be a doclist for an internal node.  */
+  assert( pNode->n>0 );
+  assert( (pNode->a[0]=='\0')==(aDoclist!=0) );
+
+  blobGrowBuffer(pPrev, nTerm, &rc);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  nPrefix = fts3PrefixCompress(pPrev->a, pPrev->n, zTerm, nTerm);
+  nSuffix = nTerm - nPrefix;
+  memcpy(pPrev->a, zTerm, nTerm);
+  pPrev->n = nTerm;
+
+  if( bFirst==0 ){
+    pNode->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pNode->a[pNode->n], nPrefix);
+  }
+  pNode->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pNode->a[pNode->n], nSuffix);
+  memcpy(&pNode->a[pNode->n], &zTerm[nPrefix], nSuffix);
+  pNode->n += nSuffix;
+
+  if( aDoclist ){
+    pNode->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pNode->a[pNode->n], nDoclist);
+    memcpy(&pNode->a[pNode->n], aDoclist, nDoclist);
+    pNode->n += nDoclist;
+  }
+
+  assert( pNode->n<=pNode->nAlloc );
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Append the current term and doclist pointed to by cursor pCsr to the
+** appendable b-tree segment opened for writing by pWriter.
+**
+** Return SQLITE_OK if successful, or an SQLite error code otherwise.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeAppend(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Fts3 table handle */
+  IncrmergeWriter *pWriter,       /* Writer object */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr        /* Cursor containing term and doclist */
+){
+  const char *zTerm = pCsr->zTerm;
+  int nTerm = pCsr->nTerm;
+  const char *aDoclist = pCsr->aDoclist;
+  int nDoclist = pCsr->nDoclist;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;           /* Return code */
+  int nSpace;                   /* Total space in bytes required on leaf */
+  int nPrefix;                  /* Size of prefix shared with previous term */
+  int nSuffix;                  /* Size of suffix (nTerm - nPrefix) */
+  NodeWriter *pLeaf;            /* Object used to write leaf nodes */
+
+  pLeaf = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[0];
+  nPrefix = fts3PrefixCompress(pLeaf->key.a, pLeaf->key.n, zTerm, nTerm);
+  nSuffix = nTerm - nPrefix;
+
+  nSpace  = sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nPrefix);
+  nSpace += sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nSuffix) + nSuffix;
+  nSpace += sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nDoclist) + nDoclist;
+
+  /* If the current block is not empty, and if adding this term/doclist
+  ** to the current block would make it larger than Fts3Table.nNodeSize
+  ** bytes, write this block out to the database. */
+  if( pLeaf->block.n>0 && (pLeaf->block.n + nSpace)>p->nNodeSize ){
+    rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, pLeaf->iBlock, pLeaf->block.a, pLeaf->block.n);
+    pWriter->nWork++;
+
+    /* Add the current term to the parent node. The term added to the 
+    ** parent must:
+    **
+    **   a) be greater than the largest term on the leaf node just written
+    **      to the database (still available in pLeaf->key), and
+    **
+    **   b) be less than or equal to the term about to be added to the new
+    **      leaf node (zTerm/nTerm).
+    **
+    ** In other words, it must be the prefix of zTerm 1 byte longer than
+    ** the common prefix (if any) of zTerm and pWriter->zTerm.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3IncrmergePush(p, pWriter, zTerm, nPrefix+1);
+    }
+
+    /* Advance to the next output block */
+    pLeaf->iBlock++;
+    pLeaf->key.n = 0;
+    pLeaf->block.n = 0;
+
+    nSuffix = nTerm;
+    nSpace  = 1;
+    nSpace += sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nSuffix) + nSuffix;
+    nSpace += sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(nDoclist) + nDoclist;
+  }
+
+  pWriter->nLeafData += nSpace;
+  blobGrowBuffer(&pLeaf->block, pLeaf->block.n + nSpace, &rc);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( pLeaf->block.n==0 ){
+      pLeaf->block.n = 1;
+      pLeaf->block.a[0] = '\0';
+    }
+    rc = fts3AppendToNode(
+        &pLeaf->block, &pLeaf->key, zTerm, nTerm, aDoclist, nDoclist
+    );
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called to release all dynamic resources held by the
+** merge-writer object pWriter, and if no error has occurred, to flush
+** all outstanding node buffers held by pWriter to disk.
+**
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, then no attempt
+** is made to write any data to disk. Instead, this function serves only
+** to release outstanding resources.
+**
+** Otherwise, if *pRc is initially SQLITE_OK and an error occurs while
+** flushing buffers to disk, *pRc is set to an SQLite error code before
+** returning.
+*/
+static void fts3IncrmergeRelease(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  IncrmergeWriter *pWriter,       /* Merge-writer object */
+  int *pRc                        /* IN/OUT: Error code */
+){
+  int i;                          /* Used to iterate through non-root layers */
+  int iRoot;                      /* Index of root in pWriter->aNodeWriter */
+  NodeWriter *pRoot;              /* NodeWriter for root node */
+  int rc = *pRc;                  /* Error code */
+
+  /* Set iRoot to the index in pWriter->aNodeWriter[] of the output segment 
+  ** root node. If the segment fits entirely on a single leaf node, iRoot
+  ** will be set to 0. If the root node is the parent of the leaves, iRoot
+  ** will be 1. And so on.  */
+  for(iRoot=FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT-1; iRoot>=0; iRoot--){
+    NodeWriter *pNode = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[iRoot];
+    if( pNode->block.n>0 ) break;
+    assert( *pRc || pNode->block.nAlloc==0 );
+    assert( *pRc || pNode->key.nAlloc==0 );
+    sqlite3_free(pNode->block.a);
+    sqlite3_free(pNode->key.a);
+  }
+
+  /* Empty output segment. This is a no-op. */
+  if( iRoot<0 ) return;
+
+  /* The entire output segment fits on a single node. Normally, this means
+  ** the node would be stored as a blob in the "root" column of the %_segdir
+  ** table. However, this is not permitted in this case. The problem is that 
+  ** space has already been reserved in the %_segments table, and so the 
+  ** start_block and end_block fields of the %_segdir table must be populated. 
+  ** And, by design or by accident, released versions of FTS cannot handle 
+  ** segments that fit entirely on the root node with start_block!=0.
+  **
+  ** Instead, create a synthetic root node that contains nothing but a 
+  ** pointer to the single content node. So that the segment consists of a
+  ** single leaf and a single interior (root) node.
+  **
+  ** Todo: Better might be to defer allocating space in the %_segments 
+  ** table until we are sure it is needed.
+  */
+  if( iRoot==0 ){
+    Blob *pBlock = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[1].block;
+    blobGrowBuffer(pBlock, 1 + FTS3_VARINT_MAX, &rc);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      pBlock->a[0] = 0x01;
+      pBlock->n = 1 + sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(
+          &pBlock->a[1], pWriter->aNodeWriter[0].iBlock
+      );
+    }
+    iRoot = 1;
+  }
+  pRoot = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[iRoot];
+
+  /* Flush all currently outstanding nodes to disk. */
+  for(i=0; i<iRoot; i++){
+    NodeWriter *pNode = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[i];
+    if( pNode->block.n>0 && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, pNode->iBlock, pNode->block.a, pNode->block.n);
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(pNode->block.a);
+    sqlite3_free(pNode->key.a);
+  }
+
+  /* Write the %_segdir record. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = fts3WriteSegdir(p, 
+        pWriter->iAbsLevel+1,               /* level */
+        pWriter->iIdx,                      /* idx */
+        pWriter->iStart,                    /* start_block */
+        pWriter->aNodeWriter[0].iBlock,     /* leaves_end_block */
+        pWriter->iEnd,                      /* end_block */
+        (pWriter->bNoLeafData==0 ? pWriter->nLeafData : 0),   /* end_block */
+        pRoot->block.a, pRoot->block.n      /* root */
+    );
+  }
+  sqlite3_free(pRoot->block.a);
+  sqlite3_free(pRoot->key.a);
+
+  *pRc = rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Compare the term in buffer zLhs (size in bytes nLhs) with that in
+** zRhs (size in bytes nRhs) using memcmp. If one term is a prefix of
+** the other, it is considered to be smaller than the other.
+**
+** Return -ve if zLhs is smaller than zRhs, 0 if it is equal, or +ve
+** if it is greater.
+*/
+static int fts3TermCmp(
+  const char *zLhs, int nLhs,     /* LHS of comparison */
+  const char *zRhs, int nRhs      /* RHS of comparison */
+){
+  int nCmp = MIN(nLhs, nRhs);
+  int res;
+
+  res = memcmp(zLhs, zRhs, nCmp);
+  if( res==0 ) res = nLhs - nRhs;
+
+  return res;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Query to see if the entry in the %_segments table with blockid iEnd is 
+** NULL. If no error occurs and the entry is NULL, set *pbRes 1 before
+** returning. Otherwise, set *pbRes to 0. 
+**
+** Or, if an error occurs while querying the database, return an SQLite 
+** error code. The final value of *pbRes is undefined in this case.
+**
+** This is used to test if a segment is an "appendable" segment. If it
+** is, then a NULL entry has been inserted into the %_segments table
+** with blockid %_segdir.end_block.
+*/
+static int fts3IsAppendable(Fts3Table *p, sqlite3_int64 iEnd, int *pbRes){
+  int bRes = 0;                   /* Result to set *pbRes to */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pCheck = 0;       /* Statement to query database with */
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SEGMENT_IS_APPENDABLE, &pCheck, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pCheck, 1, iEnd);
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pCheck) ) bRes = 1;
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pCheck);
+  }
+  
+  *pbRes = bRes;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called when initializing an incremental-merge operation.
+** It checks if the existing segment with index value iIdx at absolute level 
+** (iAbsLevel+1) can be appended to by the incremental merge. If it can, the
+** merge-writer object *pWriter is initialized to write to it.
+**
+** An existing segment can be appended to by an incremental merge if:
+**
+**   * It was initially created as an appendable segment (with all required
+**     space pre-allocated), and
+**
+**   * The first key read from the input (arguments zKey and nKey) is 
+**     greater than the largest key currently stored in the potential
+**     output segment.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeLoad(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Fts3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level of input segments */
+  int iIdx,                       /* Index of candidate output segment */
+  const char *zKey,               /* First key to write */
+  int nKey,                       /* Number of bytes in nKey */
+  IncrmergeWriter *pWriter        /* Populate this object */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pSelect = 0;      /* SELECT to read %_segdir entry */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR, &pSelect, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_int64 iStart = 0;     /* Value of %_segdir.start_block */
+    sqlite3_int64 iLeafEnd = 0;   /* Value of %_segdir.leaves_end_block */
+    sqlite3_int64 iEnd = 0;       /* Value of %_segdir.end_block */
+    const char *aRoot = 0;        /* Pointer to %_segdir.root buffer */
+    int nRoot = 0;                /* Size of aRoot[] in bytes */
+    int rc2;                      /* Return code from sqlite3_reset() */
+    int bAppendable = 0;          /* Set to true if segment is appendable */
+
+    /* Read the %_segdir entry for index iIdx absolute level (iAbsLevel+1) */
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pSelect, 1, iAbsLevel+1);
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pSelect, 2, iIdx);
+    if( sqlite3_step(pSelect)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      iStart = sqlite3_column_int64(pSelect, 1);
+      iLeafEnd = sqlite3_column_int64(pSelect, 2);
+      fts3ReadEndBlockField(pSelect, 3, &iEnd, &pWriter->nLeafData);
+      if( pWriter->nLeafData<0 ){
+        pWriter->nLeafData = pWriter->nLeafData * -1;
+      }
+      pWriter->bNoLeafData = (pWriter->nLeafData==0);
+      nRoot = sqlite3_column_bytes(pSelect, 4);
+      aRoot = sqlite3_column_blob(pSelect, 4);
+    }else{
+      return sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+    }
+
+    /* Check for the zero-length marker in the %_segments table */
+    rc = fts3IsAppendable(p, iEnd, &bAppendable);
+
+    /* Check that zKey/nKey is larger than the largest key the candidate */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bAppendable ){
+      char *aLeaf = 0;
+      int nLeaf = 0;
+
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, iLeafEnd, &aLeaf, &nLeaf, 0);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        NodeReader reader;
+        for(rc = nodeReaderInit(&reader, aLeaf, nLeaf);
+            rc==SQLITE_OK && reader.aNode;
+            rc = nodeReaderNext(&reader)
+        ){
+          assert( reader.aNode );
+        }
+        if( fts3TermCmp(zKey, nKey, reader.term.a, reader.term.n)<=0 ){
+          bAppendable = 0;
+        }
+        nodeReaderRelease(&reader);
+      }
+      sqlite3_free(aLeaf);
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bAppendable ){
+      /* It is possible to append to this segment. Set up the IncrmergeWriter
+      ** object to do so.  */
+      int i;
+      int nHeight = (int)aRoot[0];
+      NodeWriter *pNode;
+
+      pWriter->nLeafEst = (int)((iEnd - iStart) + 1)/FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT;
+      pWriter->iStart = iStart;
+      pWriter->iEnd = iEnd;
+      pWriter->iAbsLevel = iAbsLevel;
+      pWriter->iIdx = iIdx;
+
+      for(i=nHeight+1; i<FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT; i++){
+        pWriter->aNodeWriter[i].iBlock = pWriter->iStart + i*pWriter->nLeafEst;
+      }
+
+      pNode = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[nHeight];
+      pNode->iBlock = pWriter->iStart + pWriter->nLeafEst*nHeight;
+      blobGrowBuffer(&pNode->block, MAX(nRoot, p->nNodeSize), &rc);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        memcpy(pNode->block.a, aRoot, nRoot);
+        pNode->block.n = nRoot;
+      }
+
+      for(i=nHeight; i>=0 && rc==SQLITE_OK; i--){
+        NodeReader reader;
+        pNode = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[i];
+
+        rc = nodeReaderInit(&reader, pNode->block.a, pNode->block.n);
+        while( reader.aNode && rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = nodeReaderNext(&reader);
+        blobGrowBuffer(&pNode->key, reader.term.n, &rc);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          memcpy(pNode->key.a, reader.term.a, reader.term.n);
+          pNode->key.n = reader.term.n;
+          if( i>0 ){
+            char *aBlock = 0;
+            int nBlock = 0;
+            pNode = &pWriter->aNodeWriter[i-1];
+            pNode->iBlock = reader.iChild;
+            rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, reader.iChild, &aBlock, &nBlock, 0);
+            blobGrowBuffer(&pNode->block, MAX(nBlock, p->nNodeSize), &rc);
+            if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+              memcpy(pNode->block.a, aBlock, nBlock);
+              pNode->block.n = nBlock;
+            }
+            sqlite3_free(aBlock);
+          }
+        }
+        nodeReaderRelease(&reader);
+      }
+    }
+
+    rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Determine the largest segment index value that exists within absolute
+** level iAbsLevel+1. If no error occurs, set *piIdx to this value plus
+** one before returning SQLITE_OK. Or, if there are no segments at all 
+** within level iAbsLevel, set *piIdx to zero.
+**
+** If an error occurs, return an SQLite error code. The final value of
+** *piIdx is undefined in this case.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeOutputIdx( 
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS Table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute index of input segments */
+  int *piIdx                      /* OUT: Next free index at iAbsLevel+1 */
+){
+  int rc;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pOutputIdx = 0;   /* SQL used to find output index */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_NEXT_SEGMENT_INDEX, &pOutputIdx, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pOutputIdx, 1, iAbsLevel+1);
+    sqlite3_step(pOutputIdx);
+    *piIdx = sqlite3_column_int(pOutputIdx, 0);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pOutputIdx);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/* 
+** Allocate an appendable output segment on absolute level iAbsLevel+1
+** with idx value iIdx.
+**
+** In the %_segdir table, a segment is defined by the values in three
+** columns:
+**
+**     start_block
+**     leaves_end_block
+**     end_block
+**
+** When an appendable segment is allocated, it is estimated that the
+** maximum number of leaf blocks that may be required is the sum of the
+** number of leaf blocks consumed by the input segments, plus the number
+** of input segments, multiplied by two. This value is stored in stack 
+** variable nLeafEst.
+**
+** A total of 16*nLeafEst blocks are allocated when an appendable segment
+** is created ((1 + end_block - start_block)==16*nLeafEst). The contiguous
+** array of leaf nodes starts at the first block allocated. The array
+** of interior nodes that are parents of the leaf nodes start at block
+** (start_block + (1 + end_block - start_block) / 16). And so on.
+**
+** In the actual code below, the value "16" is replaced with the 
+** pre-processor macro FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeWriter( 
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* Fts3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level of input segments */
+  int iIdx,                       /* Index of new output segment */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr,       /* Cursor that data will be read from */
+  IncrmergeWriter *pWriter        /* Populate this object */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return Code */
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+  int nLeafEst = 0;               /* Blocks allocated for leaf nodes */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pLeafEst = 0;     /* SQL used to determine nLeafEst */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pFirstBlock = 0;  /* SQL used to determine first block */
+
+  /* Calculate nLeafEst. */
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_MAX_LEAF_NODE_ESTIMATE, &pLeafEst, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pLeafEst, 1, iAbsLevel);
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pLeafEst, 2, pCsr->nSegment);
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pLeafEst) ){
+      nLeafEst = sqlite3_column_int(pLeafEst, 0);
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pLeafEst);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  /* Calculate the first block to use in the output segment */
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_NEXT_SEGMENTS_ID, &pFirstBlock, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pFirstBlock) ){
+      pWriter->iStart = sqlite3_column_int64(pFirstBlock, 0);
+      pWriter->iEnd = pWriter->iStart - 1;
+      pWriter->iEnd += nLeafEst * FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pFirstBlock);
+  }
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  /* Insert the marker in the %_segments table to make sure nobody tries
+  ** to steal the space just allocated. This is also used to identify 
+  ** appendable segments.  */
+  rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, pWriter->iEnd, 0, 0);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+
+  pWriter->iAbsLevel = iAbsLevel;
+  pWriter->nLeafEst = nLeafEst;
+  pWriter->iIdx = iIdx;
+
+  /* Set up the array of NodeWriter objects */
+  for(i=0; i<FTS_MAX_APPENDABLE_HEIGHT; i++){
+    pWriter->aNodeWriter[i].iBlock = pWriter->iStart + i*pWriter->nLeafEst;
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove an entry from the %_segdir table. This involves running the 
+** following two statements:
+**
+**   DELETE FROM %_segdir WHERE level = :iAbsLevel AND idx = :iIdx
+**   UPDATE %_segdir SET idx = idx - 1 WHERE level = :iAbsLevel AND idx > :iIdx
+**
+** The DELETE statement removes the specific %_segdir level. The UPDATE 
+** statement ensures that the remaining segments have contiguously allocated
+** idx values.
+*/
+static int fts3RemoveSegdirEntry(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level to delete from */
+  int iIdx                        /* Index of %_segdir entry to delete */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pDelete = 0;      /* DELETE statement */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGDIR_ENTRY, &pDelete, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pDelete, 1, iAbsLevel);
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pDelete, 2, iIdx);
+    sqlite3_step(pDelete);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pDelete);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** One or more segments have just been removed from absolute level iAbsLevel.
+** Update the 'idx' values of the remaining segments in the level so that
+** the idx values are a contiguous sequence starting from 0.
+*/
+static int fts3RepackSegdirLevel(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel         /* Absolute level to repack */
+){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int *aIdx = 0;                  /* Array of remaining idx values */
+  int nIdx = 0;                   /* Valid entries in aIdx[] */
+  int nAlloc = 0;                 /* Allocated size of aIdx[] */
+  int i;                          /* Iterator variable */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pSelect = 0;      /* Select statement to read idx values */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pUpdate = 0;      /* Update statement to modify idx values */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_INDEXES, &pSelect, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int rc2;
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pSelect, 1, iAbsLevel);
+    while( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pSelect) ){
+      if( nIdx>=nAlloc ){
+        int *aNew;
+        nAlloc += 16;
+        aNew = sqlite3_realloc(aIdx, nAlloc*sizeof(int));
+        if( !aNew ){
+          rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+          break;
+        }
+        aIdx = aNew;
+      }
+      aIdx[nIdx++] = sqlite3_column_int(pSelect, 0);
+    }
+    rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SHIFT_SEGDIR_ENTRY, &pUpdate, 0);
+  }
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pUpdate, 2, iAbsLevel);
+  }
+
+  assert( p->bIgnoreSavepoint==0 );
+  p->bIgnoreSavepoint = 1;
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<nIdx; i++){
+    if( aIdx[i]!=i ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pUpdate, 3, aIdx[i]);
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pUpdate, 1, i);
+      sqlite3_step(pUpdate);
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pUpdate);
+    }
+  }
+  p->bIgnoreSavepoint = 0;
+
+  sqlite3_free(aIdx);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+static void fts3StartNode(Blob *pNode, int iHeight, sqlite3_int64 iChild){
+  pNode->a[0] = (char)iHeight;
+  if( iChild ){
+    assert( pNode->nAlloc>=1+sqlite3Fts3VarintLen(iChild) );
+    pNode->n = 1 + sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pNode->a[1], iChild);
+  }else{
+    assert( pNode->nAlloc>=1 );
+    pNode->n = 1;
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** The first two arguments are a pointer to and the size of a segment b-tree
+** node. The node may be a leaf or an internal node.
+**
+** This function creates a new node image in blob object *pNew by copying
+** all terms that are greater than or equal to zTerm/nTerm (for leaf nodes)
+** or greater than zTerm/nTerm (for internal nodes) from aNode/nNode.
+*/
+static int fts3TruncateNode(
+  const char *aNode,              /* Current node image */
+  int nNode,                      /* Size of aNode in bytes */
+  Blob *pNew,                     /* OUT: Write new node image here */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Omit all terms smaller than this */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piBlock          /* OUT: Block number in next layer down */
+){
+  NodeReader reader;              /* Reader object */
+  Blob prev = {0, 0, 0};          /* Previous term written to new node */
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  int bLeaf = aNode[0]=='\0';     /* True for a leaf node */
+
+  /* Allocate required output space */
+  blobGrowBuffer(pNew, nNode, &rc);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
+  pNew->n = 0;
+
+  /* Populate new node buffer */
+  for(rc = nodeReaderInit(&reader, aNode, nNode); 
+      rc==SQLITE_OK && reader.aNode; 
+      rc = nodeReaderNext(&reader)
+  ){
+    if( pNew->n==0 ){
+      int res = fts3TermCmp(reader.term.a, reader.term.n, zTerm, nTerm);
+      if( res<0 || (bLeaf==0 && res==0) ) continue;
+      fts3StartNode(pNew, (int)aNode[0], reader.iChild);
+      *piBlock = reader.iChild;
+    }
+    rc = fts3AppendToNode(
+        pNew, &prev, reader.term.a, reader.term.n,
+        reader.aDoclist, reader.nDoclist
+    );
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) break;
+  }
+  if( pNew->n==0 ){
+    fts3StartNode(pNew, (int)aNode[0], reader.iChild);
+    *piBlock = reader.iChild;
+  }
+  assert( pNew->n<=pNew->nAlloc );
+
+  nodeReaderRelease(&reader);
+  sqlite3_free(prev.a);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Remove all terms smaller than zTerm/nTerm from segment iIdx in absolute 
+** level iAbsLevel. This may involve deleting entries from the %_segments
+** table, and modifying existing entries in both the %_segments and %_segdir
+** tables.
+**
+** SQLITE_OK is returned if the segment is updated successfully. Or an
+** SQLite error code otherwise.
+*/
+static int fts3TruncateSegment(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level of segment to modify */
+  int iIdx,                       /* Index within level of segment to modify */
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Remove terms smaller than this */
+  int nTerm                      /* Number of bytes in buffer zTerm */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  Blob root = {0,0,0};            /* New root page image */
+  Blob block = {0,0,0};           /* Buffer used for any other block */
+  sqlite3_int64 iBlock = 0;       /* Block id */
+  sqlite3_int64 iNewStart = 0;    /* New value for iStartBlock */
+  sqlite3_int64 iOldStart = 0;    /* Old value for iStartBlock */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pFetch = 0;       /* Statement used to fetch segdir */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_SEGDIR, &pFetch, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int rc2;                      /* sqlite3_reset() return code */
+    sqlite3_bind_int64(pFetch, 1, iAbsLevel);
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pFetch, 2, iIdx);
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pFetch) ){
+      const char *aRoot = sqlite3_column_blob(pFetch, 4);
+      int nRoot = sqlite3_column_bytes(pFetch, 4);
+      iOldStart = sqlite3_column_int64(pFetch, 1);
+      rc = fts3TruncateNode(aRoot, nRoot, &root, zTerm, nTerm, &iBlock);
+    }
+    rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pFetch);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }
+
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && iBlock ){
+    char *aBlock = 0;
+    int nBlock = 0;
+    iNewStart = iBlock;
+
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3ReadBlock(p, iBlock, &aBlock, &nBlock, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3TruncateNode(aBlock, nBlock, &block, zTerm, nTerm, &iBlock);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3WriteSegment(p, iNewStart, block.a, block.n);
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(aBlock);
+  }
+
+  /* Variable iNewStart now contains the first valid leaf node. */
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && iNewStart ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pDel = 0;
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_DELETE_SEGMENTS_RANGE, &pDel, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDel, 1, iOldStart);
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pDel, 2, iNewStart-1);
+      sqlite3_step(pDel);
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pDel);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_stmt *pChomp = 0;
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_CHOMP_SEGDIR, &pChomp, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pChomp, 1, iNewStart);
+      sqlite3_bind_blob(pChomp, 2, root.a, root.n, SQLITE_STATIC);
+      sqlite3_bind_int64(pChomp, 3, iAbsLevel);
+      sqlite3_bind_int(pChomp, 4, iIdx);
+      sqlite3_step(pChomp);
+      rc = sqlite3_reset(pChomp);
+    }
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(root.a);
+  sqlite3_free(block.a);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** This function is called after an incrmental-merge operation has run to
+** merge (or partially merge) two or more segments from absolute level
+** iAbsLevel.
+**
+** Each input segment is either removed from the db completely (if all of
+** its data was copied to the output segment by the incrmerge operation)
+** or modified in place so that it no longer contains those entries that
+** have been duplicated in the output segment.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeChomp(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS table handle */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel,        /* Absolute level containing segments */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr,       /* Chomp all segments opened by this cursor */
+  int *pnRem                      /* Number of segments not deleted */
+){
+  int i;
+  int nRem = 0;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  for(i=pCsr->nSegment-1; i>=0 && rc==SQLITE_OK; i--){
+    Fts3SegReader *pSeg = 0;
+    int j;
+
+    /* Find the Fts3SegReader object with Fts3SegReader.iIdx==i. It is hiding
+    ** somewhere in the pCsr->apSegment[] array.  */
+    for(j=0; ALWAYS(j<pCsr->nSegment); j++){
+      pSeg = pCsr->apSegment[j];
+      if( pSeg->iIdx==i ) break;
+    }
+    assert( j<pCsr->nSegment && pSeg->iIdx==i );
+
+    if( pSeg->aNode==0 ){
+      /* Seg-reader is at EOF. Remove the entire input segment. */
+      rc = fts3DeleteSegment(p, pSeg);
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+        rc = fts3RemoveSegdirEntry(p, iAbsLevel, pSeg->iIdx);
+      }
+      *pnRem = 0;
+    }else{
+      /* The incremental merge did not copy all the data from this 
+      ** segment to the upper level. The segment is modified in place
+      ** so that it contains no keys smaller than zTerm/nTerm. */ 
+      const char *zTerm = pSeg->zTerm;
+      int nTerm = pSeg->nTerm;
+      rc = fts3TruncateSegment(p, iAbsLevel, pSeg->iIdx, zTerm, nTerm);
+      nRem++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nRem!=pCsr->nSegment ){
+    rc = fts3RepackSegdirLevel(p, iAbsLevel);
+  }
+
+  *pnRem = nRem;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Store an incr-merge hint in the database.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeHintStore(Fts3Table *p, Blob *pHint){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pReplace = 0;
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_REPLACE_STAT, &pReplace, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pReplace, 1, FTS_STAT_INCRMERGEHINT);
+    sqlite3_bind_blob(pReplace, 2, pHint->a, pHint->n, SQLITE_STATIC);
+    sqlite3_step(pReplace);
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pReplace);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Load an incr-merge hint from the database. The incr-merge hint, if one 
+** exists, is stored in the rowid==1 row of the %_stat table.
+**
+** If successful, populate blob *pHint with the value read from the %_stat
+** table and return SQLITE_OK. Otherwise, if an error occurs, return an
+** SQLite error code.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeHintLoad(Fts3Table *p, Blob *pHint){
+  sqlite3_stmt *pSelect = 0;
+  int rc;
+
+  pHint->n = 0;
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_STAT, &pSelect, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int rc2;
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pSelect, 1, FTS_STAT_INCRMERGEHINT);
+    if( SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pSelect) ){
+      const char *aHint = sqlite3_column_blob(pSelect, 0);
+      int nHint = sqlite3_column_bytes(pSelect, 0);
+      if( aHint ){
+        blobGrowBuffer(pHint, nHint, &rc);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          memcpy(pHint->a, aHint, nHint);
+          pHint->n = nHint;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pSelect);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** If *pRc is not SQLITE_OK when this function is called, it is a no-op.
+** Otherwise, append an entry to the hint stored in blob *pHint. Each entry
+** consists of two varints, the absolute level number of the input segments 
+** and the number of input segments.
+**
+** If successful, leave *pRc set to SQLITE_OK and return. If an error occurs,
+** set *pRc to an SQLite error code before returning.
+*/
+static void fts3IncrmergeHintPush(
+  Blob *pHint,                    /* Hint blob to append to */
+  i64 iAbsLevel,                  /* First varint to store in hint */
+  int nInput,                     /* Second varint to store in hint */
+  int *pRc                        /* IN/OUT: Error code */
+){
+  blobGrowBuffer(pHint, pHint->n + 2*FTS3_VARINT_MAX, pRc);
+  if( *pRc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    pHint->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pHint->a[pHint->n], iAbsLevel);
+    pHint->n += sqlite3Fts3PutVarint(&pHint->a[pHint->n], (i64)nInput);
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Read the last entry (most recently pushed) from the hint blob *pHint
+** and then remove the entry. Write the two values read to *piAbsLevel and 
+** *pnInput before returning.
+**
+** If no error occurs, return SQLITE_OK. If the hint blob in *pHint does
+** not contain at least two valid varints, return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB.
+*/
+static int fts3IncrmergeHintPop(Blob *pHint, i64 *piAbsLevel, int *pnInput){
+  const int nHint = pHint->n;
+  int i;
+
+  i = pHint->n-2;
+  while( i>0 && (pHint->a[i-1] & 0x80) ) i--;
+  while( i>0 && (pHint->a[i-1] & 0x80) ) i--;
+
+  pHint->n = i;
+  i += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(&pHint->a[i], piAbsLevel);
+  i += fts3GetVarint32(&pHint->a[i], pnInput);
+  if( i!=nHint ) return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Attempt an incremental merge that writes nMerge leaf blocks.
+**
+** Incremental merges happen nMin segments at a time. The segments 
+** to be merged are the nMin oldest segments (the ones with the smallest 
+** values for the _segdir.idx field) in the highest level that contains 
+** at least nMin segments. Multiple merges might occur in an attempt to 
+** write the quota of nMerge leaf blocks.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3Fts3Incrmerge(Fts3Table *p, int nMerge, int nMin){
+  int rc;                         /* Return code */
+  int nRem = nMerge;              /* Number of leaf pages yet to  be written */
+  Fts3MultiSegReader *pCsr;       /* Cursor used to read input data */
+  Fts3SegFilter *pFilter;         /* Filter used with cursor pCsr */
+  IncrmergeWriter *pWriter;       /* Writer object */
+  int nSeg = 0;                   /* Number of input segments */
+  sqlite3_int64 iAbsLevel = 0;    /* Absolute level number to work on */
+  Blob hint = {0, 0, 0};          /* Hint read from %_stat table */
+  int bDirtyHint = 0;             /* True if blob 'hint' has been modified */
+
+  /* Allocate space for the cursor, filter and writer objects */
+  const int nAlloc = sizeof(*pCsr) + sizeof(*pFilter) + sizeof(*pWriter);
+  pWriter = (IncrmergeWriter *)sqlite3_malloc(nAlloc);
+  if( !pWriter ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pFilter = (Fts3SegFilter *)&pWriter[1];
+  pCsr = (Fts3MultiSegReader *)&pFilter[1];
+
+  rc = fts3IncrmergeHintLoad(p, &hint);
+  while( rc==SQLITE_OK && nRem>0 ){
+    const i64 nMod = FTS3_SEGDIR_MAXLEVEL * p->nIndex;
+    sqlite3_stmt *pFindLevel = 0; /* SQL used to determine iAbsLevel */
+    int bUseHint = 0;             /* True if attempting to append */
+    int iIdx = 0;                 /* Largest idx in level (iAbsLevel+1) */
+
+    /* Search the %_segdir table for the absolute level with the smallest
+    ** relative level number that contains at least nMin segments, if any.
+    ** If one is found, set iAbsLevel to the absolute level number and
+    ** nSeg to nMin. If no level with at least nMin segments can be found, 
+    ** set nSeg to -1.
+    */
+    rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_FIND_MERGE_LEVEL, &pFindLevel, 0);
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pFindLevel, 1, nMin);
+    if( sqlite3_step(pFindLevel)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      iAbsLevel = sqlite3_column_int64(pFindLevel, 0);
+      nSeg = nMin;
+    }else{
+      nSeg = -1;
+    }
+    rc = sqlite3_reset(pFindLevel);
+
+    /* If the hint read from the %_stat table is not empty, check if the
+    ** last entry in it specifies a relative level smaller than or equal
+    ** to the level identified by the block above (if any). If so, this 
+    ** iteration of the loop will work on merging at the hinted level.
+    */
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && hint.n ){
+      int nHint = hint.n;
+      sqlite3_int64 iHintAbsLevel = 0;      /* Hint level */
+      int nHintSeg = 0;                     /* Hint number of segments */
+
+      rc = fts3IncrmergeHintPop(&hint, &iHintAbsLevel, &nHintSeg);
+      if( nSeg<0 || (iAbsLevel % nMod) >= (iHintAbsLevel % nMod) ){
+        iAbsLevel = iHintAbsLevel;
+        nSeg = nHintSeg;
+        bUseHint = 1;
+        bDirtyHint = 1;
+      }else{
+        /* This undoes the effect of the HintPop() above - so that no entry
+        ** is removed from the hint blob.  */
+        hint.n = nHint;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* If nSeg is less that zero, then there is no level with at least
+    ** nMin segments and no hint in the %_stat table. No work to do.
+    ** Exit early in this case.  */
+    if( nSeg<0 ) break;
+
+    /* Open a cursor to iterate through the contents of the oldest nSeg 
+    ** indexes of absolute level iAbsLevel. If this cursor is opened using 
+    ** the 'hint' parameters, it is possible that there are less than nSeg
+    ** segments available in level iAbsLevel. In this case, no work is
+    ** done on iAbsLevel - fall through to the next iteration of the loop 
+    ** to start work on some other level.  */
+    memset(pWriter, 0, nAlloc);
+    pFilter->flags = FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS;
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3IncrmergeOutputIdx(p, iAbsLevel, &iIdx);
+      assert( bUseHint==1 || bUseHint==0 );
+      if( iIdx==0 || (bUseHint && iIdx==1) ){
+        int bIgnore = 0;
+        rc = fts3SegmentIsMaxLevel(p, iAbsLevel+1, &bIgnore);
+        if( bIgnore ){
+          pFilter->flags |= FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = fts3IncrmergeCsr(p, iAbsLevel, nSeg, pCsr);
+    }
+    if( SQLITE_OK==rc && pCsr->nSegment==nSeg
+     && SQLITE_OK==(rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(p, pCsr, pFilter))
+     && SQLITE_ROW==(rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(p, pCsr))
+    ){
+      if( bUseHint && iIdx>0 ){
+        const char *zKey = pCsr->zTerm;
+        int nKey = pCsr->nTerm;
+        rc = fts3IncrmergeLoad(p, iAbsLevel, iIdx-1, zKey, nKey, pWriter);
+      }else{
+        rc = fts3IncrmergeWriter(p, iAbsLevel, iIdx, pCsr, pWriter);
+      }
+
+      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pWriter->nLeafEst ){
+        fts3LogMerge(nSeg, iAbsLevel);
+        do {
+          rc = fts3IncrmergeAppend(p, pWriter, pCsr);
+          if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(p, pCsr);
+          if( pWriter->nWork>=nRem && rc==SQLITE_ROW ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+        }while( rc==SQLITE_ROW );
+
+        /* Update or delete the input segments */
+        if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          nRem -= (1 + pWriter->nWork);
+          rc = fts3IncrmergeChomp(p, iAbsLevel, pCsr, &nSeg);
+          if( nSeg!=0 ){
+            bDirtyHint = 1;
+            fts3IncrmergeHintPush(&hint, iAbsLevel, nSeg, &rc);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if( nSeg!=0 ){
+        pWriter->nLeafData = pWriter->nLeafData * -1;
+      }
+      fts3IncrmergeRelease(p, pWriter, &rc);
+      if( nSeg==0 && pWriter->bNoLeafData==0 ){
+        fts3PromoteSegments(p, iAbsLevel+1, pWriter->nLeafData);
+      }
+    }
+
+    sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(pCsr);
+  }
+
+  /* Write the hint values into the %_stat table for the next incr-merger */
+  if( bDirtyHint && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = fts3IncrmergeHintStore(p, &hint);
+  }
+
+  sqlite3_free(pWriter);
+  sqlite3_free(hint.a);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Convert the text beginning at *pz into an integer and return
+** its value.  Advance *pz to point to the first character past
+** the integer.
+*/
+static int fts3Getint(const char **pz){
+  const char *z = *pz;
+  int i = 0;
+  while( (*z)>='0' && (*z)<='9' ) i = 10*i + *(z++) - '0';
+  *pz = z;
+  return i;
+}
+
+/*
+** Process statements of the form:
+**
+**    INSERT INTO table(table) VALUES('merge=A,B');
+**
+** A and B are integers that decode to be the number of leaf pages
+** written for the merge, and the minimum number of segments on a level
+** before it will be selected for a merge, respectively.
+*/
+static int fts3DoIncrmerge(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  const char *zParam              /* Nul-terminated string containing "A,B" */
+){
+  int rc;
+  int nMin = (FTS3_MERGE_COUNT / 2);
+  int nMerge = 0;
+  const char *z = zParam;
+
+  /* Read the first integer value */
+  nMerge = fts3Getint(&z);
+
+  /* If the first integer value is followed by a ',',  read the second
+  ** integer value. */
+  if( z[0]==',' && z[1]!='\0' ){
+    z++;
+    nMin = fts3Getint(&z);
+  }
+
+  if( z[0]!='\0' || nMin<2 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
+  }else{
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    if( !p->bHasStat ){
+      assert( p->bFts4==0 );
+      sqlite3Fts3CreateStatTable(&rc, p);
+    }
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3Incrmerge(p, nMerge, nMin);
+    }
+    sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
+  }
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Process statements of the form:
+**
+**    INSERT INTO table(table) VALUES('automerge=X');
+**
+** where X is an integer.  X==0 means to turn automerge off.  X!=0 means
+** turn it on.  The setting is persistent.
+*/
+static int fts3DoAutoincrmerge(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  const char *zParam              /* Nul-terminated string containing boolean */
+){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+  p->nAutoincrmerge = fts3Getint(&zParam);
+  if( p->nAutoincrmerge==1 || p->nAutoincrmerge>FTS3_MERGE_COUNT ){
+    p->nAutoincrmerge = 8;
+  }
+  if( !p->bHasStat ){
+    assert( p->bFts4==0 );
+    sqlite3Fts3CreateStatTable(&rc, p);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+  }
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_REPLACE_STAT, &pStmt, 0);
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 1, FTS_STAT_AUTOINCRMERGE);
+  sqlite3_bind_int(pStmt, 2, p->nAutoincrmerge);
+  sqlite3_step(pStmt);
+  rc = sqlite3_reset(pStmt);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a 64-bit checksum for the FTS index entry specified by the
+** arguments to this function.
+*/
+static u64 fts3ChecksumEntry(
+  const char *zTerm,              /* Pointer to buffer containing term */
+  int nTerm,                      /* Size of zTerm in bytes */
+  int iLangid,                    /* Language id for current row */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index (0..Fts3Table.nIndex-1) */
+  i64 iDocid,                     /* Docid for current row. */
+  int iCol,                       /* Column number */
+  int iPos                        /* Position */
+){
+  int i;
+  u64 ret = (u64)iDocid;
+
+  ret += (ret<<3) + iLangid;
+  ret += (ret<<3) + iIndex;
+  ret += (ret<<3) + iCol;
+  ret += (ret<<3) + iPos;
+  for(i=0; i<nTerm; i++) ret += (ret<<3) + zTerm[i];
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return a checksum of all entries in the FTS index that correspond to
+** language id iLangid. The checksum is calculated by XORing the checksums
+** of each individual entry (see fts3ChecksumEntry()) together.
+**
+** If successful, the checksum value is returned and *pRc set to SQLITE_OK.
+** Otherwise, if an error occurs, *pRc is set to an SQLite error code. The
+** return value is undefined in this case.
+*/
+static u64 fts3ChecksumIndex(
+  Fts3Table *p,                   /* FTS3 table handle */
+  int iLangid,                    /* Language id to return cksum for */
+  int iIndex,                     /* Index to cksum (0..p->nIndex-1) */
+  int *pRc                        /* OUT: Return code */
+){
+  Fts3SegFilter filter;
+  Fts3MultiSegReader csr;
+  int rc;
+  u64 cksum = 0;
+
+  assert( *pRc==SQLITE_OK );
+
+  memset(&filter, 0, sizeof(filter));
+  memset(&csr, 0, sizeof(csr));
+  filter.flags =  FTS3_SEGMENT_REQUIRE_POS|FTS3_SEGMENT_IGNORE_EMPTY;
+  filter.flags |= FTS3_SEGMENT_SCAN;
+
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderCursor(
+      p, iLangid, iIndex, FTS3_SEGCURSOR_ALL, 0, 0, 0, 1,&csr
+  );
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStart(p, &csr, &filter);
+  }
+
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    while( SQLITE_ROW==(rc = sqlite3Fts3SegReaderStep(p, &csr)) ){
+      char *pCsr = csr.aDoclist;
+      char *pEnd = &pCsr[csr.nDoclist];
+
+      i64 iDocid = 0;
+      i64 iCol = 0;
+      i64 iPos = 0;
+
+      pCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pCsr, &iDocid);
+      while( pCsr<pEnd ){
+        i64 iVal = 0;
+        pCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pCsr, &iVal);
+        if( pCsr<pEnd ){
+          if( iVal==0 || iVal==1 ){
+            iCol = 0;
+            iPos = 0;
+            if( iVal ){
+              pCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pCsr, &iCol);
+            }else{
+              pCsr += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint(pCsr, &iVal);
+              iDocid += iVal;
+            }
+          }else{
+            iPos += (iVal - 2);
+            cksum = cksum ^ fts3ChecksumEntry(
+                csr.zTerm, csr.nTerm, iLangid, iIndex, iDocid,
+                (int)iCol, (int)iPos
+            );
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  sqlite3Fts3SegReaderFinish(&csr);
+
+  *pRc = rc;
+  return cksum;
+}
+
+/*
+** Check if the contents of the FTS index match the current contents of the
+** content table. If no error occurs and the contents do match, set *pbOk
+** to true and return SQLITE_OK. Or if the contents do not match, set *pbOk
+** to false before returning.
+**
+** If an error occurs (e.g. an OOM or IO error), return an SQLite error 
+** code. The final value of *pbOk is undefined in this case.
+*/
+static int fts3IntegrityCheck(Fts3Table *p, int *pbOk){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  u64 cksum1 = 0;                 /* Checksum based on FTS index contents */
+  u64 cksum2 = 0;                 /* Checksum based on %_content contents */
+  sqlite3_stmt *pAllLangid = 0;   /* Statement to return all language-ids */
+
+  /* This block calculates the checksum according to the FTS index. */
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_ALL_LANGID, &pAllLangid, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int rc2;
+    sqlite3_bind_int(pAllLangid, 1, p->nIndex);
+    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && sqlite3_step(pAllLangid)==SQLITE_ROW ){
+      int iLangid = sqlite3_column_int(pAllLangid, 0);
+      int i;
+      for(i=0; i<p->nIndex; i++){
+        cksum1 = cksum1 ^ fts3ChecksumIndex(p, iLangid, i, &rc);
+      }
+    }
+    rc2 = sqlite3_reset(pAllLangid);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ) rc = rc2;
+  }
+
+  /* This block calculates the checksum according to the %_content table */
+  rc = fts3SqlStmt(p, SQL_SELECT_ALL_LANGID, &pAllLangid, 0);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pModule = p->pTokenizer->pModule;
+    sqlite3_stmt *pStmt = 0;
+    char *zSql;
+   
+    zSql = sqlite3_mprintf("SELECT %s" , p->zReadExprlist);
+    if( !zSql ){
+      rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    }else{
+      rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(p->db, zSql, -1, &pStmt, 0);
+      sqlite3_free(zSql);
+    }
+
+    while( rc==SQLITE_OK && SQLITE_ROW==sqlite3_step(pStmt) ){
+      i64 iDocid = sqlite3_column_int64(pStmt, 0);
+      int iLang = langidFromSelect(p, pStmt);
+      int iCol;
+
+      for(iCol=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && iCol<p->nColumn; iCol++){
+        if( p->abNotindexed[iCol]==0 ){
+          const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pStmt, iCol+1);
+          int nText = sqlite3_column_bytes(pStmt, iCol+1);
+          sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pT = 0;
+
+          rc = sqlite3Fts3OpenTokenizer(p->pTokenizer, iLang, zText, nText,&pT);
+          while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+            char const *zToken;       /* Buffer containing token */
+            int nToken = 0;           /* Number of bytes in token */
+            int iDum1 = 0, iDum2 = 0; /* Dummy variables */
+            int iPos = 0;             /* Position of token in zText */
+
+            rc = pModule->xNext(pT, &zToken, &nToken, &iDum1, &iDum2, &iPos);
+            if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+              int i;
+              cksum2 = cksum2 ^ fts3ChecksumEntry(
+                  zToken, nToken, iLang, 0, iDocid, iCol, iPos
+              );
+              for(i=1; i<p->nIndex; i++){
+                if( p->aIndex[i].nPrefix<=nToken ){
+                  cksum2 = cksum2 ^ fts3ChecksumEntry(
+                      zToken, p->aIndex[i].nPrefix, iLang, i, iDocid, iCol, iPos
+                  );
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          if( pT ) pModule->xClose(pT);
+          if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    sqlite3_finalize(pStmt);
+  }
+
+  *pbOk = (cksum1==cksum2);
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Run the integrity-check. If no error occurs and the current contents of
+** the FTS index are correct, return SQLITE_OK. Or, if the contents of the
+** FTS index are incorrect, return SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB.
+**
+** Or, if an error (e.g. an OOM or IO error) occurs, return an SQLite 
+** error code.
+**
+** The integrity-check works as follows. For each token and indexed token
+** prefix in the document set, a 64-bit checksum is calculated (by code
+** in fts3ChecksumEntry()) based on the following:
+**
+**     + The index number (0 for the main index, 1 for the first prefix
+**       index etc.),
+**     + The token (or token prefix) text itself, 
+**     + The language-id of the row it appears in,
+**     + The docid of the row it appears in,
+**     + The column it appears in, and
+**     + The tokens position within that column.
+**
+** The checksums for all entries in the index are XORed together to create
+** a single checksum for the entire index.
+**
+** The integrity-check code calculates the same checksum in two ways:
+**
+**     1. By scanning the contents of the FTS index, and 
+**     2. By scanning and tokenizing the content table.
+**
+** If the two checksums are identical, the integrity-check is deemed to have
+** passed.
+*/
+static int fts3DoIntegrityCheck(
+  Fts3Table *p                    /* FTS3 table handle */
+){
+  int rc;
+  int bOk = 0;
+  rc = fts3IntegrityCheck(p, &bOk);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && bOk==0 ) rc = SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB;
+  return rc;
+}
+
 /*
 ** Handle a 'special' INSERT of the form:
 **
@@ -128287,6 +142005,12 @@
     rc = fts3DoOptimize(p, 0);
   }else if( nVal==7 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "rebuild", 7) ){
     rc = fts3DoRebuild(p);
+  }else if( nVal==15 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "integrity-check", 15) ){
+    rc = fts3DoIntegrityCheck(p);
+  }else if( nVal>6 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "merge=", 6) ){
+    rc = fts3DoIncrmerge(p, &zVal[6]);
+  }else if( nVal>10 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "automerge=", 10) ){
+    rc = fts3DoAutoincrmerge(p, &zVal[10]);
 #ifdef SQLITE_TEST
   }else if( nVal>9 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "nodesize=", 9) ){
     p->nNodeSize = atoi(&zVal[9]);
@@ -128294,6 +142018,9 @@
   }else if( nVal>11 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "maxpending=", 9) ){
     p->nMaxPendingData = atoi(&zVal[11]);
     rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  }else if( nVal>21 && 0==sqlite3_strnicmp(zVal, "test-no-incr-doclist=", 21) ){
+    p->bNoIncrDoclist = atoi(&zVal[21]);
+    rc = SQLITE_OK;
 #endif
   }else{
     rc = SQLITE_ERROR;
@@ -128302,6 +142029,7 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS4_DEFERRED
 /*
 ** Delete all cached deferred doclists. Deferred doclists are cached
 ** (allocated) by the sqlite3Fts3CacheDeferredDoclists() function.
@@ -128352,32 +142080,34 @@
     iDocid = sqlite3_column_int64(pCsr->pStmt, 0);
   
     for(i=0; i<p->nColumn && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
-      const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pCsr->pStmt, i+1);
-      sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pTC = 0;
-  
-      rc = sqlite3Fts3OpenTokenizer(pT, pCsr->iLangid, zText, -1, &pTC);
-      while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-        char const *zToken;       /* Buffer containing token */
-        int nToken;               /* Number of bytes in token */
-        int iDum1, iDum2;         /* Dummy variables */
-        int iPos;                 /* Position of token in zText */
-  
-        rc = pModule->xNext(pTC, &zToken, &nToken, &iDum1, &iDum2, &iPos);
-        for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef && rc==SQLITE_OK; pDef=pDef->pNext){
-          Fts3PhraseToken *pPT = pDef->pToken;
-          if( (pDef->iCol>=p->nColumn || pDef->iCol==i)
-           && (pPT->bFirst==0 || iPos==0)
-           && (pPT->n==nToken || (pPT->isPrefix && pPT->n<nToken))
-           && (0==memcmp(zToken, pPT->z, pPT->n))
-          ){
-            fts3PendingListAppend(&pDef->pList, iDocid, i, iPos, &rc);
+      if( p->abNotindexed[i]==0 ){
+        const char *zText = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pCsr->pStmt, i+1);
+        sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pTC = 0;
+
+        rc = sqlite3Fts3OpenTokenizer(pT, pCsr->iLangid, zText, -1, &pTC);
+        while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+          char const *zToken;       /* Buffer containing token */
+          int nToken = 0;           /* Number of bytes in token */
+          int iDum1 = 0, iDum2 = 0; /* Dummy variables */
+          int iPos = 0;             /* Position of token in zText */
+
+          rc = pModule->xNext(pTC, &zToken, &nToken, &iDum1, &iDum2, &iPos);
+          for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef && rc==SQLITE_OK; pDef=pDef->pNext){
+            Fts3PhraseToken *pPT = pDef->pToken;
+            if( (pDef->iCol>=p->nColumn || pDef->iCol==i)
+                && (pPT->bFirst==0 || iPos==0)
+                && (pPT->n==nToken || (pPT->isPrefix && pPT->n<nToken))
+                && (0==memcmp(zToken, pPT->z, pPT->n))
+              ){
+              fts3PendingListAppend(&pDef->pList, iDocid, i, iPos, &rc);
+            }
           }
         }
+        if( pTC ) pModule->xClose(pTC);
+        if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
       }
-      if( pTC ) pModule->xClose(pTC);
-      if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ) rc = SQLITE_OK;
     }
-  
+
     for(pDef=pCsr->pDeferred; pDef && rc==SQLITE_OK; pDef=pDef->pNext){
       if( pDef->pList ){
         rc = fts3PendingListAppendVarint(&pDef->pList, 0);
@@ -128439,6 +142169,7 @@
 
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** SQLite value pRowid contains the rowid of a row that may or may not be
@@ -128448,28 +142179,32 @@
 static int fts3DeleteByRowid(
   Fts3Table *p, 
   sqlite3_value *pRowid, 
-  int *pnDoc,
+  int *pnChng,                    /* IN/OUT: Decrement if row is deleted */
   u32 *aSzDel
 ){
-  int isEmpty = 0;
-  int rc = fts3IsEmpty(p, pRowid, &isEmpty);
-  if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    if( isEmpty ){
-      /* Deleting this row means the whole table is empty. In this case
-      ** delete the contents of all three tables and throw away any
-      ** data in the pendingTerms hash table.  */
-      rc = fts3DeleteAll(p, 1);
-      *pnDoc = *pnDoc - 1;
-    }else{
-      fts3DeleteTerms(&rc, p, pRowid, aSzDel);
-      if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
-        fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_CONTENT, &pRowid);
-        if( sqlite3_changes(p->db) ) *pnDoc = *pnDoc - 1;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return code */
+  int bFound = 0;                 /* True if *pRowid really is in the table */
+
+  fts3DeleteTerms(&rc, p, pRowid, aSzDel, &bFound);
+  if( bFound && rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+    int isEmpty = 0;              /* Deleting *pRowid leaves the table empty */
+    rc = fts3IsEmpty(p, pRowid, &isEmpty);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( isEmpty ){
+        /* Deleting this row means the whole table is empty. In this case
+        ** delete the contents of all three tables and throw away any
+        ** data in the pendingTerms hash table.  */
+        rc = fts3DeleteAll(p, 1);
+        *pnChng = 0;
+        memset(aSzDel, 0, sizeof(u32) * (p->nColumn+1) * 2);
       }else{
-        *pnDoc = *pnDoc - 1;
-      }
-      if( p->bHasDocsize ){
-        fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_DOCSIZE, &pRowid);
+        *pnChng = *pnChng - 1;
+        if( p->zContentTbl==0 ){
+          fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_CONTENT, &pRowid);
+        }
+        if( p->bHasDocsize ){
+          fts3SqlExec(&rc, p, SQL_DELETE_DOCSIZE, &pRowid);
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -128482,7 +142217,7 @@
 ** tables. The schema of the virtual table being:
 **
 **     CREATE TABLE <table name>( 
-**       <user COLUMns>,
+**       <user columns>,
 **       <table name> HIDDEN, 
 **       docid HIDDEN, 
 **       <langid> HIDDEN
@@ -128500,10 +142235,14 @@
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;             /* Return Code */
   int isRemove = 0;               /* True for an UPDATE or DELETE */
   u32 *aSzIns = 0;                /* Sizes of inserted documents */
-  u32 *aSzDel;                    /* Sizes of deleted documents */
+  u32 *aSzDel = 0;                /* Sizes of deleted documents */
   int nChng = 0;                  /* Net change in number of documents */
   int bInsertDone = 0;
 
+  /* At this point it must be known if the %_stat table exists or not.
+  ** So bHasStat may not be 2.  */
+  assert( p->bHasStat==0 || p->bHasStat==1 );
+
   assert( p->pSegments==0 );
   assert( 
       nArg==1                     /* DELETE operations */
@@ -128528,13 +142267,16 @@
   }
 
   /* Allocate space to hold the change in document sizes */
-  aSzIns = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(aSzIns[0])*(p->nColumn+1)*2 );
-  if( aSzIns==0 ){
+  aSzDel = sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(aSzDel[0])*(p->nColumn+1)*2 );
+  if( aSzDel==0 ){
     rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
     goto update_out;
   }
-  aSzDel = &aSzIns[p->nColumn+1];
-  memset(aSzIns, 0, sizeof(aSzIns[0])*(p->nColumn+1)*2);
+  aSzIns = &aSzDel[p->nColumn+1];
+  memset(aSzDel, 0, sizeof(aSzDel[0])*(p->nColumn+1)*2);
+
+  rc = fts3Writelock(p);
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) goto update_out;
 
   /* If this is an INSERT operation, or an UPDATE that modifies the rowid
   ** value, then this operation requires constraint handling.
@@ -128614,12 +142356,12 @@
     nChng++;
   }
 
-  if( p->bHasStat ){
+  if( p->bFts4 ){
     fts3UpdateDocTotals(&rc, p, aSzIns, aSzDel, nChng);
   }
 
  update_out:
-  sqlite3_free(aSzIns);
+  sqlite3_free(aSzDel);
   sqlite3Fts3SegmentsClose(p);
   return rc;
 }
@@ -128779,7 +142521,7 @@
 */
 static void fts3GetDeltaPosition(char **pp, int *piPos){
   int iVal;
-  *pp += sqlite3Fts3GetVarint32(*pp, &iVal);
+  *pp += fts3GetVarint32(*pp, &iVal);
   *piPos += (iVal-2);
 }
 
@@ -129011,10 +142753,11 @@
   SnippetIter *p = (SnippetIter *)ctx;
   SnippetPhrase *pPhrase = &p->aPhrase[iPhrase];
   char *pCsr;
+  int rc;
 
   pPhrase->nToken = pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
-
-  pCsr = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCsr, pExpr, p->iCol);
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCsr, pExpr, p->iCol, &pCsr);
+  assert( rc==SQLITE_OK || pCsr==0 );
   if( pCsr ){
     int iFirst = 0;
     pPhrase->pList = pCsr;
@@ -129025,10 +142768,12 @@
     pPhrase->iHead = iFirst;
     pPhrase->iTail = iFirst;
   }else{
-    assert( pPhrase->pList==0 && pPhrase->pHead==0 && pPhrase->pTail==0 );
+    assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || (
+       pPhrase->pList==0 && pPhrase->pHead==0 && pPhrase->pTail==0 
+    ));
   }
 
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -129037,9 +142782,9 @@
 ** is the snippet with the highest score, where scores are calculated
 ** by adding:
 **
-**   (a) +1 point for each occurence of a matchable phrase in the snippet.
+**   (a) +1 point for each occurrence of a matchable phrase in the snippet.
 **
-**   (b) +1000 points for the first occurence of each matchable phrase in 
+**   (b) +1000 points for the first occurrence of each matchable phrase in 
 **       the snippet for which the corresponding mCovered bit is not set.
 **
 ** The selected snippet parameters are stored in structure *pFragment before
@@ -129152,6 +142897,7 @@
     pStr->z = zNew;
     pStr->nAlloc = nAlloc;
   }
+  assert( pStr->z!=0 && (pStr->nAlloc >= pStr->n+nAppend+1) );
 
   /* Append the data to the string buffer. */
   memcpy(&pStr->z[pStr->n], zAppend, nAppend);
@@ -129224,7 +142970,7 @@
         return rc;
       }
       while( rc==SQLITE_OK && iCurrent<(nSnippet+nDesired) ){
-        const char *ZDUMMY; int DUMMY1, DUMMY2, DUMMY3;
+        const char *ZDUMMY; int DUMMY1 = 0, DUMMY2 = 0, DUMMY3 = 0;
         rc = pMod->xNext(pC, &ZDUMMY, &DUMMY1, &DUMMY2, &DUMMY3, &iCurrent);
       }
       pMod->xClose(pC);
@@ -129268,8 +143014,6 @@
   int iCol = pFragment->iCol+1;   /* Query column to extract text from */
   sqlite3_tokenizer_module *pMod; /* Tokenizer module methods object */
   sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pC;   /* Tokenizer cursor open on zDoc/nDoc */
-  const char *ZDUMMY;             /* Dummy argument used with tokenizer */
-  int DUMMY1;                     /* Dummy argument used with tokenizer */
   
   zDoc = (const char *)sqlite3_column_text(pCsr->pStmt, iCol);
   if( zDoc==0 ){
@@ -129288,10 +143032,23 @@
   }
 
   while( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    int iBegin;                   /* Offset in zDoc of start of token */
-    int iFin;                     /* Offset in zDoc of end of token */
-    int isHighlight;              /* True for highlighted terms */
+    const char *ZDUMMY;           /* Dummy argument used with tokenizer */
+    int DUMMY1 = -1;              /* Dummy argument used with tokenizer */
+    int iBegin = 0;               /* Offset in zDoc of start of token */
+    int iFin = 0;                 /* Offset in zDoc of end of token */
+    int isHighlight = 0;          /* True for highlighted terms */
 
+    /* Variable DUMMY1 is initialized to a negative value above. Elsewhere
+    ** in the FTS code the variable that the third argument to xNext points to
+    ** is initialized to zero before the first (*but not necessarily
+    ** subsequent*) call to xNext(). This is done for a particular application
+    ** that needs to know whether or not the tokenizer is being used for
+    ** snippet generation or for some other purpose.
+    **
+    ** Extreme care is required when writing code to depend on this
+    ** initialization. It is not a documented part of the tokenizer interface.
+    ** If a tokenizer is used directly by any code outside of FTS, this
+    ** convention might not be respected.  */
     rc = pMod->xNext(pC, &ZDUMMY, &DUMMY1, &iBegin, &iFin, &iCurrent);
     if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
       if( rc==SQLITE_DONE ){
@@ -129421,13 +143178,14 @@
   int iPhrase,                    /* Phrase number */
   void *pCtx                      /* Pointer to MatchInfo structure */
 ){
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   MatchInfo *p = (MatchInfo *)pCtx;
   int iStart = iPhrase * p->nCol * 3;
   int i;
 
-  for(i=0; i<p->nCol; i++){
+  for(i=0; i<p->nCol && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
     char *pCsr;
-    pCsr = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCursor, pExpr, i);
+    rc = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCursor, pExpr, i, &pCsr);
     if( pCsr ){
       p->aMatchinfo[iStart+i*3] = fts3ColumnlistCount(&pCsr);
     }else{
@@ -129435,7 +143193,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 static int fts3MatchinfoCheck(
@@ -129445,8 +143203,8 @@
 ){
   if( (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NPHRASE)
    || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NCOL)
-   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NDOC && pTab->bHasStat)
-   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_AVGLENGTH && pTab->bHasStat)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_NDOC && pTab->bFts4)
+   || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_AVGLENGTH && pTab->bFts4)
    || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LENGTH && pTab->bHasDocsize)
    || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_LCS)
    || (cArg==FTS3_MATCHINFO_HITS)
@@ -129596,8 +143354,10 @@
     int nLive = 0;                /* Number of iterators in aIter not at EOF */
 
     for(i=0; i<pInfo->nPhrase; i++){
+      int rc;
       LcsIterator *pIt = &aIter[i];
-      pIt->pRead = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(pCsr, pIt->pExpr, iCol);
+      rc = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(pCsr, pIt->pExpr, iCol, &pIt->pRead);
+      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ) return rc;
       if( pIt->pRead ){
         pIt->iPos = pIt->iPosOffset;
         fts3LcsIteratorAdvance(&aIter[i]);
@@ -129949,9 +143709,10 @@
   int iTerm;                      /* For looping through nTerm phrase terms */
   char *pList;                    /* Pointer to position list for phrase */
   int iPos = 0;                   /* First position in position-list */
+  int rc;
 
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(iPhrase);
-  pList = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCsr, pExpr, p->iCol);
+  rc = sqlite3Fts3EvalPhrasePoslist(p->pCsr, pExpr, p->iCol, &pList);
   nTerm = pExpr->pPhrase->nToken;
   if( pList ){
     fts3GetDeltaPosition(&pList, &iPos);
@@ -129965,7 +143726,7 @@
     pT->iPos = iPos;
   }
 
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -129977,8 +143738,6 @@
 ){
   Fts3Table *pTab = (Fts3Table *)pCsr->base.pVtab;
   sqlite3_tokenizer_module const *pMod = pTab->pTokenizer->pModule;
-  const char *ZDUMMY;             /* Dummy argument used with xNext() */
-  int NDUMMY;                     /* Dummy argument used with xNext() */
   int rc;                         /* Return Code */
   int nToken;                     /* Number of tokens in query */
   int iCol;                       /* Column currently being processed */
@@ -130011,9 +143770,11 @@
   */
   for(iCol=0; iCol<pTab->nColumn; iCol++){
     sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pC; /* Tokenizer cursor */
-    int iStart;
-    int iEnd;
-    int iCurrent;
+    const char *ZDUMMY;           /* Dummy argument used with xNext() */
+    int NDUMMY = 0;               /* Dummy argument used with xNext() */
+    int iStart = 0;
+    int iEnd = 0;
+    int iCurrent = 0;
     const char *zDoc;
     int nDoc;
 
@@ -130153,6 +143914,768 @@
 #endif
 
 /************** End of fts3_snippet.c ****************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_unicode.c ************************************/
+/*
+** 2012 May 24
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+**
+** Implementation of the "unicode" full-text-search tokenizer.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3)
+
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+/* #include <stdlib.h> */
+/* #include <stdio.h> */
+/* #include <string.h> */
+
+
+/*
+** The following two macros - READ_UTF8 and WRITE_UTF8 - have been copied
+** from the sqlite3 source file utf.c. If this file is compiled as part
+** of the amalgamation, they are not required.
+*/
+#ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
+
+static const unsigned char sqlite3Utf8Trans1[] = {
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+  0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
+  0x10, 0x11, 0x12, 0x13, 0x14, 0x15, 0x16, 0x17,
+  0x18, 0x19, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x1c, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x1f,
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+  0x08, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0e, 0x0f,
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x05, 0x06, 0x07,
+  0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
+};
+
+#define READ_UTF8(zIn, zTerm, c)                           \
+  c = *(zIn++);                                            \
+  if( c>=0xc0 ){                                           \
+    c = sqlite3Utf8Trans1[c-0xc0];                         \
+    while( zIn!=zTerm && (*zIn & 0xc0)==0x80 ){            \
+      c = (c<<6) + (0x3f & *(zIn++));                      \
+    }                                                      \
+    if( c<0x80                                             \
+        || (c&0xFFFFF800)==0xD800                          \
+        || (c&0xFFFFFFFE)==0xFFFE ){  c = 0xFFFD; }        \
+  }
+
+#define WRITE_UTF8(zOut, c) {                          \
+  if( c<0x00080 ){                                     \
+    *zOut++ = (u8)(c&0xFF);                            \
+  }                                                    \
+  else if( c<0x00800 ){                                \
+    *zOut++ = 0xC0 + (u8)((c>>6)&0x1F);                \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);                   \
+  }                                                    \
+  else if( c<0x10000 ){                                \
+    *zOut++ = 0xE0 + (u8)((c>>12)&0x0F);               \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>6) & 0x3F);              \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);                   \
+  }else{                                               \
+    *zOut++ = 0xF0 + (u8)((c>>18) & 0x07);             \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>12) & 0x3F);             \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)((c>>6) & 0x3F);              \
+    *zOut++ = 0x80 + (u8)(c & 0x3F);                   \
+  }                                                    \
+}
+
+#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION */
+
+typedef struct unicode_tokenizer unicode_tokenizer;
+typedef struct unicode_cursor unicode_cursor;
+
+struct unicode_tokenizer {
+  sqlite3_tokenizer base;
+  int bRemoveDiacritic;
+  int nException;
+  int *aiException;
+};
+
+struct unicode_cursor {
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor base;
+  const unsigned char *aInput;    /* Input text being tokenized */
+  int nInput;                     /* Size of aInput[] in bytes */
+  int iOff;                       /* Current offset within aInput[] */
+  int iToken;                     /* Index of next token to be returned */
+  char *zToken;                   /* storage for current token */
+  int nAlloc;                     /* space allocated at zToken */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** Destroy a tokenizer allocated by unicodeCreate().
+*/
+static int unicodeDestroy(sqlite3_tokenizer *pTokenizer){
+  if( pTokenizer ){
+    unicode_tokenizer *p = (unicode_tokenizer *)pTokenizer;
+    sqlite3_free(p->aiException);
+    sqlite3_free(p);
+  }
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** As part of a tokenchars= or separators= option, the CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE
+** statement has specified that the tokenizer for this table shall consider
+** all characters in string zIn/nIn to be separators (if bAlnum==0) or
+** token characters (if bAlnum==1).
+**
+** For each codepoint in the zIn/nIn string, this function checks if the
+** sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum() function already returns the desired result.
+** If so, no action is taken. Otherwise, the codepoint is added to the 
+** unicode_tokenizer.aiException[] array. For the purposes of tokenization,
+** the return value of sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum() is inverted for all
+** codepoints in the aiException[] array.
+**
+** If a standalone diacritic mark (one that sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsdiacritic()
+** identifies as a diacritic) occurs in the zIn/nIn string it is ignored.
+** It is not possible to change the behavior of the tokenizer with respect
+** to these codepoints.
+*/
+static int unicodeAddExceptions(
+  unicode_tokenizer *p,           /* Tokenizer to add exceptions to */
+  int bAlnum,                     /* Replace Isalnum() return value with this */
+  const char *zIn,                /* Array of characters to make exceptions */
+  int nIn                         /* Length of z in bytes */
+){
+  const unsigned char *z = (const unsigned char *)zIn;
+  const unsigned char *zTerm = &z[nIn];
+  int iCode;
+  int nEntry = 0;
+
+  assert( bAlnum==0 || bAlnum==1 );
+
+  while( z<zTerm ){
+    READ_UTF8(z, zTerm, iCode);
+    assert( (sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(iCode) & 0xFFFFFFFE)==0 );
+    if( sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(iCode)!=bAlnum 
+     && sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsdiacritic(iCode)==0 
+    ){
+      nEntry++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( nEntry ){
+    int *aNew;                    /* New aiException[] array */
+    int nNew;                     /* Number of valid entries in array aNew[] */
+
+    aNew = sqlite3_realloc(p->aiException, (p->nException+nEntry)*sizeof(int));
+    if( aNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+    nNew = p->nException;
+
+    z = (const unsigned char *)zIn;
+    while( z<zTerm ){
+      READ_UTF8(z, zTerm, iCode);
+      if( sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(iCode)!=bAlnum 
+       && sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsdiacritic(iCode)==0
+      ){
+        int i, j;
+        for(i=0; i<nNew && aNew[i]<iCode; i++);
+        for(j=nNew; j>i; j--) aNew[j] = aNew[j-1];
+        aNew[i] = iCode;
+        nNew++;
+      }
+    }
+    p->aiException = aNew;
+    p->nException = nNew;
+  }
+
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if the p->aiException[] array contains the value iCode.
+*/
+static int unicodeIsException(unicode_tokenizer *p, int iCode){
+  if( p->nException>0 ){
+    int *a = p->aiException;
+    int iLo = 0;
+    int iHi = p->nException-1;
+
+    while( iHi>=iLo ){
+      int iTest = (iHi + iLo) / 2;
+      if( iCode==a[iTest] ){
+        return 1;
+      }else if( iCode>a[iTest] ){
+        iLo = iTest+1;
+      }else{
+        iHi = iTest-1;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Return true if, for the purposes of tokenization, codepoint iCode is
+** considered a token character (not a separator).
+*/
+static int unicodeIsAlnum(unicode_tokenizer *p, int iCode){
+  assert( (sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(iCode) & 0xFFFFFFFE)==0 );
+  return sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(iCode) ^ unicodeIsException(p, iCode);
+}
+
+/*
+** Create a new tokenizer instance.
+*/
+static int unicodeCreate(
+  int nArg,                       /* Size of array argv[] */
+  const char * const *azArg,      /* Tokenizer creation arguments */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer **pp          /* OUT: New tokenizer handle */
+){
+  unicode_tokenizer *pNew;        /* New tokenizer object */
+  int i;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+
+  pNew = (unicode_tokenizer *) sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(unicode_tokenizer));
+  if( pNew==NULL ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(pNew, 0, sizeof(unicode_tokenizer));
+  pNew->bRemoveDiacritic = 1;
+
+  for(i=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && i<nArg; i++){
+    const char *z = azArg[i];
+    int n = (int)strlen(z);
+
+    if( n==19 && memcmp("remove_diacritics=1", z, 19)==0 ){
+      pNew->bRemoveDiacritic = 1;
+    }
+    else if( n==19 && memcmp("remove_diacritics=0", z, 19)==0 ){
+      pNew->bRemoveDiacritic = 0;
+    }
+    else if( n>=11 && memcmp("tokenchars=", z, 11)==0 ){
+      rc = unicodeAddExceptions(pNew, 1, &z[11], n-11);
+    }
+    else if( n>=11 && memcmp("separators=", z, 11)==0 ){
+      rc = unicodeAddExceptions(pNew, 0, &z[11], n-11);
+    }
+    else{
+      /* Unrecognized argument */
+      rc  = SQLITE_ERROR;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+    unicodeDestroy((sqlite3_tokenizer *)pNew);
+    pNew = 0;
+  }
+  *pp = (sqlite3_tokenizer *)pNew;
+  return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+** Prepare to begin tokenizing a particular string.  The input
+** string to be tokenized is pInput[0..nBytes-1].  A cursor
+** used to incrementally tokenize this string is returned in 
+** *ppCursor.
+*/
+static int unicodeOpen(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer *p,           /* The tokenizer */
+  const char *aInput,             /* Input string */
+  int nInput,                     /* Size of string aInput in bytes */
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor **pp   /* OUT: New cursor object */
+){
+  unicode_cursor *pCsr;
+
+  pCsr = (unicode_cursor *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(unicode_cursor));
+  if( pCsr==0 ){
+    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(unicode_cursor));
+
+  pCsr->aInput = (const unsigned char *)aInput;
+  if( aInput==0 ){
+    pCsr->nInput = 0;
+  }else if( nInput<0 ){
+    pCsr->nInput = (int)strlen(aInput);
+  }else{
+    pCsr->nInput = nInput;
+  }
+
+  *pp = &pCsr->base;
+  UNUSED_PARAMETER(p);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Close a tokenization cursor previously opened by a call to
+** simpleOpen() above.
+*/
+static int unicodeClose(sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pCursor){
+  unicode_cursor *pCsr = (unicode_cursor *) pCursor;
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->zToken);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr);
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Extract the next token from a tokenization cursor.  The cursor must
+** have been opened by a prior call to simpleOpen().
+*/
+static int unicodeNext(
+  sqlite3_tokenizer_cursor *pC,   /* Cursor returned by simpleOpen */
+  const char **paToken,           /* OUT: Token text */
+  int *pnToken,                   /* OUT: Number of bytes at *paToken */
+  int *piStart,                   /* OUT: Starting offset of token */
+  int *piEnd,                     /* OUT: Ending offset of token */
+  int *piPos                      /* OUT: Position integer of token */
+){
+  unicode_cursor *pCsr = (unicode_cursor *)pC;
+  unicode_tokenizer *p = ((unicode_tokenizer *)pCsr->base.pTokenizer);
+  int iCode = 0;
+  char *zOut;
+  const unsigned char *z = &pCsr->aInput[pCsr->iOff];
+  const unsigned char *zStart = z;
+  const unsigned char *zEnd;
+  const unsigned char *zTerm = &pCsr->aInput[pCsr->nInput];
+
+  /* Scan past any delimiter characters before the start of the next token.
+  ** Return SQLITE_DONE early if this takes us all the way to the end of 
+  ** the input.  */
+  while( z<zTerm ){
+    READ_UTF8(z, zTerm, iCode);
+    if( unicodeIsAlnum(p, iCode) ) break;
+    zStart = z;
+  }
+  if( zStart>=zTerm ) return SQLITE_DONE;
+
+  zOut = pCsr->zToken;
+  do {
+    int iOut;
+
+    /* Grow the output buffer if required. */
+    if( (zOut-pCsr->zToken)>=(pCsr->nAlloc-4) ){
+      char *zNew = sqlite3_realloc(pCsr->zToken, pCsr->nAlloc+64);
+      if( !zNew ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      zOut = &zNew[zOut - pCsr->zToken];
+      pCsr->zToken = zNew;
+      pCsr->nAlloc += 64;
+    }
+
+    /* Write the folded case of the last character read to the output */
+    zEnd = z;
+    iOut = sqlite3FtsUnicodeFold(iCode, p->bRemoveDiacritic);
+    if( iOut ){
+      WRITE_UTF8(zOut, iOut);
+    }
+
+    /* If the cursor is not at EOF, read the next character */
+    if( z>=zTerm ) break;
+    READ_UTF8(z, zTerm, iCode);
+  }while( unicodeIsAlnum(p, iCode) 
+       || sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsdiacritic(iCode)
+  );
+
+  /* Set the output variables and return. */
+  pCsr->iOff = (int)(z - pCsr->aInput);
+  *paToken = pCsr->zToken;
+  *pnToken = (int)(zOut - pCsr->zToken);
+  *piStart = (int)(zStart - pCsr->aInput);
+  *piEnd = (int)(zEnd - pCsr->aInput);
+  *piPos = pCsr->iToken++;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+** Set *ppModule to a pointer to the sqlite3_tokenizer_module 
+** structure for the unicode tokenizer.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE void sqlite3Fts3UnicodeTokenizer(sqlite3_tokenizer_module const **ppModule){
+  static const sqlite3_tokenizer_module module = {
+    0,
+    unicodeCreate,
+    unicodeDestroy,
+    unicodeOpen,
+    unicodeClose,
+    unicodeNext,
+    0,
+  };
+  *ppModule = &module;
+}
+
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) */
+#endif /* ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE */
+
+/************** End of fts3_unicode.c ****************************************/
+/************** Begin file fts3_unicode2.c ***********************************/
+/*
+** 2012 May 25
+**
+** The author disclaims copyright to this source code.  In place of
+** a legal notice, here is a blessing:
+**
+**    May you do good and not evil.
+**    May you find forgiveness for yourself and forgive others.
+**    May you share freely, never taking more than you give.
+**
+******************************************************************************
+*/
+
+/*
+** DO NOT EDIT THIS MACHINE GENERATED FILE.
+*/
+
+#ifndef SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE
+#if defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4)
+
+/* #include <assert.h> */
+
+/*
+** Return true if the argument corresponds to a unicode codepoint
+** classified as either a letter or a number. Otherwise false.
+**
+** The results are undefined if the value passed to this function
+** is less than zero.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsalnum(int c){
+  /* Each unsigned integer in the following array corresponds to a contiguous
+  ** range of unicode codepoints that are not either letters or numbers (i.e.
+  ** codepoints for which this function should return 0).
+  **
+  ** The most significant 22 bits in each 32-bit value contain the first 
+  ** codepoint in the range. The least significant 10 bits are used to store
+  ** the size of the range (always at least 1). In other words, the value 
+  ** ((C<<22) + N) represents a range of N codepoints starting with codepoint 
+  ** C. It is not possible to represent a range larger than 1023 codepoints 
+  ** using this format.
+  */
+  static const unsigned int aEntry[] = {
+    0x00000030, 0x0000E807, 0x00016C06, 0x0001EC2F, 0x0002AC07,
+    0x0002D001, 0x0002D803, 0x0002EC01, 0x0002FC01, 0x00035C01,
+    0x0003DC01, 0x000B0804, 0x000B480E, 0x000B9407, 0x000BB401,
+    0x000BBC81, 0x000DD401, 0x000DF801, 0x000E1002, 0x000E1C01,
+    0x000FD801, 0x00120808, 0x00156806, 0x00162402, 0x00163C01,
+    0x00164437, 0x0017CC02, 0x00180005, 0x00181816, 0x00187802,
+    0x00192C15, 0x0019A804, 0x0019C001, 0x001B5001, 0x001B580F,
+    0x001B9C07, 0x001BF402, 0x001C000E, 0x001C3C01, 0x001C4401,
+    0x001CC01B, 0x001E980B, 0x001FAC09, 0x001FD804, 0x00205804,
+    0x00206C09, 0x00209403, 0x0020A405, 0x0020C00F, 0x00216403,
+    0x00217801, 0x0023901B, 0x00240004, 0x0024E803, 0x0024F812,
+    0x00254407, 0x00258804, 0x0025C001, 0x00260403, 0x0026F001,
+    0x0026F807, 0x00271C02, 0x00272C03, 0x00275C01, 0x00278802,
+    0x0027C802, 0x0027E802, 0x00280403, 0x0028F001, 0x0028F805,
+    0x00291C02, 0x00292C03, 0x00294401, 0x0029C002, 0x0029D401,
+    0x002A0403, 0x002AF001, 0x002AF808, 0x002B1C03, 0x002B2C03,
+    0x002B8802, 0x002BC002, 0x002C0403, 0x002CF001, 0x002CF807,
+    0x002D1C02, 0x002D2C03, 0x002D5802, 0x002D8802, 0x002DC001,
+    0x002E0801, 0x002EF805, 0x002F1803, 0x002F2804, 0x002F5C01,
+    0x002FCC08, 0x00300403, 0x0030F807, 0x00311803, 0x00312804,
+    0x00315402, 0x00318802, 0x0031FC01, 0x00320802, 0x0032F001,
+    0x0032F807, 0x00331803, 0x00332804, 0x00335402, 0x00338802,
+    0x00340802, 0x0034F807, 0x00351803, 0x00352804, 0x00355C01,
+    0x00358802, 0x0035E401, 0x00360802, 0x00372801, 0x00373C06,
+    0x00375801, 0x00376008, 0x0037C803, 0x0038C401, 0x0038D007,
+    0x0038FC01, 0x00391C09, 0x00396802, 0x003AC401, 0x003AD006,
+    0x003AEC02, 0x003B2006, 0x003C041F, 0x003CD00C, 0x003DC417,
+    0x003E340B, 0x003E6424, 0x003EF80F, 0x003F380D, 0x0040AC14,
+    0x00412806, 0x00415804, 0x00417803, 0x00418803, 0x00419C07,
+    0x0041C404, 0x0042080C, 0x00423C01, 0x00426806, 0x0043EC01,
+    0x004D740C, 0x004E400A, 0x00500001, 0x0059B402, 0x005A0001,
+    0x005A6C02, 0x005BAC03, 0x005C4803, 0x005CC805, 0x005D4802,
+    0x005DC802, 0x005ED023, 0x005F6004, 0x005F7401, 0x0060000F,
+    0x0062A401, 0x0064800C, 0x0064C00C, 0x00650001, 0x00651002,
+    0x0066C011, 0x00672002, 0x00677822, 0x00685C05, 0x00687802,
+    0x0069540A, 0x0069801D, 0x0069FC01, 0x006A8007, 0x006AA006,
+    0x006C0005, 0x006CD011, 0x006D6823, 0x006E0003, 0x006E840D,
+    0x006F980E, 0x006FF004, 0x00709014, 0x0070EC05, 0x0071F802,
+    0x00730008, 0x00734019, 0x0073B401, 0x0073C803, 0x00770027,
+    0x0077F004, 0x007EF401, 0x007EFC03, 0x007F3403, 0x007F7403,
+    0x007FB403, 0x007FF402, 0x00800065, 0x0081A806, 0x0081E805,
+    0x00822805, 0x0082801A, 0x00834021, 0x00840002, 0x00840C04,
+    0x00842002, 0x00845001, 0x00845803, 0x00847806, 0x00849401,
+    0x00849C01, 0x0084A401, 0x0084B801, 0x0084E802, 0x00850005,
+    0x00852804, 0x00853C01, 0x00864264, 0x00900027, 0x0091000B,
+    0x0092704E, 0x00940200, 0x009C0475, 0x009E53B9, 0x00AD400A,
+    0x00B39406, 0x00B3BC03, 0x00B3E404, 0x00B3F802, 0x00B5C001,
+    0x00B5FC01, 0x00B7804F, 0x00B8C00C, 0x00BA001A, 0x00BA6C59,
+    0x00BC00D6, 0x00BFC00C, 0x00C00005, 0x00C02019, 0x00C0A807,
+    0x00C0D802, 0x00C0F403, 0x00C26404, 0x00C28001, 0x00C3EC01,
+    0x00C64002, 0x00C6580A, 0x00C70024, 0x00C8001F, 0x00C8A81E,
+    0x00C94001, 0x00C98020, 0x00CA2827, 0x00CB003F, 0x00CC0100,
+    0x01370040, 0x02924037, 0x0293F802, 0x02983403, 0x0299BC10,
+    0x029A7C01, 0x029BC008, 0x029C0017, 0x029C8002, 0x029E2402,
+    0x02A00801, 0x02A01801, 0x02A02C01, 0x02A08C09, 0x02A0D804,
+    0x02A1D004, 0x02A20002, 0x02A2D011, 0x02A33802, 0x02A38012,
+    0x02A3E003, 0x02A4980A, 0x02A51C0D, 0x02A57C01, 0x02A60004,
+    0x02A6CC1B, 0x02A77802, 0x02A8A40E, 0x02A90C01, 0x02A93002,
+    0x02A97004, 0x02A9DC03, 0x02A9EC01, 0x02AAC001, 0x02AAC803,
+    0x02AADC02, 0x02AAF802, 0x02AB0401, 0x02AB7802, 0x02ABAC07,
+    0x02ABD402, 0x02AF8C0B, 0x03600001, 0x036DFC02, 0x036FFC02,
+    0x037FFC01, 0x03EC7801, 0x03ECA401, 0x03EEC810, 0x03F4F802,
+    0x03F7F002, 0x03F8001A, 0x03F88007, 0x03F8C023, 0x03F95013,
+    0x03F9A004, 0x03FBFC01, 0x03FC040F, 0x03FC6807, 0x03FCEC06,
+    0x03FD6C0B, 0x03FF8007, 0x03FFA007, 0x03FFE405, 0x04040003,
+    0x0404DC09, 0x0405E411, 0x0406400C, 0x0407402E, 0x040E7C01,
+    0x040F4001, 0x04215C01, 0x04247C01, 0x0424FC01, 0x04280403,
+    0x04281402, 0x04283004, 0x0428E003, 0x0428FC01, 0x04294009,
+    0x0429FC01, 0x042CE407, 0x04400003, 0x0440E016, 0x04420003,
+    0x0442C012, 0x04440003, 0x04449C0E, 0x04450004, 0x04460003,
+    0x0446CC0E, 0x04471404, 0x045AAC0D, 0x0491C004, 0x05BD442E,
+    0x05BE3C04, 0x074000F6, 0x07440027, 0x0744A4B5, 0x07480046,
+    0x074C0057, 0x075B0401, 0x075B6C01, 0x075BEC01, 0x075C5401,
+    0x075CD401, 0x075D3C01, 0x075DBC01, 0x075E2401, 0x075EA401,
+    0x075F0C01, 0x07BBC002, 0x07C0002C, 0x07C0C064, 0x07C2800F,
+    0x07C2C40E, 0x07C3040F, 0x07C3440F, 0x07C4401F, 0x07C4C03C,
+    0x07C5C02B, 0x07C7981D, 0x07C8402B, 0x07C90009, 0x07C94002,
+    0x07CC0021, 0x07CCC006, 0x07CCDC46, 0x07CE0014, 0x07CE8025,
+    0x07CF1805, 0x07CF8011, 0x07D0003F, 0x07D10001, 0x07D108B6,
+    0x07D3E404, 0x07D4003E, 0x07D50004, 0x07D54018, 0x07D7EC46,
+    0x07D9140B, 0x07DA0046, 0x07DC0074, 0x38000401, 0x38008060,
+    0x380400F0,
+  };
+  static const unsigned int aAscii[4] = {
+    0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFC00FFFF, 0xF8000001, 0xF8000001,
+  };
+
+  if( c<128 ){
+    return ( (aAscii[c >> 5] & (1 << (c & 0x001F)))==0 );
+  }else if( c<(1<<22) ){
+    unsigned int key = (((unsigned int)c)<<10) | 0x000003FF;
+    int iRes = 0;
+    int iHi = sizeof(aEntry)/sizeof(aEntry[0]) - 1;
+    int iLo = 0;
+    while( iHi>=iLo ){
+      int iTest = (iHi + iLo) / 2;
+      if( key >= aEntry[iTest] ){
+        iRes = iTest;
+        iLo = iTest+1;
+      }else{
+        iHi = iTest-1;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( aEntry[0]<key );
+    assert( key>=aEntry[iRes] );
+    return (((unsigned int)c) >= ((aEntry[iRes]>>10) + (aEntry[iRes]&0x3FF)));
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+** If the argument is a codepoint corresponding to a lowercase letter
+** in the ASCII range with a diacritic added, return the codepoint
+** of the ASCII letter only. For example, if passed 235 - "LATIN
+** SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS" - return 65 ("LATIN SMALL LETTER
+** E"). The resuls of passing a codepoint that corresponds to an
+** uppercase letter are undefined.
+*/
+static int remove_diacritic(int c){
+  unsigned short aDia[] = {
+        0,  1797,  1848,  1859,  1891,  1928,  1940,  1995, 
+     2024,  2040,  2060,  2110,  2168,  2206,  2264,  2286, 
+     2344,  2383,  2472,  2488,  2516,  2596,  2668,  2732, 
+     2782,  2842,  2894,  2954,  2984,  3000,  3028,  3336, 
+     3456,  3696,  3712,  3728,  3744,  3896,  3912,  3928, 
+     3968,  4008,  4040,  4106,  4138,  4170,  4202,  4234, 
+     4266,  4296,  4312,  4344,  4408,  4424,  4472,  4504, 
+     6148,  6198,  6264,  6280,  6360,  6429,  6505,  6529, 
+    61448, 61468, 61534, 61592, 61642, 61688, 61704, 61726, 
+    61784, 61800, 61836, 61880, 61914, 61948, 61998, 62122, 
+    62154, 62200, 62218, 62302, 62364, 62442, 62478, 62536, 
+    62554, 62584, 62604, 62640, 62648, 62656, 62664, 62730, 
+    62924, 63050, 63082, 63274, 63390, 
+  };
+  char aChar[] = {
+    '\0', 'a',  'c',  'e',  'i',  'n',  'o',  'u',  'y',  'y',  'a',  'c',  
+    'd',  'e',  'e',  'g',  'h',  'i',  'j',  'k',  'l',  'n',  'o',  'r',  
+    's',  't',  'u',  'u',  'w',  'y',  'z',  'o',  'u',  'a',  'i',  'o',  
+    'u',  'g',  'k',  'o',  'j',  'g',  'n',  'a',  'e',  'i',  'o',  'r',  
+    'u',  's',  't',  'h',  'a',  'e',  'o',  'y',  '\0', '\0', '\0', '\0', 
+    '\0', '\0', '\0', '\0', 'a',  'b',  'd',  'd',  'e',  'f',  'g',  'h',  
+    'h',  'i',  'k',  'l',  'l',  'm',  'n',  'p',  'r',  'r',  's',  't',  
+    'u',  'v',  'w',  'w',  'x',  'y',  'z',  'h',  't',  'w',  'y',  'a',  
+    'e',  'i',  'o',  'u',  'y',  
+  };
+
+  unsigned int key = (((unsigned int)c)<<3) | 0x00000007;
+  int iRes = 0;
+  int iHi = sizeof(aDia)/sizeof(aDia[0]) - 1;
+  int iLo = 0;
+  while( iHi>=iLo ){
+    int iTest = (iHi + iLo) / 2;
+    if( key >= aDia[iTest] ){
+      iRes = iTest;
+      iLo = iTest+1;
+    }else{
+      iHi = iTest-1;
+    }
+  }
+  assert( key>=aDia[iRes] );
+  return ((c > (aDia[iRes]>>3) + (aDia[iRes]&0x07)) ? c : (int)aChar[iRes]);
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Return true if the argument interpreted as a unicode codepoint
+** is a diacritical modifier character.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FtsUnicodeIsdiacritic(int c){
+  unsigned int mask0 = 0x08029FDF;
+  unsigned int mask1 = 0x000361F8;
+  if( c<768 || c>817 ) return 0;
+  return (c < 768+32) ?
+      (mask0 & (1 << (c-768))) :
+      (mask1 & (1 << (c-768-32)));
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Interpret the argument as a unicode codepoint. If the codepoint
+** is an upper case character that has a lower case equivalent,
+** return the codepoint corresponding to the lower case version.
+** Otherwise, return a copy of the argument.
+**
+** The results are undefined if the value passed to this function
+** is less than zero.
+*/
+SQLITE_PRIVATE int sqlite3FtsUnicodeFold(int c, int bRemoveDiacritic){
+  /* Each entry in the following array defines a rule for folding a range
+  ** of codepoints to lower case. The rule applies to a range of nRange
+  ** codepoints starting at codepoint iCode.
+  **
+  ** If the least significant bit in flags is clear, then the rule applies
+  ** to all nRange codepoints (i.e. all nRange codepoints are upper case and
+  ** need to be folded). Or, if it is set, then the rule only applies to
+  ** every second codepoint in the range, starting with codepoint C.
+  **
+  ** The 7 most significant bits in flags are an index into the aiOff[]
+  ** array. If a specific codepoint C does require folding, then its lower
+  ** case equivalent is ((C + aiOff[flags>>1]) & 0xFFFF).
+  **
+  ** The contents of this array are generated by parsing the CaseFolding.txt
+  ** file distributed as part of the "Unicode Character Database". See
+  ** http://www.unicode.org for details.
+  */
+  static const struct TableEntry {
+    unsigned short iCode;
+    unsigned char flags;
+    unsigned char nRange;
+  } aEntry[] = {
+    {65, 14, 26},          {181, 64, 1},          {192, 14, 23},
+    {216, 14, 7},          {256, 1, 48},          {306, 1, 6},
+    {313, 1, 16},          {330, 1, 46},          {376, 116, 1},
+    {377, 1, 6},           {383, 104, 1},         {385, 50, 1},
+    {386, 1, 4},           {390, 44, 1},          {391, 0, 1},
+    {393, 42, 2},          {395, 0, 1},           {398, 32, 1},
+    {399, 38, 1},          {400, 40, 1},          {401, 0, 1},
+    {403, 42, 1},          {404, 46, 1},          {406, 52, 1},
+    {407, 48, 1},          {408, 0, 1},           {412, 52, 1},
+    {413, 54, 1},          {415, 56, 1},          {416, 1, 6},
+    {422, 60, 1},          {423, 0, 1},           {425, 60, 1},
+    {428, 0, 1},           {430, 60, 1},          {431, 0, 1},
+    {433, 58, 2},          {435, 1, 4},           {439, 62, 1},
+    {440, 0, 1},           {444, 0, 1},           {452, 2, 1},
+    {453, 0, 1},           {455, 2, 1},           {456, 0, 1},
+    {458, 2, 1},           {459, 1, 18},          {478, 1, 18},
+    {497, 2, 1},           {498, 1, 4},           {502, 122, 1},
+    {503, 134, 1},         {504, 1, 40},          {544, 110, 1},
+    {546, 1, 18},          {570, 70, 1},          {571, 0, 1},
+    {573, 108, 1},         {574, 68, 1},          {577, 0, 1},
+    {579, 106, 1},         {580, 28, 1},          {581, 30, 1},
+    {582, 1, 10},          {837, 36, 1},          {880, 1, 4},
+    {886, 0, 1},           {902, 18, 1},          {904, 16, 3},
+    {908, 26, 1},          {910, 24, 2},          {913, 14, 17},
+    {931, 14, 9},          {962, 0, 1},           {975, 4, 1},
+    {976, 140, 1},         {977, 142, 1},         {981, 146, 1},
+    {982, 144, 1},         {984, 1, 24},          {1008, 136, 1},
+    {1009, 138, 1},        {1012, 130, 1},        {1013, 128, 1},
+    {1015, 0, 1},          {1017, 152, 1},        {1018, 0, 1},
+    {1021, 110, 3},        {1024, 34, 16},        {1040, 14, 32},
+    {1120, 1, 34},         {1162, 1, 54},         {1216, 6, 1},
+    {1217, 1, 14},         {1232, 1, 88},         {1329, 22, 38},
+    {4256, 66, 38},        {4295, 66, 1},         {4301, 66, 1},
+    {7680, 1, 150},        {7835, 132, 1},        {7838, 96, 1},
+    {7840, 1, 96},         {7944, 150, 8},        {7960, 150, 6},
+    {7976, 150, 8},        {7992, 150, 8},        {8008, 150, 6},
+    {8025, 151, 8},        {8040, 150, 8},        {8072, 150, 8},
+    {8088, 150, 8},        {8104, 150, 8},        {8120, 150, 2},
+    {8122, 126, 2},        {8124, 148, 1},        {8126, 100, 1},
+    {8136, 124, 4},        {8140, 148, 1},        {8152, 150, 2},
+    {8154, 120, 2},        {8168, 150, 2},        {8170, 118, 2},
+    {8172, 152, 1},        {8184, 112, 2},        {8186, 114, 2},
+    {8188, 148, 1},        {8486, 98, 1},         {8490, 92, 1},
+    {8491, 94, 1},         {8498, 12, 1},         {8544, 8, 16},
+    {8579, 0, 1},          {9398, 10, 26},        {11264, 22, 47},
+    {11360, 0, 1},         {11362, 88, 1},        {11363, 102, 1},
+    {11364, 90, 1},        {11367, 1, 6},         {11373, 84, 1},
+    {11374, 86, 1},        {11375, 80, 1},        {11376, 82, 1},
+    {11378, 0, 1},         {11381, 0, 1},         {11390, 78, 2},
+    {11392, 1, 100},       {11499, 1, 4},         {11506, 0, 1},
+    {42560, 1, 46},        {42624, 1, 24},        {42786, 1, 14},
+    {42802, 1, 62},        {42873, 1, 4},         {42877, 76, 1},
+    {42878, 1, 10},        {42891, 0, 1},         {42893, 74, 1},
+    {42896, 1, 4},         {42912, 1, 10},        {42922, 72, 1},
+    {65313, 14, 26},       
+  };
+  static const unsigned short aiOff[] = {
+   1,     2,     8,     15,    16,    26,    28,    32,    
+   37,    38,    40,    48,    63,    64,    69,    71,    
+   79,    80,    116,   202,   203,   205,   206,   207,   
+   209,   210,   211,   213,   214,   217,   218,   219,   
+   775,   7264,  10792, 10795, 23228, 23256, 30204, 54721, 
+   54753, 54754, 54756, 54787, 54793, 54809, 57153, 57274, 
+   57921, 58019, 58363, 61722, 65268, 65341, 65373, 65406, 
+   65408, 65410, 65415, 65424, 65436, 65439, 65450, 65462, 
+   65472, 65476, 65478, 65480, 65482, 65488, 65506, 65511, 
+   65514, 65521, 65527, 65528, 65529, 
+  };
+
+  int ret = c;
+
+  assert( c>=0 );
+  assert( sizeof(unsigned short)==2 && sizeof(unsigned char)==1 );
+
+  if( c<128 ){
+    if( c>='A' && c<='Z' ) ret = c + ('a' - 'A');
+  }else if( c<65536 ){
+    int iHi = sizeof(aEntry)/sizeof(aEntry[0]) - 1;
+    int iLo = 0;
+    int iRes = -1;
+
+    while( iHi>=iLo ){
+      int iTest = (iHi + iLo) / 2;
+      int cmp = (c - aEntry[iTest].iCode);
+      if( cmp>=0 ){
+        iRes = iTest;
+        iLo = iTest+1;
+      }else{
+        iHi = iTest-1;
+      }
+    }
+    assert( iRes<0 || c>=aEntry[iRes].iCode );
+
+    if( iRes>=0 ){
+      const struct TableEntry *p = &aEntry[iRes];
+      if( c<(p->iCode + p->nRange) && 0==(0x01 & p->flags & (p->iCode ^ c)) ){
+        ret = (c + (aiOff[p->flags>>1])) & 0x0000FFFF;
+        assert( ret>0 );
+      }
+    }
+
+    if( bRemoveDiacritic ) ret = remove_diacritic(ret);
+  }
+  
+  else if( c>=66560 && c<66600 ){
+    ret = c + 40;
+  }
+
+  return ret;
+}
+#endif /* defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS3) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_FTS4) */
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_DISABLE_FTS3_UNICODE) */
+
+/************** End of fts3_unicode2.c ***************************************/
 /************** Begin file rtree.c *******************************************/
 /*
 ** 2001 September 15
@@ -130210,48 +144733,6 @@
 
 #if !defined(SQLITE_CORE) || defined(SQLITE_ENABLE_RTREE)
 
-/*
-** This file contains an implementation of a couple of different variants
-** of the r-tree algorithm. See the README file for further details. The 
-** same data-structure is used for all, but the algorithms for insert and
-** delete operations vary. The variants used are selected at compile time 
-** by defining the following symbols:
-*/
-
-/* Either, both or none of the following may be set to activate 
-** r*tree variant algorithms.
-*/
-#define VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE 0
-#define VARIANT_RSTARTREE_REINSERT      1
-
-/* 
-** Exactly one of the following must be set to 1.
-*/
-#define VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT 0
-#define VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT    0
-#define VARIANT_RSTARTREE_SPLIT         1
-
-#define VARIANT_GUTTMAN_SPLIT \
-        (VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT||VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT)
-
-#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT
-  #define PickNext QuadraticPickNext
-  #define PickSeeds QuadraticPickSeeds
-  #define AssignCells splitNodeGuttman
-#endif
-#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT
-  #define PickNext LinearPickNext
-  #define PickSeeds LinearPickSeeds
-  #define AssignCells splitNodeGuttman
-#endif
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_SPLIT
-  #define AssignCells splitNodeStartree
-#endif
-
-#if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(SQLITE_DEBUG) 
-# define NDEBUG 1
-#endif
-
 #ifndef SQLITE_CORE
   SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1
 #else
@@ -130259,11 +144740,13 @@
 
 /* #include <string.h> */
 /* #include <assert.h> */
+/* #include <stdio.h> */
 
 #ifndef SQLITE_AMALGAMATION
 #include "sqlite3rtree.h"
 typedef sqlite3_int64 i64;
 typedef unsigned char u8;
+typedef unsigned short u16;
 typedef unsigned int u32;
 #endif
 
@@ -130281,6 +144764,7 @@
 typedef struct RtreeMatchArg RtreeMatchArg;
 typedef struct RtreeGeomCallback RtreeGeomCallback;
 typedef union RtreeCoord RtreeCoord;
+typedef struct RtreeSearchPoint RtreeSearchPoint;
 
 /* The rtree may have between 1 and RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS dimensions. */
 #define RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS 5
@@ -130289,22 +144773,33 @@
 ** ever contain very many entries, so a fixed number of buckets is 
 ** used.
 */
-#define HASHSIZE 128
+#define HASHSIZE 97
+
+/* The xBestIndex method of this virtual table requires an estimate of
+** the number of rows in the virtual table to calculate the costs of
+** various strategies. If possible, this estimate is loaded from the
+** sqlite_stat1 table (with RTREE_MIN_ROWEST as a hard-coded minimum).
+** Otherwise, if no sqlite_stat1 entry is available, use 
+** RTREE_DEFAULT_ROWEST.
+*/
+#define RTREE_DEFAULT_ROWEST 1048576
+#define RTREE_MIN_ROWEST         100
 
 /* 
 ** An rtree virtual-table object.
 */
 struct Rtree {
-  sqlite3_vtab base;
+  sqlite3_vtab base;          /* Base class.  Must be first */
   sqlite3 *db;                /* Host database connection */
   int iNodeSize;              /* Size in bytes of each node in the node table */
-  int nDim;                   /* Number of dimensions */
-  int nBytesPerCell;          /* Bytes consumed per cell */
+  u8 nDim;                    /* Number of dimensions */
+  u8 eCoordType;              /* RTREE_COORD_REAL32 or RTREE_COORD_INT32 */
+  u8 nBytesPerCell;           /* Bytes consumed per cell */
   int iDepth;                 /* Current depth of the r-tree structure */
   char *zDb;                  /* Name of database containing r-tree table */
   char *zName;                /* Name of r-tree table */ 
-  RtreeNode *aHash[HASHSIZE]; /* Hash table of in-memory nodes. */ 
   int nBusy;                  /* Current number of users of this structure */
+  i64 nRowEst;                /* Estimated number of rows in this table */
 
   /* List of nodes removed during a CondenseTree operation. List is
   ** linked together via the pointer normally used for hash chains -
@@ -130329,14 +144824,46 @@
   sqlite3_stmt *pWriteParent;
   sqlite3_stmt *pDeleteParent;
 
-  int eCoordType;
+  RtreeNode *aHash[HASHSIZE]; /* Hash table of in-memory nodes. */ 
 };
 
-/* Possible values for eCoordType: */
+/* Possible values for Rtree.eCoordType: */
 #define RTREE_COORD_REAL32 0
 #define RTREE_COORD_INT32  1
 
 /*
+** If SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY is defined, then this virtual table will
+** only deal with integer coordinates.  No floating point operations
+** will be done.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+  typedef sqlite3_int64 RtreeDValue;       /* High accuracy coordinate */
+  typedef int RtreeValue;                  /* Low accuracy coordinate */
+# define RTREE_ZERO 0
+#else
+  typedef double RtreeDValue;              /* High accuracy coordinate */
+  typedef float RtreeValue;                /* Low accuracy coordinate */
+# define RTREE_ZERO 0.0
+#endif
+
+/*
+** When doing a search of an r-tree, instances of the following structure
+** record intermediate results from the tree walk.
+**
+** The id is always a node-id.  For iLevel>=1 the id is the node-id of
+** the node that the RtreeSearchPoint represents.  When iLevel==0, however,
+** the id is of the parent node and the cell that RtreeSearchPoint
+** represents is the iCell-th entry in the parent node.
+*/
+struct RtreeSearchPoint {
+  RtreeDValue rScore;    /* The score for this node.  Smallest goes first. */
+  sqlite3_int64 id;      /* Node ID */
+  u8 iLevel;             /* 0=entries.  1=leaf node.  2+ for higher */
+  u8 eWithin;            /* PARTLY_WITHIN or FULLY_WITHIN */
+  u8 iCell;              /* Cell index within the node */
+};
+
+/*
 ** The minimum number of cells allowed for a node is a third of the 
 ** maximum. In Gutman's notation:
 **
@@ -130358,33 +144885,61 @@
 */
 #define RTREE_MAX_DEPTH 40
 
+
+/*
+** Number of entries in the cursor RtreeNode cache.  The first entry is
+** used to cache the RtreeNode for RtreeCursor.sPoint.  The remaining
+** entries cache the RtreeNode for the first elements of the priority queue.
+*/
+#define RTREE_CACHE_SZ  5
+
 /* 
 ** An rtree cursor object.
 */
 struct RtreeCursor {
-  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;
-  RtreeNode *pNode;                 /* Node cursor is currently pointing at */
-  int iCell;                        /* Index of current cell in pNode */
+  sqlite3_vtab_cursor base;         /* Base class.  Must be first */
+  u8 atEOF;                         /* True if at end of search */
+  u8 bPoint;                        /* True if sPoint is valid */
   int iStrategy;                    /* Copy of idxNum search parameter */
   int nConstraint;                  /* Number of entries in aConstraint */
   RtreeConstraint *aConstraint;     /* Search constraints. */
+  int nPointAlloc;                  /* Number of slots allocated for aPoint[] */
+  int nPoint;                       /* Number of slots used in aPoint[] */
+  int mxLevel;                      /* iLevel value for root of the tree */
+  RtreeSearchPoint *aPoint;         /* Priority queue for search points */
+  RtreeSearchPoint sPoint;          /* Cached next search point */
+  RtreeNode *aNode[RTREE_CACHE_SZ]; /* Rtree node cache */
+  u32 anQueue[RTREE_MAX_DEPTH+1];   /* Number of queued entries by iLevel */
 };
 
+/* Return the Rtree of a RtreeCursor */
+#define RTREE_OF_CURSOR(X)   ((Rtree*)((X)->base.pVtab))
+
+/*
+** A coordinate can be either a floating point number or a integer.  All
+** coordinates within a single R-Tree are always of the same time.
+*/
 union RtreeCoord {
-  float f;
-  int i;
+  RtreeValue f;      /* Floating point value */
+  int i;             /* Integer value */
+  u32 u;             /* Unsigned for byte-order conversions */
 };
 
 /*
 ** The argument is an RtreeCoord. Return the value stored within the RtreeCoord
-** formatted as a double. This macro assumes that local variable pRtree points
-** to the Rtree structure associated with the RtreeCoord.
+** formatted as a RtreeDValue (double or int64). This macro assumes that local
+** variable pRtree points to the Rtree structure associated with the
+** RtreeCoord.
 */
-#define DCOORD(coord) (                           \
-  (pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_REAL32) ?      \
-    ((double)coord.f) :                           \
-    ((double)coord.i)                             \
-)
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+# define DCOORD(coord) ((RtreeDValue)coord.i)
+#else
+# define DCOORD(coord) (                           \
+    (pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_REAL32) ?      \
+      ((double)coord.f) :                           \
+      ((double)coord.i)                             \
+  )
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** A search constraint.
@@ -130392,38 +144947,67 @@
 struct RtreeConstraint {
   int iCoord;                     /* Index of constrained coordinate */
   int op;                         /* Constraining operation */
-  double rValue;                  /* Constraint value. */
-  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *);
-  sqlite3_rtree_geometry *pGeom;  /* Constraint callback argument for a MATCH */
+  union {
+    RtreeDValue rValue;             /* Constraint value. */
+    int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry*,int,RtreeDValue*,int*);
+    int (*xQueryFunc)(sqlite3_rtree_query_info*);
+  } u;
+  sqlite3_rtree_query_info *pInfo;  /* xGeom and xQueryFunc argument */
 };
 
 /* Possible values for RtreeConstraint.op */
-#define RTREE_EQ    0x41
-#define RTREE_LE    0x42
-#define RTREE_LT    0x43
-#define RTREE_GE    0x44
-#define RTREE_GT    0x45
-#define RTREE_MATCH 0x46
+#define RTREE_EQ    0x41  /* A */
+#define RTREE_LE    0x42  /* B */
+#define RTREE_LT    0x43  /* C */
+#define RTREE_GE    0x44  /* D */
+#define RTREE_GT    0x45  /* E */
+#define RTREE_MATCH 0x46  /* F: Old-style sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() */
+#define RTREE_QUERY 0x47  /* G: New-style sqlite3_rtree_query_callback() */
+
 
 /* 
 ** An rtree structure node.
 */
 struct RtreeNode {
-  RtreeNode *pParent;               /* Parent node */
-  i64 iNode;
-  int nRef;
-  int isDirty;
-  u8 *zData;
-  RtreeNode *pNext;                 /* Next node in this hash chain */
+  RtreeNode *pParent;         /* Parent node */
+  i64 iNode;                  /* The node number */
+  int nRef;                   /* Number of references to this node */
+  int isDirty;                /* True if the node needs to be written to disk */
+  u8 *zData;                  /* Content of the node, as should be on disk */
+  RtreeNode *pNext;           /* Next node in this hash collision chain */
 };
+
+/* Return the number of cells in a node  */
 #define NCELL(pNode) readInt16(&(pNode)->zData[2])
 
 /* 
-** Structure to store a deserialized rtree record.
+** A single cell from a node, deserialized
 */
 struct RtreeCell {
-  i64 iRowid;
-  RtreeCoord aCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2];
+  i64 iRowid;                                 /* Node or entry ID */
+  RtreeCoord aCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2];  /* Bounding box coordinates */
+};
+
+
+/*
+** This object becomes the sqlite3_user_data() for the SQL functions
+** that are created by sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() and
+** sqlite3_rtree_query_callback() and which appear on the right of MATCH
+** operators in order to constrain a search.
+**
+** xGeom and xQueryFunc are the callback functions.  Exactly one of 
+** xGeom and xQueryFunc fields is non-NULL, depending on whether the
+** SQL function was created using sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() or
+** sqlite3_rtree_query_callback().
+** 
+** This object is deleted automatically by the destructor mechanism in
+** sqlite3_create_function_v2().
+*/
+struct RtreeGeomCallback {
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry*, int, RtreeDValue*, int*);
+  int (*xQueryFunc)(sqlite3_rtree_query_info*);
+  void (*xDestructor)(void*);
+  void *pContext;
 };
 
 
@@ -130435,29 +145019,16 @@
 #define RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC 0x891245AB
 
 /*
-** An instance of this structure must be supplied as a blob argument to
-** the right-hand-side of an SQL MATCH operator used to constrain an
-** r-tree query.
+** An instance of this structure (in the form of a BLOB) is returned by
+** the SQL functions that sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() and
+** sqlite3_rtree_query_callback() create, and is read as the right-hand
+** operand to the MATCH operator of an R-Tree.
 */
 struct RtreeMatchArg {
-  u32 magic;                      /* Always RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC */
-  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *);
-  void *pContext;
-  int nParam;
-  double aParam[1];
-};
-
-/*
-** When a geometry callback is created (see sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback),
-** a single instance of the following structure is allocated. It is used
-** as the context for the user-function created by by s_r_g_c(). The object
-** is eventually deleted by the destructor mechanism provided by
-** sqlite3_create_function_v2() (which is called by s_r_g_c() to create
-** the geometry callback function).
-*/
-struct RtreeGeomCallback {
-  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *);
-  void *pContext;
+  u32 magic;                  /* Always RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC */
+  RtreeGeomCallback cb;       /* Info about the callback functions */
+  int nParam;                 /* Number of parameters to the SQL function */
+  RtreeDValue aParam[1];      /* Values for parameters to the SQL function */
 };
 
 #ifndef MAX
@@ -130551,10 +145122,7 @@
 ** in the Rtree.aHash table.
 */
 static int nodeHash(i64 iNode){
-  return (
-    (iNode>>56) ^ (iNode>>48) ^ (iNode>>40) ^ (iNode>>32) ^ 
-    (iNode>>24) ^ (iNode>>16) ^ (iNode>> 8) ^ (iNode>> 0)
-  ) % HASHSIZE;
+  return iNode % HASHSIZE;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -130614,8 +145182,7 @@
 /*
 ** Obtain a reference to an r-tree node.
 */
-static int
-nodeAcquire(
+static int nodeAcquire(
   Rtree *pRtree,             /* R-tree structure */
   i64 iNode,                 /* Node number to load */
   RtreeNode *pParent,        /* Either the parent node or NULL */
@@ -130704,10 +145271,10 @@
 ** Overwrite cell iCell of node pNode with the contents of pCell.
 */
 static void nodeOverwriteCell(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeNode *pNode,  
-  RtreeCell *pCell, 
-  int iCell
+  Rtree *pRtree,             /* The overall R-Tree */
+  RtreeNode *pNode,          /* The node into which the cell is to be written */
+  RtreeCell *pCell,          /* The cell to write */
+  int iCell                  /* Index into pNode into which pCell is written */
 ){
   int ii;
   u8 *p = &pNode->zData[4 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell];
@@ -130719,7 +145286,7 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** Remove cell the cell with index iCell from node pNode.
+** Remove the cell with index iCell from node pNode.
 */
 static void nodeDeleteCell(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode, int iCell){
   u8 *pDst = &pNode->zData[4 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell];
@@ -130736,11 +145303,10 @@
 **
 ** If there is not enough free space in pNode, return SQLITE_FULL.
 */
-static int
-nodeInsertCell(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeNode *pNode, 
-  RtreeCell *pCell 
+static int nodeInsertCell(
+  Rtree *pRtree,                /* The overall R-Tree */
+  RtreeNode *pNode,             /* Write new cell into this node */
+  RtreeCell *pCell              /* The cell to be inserted */
 ){
   int nCell;                    /* Current number of cells in pNode */
   int nMaxCell;                 /* Maximum number of cells for pNode */
@@ -130761,8 +145327,7 @@
 /*
 ** If the node is dirty, write it out to the database.
 */
-static int
-nodeWrite(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
+static int nodeWrite(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   if( pNode->isDirty ){
     sqlite3_stmt *p = pRtree->pWriteNode;
@@ -130787,8 +145352,7 @@
 ** Release a reference to a node. If the node is dirty and the reference
 ** count drops to zero, the node data is written to the database.
 */
-static int
-nodeRelease(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
+static int nodeRelease(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeNode *pNode){
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   if( pNode ){
     assert( pNode->nRef>0 );
@@ -130816,9 +145380,9 @@
 ** an internal node, then the 64-bit integer is a child page number.
 */
 static i64 nodeGetRowid(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeNode *pNode, 
-  int iCell
+  Rtree *pRtree,       /* The overall R-Tree */
+  RtreeNode *pNode,    /* The node from which to extract the ID */
+  int iCell            /* The cell index from which to extract the ID */
 ){
   assert( iCell<NCELL(pNode) );
   return readInt64(&pNode->zData[4 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell]);
@@ -130828,11 +145392,11 @@
 ** Return coordinate iCoord from cell iCell in node pNode.
 */
 static void nodeGetCoord(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeNode *pNode, 
-  int iCell,
-  int iCoord,
-  RtreeCoord *pCoord           /* Space to write result to */
+  Rtree *pRtree,               /* The overall R-Tree */
+  RtreeNode *pNode,            /* The node from which to extract a coordinate */
+  int iCell,                   /* The index of the cell within the node */
+  int iCoord,                  /* Which coordinate to extract */
+  RtreeCoord *pCoord           /* OUT: Space to write result to */
 ){
   readCoord(&pNode->zData[12 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell + 4*iCoord], pCoord);
 }
@@ -130842,15 +145406,20 @@
 ** to by pCell with the results.
 */
 static void nodeGetCell(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeNode *pNode, 
-  int iCell,
-  RtreeCell *pCell
+  Rtree *pRtree,               /* The overall R-Tree */
+  RtreeNode *pNode,            /* The node containing the cell to be read */
+  int iCell,                   /* Index of the cell within the node */
+  RtreeCell *pCell             /* OUT: Write the cell contents here */
 ){
-  int ii;
+  u8 *pData;
+  u8 *pEnd;
+  RtreeCoord *pCoord;
   pCell->iRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pNode, iCell);
-  for(ii=0; ii<pRtree->nDim*2; ii++){
-    nodeGetCoord(pRtree, pNode, iCell, ii, &pCell->aCoord[ii]);
+  pData = pNode->zData + (12 + pRtree->nBytesPerCell*iCell);
+  pEnd = pData + pRtree->nDim*8;
+  pCoord = pCell->aCoord;
+  for(; pData<pEnd; pData+=4, pCoord++){
+    readCoord(pData, pCoord);
   }
 }
 
@@ -130976,10 +145545,10 @@
   if( pCsr->aConstraint ){
     int i;                        /* Used to iterate through constraint array */
     for(i=0; i<pCsr->nConstraint; i++){
-      sqlite3_rtree_geometry *pGeom = pCsr->aConstraint[i].pGeom;
-      if( pGeom ){
-        if( pGeom->xDelUser ) pGeom->xDelUser(pGeom->pUser);
-        sqlite3_free(pGeom);
+      sqlite3_rtree_query_info *pInfo = pCsr->aConstraint[i].pInfo;
+      if( pInfo ){
+        if( pInfo->xDelUser ) pInfo->xDelUser(pInfo->pUser);
+        sqlite3_free(pInfo);
       }
     }
     sqlite3_free(pCsr->aConstraint);
@@ -130992,12 +145561,13 @@
 */
 static int rtreeClose(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur){
   Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)(cur->pVtab);
-  int rc;
+  int ii;
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)cur;
   freeCursorConstraints(pCsr);
-  rc = nodeRelease(pRtree, pCsr->pNode);
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aPoint);
+  for(ii=0; ii<RTREE_CACHE_SZ; ii++) nodeRelease(pRtree, pCsr->aNode[ii]);
   sqlite3_free(pCsr);
-  return rc;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -131008,196 +145578,166 @@
 */
 static int rtreeEof(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur){
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)cur;
-  return (pCsr->pNode==0);
+  return pCsr->atEOF;
 }
 
 /*
-** The r-tree constraint passed as the second argument to this function is
-** guaranteed to be a MATCH constraint.
-*/
-static int testRtreeGeom(
-  Rtree *pRtree,                  /* R-Tree object */
-  RtreeConstraint *pConstraint,   /* MATCH constraint to test */
-  RtreeCell *pCell,               /* Cell to test */
-  int *pbRes                      /* OUT: Test result */
-){
-  int i;
-  double aCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2];
-  int nCoord = pRtree->nDim*2;
-
-  assert( pConstraint->op==RTREE_MATCH );
-  assert( pConstraint->pGeom );
-
-  for(i=0; i<nCoord; i++){
-    aCoord[i] = DCOORD(pCell->aCoord[i]);
-  }
-  return pConstraint->xGeom(pConstraint->pGeom, nCoord, aCoord, pbRes);
-}
-
-/* 
-** Cursor pCursor currently points to a cell in a non-leaf page.
-** Set *pbEof to true if the sub-tree headed by the cell is filtered
-** (excluded) by the constraints in the pCursor->aConstraint[] 
-** array, or false otherwise.
+** Convert raw bits from the on-disk RTree record into a coordinate value.
+** The on-disk format is big-endian and needs to be converted for little-
+** endian platforms.  The on-disk record stores integer coordinates if
+** eInt is true and it stores 32-bit floating point records if eInt is
+** false.  a[] is the four bytes of the on-disk record to be decoded.
+** Store the results in "r".
 **
-** Return SQLITE_OK if successful or an SQLite error code if an error
-** occurs within a geometry callback.
+** There are three versions of this macro, one each for little-endian and
+** big-endian processors and a third generic implementation.  The endian-
+** specific implementations are much faster and are preferred if the
+** processor endianness is known at compile-time.  The SQLITE_BYTEORDER
+** macro is part of sqliteInt.h and hence the endian-specific
+** implementation will only be used if this module is compiled as part
+** of the amalgamation.
 */
-static int testRtreeCell(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor, int *pbEof){
-  RtreeCell cell;
-  int ii;
-  int bRes = 0;
-  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
-
-  nodeGetCell(pRtree, pCursor->pNode, pCursor->iCell, &cell);
-  for(ii=0; bRes==0 && ii<pCursor->nConstraint; ii++){
-    RtreeConstraint *p = &pCursor->aConstraint[ii];
-    double cell_min = DCOORD(cell.aCoord[(p->iCoord>>1)*2]);
-    double cell_max = DCOORD(cell.aCoord[(p->iCoord>>1)*2+1]);
-
-    assert(p->op==RTREE_LE || p->op==RTREE_LT || p->op==RTREE_GE 
-        || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ || p->op==RTREE_MATCH
-    );
-
-    switch( p->op ){
-      case RTREE_LE: case RTREE_LT: 
-        bRes = p->rValue<cell_min; 
-        break;
-
-      case RTREE_GE: case RTREE_GT: 
-        bRes = p->rValue>cell_max; 
-        break;
-
-      case RTREE_EQ:
-        bRes = (p->rValue>cell_max || p->rValue<cell_min);
-        break;
-
-      default: {
-        assert( p->op==RTREE_MATCH );
-        rc = testRtreeGeom(pRtree, p, &cell, &bRes);
-        bRes = !bRes;
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  *pbEof = bRes;
-  return rc;
+#if defined(SQLITE_BYTEORDER) && SQLITE_BYTEORDER==1234
+#define RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, a, r) {                        \
+    RtreeCoord c;    /* Coordinate decoded */                   \
+    memcpy(&c.u,a,4);                                           \
+    c.u = ((c.u>>24)&0xff)|((c.u>>8)&0xff00)|                   \
+          ((c.u&0xff)<<24)|((c.u&0xff00)<<8);                   \
+    r = eInt ? (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)c.i : (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)c.f; \
 }
-
-/* 
-** Test if the cell that cursor pCursor currently points to
-** would be filtered (excluded) by the constraints in the 
-** pCursor->aConstraint[] array. If so, set *pbEof to true before
-** returning. If the cell is not filtered (excluded) by the constraints,
-** set pbEof to zero.
-**
-** Return SQLITE_OK if successful or an SQLite error code if an error
-** occurs within a geometry callback.
-**
-** This function assumes that the cell is part of a leaf node.
-*/
-static int testRtreeEntry(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCursor *pCursor, int *pbEof){
-  RtreeCell cell;
-  int ii;
-  *pbEof = 0;
-
-  nodeGetCell(pRtree, pCursor->pNode, pCursor->iCell, &cell);
-  for(ii=0; ii<pCursor->nConstraint; ii++){
-    RtreeConstraint *p = &pCursor->aConstraint[ii];
-    double coord = DCOORD(cell.aCoord[p->iCoord]);
-    int res;
-    assert(p->op==RTREE_LE || p->op==RTREE_LT || p->op==RTREE_GE 
-        || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ || p->op==RTREE_MATCH
-    );
-    switch( p->op ){
-      case RTREE_LE: res = (coord<=p->rValue); break;
-      case RTREE_LT: res = (coord<p->rValue);  break;
-      case RTREE_GE: res = (coord>=p->rValue); break;
-      case RTREE_GT: res = (coord>p->rValue);  break;
-      case RTREE_EQ: res = (coord==p->rValue); break;
-      default: {
-        int rc;
-        assert( p->op==RTREE_MATCH );
-        rc = testRtreeGeom(pRtree, p, &cell, &res);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-          return rc;
-        }
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if( !res ){
-      *pbEof = 1;
-      return SQLITE_OK;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+#elif defined(SQLITE_BYTEORDER) && SQLITE_BYTEORDER==4321
+#define RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, a, r) {                        \
+    RtreeCoord c;    /* Coordinate decoded */                   \
+    memcpy(&c.u,a,4);                                           \
+    r = eInt ? (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)c.i : (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)c.f; \
 }
+#else
+#define RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, a, r) {                        \
+    RtreeCoord c;    /* Coordinate decoded */                   \
+    c.u = ((u32)a[0]<<24) + ((u32)a[1]<<16)                     \
+           +((u32)a[2]<<8) + a[3];                              \
+    r = eInt ? (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)c.i : (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)c.f; \
+}
+#endif
 
 /*
-** Cursor pCursor currently points at a node that heads a sub-tree of
-** height iHeight (if iHeight==0, then the node is a leaf). Descend
-** to point to the left-most cell of the sub-tree that matches the 
-** configured constraints.
+** Check the RTree node or entry given by pCellData and p against the MATCH
+** constraint pConstraint.  
 */
-static int descendToCell(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeCursor *pCursor, 
-  int iHeight,
-  int *pEof                 /* OUT: Set to true if cannot descend */
+static int rtreeCallbackConstraint(
+  RtreeConstraint *pConstraint,  /* The constraint to test */
+  int eInt,                      /* True if RTree holding integer coordinates */
+  u8 *pCellData,                 /* Raw cell content */
+  RtreeSearchPoint *pSearch,     /* Container of this cell */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *prScore,    /* OUT: score for the cell */
+  int *peWithin                  /* OUT: visibility of the cell */
 ){
-  int isEof;
-  int rc;
-  int ii;
-  RtreeNode *pChild;
-  sqlite3_int64 iRowid;
+  int i;                                                /* Loop counter */
+  sqlite3_rtree_query_info *pInfo = pConstraint->pInfo; /* Callback info */
+  int nCoord = pInfo->nCoord;                           /* No. of coordinates */
+  int rc;                                             /* Callback return code */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl aCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*2];   /* Decoded coordinates */
 
-  RtreeNode *pSavedNode = pCursor->pNode;
-  int iSavedCell = pCursor->iCell;
+  assert( pConstraint->op==RTREE_MATCH || pConstraint->op==RTREE_QUERY );
+  assert( nCoord==2 || nCoord==4 || nCoord==6 || nCoord==8 || nCoord==10 );
 
-  assert( iHeight>=0 );
-
-  if( iHeight==0 ){
-    rc = testRtreeEntry(pRtree, pCursor, &isEof);
+  if( pConstraint->op==RTREE_QUERY && pSearch->iLevel==1 ){
+    pInfo->iRowid = readInt64(pCellData);
+  }
+  pCellData += 8;
+  for(i=0; i<nCoord; i++, pCellData += 4){
+    RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, pCellData, aCoord[i]);
+  }
+  if( pConstraint->op==RTREE_MATCH ){
+    rc = pConstraint->u.xGeom((sqlite3_rtree_geometry*)pInfo,
+                              nCoord, aCoord, &i);
+    if( i==0 ) *peWithin = NOT_WITHIN;
+    *prScore = RTREE_ZERO;
   }else{
-    rc = testRtreeCell(pRtree, pCursor, &isEof);
-  }
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || isEof || iHeight==0 ){
-    goto descend_to_cell_out;
-  }
-
-  iRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pCursor->pNode, pCursor->iCell);
-  rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iRowid, pCursor->pNode, &pChild);
-  if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-    goto descend_to_cell_out;
-  }
-
-  nodeRelease(pRtree, pCursor->pNode);
-  pCursor->pNode = pChild;
-  isEof = 1;
-  for(ii=0; isEof && ii<NCELL(pChild); ii++){
-    pCursor->iCell = ii;
-    rc = descendToCell(pRtree, pCursor, iHeight-1, &isEof);
-    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-      goto descend_to_cell_out;
+    pInfo->aCoord = aCoord;
+    pInfo->iLevel = pSearch->iLevel - 1;
+    pInfo->rScore = pInfo->rParentScore = pSearch->rScore;
+    pInfo->eWithin = pInfo->eParentWithin = pSearch->eWithin;
+    rc = pConstraint->u.xQueryFunc(pInfo);
+    if( pInfo->eWithin<*peWithin ) *peWithin = pInfo->eWithin;
+    if( pInfo->rScore<*prScore || *prScore<RTREE_ZERO ){
+      *prScore = pInfo->rScore;
     }
   }
-
-  if( isEof ){
-    assert( pCursor->pNode==pChild );
-    nodeReference(pSavedNode);
-    nodeRelease(pRtree, pChild);
-    pCursor->pNode = pSavedNode;
-    pCursor->iCell = iSavedCell;
-  }
-
-descend_to_cell_out:
-  *pEof = isEof;
   return rc;
 }
 
+/* 
+** Check the internal RTree node given by pCellData against constraint p.
+** If this constraint cannot be satisfied by any child within the node,
+** set *peWithin to NOT_WITHIN.
+*/
+static void rtreeNonleafConstraint(
+  RtreeConstraint *p,        /* The constraint to test */
+  int eInt,                  /* True if RTree holds integer coordinates */
+  u8 *pCellData,             /* Raw cell content as appears on disk */
+  int *peWithin              /* Adjust downward, as appropriate */
+){
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl val;     /* Coordinate value convert to a double */
+
+  /* p->iCoord might point to either a lower or upper bound coordinate
+  ** in a coordinate pair.  But make pCellData point to the lower bound.
+  */
+  pCellData += 8 + 4*(p->iCoord&0xfe);
+
+  assert(p->op==RTREE_LE || p->op==RTREE_LT || p->op==RTREE_GE 
+      || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ );
+  switch( p->op ){
+    case RTREE_LE:
+    case RTREE_LT:
+    case RTREE_EQ:
+      RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, pCellData, val);
+      /* val now holds the lower bound of the coordinate pair */
+      if( p->u.rValue>=val ) return;
+      if( p->op!=RTREE_EQ ) break;  /* RTREE_LE and RTREE_LT end here */
+      /* Fall through for the RTREE_EQ case */
+
+    default: /* RTREE_GT or RTREE_GE,  or fallthrough of RTREE_EQ */
+      pCellData += 4;
+      RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, pCellData, val);
+      /* val now holds the upper bound of the coordinate pair */
+      if( p->u.rValue<=val ) return;
+  }
+  *peWithin = NOT_WITHIN;
+}
+
+/*
+** Check the leaf RTree cell given by pCellData against constraint p.
+** If this constraint is not satisfied, set *peWithin to NOT_WITHIN.
+** If the constraint is satisfied, leave *peWithin unchanged.
+**
+** The constraint is of the form:  xN op $val
+**
+** The op is given by p->op.  The xN is p->iCoord-th coordinate in
+** pCellData.  $val is given by p->u.rValue.
+*/
+static void rtreeLeafConstraint(
+  RtreeConstraint *p,        /* The constraint to test */
+  int eInt,                  /* True if RTree holds integer coordinates */
+  u8 *pCellData,             /* Raw cell content as appears on disk */
+  int *peWithin              /* Adjust downward, as appropriate */
+){
+  RtreeDValue xN;      /* Coordinate value converted to a double */
+
+  assert(p->op==RTREE_LE || p->op==RTREE_LT || p->op==RTREE_GE 
+      || p->op==RTREE_GT || p->op==RTREE_EQ );
+  pCellData += 8 + p->iCoord*4;
+  RTREE_DECODE_COORD(eInt, pCellData, xN);
+  switch( p->op ){
+    case RTREE_LE: if( xN <= p->u.rValue ) return;  break;
+    case RTREE_LT: if( xN <  p->u.rValue ) return;  break;
+    case RTREE_GE: if( xN >= p->u.rValue ) return;  break;
+    case RTREE_GT: if( xN >  p->u.rValue ) return;  break;
+    default:       if( xN == p->u.rValue ) return;  break;
+  }
+  *peWithin = NOT_WITHIN;
+}
+
 /*
 ** One of the cells in node pNode is guaranteed to have a 64-bit 
 ** integer value equal to iRowid. Return the index of this cell.
@@ -131210,6 +145750,7 @@
 ){
   int ii;
   int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
+  assert( nCell<200 );
   for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
     if( nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pNode, ii)==iRowid ){
       *piIndex = ii;
@@ -131232,48 +145773,302 @@
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
+/*
+** Compare two search points.  Return negative, zero, or positive if the first
+** is less than, equal to, or greater than the second.
+**
+** The rScore is the primary key.  Smaller rScore values come first.
+** If the rScore is a tie, then use iLevel as the tie breaker with smaller
+** iLevel values coming first.  In this way, if rScore is the same for all
+** SearchPoints, then iLevel becomes the deciding factor and the result
+** is a depth-first search, which is the desired default behavior.
+*/
+static int rtreeSearchPointCompare(
+  const RtreeSearchPoint *pA,
+  const RtreeSearchPoint *pB
+){
+  if( pA->rScore<pB->rScore ) return -1;
+  if( pA->rScore>pB->rScore ) return +1;
+  if( pA->iLevel<pB->iLevel ) return -1;
+  if( pA->iLevel>pB->iLevel ) return +1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Interchange to search points in a cursor.
+*/
+static void rtreeSearchPointSwap(RtreeCursor *p, int i, int j){
+  RtreeSearchPoint t = p->aPoint[i];
+  assert( i<j );
+  p->aPoint[i] = p->aPoint[j];
+  p->aPoint[j] = t;
+  i++; j++;
+  if( i<RTREE_CACHE_SZ ){
+    if( j>=RTREE_CACHE_SZ ){
+      nodeRelease(RTREE_OF_CURSOR(p), p->aNode[i]);
+      p->aNode[i] = 0;
+    }else{
+      RtreeNode *pTemp = p->aNode[i];
+      p->aNode[i] = p->aNode[j];
+      p->aNode[j] = pTemp;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*
+** Return the search point with the lowest current score.
+*/
+static RtreeSearchPoint *rtreeSearchPointFirst(RtreeCursor *pCur){
+  return pCur->bPoint ? &pCur->sPoint : pCur->nPoint ? pCur->aPoint : 0;
+}
+
+/*
+** Get the RtreeNode for the search point with the lowest score.
+*/
+static RtreeNode *rtreeNodeOfFirstSearchPoint(RtreeCursor *pCur, int *pRC){
+  sqlite3_int64 id;
+  int ii = 1 - pCur->bPoint;
+  assert( ii==0 || ii==1 );
+  assert( pCur->bPoint || pCur->nPoint );
+  if( pCur->aNode[ii]==0 ){
+    assert( pRC!=0 );
+    id = ii ? pCur->aPoint[0].id : pCur->sPoint.id;
+    *pRC = nodeAcquire(RTREE_OF_CURSOR(pCur), id, 0, &pCur->aNode[ii]);
+  }
+  return pCur->aNode[ii];
+}
+
+/*
+** Push a new element onto the priority queue
+*/
+static RtreeSearchPoint *rtreeEnqueue(
+  RtreeCursor *pCur,    /* The cursor */
+  RtreeDValue rScore,   /* Score for the new search point */
+  u8 iLevel             /* Level for the new search point */
+){
+  int i, j;
+  RtreeSearchPoint *pNew;
+  if( pCur->nPoint>=pCur->nPointAlloc ){
+    int nNew = pCur->nPointAlloc*2 + 8;
+    pNew = sqlite3_realloc(pCur->aPoint, nNew*sizeof(pCur->aPoint[0]));
+    if( pNew==0 ) return 0;
+    pCur->aPoint = pNew;
+    pCur->nPointAlloc = nNew;
+  }
+  i = pCur->nPoint++;
+  pNew = pCur->aPoint + i;
+  pNew->rScore = rScore;
+  pNew->iLevel = iLevel;
+  assert( iLevel>=0 && iLevel<=RTREE_MAX_DEPTH );
+  while( i>0 ){
+    RtreeSearchPoint *pParent;
+    j = (i-1)/2;
+    pParent = pCur->aPoint + j;
+    if( rtreeSearchPointCompare(pNew, pParent)>=0 ) break;
+    rtreeSearchPointSwap(pCur, j, i);
+    i = j;
+    pNew = pParent;
+  }
+  return pNew;
+}
+
+/*
+** Allocate a new RtreeSearchPoint and return a pointer to it.  Return
+** NULL if malloc fails.
+*/
+static RtreeSearchPoint *rtreeSearchPointNew(
+  RtreeCursor *pCur,    /* The cursor */
+  RtreeDValue rScore,   /* Score for the new search point */
+  u8 iLevel             /* Level for the new search point */
+){
+  RtreeSearchPoint *pNew, *pFirst;
+  pFirst = rtreeSearchPointFirst(pCur);
+  pCur->anQueue[iLevel]++;
+  if( pFirst==0
+   || pFirst->rScore>rScore 
+   || (pFirst->rScore==rScore && pFirst->iLevel>iLevel)
+  ){
+    if( pCur->bPoint ){
+      int ii;
+      pNew = rtreeEnqueue(pCur, rScore, iLevel);
+      if( pNew==0 ) return 0;
+      ii = (int)(pNew - pCur->aPoint) + 1;
+      if( ii<RTREE_CACHE_SZ ){
+        assert( pCur->aNode[ii]==0 );
+        pCur->aNode[ii] = pCur->aNode[0];
+       }else{
+        nodeRelease(RTREE_OF_CURSOR(pCur), pCur->aNode[0]);
+      }
+      pCur->aNode[0] = 0;
+      *pNew = pCur->sPoint;
+    }
+    pCur->sPoint.rScore = rScore;
+    pCur->sPoint.iLevel = iLevel;
+    pCur->bPoint = 1;
+    return &pCur->sPoint;
+  }else{
+    return rtreeEnqueue(pCur, rScore, iLevel);
+  }
+}
+
+#if 0
+/* Tracing routines for the RtreeSearchPoint queue */
+static void tracePoint(RtreeSearchPoint *p, int idx, RtreeCursor *pCur){
+  if( idx<0 ){ printf(" s"); }else{ printf("%2d", idx); }
+  printf(" %d.%05lld.%02d %g %d",
+    p->iLevel, p->id, p->iCell, p->rScore, p->eWithin
+  );
+  idx++;
+  if( idx<RTREE_CACHE_SZ ){
+    printf(" %p\n", pCur->aNode[idx]);
+  }else{
+    printf("\n");
+  }
+}
+static void traceQueue(RtreeCursor *pCur, const char *zPrefix){
+  int ii;
+  printf("=== %9s ", zPrefix);
+  if( pCur->bPoint ){
+    tracePoint(&pCur->sPoint, -1, pCur);
+  }
+  for(ii=0; ii<pCur->nPoint; ii++){
+    if( ii>0 || pCur->bPoint ) printf("              ");
+    tracePoint(&pCur->aPoint[ii], ii, pCur);
+  }
+}
+# define RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(A,B) traceQueue(A,B)
+#else
+# define RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(A,B)   /* no-op */
+#endif
+
+/* Remove the search point with the lowest current score.
+*/
+static void rtreeSearchPointPop(RtreeCursor *p){
+  int i, j, k, n;
+  i = 1 - p->bPoint;
+  assert( i==0 || i==1 );
+  if( p->aNode[i] ){
+    nodeRelease(RTREE_OF_CURSOR(p), p->aNode[i]);
+    p->aNode[i] = 0;
+  }
+  if( p->bPoint ){
+    p->anQueue[p->sPoint.iLevel]--;
+    p->bPoint = 0;
+  }else if( p->nPoint ){
+    p->anQueue[p->aPoint[0].iLevel]--;
+    n = --p->nPoint;
+    p->aPoint[0] = p->aPoint[n];
+    if( n<RTREE_CACHE_SZ-1 ){
+      p->aNode[1] = p->aNode[n+1];
+      p->aNode[n+1] = 0;
+    }
+    i = 0;
+    while( (j = i*2+1)<n ){
+      k = j+1;
+      if( k<n && rtreeSearchPointCompare(&p->aPoint[k], &p->aPoint[j])<0 ){
+        if( rtreeSearchPointCompare(&p->aPoint[k], &p->aPoint[i])<0 ){
+          rtreeSearchPointSwap(p, i, k);
+          i = k;
+        }else{
+          break;
+        }
+      }else{
+        if( rtreeSearchPointCompare(&p->aPoint[j], &p->aPoint[i])<0 ){
+          rtreeSearchPointSwap(p, i, j);
+          i = j;
+        }else{
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+/*
+** Continue the search on cursor pCur until the front of the queue
+** contains an entry suitable for returning as a result-set row,
+** or until the RtreeSearchPoint queue is empty, indicating that the
+** query has completed.
+*/
+static int rtreeStepToLeaf(RtreeCursor *pCur){
+  RtreeSearchPoint *p;
+  Rtree *pRtree = RTREE_OF_CURSOR(pCur);
+  RtreeNode *pNode;
+  int eWithin;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int nCell;
+  int nConstraint = pCur->nConstraint;
+  int ii;
+  int eInt;
+  RtreeSearchPoint x;
+
+  eInt = pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_INT32;
+  while( (p = rtreeSearchPointFirst(pCur))!=0 && p->iLevel>0 ){
+    pNode = rtreeNodeOfFirstSearchPoint(pCur, &rc);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    nCell = NCELL(pNode);
+    assert( nCell<200 );
+    while( p->iCell<nCell ){
+      sqlite3_rtree_dbl rScore = (sqlite3_rtree_dbl)-1;
+      u8 *pCellData = pNode->zData + (4+pRtree->nBytesPerCell*p->iCell);
+      eWithin = FULLY_WITHIN;
+      for(ii=0; ii<nConstraint; ii++){
+        RtreeConstraint *pConstraint = pCur->aConstraint + ii;
+        if( pConstraint->op>=RTREE_MATCH ){
+          rc = rtreeCallbackConstraint(pConstraint, eInt, pCellData, p,
+                                       &rScore, &eWithin);
+          if( rc ) return rc;
+        }else if( p->iLevel==1 ){
+          rtreeLeafConstraint(pConstraint, eInt, pCellData, &eWithin);
+        }else{
+          rtreeNonleafConstraint(pConstraint, eInt, pCellData, &eWithin);
+        }
+        if( eWithin==NOT_WITHIN ) break;
+      }
+      p->iCell++;
+      if( eWithin==NOT_WITHIN ) continue;
+      x.iLevel = p->iLevel - 1;
+      if( x.iLevel ){
+        x.id = readInt64(pCellData);
+        x.iCell = 0;
+      }else{
+        x.id = p->id;
+        x.iCell = p->iCell - 1;
+      }
+      if( p->iCell>=nCell ){
+        RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(pCur, "POP-S:");
+        rtreeSearchPointPop(pCur);
+      }
+      if( rScore<RTREE_ZERO ) rScore = RTREE_ZERO;
+      p = rtreeSearchPointNew(pCur, rScore, x.iLevel);
+      if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      p->eWithin = eWithin;
+      p->id = x.id;
+      p->iCell = x.iCell;
+      RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(pCur, "PUSH-S:");
+      break;
+    }
+    if( p->iCell>=nCell ){
+      RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(pCur, "POP-Se:");
+      rtreeSearchPointPop(pCur);
+    }
+  }
+  pCur->atEOF = p==0;
+  return SQLITE_OK;
+}
+
 /* 
 ** Rtree virtual table module xNext method.
 */
 static int rtreeNext(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor){
-  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)(pVtabCursor->pVtab);
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)pVtabCursor;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
 
-  /* RtreeCursor.pNode must not be NULL. If is is NULL, then this cursor is
-  ** already at EOF. It is against the rules to call the xNext() method of
-  ** a cursor that has already reached EOF.
-  */
-  assert( pCsr->pNode );
-
-  if( pCsr->iStrategy==1 ){
-    /* This "scan" is a direct lookup by rowid. There is no next entry. */
-    nodeRelease(pRtree, pCsr->pNode);
-    pCsr->pNode = 0;
-  }else{
-    /* Move to the next entry that matches the configured constraints. */
-    int iHeight = 0;
-    while( pCsr->pNode ){
-      RtreeNode *pNode = pCsr->pNode;
-      int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
-      for(pCsr->iCell++; pCsr->iCell<nCell; pCsr->iCell++){
-        int isEof;
-        rc = descendToCell(pRtree, pCsr, iHeight, &isEof);
-        if( rc!=SQLITE_OK || !isEof ){
-          return rc;
-        }
-      }
-      pCsr->pNode = pNode->pParent;
-      rc = nodeParentIndex(pRtree, pNode, &pCsr->iCell);
-      if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
-        return rc;
-      }
-      nodeReference(pCsr->pNode);
-      nodeRelease(pRtree, pNode);
-      iHeight++;
-    }
-  }
-
+  /* Move to the next entry that matches the configured constraints. */
+  RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(pCsr, "POP-Nx:");
+  rtreeSearchPointPop(pCsr);
+  rc = rtreeStepToLeaf(pCsr);
   return rc;
 }
 
@@ -131281,13 +146076,14 @@
 ** Rtree virtual table module xRowid method.
 */
 static int rtreeRowid(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *pVtabCursor, sqlite_int64 *pRowid){
-  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)pVtabCursor->pVtab;
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)pVtabCursor;
-
-  assert(pCsr->pNode);
-  *pRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pCsr->pNode, pCsr->iCell);
-
-  return SQLITE_OK;
+  RtreeSearchPoint *p = rtreeSearchPointFirst(pCsr);
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  RtreeNode *pNode = rtreeNodeOfFirstSearchPoint(pCsr, &rc);
+  if( rc==SQLITE_OK && p ){
+    *pRowid = nodeGetRowid(RTREE_OF_CURSOR(pCsr), pNode, p->iCell);
+  }
+  return rc;
 }
 
 /* 
@@ -131296,21 +146092,28 @@
 static int rtreeColumn(sqlite3_vtab_cursor *cur, sqlite3_context *ctx, int i){
   Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)cur->pVtab;
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)cur;
+  RtreeSearchPoint *p = rtreeSearchPointFirst(pCsr);
+  RtreeCoord c;
+  int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  RtreeNode *pNode = rtreeNodeOfFirstSearchPoint(pCsr, &rc);
 
+  if( rc ) return rc;
+  if( p==0 ) return SQLITE_OK;
   if( i==0 ){
-    i64 iRowid = nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pCsr->pNode, pCsr->iCell);
-    sqlite3_result_int64(ctx, iRowid);
+    sqlite3_result_int64(ctx, nodeGetRowid(pRtree, pNode, p->iCell));
   }else{
-    RtreeCoord c;
-    nodeGetCoord(pRtree, pCsr->pNode, pCsr->iCell, i-1, &c);
+    if( rc ) return rc;
+    nodeGetCoord(pRtree, pNode, p->iCell, i-1, &c);
+#ifndef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
     if( pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_REAL32 ){
       sqlite3_result_double(ctx, c.f);
-    }else{
+    }else
+#endif
+    {
       assert( pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_INT32 );
       sqlite3_result_int(ctx, c.i);
     }
   }
-
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -131321,12 +146124,18 @@
 ** *ppLeaf to 0 and return SQLITE_OK. If an error occurs, set *ppLeaf
 ** to zero and return an SQLite error code.
 */
-static int findLeafNode(Rtree *pRtree, i64 iRowid, RtreeNode **ppLeaf){
+static int findLeafNode(
+  Rtree *pRtree,              /* RTree to search */
+  i64 iRowid,                 /* The rowid searching for */
+  RtreeNode **ppLeaf,         /* Write the node here */
+  sqlite3_int64 *piNode       /* Write the node-id here */
+){
   int rc;
   *ppLeaf = 0;
   sqlite3_bind_int64(pRtree->pReadRowid, 1, iRowid);
   if( sqlite3_step(pRtree->pReadRowid)==SQLITE_ROW ){
     i64 iNode = sqlite3_column_int64(pRtree->pReadRowid, 0);
+    if( piNode ) *piNode = iNode;
     rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, iNode, 0, ppLeaf);
     sqlite3_reset(pRtree->pReadRowid);
   }else{
@@ -131342,9 +146151,10 @@
 ** operator.
 */
 static int deserializeGeometry(sqlite3_value *pValue, RtreeConstraint *pCons){
-  RtreeMatchArg *p;
-  sqlite3_rtree_geometry *pGeom;
-  int nBlob;
+  RtreeMatchArg *pBlob;              /* BLOB returned by geometry function */
+  sqlite3_rtree_query_info *pInfo;   /* Callback information */
+  int nBlob;                         /* Size of the geometry function blob */
+  int nExpected;                     /* Expected size of the BLOB */
 
   /* Check that value is actually a blob. */
   if( sqlite3_value_type(pValue)!=SQLITE_BLOB ) return SQLITE_ERROR;
@@ -131352,32 +146162,34 @@
   /* Check that the blob is roughly the right size. */
   nBlob = sqlite3_value_bytes(pValue);
   if( nBlob<(int)sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) 
-   || ((nBlob-sizeof(RtreeMatchArg))%sizeof(double))!=0
+   || ((nBlob-sizeof(RtreeMatchArg))%sizeof(RtreeDValue))!=0
   ){
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
 
-  pGeom = (sqlite3_rtree_geometry *)sqlite3_malloc(
-      sizeof(sqlite3_rtree_geometry) + nBlob
-  );
-  if( !pGeom ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-  memset(pGeom, 0, sizeof(sqlite3_rtree_geometry));
-  p = (RtreeMatchArg *)&pGeom[1];
+  pInfo = (sqlite3_rtree_query_info*)sqlite3_malloc( sizeof(*pInfo)+nBlob );
+  if( !pInfo ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  memset(pInfo, 0, sizeof(*pInfo));
+  pBlob = (RtreeMatchArg*)&pInfo[1];
 
-  memcpy(p, sqlite3_value_blob(pValue), nBlob);
-  if( p->magic!=RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC 
-   || nBlob!=(int)(sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) + (p->nParam-1)*sizeof(double))
-  ){
-    sqlite3_free(pGeom);
+  memcpy(pBlob, sqlite3_value_blob(pValue), nBlob);
+  nExpected = (int)(sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) +
+                    (pBlob->nParam-1)*sizeof(RtreeDValue));
+  if( pBlob->magic!=RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC || nBlob!=nExpected ){
+    sqlite3_free(pInfo);
     return SQLITE_ERROR;
   }
+  pInfo->pContext = pBlob->cb.pContext;
+  pInfo->nParam = pBlob->nParam;
+  pInfo->aParam = pBlob->aParam;
 
-  pGeom->pContext = p->pContext;
-  pGeom->nParam = p->nParam;
-  pGeom->aParam = p->aParam;
-
-  pCons->xGeom = p->xGeom;
-  pCons->pGeom = pGeom;
+  if( pBlob->cb.xGeom ){
+    pCons->u.xGeom = pBlob->cb.xGeom;
+  }else{
+    pCons->op = RTREE_QUERY;
+    pCons->u.xQueryFunc = pBlob->cb.xQueryFunc;
+  }
+  pCons->pInfo = pInfo;
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -131391,44 +146203,59 @@
 ){
   Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree *)pVtabCursor->pVtab;
   RtreeCursor *pCsr = (RtreeCursor *)pVtabCursor;
-
   RtreeNode *pRoot = 0;
   int ii;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int iCell = 0;
 
   rtreeReference(pRtree);
 
+  /* Reset the cursor to the same state as rtreeOpen() leaves it in. */
   freeCursorConstraints(pCsr);
-  pCsr->iStrategy = idxNum;
+  sqlite3_free(pCsr->aPoint);
+  memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(RtreeCursor));
+  pCsr->base.pVtab = (sqlite3_vtab*)pRtree;
 
+  pCsr->iStrategy = idxNum;
   if( idxNum==1 ){
     /* Special case - lookup by rowid. */
     RtreeNode *pLeaf;        /* Leaf on which the required cell resides */
+    RtreeSearchPoint *p;     /* Search point for the the leaf */
     i64 iRowid = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[0]);
-    rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iRowid, &pLeaf);
-    pCsr->pNode = pLeaf; 
-    if( pLeaf ){
-      assert( rc==SQLITE_OK );
-      rc = nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pLeaf, iRowid, &pCsr->iCell);
+    i64 iNode = 0;
+    rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iRowid, &pLeaf, &iNode);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && pLeaf!=0 ){
+      p = rtreeSearchPointNew(pCsr, RTREE_ZERO, 0);
+      assert( p!=0 );  /* Always returns pCsr->sPoint */
+      pCsr->aNode[0] = pLeaf;
+      p->id = iNode;
+      p->eWithin = PARTLY_WITHIN;
+      rc = nodeRowidIndex(pRtree, pLeaf, iRowid, &iCell);
+      p->iCell = iCell;
+      RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(pCsr, "PUSH-F1:");
+    }else{
+      pCsr->atEOF = 1;
     }
   }else{
     /* Normal case - r-tree scan. Set up the RtreeCursor.aConstraint array 
     ** with the configured constraints. 
     */
-    if( argc>0 ){
+    rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, 1, 0, &pRoot);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK && argc>0 ){
       pCsr->aConstraint = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeConstraint)*argc);
       pCsr->nConstraint = argc;
       if( !pCsr->aConstraint ){
         rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
       }else{
         memset(pCsr->aConstraint, 0, sizeof(RtreeConstraint)*argc);
+        memset(pCsr->anQueue, 0, sizeof(u32)*(pRtree->iDepth + 1));
         assert( (idxStr==0 && argc==0)
                 || (idxStr && (int)strlen(idxStr)==argc*2) );
         for(ii=0; ii<argc; ii++){
           RtreeConstraint *p = &pCsr->aConstraint[ii];
           p->op = idxStr[ii*2];
-          p->iCoord = idxStr[ii*2+1]-'a';
-          if( p->op==RTREE_MATCH ){
+          p->iCoord = idxStr[ii*2+1]-'0';
+          if( p->op>=RTREE_MATCH ){
             /* A MATCH operator. The right-hand-side must be a blob that
             ** can be cast into an RtreeMatchArg object. One created using
             ** an sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() SQL user function.
@@ -131437,42 +146264,53 @@
             if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
               break;
             }
+            p->pInfo->nCoord = pRtree->nDim*2;
+            p->pInfo->anQueue = pCsr->anQueue;
+            p->pInfo->mxLevel = pRtree->iDepth + 1;
           }else{
-            p->rValue = sqlite3_value_double(argv[ii]);
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+            p->u.rValue = sqlite3_value_int64(argv[ii]);
+#else
+            p->u.rValue = sqlite3_value_double(argv[ii]);
+#endif
           }
         }
       }
     }
-  
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      pCsr->pNode = 0;
-      rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, 1, 0, &pRoot);
-    }
-    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-      int isEof = 1;
-      int nCell = NCELL(pRoot);
-      pCsr->pNode = pRoot;
-      for(pCsr->iCell=0; rc==SQLITE_OK && pCsr->iCell<nCell; pCsr->iCell++){
-        assert( pCsr->pNode==pRoot );
-        rc = descendToCell(pRtree, pCsr, pRtree->iDepth, &isEof);
-        if( !isEof ){
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-      if( rc==SQLITE_OK && isEof ){
-        assert( pCsr->pNode==pRoot );
-        nodeRelease(pRtree, pRoot);
-        pCsr->pNode = 0;
-      }
-      assert( rc!=SQLITE_OK || !pCsr->pNode || pCsr->iCell<NCELL(pCsr->pNode) );
+      RtreeSearchPoint *pNew;
+      pNew = rtreeSearchPointNew(pCsr, RTREE_ZERO, pRtree->iDepth+1);
+      if( pNew==0 ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+      pNew->id = 1;
+      pNew->iCell = 0;
+      pNew->eWithin = PARTLY_WITHIN;
+      assert( pCsr->bPoint==1 );
+      pCsr->aNode[0] = pRoot;
+      pRoot = 0;
+      RTREE_QUEUE_TRACE(pCsr, "PUSH-Fm:");
+      rc = rtreeStepToLeaf(pCsr);
     }
   }
 
+  nodeRelease(pRtree, pRoot);
   rtreeRelease(pRtree);
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
+** Set the pIdxInfo->estimatedRows variable to nRow. Unless this
+** extension is currently being used by a version of SQLite too old to
+** support estimatedRows. In that case this function is a no-op.
+*/
+static void setEstimatedRows(sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo, i64 nRow){
+#if SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER>=3008002
+  if( sqlite3_libversion_number()>=3008002 ){
+    pIdxInfo->estimatedRows = nRow;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
 ** Rtree virtual table module xBestIndex method. There are three
 ** table scan strategies to choose from (in order from most to 
 ** least desirable):
@@ -131507,13 +146345,14 @@
 ** is 'a', the second from the left 'b' etc.
 */
 static int rtreeBestIndex(sqlite3_vtab *tab, sqlite3_index_info *pIdxInfo){
+  Rtree *pRtree = (Rtree*)tab;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
   int ii;
+  i64 nRow;                       /* Estimated rows returned by this scan */
 
   int iIdx = 0;
   char zIdxStr[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS*8+1];
   memset(zIdxStr, 0, sizeof(zIdxStr));
-  UNUSED_PARAMETER(tab);
 
   assert( pIdxInfo->idxStr==0 );
   for(ii=0; ii<pIdxInfo->nConstraint && iIdx<(int)(sizeof(zIdxStr)-1); ii++){
@@ -131533,9 +146372,11 @@
       /* This strategy involves a two rowid lookups on an B-Tree structures
       ** and then a linear search of an R-Tree node. This should be 
       ** considered almost as quick as a direct rowid lookup (for which 
-      ** sqlite uses an internal cost of 0.0).
+      ** sqlite uses an internal cost of 0.0). It is expected to return
+      ** a single row.
       */ 
-      pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = 10.0;
+      pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = 30.0;
+      setEstimatedRows(pIdxInfo, 1);
       return SQLITE_OK;
     }
 
@@ -131553,7 +146394,7 @@
           break;
       }
       zIdxStr[iIdx++] = op;
-      zIdxStr[iIdx++] = p->iColumn - 1 + 'a';
+      zIdxStr[iIdx++] = p->iColumn - 1 + '0';
       pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[ii].argvIndex = (iIdx/2);
       pIdxInfo->aConstraintUsage[ii].omit = 1;
     }
@@ -131564,19 +146405,22 @@
   if( iIdx>0 && 0==(pIdxInfo->idxStr = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zIdxStr)) ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
-  assert( iIdx>=0 );
-  pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = (2000000.0 / (double)(iIdx + 1));
+
+  nRow = pRtree->nRowEst / (iIdx + 1);
+  pIdxInfo->estimatedCost = (double)6.0 * (double)nRow;
+  setEstimatedRows(pIdxInfo, nRow);
+
   return rc;
 }
 
 /*
 ** Return the N-dimensional volumn of the cell stored in *p.
 */
-static float cellArea(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p){
-  float area = 1.0;
+static RtreeDValue cellArea(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p){
+  RtreeDValue area = (RtreeDValue)1;
   int ii;
   for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
-    area = (float)(area * (DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii])));
+    area = (area * (DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii])));
   }
   return area;
 }
@@ -131585,11 +146429,11 @@
 ** Return the margin length of cell p. The margin length is the sum
 ** of the objects size in each dimension.
 */
-static float cellMargin(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p){
-  float margin = 0.0;
+static RtreeDValue cellMargin(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p){
+  RtreeDValue margin = (RtreeDValue)0;
   int ii;
   for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
-    margin += (float)(DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii]));
+    margin += (DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii+1]) - DCOORD(p->aCoord[ii]));
   }
   return margin;
 }
@@ -131634,8 +146478,8 @@
 /*
 ** Return the amount cell p would grow by if it were unioned with pCell.
 */
-static float cellGrowth(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p, RtreeCell *pCell){
-  float area;
+static RtreeDValue cellGrowth(Rtree *pRtree, RtreeCell *p, RtreeCell *pCell){
+  RtreeDValue area;
   RtreeCell cell;
   memcpy(&cell, p, sizeof(RtreeCell));
   area = cellArea(pRtree, &cell);
@@ -131643,64 +146487,32 @@
   return (cellArea(pRtree, &cell)-area);
 }
 
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE || VARIANT_RSTARTREE_SPLIT
-static float cellOverlap(
+static RtreeDValue cellOverlap(
   Rtree *pRtree, 
   RtreeCell *p, 
   RtreeCell *aCell, 
-  int nCell, 
-  int iExclude
+  int nCell
 ){
   int ii;
-  float overlap = 0.0;
+  RtreeDValue overlap = RTREE_ZERO;
   for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
-    if( ii!=iExclude )
-#else
-    assert( iExclude==-1 );
-    UNUSED_PARAMETER(iExclude);
-#endif
-    {
-      int jj;
-      float o = 1.0;
-      for(jj=0; jj<(pRtree->nDim*2); jj+=2){
-        double x1;
-        double x2;
-
-        x1 = MAX(DCOORD(p->aCoord[jj]), DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[jj]));
-        x2 = MIN(DCOORD(p->aCoord[jj+1]), DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[jj+1]));
-
-        if( x2<x1 ){
-          o = 0.0;
-          break;
-        }else{
-          o = o * (float)(x2-x1);
-        }
+    int jj;
+    RtreeDValue o = (RtreeDValue)1;
+    for(jj=0; jj<(pRtree->nDim*2); jj+=2){
+      RtreeDValue x1, x2;
+      x1 = MAX(DCOORD(p->aCoord[jj]), DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[jj]));
+      x2 = MIN(DCOORD(p->aCoord[jj+1]), DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[jj+1]));
+      if( x2<x1 ){
+        o = (RtreeDValue)0;
+        break;
+      }else{
+        o = o * (x2-x1);
       }
-      overlap += o;
     }
+    overlap += o;
   }
   return overlap;
 }
-#endif
-
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
-static float cellOverlapEnlargement(
-  Rtree *pRtree, 
-  RtreeCell *p, 
-  RtreeCell *pInsert, 
-  RtreeCell *aCell, 
-  int nCell, 
-  int iExclude
-){
-  double before;
-  double after;
-  before = cellOverlap(pRtree, p, aCell, nCell, iExclude);
-  cellUnion(pRtree, p, pInsert);
-  after = cellOverlap(pRtree, p, aCell, nCell, iExclude);
-  return (float)(after-before);
-}
-#endif
 
 
 /*
@@ -131722,12 +146534,8 @@
     int iCell;
     sqlite3_int64 iBest = 0;
 
-    float fMinGrowth = 0.0;
-    float fMinArea = 0.0;
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
-    float fMinOverlap = 0.0;
-    float overlap;
-#endif
+    RtreeDValue fMinGrowth = RTREE_ZERO;
+    RtreeDValue fMinArea = RTREE_ZERO;
 
     int nCell = NCELL(pNode);
     RtreeCell cell;
@@ -131735,53 +146543,20 @@
 
     RtreeCell *aCell = 0;
 
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
-    if( ii==(pRtree->iDepth-1) ){
-      int jj;
-      aCell = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeCell)*nCell);
-      if( !aCell ){
-        rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
-        nodeRelease(pRtree, pNode);
-        pNode = 0;
-        continue;
-      }
-      for(jj=0; jj<nCell; jj++){
-        nodeGetCell(pRtree, pNode, jj, &aCell[jj]);
-      }
-    }
-#endif
-
     /* Select the child node which will be enlarged the least if pCell
     ** is inserted into it. Resolve ties by choosing the entry with
     ** the smallest area.
     */
     for(iCell=0; iCell<nCell; iCell++){
       int bBest = 0;
-      float growth;
-      float area;
+      RtreeDValue growth;
+      RtreeDValue area;
       nodeGetCell(pRtree, pNode, iCell, &cell);
       growth = cellGrowth(pRtree, &cell, pCell);
       area = cellArea(pRtree, &cell);
-
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_CHOOSESUBTREE
-      if( ii==(pRtree->iDepth-1) ){
-        overlap = cellOverlapEnlargement(pRtree,&cell,pCell,aCell,nCell,iCell);
-      }else{
-        overlap = 0.0;
-      }
-      if( (iCell==0) 
-       || (overlap<fMinOverlap) 
-       || (overlap==fMinOverlap && growth<fMinGrowth)
-       || (overlap==fMinOverlap && growth==fMinGrowth && area<fMinArea)
-      ){
-        bBest = 1;
-        fMinOverlap = overlap;
-      }
-#else
       if( iCell==0||growth<fMinGrowth||(growth==fMinGrowth && area<fMinArea) ){
         bBest = 1;
       }
-#endif
       if( bBest ){
         fMinGrowth = growth;
         fMinArea = area;
@@ -131852,155 +146627,6 @@
 
 static int rtreeInsertCell(Rtree *, RtreeNode *, RtreeCell *, int);
 
-#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT
-/*
-** Implementation of the linear variant of the PickNext() function from
-** Guttman[84].
-*/
-static RtreeCell *LinearPickNext(
-  Rtree *pRtree,
-  RtreeCell *aCell, 
-  int nCell, 
-  RtreeCell *pLeftBox, 
-  RtreeCell *pRightBox,
-  int *aiUsed
-){
-  int ii;
-  for(ii=0; aiUsed[ii]; ii++);
-  aiUsed[ii] = 1;
-  return &aCell[ii];
-}
-
-/*
-** Implementation of the linear variant of the PickSeeds() function from
-** Guttman[84].
-*/
-static void LinearPickSeeds(
-  Rtree *pRtree,
-  RtreeCell *aCell, 
-  int nCell, 
-  int *piLeftSeed, 
-  int *piRightSeed
-){
-  int i;
-  int iLeftSeed = 0;
-  int iRightSeed = 1;
-  float maxNormalInnerWidth = 0.0;
-
-  /* Pick two "seed" cells from the array of cells. The algorithm used
-  ** here is the LinearPickSeeds algorithm from Gutman[1984]. The 
-  ** indices of the two seed cells in the array are stored in local
-  ** variables iLeftSeek and iRightSeed.
-  */
-  for(i=0; i<pRtree->nDim; i++){
-    float x1 = DCOORD(aCell[0].aCoord[i*2]);
-    float x2 = DCOORD(aCell[0].aCoord[i*2+1]);
-    float x3 = x1;
-    float x4 = x2;
-    int jj;
-
-    int iCellLeft = 0;
-    int iCellRight = 0;
-
-    for(jj=1; jj<nCell; jj++){
-      float left = DCOORD(aCell[jj].aCoord[i*2]);
-      float right = DCOORD(aCell[jj].aCoord[i*2+1]);
-
-      if( left<x1 ) x1 = left;
-      if( right>x4 ) x4 = right;
-      if( left>x3 ){
-        x3 = left;
-        iCellRight = jj;
-      }
-      if( right<x2 ){
-        x2 = right;
-        iCellLeft = jj;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if( x4!=x1 ){
-      float normalwidth = (x3 - x2) / (x4 - x1);
-      if( normalwidth>maxNormalInnerWidth ){
-        iLeftSeed = iCellLeft;
-        iRightSeed = iCellRight;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  *piLeftSeed = iLeftSeed;
-  *piRightSeed = iRightSeed;
-}
-#endif /* VARIANT_GUTTMAN_LINEAR_SPLIT */
-
-#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT
-/*
-** Implementation of the quadratic variant of the PickNext() function from
-** Guttman[84].
-*/
-static RtreeCell *QuadraticPickNext(
-  Rtree *pRtree,
-  RtreeCell *aCell, 
-  int nCell, 
-  RtreeCell *pLeftBox, 
-  RtreeCell *pRightBox,
-  int *aiUsed
-){
-  #define FABS(a) ((a)<0.0?-1.0*(a):(a))
-
-  int iSelect = -1;
-  float fDiff;
-  int ii;
-  for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
-    if( aiUsed[ii]==0 ){
-      float left = cellGrowth(pRtree, pLeftBox, &aCell[ii]);
-      float right = cellGrowth(pRtree, pLeftBox, &aCell[ii]);
-      float diff = FABS(right-left);
-      if( iSelect<0 || diff>fDiff ){
-        fDiff = diff;
-        iSelect = ii;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  aiUsed[iSelect] = 1;
-  return &aCell[iSelect];
-}
-
-/*
-** Implementation of the quadratic variant of the PickSeeds() function from
-** Guttman[84].
-*/
-static void QuadraticPickSeeds(
-  Rtree *pRtree,
-  RtreeCell *aCell, 
-  int nCell, 
-  int *piLeftSeed, 
-  int *piRightSeed
-){
-  int ii;
-  int jj;
-
-  int iLeftSeed = 0;
-  int iRightSeed = 1;
-  float fWaste = 0.0;
-
-  for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
-    for(jj=ii+1; jj<nCell; jj++){
-      float right = cellArea(pRtree, &aCell[jj]);
-      float growth = cellGrowth(pRtree, &aCell[ii], &aCell[jj]);
-      float waste = growth - right;
-
-      if( waste>fWaste ){
-        iLeftSeed = ii;
-        iRightSeed = jj;
-        fWaste = waste;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  *piLeftSeed = iLeftSeed;
-  *piRightSeed = iRightSeed;
-}
-#endif /* VARIANT_GUTTMAN_QUADRATIC_SPLIT */
 
 /*
 ** Arguments aIdx, aDistance and aSpare all point to arrays of size
@@ -132022,7 +146648,7 @@
 static void SortByDistance(
   int *aIdx, 
   int nIdx, 
-  float *aDistance, 
+  RtreeDValue *aDistance, 
   int *aSpare
 ){
   if( nIdx>1 ){
@@ -132048,8 +146674,8 @@
         aIdx[iLeft+iRight] = aLeft[iLeft];
         iLeft++;
       }else{
-        float fLeft = aDistance[aLeft[iLeft]];
-        float fRight = aDistance[aRight[iRight]];
+        RtreeDValue fLeft = aDistance[aLeft[iLeft]];
+        RtreeDValue fRight = aDistance[aRight[iRight]];
         if( fLeft<fRight ){
           aIdx[iLeft+iRight] = aLeft[iLeft];
           iLeft++;
@@ -132065,8 +146691,8 @@
     {
       int jj;
       for(jj=1; jj<nIdx; jj++){
-        float left = aDistance[aIdx[jj-1]];
-        float right = aDistance[aIdx[jj]];
+        RtreeDValue left = aDistance[aIdx[jj-1]];
+        RtreeDValue right = aDistance[aIdx[jj]];
         assert( left<=right );
       }
     }
@@ -132109,10 +146735,10 @@
     memcpy(aSpare, aLeft, sizeof(int)*nLeft);
     aLeft = aSpare;
     while( iLeft<nLeft || iRight<nRight ){
-      double xleft1 = DCOORD(aCell[aLeft[iLeft]].aCoord[iDim*2]);
-      double xleft2 = DCOORD(aCell[aLeft[iLeft]].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
-      double xright1 = DCOORD(aCell[aRight[iRight]].aCoord[iDim*2]);
-      double xright2 = DCOORD(aCell[aRight[iRight]].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
+      RtreeDValue xleft1 = DCOORD(aCell[aLeft[iLeft]].aCoord[iDim*2]);
+      RtreeDValue xleft2 = DCOORD(aCell[aLeft[iLeft]].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
+      RtreeDValue xright1 = DCOORD(aCell[aRight[iRight]].aCoord[iDim*2]);
+      RtreeDValue xright2 = DCOORD(aCell[aRight[iRight]].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
       if( (iLeft!=nLeft) && ((iRight==nRight)
        || (xleft1<xright1)
        || (xleft1==xright1 && xleft2<xright2)
@@ -132130,10 +146756,10 @@
     {
       int jj;
       for(jj=1; jj<nIdx; jj++){
-        float xleft1 = aCell[aIdx[jj-1]].aCoord[iDim*2];
-        float xleft2 = aCell[aIdx[jj-1]].aCoord[iDim*2+1];
-        float xright1 = aCell[aIdx[jj]].aCoord[iDim*2];
-        float xright2 = aCell[aIdx[jj]].aCoord[iDim*2+1];
+        RtreeDValue xleft1 = aCell[aIdx[jj-1]].aCoord[iDim*2];
+        RtreeDValue xleft2 = aCell[aIdx[jj-1]].aCoord[iDim*2+1];
+        RtreeDValue xright1 = aCell[aIdx[jj]].aCoord[iDim*2];
+        RtreeDValue xright2 = aCell[aIdx[jj]].aCoord[iDim*2+1];
         assert( xleft1<=xright1 && (xleft1<xright1 || xleft2<=xright2) );
       }
     }
@@ -132141,7 +146767,6 @@
   }
 }
 
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_SPLIT
 /*
 ** Implementation of the R*-tree variant of SplitNode from Beckman[1990].
 */
@@ -132160,7 +146785,7 @@
 
   int iBestDim = 0;
   int iBestSplit = 0;
-  float fBestMargin = 0.0;
+  RtreeDValue fBestMargin = RTREE_ZERO;
 
   int nByte = (pRtree->nDim+1)*(sizeof(int*)+nCell*sizeof(int));
 
@@ -132181,9 +146806,9 @@
   }
 
   for(ii=0; ii<pRtree->nDim; ii++){
-    float margin = 0.0;
-    float fBestOverlap = 0.0;
-    float fBestArea = 0.0;
+    RtreeDValue margin = RTREE_ZERO;
+    RtreeDValue fBestOverlap = RTREE_ZERO;
+    RtreeDValue fBestArea = RTREE_ZERO;
     int iBestLeft = 0;
     int nLeft;
 
@@ -132195,8 +146820,8 @@
       RtreeCell left;
       RtreeCell right;
       int kk;
-      float overlap;
-      float area;
+      RtreeDValue overlap;
+      RtreeDValue area;
 
       memcpy(&left, &aCell[aaSorted[ii][0]], sizeof(RtreeCell));
       memcpy(&right, &aCell[aaSorted[ii][nCell-1]], sizeof(RtreeCell));
@@ -132209,7 +146834,7 @@
       }
       margin += cellMargin(pRtree, &left);
       margin += cellMargin(pRtree, &right);
-      overlap = cellOverlap(pRtree, &left, &right, 1, -1);
+      overlap = cellOverlap(pRtree, &left, &right, 1);
       area = cellArea(pRtree, &left) + cellArea(pRtree, &right);
       if( (nLeft==RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree))
        || (overlap<fBestOverlap)
@@ -132241,63 +146866,7 @@
   sqlite3_free(aaSorted);
   return SQLITE_OK;
 }
-#endif
 
-#if VARIANT_GUTTMAN_SPLIT
-/*
-** Implementation of the regular R-tree SplitNode from Guttman[1984].
-*/
-static int splitNodeGuttman(
-  Rtree *pRtree,
-  RtreeCell *aCell,
-  int nCell,
-  RtreeNode *pLeft,
-  RtreeNode *pRight,
-  RtreeCell *pBboxLeft,
-  RtreeCell *pBboxRight
-){
-  int iLeftSeed = 0;
-  int iRightSeed = 1;
-  int *aiUsed;
-  int i;
-
-  aiUsed = sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(int)*nCell);
-  if( !aiUsed ){
-    return SQLITE_NOMEM;
-  }
-  memset(aiUsed, 0, sizeof(int)*nCell);
-
-  PickSeeds(pRtree, aCell, nCell, &iLeftSeed, &iRightSeed);
-
-  memcpy(pBboxLeft, &aCell[iLeftSeed], sizeof(RtreeCell));
-  memcpy(pBboxRight, &aCell[iRightSeed], sizeof(RtreeCell));
-  nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pLeft, &aCell[iLeftSeed]);
-  nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pRight, &aCell[iRightSeed]);
-  aiUsed[iLeftSeed] = 1;
-  aiUsed[iRightSeed] = 1;
-
-  for(i=nCell-2; i>0; i--){
-    RtreeCell *pNext;
-    pNext = PickNext(pRtree, aCell, nCell, pBboxLeft, pBboxRight, aiUsed);
-    float diff =  
-      cellGrowth(pRtree, pBboxLeft, pNext) - 
-      cellGrowth(pRtree, pBboxRight, pNext)
-    ;
-    if( (RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree)-NCELL(pRight)==i)
-     || (diff>0.0 && (RTREE_MINCELLS(pRtree)-NCELL(pLeft)!=i))
-    ){
-      nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pRight, pNext);
-      cellUnion(pRtree, pBboxRight, pNext);
-    }else{
-      nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pLeft, pNext);
-      cellUnion(pRtree, pBboxLeft, pNext);
-    }
-  }
-
-  sqlite3_free(aiUsed);
-  return SQLITE_OK;
-}
-#endif
 
 static int updateMapping(
   Rtree *pRtree, 
@@ -132375,7 +146944,8 @@
   memset(pLeft->zData, 0, pRtree->iNodeSize);
   memset(pRight->zData, 0, pRtree->iNodeSize);
 
-  rc = AssignCells(pRtree, aCell, nCell, pLeft, pRight, &leftbbox, &rightbbox);
+  rc = splitNodeStartree(pRtree, aCell, nCell, pLeft, pRight,
+                         &leftbbox, &rightbbox);
   if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
     goto splitnode_out;
   }
@@ -132612,32 +147182,34 @@
   int *aOrder;
   int *aSpare;
   RtreeCell *aCell;
-  float *aDistance;
+  RtreeDValue *aDistance;
   int nCell;
-  float aCenterCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS];
+  RtreeDValue aCenterCoord[RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS];
   int iDim;
   int ii;
   int rc = SQLITE_OK;
+  int n;
 
-  memset(aCenterCoord, 0, sizeof(float)*RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS);
+  memset(aCenterCoord, 0, sizeof(RtreeDValue)*RTREE_MAX_DIMENSIONS);
 
   nCell = NCELL(pNode)+1;
+  n = (nCell+1)&(~1);
 
   /* Allocate the buffers used by this operation. The allocation is
   ** relinquished before this function returns.
   */
-  aCell = (RtreeCell *)sqlite3_malloc(nCell * (
-    sizeof(RtreeCell) +         /* aCell array */
-    sizeof(int)       +         /* aOrder array */
-    sizeof(int)       +         /* aSpare array */
-    sizeof(float)               /* aDistance array */
+  aCell = (RtreeCell *)sqlite3_malloc(n * (
+    sizeof(RtreeCell)     +         /* aCell array */
+    sizeof(int)           +         /* aOrder array */
+    sizeof(int)           +         /* aSpare array */
+    sizeof(RtreeDValue)             /* aDistance array */
   ));
   if( !aCell ){
     return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   }
-  aOrder    = (int *)&aCell[nCell];
-  aSpare    = (int *)&aOrder[nCell];
-  aDistance = (float *)&aSpare[nCell];
+  aOrder    = (int *)&aCell[n];
+  aSpare    = (int *)&aOrder[n];
+  aDistance = (RtreeDValue *)&aSpare[n];
 
   for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
     if( ii==(nCell-1) ){
@@ -132647,19 +147219,19 @@
     }
     aOrder[ii] = ii;
     for(iDim=0; iDim<pRtree->nDim; iDim++){
-      aCenterCoord[iDim] += (float)DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]);
-      aCenterCoord[iDim] += (float)DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
+      aCenterCoord[iDim] += DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]);
+      aCenterCoord[iDim] += DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]);
     }
   }
   for(iDim=0; iDim<pRtree->nDim; iDim++){
-    aCenterCoord[iDim] = (float)(aCenterCoord[iDim]/((float)nCell*2.0));
+    aCenterCoord[iDim] = (aCenterCoord[iDim]/(nCell*(RtreeDValue)2));
   }
 
   for(ii=0; ii<nCell; ii++){
-    aDistance[ii] = 0.0;
+    aDistance[ii] = RTREE_ZERO;
     for(iDim=0; iDim<pRtree->nDim; iDim++){
-      float coord = (float)(DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]) - 
-          DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]));
+      RtreeDValue coord = (DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2+1]) - 
+                               DCOORD(aCell[ii].aCoord[iDim*2]));
       aDistance[ii] += (coord-aCenterCoord[iDim])*(coord-aCenterCoord[iDim]);
     }
   }
@@ -132722,16 +147294,12 @@
     }
   }
   if( nodeInsertCell(pRtree, pNode, pCell) ){
-#if VARIANT_RSTARTREE_REINSERT
     if( iHeight<=pRtree->iReinsertHeight || pNode->iNode==1){
       rc = SplitNode(pRtree, pNode, pCell, iHeight);
     }else{
       pRtree->iReinsertHeight = iHeight;
       rc = Reinsert(pRtree, pNode, pCell, iHeight);
     }
-#else
-    rc = SplitNode(pRtree, pNode, pCell, iHeight);
-#endif
   }else{
     rc = AdjustTree(pRtree, pNode, pCell);
     if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -132789,19 +147357,19 @@
 */
 static int rtreeDeleteRowid(Rtree *pRtree, sqlite3_int64 iDelete){
   int rc;                         /* Return code */
-  RtreeNode *pLeaf;               /* Leaf node containing record iDelete */
+  RtreeNode *pLeaf = 0;           /* Leaf node containing record iDelete */
   int iCell;                      /* Index of iDelete cell in pLeaf */
   RtreeNode *pRoot;               /* Root node of rtree structure */
 
 
-  /* Obtain a reference to the root node to initialise Rtree.iDepth */
+  /* Obtain a reference to the root node to initialize Rtree.iDepth */
   rc = nodeAcquire(pRtree, 1, 0, &pRoot);
 
   /* Obtain a reference to the leaf node that contains the entry 
   ** about to be deleted. 
   */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
-    rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iDelete, &pLeaf);
+    rc = findLeafNode(pRtree, iDelete, &pLeaf, 0);
   }
 
   /* Delete the cell in question from the leaf node. */
@@ -132869,6 +147437,36 @@
 }
 
 /*
+** Rounding constants for float->double conversion.
+*/
+#define RNDTOWARDS  (1.0 - 1.0/8388608.0)  /* Round towards zero */
+#define RNDAWAY     (1.0 + 1.0/8388608.0)  /* Round away from zero */
+
+#if !defined(SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY)
+/*
+** Convert an sqlite3_value into an RtreeValue (presumably a float)
+** while taking care to round toward negative or positive, respectively.
+*/
+static RtreeValue rtreeValueDown(sqlite3_value *v){
+  double d = sqlite3_value_double(v);
+  float f = (float)d;
+  if( f>d ){
+    f = (float)(d*(d<0 ? RNDAWAY : RNDTOWARDS));
+  }
+  return f;
+}
+static RtreeValue rtreeValueUp(sqlite3_value *v){
+  double d = sqlite3_value_double(v);
+  float f = (float)d;
+  if( f<d ){
+    f = (float)(d*(d<0 ? RNDTOWARDS : RNDAWAY));
+  }
+  return f;
+}
+#endif /* !defined(SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY) */
+
+
+/*
 ** The xUpdate method for rtree module virtual tables.
 */
 static int rtreeUpdate(
@@ -132901,16 +147499,19 @@
 
     /* Populate the cell.aCoord[] array. The first coordinate is azData[3]. */
     assert( nData==(pRtree->nDim*2 + 3) );
+#ifndef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
     if( pRtree->eCoordType==RTREE_COORD_REAL32 ){
       for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
-        cell.aCoord[ii].f = (float)sqlite3_value_double(azData[ii+3]);
-        cell.aCoord[ii+1].f = (float)sqlite3_value_double(azData[ii+4]);
+        cell.aCoord[ii].f = rtreeValueDown(azData[ii+3]);
+        cell.aCoord[ii+1].f = rtreeValueUp(azData[ii+4]);
         if( cell.aCoord[ii].f>cell.aCoord[ii+1].f ){
           rc = SQLITE_CONSTRAINT;
           goto constraint;
         }
       }
-    }else{
+    }else
+#endif
+    {
       for(ii=0; ii<(pRtree->nDim*2); ii+=2){
         cell.aCoord[ii].i = sqlite3_value_int(azData[ii+3]);
         cell.aCoord[ii+1].i = sqlite3_value_int(azData[ii+4]);
@@ -132959,7 +147560,7 @@
   */
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK && nData>1 ){
     /* Insert the new record into the r-tree */
-    RtreeNode *pLeaf;
+    RtreeNode *pLeaf = 0;
 
     /* Figure out the rowid of the new row. */
     if( bHaveRowid==0 ){
@@ -133007,6 +147608,43 @@
   return rc;
 }
 
+/*
+** This function populates the pRtree->nRowEst variable with an estimate
+** of the number of rows in the virtual table. If possible, this is based
+** on sqlite_stat1 data. Otherwise, use RTREE_DEFAULT_ROWEST.
+*/
+static int rtreeQueryStat1(sqlite3 *db, Rtree *pRtree){
+  const char *zFmt = "SELECT stat FROM %Q.sqlite_stat1 WHERE tbl = '%q_rowid'";
+  char *zSql;
+  sqlite3_stmt *p;
+  int rc;
+  i64 nRow = 0;
+
+  zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(zFmt, pRtree->zDb, pRtree->zName);
+  if( zSql==0 ){
+    rc = SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  }else{
+    rc = sqlite3_prepare_v2(db, zSql, -1, &p, 0);
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( sqlite3_step(p)==SQLITE_ROW ) nRow = sqlite3_column_int64(p, 0);
+      rc = sqlite3_finalize(p);
+    }else if( rc!=SQLITE_NOMEM ){
+      rc = SQLITE_OK;
+    }
+
+    if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+      if( nRow==0 ){
+        pRtree->nRowEst = RTREE_DEFAULT_ROWEST;
+      }else{
+        pRtree->nRowEst = MAX(nRow, RTREE_MIN_ROWEST);
+      }
+    }
+    sqlite3_free(zSql);
+  }
+
+  return rc;
+}
+
 static sqlite3_module rtreeModule = {
   0,                          /* iVersion */
   rtreeCreate,                /* xCreate - create a table */
@@ -133068,7 +147706,8 @@
     char *zCreate = sqlite3_mprintf(
 "CREATE TABLE \"%w\".\"%w_node\"(nodeno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, data BLOB);"
 "CREATE TABLE \"%w\".\"%w_rowid\"(rowid INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, nodeno INTEGER);"
-"CREATE TABLE \"%w\".\"%w_parent\"(nodeno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, parentnode INTEGER);"
+"CREATE TABLE \"%w\".\"%w_parent\"(nodeno INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,"
+                                  " parentnode INTEGER);"
 "INSERT INTO '%q'.'%q_node' VALUES(1, zeroblob(%d))",
       zDb, zPrefix, zDb, zPrefix, zDb, zPrefix, zDb, zPrefix, pRtree->iNodeSize
     );
@@ -133092,6 +147731,7 @@
   appStmt[7] = &pRtree->pWriteParent;
   appStmt[8] = &pRtree->pDeleteParent;
 
+  rc = rtreeQueryStat1(db, pRtree);
   for(i=0; i<N_STATEMENT && rc==SQLITE_OK; i++){
     char *zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(azSql[i], zDb, zPrefix);
     if( zSql ){
@@ -133145,7 +147785,8 @@
 static int getNodeSize(
   sqlite3 *db,                    /* Database handle */
   Rtree *pRtree,                  /* Rtree handle */
-  int isCreate                    /* True for xCreate, false for xConnect */
+  int isCreate,                   /* True for xCreate, false for xConnect */
+  char **pzErr                    /* OUT: Error message, if any */
 ){
   int rc;
   char *zSql;
@@ -133158,6 +147799,8 @@
       if( (4+pRtree->nBytesPerCell*RTREE_MAXCELLS)<pRtree->iNodeSize ){
         pRtree->iNodeSize = 4+pRtree->nBytesPerCell*RTREE_MAXCELLS;
       }
+    }else{
+      *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
     }
   }else{
     zSql = sqlite3_mprintf(
@@ -133165,6 +147808,9 @@
         pRtree->zDb, pRtree->zName
     );
     rc = getIntFromStmt(db, zSql, &pRtree->iNodeSize);
+    if( rc!=SQLITE_OK ){
+      *pzErr = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", sqlite3_errmsg(db));
+    }
   }
 
   sqlite3_free(zSql);
@@ -133228,7 +147874,7 @@
   memcpy(pRtree->zName, argv[2], nName);
 
   /* Figure out the node size to use. */
-  rc = getNodeSize(db, pRtree, isCreate);
+  rc = getNodeSize(db, pRtree, isCreate, pzErr);
 
   /* Create/Connect to the underlying relational database schema. If
   ** that is successful, call sqlite3_declare_vtab() to configure
@@ -133263,6 +147909,8 @@
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
     *ppVtab = (sqlite3_vtab *)pRtree;
   }else{
+    assert( *ppVtab==0 );
+    assert( pRtree->nBusy==1 );
     rtreeRelease(pRtree);
   }
   return rc;
@@ -133273,10 +147921,10 @@
 ** Implementation of a scalar function that decodes r-tree nodes to
 ** human readable strings. This can be used for debugging and analysis.
 **
-** The scalar function takes two arguments, a blob of data containing
-** an r-tree node, and the number of dimensions the r-tree indexes.
-** For a two-dimensional r-tree structure called "rt", to deserialize
-** all nodes, a statement like:
+** The scalar function takes two arguments: (1) the number of dimensions
+** to the rtree (between 1 and 5, inclusive) and (2) a blob of data containing
+** an r-tree node.  For a two-dimensional r-tree structure called "rt", to
+** deserialize all nodes, a statement like:
 **
 **   SELECT rtreenode(2, data) FROM rt_node;
 **
@@ -133308,7 +147956,13 @@
     sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell],"%lld", cell.iRowid);
     nCell = (int)strlen(zCell);
     for(jj=0; jj<tree.nDim*2; jj++){
-      sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell]," %f",(double)cell.aCoord[jj].f);
+#ifndef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+      sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell], " %g",
+                       (double)cell.aCoord[jj].f);
+#else
+      sqlite3_snprintf(512-nCell,&zCell[nCell], " %d",
+                       cell.aCoord[jj].i);
+#endif
       nCell = (int)strlen(zCell);
     }
 
@@ -133324,6 +147978,15 @@
   sqlite3_result_text(ctx, zText, -1, sqlite3_free);
 }
 
+/* This routine implements an SQL function that returns the "depth" parameter
+** from the front of a blob that is an r-tree node.  For example:
+**
+**     SELECT rtreedepth(data) FROM rt_node WHERE nodeno=1;
+**
+** The depth value is 0 for all nodes other than the root node, and the root
+** node always has nodeno=1, so the example above is the primary use for this
+** routine.  This routine is intended for testing and analysis only.
+*/
 static void rtreedepth(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **apArg){
   UNUSED_PARAMETER(nArg);
   if( sqlite3_value_type(apArg[0])!=SQLITE_BLOB 
@@ -133350,7 +148013,11 @@
     rc = sqlite3_create_function(db, "rtreedepth", 1, utf8, 0,rtreedepth, 0, 0);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+    void *c = (void *)RTREE_COORD_INT32;
+#else
     void *c = (void *)RTREE_COORD_REAL32;
+#endif
     rc = sqlite3_create_module_v2(db, "rtree", &rtreeModule, c, 0);
   }
   if( rc==SQLITE_OK ){
@@ -133362,42 +148029,54 @@
 }
 
 /*
-** A version of sqlite3_free() that can be used as a callback. This is used
-** in two places - as the destructor for the blob value returned by the
-** invocation of a geometry function, and as the destructor for the geometry
-** functions themselves.
+** This routine deletes the RtreeGeomCallback object that was attached
+** one of the SQL functions create by sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback()
+** or sqlite3_rtree_query_callback().  In other words, this routine is the
+** destructor for an RtreeGeomCallback objecct.  This routine is called when
+** the corresponding SQL function is deleted.
 */
-static void doSqlite3Free(void *p){
+static void rtreeFreeCallback(void *p){
+  RtreeGeomCallback *pInfo = (RtreeGeomCallback*)p;
+  if( pInfo->xDestructor ) pInfo->xDestructor(pInfo->pContext);
   sqlite3_free(p);
 }
 
 /*
-** Each call to sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() creates an ordinary SQLite
-** scalar user function. This C function is the callback used for all such
-** registered SQL functions.
+** Each call to sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback() or
+** sqlite3_rtree_query_callback() creates an ordinary SQLite
+** scalar function that is implemented by this routine.
 **
-** The scalar user functions return a blob that is interpreted by r-tree
-** table MATCH operators.
+** All this function does is construct an RtreeMatchArg object that
+** contains the geometry-checking callback routines and a list of
+** parameters to this function, then return that RtreeMatchArg object
+** as a BLOB.
+**
+** The R-Tree MATCH operator will read the returned BLOB, deserialize
+** the RtreeMatchArg object, and use the RtreeMatchArg object to figure
+** out which elements of the R-Tree should be returned by the query.
 */
 static void geomCallback(sqlite3_context *ctx, int nArg, sqlite3_value **aArg){
   RtreeGeomCallback *pGeomCtx = (RtreeGeomCallback *)sqlite3_user_data(ctx);
   RtreeMatchArg *pBlob;
   int nBlob;
 
-  nBlob = sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) + (nArg-1)*sizeof(double);
+  nBlob = sizeof(RtreeMatchArg) + (nArg-1)*sizeof(RtreeDValue);
   pBlob = (RtreeMatchArg *)sqlite3_malloc(nBlob);
   if( !pBlob ){
     sqlite3_result_error_nomem(ctx);
   }else{
     int i;
     pBlob->magic = RTREE_GEOMETRY_MAGIC;
-    pBlob->xGeom = pGeomCtx->xGeom;
-    pBlob->pContext = pGeomCtx->pContext;
+    pBlob->cb = pGeomCtx[0];
     pBlob->nParam = nArg;
     for(i=0; i<nArg; i++){
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+      pBlob->aParam[i] = sqlite3_value_int64(aArg[i]);
+#else
       pBlob->aParam[i] = sqlite3_value_double(aArg[i]);
+#endif
     }
-    sqlite3_result_blob(ctx, pBlob, nBlob, doSqlite3Free);
+    sqlite3_result_blob(ctx, pBlob, nBlob, sqlite3_free);
   }
 }
 
@@ -133405,10 +148084,10 @@
 ** Register a new geometry function for use with the r-tree MATCH operator.
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback(
-  sqlite3 *db,
-  const char *zGeom,
-  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int, double *, int *),
-  void *pContext
+  sqlite3 *db,                  /* Register SQL function on this connection */
+  const char *zGeom,            /* Name of the new SQL function */
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry*,int,RtreeDValue*,int*), /* Callback */
+  void *pContext                /* Extra data associated with the callback */
 ){
   RtreeGeomCallback *pGeomCtx;      /* Context object for new user-function */
 
@@ -133416,17 +148095,44 @@
   pGeomCtx = (RtreeGeomCallback *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeGeomCallback));
   if( !pGeomCtx ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
   pGeomCtx->xGeom = xGeom;
+  pGeomCtx->xQueryFunc = 0;
+  pGeomCtx->xDestructor = 0;
   pGeomCtx->pContext = pContext;
-
-  /* Create the new user-function. Register a destructor function to delete
-  ** the context object when it is no longer required.  */
   return sqlite3_create_function_v2(db, zGeom, -1, SQLITE_ANY, 
-      (void *)pGeomCtx, geomCallback, 0, 0, doSqlite3Free
+      (void *)pGeomCtx, geomCallback, 0, 0, rtreeFreeCallback
+  );
+}
+
+/*
+** Register a new 2nd-generation geometry function for use with the
+** r-tree MATCH operator.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_query_callback(
+  sqlite3 *db,                 /* Register SQL function on this connection */
+  const char *zQueryFunc,      /* Name of new SQL function */
+  int (*xQueryFunc)(sqlite3_rtree_query_info*), /* Callback */
+  void *pContext,              /* Extra data passed into the callback */
+  void (*xDestructor)(void*)   /* Destructor for the extra data */
+){
+  RtreeGeomCallback *pGeomCtx;      /* Context object for new user-function */
+
+  /* Allocate and populate the context object. */
+  pGeomCtx = (RtreeGeomCallback *)sqlite3_malloc(sizeof(RtreeGeomCallback));
+  if( !pGeomCtx ) return SQLITE_NOMEM;
+  pGeomCtx->xGeom = 0;
+  pGeomCtx->xQueryFunc = xQueryFunc;
+  pGeomCtx->xDestructor = xDestructor;
+  pGeomCtx->pContext = pContext;
+  return sqlite3_create_function_v2(db, zQueryFunc, -1, SQLITE_ANY, 
+      (void *)pGeomCtx, geomCallback, 0, 0, rtreeFreeCallback
   );
 }
 
 #if !SQLITE_CORE
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
+#ifdef _WIN32
+__declspec(dllexport)
+#endif
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_init(
   sqlite3 *db,
   char **pzErrMsg,
   const sqlite3_api_routines *pApi
@@ -133464,7 +148170,7 @@
 **   * Implementations of the SQL scalar upper() and lower() functions
 **     for case mapping.
 **
-**   * Integration of ICU and SQLite collation seqences.
+**   * Integration of ICU and SQLite collation sequences.
 **
 **   * An implementation of the LIKE operator that uses ICU to 
 **     provide case-independent matching.
@@ -133928,7 +148634,10 @@
 }
 
 #if !SQLITE_CORE
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extension_init(
+#ifdef _WIN32
+__declspec(dllexport)
+#endif
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_icu_init(
   sqlite3 *db, 
   char **pzErrMsg,
   const sqlite3_api_routines *pApi
@@ -134052,13 +148761,16 @@
 
   *ppCursor = 0;
 
-  if( nInput<0 ){
+  if( zInput==0 ){
+    nInput = 0;
+    zInput = "";
+  }else if( nInput<0 ){
     nInput = strlen(zInput);
   }
   nChar = nInput+1;
   pCsr = (IcuCursor *)sqlite3_malloc(
       sizeof(IcuCursor) +                /* IcuCursor */
-      nChar * sizeof(UChar) +            /* IcuCursor.aChar[] */
+      ((nChar+3)&~3) * sizeof(UChar) +   /* IcuCursor.aChar[] */
       (nChar+1) * sizeof(int)            /* IcuCursor.aOffset[] */
   );
   if( !pCsr ){
@@ -134066,7 +148778,7 @@
   }
   memset(pCsr, 0, sizeof(IcuCursor));
   pCsr->aChar = (UChar *)&pCsr[1];
-  pCsr->aOffset = (int *)&pCsr->aChar[nChar];
+  pCsr->aOffset = (int *)&pCsr->aChar[(nChar+3)&~3];
 
   pCsr->aOffset[iOut] = iInput;
   U8_NEXT(zInput, iInput, nInput, c); 
@@ -134138,7 +148850,7 @@
 
     while( iStart<iEnd ){
       int iWhite = iStart;
-      U8_NEXT(pCsr->aChar, iWhite, pCsr->nChar, c);
+      U16_NEXT(pCsr->aChar, iWhite, pCsr->nChar, c);
       if( u_isspace(c) ){
         iStart = iWhite;
       }else{
diff --git a/dist/sqlite3.h b/dist/sqlite3.h
index f193784..9879f80 100644
--- a/dist/sqlite3.h
+++ b/dist/sqlite3.h
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@
 ** [sqlite3_libversion_number()], [sqlite3_sourceid()],
 ** [sqlite_version()] and [sqlite_source_id()].
 */
-#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.7.11"
-#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3007011
-#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2012-03-20 11:35:50 00bb9c9ce4f465e6ac321ced2a9d0062dc364669"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION        "3.8.6"
+#define SQLITE_VERSION_NUMBER 3008006
+#define SQLITE_SOURCE_ID      "2014-08-15 11:46:33 9491ba7d738528f168657adb43a198238abde19e"
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Run-Time Library Version Numbers
@@ -219,7 +219,8 @@
 ** the opaque structure named "sqlite3".  It is useful to think of an sqlite3
 ** pointer as an object.  The [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()], and
 ** [sqlite3_open_v2()] interfaces are its constructors, and [sqlite3_close()]
-** is its destructor.  There are many other interfaces (such as
+** and [sqlite3_close_v2()] are its destructors.  There are many other
+** interfaces (such as
 ** [sqlite3_prepare_v2()], [sqlite3_create_function()], and
 ** [sqlite3_busy_timeout()] to name but three) that are methods on an
 ** sqlite3 object.
@@ -266,28 +267,46 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Closing A Database Connection
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_close() routine is the destructor for the [sqlite3] object.
-** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() return SQLITE_OK if the [sqlite3] object is
-** successfully destroyed and all associated resources are deallocated.
+** ^The sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() routines are destructors
+** for the [sqlite3] object.
+** ^Calls to sqlite3_close() and sqlite3_close_v2() return [SQLITE_OK] if
+** the [sqlite3] object is successfully destroyed and all associated
+** resources are deallocated.
 **
-** Applications must [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all [prepared statements]
-** and [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles] associated with
-** the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.  ^If
-** sqlite3_close() is called on a [database connection] that still has
-** outstanding [prepared statements] or [BLOB handles], then it returns
-** SQLITE_BUSY.
+** ^If the database connection is associated with unfinalized prepared
+** statements or unfinished sqlite3_backup objects then sqlite3_close()
+** will leave the database connection open and return [SQLITE_BUSY].
+** ^If sqlite3_close_v2() is called with unfinalized prepared statements
+** and/or unfinished sqlite3_backups, then the database connection becomes
+** an unusable "zombie" which will automatically be deallocated when the
+** last prepared statement is finalized or the last sqlite3_backup is
+** finished.  The sqlite3_close_v2() interface is intended for use with
+** host languages that are garbage collected, and where the order in which
+** destructors are called is arbitrary.
 **
-** ^If [sqlite3_close()] is invoked while a transaction is open,
+** Applications should [sqlite3_finalize | finalize] all [prepared statements],
+** [sqlite3_blob_close | close] all [BLOB handles], and 
+** [sqlite3_backup_finish | finish] all [sqlite3_backup] objects associated
+** with the [sqlite3] object prior to attempting to close the object.  ^If
+** sqlite3_close_v2() is called on a [database connection] that still has
+** outstanding [prepared statements], [BLOB handles], and/or
+** [sqlite3_backup] objects then it returns [SQLITE_OK] and the deallocation
+** of resources is deferred until all [prepared statements], [BLOB handles],
+** and [sqlite3_backup] objects are also destroyed.
+**
+** ^If an [sqlite3] object is destroyed while a transaction is open,
 ** the transaction is automatically rolled back.
 **
-** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] must be either a NULL
+** The C parameter to [sqlite3_close(C)] and [sqlite3_close_v2(C)]
+** must be either a NULL
 ** pointer or an [sqlite3] object pointer obtained
 ** from [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open16()], or
 ** [sqlite3_open_v2()], and not previously closed.
-** ^Calling sqlite3_close() with a NULL pointer argument is a 
-** harmless no-op.
+** ^Calling sqlite3_close() or sqlite3_close_v2() with a NULL pointer
+** argument is a harmless no-op.
 */
-SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3 *);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_close_v2(sqlite3*);
 
 /*
 ** The type for a callback function.
@@ -351,7 +370,7 @@
 ** <ul>
 ** <li> The application must insure that the 1st parameter to sqlite3_exec()
 **      is a valid and open [database connection].
-** <li> The application must not close [database connection] specified by
+** <li> The application must not close the [database connection] specified by
 **      the 1st parameter to sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
 ** <li> The application must not modify the SQL statement text passed into
 **      the 2nd parameter of sqlite3_exec() while sqlite3_exec() is running.
@@ -367,16 +386,14 @@
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Result Codes
-** KEYWORDS: SQLITE_OK {error code} {error codes}
-** KEYWORDS: {result code} {result codes}
+** KEYWORDS: {result code definitions}
 **
 ** Many SQLite functions return an integer result code from the set shown
 ** here in order to indicate success or failure.
 **
 ** New error codes may be added in future versions of SQLite.
 **
-** See also: [SQLITE_IOERR_READ | extended result codes],
-** [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | result codes].
+** See also: [extended result code definitions]
 */
 #define SQLITE_OK           0   /* Successful result */
 /* beginning-of-error-codes */
@@ -406,32 +423,27 @@
 #define SQLITE_FORMAT      24   /* Auxiliary database format error */
 #define SQLITE_RANGE       25   /* 2nd parameter to sqlite3_bind out of range */
 #define SQLITE_NOTADB      26   /* File opened that is not a database file */
+#define SQLITE_NOTICE      27   /* Notifications from sqlite3_log() */
+#define SQLITE_WARNING     28   /* Warnings from sqlite3_log() */
 #define SQLITE_ROW         100  /* sqlite3_step() has another row ready */
 #define SQLITE_DONE        101  /* sqlite3_step() has finished executing */
 /* end-of-error-codes */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Extended Result Codes
-** KEYWORDS: {extended error code} {extended error codes}
-** KEYWORDS: {extended result code} {extended result codes}
+** KEYWORDS: {extended result code definitions}
 **
-** In its default configuration, SQLite API routines return one of 26 integer
-** [SQLITE_OK | result codes].  However, experience has shown that many of
+** In its default configuration, SQLite API routines return one of 30 integer
+** [result codes].  However, experience has shown that many of
 ** these result codes are too coarse-grained.  They do not provide as
 ** much information about problems as programmers might like.  In an effort to
 ** address this, newer versions of SQLite (version 3.3.8 and later) include
 ** support for additional result codes that provide more detailed information
-** about errors. The extended result codes are enabled or disabled
+** about errors. These [extended result codes] are enabled or disabled
 ** on a per database connection basis using the
-** [sqlite3_extended_result_codes()] API.
-**
-** Some of the available extended result codes are listed here.
-** One may expect the number of extended result codes will be expand
-** over time.  Software that uses extended result codes should expect
-** to see new result codes in future releases of SQLite.
-**
-** The SQLITE_OK result code will never be extended.  It will always
-** be exactly zero.
+** [sqlite3_extended_result_codes()] API.  Or, the extended code for
+** the most recent error can be obtained using
+** [sqlite3_extended_errcode()].
 */
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_READ              (SQLITE_IOERR | (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHORT_READ        (SQLITE_IOERR | (2<<8))
@@ -455,13 +467,36 @@
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMLOCK           (SQLITE_IOERR | (20<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SHMMAP            (SQLITE_IOERR | (21<<8))
 #define SQLITE_IOERR_SEEK              (SQLITE_IOERR | (22<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_DELETE_NOENT      (SQLITE_IOERR | (23<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_MMAP              (SQLITE_IOERR | (24<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_GETTEMPPATH       (SQLITE_IOERR | (25<<8))
+#define SQLITE_IOERR_CONVPATH          (SQLITE_IOERR | (26<<8))
 #define SQLITE_LOCKED_SHAREDCACHE      (SQLITE_LOCKED |  (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_BUSY_RECOVERY           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_BUSY_SNAPSHOT           (SQLITE_BUSY   |  (2<<8))
 #define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_NOTEMPDIR      (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_ISDIR          (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_FULLPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CANTOPEN_CONVPATH       (SQLITE_CANTOPEN | (4<<8))
 #define SQLITE_CORRUPT_VTAB            (SQLITE_CORRUPT | (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_READONLY_RECOVERY       (SQLITE_READONLY | (1<<8))
 #define SQLITE_READONLY_CANTLOCK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_ROLLBACK       (SQLITE_READONLY | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_READONLY_DBMOVED        (SQLITE_READONLY | (4<<8))
 #define SQLITE_ABORT_ROLLBACK          (SQLITE_ABORT | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_CHECK        (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_COMMITHOOK   (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FOREIGNKEY   (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (3<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_FUNCTION     (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (4<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_NOTNULL      (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (5<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_PRIMARYKEY   (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (6<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_TRIGGER      (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (7<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_UNIQUE       (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (8<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_VTAB         (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT | (9<<8))
+#define SQLITE_CONSTRAINT_ROWID        (SQLITE_CONSTRAINT |(10<<8))
+#define SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_WAL      (SQLITE_NOTICE | (1<<8))
+#define SQLITE_NOTICE_RECOVER_ROLLBACK (SQLITE_NOTICE | (2<<8))
+#define SQLITE_WARNING_AUTOINDEX       (SQLITE_WARNING | (1<<8))
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Flags For File Open Operations
@@ -477,6 +512,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_EXCLUSIVE        0x00000010  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_AUTOPROXY        0x00000020  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_URI              0x00000040  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
+#define SQLITE_OPEN_MEMORY           0x00000080  /* Ok for sqlite3_open_v2() */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_MAIN_DB          0x00000100  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_TEMP_DB          0x00000200  /* VFS only */
 #define SQLITE_OPEN_TRANSIENT_DB     0x00000400  /* VFS only */
@@ -496,7 +532,7 @@
 ** CAPI3REF: Device Characteristics
 **
 ** The xDeviceCharacteristics method of the [sqlite3_io_methods]
-** object returns an integer which is a vector of the these
+** object returns an integer which is a vector of these
 ** bit values expressing I/O characteristics of the mass storage
 ** device that holds the file that the [sqlite3_io_methods]
 ** refers to.
@@ -514,7 +550,11 @@
 ** after reboot following a crash or power loss, the only bytes in a
 ** file that were written at the application level might have changed
 ** and that adjacent bytes, even bytes within the same sector are
-** guaranteed to be unchanged.
+** guaranteed to be unchanged.  The SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN
+** flag indicate that a file cannot be deleted when open.  The
+** SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE flag indicates that the file is on
+** read-only media and cannot be changed even by processes with
+** elevated privileges.
 */
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC                 0x00000001
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_ATOMIC512              0x00000002
@@ -529,6 +569,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_SEQUENTIAL             0x00000400
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_UNDELETABLE_WHEN_OPEN  0x00000800
 #define SQLITE_IOCAP_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE    0x00001000
+#define SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE              0x00002000
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: File Locking Levels
@@ -635,7 +676,7 @@
 ** locking strategy (for example to use dot-file locks), to inquire
 ** about the status of a lock, or to break stale locks.  The SQLite
 ** core reserves all opcodes less than 100 for its own use.
-** A [SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE | list of opcodes] less than 100 is available.
+** A [file control opcodes | list of opcodes] less than 100 is available.
 ** Applications that define a custom xFileControl method should use opcodes
 ** greater than 100 to avoid conflicts.  VFS implementations should
 ** return [SQLITE_NOTFOUND] for file control opcodes that they do not
@@ -700,11 +741,15 @@
   void (*xShmBarrier)(sqlite3_file*);
   int (*xShmUnmap)(sqlite3_file*, int deleteFlag);
   /* Methods above are valid for version 2 */
+  int (*xFetch)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 iOfst, int iAmt, void **pp);
+  int (*xUnfetch)(sqlite3_file*, sqlite3_int64 iOfst, void *p);
+  /* Methods above are valid for version 3 */
   /* Additional methods may be added in future releases */
 };
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Standard File Control Opcodes
+** KEYWORDS: {file control opcodes} {file control opcode}
 **
 ** These integer constants are opcodes for the xFileControl method
 ** of the [sqlite3_io_methods] object and for the [sqlite3_file_control()]
@@ -742,15 +787,29 @@
 ** additional information.
 **
 ** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED]]
-** ^(The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC_OMITTED] opcode is generated internally by
-** SQLite and sent to all VFSes in place of a call to the xSync method
-** when the database connection has [PRAGMA synchronous] set to OFF.)^
-** Some specialized VFSes need this signal in order to operate correctly
-** when [PRAGMA synchronous | PRAGMA synchronous=OFF] is set, but most 
-** VFSes do not need this signal and should silently ignore this opcode.
-** Applications should not call [sqlite3_file_control()] with this
-** opcode as doing so may disrupt the operation of the specialized VFSes
-** that do require it.  
+** No longer in use.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC] opcode is generated internally by SQLite and
+** sent to the VFS immediately before the xSync method is invoked on a
+** database file descriptor. Or, if the xSync method is not invoked 
+** because the user has configured SQLite with 
+** [PRAGMA synchronous | PRAGMA synchronous=OFF] it is invoked in place 
+** of the xSync method. In most cases, the pointer argument passed with
+** this file-control is NULL. However, if the database file is being synced
+** as part of a multi-database commit, the argument points to a nul-terminated
+** string containing the transactions master-journal file name. VFSes that 
+** do not need this signal should silently ignore this opcode. Applications 
+** should not call [sqlite3_file_control()] with this opcode as doing so may 
+** disrupt the operation of the specialized VFSes that do require it.  
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO] opcode is generated internally by SQLite
+** and sent to the VFS after a transaction has been committed immediately
+** but before the database is unlocked. VFSes that do not need this signal
+** should silently ignore this opcode. Applications should not call
+** [sqlite3_file_control()] with this opcode as doing so may disrupt the 
+** operation of the specialized VFSes that do require it.  
 **
 ** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY]]
 ** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_AV_RETRY] opcode is used to configure automatic
@@ -771,7 +830,7 @@
 **
 ** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL]]
 ** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_PERSIST_WAL] opcode is used to set or query the
-** persistent [WAL | Write AHead Log] setting.  By default, the auxiliary
+** persistent [WAL | Write Ahead Log] setting.  By default, the auxiliary
 ** write ahead log and shared memory files used for transaction control
 ** are automatically deleted when the latest connection to the database
 ** closes.  Setting persistent WAL mode causes those files to persist after
@@ -834,6 +893,58 @@
 ** compilation of the PRAGMA fails with an error.  ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA]
 ** file control occurs at the beginning of pragma statement analysis and so
 ** it is able to override built-in [PRAGMA] statements.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER]]
+** ^The [SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER]
+** file-control may be invoked by SQLite on the database file handle
+** shortly after it is opened in order to provide a custom VFS with access
+** to the connections busy-handler callback. The argument is of type (void **)
+** - an array of two (void *) values. The first (void *) actually points
+** to a function of type (int (*)(void *)). In order to invoke the connections
+** busy-handler, this function should be invoked with the second (void *) in
+** the array as the only argument. If it returns non-zero, then the operation
+** should be retried. If it returns zero, the custom VFS should abandon the
+** current operation.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME]]
+** ^Application can invoke the [SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME] file-control
+** to have SQLite generate a
+** temporary filename using the same algorithm that is followed to generate
+** temporary filenames for TEMP tables and other internal uses.  The
+** argument should be a char** which will be filled with the filename
+** written into memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc()].  The caller should
+** invoke [sqlite3_free()] on the result to avoid a memory leak.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE] file control is used to query or set the
+** maximum number of bytes that will be used for memory-mapped I/O.
+** The argument is a pointer to a value of type sqlite3_int64 that
+** is an advisory maximum number of bytes in the file to memory map.  The
+** pointer is overwritten with the old value.  The limit is not changed if
+** the value originally pointed to is negative, and so the current limit 
+** can be queried by passing in a pointer to a negative number.  This
+** file-control is used internally to implement [PRAGMA mmap_size].
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE] file control provides advisory information
+** to the VFS about what the higher layers of the SQLite stack are doing.
+** This file control is used by some VFS activity tracing [shims].
+** The argument is a zero-terminated string.  Higher layers in the
+** SQLite stack may generate instances of this file control if
+** the [SQLITE_USE_FCNTL_TRACE] compile-time option is enabled.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED] file control interprets its argument as a
+** pointer to an integer and it writes a boolean into that integer depending
+** on whether or not the file has been renamed, moved, or deleted since it
+** was first opened.
+**
+** <li>[[SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE]]
+** The [SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE] opcode is used for debugging.  This
+** opcode causes the xFileControl method to swap the file handle with the one
+** pointed to by the pArg argument.  This capability is used during testing
+** and only needs to be supported when SQLITE_TEST is defined.
+**
 ** </ul>
 */
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_LOCKSTATE               1
@@ -850,6 +961,14 @@
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_VFSNAME                12
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_POWERSAFE_OVERWRITE    13
 #define SQLITE_FCNTL_PRAGMA                 14
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_BUSYHANDLER            15
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_TEMPFILENAME           16
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE              18
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_TRACE                  19
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_HAS_MOVED              20
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_SYNC                   21
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_COMMIT_PHASETWO        22
+#define SQLITE_FCNTL_WIN32_SET_HANDLE       23
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Mutex Handle
@@ -1294,7 +1413,7 @@
 ** or [sqlite3_realloc()] first calls xRoundup.  If xRoundup returns 0, 
 ** that causes the corresponding memory allocation to fail.
 **
-** The xInit method initializes the memory allocator.  (For example,
+** The xInit method initializes the memory allocator.  For example,
 ** it might allocate any require mutexes or initialize internal data
 ** structures.  The xShutdown method is invoked (indirectly) by
 ** [sqlite3_shutdown()] and should deallocate any resources acquired
@@ -1516,7 +1635,9 @@
 ** page cache implementation into that object.)^ </dd>
 **
 ** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG</dt>
-** <dd> ^The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option takes two arguments: a pointer to a
+** <dd> The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option is used to configure the SQLite
+** global [error log].
+** (^The SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG option takes two arguments: a pointer to a
 ** function with a call signature of void(*)(void*,int,const char*), 
 ** and a pointer to void. ^If the function pointer is not NULL, it is
 ** invoked by [sqlite3_log()] to process each logging event.  ^If the
@@ -1534,22 +1655,73 @@
 ** function must be threadsafe. </dd>
 **
 ** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_URI]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_URI
-** <dd> This option takes a single argument of type int. If non-zero, then
+** <dd>^(This option takes a single argument of type int. If non-zero, then
 ** URI handling is globally enabled. If the parameter is zero, then URI handling
-** is globally disabled. If URI handling is globally enabled, all filenames
+** is globally disabled.)^ ^If URI handling is globally enabled, all filenames
 ** passed to [sqlite3_open()], [sqlite3_open_v2()], [sqlite3_open16()] or
 ** specified as part of [ATTACH] commands are interpreted as URIs, regardless
 ** of whether or not the [SQLITE_OPEN_URI] flag is set when the database
-** connection is opened. If it is globally disabled, filenames are
+** connection is opened. ^If it is globally disabled, filenames are
 ** only interpreted as URIs if the SQLITE_OPEN_URI flag is set when the
-** database connection is opened. By default, URI handling is globally
+** database connection is opened. ^(By default, URI handling is globally
 ** disabled. The default value may be changed by compiling with the
-** [SQLITE_USE_URI] symbol defined.
+** [SQLITE_USE_URI] symbol defined.)^
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN]] <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN
+** <dd>^This option takes a single integer argument which is interpreted as
+** a boolean in order to enable or disable the use of covering indices for
+** full table scans in the query optimizer.  ^The default setting is determined
+** by the [SQLITE_ALLOW_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN] compile-time option, or is "on"
+** if that compile-time option is omitted.
+** The ability to disable the use of covering indices for full table scans
+** is because some incorrectly coded legacy applications might malfunction
+** when the optimization is enabled.  Providing the ability to
+** disable the optimization allows the older, buggy application code to work
+** without change even with newer versions of SQLite.
 **
 ** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE]] [[SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE]]
-** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE and SQLITE_CONFNIG_GETPCACHE
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE and SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE
 ** <dd> These options are obsolete and should not be used by new code.
 ** They are retained for backwards compatibility but are now no-ops.
+** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG]]
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG
+** <dd>This option is only available if sqlite is compiled with the
+** [SQLITE_ENABLE_SQLLOG] pre-processor macro defined. The first argument should
+** be a pointer to a function of type void(*)(void*,sqlite3*,const char*, int).
+** The second should be of type (void*). The callback is invoked by the library
+** in three separate circumstances, identified by the value passed as the
+** fourth parameter. If the fourth parameter is 0, then the database connection
+** passed as the second argument has just been opened. The third argument
+** points to a buffer containing the name of the main database file. If the
+** fourth parameter is 1, then the SQL statement that the third parameter
+** points to has just been executed. Or, if the fourth parameter is 2, then
+** the connection being passed as the second parameter is being closed. The
+** third parameter is passed NULL In this case.  An example of using this
+** configuration option can be seen in the "test_sqllog.c" source file in
+** the canonical SQLite source tree.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE]]
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE
+** <dd>^SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE takes two 64-bit integer (sqlite3_int64) values
+** that are the default mmap size limit (the default setting for
+** [PRAGMA mmap_size]) and the maximum allowed mmap size limit.
+** ^The default setting can be overridden by each database connection using
+** either the [PRAGMA mmap_size] command, or by using the
+** [SQLITE_FCNTL_MMAP_SIZE] file control.  ^(The maximum allowed mmap size
+** cannot be changed at run-time.  Nor may the maximum allowed mmap size
+** exceed the compile-time maximum mmap size set by the
+** [SQLITE_MAX_MMAP_SIZE] compile-time option.)^
+** ^If either argument to this option is negative, then that argument is
+** changed to its compile-time default.
+**
+** [[SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE]]
+** <dt>SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE
+** <dd>^This option is only available if SQLite is compiled for Windows
+** with the [SQLITE_WIN32_MALLOC] pre-processor macro defined.
+** SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE takes a 32-bit unsigned integer value
+** that specifies the maximum size of the created heap.
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_SINGLETHREAD  1  /* nil */
@@ -1571,6 +1743,10 @@
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_URI          17  /* int */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_PCACHE2      18  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods2* */
 #define SQLITE_CONFIG_GETPCACHE2   19  /* sqlite3_pcache_methods2* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_COVERING_INDEX_SCAN 20  /* int */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_SQLLOG       21  /* xSqllog, void* */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_MMAP_SIZE    22  /* sqlite3_int64, sqlite3_int64 */
+#define SQLITE_CONFIG_WIN32_HEAPSIZE      23  /* int nByte */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Database Connection Configuration Options
@@ -1647,19 +1823,21 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Last Insert Rowid
 **
-** ^Each entry in an SQLite table has a unique 64-bit signed
+** ^Each entry in most SQLite tables (except for [WITHOUT ROWID] tables)
+** has a unique 64-bit signed
 ** integer key called the [ROWID | "rowid"]. ^The rowid is always available
 ** as an undeclared column named ROWID, OID, or _ROWID_ as long as those
 ** names are not also used by explicitly declared columns. ^If
 ** the table has a column of type [INTEGER PRIMARY KEY] then that column
 ** is another alias for the rowid.
 **
-** ^This routine returns the [rowid] of the most recent
-** successful [INSERT] into the database from the [database connection]
-** in the first argument.  ^As of SQLite version 3.7.7, this routines
-** records the last insert rowid of both ordinary tables and [virtual tables].
-** ^If no successful [INSERT]s
-** have ever occurred on that database connection, zero is returned.
+** ^The sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(D) interface returns the [rowid] of the 
+** most recent successful [INSERT] into a rowid table or [virtual table]
+** on database connection D.
+** ^Inserts into [WITHOUT ROWID] tables are not recorded.
+** ^If no successful [INSERT]s into rowid tables
+** have ever occurred on the database connection D, 
+** then sqlite3_last_insert_rowid(D) returns zero.
 **
 ** ^(If an [INSERT] occurs within a trigger or within a [virtual table]
 ** method, then this routine will return the [rowid] of the inserted
@@ -1851,27 +2029,33 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Register A Callback To Handle SQLITE_BUSY Errors
 **
-** ^This routine sets a callback function that might be invoked whenever
-** an attempt is made to open a database table that another thread
-** or process has locked.
+** ^The sqlite3_busy_handler(D,X,P) routine sets a callback function X
+** that might be invoked with argument P whenever
+** an attempt is made to access a database table associated with
+** [database connection] D when another thread
+** or process has the table locked.
+** The sqlite3_busy_handler() interface is used to implement
+** [sqlite3_busy_timeout()] and [PRAGMA busy_timeout].
 **
-** ^If the busy callback is NULL, then [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED]
+** ^If the busy callback is NULL, then [SQLITE_BUSY]
 ** is returned immediately upon encountering the lock.  ^If the busy callback
 ** is not NULL, then the callback might be invoked with two arguments.
 **
 ** ^The first argument to the busy handler is a copy of the void* pointer which
 ** is the third argument to sqlite3_busy_handler().  ^The second argument to
 ** the busy handler callback is the number of times that the busy handler has
-** been invoked for this locking event.  ^If the
+** been invoked for the same locking event.  ^If the
 ** busy callback returns 0, then no additional attempts are made to
-** access the database and [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED] is returned.
+** access the database and [SQLITE_BUSY] is returned
+** to the application.
 ** ^If the callback returns non-zero, then another attempt
-** is made to open the database for reading and the cycle repeats.
+** is made to access the database and the cycle repeats.
 **
 ** The presence of a busy handler does not guarantee that it will be invoked
 ** when there is lock contention. ^If SQLite determines that invoking the busy
 ** handler could result in a deadlock, it will go ahead and return [SQLITE_BUSY]
-** or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED] instead of invoking the busy handler.
+** to the application instead of invoking the 
+** busy handler.
 ** Consider a scenario where one process is holding a read lock that
 ** it is trying to promote to a reserved lock and
 ** a second process is holding a reserved lock that it is trying
@@ -1885,28 +2069,15 @@
 **
 ** ^The default busy callback is NULL.
 **
-** ^The [SQLITE_BUSY] error is converted to [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED]
-** when SQLite is in the middle of a large transaction where all the
-** changes will not fit into the in-memory cache.  SQLite will
-** already hold a RESERVED lock on the database file, but it needs
-** to promote this lock to EXCLUSIVE so that it can spill cache
-** pages into the database file without harm to concurrent
-** readers.  ^If it is unable to promote the lock, then the in-memory
-** cache will be left in an inconsistent state and so the error
-** code is promoted from the relatively benign [SQLITE_BUSY] to
-** the more severe [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED].  ^This error code promotion
-** forces an automatic rollback of the changes.  See the
-** <a href="/cvstrac/wiki?p=CorruptionFollowingBusyError">
-** CorruptionFollowingBusyError</a> wiki page for a discussion of why
-** this is important.
-**
 ** ^(There can only be a single busy handler defined for each
 ** [database connection].  Setting a new busy handler clears any
 ** previously set handler.)^  ^Note that calling [sqlite3_busy_timeout()]
-** will also set or clear the busy handler.
+** or evaluating [PRAGMA busy_timeout=N] will change the
+** busy handler and thus clear any previously set busy handler.
 **
 ** The busy callback should not take any actions which modify the
-** database connection that invoked the busy handler.  Any such actions
+** database connection that invoked the busy handler.  In other words,
+** the busy handler is not reentrant.  Any such actions
 ** result in undefined behavior.
 ** 
 ** A busy handler must not close the database connection
@@ -1922,7 +2093,7 @@
 ** will sleep multiple times until at least "ms" milliseconds of sleeping
 ** have accumulated.  ^After at least "ms" milliseconds of sleeping,
 ** the handler returns 0 which causes [sqlite3_step()] to return
-** [SQLITE_BUSY] or [SQLITE_IOERR_BLOCKED].
+** [SQLITE_BUSY].
 **
 ** ^Calling this routine with an argument less than or equal to zero
 ** turns off all busy handlers.
@@ -1931,6 +2102,8 @@
 ** [database connection] any any given moment.  If another busy handler
 ** was defined  (using [sqlite3_busy_handler()]) prior to calling
 ** this routine, that other busy handler is cleared.)^
+**
+** See also:  [PRAGMA busy_timeout]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_busy_timeout(sqlite3*, int ms);
 
@@ -2168,12 +2341,12 @@
 ** implementation of these routines to be omitted.  That capability
 ** is no longer provided.  Only built-in memory allocators can be used.
 **
-** The Windows OS interface layer calls
+** Prior to SQLite version 3.7.10, the Windows OS interface layer called
 ** the system malloc() and free() directly when converting
 ** filenames between the UTF-8 encoding used by SQLite
 ** and whatever filename encoding is used by the particular Windows
-** installation.  Memory allocation errors are detected, but
-** they are reported back as [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] or
+** installation.  Memory allocation errors were detected, but
+** they were reported back as [SQLITE_CANTOPEN] or
 ** [SQLITE_IOERR] rather than [SQLITE_NOMEM].
 **
 ** The pointer arguments to [sqlite3_free()] and [sqlite3_realloc()]
@@ -2225,11 +2398,13 @@
 ** applications to access the same PRNG for other purposes.
 **
 ** ^A call to this routine stores N bytes of randomness into buffer P.
+** ^If N is less than one, then P can be a NULL pointer.
 **
-** ^The first time this routine is invoked (either internally or by
-** the application) the PRNG is seeded using randomness obtained
-** from the xRandomness method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.
-** ^On all subsequent invocations, the pseudo-randomness is generated
+** ^If this routine has not been previously called or if the previous
+** call had N less than one, then the PRNG is seeded using randomness
+** obtained from the xRandomness method of the default [sqlite3_vfs] object.
+** ^If the previous call to this routine had an N of 1 or more then
+** the pseudo-randomness is generated
 ** internally and without recourse to the [sqlite3_vfs] xRandomness
 ** method.
 */
@@ -2330,8 +2505,8 @@
 ** [sqlite3_set_authorizer | authorizer documentation] for additional
 ** information.
 **
-** Note that SQLITE_IGNORE is also used as a [SQLITE_ROLLBACK | return code]
-** from the [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] interface.
+** Note that SQLITE_IGNORE is also used as a [conflict resolution mode]
+** returned from the [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] interface.
 */
 #define SQLITE_DENY   1   /* Abort the SQL statement with an error */
 #define SQLITE_IGNORE 2   /* Don't allow access, but don't generate an error */
@@ -2389,6 +2564,7 @@
 #define SQLITE_FUNCTION             31   /* NULL            Function Name   */
 #define SQLITE_SAVEPOINT            32   /* Operation       Savepoint Name  */
 #define SQLITE_COPY                  0   /* No longer used */
+#define SQLITE_RECURSIVE            33   /* NULL            NULL            */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Tracing And Profiling Functions
@@ -2404,6 +2580,9 @@
 ** as each triggered subprogram is entered.  The callbacks for triggers
 ** contain a UTF-8 SQL comment that identifies the trigger.)^
 **
+** The [SQLITE_TRACE_SIZE_LIMIT] compile-time option can be used to limit
+** the length of [bound parameter] expansion in the output of sqlite3_trace().
+**
 ** ^The callback function registered by sqlite3_profile() is invoked
 ** as each SQL statement finishes.  ^The profile callback contains
 ** the original statement text and an estimate of wall-clock time
@@ -2429,9 +2608,10 @@
 ** interface is to keep a GUI updated during a large query.
 **
 ** ^The parameter P is passed through as the only parameter to the 
-** callback function X.  ^The parameter N is the number of 
+** callback function X.  ^The parameter N is the approximate number of 
 ** [virtual machine instructions] that are evaluated between successive
-** invocations of the callback X.
+** invocations of the callback X.  ^If N is less than one then the progress
+** handler is disabled.
 **
 ** ^Only a single progress handler may be defined at one time per
 ** [database connection]; setting a new progress handler cancels the
@@ -2574,18 +2754,20 @@
 **     present, then the VFS specified by the option takes precedence over
 **     the value passed as the fourth parameter to sqlite3_open_v2().
 **
-**   <li> <b>mode</b>: ^(The mode parameter may be set to either "ro", "rw" or
-**     "rwc". Attempting to set it to any other value is an error)^. 
+**   <li> <b>mode</b>: ^(The mode parameter may be set to either "ro", "rw",
+**     "rwc", or "memory". Attempting to set it to any other value is
+**     an error)^. 
 **     ^If "ro" is specified, then the database is opened for read-only 
 **     access, just as if the [SQLITE_OPEN_READONLY] flag had been set in the 
-**     third argument to sqlite3_prepare_v2(). ^If the mode option is set to 
+**     third argument to sqlite3_open_v2(). ^If the mode option is set to 
 **     "rw", then the database is opened for read-write (but not create) 
 **     access, as if SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE (but not SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE) had 
 **     been set. ^Value "rwc" is equivalent to setting both 
-**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE. ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is 
-**     used, it is an error to specify a value for the mode parameter that is 
-**     less restrictive than that specified by the flags passed as the third 
-**     parameter.
+**     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE and SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE.  ^If the mode option is
+**     set to "memory" then a pure [in-memory database] that never reads
+**     or writes from disk is used. ^It is an error to specify a value for
+**     the mode parameter that is less restrictive than that specified by
+**     the flags passed in the third parameter to sqlite3_open_v2().
 **
 **   <li> <b>cache</b>: ^The cache parameter may be set to either "shared" or
 **     "private". ^Setting it to "shared" is equivalent to setting the
@@ -2593,8 +2775,32 @@
 **     sqlite3_open_v2(). ^Setting the cache parameter to "private" is 
 **     equivalent to setting the SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE bit.
 **     ^If sqlite3_open_v2() is used and the "cache" parameter is present in
-**     a URI filename, its value overrides any behaviour requested by setting
+**     a URI filename, its value overrides any behavior requested by setting
 **     SQLITE_OPEN_PRIVATECACHE or SQLITE_OPEN_SHAREDCACHE flag.
+**
+**  <li> <b>psow</b>: ^The psow parameter may be "true" (or "on" or "yes" or
+**     "1") or "false" (or "off" or "no" or "0") to indicate that the
+**     [powersafe overwrite] property does or does not apply to the
+**     storage media on which the database file resides.  ^The psow query
+**     parameter only works for the built-in unix and Windows VFSes.
+**
+**  <li> <b>nolock</b>: ^The nolock parameter is a boolean query parameter
+**     which if set disables file locking in rollback journal modes.  This
+**     is useful for accessing a database on a filesystem that does not
+**     support locking.  Caution:  Database corruption might result if two
+**     or more processes write to the same database and any one of those
+**     processes uses nolock=1.
+**
+**  <li> <b>immutable</b>: ^The immutable parameter is a boolean query
+**     parameter that indicates that the database file is stored on
+**     read-only media.  ^When immutable is set, SQLite assumes that the
+**     database file cannot be changed, even by a process with higher
+**     privilege, and so the database is opened read-only and all locking
+**     and change detection is disabled.  Caution: Setting the immutable
+**     property on a database file that does in fact change can result
+**     in incorrect query results and/or [SQLITE_CORRUPT] errors.
+**     See also: [SQLITE_IOCAP_IMMUTABLE].
+**       
 ** </ul>
 **
 ** ^Specifying an unknown parameter in the query component of a URI is not an
@@ -2624,8 +2830,9 @@
 **          Open file "data.db" in the current directory for read-only access.
 **          Regardless of whether or not shared-cache mode is enabled by
 **          default, use a private cache.
-** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db?vfs=unix-nolock <td>
-**          Open file "/home/fred/data.db". Use the special VFS "unix-nolock".
+** <tr><td> file:/home/fred/data.db?vfs=unix-dotfile <td>
+**          Open file "/home/fred/data.db". Use the special VFS "unix-dotfile"
+**          that uses dot-files in place of posix advisory locking.
 ** <tr><td> file:data.db?mode=readonly <td> 
 **          An error. "readonly" is not a valid option for the "mode" parameter.
 ** </table>
@@ -2644,6 +2851,12 @@
 ** codepage is currently defined.  Filenames containing international
 ** characters must be converted to UTF-8 prior to passing them into
 ** sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2().
+**
+** <b>Note to Windows Runtime users:</b>  The temporary directory must be set
+** prior to calling sqlite3_open() or sqlite3_open_v2().  Otherwise, various
+** features that require the use of temporary files may fail.
+**
+** See also: [sqlite3_temp_directory]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_open(
   const char *filename,   /* Database filename (UTF-8) */
@@ -2723,6 +2936,11 @@
 ** However, the error string might be overwritten or deallocated by
 ** subsequent calls to other SQLite interface functions.)^
 **
+** ^The sqlite3_errstr() interface returns the English-language text
+** that describes the [result code], as UTF-8.
+** ^(Memory to hold the error message string is managed internally
+** and must not be freed by the application)^.
+**
 ** When the serialized [threading mode] is in use, it might be the
 ** case that a second error occurs on a separate thread in between
 ** the time of the first error and the call to these interfaces.
@@ -2741,6 +2959,7 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_extended_errcode(sqlite3 *db);
 SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errmsg(sqlite3*);
 SQLITE_API const void *sqlite3_errmsg16(sqlite3*);
+SQLITE_API const char *sqlite3_errstr(int);
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: SQL Statement Object
@@ -2928,7 +3147,8 @@
 ** <li>
 ** ^If the database schema changes, instead of returning [SQLITE_SCHEMA] as it
 ** always used to do, [sqlite3_step()] will automatically recompile the SQL
-** statement and try to run it again.
+** statement and try to run it again. As many as [SQLITE_MAX_SCHEMA_RETRY]
+** retries will occur before sqlite3_step() gives up and returns an error.
 ** </li>
 **
 ** <li>
@@ -2950,7 +3170,6 @@
 ** choice of query plan if the parameter is the left-hand side of a [LIKE]
 ** or [GLOB] operator or if the parameter is compared to an indexed column
 ** and the [SQLITE_ENABLE_STAT3] compile-time option is enabled.
-** the 
 ** </li>
 ** </ol>
 */
@@ -3132,12 +3351,18 @@
 ** parameter [SQLITE_LIMIT_VARIABLE_NUMBER] (default value: 999).
 **
 ** ^The third argument is the value to bind to the parameter.
+** ^If the third parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
+** or sqlite3_bind_blob() is a NULL pointer then the fourth parameter
+** is ignored and the end result is the same as sqlite3_bind_null().
 **
 ** ^(In those routines that have a fourth argument, its value is the
 ** number of bytes in the parameter.  To be clear: the value is the
 ** number of <u>bytes</u> in the value, not the number of characters.)^
-** ^If the fourth parameter is negative, the length of the string is
+** ^If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_text() or sqlite3_bind_text16()
+** is negative, then the length of the string is
 ** the number of bytes up to the first zero terminator.
+** If the fourth parameter to sqlite3_bind_blob() is negative, then
+** the behavior is undefined.
 ** If a non-negative fourth parameter is provided to sqlite3_bind_text()
 ** or sqlite3_bind_text16() then that parameter must be the byte offset
 ** where the NUL terminator would occur assuming the string were NUL
@@ -3606,19 +3831,19 @@
 **
 ** <tr><td>  NULL    <td> INTEGER   <td> Result is 0
 ** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Result is 0.0
-** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   TEXT    <td> Result is NULL pointer
-** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   BLOB    <td> Result is NULL pointer
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   TEXT    <td> Result is a NULL pointer
+** <tr><td>  NULL    <td>   BLOB    <td> Result is a NULL pointer
 ** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>  FLOAT    <td> Convert from integer to float
 ** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>   TEXT    <td> ASCII rendering of the integer
 ** <tr><td> INTEGER  <td>   BLOB    <td> Same as INTEGER->TEXT
-** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td> INTEGER   <td> Convert from float to integer
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td> INTEGER   <td> [CAST] to INTEGER
 ** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   TEXT    <td> ASCII rendering of the float
-** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   BLOB    <td> Same as FLOAT->TEXT
-** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td> INTEGER   <td> Use atoi()
-** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Use atof()
+** <tr><td>  FLOAT   <td>   BLOB    <td> [CAST] to BLOB
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td> INTEGER   <td> [CAST] to INTEGER
+** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>  FLOAT    <td> [CAST] to REAL
 ** <tr><td>  TEXT    <td>   BLOB    <td> No change
-** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td> INTEGER   <td> Convert to TEXT then use atoi()
-** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>  FLOAT    <td> Convert to TEXT then use atof()
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td> INTEGER   <td> [CAST] to INTEGER
+** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>  FLOAT    <td> [CAST] to REAL
 ** <tr><td>  BLOB    <td>   TEXT    <td> Add a zero terminator if needed
 ** </table>
 ** </blockquote>)^
@@ -3674,7 +3899,7 @@
 ** described above, or until [sqlite3_step()] or [sqlite3_reset()] or
 ** [sqlite3_finalize()] is called.  ^The memory space used to hold strings
 ** and BLOBs is freed automatically.  Do <b>not</b> pass the pointers returned
-** [sqlite3_column_blob()], [sqlite3_column_text()], etc. into
+** from [sqlite3_column_blob()], [sqlite3_column_text()], etc. into
 ** [sqlite3_free()].
 **
 ** ^(If a memory allocation error occurs during the evaluation of any
@@ -3783,15 +4008,24 @@
 **
 ** ^The fourth parameter, eTextRep, specifies what
 ** [SQLITE_UTF8 | text encoding] this SQL function prefers for
-** its parameters.  Every SQL function implementation must be able to work
-** with UTF-8, UTF-16le, or UTF-16be.  But some implementations may be
-** more efficient with one encoding than another.  ^An application may
-** invoke sqlite3_create_function() or sqlite3_create_function16() multiple
-** times with the same function but with different values of eTextRep.
+** its parameters.  The application should set this parameter to
+** [SQLITE_UTF16LE] if the function implementation invokes 
+** [sqlite3_value_text16le()] on an input, or [SQLITE_UTF16BE] if the
+** implementation invokes [sqlite3_value_text16be()] on an input, or
+** [SQLITE_UTF16] if [sqlite3_value_text16()] is used, or [SQLITE_UTF8]
+** otherwise.  ^The same SQL function may be registered multiple times using
+** different preferred text encodings, with different implementations for
+** each encoding.
 ** ^When multiple implementations of the same function are available, SQLite
 ** will pick the one that involves the least amount of data conversion.
-** If there is only a single implementation which does not care what text
-** encoding is used, then the fourth argument should be [SQLITE_ANY].
+**
+** ^The fourth parameter may optionally be ORed with [SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC]
+** to signal that the function will always return the same result given
+** the same inputs within a single SQL statement.  Most SQL functions are
+** deterministic.  The built-in [random()] SQL function is an example of a
+** function that is not deterministic.  The SQLite query planner is able to
+** perform additional optimizations on deterministic functions, so use
+** of the [SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC] flag is recommended where possible.
 **
 ** ^(The fifth parameter is an arbitrary pointer.  The implementation of the
 ** function can gain access to this pointer using [sqlite3_user_data()].)^
@@ -3877,10 +4111,20 @@
 #define SQLITE_UTF16LE        2
 #define SQLITE_UTF16BE        3
 #define SQLITE_UTF16          4    /* Use native byte order */
-#define SQLITE_ANY            5    /* sqlite3_create_function only */
+#define SQLITE_ANY            5    /* Deprecated */
 #define SQLITE_UTF16_ALIGNED  8    /* sqlite3_create_collation only */
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: Function Flags
+**
+** These constants may be ORed together with the 
+** [SQLITE_UTF8 | preferred text encoding] as the fourth argument
+** to [sqlite3_create_function()], [sqlite3_create_function16()], or
+** [sqlite3_create_function_v2()].
+*/
+#define SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC    0x800
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Deprecated Functions
 ** DEPRECATED
 **
@@ -3896,7 +4140,8 @@
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_transfer_bindings(sqlite3_stmt*, sqlite3_stmt*);
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_global_recover(void);
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED void sqlite3_thread_cleanup(void);
-SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void(*)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int),void*,sqlite3_int64);
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_DEPRECATED int sqlite3_memory_alarm(void(*)(void*,sqlite3_int64,int),
+                      void*,sqlite3_int64);
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -3976,14 +4221,17 @@
 ** In those cases, sqlite3_aggregate_context() might be called for the
 ** first time from within xFinal().)^
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer if N is
-** less than or equal to zero or if a memory allocate error occurs.
+** ^The sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) routine returns a NULL pointer 
+** when first called if N is less than or equal to zero or if a memory
+** allocate error occurs.
 **
 ** ^(The amount of space allocated by sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) is
 ** determined by the N parameter on first successful call.  Changing the
 ** value of N in subsequent call to sqlite3_aggregate_context() within
 ** the same aggregate function instance will not resize the memory
-** allocation.)^
+** allocation.)^  Within the xFinal callback, it is customary to set
+** N=0 in calls to sqlite3_aggregate_context(C,N) so that no 
+** pointless memory allocations occur.
 **
 ** ^SQLite automatically frees the memory allocated by 
 ** sqlite3_aggregate_context() when the aggregate query concludes.
@@ -4026,41 +4274,49 @@
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Function Auxiliary Data
 **
-** The following two functions may be used by scalar SQL functions to
+** These functions may be used by (non-aggregate) SQL functions to
 ** associate metadata with argument values. If the same value is passed to
 ** multiple invocations of the same SQL function during query execution, under
-** some circumstances the associated metadata may be preserved. This may
-** be used, for example, to add a regular-expression matching scalar
-** function. The compiled version of the regular expression is stored as
-** metadata associated with the SQL value passed as the regular expression
-** pattern.  The compiled regular expression can be reused on multiple
-** invocations of the same function so that the original pattern string
-** does not need to be recompiled on each invocation.
+** some circumstances the associated metadata may be preserved.  An example
+** of where this might be useful is in a regular-expression matching
+** function. The compiled version of the regular expression can be stored as
+** metadata associated with the pattern string.  
+** Then as long as the pattern string remains the same,
+** the compiled regular expression can be reused on multiple
+** invocations of the same function.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_get_auxdata() interface returns a pointer to the metadata
 ** associated by the sqlite3_set_auxdata() function with the Nth argument
-** value to the application-defined function. ^If no metadata has been ever
-** been set for the Nth argument of the function, or if the corresponding
-** function parameter has changed since the meta-data was set,
-** then sqlite3_get_auxdata() returns a NULL pointer.
+** value to the application-defined function. ^If there is no metadata
+** associated with the function argument, this sqlite3_get_auxdata() interface
+** returns a NULL pointer.
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_set_auxdata() interface saves the metadata
-** pointed to by its 3rd parameter as the metadata for the N-th
-** argument of the application-defined function.  Subsequent
-** calls to sqlite3_get_auxdata() might return this data, if it has
-** not been destroyed.
-** ^If it is not NULL, SQLite will invoke the destructor
-** function given by the 4th parameter to sqlite3_set_auxdata() on
-** the metadata when the corresponding function parameter changes
-** or when the SQL statement completes, whichever comes first.
+** ^The sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) interface saves P as metadata for the N-th
+** argument of the application-defined function.  ^Subsequent
+** calls to sqlite3_get_auxdata(C,N) return P from the most recent
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) call if the metadata is still valid or
+** NULL if the metadata has been discarded.
+** ^After each call to sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) where X is not NULL,
+** SQLite will invoke the destructor function X with parameter P exactly
+** once, when the metadata is discarded.
+** SQLite is free to discard the metadata at any time, including: <ul>
+** <li> when the corresponding function parameter changes, or
+** <li> when [sqlite3_reset()] or [sqlite3_finalize()] is called for the
+**      SQL statement, or
+** <li> when sqlite3_set_auxdata() is invoked again on the same parameter, or
+** <li> during the original sqlite3_set_auxdata() call when a memory 
+**      allocation error occurs. </ul>)^
 **
-** SQLite is free to call the destructor and drop metadata on any
-** parameter of any function at any time.  ^The only guarantee is that
-** the destructor will be called before the metadata is dropped.
+** Note the last bullet in particular.  The destructor X in 
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata(C,N,P,X) might be called immediately, before the
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata() interface even returns.  Hence sqlite3_set_auxdata()
+** should be called near the end of the function implementation and the
+** function implementation should not make any use of P after
+** sqlite3_set_auxdata() has been called.
 **
 ** ^(In practice, metadata is preserved between function calls for
-** expressions that are constant at compile time. This includes literal
-** values and [parameters].)^
+** function parameters that are compile-time constants, including literal
+** values and [parameters] and expressions composed from the same.)^
 **
 ** These routines must be called from the same thread in which
 ** the SQL function is running.
@@ -4081,7 +4337,7 @@
 ** the content before returning.
 **
 ** The typedef is necessary to work around problems in certain
-** C++ compilers.  See ticket #2191.
+** C++ compilers.
 */
 typedef void (*sqlite3_destructor_type)(void*);
 #define SQLITE_STATIC      ((sqlite3_destructor_type)0)
@@ -4134,11 +4390,11 @@
 ** the error code is SQLITE_ERROR.  ^A subsequent call to sqlite3_result_error()
 ** or sqlite3_result_error16() resets the error code to SQLITE_ERROR.
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_result_toobig() interface causes SQLite to throw an error
-** indicating that a string or BLOB is too long to represent.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error_toobig() interface causes SQLite to throw an
+** error indicating that a string or BLOB is too long to represent.
 **
-** ^The sqlite3_result_nomem() interface causes SQLite to throw an error
-** indicating that a memory allocation failed.
+** ^The sqlite3_result_error_nomem() interface causes SQLite to throw an
+** error indicating that a memory allocation failed.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_result_int() interface sets the return value
 ** of the application-defined function to be the 32-bit signed integer
@@ -4365,6 +4621,11 @@
   sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
   const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
 );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_key_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const char *zDbName,           /* Name of the database */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The key */
+);
 
 /*
 ** Change the key on an open database.  If the current database is not
@@ -4378,6 +4639,11 @@
   sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
   const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
 );
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rekey_v2(
+  sqlite3 *db,                   /* Database to be rekeyed */
+  const char *zDbName,           /* Name of the database */
+  const void *pKey, int nKey     /* The new key */
+);
 
 /*
 ** Specify the activation key for a SEE database.  Unless 
@@ -4427,6 +4693,13 @@
 ** is a NULL pointer, then SQLite performs a search for an appropriate
 ** temporary file directory.
 **
+** Applications are strongly discouraged from using this global variable.
+** It is required to set a temporary folder on Windows Runtime (WinRT).
+** But for all other platforms, it is highly recommended that applications
+** neither read nor write this variable.  This global variable is a relic
+** that exists for backwards compatibility of legacy applications and should
+** be avoided in new projects.
+**
 ** It is not safe to read or modify this variable in more than one
 ** thread at a time.  It is not safe to read or modify this variable
 ** if a [database connection] is being used at the same time in a separate
@@ -4445,10 +4718,67 @@
 ** Hence, if this variable is modified directly, either it should be
 ** made NULL or made to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc]
 ** or else the use of the [temp_store_directory pragma] should be avoided.
+** Except when requested by the [temp_store_directory pragma], SQLite
+** does not free the memory that sqlite3_temp_directory points to.  If
+** the application wants that memory to be freed, it must do
+** so itself, taking care to only do so after all [database connection]
+** objects have been destroyed.
+**
+** <b>Note to Windows Runtime users:</b>  The temporary directory must be set
+** prior to calling [sqlite3_open] or [sqlite3_open_v2].  Otherwise, various
+** features that require the use of temporary files may fail.  Here is an
+** example of how to do this using C++ with the Windows Runtime:
+**
+** <blockquote><pre>
+** LPCWSTR zPath = Windows::Storage::ApplicationData::Current->
+** &nbsp;     TemporaryFolder->Path->Data();
+** char zPathBuf&#91;MAX_PATH + 1&#93;;
+** memset(zPathBuf, 0, sizeof(zPathBuf));
+** WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, zPath, -1, zPathBuf, sizeof(zPathBuf),
+** &nbsp;     NULL, NULL);
+** sqlite3_temp_directory = sqlite3_mprintf("%s", zPathBuf);
+** </pre></blockquote>
 */
 SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXTERN char *sqlite3_temp_directory;
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: Name Of The Folder Holding Database Files
+**
+** ^(If this global variable is made to point to a string which is
+** the name of a folder (a.k.a. directory), then all database files
+** specified with a relative pathname and created or accessed by
+** SQLite when using a built-in windows [sqlite3_vfs | VFS] will be assumed
+** to be relative to that directory.)^ ^If this variable is a NULL
+** pointer, then SQLite assumes that all database files specified
+** with a relative pathname are relative to the current directory
+** for the process.  Only the windows VFS makes use of this global
+** variable; it is ignored by the unix VFS.
+**
+** Changing the value of this variable while a database connection is
+** open can result in a corrupt database.
+**
+** It is not safe to read or modify this variable in more than one
+** thread at a time.  It is not safe to read or modify this variable
+** if a [database connection] is being used at the same time in a separate
+** thread.
+** It is intended that this variable be set once
+** as part of process initialization and before any SQLite interface
+** routines have been called and that this variable remain unchanged
+** thereafter.
+**
+** ^The [data_store_directory pragma] may modify this variable and cause
+** it to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc].  ^Furthermore,
+** the [data_store_directory pragma] always assumes that any string
+** that this variable points to is held in memory obtained from 
+** [sqlite3_malloc] and the pragma may attempt to free that memory
+** using [sqlite3_free].
+** Hence, if this variable is modified directly, either it should be
+** made NULL or made to point to memory obtained from [sqlite3_malloc]
+** or else the use of the [data_store_directory pragma] should be avoided.
+*/
+SQLITE_API SQLITE_EXTERN char *sqlite3_data_directory;
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Test For Auto-Commit Mode
 ** KEYWORDS: {autocommit mode}
 **
@@ -4577,12 +4907,13 @@
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_update_hook() interface registers a callback function
 ** with the [database connection] identified by the first argument
-** to be invoked whenever a row is updated, inserted or deleted.
+** to be invoked whenever a row is updated, inserted or deleted in
+** a rowid table.
 ** ^Any callback set by a previous call to this function
 ** for the same database connection is overridden.
 **
 ** ^The second argument is a pointer to the function to invoke when a
-** row is updated, inserted or deleted.
+** row is updated, inserted or deleted in a rowid table.
 ** ^The first argument to the callback is a copy of the third argument
 ** to sqlite3_update_hook().
 ** ^The second callback argument is one of [SQLITE_INSERT], [SQLITE_DELETE],
@@ -4595,6 +4926,7 @@
 **
 ** ^(The update hook is not invoked when internal system tables are
 ** modified (i.e. sqlite_master and sqlite_sequence).)^
+** ^The update hook is not invoked when [WITHOUT ROWID] tables are modified.
 **
 ** ^In the current implementation, the update hook
 ** is not invoked when duplication rows are deleted because of an
@@ -4626,7 +4958,6 @@
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Shared Pager Cache
-** KEYWORDS: {shared cache}
 **
 ** ^(This routine enables or disables the sharing of the database cache
 ** and schema data structures between [database connection | connections]
@@ -4649,6 +4980,9 @@
 ** future releases of SQLite.  Applications that care about shared
 ** cache setting should set it explicitly.
 **
+** This interface is threadsafe on processors where writing a
+** 32-bit integer is atomic.
+**
 ** See Also:  [SQLite Shared-Cache Mode]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_enable_shared_cache(int);
@@ -4674,8 +5008,8 @@
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_db_release_memory(D) interface attempts to free as much heap
 ** memory as possible from database connection D. Unlike the
-** [sqlite3_release_memory()] interface, this interface is effect even
-** when then [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT] compile-time option is
+** [sqlite3_release_memory()] interface, this interface is in effect even
+** when the [SQLITE_ENABLE_MEMORY_MANAGEMENT] compile-time option is
 ** omitted.
 **
 ** See also: [sqlite3_release_memory()]
@@ -4826,11 +5160,20 @@
 ** ^This interface loads an SQLite extension library from the named file.
 **
 ** ^The sqlite3_load_extension() interface attempts to load an
-** SQLite extension library contained in the file zFile.
+** [SQLite extension] library contained in the file zFile.  If
+** the file cannot be loaded directly, attempts are made to load
+** with various operating-system specific extensions added.
+** So for example, if "samplelib" cannot be loaded, then names like
+** "samplelib.so" or "samplelib.dylib" or "samplelib.dll" might
+** be tried also.
 **
 ** ^The entry point is zProc.
-** ^zProc may be 0, in which case the name of the entry point
-** defaults to "sqlite3_extension_init".
+** ^(zProc may be 0, in which case SQLite will try to come up with an
+** entry point name on its own.  It first tries "sqlite3_extension_init".
+** If that does not work, it constructs a name "sqlite3_X_init" where the
+** X is consists of the lower-case equivalent of all ASCII alphabetic
+** characters in the filename from the last "/" to the first following
+** "." and omitting any initial "lib".)^
 ** ^The sqlite3_load_extension() interface returns
 ** [SQLITE_OK] on success and [SQLITE_ERROR] if something goes wrong.
 ** ^If an error occurs and pzErrMsg is not 0, then the
@@ -4856,11 +5199,11 @@
 ** CAPI3REF: Enable Or Disable Extension Loading
 **
 ** ^So as not to open security holes in older applications that are
-** unprepared to deal with extension loading, and as a means of disabling
-** extension loading while evaluating user-entered SQL, the following API
+** unprepared to deal with [extension loading], and as a means of disabling
+** [extension loading] while evaluating user-entered SQL, the following API
 ** is provided to turn the [sqlite3_load_extension()] mechanism on and off.
 **
-** ^Extension loading is off by default. See ticket #1863.
+** ^Extension loading is off by default.
 ** ^Call the sqlite3_enable_load_extension() routine with onoff==1
 ** to turn extension loading on and call it with onoff==0 to turn
 ** it back off again.
@@ -4872,7 +5215,7 @@
 **
 ** ^This interface causes the xEntryPoint() function to be invoked for
 ** each new [database connection] that is created.  The idea here is that
-** xEntryPoint() is the entry point for a statically linked SQLite extension
+** xEntryPoint() is the entry point for a statically linked [SQLite extension]
 ** that is to be automatically loaded into all new database connections.
 **
 ** ^(Even though the function prototype shows that xEntryPoint() takes
@@ -4900,11 +5243,24 @@
 ** on the list of automatic extensions is a harmless no-op. ^No entry point
 ** will be called more than once for each database connection that is opened.
 **
-** See also: [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()].
+** See also: [sqlite3_reset_auto_extension()]
+** and [sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension()]
 */
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint)(void));
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: Cancel Automatic Extension Loading
+**
+** ^The [sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(X)] interface unregisters the
+** initialization routine X that was registered using a prior call to
+** [sqlite3_auto_extension(X)].  ^The [sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(X)]
+** routine returns 1 if initialization routine X was successfully 
+** unregistered and it returns 0 if X was not on the list of initialization
+** routines.
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_cancel_auto_extension(void (*xEntryPoint)(void));
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Reset Automatic Extension Loading
 **
 ** ^This interface disables all automatic extensions previously
@@ -5028,10 +5384,22 @@
 ** the correct order to satisfy the ORDER BY clause so that no separate
 ** sorting step is required.
 **
-** ^The estimatedCost value is an estimate of the cost of doing the
-** particular lookup.  A full scan of a table with N entries should have
-** a cost of N.  A binary search of a table of N entries should have a
-** cost of approximately log(N).
+** ^The estimatedCost value is an estimate of the cost of a particular
+** strategy. A cost of N indicates that the cost of the strategy is similar
+** to a linear scan of an SQLite table with N rows. A cost of log(N) 
+** indicates that the expense of the operation is similar to that of a
+** binary search on a unique indexed field of an SQLite table with N rows.
+**
+** ^The estimatedRows value is an estimate of the number of rows that
+** will be returned by the strategy.
+**
+** IMPORTANT: The estimatedRows field was added to the sqlite3_index_info
+** structure for SQLite version 3.8.2. If a virtual table extension is
+** used with an SQLite version earlier than 3.8.2, the results of attempting 
+** to read or write the estimatedRows field are undefined (but are likely 
+** to included crashing the application). The estimatedRows field should
+** therefore only be used if [sqlite3_libversion_number()] returns a
+** value greater than or equal to 3008002.
 */
 struct sqlite3_index_info {
   /* Inputs */
@@ -5056,7 +5424,9 @@
   char *idxStr;              /* String, possibly obtained from sqlite3_malloc */
   int needToFreeIdxStr;      /* Free idxStr using sqlite3_free() if true */
   int orderByConsumed;       /* True if output is already ordered */
-  double estimatedCost;      /* Estimated cost of using this index */
+  double estimatedCost;           /* Estimated cost of using this index */
+  /* Fields below are only available in SQLite 3.8.2 and later */
+  sqlite3_int64 estimatedRows;    /* Estimated number of rows returned */
 };
 
 /*
@@ -5260,6 +5630,9 @@
 ** interface.  Use the [UPDATE] SQL command to change the size of a
 ** blob.
 **
+** ^The [sqlite3_blob_open()] interface will fail for a [WITHOUT ROWID]
+** table.  Incremental BLOB I/O is not possible on [WITHOUT ROWID] tables.
+**
 ** ^The [sqlite3_bind_zeroblob()] and [sqlite3_result_zeroblob()] interfaces
 ** and the built-in [zeroblob] SQL function can be used, if desired,
 ** to create an empty, zero-filled blob in which to read or write using
@@ -5454,7 +5827,6 @@
 ** implementations are available in the SQLite core:
 **
 ** <ul>
-** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2
 ** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS
 ** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_W32
 ** <li>   SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP
@@ -5462,9 +5834,9 @@
 **
 ** ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_NOOP implementation is a set of routines
 ** that does no real locking and is appropriate for use in
-** a single-threaded application.  ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_OS2,
-** SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS, and SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 implementations
-** are appropriate for use on OS/2, Unix, and Windows.
+** a single-threaded application.  ^The SQLITE_MUTEX_PTHREADS and
+** SQLITE_MUTEX_W32 implementations are appropriate for use on Unix
+** and Windows.
 **
 ** ^(If SQLite is compiled with the SQLITE_MUTEX_APPDEF preprocessor
 ** macro defined (with "-DSQLITE_MUTEX_APPDEF=1"), then no mutex
@@ -5485,10 +5857,12 @@
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MASTER
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_MEM2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_OPEN
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PRNG
 ** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU
-** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP1
+** <li>  SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP2
 ** </ul>)^
 **
 ** ^The first two constants (SQLITE_MUTEX_FAST and SQLITE_MUTEX_RECURSIVE)
@@ -5692,6 +6066,9 @@
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU       6  /* lru page list */
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_LRU2      7  /* NOT USED */
 #define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_PMEM      7  /* sqlite3PageMalloc() */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP1      8  /* For use by application */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP2      9  /* For use by application */
+#define SQLITE_MUTEX_STATIC_APP3     10  /* For use by application */
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Retrieve the mutex for a database connection
@@ -5784,7 +6161,11 @@
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_SCRATCHMALLOC           17
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LOCALTIME_FAULT         18
 #define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_EXPLAIN_STMT            19
-#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    19
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_NEVER_CORRUPT           20
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_VDBE_COVERAGE           21
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_BYTEORDER               22
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_ISINIT                  23
+#define SQLITE_TESTCTRL_LAST                    23
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: SQLite Runtime Status
@@ -6006,6 +6387,23 @@
 ** occurred.)^ ^The highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS 
 ** is always 0.
 ** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns the number of dirty cache entries that have
+** been written to disk. Specifically, the number of pages written to the
+** wal file in wal mode databases, or the number of pages written to the
+** database file in rollback mode databases. Any pages written as part of
+** transaction rollback or database recovery operations are not included.
+** If an IO or other error occurs while writing a page to disk, the effect
+** on subsequent SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE requests is undefined.)^ ^The
+** highwater mark associated with SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE is always 0.
+** </dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS]] ^(<dt>SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS</dt>
+** <dd>This parameter returns zero for the current value if and only if
+** all foreign key constraints (deferred or immediate) have been
+** resolved.)^  ^The highwater mark is always 0.
+** </dd>
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_USED       0
@@ -6017,7 +6415,9 @@
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_LOOKASIDE_MISS_FULL  6
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_HIT            7
 #define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_MISS           8
-#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                  8   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_CACHE_WRITE          9
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_DEFERRED_FKS        10
+#define SQLITE_DBSTATUS_MAX                 10   /* Largest defined DBSTATUS */
 
 
 /*
@@ -6071,11 +6471,21 @@
 ** A non-zero value in this counter may indicate an opportunity to
 ** improvement performance by adding permanent indices that do not
 ** need to be reinitialized each time the statement is run.</dd>
+**
+** [[SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP]] <dt>SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP</dt>
+** <dd>^This is the number of virtual machine operations executed
+** by the prepared statement if that number is less than or equal
+** to 2147483647.  The number of virtual machine operations can be 
+** used as a proxy for the total work done by the prepared statement.
+** If the number of virtual machine operations exceeds 2147483647
+** then the value returned by this statement status code is undefined.
+** </dd>
 ** </dl>
 */
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_FULLSCAN_STEP     1
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_SORT              2
 #define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_AUTOINDEX         3
+#define SQLITE_STMTSTATUS_VM_STEP           4
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Custom Page Cache Object
@@ -6212,7 +6622,7 @@
 ** parameter to help it determined what action to take:
 **
 ** <table border=1 width=85% align=center>
-** <tr><th> createFlag <th> Behaviour when page is not already in cache
+** <tr><th> createFlag <th> Behavior when page is not already in cache
 ** <tr><td> 0 <td> Do not allocate a new page.  Return NULL.
 ** <tr><td> 1 <td> Allocate a new page if it easy and convenient to do so.
 **                 Otherwise return NULL.
@@ -6642,9 +7052,24 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strnicmp(const char *, const char *, int);
 
 /*
+** CAPI3REF: String Globbing
+*
+** ^The [sqlite3_strglob(P,X)] interface returns zero if string X matches
+** the glob pattern P, and it returns non-zero if string X does not match
+** the glob pattern P.  ^The definition of glob pattern matching used in
+** [sqlite3_strglob(P,X)] is the same as for the "X GLOB P" operator in the
+** SQL dialect used by SQLite.  ^The sqlite3_strglob(P,X) function is case
+** sensitive.
+**
+** Note that this routine returns zero on a match and non-zero if the strings
+** do not match, the same as [sqlite3_stricmp()] and [sqlite3_strnicmp()].
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_strglob(const char *zGlob, const char *zStr);
+
+/*
 ** CAPI3REF: Error Logging Interface
 **
-** ^The [sqlite3_log()] interface writes a message into the error log
+** ^The [sqlite3_log()] interface writes a message into the [error log]
 ** established by the [SQLITE_CONFIG_LOG] option to [sqlite3_config()].
 ** ^If logging is enabled, the zFormat string and subsequent arguments are
 ** used with [sqlite3_snprintf()] to generate the final output string.
@@ -6724,6 +7149,9 @@
 ** ^The [wal_autocheckpoint pragma] can be used to invoke this interface
 ** from SQL.
 **
+** ^Checkpoints initiated by this mechanism are
+** [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2|PASSIVE].
+**
 ** ^Every new [database connection] defaults to having the auto-checkpoint
 ** enabled with a threshold of 1000 or [SQLITE_DEFAULT_WAL_AUTOCHECKPOINT]
 ** pages.  The use of this interface
@@ -6740,6 +7168,10 @@
 ** empty string, then a checkpoint is run on all databases of
 ** connection D.  ^If the database connection D is not in
 ** [WAL | write-ahead log mode] then this interface is a harmless no-op.
+** ^The [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(D,X)] interface initiates a
+** [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2|PASSIVE] checkpoint.
+** Use the [sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2()] interface to get a FULL
+** or RESET checkpoint.
 **
 ** ^The [wal_checkpoint pragma] can be used to invoke this interface
 ** from SQL.  ^The [sqlite3_wal_autocheckpoint()] interface and the
@@ -6762,10 +7194,12 @@
 **   Checkpoint as many frames as possible without waiting for any database 
 **   readers or writers to finish. Sync the db file if all frames in the log
 **   are checkpointed. This mode is the same as calling 
-**   sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(). The busy-handler callback is never invoked.
+**   sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(). The [sqlite3_busy_handler|busy-handler callback]
+**   is never invoked.
 **
 ** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL<dd>
-**   This mode blocks (calls the busy-handler callback) until there is no
+**   This mode blocks (it invokes the
+**   [sqlite3_busy_handler|busy-handler callback]) until there is no
 **   database writer and all readers are reading from the most recent database
 **   snapshot. It then checkpoints all frames in the log file and syncs the
 **   database file. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
@@ -6773,7 +7207,8 @@
 **
 ** <dt>SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_RESTART<dd>
 **   This mode works the same way as SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_FULL, except after 
-**   checkpointing the log file it blocks (calls the busy-handler callback)
+**   checkpointing the log file it blocks (calls the 
+**   [sqlite3_busy_handler|busy-handler callback])
 **   until all readers are reading from the database file only. This ensures 
 **   that the next client to write to the database file restarts the log file 
 **   from the beginning. This call blocks database writers while it is running,
@@ -6911,6 +7346,7 @@
 
 /*
 ** CAPI3REF: Conflict resolution modes
+** KEYWORDS: {conflict resolution mode}
 **
 ** These constants are returned by [sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict()] to
 ** inform a [virtual table] implementation what the [ON CONFLICT] mode
@@ -6939,7 +7375,7 @@
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }  /* End of the 'extern "C"' block */
 #endif
-#endif
+#endif /* _SQLITE3_H_ */
 
 /*
 ** 2010 August 30
@@ -6963,6 +7399,16 @@
 #endif
 
 typedef struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry sqlite3_rtree_geometry;
+typedef struct sqlite3_rtree_query_info sqlite3_rtree_query_info;
+
+/* The double-precision datatype used by RTree depends on the
+** SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY compile-time option.
+*/
+#ifdef SQLITE_RTREE_INT_ONLY
+  typedef sqlite3_int64 sqlite3_rtree_dbl;
+#else
+  typedef double sqlite3_rtree_dbl;
+#endif
 
 /*
 ** Register a geometry callback named zGeom that can be used as part of an
@@ -6973,7 +7419,7 @@
 SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_geometry_callback(
   sqlite3 *db,
   const char *zGeom,
-  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry *, int nCoord, double *aCoord, int *pRes),
+  int (*xGeom)(sqlite3_rtree_geometry*, int, sqlite3_rtree_dbl*,int*),
   void *pContext
 );
 
@@ -6985,11 +7431,60 @@
 struct sqlite3_rtree_geometry {
   void *pContext;                 /* Copy of pContext passed to s_r_g_c() */
   int nParam;                     /* Size of array aParam[] */
-  double *aParam;                 /* Parameters passed to SQL geom function */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *aParam;      /* Parameters passed to SQL geom function */
   void *pUser;                    /* Callback implementation user data */
   void (*xDelUser)(void *);       /* Called by SQLite to clean up pUser */
 };
 
+/*
+** Register a 2nd-generation geometry callback named zScore that can be 
+** used as part of an R-Tree geometry query as follows:
+**
+**   SELECT ... FROM <rtree> WHERE <rtree col> MATCH $zQueryFunc(... params ...)
+*/
+SQLITE_API int sqlite3_rtree_query_callback(
+  sqlite3 *db,
+  const char *zQueryFunc,
+  int (*xQueryFunc)(sqlite3_rtree_query_info*),
+  void *pContext,
+  void (*xDestructor)(void*)
+);
+
+
+/*
+** A pointer to a structure of the following type is passed as the 
+** argument to scored geometry callback registered using
+** sqlite3_rtree_query_callback().
+**
+** Note that the first 5 fields of this structure are identical to
+** sqlite3_rtree_geometry.  This structure is a subclass of
+** sqlite3_rtree_geometry.
+*/
+struct sqlite3_rtree_query_info {
+  void *pContext;                   /* pContext from when function registered */
+  int nParam;                       /* Number of function parameters */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *aParam;        /* value of function parameters */
+  void *pUser;                      /* callback can use this, if desired */
+  void (*xDelUser)(void*);          /* function to free pUser */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl *aCoord;        /* Coordinates of node or entry to check */
+  unsigned int *anQueue;            /* Number of pending entries in the queue */
+  int nCoord;                       /* Number of coordinates */
+  int iLevel;                       /* Level of current node or entry */
+  int mxLevel;                      /* The largest iLevel value in the tree */
+  sqlite3_int64 iRowid;             /* Rowid for current entry */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl rParentScore;   /* Score of parent node */
+  int eParentWithin;                /* Visibility of parent node */
+  int eWithin;                      /* OUT: Visiblity */
+  sqlite3_rtree_dbl rScore;         /* OUT: Write the score here */
+};
+
+/*
+** Allowed values for sqlite3_rtree_query.eWithin and .eParentWithin.
+*/
+#define NOT_WITHIN       0   /* Object completely outside of query region */
+#define PARTLY_WITHIN    1   /* Object partially overlaps query region */
+#define FULLY_WITHIN     2   /* Object fully contained within query region */
+
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }  /* end of the 'extern "C"' block */
diff --git a/dist/sqlite3ext.h b/dist/sqlite3ext.h
index 5abcde2..ecf93f6 100644
--- a/dist/sqlite3ext.h
+++ b/dist/sqlite3ext.h
@@ -236,6 +236,20 @@
   int (*blob_reopen)(sqlite3_blob*,sqlite3_int64);
   int (*vtab_config)(sqlite3*,int op,...);
   int (*vtab_on_conflict)(sqlite3*);
+  /* Version 3.7.16 and later */
+  int (*close_v2)(sqlite3*);
+  const char *(*db_filename)(sqlite3*,const char*);
+  int (*db_readonly)(sqlite3*,const char*);
+  int (*db_release_memory)(sqlite3*);
+  const char *(*errstr)(int);
+  int (*stmt_busy)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int (*stmt_readonly)(sqlite3_stmt*);
+  int (*stricmp)(const char*,const char*);
+  int (*uri_boolean)(const char*,const char*,int);
+  sqlite3_int64 (*uri_int64)(const char*,const char*,sqlite3_int64);
+  const char *(*uri_parameter)(const char*,const char*);
+  char *(*vsnprintf)(int,char*,const char*,va_list);
+  int (*wal_checkpoint_v2)(sqlite3*,const char*,int,int*,int*);
 };
 
 /*
@@ -439,9 +453,35 @@
 #define sqlite3_blob_reopen            sqlite3_api->blob_reopen
 #define sqlite3_vtab_config            sqlite3_api->vtab_config
 #define sqlite3_vtab_on_conflict       sqlite3_api->vtab_on_conflict
+/* Version 3.7.16 and later */
+#define sqlite3_close_v2               sqlite3_api->close_v2
+#define sqlite3_db_filename            sqlite3_api->db_filename
+#define sqlite3_db_readonly            sqlite3_api->db_readonly
+#define sqlite3_db_release_memory      sqlite3_api->db_release_memory
+#define sqlite3_errstr                 sqlite3_api->errstr
+#define sqlite3_stmt_busy              sqlite3_api->stmt_busy
+#define sqlite3_stmt_readonly          sqlite3_api->stmt_readonly
+#define sqlite3_stricmp                sqlite3_api->stricmp
+#define sqlite3_uri_boolean            sqlite3_api->uri_boolean
+#define sqlite3_uri_int64              sqlite3_api->uri_int64
+#define sqlite3_uri_parameter          sqlite3_api->uri_parameter
+#define sqlite3_uri_vsnprintf          sqlite3_api->vsnprintf
+#define sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2      sqlite3_api->wal_checkpoint_v2
 #endif /* SQLITE_CORE */
 
-#define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api = 0;
-#define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api = v;
+#ifndef SQLITE_CORE
+  /* This case when the file really is being compiled as a loadable 
+  ** extension */
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api=0;
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  sqlite3_api=v;
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT3     \
+    extern const sqlite3_api_routines *sqlite3_api;
+#else
+  /* This case when the file is being statically linked into the 
+  ** application */
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT1     /*no-op*/
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT2(v)  (void)v; /* unused parameter */
+# define SQLITE_EXTENSION_INIT3     /*no-op*/
+#endif
 
 #endif /* _SQLITE3EXT_H_ */
diff --git a/dist/version b/dist/version
index d602ee3..6fadefa 100644
--- a/dist/version
+++ b/dist/version
@@ -1 +1 @@
-downloaded from http://www.sqlite.org/sqlite-amalgamation-3071100.zip
+downloaded from http://www.sqlite.org/2014/sqlite-amalgamation-3080600.zip