#!/usr/bin/env python3
from __future__ import annotations

import argparse
import collections
import contextlib
import copy
import csv
import dataclasses
import functools
import importlib
import itertools
import logging
import os
import pathlib
import random
import shutil
import signal
import subprocess
import sys
import time
import weakref
from contextlib import contextmanager

from typing import (
    Any,
    Callable,
    Generator,
    List,
    Mapping,
    NamedTuple,
    Optional,
    Tuple,
    Type,
    TYPE_CHECKING,
)
from unittest.mock import MagicMock

from typing_extensions import Self

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from torch.onnx._internal.fx import diagnostics

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import psutil
import torch
import torch._dynamo
import torch._dynamo.utils
import torch._export
import torch.distributed
import torch.fx._pytree as fx_pytree
import torch.multiprocessing as mp
from scipy.stats import gmean, ttest_ind
from torch._dynamo.profiler import fx_insert_profiling, Profiler
from torch._dynamo.testing import dummy_fx_compile, format_speedup, same
from torch._dynamo.utils import clone_inputs, graph_break_reasons
from torch._functorch.aot_autograd import set_model_name
from torch._inductor import config as inductor_config
from torch._inductor.utils import aot_inductor_launcher, fresh_inductor_cache
from torch._subclasses.fake_tensor import FakeTensorMode

from torch.utils import _pytree as pytree
from torch.utils._pytree import tree_map, tree_map_only

from tqdm.auto import tqdm, trange

try:
    from .microbenchmarks.operator_inp_utils import OperatorInputsMode
except ImportError:
    from microbenchmarks.operator_inp_utils import OperatorInputsMode

try:
    import torch_xla
    import torch_xla.core.xla_model as xm

    # This is to woraround the backward issue https://github.com/pytorch/xla/issues/4174
    torch_xla._XLAC._init_computation_client()
except ImportError:
    # ignore the error if torch_xla is not installed
    pass

log = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# We are primarily interested in TF32
torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = True

# Suppress torch.profiler spam
os.environ["KINETO_LOG_LEVEL"] = "5"

current_name = ""
current_device = ""
current_onnx_compiler = ""
current_batch_size = None
output_filename = None

MAX_DOWNLOAD_ATTEMPTS = 5


class CI(NamedTuple):
    backend: str  # aot_eager or inductor
    training: bool
    dynamic: bool = False
    device: str = "cuda"


CI_SKIP = collections.defaultdict(list)


# Skips for dynamic=False

# Here eager really means dynamo+eager
CI_SKIP[CI("eager", training=False)] = [
    # TorchBench
    "DALLE2_pytorch",  # AttributeError: text_encodings
    "hf_BigBird",  # fail_accuracy
    # TypeError: pad_center() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given
    "tacotron2",
    # Huggingface
    "DebertaV2ForQuestionAnswering",  # OOM
]

CI_SKIP[CI("eager", training=True)] = [
    *CI_SKIP[CI("eager", training=False)],
    # TorchBench
    "BERT_pytorch",  # accuracy
    "Background_Matting",  # fp64_OOM
    "hf_BigBird",  # fp64_OOM
    "hf_T5_base",  # fp64_OOM
    "llama",  # Accuracy failed: allclose not within tol=0.001
    "vision_maskrcnn",  # The size of tensor a (29) must match the size of tensor b (33) (doesn't repro)
    # Huggingface
    "XGLMForCausalLM",  # OOM
    # TIMM
    "cait_m36_384",  # fp64_OOM
    "convit_base",  # fp64_OOM
    "mobilenetv2_100",  # accuracy
    "xcit_large_24_p8_224",  # fp64_OOM,
]

CI_SKIP[CI("aot_eager", training=False)] = [
    *CI_SKIP[CI("eager", training=False)],
    # all dynamic shapes errors for detectron variants
    "demucs",  # OOM
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_101_c4",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_101_dc5",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_101_fpn",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_50_c4",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_50_dc5",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_50_fpn",
    "detectron2_fcos_r_50_fpn",
    "detectron2_maskrcnn_r_101_c4",
    "detectron2_maskrcnn_r_101_fpn",
    "detectron2_maskrcnn_r_50_c4",
    "detectron2_maskrcnn_r_50_fpn",
    "hf_BigBird",  # OOM
    "tacotron2",  # AssertionError: Deduped args out of bounds
    # Huggingface
    "BartForConditionalGeneration",  # OOM
    "DebertaV2ForQuestionAnswering",  # OOM
    # Torchbench
    "speech_transformer",  # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/99893
    "pyhpc_isoneutral_mixing",  # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/99893
    "pyhpc_turbulent_kinetic_energy",  # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/99893
]

CI_SKIP[CI("aot_eager", training=True)] = [
    *CI_SKIP[CI("aot_eager", training=False)],
    # TorchBench
    "Background_Matting",  # fp64_OOM
    "hf_T5_base",  # fp64_OOM
    "mobilenet_v2_quantized_qat",  # fp64_OOM
    "resnet50_quantized_qat",  # fp64_OOM
    "pytorch_struct",
    # Huggingface
    "MBartForConditionalGeneration",  # OOM
    "M2M100ForConditionalGeneration",  # OOM
    "XGLMForCausalLM",  # OOM
    # TIMM
    "cait_m36_384",  # fp64_OOM
    "convit_base",  # fp64_OOM
    "fbnetv3_b",  # Accuracy (blocks.2.2.bn1.weight.grad)
    "levit_128",  # Accuracy (patch_embed.0.c.weight.grad)
    "lcnet_050",  # Accuracy (blocks.1.0.bn2.weight.grad)
    "sebotnet33ts_256",  # Accuracy (stem.conv1.conv.weight.grad)
    "xcit_large_24_p8_224",  # fp64_OOM,
]

CI_SKIP[CI("inductor", training=False)] = [
    # TorchBench
    "DALLE2_pytorch",  # AttributeError: text_encodings
    "demucs",  # OOM
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_101_c4",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_101_dc5",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_101_fpn",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_50_c4",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_50_dc5",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_50_fpn",
    "detectron2_fcos_r_50_fpn",
    "detectron2_maskrcnn_r_101_c4",
    "detectron2_maskrcnn_r_101_fpn",
    "detectron2_maskrcnn_r_50_c4",
    "detectron2_maskrcnn_r_50_fpn",
    # TorchBench
    "detectron2",
    "densenet121",  # flaky accuracy
    "hf_T5",  # accuracy
    "hf_BigBird",  # accuracy
    "hf_GPT2_large",  # OOM
    "maml",  # accuracy
    "mobilenet_v2_quantized_qat",  # The eval test only supports CPU
    "pytorch_struct",  # Test eval is not implemented
    "pyhpc_equation_of_state",  # Accuracy
    "pyhpc_turbulent_kinetic_energy",  # Accuracy
    "tacotron2",
]

CI_SKIP[CI("inductor", training=False, device="cpu")] = [
    # TorchBench
    "drq",  # Need to update torchbench
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_101_c4",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_101_dc5",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_101_fpn",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_50_c4",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_50_dc5",
    "detectron2_fasterrcnn_r_50_fpn",
    "detectron2_fcos_r_50_fpn",
    "detectron2_maskrcnn_r_101_c4",
    "detectron2_maskrcnn_r_101_fpn",
    "detectron2_maskrcnn_r_50_c4",
    "detectron2_maskrcnn_r_50_fpn",
    "doctr_det_predictor",  # requires newer gcc
    "doctr_reco_predictor",  # requires newer gcc
    "gat",  # does not work with fp32
    "gcn",  # does not work with fp32
    "hf_Bert_large",  # OOM
    "hf_GPT2_large",  # Intermittent failure on CI
    "hf_T5_base",  # OOM
    "mobilenet_v2_quantized_qat",
    "pyhpc_turbulent_kinetic_energy",
    "resnet50_quantized_qat",  # Eager model failed to run(Quantize only works on Float Tensor, got Double)
    "sage",  # does not work with fp32
    # Huggingface
    "GPT2ForSequenceClassification",  # Accuracy https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/109019
    "MBartForConditionalGeneration",  # Accuracy https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/94793
    "PLBartForConditionalGeneration",  # Accuracy https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/94794
    # TIMM
    "cait_m36_384",  # Accuracy
    "pnasnet5large",  # OOM
    "xcit_large_24_p8_224",  # OOM https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/95984
    "opacus_cifar10",  # Fails to run https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/99201
]

CI_SKIP[CI("inductor", training=True)] = [
    *CI_SKIP[CI("inductor", training=False)],
    # TorchBench
    "Background_Matting",  # fp64_OOM
    "hf_T5_base",  # accuracy
    "mobilenet_v3_large",  # accuracy
    "resnet50_quantized_qat",  # Eager model failed to run
    "AlbertForQuestionAnswering",  # accuracy
    "crossvit_9_240",  # fails to run on timm 0.8.22 with cudagraphs, mempools
    "deit_base_distilled_patch16_224",  # fails to run in timm 0.8.22, cudagraphs
    "mobilevit_s",
    "pit_b_224",
    "twins_pcpvt_base",
    "visformer_small",
    "vit_base_patch16_224",
    "xcit_large_24_p8_224",
]

# Skips for dynamic=True

CI_SKIP[CI("aot_eager", training=False, dynamic=True)] = [
    *CI_SKIP[CI("aot_eager", training=False)],
    "vision_maskrcnn",  # accuracy failure on boxes, after https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/101093
    # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/103760
    "hf_T5_generate",
    "hf_Bert",  # Error: RelaxedUnspecConstraint(L['input_ids'].size()[0]) - inferred constant (4)
]

CI_SKIP[CI("aot_eager", training=True, dynamic=True)] = [
    *CI_SKIP[CI("aot_eager", training=True)],
    *CI_SKIP[CI("aot_eager", training=False, dynamic=True)],
    "llama",  # AssertionError: cannot compute free_symbols of True
    "torchrec_dlrm",  # RuntimeError: mat1 and mat2 must have the same dtype, but got Float and BFloat16
]

CI_SKIP[CI("inductor", training=False, dynamic=True)] = [
    *CI_SKIP[CI("aot_eager", training=False, dynamic=True)],
    *CI_SKIP[CI("inductor", training=False)],
    "nanogpt",  # Assertion `index out of bounds: 0 <= tmp0 < 64` failed.
]

CI_SKIP[CI("inductor", training=True, dynamic=True)] = [
    # NB: Intentionally omitting for symmetry with dynamic=False
    # *CI_SKIP[CI("aot_eager", training=True, dynamic=True)],
    *CI_SKIP[CI("inductor", training=False, dynamic=True)],
    *CI_SKIP[CI("inductor", training=True)],
    "levit_128",  # Accuracy fails on A10G, passes on A100
    "sebotnet33ts_256",  # Flaky accuracy failed
]

CI_SKIP[CI("inductor", training=False, dynamic=True, device="cpu")] = [
    *CI_SKIP[CI("inductor", training=False, device="cpu")],
    "pyhpc_isoneutral_mixing",
    "dpn107",
]

CI_SKIP_OPTIMIZER = {
    # TIMM
    "convmixer_768_32",  # accuracy
    "hrnet_w18",  # Stack issue in fx
    # HF
    "pnasnet5large",  # Stack issue in fx
    "MobileBertForMaskedLM",  # Stack issue in fx
    "MobileBertForQuestionAnswering",  # Stack issue in fx
    "PegasusForConditionalGeneration",  # OOM
}

CI_SKIP_DYNAMIC_BATCH_ONLY = {
    "sam",
    # See https://github.com/mindee/doctr/blob/f2114758d529ed8d3d0030581638f0520b6b98d8/doctr/models/detection/core.py#L89
    # It iterates over the batch, which is dynamic, and dynamo chokes
    # We should be able to graphbreak there.
    "doctr_det_predictor",
    "dlrm",
}

DO_NOT_CAST_INPUTS = {"stable_diffusion"}


def model_specified_by_path(path_and_class_str):
    return ":" in path_and_class_str


def load_model_from_path(path_and_class_str):
    configs = {}
    for kvstr in path_and_class_str.split(","):
        k, v = kvstr.split(":")
        configs[k] = v

    for name in ["path", "class"]:
        if name not in configs:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "Invalid --only arguments. Check help message for the correct format"
            )

    path = configs["path"]
    class_name = configs["class"]

    if path[:1] != "/":
        raise RuntimeError(
            "Use absolute path since dynamo may change the current working directory which makes using relative path tricky"
        )

    spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("module_name", path)
    module = importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec)
    spec.loader.exec_module(module)

    model_class = getattr(module, class_name)
    assert issubclass(model_class, torch.nn.Module)
    model = model_class()
    assert hasattr(model, "get_example_inputs")
    inputs = model.get_example_inputs()
    return model, inputs


def output_csv(filename, headers, row):
    if os.path.exists(filename):
        with open(filename) as fd:
            lines = list(csv.reader(fd)) or [[]]
            if headers and len(headers) > len(lines[0]):
                # if prior results failed the header might not be filled in yet
                lines[0] = headers
            else:
                headers = lines[0]
    else:
        lines = [headers]
    lines.append([(f"{x:.6f}" if isinstance(x, float) else x) for x in row])
    with open(filename, "w") as fd:
        writer = csv.writer(fd, lineterminator="\n")
        for line in lines:
            writer.writerow(list(line) + ["0"] * (len(headers) - len(line)))


def nothing(f):
    return f


@functools.lru_cache(None)
def patch_torch_manual_seed():
    """Make torch manual seed deterministic. Helps with accuracy testing."""

    def deterministic_torch_manual_seed(*args, **kwargs):
        from torch._C import default_generator

        seed = 1337
        import torch.cuda

        if not torch.cuda._is_in_bad_fork():
            torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(seed)
        return default_generator.manual_seed(seed)

    torch.manual_seed = deterministic_torch_manual_seed


def synchronize():
    pass


def summarize_graph_break(filename):
    """
    Sorts and de-dupes the graphs breaks on the reason string. Note that this
    function is just a best effort to reduce the logging information. We could
    miss some graph breaks because of de-duping. We can further refine this
    function as need arises.
    """
    log_file = f"{filename.rstrip('.csv')}_graph_breaks.csv"
    if os.path.exists(log_file):
        df = pd.read_csv(log_file)
        df = df.sort_values("reason").drop_duplicates(subset="reason")

        # Specialize for multi tensor sgd as reason is not identical
        multi_tensor_sgd_row = df.loc[df["reason"].str.contains("_multi_tensor_sgd")]
        if len(multi_tensor_sgd_row):
            df = df[
                ~df["reason"].str.contains("_multi_tensor_sgd")
            ]  # Drop all sgd rows
            df = pd.concat(
                [df, pd.DataFrame([multi_tensor_sgd_row.iloc[0]])], axis=0
            )  # Add back a single row
        df.to_csv(f"{log_file.rstrip('.csv')}_deduped.csv", index=False)


def print_summary(filename, print_dataframe=False):
    if not (filename and os.path.exists(filename)):
        return
    data = pd.read_csv(filename)
    if "tag" in data.columns:
        for tag in data.tag.unique():
            if tag == "0.0000":
                continue  # This happens for failed runs
            print(f"\nSummary for tag={tag}:")
            print_summary_table(data[data.tag == tag], print_dataframe=print_dataframe)
    else:
        print_summary_table(data, print_dataframe=print_dataframe)
    summarize_graph_break(filename)


def print_summary_table(data, print_dataframe=False):
    if print_dataframe:
        pd.options.display.max_rows = 1000
        pd.options.display.max_columns = 1000
        pd.options.display.width = 2000
        print(data)
    width = max(map(len, data.columns))
    for col in data.columns:
        try:
            if col in ("dev", "name", "batch_size", "tag"):
                continue
            elif col in ("pct_ops", "pct_time"):
                print(col.ljust(width), f"{data[col].mean():.3%}")
            elif col in ("graphs", "graph_calls", "captured_ops", "total_ops"):
                print(col.ljust(width), f"{data[col].mean():.3f}")
            elif col in ("compilation_latency"):
                print(col.ljust(width), f"mean={data[col].mean():.3f} seconds")
            elif col in ("compression_ratio"):
                print(col.ljust(width), f"mean={data[col].mean():.3f}x")
            elif col in ("accuracy"):
                pass_rate = (data[col] == "pass").mean()
                print(col.ljust(width), f"pass_rate={100*pass_rate:.2f}%")
            else:
                cdata = data[col]
                print(
                    col.ljust(width),
                    f"gmean={gmean(cdata):.2f}x mean={cdata.mean():.3f}x",
                )
        except Exception as e:
            pass


def tensor_is_on_xla(tensors):
    def visit(x: torch.Tensor):
        nonlocal result
        if x.device.type == "xla":
            result = True

    result = False
    tree_map_only(torch.Tensor, visit, tensors)
    return result


def timed(
    model,
    model_iter_fn,
    example_inputs,
    times=1,
    return_result=False,
    collect_outputs=False,
):
    use_xla = tensor_is_on_xla(example_inputs)
    synchronize()

    if use_xla:
        xm.mark_step()
        xm.wait_device_ops()

    time_total = 0
    # Dont collect outputs to correctly measure timing
    for _ in range(times):
        # Put this call inside the loop to reset the seed for each iteration.
        # Don't include reset_rng_state() to correctly measure timing
        reset_rng_state(use_xla)
        t_iter_begin = time.perf_counter()
        result = model_iter_fn(model, example_inputs, collect_outputs=collect_outputs)

        # instead of calling sync on result_list, we should call mark_step.
        # In training case, result_list may be empty, but we want to
        # send all the pending graphs for compilation.
        if use_xla:
            # For the model running on regular torchxla (baseline), we need the
            # mark step to send the accumulated graph for compilation.
            #
            # For the model running with dynamo/torchxla bridge, in training case,
            # we need the mark step to send the optimizer graph out for
            # compilation.
            xm.mark_step()
        t_iter_end = time.perf_counter()
        time_total += t_iter_end - t_iter_begin

    t_0 = time.perf_counter()
    if use_xla:
        xm.wait_device_ops()
    synchronize()
    t_1 = time.perf_counter()
    time_total += t_1 - t_0
    return (time_total, result) if return_result else time_total


def _normalize_bench_inputs(example_inputs) -> Tuple[Tuple[Any], Mapping[str, Any]]:
    # NOTE(bowbao): For huggingface benchmark, example_inputs are formatted as dictionary,
    # and consumed like `model(**example_inputs)`.
    # For other benchmarks, example_inputs are formatted as tuple and consumed
    # like `model(*example_inputs)`.
    if isinstance(example_inputs, dict):
        return (), example_inputs
    else:
        return tuple(example_inputs), {}


def _register_dataclass_output_as_pytree(example_outputs) -> None:
    # NOTE(angelayi): For huggingface benchmark, some example outputs are
    # formatted as a dataclass which pytree cannot consume. So we want
    # to register the pytree implementation here
    example_outputs_flat, _ = pytree.tree_flatten(example_outputs)
    output_dataclass_types = [
        type(out) for out in example_outputs_flat if dataclasses.is_dataclass(type(out))
    ]
    for output_type in output_dataclass_types:
        from torch._export.utils import register_dataclass_as_pytree_node

        register_dataclass_as_pytree_node(output_type)


class Stats:
    totals = collections.defaultdict(collections.Counter)

    @classmethod
    def reset_counters(cls):
        for k, v in torch._dynamo.utils.counters.items():
            cls.totals[k].update(v)
        ok = torch._dynamo.utils.counters["frames"]["ok"]
        total = torch._dynamo.utils.counters["frames"]["total"]
        torch._dynamo.utils.counters.clear()
        return ok, total

    @classmethod
    def print_summary(cls):
        for k, v in sorted(cls.totals.items()):
            lines = "\n  ".join(map(str, v.most_common(50)))
            print(f"STATS {k}\n  {lines}")

    @classmethod
    def aot_summary(cls):
        return [cls.totals["aot_autograd"]["total"], cls.totals["aot_autograd"]["ok"]]


def coverage_experiment(args, model_iter_fn, model, example_inputs):
    """
    Test operator/model coverage of TorchDynamo and record statistics
    taken from a profiler.  This target is mainly intended to check
    correctness.

    Writes to ./coverage.csv
    """
    profiler = Profiler()
    frozen_model_iter_fn = torch._dynamo.run(model_iter_fn)
    with profiler.prof:
        frozen_model_iter_fn(model, example_inputs)
    coverage_result = profiler.results()
    output_csv(
        output_filename,
        (
            "dev",
            "name",
            "batch_size",
            "graphs",
            "graph_calls",
            "captured_ops",
            "total_ops",
            "pct_ops",
            "pct_time",
        ),
        [
            current_device,
            current_name,
            current_batch_size,
        ]
        + coverage_result.tocsv(),
    )
    return coverage_result


def speedup_experiment_fx2trt(args, model_iter_fn, model, example_inputs):
    """
    Measure speedups over eager using the trt inference backend. TRT backend is based fx graph
    generated by torch._dynamo.
    Writes to ./speedups_fx2trt.csv
    """
    return speedup_experiment(args, model_iter_fn, model, example_inputs)


def recompile_profiler_experiment(args, model_iter_fn, model, example_inputs):
    with torch._dynamo.utils.CompileProfiler() as prof:
        opt_model_iter_fn = torch._dynamo.optimize(prof, nopython=args.nopython)(
            model_iter_fn
        )
        opt_model_iter_fn(model, example_inputs)
        output_csv(
            output_filename, ["model", "profiler report"], [current_name, prof.report()]
        )
        met = prof.get_metrics()
        guard_failures = len(met["guard_failures"])
        return [guard_failures]


def randomize_input(inputs):
    if isinstance(inputs, (list, tuple)):
        return type(inputs)([randomize_input(x) for x in inputs])
    elif isinstance(inputs, torch.Tensor):
        if inputs.dtype in (torch.float32, torch.float64):
            torch._dynamo.utils.counters["randomize_input"]["times"] += 1
            return torch.randn_like(inputs)
        elif inputs.dtype == torch.int64:
            # Note: we can not simply tune integer tensors as follows
            #   `return torch.randint_like(inputs, high=inputs.max().item())`
            # This may break some invariants between tensors.
            # E.g. in embedding lookup case, one tensor is the length
            # and another is an indices tensor.
            return inputs
        else:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"randomize_input need support tensor of type {inputs.dtype}"
            )
    else:
        raise RuntimeError(
            f"randomize_input can not handle input of type {type(inputs)}"
        )


def maybe_mark_step(args):
    if args.trace_on_xla:
        xm.mark_step()


def speedup_experiment(args, model_iter_fn, model, example_inputs, **kwargs):
    """
    Measure speedups over eager.

    Writes to ./speedups.csv
    """
    # if args.dynamic_shapes:
    #     return speedup_experiment_ds(args, model_iter_fn, model, example_inputs)

    timings = np.zeros((args.repeat, 2), np.float64)
    # if we randomize the input, we should also check the result is correct
    should_randomize_input = args.randomize_input

    import contextlib

    from torch._inductor.utils import maybe_profile

    @contextlib.contextmanager
    def maybe_mark_profile(*args, **kwargs):
        prof: torch.profiler.profile = kwargs.pop("p", None)
        mark = kwargs.pop("mark", None)
        if prof:
            with torch.profiler.record_function(mark):
                yield
        else:
            yield

    times = args.iterations_per_run

    # Use higher tolerance for XLA since XLA cause numerical unstability when
    # graph size changes
    tolerance = args.xla_tolerance if args.trace_on_xla else 1e-4
    torch._dynamo.config.repro_tolerance = tolerance

    with maybe_profile(args.export_profiler_trace) as p:
        if args.export_aot_inductor:
            frozen_model_iter_fn = export_aot_inductor(
                model, example_inputs, model_iter_fn
            )
        else:
            frozen_model_iter_fn = torch._dynamo.run(model_iter_fn)

        for rep in trange(args.repeat, desc="running benchmark"):
            inputs = (
                randomize_input(copy.deepcopy(example_inputs))
                if should_randomize_input
                else example_inputs
            )
            # need call mark_step to perform the computation
            # on randomize_input. Otherwise the first call using the
            # inputs will incur high penalty then the next one.
            maybe_mark_step(args)

            # interleave the runs to handle frequency scaling and load changes
            with maybe_mark_profile(p=p, mark="expected"):
                timings[rep, 0], expected_output = timed(
                    model,
                    model_iter_fn,
                    inputs,
                    return_result=True,
                    times=times,
                    collect_outputs=args.collect_outputs,
                )

            # call mark_step between the 2 calls to make the comparison fair.
            maybe_mark_step(args)

            with maybe_mark_profile(p=p, mark="actual"):
                timings[rep, 1], actual_output = timed(
                    model,
                    frozen_model_iter_fn,
                    inputs,
                    return_result=True,
                    times=times,
                    collect_outputs=args.collect_outputs,
                )

    if args.export_profiler_trace:
        name = args.profiler_trace_name + "_" + model.name + ".json"
        name = os.path.join(torch._dynamo.config.base_dir, name)
        p.export_chrome_trace(name)
    median = np.median(timings, axis=0)
    speedup = median[0] / median[1]
    if args.dump_raw_metrics:
        np.save(
            f"{output_filename[:-4]}-raw_timings-{current_name}-{current_device}.npy",
            timings,
        )

    first_headers = ["dev", "name", "batch_size"]
    first_fields = [current_device, current_name, current_batch_size]
    if "tag" in kwargs:
        first_headers.append("tag")
        first_fields.append(kwargs["tag"])
    headers = first_headers + ["speedup", "abs_latency"]
    row = first_fields + [float(speedup), median[1] * 1000]
    msg = f"{speedup:.3f}x"
    if args.baseline:
        headers.extend(
            [
                "baseline",
                "speedup_vs_baseline",
            ]
        )
        df = pd.read_csv(args.baseline)
        try:
            baseline_speedup = df[df["name"] == current_name]["speedup"].item()
            row.extend([baseline_speedup, speedup / baseline_speedup])
            msg = f"{baseline_speedup:.3f}x -> {speedup:.3f}x [{speedup / baseline_speedup:.3f}x]"
        except (KeyError, ZeroDivisionError):
            row.extend(
                [
                    0.0,
                    0.0,
                ]
            )
    if "compilation_latency" in kwargs:
        headers += [
            "compilation_latency",
            "compression_ratio",
            "eager_peak_mem",
            "dynamo_peak_mem",
        ]
        row.append(kwargs["compilation_latency"])
        row.append(kwargs["compression_ratio"])
        row.append(kwargs["eager_peak_mem"])
        row.append(kwargs["dynamo_peak_mem"])
    if "dynamo_stats" in kwargs:
        for k, v in kwargs["dynamo_stats"].items():
            headers.append(k)
            row.append(v)
    output_csv(
        output_filename,
        headers,
        row,
    )
    headers, data = torch._dynamo.utils.compile_times(repr="csv", aggregate=True)
    assert (
        output_filename.find(".csv") > 0
    ), f"expected output_filename to be a .csv, but got {output_filename}"
    output_csv(
        output_filename[:-4] + "_compilation_metrics.csv",
        first_headers + headers,
        first_fields + data,
    )
    return msg


def speedup_experiment_ds(args, model_iter_fn, model, example_inputs):
    """
    Run dynamic shapes benchmarks.

    Requires dynamic shape compatible models, which provide a list of example inputs.

    Warms up using the first input example and then iterates the inputs,
    measuring (and expecting minimal) variance between the runtime for different examples.

    """
    timings = np.zeros((args.repeat, len(example_inputs), 2), np.float64)

    if args.repeat > 5:
        print(
            f"\ndynamic shapes experiments are slow, consider setting --repeat less than {args.repeat}\n"
        )

    nwarmup = 4
    for rep in range(args.repeat):
        # Start each rep fresh, e.g. only warmup on example 0
        torch._dynamo.reset()
        optimized_model_iter_fn = optimize_ctx(model_iter_fn)
        for _ in range(nwarmup):
            optimized_model_iter_fn(model, example_inputs[0])

        for input_idx, inputs in enumerate(example_inputs):
            # interleave the runs to handle frequency scaling and load changes
            timings[rep, input_idx, 0] = timed(
                model, model_iter_fn, inputs, return_result=False
            )
            # different from regular speedup_experiment, we _DO_ want to allow recompilation
            timings[rep, input_idx, 1] = timed(
                model, optimized_model_iter_fn, inputs, return_result=False
            )
    medians = np.median(timings, axis=0)
    speedups = list(medians[:, 0] / medians[:, 1])
    speedups_mean = np.mean(speedups)
    speedups_median = np.median(speedups)
    speedups_var = np.var(speedups)

    # TODO this x[0] is not going to work in general but bert only has 1 input
    shapes = [x[0].shape for x in example_inputs]
    shape_keys = sorted(set(shapes))
    shape_speedups = {
        shape: [
            it[1] for it in filter(lambda it: it[0] == shape, zip(shapes, speedups))
        ]
        for shape in shape_keys
    }
    output_str = (
        f"mean: {speedups_mean:.3f}, median: {speedups_median:.3f}, var: {speedups_var:.3f}"
        + "\nSpeedups by shape: "
        + "\n".join(
            [
                f"{shape}: "
                + ", ".join([f"{speedup: .3g}" for speedup in shape_speedups[shape]])
                for shape in shape_keys
            ]
        )
    )
    output_csv(
        output_filename,
        ("dev", "name", "batch_size", "speedup mean", "speedup median", "speedup var"),
        [
            current_device,
            current_name,
            current_batch_size,
            speedups_mean,
            speedups_median,
            speedups_var,
        ],
    )
    return output_str


def speedup_experiment_onnx(
    onnx_model_cls: Type[OnnxModelFromTorchScript],
    args,
    model_iter_fn,
    model,
    example_inputs,
    **kwargs,
):
    """
    Measure speedups over eager.

    This function is responsible for the following:
        1. Creation of OnnxModel, which handles export, ort initialization.
        2. Creating iobinding with OnnxModel if device is CUDA, which is essential for perf measurement.
        3. Running ORT with OnnxModel.

    Writes to ./{output_filename}, which should be
        `pathlib.Path(self.output_dir) / f"{self.compiler}_{suite}_{self.dtype}_{self.mode}_{self.device}_{self.testing}.csv".

    TODO(bowbao): Record export time and export peak memory usage.
    """
    timings = np.zeros((args.repeat, 2), np.float64)
    is_correct = True
    should_randomize_input = args.randomize_input
    times = args.iterations_per_run

    onnx_model = onnx_model_cls(
        args.output_directory or ".",
        model,
        copy.deepcopy(example_inputs),
        dynamic_shapes=args.dynamic_shapes,
    )

    def create_onnx_input_binded_fn(
        onnx_model: OnnxModelFromTorchScript, pt_inputs, example_outputs
    ):
        # Goal is to move the iobinding creation outside of the timer function.
        iobinding, outputs = onnx_model.create_iobinding(pt_inputs, example_outputs)

        def onnxrt_model_iter_fn(model, inputs, collect_outputs=True):
            if onnx_model.is_cpu():
                # Fallback already happened, run without iobinding since session is on cpu.
                return onnx_model.run(inputs)
            try:
                onnx_model.run_with_iobinding(iobinding, outputs)
            except Exception as e:
                err_msg = str(e)
                oom_msgs = (
                    "out of memory",
                    "CUDNN_STATUS_NOT_INITIALIZED",
                    "CUBLAS_STATUS_ALLOC_FAILED",
                    "CUBLAS",
                    "CUDNN",
                )
                if any(msg in err_msg for msg in oom_msgs):
                    # Fallback to CPU
                    print(f"{err_msg}\nFalling back to CPUProvider`!")
                    return onnx_model.cpu().run(inputs)
                raise
            if collect_outputs:
                return outputs

        return onnxrt_model_iter_fn

    def create_onnx_fn(onnx_model: OnnxModelFromTorchScript, pt_inputs):
        def onnxrt_model_iter_fn(model, inputs, collect_outputs=True):
            return onnx_model.run(pt_inputs)

        return onnxrt_model_iter_fn

    for rep in range(args.repeat):
        inputs = (
            randomize_input(copy.deepcopy(example_inputs))
            if should_randomize_input
            else example_inputs
        )
        timings[rep, 0], expected_output = timed(
            model,
            model_iter_fn,
            inputs,
            return_result=True,
            times=times,
            collect_outputs=args.collect_outputs,
        )

        if current_device == "cpu" or onnx_model.is_cpu():
            onnxrt_model_iter_fn = create_onnx_fn(onnx_model, inputs)
        else:
            onnxrt_model_iter_fn = create_onnx_input_binded_fn(
                onnx_model, inputs, expected_output
            )

        timings[rep, 1], actual_output = timed(
            model,
            onnxrt_model_iter_fn,
            inputs,
            return_result=True,
            times=times,
            collect_outputs=args.collect_outputs,
        )

    pvalue = ttest_ind(timings[:, 0], timings[:, 1]).pvalue
    median = np.median(timings, axis=0)
    speedup = median[0] / median[1]
    if args.dump_raw_metrics:
        np.save(
            f"{output_filename[:-4]}-raw_timings-{current_name}-{current_device}.npy",
            timings,
        )

    headers = ["dev", "name", "batch_size", "speedup", "abs_latency"]
    row = [
        current_device,
        current_name,
        current_batch_size,
        float(speedup),
        median[1] * 1000,
    ]
    if "compilation_latency" in kwargs:
        headers = headers + ["compilation_latency", "compression_ratio"]
        row.append(kwargs["compilation_latency"])
        row.append(kwargs["compression_ratio"])

    output_csv(
        output_filename,
        headers,
        row,
    )
    headers, data = torch._dynamo.utils.compile_times(repr="csv", aggregate=True)
    assert (
        output_filename.find(".csv") > 0
    ), f"expected output_filename to be a .csv, but got {output_filename}"
    output_csv(
        output_filename[:-4] + "_compilation_metrics.csv",
        ["dev", "name", "batch_size"] + headers,
        [current_device, current_name, current_batch_size] + data,
    )
    return format_speedup(speedup, pvalue, is_correct=is_correct)


def overhead_experiment(*args, model_iter_fn):
    """
    Measure overheads of TorchDynamo by running with no backend (only
    eager+FX), and reporting speedup/slowdown over eager.

    Writes to ./overheads.csv
    """
    return speedup_experiment(*args, model_iter_fn)


def print_fx(gm, example_inputs):
    print(gm.graph)
    return gm


def print_aten_ops(gm, example_inputs):
    from functorch.compile import aot_module

    def trace_printer(gm, _):
        print(gm.graph)
        return gm

    return aot_module(gm, fw_compiler=trace_printer, bw_compiler=trace_printer)


def baselines(models, model_iter_fn, example_inputs, args):
    """
    Common measurement code across all baseline experiments.
    """
    models = list(models)
    for idx, (name, model) in enumerate(models):
        if idx == 0:
            result0 = model_iter_fn(model, example_inputs)
        elif model is not None:
            try:
                result = model_iter_fn(model, example_inputs)
                if same(result0, result):
                    continue
                print(name, "is INCORRECT")
            except Exception:
                log.exception("error checking %s", name)
            models[idx] = (name, None)
    timings = np.zeros((args.repeat, len(models)), np.float64)
    timings.fill(1.0e10)
    for rep in range(args.repeat):
        for idx, (name, model) in enumerate(models):
            if model is not None:
                try:
                    timings[rep, idx] = timed(model, model_iter_fn, example_inputs)
                except Exception:
                    pass
    pvalue = [
        ttest_ind(timings[:, 0], timings[:, i]).pvalue
        for i in range(1, timings.shape[1])
    ]
    median = np.median(timings, axis=0)
    speedup = median[0] / median[1:]
    for idx, (name, model) in enumerate(models[1:]):
        if model is None:
            speedup[idx] = 0.0
    result = " ".join(
        [
            format_speedup(s, p, m is not None)
            for s, p, m in zip(speedup, pvalue, [m for n, m in models[1:]])
        ]
    )
    output_csv(
        output_filename,
        ("dev", "name", "batch_size") + tuple(n for n, m in models[1:]),
        [current_device, current_name, current_batch_size]
        + [f"{x:.4f}" for x in speedup],
    )
    return result


def xla(args, model_iter_fn, model, example_inputs):
    xla_dev = xm.xla_device(devkind=current_device)
    model_xla = copy.deepcopy(model).to("cpu").to(device=xla_dev)
    example_inputs_xla = tree_map_only(
        torch.Tensor, lambda x: x.to("cpu").to(device=xla_dev), example_inputs
    )
    for _ in range(3):  # warmup
        timed(model, model_iter_fn, example_inputs)
        timed(model_xla, model_iter_fn, example_inputs_xla)
    timings = np.zeros((args.repeat, 2), np.float64)
    timings.fill(1.0e10)
    for rep in range(args.repeat):
        timings[rep, 0] = timed(model, model_iter_fn, example_inputs)
        timings[rep, 1] = timed(model_xla, model_iter_fn, example_inputs_xla)

    pvalue = ttest_ind(timings[:, 0], timings[:, 1]).pvalue
    time_baseline, time_xla = np.median(timings, axis=0)
    speedup = time_baseline / time_xla
    output_csv(
        output_filename,
        ("dev", "name", "batch_size", "speedup", "time_baseline", "time_xla"),
        [
            current_device,
            current_name,
            current_batch_size,
            speedup,
            time_baseline,
            time_xla,
        ],
    )
    return format_speedup(speedup, pvalue)


def try_script(model, example_inputs):
    try:
        return torch.jit.script(model)
    except Exception:
        return None


class AOTInductorModelCache:
    cache = dict()

    @classmethod
    def load(cls, model, example_inputs, eager_forward):
        key = weakref.ref(model)
        if key not in cls.cache:
            # Register the output dataclass to pytree
            example_outputs = eager_forward(
                copy.deepcopy(model), clone_inputs(example_inputs)
            )
            _register_dataclass_output_as_pytree(example_outputs)

            example_args, example_kwargs = _normalize_bench_inputs(example_inputs)
            so_path, exported = torch._export.aot_compile(
                model, example_args, example_kwargs
            )

            module = torch.utils.cpp_extension.load_inline(
                name="aot_inductor",
                cpp_sources=[aot_inductor_launcher],
                functions=["run"],
                extra_ldflags=[so_path],
                with_cuda=True,
            )

            value = {
                "module": module,
                "exported": exported,
            }
            cls.cache[key] = value

        return (
            cls.cache[key]["module"],
            cls.cache[key]["exported"],
        )


def export_aot_inductor(model, example_inputs, eager_forward):
    module, exported = AOTInductorModelCache.load(model, example_inputs, eager_forward)

    def opt_aot_inductor(_, example_inputs, collect_outputs=False):
        example_args, example_kwargs = _normalize_bench_inputs(example_inputs)
        flat_example_inputs = fx_pytree.tree_flatten_spec(
            (example_args, example_kwargs), exported.call_spec.in_spec
        )
        output_tensors = module.run(flat_example_inputs)
        return pytree.tree_unflatten(output_tensors, exported.call_spec.out_spec)

    return opt_aot_inductor


def download_retry_decorator(download_fn):
    """
    Decorator function for applying retry logic to a download function.

    The wrapped function will be called up to 5 times and raises an exception if the function fails each time.
    After each unsuccessful attempt, there is a delay before the next attempt, which is increased linearly with the number of tries.

    Usage:
    @download_retry_decorator
    def download_function(model_name: str):
        # download logic goes here
    """

    @functools.wraps(download_fn)
    def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs) -> Any:
        tries = 0
        total_allowed_tries = MAX_DOWNLOAD_ATTEMPTS
        while tries <= total_allowed_tries:
            try:
                model = download_fn(self, *args, **kwargs)
                return model
            except Exception as e:
                tries += 1
                if tries <= total_allowed_tries:
                    wait = tries * 30
                    print(
                        f"Failed to load model: {e}. Trying again ({tries}/{total_allowed_tries}) after {wait}s"
                    )
                    time.sleep(wait)
                else:
                    raise RuntimeError(
                        f"Failed to load model '{args}' with following error(s): {str(e)}."
                    )

    return wrapper


class OnnxModelFromTorchScript:
    """TorchScript based onnx export. `torch.onnx.export`

    TODO(bowbao):
    * large model export failed.
          Onnx Model is larger than 2GB, but exporter makes decision based pt model size, which is
          smaller than 2GB.
    * OOM on slightly larger model.
          Both pt model and ort inference session are on gpu. Attempt has been made to move ORT to
          cuda:1, however ORT perf drop significantly.
          For now running everything with batch_size 1 set in launch script.
    """

    TORCH_TO_NUMPY_DTYPE = {
        torch.float16: np.float16,
        torch.float32: np.float32,
        torch.float64: np.float64,
        torch.uint8: np.uint8,
        torch.int8: np.int8,
        torch.int16: np.int16,
        torch.int32: np.int32,
        torch.int64: np.longlong,
        torch.bool: np.bool_,
    }

    def __init__(self, output_directory, model, example_inputs, dynamic_shapes: bool):
        assert not dynamic_shapes, "NYI dynamic shapes for OnnxModelFromTorchScript"
        self.model_path = self._generate_onnx_model_path(output_directory)
        self._export(
            model,
            example_inputs,
            self.model_path,
            opset_version=17,
            do_constant_folding=False,
            verbose=False,
        )
        self.onnx_session = self._init_ort_session(self.model_path)

    def _generate_onnx_model_path(
        self, output_directory: str, onnx_model_folder_name: str = "bench_onnx_models"
    ) -> str:
        # Hack to get model name.
        from torch._functorch import aot_autograd

        model_name = aot_autograd.model_name
        model_path = pathlib.Path(output_directory, onnx_model_folder_name, model_name)
        if model_path.exists() and model_path.is_dir():
            shutil.rmtree(model_path)
        model_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
        return str(model_path / "model.onnx")

    def _export(self, model, example_inputs, output_path: str, /, **kwargs) -> None:
        # Hack for huggingface models (kwargs only).
        if isinstance(example_inputs, dict):

            class WrapperModel(torch.nn.Module):
                def __init__(self, model, keys):
                    super().__init__()
                    self.model = model
                    self.keys = keys

                def forward(self, *args):
                    return self.model(**dict(zip(self.keys, args)))

            model = WrapperModel(model, list(example_inputs.keys()))

        torch.onnx.export(
            model,
            self.format_pt_inputs(example_inputs),
            output_path,
            **kwargs,
        )

    def _init_ort_session(self, model_path: str):
        import onnxruntime

        if current_device == "cpu":
            ort_providers = ["CPUExecutionProvider"]
        else:
            # NOTE(bowbao): Reduce OOM by running ORT on another gpu.
            # TODO(bowbao): This works to avoid OOM, but performance is surprisingly very bad.
            cuda_provider_options = {
                "device_id": 1 if torch.cuda.device_count() > 1 else 0,
            }
            ort_providers = [("CUDAExecutionProvider", cuda_provider_options)]
        session_options = onnxruntime.SessionOptions()
        session_options.log_severity_level = 3  # Error

        ort_session = onnxruntime.InferenceSession(
            self.model_path,
            providers=ort_providers,
            sess_options=session_options,
        )
        return ort_session

    def is_cpu(self) -> bool:
        return self.onnx_session.get_providers()[0] == "CPUExecutionProvider"

    def cpu(self) -> Self:
        self.onnx_session.set_providers(["CPUExecutionProvider"])
        return self

    def format_pt_inputs(self, pt_inputs):
        # NOTE(bowbao): For huggingface benchmark, pt_inputs are formatted as dictionary,
        # and consumed like `model(**pt_inputs)`.
        # For other benchmarks, pt_inputs are formatted as tuple and consumed
        # like `model(*pt_inputs)`.
        if isinstance(pt_inputs, dict):
            pt_inputs = list(pt_inputs.values())
        if isinstance(pt_inputs, torch.Tensor):
            pt_inputs = (pt_inputs,)
        return tuple(arg.contiguous() for arg in pt_inputs)

    def format_pt_outputs(self, pt_outputs):
        if isinstance(pt_outputs, torch.Tensor):
            pt_outputs = (pt_outputs,)

        pt_outputs, _ = pytree.tree_flatten(pt_outputs)

        # Hack for huggingface model outputs
        try:
            from transformers import modeling_outputs
        except ImportError:
            pass
        else:

            def _to_tuple(x):
                if isinstance(x, modeling_outputs.ModelOutput):
                    return x.to_tuple()
                return x

            pt_outputs = pytree.tree_map(_to_tuple, pt_outputs)
            pt_outputs, _ = pytree.tree_flatten(pt_outputs)

        return pt_outputs

    def create_outputs(self, *example_outputs):
        return tuple(torch.empty_like(x) for x in example_outputs)

    def create_iobinding(self, pt_inputs, example_outputs):
        pt_inputs = self.format_pt_inputs(pt_inputs)
        example_outputs = self.format_pt_outputs(example_outputs)

        iobinding = self.onnx_session.io_binding()
        args = [arg.contiguous() for arg in pt_inputs]
        for ort_input, arg in zip(self.onnx_session.get_inputs(), args):
            # NOTE: Run ORT on another cuda device to reduce OOM.
            if torch.cuda.device_count() > 1:
                arg = arg.detach().to("cuda:1")
            device = arg.device
            iobinding.bind_input(
                ort_input.name,
                device.type,
                device.index or 0,
                self.TORCH_TO_NUMPY_DTYPE[arg.dtype],
                arg.size(),
                arg.data_ptr(),
            )

        outputs = self.create_outputs(*example_outputs)
        for ort_output, output in zip(self.onnx_session.get_outputs(), outputs):
            if torch.cuda.device_count() > 1:
                output = output.detach().to("cuda:1")
            device = output.device
            iobinding.bind_output(
                ort_output.name,
                device.type,
                device.index or 0,
                self.TORCH_TO_NUMPY_DTYPE[output.dtype],
                output.size(),
                output.data_ptr(),
            )
        return iobinding, outputs

    def run_with_iobinding(self, iobinding, outputs):
        # 'outputs' are torch empty tensors binded to 'iobinding'.
        self.onnx_session.run_with_iobinding(iobinding)
        return outputs

    def run(self, pt_inputs):
        # NOTE: For CUDA performance testing, use `run_with_iobinding` to exclude memory
        # copying overhead for inputs/outputs between cpu and gpu.
        # Otherwise perf number is inaccurate.
        pt_inputs = self.format_pt_inputs(pt_inputs)
        onnx_inputs = {
            ort_input.name: pt_input.cpu().numpy()
            for ort_input, pt_input in zip(self.onnx_session.get_inputs(), pt_inputs)
        }
        ort_outputs = self.onnx_session.run(None, onnx_inputs)
        pt_outputs = [
            torch.from_numpy(ort_output).to(current_device)
            for ort_output in ort_outputs
        ]
        if len(pt_outputs) == 1:
            return pt_outputs[0]
        return pt_outputs


class OnnxModelFromDynamo(OnnxModelFromTorchScript):
    """Dynamo and Fx based export. `torch.onnx.dynamo_export`."""

    def __init__(self, output_directory, model, example_inputs, dynamic_shapes: bool):
        self.model_path = self._generate_onnx_model_path(
            output_directory, "bench_dynamo_onnx_model"
        )
        self._dynamic_shapes = dynamic_shapes
        self._export_output = self._export(model, example_inputs, self.model_path)
        self.onnx_session = self._init_ort_session(self.model_path)

    def _export(
        self, model, example_inputs, output_path: str
    ) -> torch.onnx.ExportOutput:
        example_args, example_kwargs = _normalize_bench_inputs(example_inputs)
        options = torch.onnx.ExportOptions(dynamic_shapes=self._dynamic_shapes)
        export_output = torch.onnx.dynamo_export(
            model, *example_args, **example_kwargs, export_options=options
        )

        export_output.save(output_path)
        return export_output

    def format_pt_inputs(self, pt_inputs):
        pt_args, pt_kwargs = _normalize_bench_inputs(pt_inputs)
        return self._export_output.adapt_torch_inputs_to_onnx(*pt_args, **pt_kwargs)

    def format_pt_outputs(self, pt_outputs):
        return self._export_output.adapt_torch_outputs_to_onnx(pt_outputs)


class _OnnxPatch:
    @classmethod
    def patch_non_tensor_outputs(cls, correct_result, new_result, fp64_outputs):
        """Patch non-tensor outputs to make them comparable with the correct result.

        ONNX model always returns a flat tuple of tensors, but the PyTorch model outputs
        `correct_result` and `fp64_outputs` can be arbitrary types. This function normalizes
        the outputs to make them comparable with the ONNX model output.
        """
        try:
            from transformers import modeling_outputs
        except ImportError:
            has_transformers = False
        else:
            has_transformers = True

        if has_transformers and isinstance(
            correct_result, modeling_outputs.ModelOutput
        ):
            correct_result = correct_result.to_tuple()
            fp64_outputs = fp64_outputs.to_tuple() if fp64_outputs is not None else None
        elif type(correct_result).__name__ in (
            "MaskedLMOutput",
            "Seq2SeqLMOutput",
            "CausalLMOutputWithCrossAttentions",
            "LongformerMaskedLMOutput",
            "Instances",
            "SquashedNormal",
            "Boxes",
            "Normal",
            "TanhTransform",
            "Foo",
            "Variable",
        ):
            # Copied from `same` function in `torch._dynamo.utils`
            correct_result = [
                value
                for key in correct_result.__dict__.keys()
                if (value := getattr(correct_result, key)) is not None
            ]
            fp64_outputs = (
                [
                    value
                    for key in fp64_outputs.__dict__.keys()
                    if (value := getattr(fp64_outputs, key)) is not None
                ]
                if fp64_outputs is not None
                else None
            )

        # Flatten nested tuple of tensors, i.e. past_key_values
        correct_result = pytree.tree_flatten(correct_result)[0]
        # Hack to put results from different runs on same device.
        # This is needed for ONNX CPU fallback benchmark, where PyTorch eager is run on GPU.
        # Assuming outputs from a single run are always on same device!
        devices = [x.device for x in correct_result if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor)]
        assert devices and all(
            x == devices[0] for x in devices
        ), "All tensors must be on same device!"
        device = devices[0]
        new_result = pytree.tree_flatten(new_result)[0]
        new_result = pytree.tree_map(
            lambda x: x.to(device=device) if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) else x,
            new_result,
        )
        fp64_outputs = pytree.tree_flatten(fp64_outputs)[0]

        return correct_result, new_result, fp64_outputs


@dataclasses.dataclass
class OnnxExportErrorRow:
    device: str
    model_name: str
    batch_size: int
    rule_id: Optional[str] = None
    rule_name: Optional[str] = None
    diagnostic_level: Optional[str] = None
    diagnostic_message: Optional[str] = None
    exception_type_name: Optional[str] = None
    exception_message: Optional[str] = None

    def __post_init__(self):
        assert (
            self.rule_id is not None
            and self.rule_name is not None
            and self.diagnostic_level is not None
            and self.diagnostic_message is not None
        ) or self.exception_type_name, (
            "Either rule_id, rule_name, diagnostic_level and diagnostic_message "
            "must be set or exception_type_name must be set"
        )

    @property
    def headers(self) -> List[str]:
        return [field.name for field in dataclasses.fields(self)]

    @property
    def row(self) -> List[str]:
        return [getattr(self, field.name) for field in dataclasses.fields(self)]


class OnnxExportErrorParser:
    def __init__(self, device: str, model_name: str, batch_size: int):
        self.device = device
        self.model_name = model_name
        self.batch_size = batch_size

    def _qualified_exception_class_name(self, exception: Exception) -> str:
        if exception.__class__.__module__ == "builtins":
            return exception.__class__.__name__
        return f"{exception.__class__.__module__}.{exception.__class__.__name__}"

    def parse_diagnostic_context(
        self,
        diagnostic_context: diagnostics.DiagnosticContext,
    ) -> Generator[OnnxExportErrorRow, Any, Any]:
        from torch.onnx._internal.fx import diagnostics

        for diagnostic in diagnostic_context.diagnostics:
            if diagnostic.level >= diagnostics.levels.ERROR:
                yield OnnxExportErrorRow(
                    device=self.device,
                    model_name=self.model_name,
                    batch_size=self.batch_size,
                    rule_id=diagnostic.rule.id,
                    rule_name=diagnostic.rule.name,
                    diagnostic_level=diagnostic.level.name,
                    diagnostic_message=diagnostic.message,
                )

    def parse_exception(self, exception: Exception) -> OnnxExportErrorRow:
        return OnnxExportErrorRow(
            device=self.device,
            model_name=self.model_name,
            batch_size=self.batch_size,
            exception_type_name=self._qualified_exception_class_name(exception),
            exception_message=str(exception),
        )


def optimize_onnx_ctx(
    output_directory: str,
    onnx_model_cls: Type[OnnxModelFromTorchScript],
    run_n_iterations: Callable,
    dynamic_shapes: bool = False,
) -> Callable:
    # NOTE(bowbao): This function creates and returns the onnx version of 'run_n_iterations',
    # which does the following:
    #   1. Export and cache model.
    #   2. Create iobinding for ORT.
    #   3. Run ORT for n iterations.
    onnx_model: Optional[OnnxModelFromTorchScript] = None

    def run_n_iterations_onnx(model, inputs, n=2):
        from torch.onnx._internal import exporter
        from torch.onnx._internal.fx import diagnostics

        # NOTE(bowbao): Capture all export & ort errors and diagnostics.
        # Serialize to csv, to be parsed and summarized later by '._onnx/reporter.py'.
        # TODO: Accuracy mismatch is not reported here in csv.
        assert (
            output_filename.find(".csv") > 0
        ), f"expected output_filename to be a .csv, but got {output_filename}"
        output_error_filename = output_filename[:-4] + "_export_error.csv"
        parser = OnnxExportErrorParser(current_device, current_name, current_batch_size)
        try:
            nonlocal onnx_model
            if onnx_model is None:
                onnx_model = onnx_model_cls(
                    output_directory,
                    model,
                    copy.deepcopy(inputs),
                    dynamic_shapes=dynamic_shapes,
                )

            for _ in range(n):
                try:
                    outputs = onnx_model.run(inputs)
                except Exception as e:
                    err_msg = str(e)
                    oom_msgs = (
                        "out of memory",
                        "CUDNN_STATUS_NOT_INITIALIZED",
                        "CUBLAS_STATUS_ALLOC_FAILED",
                    )
                    if any(msg in err_msg for msg in oom_msgs):
                        # Fallback to CPU
                        print(f"{err_msg}\nFalling back to CPUProvider`!")
                        outputs = onnx_model.cpu().run(inputs)
                    else:
                        raise
            return outputs
        except exporter.OnnxExporterError as e:
            # `torch.onnx.dynamo_export` raises error that encloses diagnostics.
            diagnostic_context = e.export_output.diagnostic_context
            for parsed_error in parser.parse_diagnostic_context(diagnostic_context):
                output_csv(
                    output_error_filename, parsed_error.headers, parsed_error.row
                )

            # Check also the raw exception that caused export failure.
            # Skip if it is already analyzed by diagnostics.
            cause_of_exception = e.__cause__
            if not isinstance(
                cause_of_exception, diagnostics.RuntimeErrorWithDiagnostic
            ):
                parsed_error = parser.parse_exception(cause_of_exception)
                output_csv(
                    output_error_filename, parsed_error.headers, parsed_error.row
                )
            raise
        except Exception as e:
            # `torch.onnx.export` errors.
            # ORT errors.
            parsed_error = parser.parse_exception(e)
            output_csv(output_error_filename, parsed_error.headers, parsed_error.row)
            raise

    return run_n_iterations_onnx


def read_batch_size_from_file(args, filename, model_name):
    batch_size = None
    if os.path.exists("benchmarks"):
        filename = os.path.join("benchmarks", filename)
    assert os.path.exists(filename), filename
    with open(filename) as f:
        lines = f.readlines()
        lines = [i.split(",") for i in lines if len(i.strip()) > 0]
        for val in lines:
            cur_name, b = val
            if model_name == cur_name:
                batch_size = int(b)
    if batch_size is None:
        log.warning("Could not find batch size for %s", model_name)
    elif batch_size == -1:
        raise RuntimeError(
            f"Batch size is unset for {model_name} in {args.batch_size_file}"
        )
    print(f"batch size: {batch_size}")
    return batch_size


class TimeOutException(Exception):
    pass


def alarm_handler(signum, frame):
    raise TimeOutException()


def exit_after(s):
    """
    Decorator to raise TimeoutException if the fn is taking more than s seconds
    to run.
    """

    def outer(fn):
        def inner(*args, **kwargs):
            signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, alarm_handler)
            signal.alarm(s)
            try:
                result = fn(*args, **kwargs)
            finally:
                signal.alarm(0)
            return result

        return inner

    return outer


def get_peak_memory():
    return torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated() / 10**9


def null_experiment(args, model_iter_fn, model, example_inputs):
    """
    A no-op experiment useful for making sure TorchBenchark alone works properly.
    """

    return []


def cast_to(dtype, model, inputs):
    # cast model and inputs to fp16
    if dtype == torch.float16:
        model = model.half()
    else:
        model = model.to(dtype)

    inputs = tree_map(
        lambda x: x.to(dtype)
        if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) and x.is_floating_point()
        else x,
        inputs,
    )
    return model, inputs


def cast_to_bf16(model, inputs):
    return cast_to(torch.bfloat16, model, inputs)


def cast_to_fp16(model, inputs):
    return cast_to(torch.float16, model, inputs)


def cast_to_fp64(model, inputs):
    return cast_to(torch.float64, model, inputs)


def cast_to_fp32(model, inputs):
    return cast_to(torch.float32, model, inputs)


def reset_rng_state(use_xla=False):
    torch.manual_seed(1337)
    random.seed(1337)
    np.random.seed(1337)
    if use_xla:
        xm.set_rng_state(1337, str(xm.xla_device()))


class DummyGradScaler:
    def scale(self, loss):
        return loss


def get_dynamo_stats():
    # TODO: consider deepcopy'ing the entire counters struct and
    # adding a helper to do subtraction on it
    return collections.Counter(
        {
            "calls_captured": torch._dynamo.utils.counters["stats"]["calls_captured"],
            "unique_graphs": torch._dynamo.utils.counters["stats"]["unique_graphs"],
            "graph_breaks": sum(torch._dynamo.utils.counters["graph_break"].values()),
            # NB: The plus removes zero counts
            "unique_graph_breaks": len(+torch._dynamo.utils.counters["graph_break"]),
        }
    )


def maybe_fresh_cache(fn, is_cold_start):
    def inner(*args, **kwargs):
        cache_minder = contextlib.nullcontext()
        if is_cold_start:
            cache_entries = {}
            cache_minder = fresh_inductor_cache(cache_entries)

        try:
            with cache_minder:
                return fn(*args, **kwargs)
        finally:
            dump_cache = False
            if dump_cache and is_cold_start:
                output_csv(
                    output_filename[:-4] + "_triton_cache.csv",
                    ["dev", "name", "batch_size", "triton_cache"],
                    [
                        current_device,
                        current_name,
                        current_batch_size,
                        cache_entries,
                    ],
                )

    return inner


@contextmanager
def maybe_init_distributed(should_init_distributed, rank, world_size, port="6789"):
    try:
        if should_init_distributed:
            torch.cuda.set_device(rank)
            os.environ["MASTER_ADDR"] = "localhost"
            os.environ["MASTER_PORT"] = port
            torch.distributed.init_process_group(
                "nccl", rank=rank, world_size=world_size
            )
        yield
    finally:
        if should_init_distributed:
            torch.distributed.destroy_process_group()


class BenchmarkRunner:
    def __init__(self):
        self.model_iter_fn = None
        self.grad_scaler = DummyGradScaler()
        self.autocast = contextlib.nullcontext
        self.optimizer = None
        self._args = None

    def setup_amp(self):
        if self.args.only in self.fp32_only_models:
            return

        if self.args.amp and self.args.devices == ["cuda"]:
            # AMP training can lead to small loss values which can undeflow
            # gradient values returning in zero gradients. To solve this
            # problem, PyTorch introduces GradScaler. GradScaler is a stateful
            # structure, that scales the loss values to prevent underflow. Loss
            # values are big at the beginning of training (therefore not
            # requiring scaling), while loss value tends to be small as network
            # starts getting better (requiring scaling). GradScaler manages all
            # of this fine tuning, checking the gradients are turning to inf,
            # discarding such batches.

            # Since we are not running a long iteration, default value of
            # init_scale 65536 is going to turn all gradients to inf. Therefore,
            # we just use a init_scale of 2.0 for benchmarking purpose.

            # Disabling Gradscaler because
            #  1) Benchmark setup runs 2 iterations of fwd-bwd. So, not useful.
            #  2) Current setup shares grad_scaler for eager and dynamo model,
            #  which is bad as Gradscaler has state and can adjust the scaling
            #  factor between eager and dynamo run, making accuracy check
            #  harder.
            # self.grad_scaler = torch.cuda.amp.GradScaler(init_scale=2.0)
            self.autocast = torch.cuda.amp.autocast
        elif (self.args.bfloat16 or self.args.amp) and self.args.devices == ["cpu"]:
            self.autocast = torch.cpu.amp.autocast

    def init_optimizer(self, name, device, params):
        if device == "cuda" and self.args.training and name not in CI_SKIP_OPTIMIZER:
            self.optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(params, lr=0.01, foreach=True)
        else:
            self.optimizer = None

    @property
    def args(self):
        return self._args

    @args.setter
    def args(self, args):
        self._args = args

    @property
    def skip_models(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def skip_models_for_cuda(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def skip_models_for_cpu(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def slow_models(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def very_slow_models(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def non_deterministic_models(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def fp32_only_models(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def force_amp_for_fp16_bf16_models(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def skip_not_suitable_for_training_models(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def failing_torchinductor_models(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def failing_fx2trt_models(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def skip_accuracy_checks_large_models_dashboard(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def skip_accuracy_check_as_eager_non_deterministic(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def skip_multiprocess_models(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def skip_models_due_to_control_flow(self):
        return set()

    @property
    def get_tolerance_and_cosine_flag(self, is_training, current_device, name):
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @property
    def equal_nan(self):
        equal_nan = True
        if self.args.float32:
            equal_nan = False
        return equal_nan

    def iter_models(self, args):
        for model_name in self.iter_model_names(args):
            for device in args.devices:
                try:
                    yield self.load_model(
                        device,
                        model_name,
                        batch_size=args.batch_size,
                    )
                except NotImplementedError:
                    continue  # bad benchmark implementation

    def deepcopy_model(self, model):
        return copy.deepcopy(model)

    def cast_based_on_args(self, model, example_inputs):
        if self.args.float32 or self.args.only in self.fp32_only_models:
            if not self.args.float32:
                log.warning("Model %s supports float32 only", self.args.only)
            model, example_inputs = cast_to_fp32(model, example_inputs)
        elif self.args.float16:
            if self.args.only in self.force_amp_for_fp16_bf16_models:
                log.warning(
                    "Model %s does not support float16, running with amp instead",
                    self.args.only,
                )
                self.args.amp = True
                self.setup_amp()
            else:
                model, example_inputs = cast_to_fp16(model, example_inputs)
        elif self.args.bfloat16:
            if self.args.only in self.force_amp_for_fp16_bf16_models:
                log.warning(
                    "Model %s does not support bfloat16, running with amp instead",
                    self.args.only,
                )
                self.args.amp = True
                self.setup_amp()
            else:
                model, example_inputs = cast_to_bf16(model, example_inputs)

        return model, example_inputs

    def validate_model(self, model, example_inputs):
        """
        Runs the eager model with example inputs to ensure that eager passes.
        """
        model = self.deepcopy_model(model)
        example_inputs = clone_inputs(example_inputs)
        model, example_inputs = self.cast_based_on_args(model, example_inputs)
        try:
            self.model_iter_fn(model, example_inputs)
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"Original Error: {str(e)}")
            raise NotImplementedError("Eager model failed to run") from e

    def maybe_cast(self, model, example_inputs):
        model = self.deepcopy_model(model)
        example_inputs = clone_inputs(example_inputs)
        model, example_inputs = self.cast_based_on_args(model, example_inputs)
        return model, example_inputs

    def decay_batch_exp(self, batch_size, factor=0.5, divisor=2):
        out_batch_size = batch_size * factor
        if out_batch_size > divisor:
            out_batch_size = (out_batch_size + 1) // divisor * divisor
        else:
            out_batch_size = batch_size - 1
        return max(0, int(out_batch_size))

    def batch_size_finder(self, device, model_name, initial_batch_size=1024):
        batch_size = initial_batch_size
        while batch_size >= 1:
            torch.cuda.empty_cache()
            try:
                device, name, model, example_inputs, _ = self.load_model(
                    device,
                    model_name,
                    batch_size,
                )
                self.model_iter_fn(model, example_inputs)
                return batch_size
            except RuntimeError as e:
                error_str = str(e)
                if "channels_last" in error_str:
                    break
            batch_size = self.decay_batch_exp(batch_size)
        return 1

    def run_n_iterations(self, mod, inputs):
        n = self.args.iterations
        for _ in range(n - 1):
            self.model_iter_fn(mod, inputs, collect_outputs=False)
        return self.model_iter_fn(mod, inputs, collect_outputs=True)

    def optimizer_zero_grad(self, mod):
        if self.optimizer is not None:
            self.optimizer.zero_grad(True)
        else:
            mod.zero_grad(True)

    def optimizer_step(self):
        if self.optimizer is not None:
            self.optimizer.step()

    def get_benchmark_indices(self, length):
        start = self._args.partition_id * (length // self._args.total_partitions)
        end = (
            (self._args.partition_id + 1) * (length // self._args.total_partitions)
            if self._args.partition_id < self._args.total_partitions - 1
            else length
        )
        return start, end

    def deepcopy_and_maybe_ddp(self, model):
        model = self.deepcopy_model(model)
        if self.args.ddp:
            assert (
                torch.distributed.is_available()
            ), "Can't use DDP without a distributed enabled build"
            from torch.nn.parallel import DistributedDataParallel as DDP

            model = DDP(model, find_unused_parameters=True)
        elif self.args.fsdp:
            assert (
                torch.distributed.is_available()
            ), "Can't use FSDP without a distributed enabled build"
            from torch.distributed.fsdp import (
                FullyShardedDataParallel as FSDP,
                MixedPrecision,
            )

            from torch.distributed.fsdp.wrap import size_based_auto_wrap_policy

            if self.args.float16:
                dtype = torch.float16
            elif self.args.bfloat16:
                dtype = torch.bfloat16
            else:
                dtype = torch.float32

            mp_policy = MixedPrecision(
                param_dtype=dtype,
                # Gradient communication precision.
                reduce_dtype=dtype,
                # Buffer precision.
                buffer_dtype=dtype,
            )

            my_auto_wrap_policy = functools.partial(
                size_based_auto_wrap_policy, recurse=True, min_num_params=int(1e5)
            )

            model = FSDP(
                model,
                use_orig_params=True,
                device_id=torch.cuda.current_device()
                if self.args.devices[-1] == "cuda"
                else None,
                mixed_precision=mp_policy,
                limit_all_gathers=True,
                auto_wrap_policy=my_auto_wrap_policy,
            )
            if torch._inductor.config.triton.cudagraphs:
                log.warning("Disabling cudagraphs for FSDP compatibility")
                torch._inductor.config.triton.cudagraphs = False
        return model

    def check_accuracy(
        self, name, model, example_inputs, optimize_ctx, experiment, tag
    ):
        """
        Checks accuracy.
        1) Collect the outputs with fp64 datatype. This is useful for error checking.
        2) Checks if eager itself has variations.
        """
        start_stats = get_dynamo_stats()

        def record_status(accuracy_status, dynamo_start_stats):
            """
            Records the status in the csv file
            """
            if current_name in self.non_deterministic_models:
                if accuracy_status in (
                    "pass",
                    "eager_two_runs_differ",
                    "fail_accuracy",
                ):
                    accuracy_status = "pass"

            headers = ["dev", "name", "batch_size", "accuracy"]
            fields = [current_device, current_name, current_batch_size, accuracy_status]

            if tag is not None:
                headers.insert(3, "tag")
                fields.insert(3, tag)

            dynamo_stats = get_dynamo_stats()
            dynamo_stats.subtract(dynamo_start_stats)
            for k, v in dynamo_stats.items():
                headers.append(k)
                fields.append(v)

            output_csv(output_filename, headers, fields)
            return accuracy_status

        if name in self.skip_accuracy_checks_large_models_dashboard:
            return record_status("pass_due_to_skip", dynamo_start_stats=start_stats)

        # Collect the fp64 reference outputs to be used later for accuracy checking.
        fp64_outputs = None
        try:
            model_fp64, inputs_fp64 = cast_to_fp64(
                self.deepcopy_and_maybe_ddp(model),
                clone_inputs(example_inputs),
            )
            self.init_optimizer(name, current_device, model_fp64.parameters())
            fp64_outputs = self.run_n_iterations(model_fp64, inputs_fp64)
            fp64_outputs = tree_map(
                lambda x: x.to(torch.float64)
                if isinstance(x, torch.Tensor) and x.is_floating_point()
                else x,
                fp64_outputs,
            )
        except Exception:
            log.warning(
                "fp64 golden ref were not generated for %s. Setting accuracy check to cosine",
                name,
            )
            self.args.cosine = True
            fp64_outputs = None

        tolerance, cos_similarity = self.get_tolerance_and_cosine_flag(
            self.args.training, current_device, name
        )

        # Cast the model to float16/float32 as necessary
        model, example_inputs = self.maybe_cast(model, example_inputs)
        accuracy_status = "pass"

        with self.pick_grad(name, self.args.training):
            # Get results of native pytorch
            reset_rng_state()
            try:
                model_copy = self.deepcopy_and_maybe_ddp(model)
                self.init_optimizer(name, current_device, model_copy.parameters())
                correct_result = self.run_n_iterations(
                    model_copy, clone_inputs(example_inputs)
                )
            except Exception as e:
                accuracy_status = (
                    "eager_1st_run_OOM"
                    if isinstance(e, torch.cuda.OutOfMemoryError)
                    else "eager_1st_run_fail"
                )
                log.exception(e)
                return record_status(accuracy_status, dynamo_start_stats=start_stats)

            # Rerun native pytorch
            reset_rng_state()
            try:
                model_copy = self.deepcopy_and_maybe_ddp(model)
                self.init_optimizer(name, current_device, model_copy.parameters())
                correct_rerun_result = self.run_n_iterations(
                    model_copy, clone_inputs(example_inputs)
                )
            except Exception as e:
                accuracy_status = (
                    "eager_2nd_run_OOM"
                    if isinstance(e, torch.cuda.OutOfMemoryError)
                    else "eager_2nd_run_fail"
                )
                return record_status(accuracy_status, dynamo_start_stats=start_stats)

            # Two eager runs should have exactly same result
            is_same = True
            try:
                if (
                    name not in self.skip_accuracy_check_as_eager_non_deterministic
                    and not same(
                        correct_result,
                        correct_rerun_result,
                        fp64_ref=None,
                        cos_similarity=False,
                        tol=0,
                        equal_nan=self.equal_nan,
                    )
                ):
                    is_same = False
            except Exception as e:
                # Sometimes torch.allclose may throw RuntimeError
                is_same = False

            if not is_same:
                accuracy_status = "eager_two_runs_differ"
                return record_status(accuracy_status, dynamo_start_stats=start_stats)

            correct_rerun_result = None

            # Run with Dynamo
            reset_rng_state()
            torch._dynamo.reset()
            try:
                model_copy = self.deepcopy_and_maybe_ddp(model)
                self.init_optimizer(name, current_device, model_copy.parameters())
                if self.args.export:
                    # TB and TIMM use list example_inputs
                    # HF use dict example_inputs
                    example_args, example_kwargs = _normalize_bench_inputs(
                        example_inputs
                    )

                    # Register the output dataclass to pytree
                    example_outputs = model_copy(*example_args, **example_kwargs)
                    _register_dataclass_output_as_pytree(example_outputs)

                    # apply export on module directly
                    # no need for n iterations
                    # the logic should be the same to self.model_iter_fn (forward_pass)
                    with self.autocast():
                        optimized_model_iter_fn = optimize_ctx(
                            model_copy, example_args, example_kwargs
                        )
                        new_result = optimized_model_iter_fn(
                            *example_args, **example_kwargs
                        )
                else:
                    optimized_model_iter_fn = optimize_ctx(self.run_n_iterations)
                    new_result = optimized_model_iter_fn(model_copy, example_inputs)
            except Exception as e:
                log.exception(e)
                print(
                    "TorchDynamo optimized model failed to run because of following error"
                )
                accuracy_status = (
                    "OOM"
                    if isinstance(e, torch.cuda.OutOfMemoryError)
                    else "fail_to_run"
                )
                return record_status(accuracy_status, dynamo_start_stats=start_stats)

            if name in self.skip_accuracy_check_as_eager_non_deterministic:
                return record_status("pass_due_to_skip", dynamo_start_stats=start_stats)

            # Workaround for ONNX for non-tensor outputs
            if (
                current_onnx_compiler == "torchscript"
                or current_onnx_compiler == "dynamo"
            ):
                (
                    correct_result,
                    new_result,
                    fp64_outputs,
                ) = _OnnxPatch.patch_non_tensor_outputs(
                    correct_result, new_result, fp64_outputs
                )

            try:
                if not same(
                    correct_result,
                    new_result,
                    fp64_outputs,
                    equal_nan=self.equal_nan,
                    cos_similarity=cos_similarity,
                    tol=tolerance,
                ):
                    is_same = False
            except Exception as e:
                # Sometimes torch.allclose may throw RuntimeError
                is_same = False

            if not is_same:
                if self.args.skip_accuracy_check:
                    accuracy_status = "pass_due_to_skip"
                else:
                    accuracy_status = "fail_accuracy"
                return record_status(accuracy_status, dynamo_start_stats=start_stats)

        return record_status(accuracy_status, dynamo_start_stats=start_stats)

    def check_tolerance(
        self, name, model, example_inputs, optimize_ctx, base_device="cpu"
    ):
        """
        Checks tolerance based on https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.allclose.html.
        """
        tolerance_status = "pass"
        if name in self.skip_accuracy_checks_large_models_dashboard:
            tolerance_status = "pass_due_to_skip"
            return tolerance_status
        # Cast the model to float16/float32 as necessary
        model, example_inputs = self.maybe_cast(model, example_inputs)

        with self.pick_grad(name, self.args.training):
            # Get results of native pytorch
            reset_rng_state()
            model_copy = copy.deepcopy(model)
            model_copy = model_copy.to(base_device)
            example_inputs_copy = copy.deepcopy(example_inputs)
            example_inputs_copy = tree_map(
                lambda x: x.to(base_device), example_inputs_copy
            )
            self.init_optimizer(name, base_device, model_copy.parameters())
            correct_result = self.run_n_iterations(model_copy, example_inputs_copy)

            # Run with Dynamo
            # Sometime CI fails with random triton compilation failure which will be skipped for now
            # TODO: revisit this after switching to new Triton runtime
            reset_rng_state()
            torch._dynamo.reset()
            try:
                self.init_optimizer(name, current_device, model.parameters())
                optimized_model_iter_fn = optimize_ctx(self.run_n_iterations)
                new_result = optimized_model_iter_fn(model, example_inputs)
            except Exception as e:
                log.exception(e)
                if (
                    self.args.ci
                    and isinstance(e, BackendCompilerFailed)
                    and (
                        "Internal Triton PTX codegen error" in str(e)
                        or "cubin" in str(e)
                    )
                ):
                    return "pass_due_to_skip"
                else:
                    print(
                        "TorchDynamo optimized model failed to run because of following error"
                    )
                    return "fail_to_run"

            def dump_max_mean_values(tol, ref, res):
                if isinstance(ref, (list, tuple, torch.nn.ParameterList, torch.Size)):
                    for refi, resi in zip(ref, res):
                        dump_max_mean_values(tol, refi, resi)
                elif isinstance(ref, dict):
                    for k in ref.keys():
                        dump_max_mean_values(tol, ref[k], res[k])
                elif isinstance(ref, torch.Tensor):
                    res = res.to(base_device)
                    t = torch.abs(ref - res) / (1 + torch.abs(ref))
                    tol.append(t.flatten().to(torch.float32))
                return tol

            tol = []
            dump_max_mean_values(tol, correct_result, new_result)
            tol = torch.cat(tol)
            tol = torch.tensor(tol)
            max = torch.max(tol)
            mean = torch.mean(tol)
            div = torch.std(tol)
            headers = ["dev", "name", "batch_size", "max", "mean", "std"]
            fields = [
                current_device,
                current_name,
                current_batch_size,
                max.item(),
                mean.item(),
                div.item(),
            ]
            output_csv(output_filename, headers, fields)
        return tolerance_status

    def run_performance_test(
        self, name, model, example_inputs, optimize_ctx, experiment, tag=None
    ):
        if self.args.xla:
            with self.pick_grad(name, self.args.training):
                return experiment(*self.maybe_cast(model, example_inputs))

        def warmup(fn, model, example_inputs, mode, niters=5):
            peak_mem = 0
            start_stats = get_dynamo_stats()
            try:
                if current_device == "cuda":
                    torch.cuda.reset_peak_memory_stats()
                    torch.cuda.empty_cache()
                t0 = time.perf_counter()
                for _ in range(niters):
                    fn(model, example_inputs)
                t1 = time.perf_counter()
                latency = t1 - t0
                if current_device == "cuda":
                    peak_mem = get_peak_memory()
                elif current_device == "cpu":
                    total = psutil.virtual_memory().total
                    percentage = psutil.Process(os.getpid()).memory_percent()
                    peak_mem = percentage * total / 10**9
            except Exception:
                log.exception("Backend %s failed in warmup()", mode)
                return sys.exit(-1)
            dynamo_stats = get_dynamo_stats()
            dynamo_stats.subtract(start_stats)
            return latency, peak_mem, dynamo_stats

        # Cast the model to float16/float32 as necessary
        model, example_inputs = self.maybe_cast(model, example_inputs)

        # Use distributed wrapping as necessary
        model = self.deepcopy_and_maybe_ddp(model)

        if not hasattr(model, name):
            model.name = name

        self.init_optimizer(name, current_device, model.parameters())
        with self.pick_grad(name, self.args.training):
            ok, total = Stats.reset_counters()
            experiment_kwargs = {}
            if tag is not None:
                experiment_kwargs["tag"] = tag
            results = []
            eager_latency, eager_peak_mem, _ = warmup(
                self.model_iter_fn, model, example_inputs, "eager"
            )

            if self.args.export_aot_inductor:
                t_0 = time.perf_counter()
                optimized_model_iter_fn = optimize_ctx(self.model_iter_fn)
                t_1 = time.perf_counter()
                aot_compilation_time = t_1 - t_0
            else:
                optimized_model_iter_fn = optimize_ctx(self.model_iter_fn)
                aot_compilation_time = 0

            dynamo_latency, dynamo_peak_mem, dynamo_stats = warmup(
                optimized_model_iter_fn, model, example_inputs, "dynamo"
            )

            compilation_time = dynamo_latency - eager_latency + aot_compilation_time
            compression_ratio = (
                eager_peak_mem / dynamo_peak_mem if dynamo_peak_mem else 0.0
            )
            if self.args.print_memory:
                print(
                    f"memory: eager: {eager_peak_mem:.2f} GB, "
                    f"dynamo: {dynamo_peak_mem:.2f} GB, "
                    f"ratio: {compression_ratio:.2f}"
                )

            if experiment.func is speedup_experiment:
                experiment_kwargs["compilation_latency"] = compilation_time
                experiment_kwargs["compression_ratio"] = compression_ratio
                experiment_kwargs["eager_peak_mem"] = eager_peak_mem
                experiment_kwargs["dynamo_peak_mem"] = dynamo_peak_mem
                experiment_kwargs["dynamo_stats"] = dynamo_stats

            if experiment.func is coverage_experiment:
                ok, total = Stats.reset_counters()
                results = []
                # run with torch._dynamo few times to populate the cache
                for _ in range(3):
                    optimized_model_iter_fn(model, example_inputs)
                _, frames_second_pass = Stats.reset_counters()  # should be 0
                if frames_second_pass > 0:
                    optimized_model_iter_fn(model, example_inputs)
                    _, frames_third_pass = Stats.reset_counters()  # should be 0
                else:
                    frames_third_pass = 0

                results.append(
                    f"{ok:3}/{total:3} +{frames_third_pass} frames {compilation_time:3.0f}s"
                )

            results.append(experiment(model, example_inputs, **experiment_kwargs))
            return " ".join(map(str, results))

    def minify_model(
        self,
        name,
        model,
        example_inputs,
        optimize_ctx,
        experiment,
        tag,
    ):
        logging.info("Minifying %s...", name)
        os.environ["TORCH_COMPILE_DEBUG"] = "1"
        os.environ["TORCHDYNAMO_REPRO_AFTER"] = "dynamo"
        os.environ["TORCHDYNAMO_REPRO_LEVEL"] = "4"

        self.check_accuracy(name, model, example_inputs, optimize_ctx, experiment, tag)

        if self.args.output_directory:
            repro_dir = self.args.output_directory
        else:
            repro_dir = torch._dynamo.config.base_dir

        try:
            shutil.move("repro.py", f"{repro_dir}/{name}_repro.py")
        except OSError as e:
            logging.error("Could not find repro script for model %s", name)
        else:
            logging.info(
                "Repro script for model %s with minified graph saved to %s",
                name,
                repro_dir,
            )

    def run_one_model(
        self,
        name,
        model,
        example_inputs,
        optimize_ctx,
        experiment,
        explain=False,
        tag=None,
    ):
        mode = "train" if self.args.training else "eval"
        msg = f"{current_device:4} {mode:5} {current_name:34} "
        if tag:
            msg += f" {tag:26}"
        print(msg, flush=True)

        start_stats = get_dynamo_stats()

        if self.args.export_aot_inductor:
            optimize_ctx = functools.partial(optimize_ctx, model, example_inputs)

        if self.args.accuracy:
            status = self.check_accuracy(
                name, model, example_inputs, optimize_ctx, experiment, tag
            )
            print(status)
            if status == "fail_accuracy" and self.args.minify:
                self.minify_model(
                    name, model, example_inputs, optimize_ctx, experiment, tag
                )
        elif self.args.tolerance:
            status = self.check_tolerance(name, model, example_inputs, optimize_ctx)
            print(status)
        elif self.args.performance:
            status = self.run_performance_test(
                name, model, example_inputs, optimize_ctx, experiment, tag
            )
            print(status)
        if self.args.timing:
            from torch._dynamo.utils import op_count, print_time_report
            from torch.utils._stats import simple_call_counter

            print_time_report()
            stats = "STATS: "
            stats = stats + " | ".join(
                itertools.chain(
                    [f"call_* op count: {op_count}"],
                    (f"{key}:{value}" for key, value in simple_call_counter.items()),
                )
            )
            print(stats)
        stats = get_dynamo_stats()
        stats.subtract(start_stats)

        if explain:
            print(
                f"Dynamo produced {stats['unique_graphs']} graphs "
                f"covering {stats['calls_captured']} ops with "
                f"{stats['graph_breaks']} graph breaks ({stats['unique_graph_breaks']} unique)"
            )

        if explain or self.args.log_graph_breaks or self.args.print_graph_breaks:
            filename = f"{output_filename.rstrip('.csv')}_graph_breaks.csv"

            def add_double_quotes(x):
                # Delimiter because reason could have comma
                return f'"{x}"'

            for graph_break in graph_break_reasons:
                reason = add_double_quotes(graph_break.reason)
                user_stack = add_double_quotes(
                    ", ".join([str(x) for x in graph_break.user_stack])
                )
                output_csv(
                    filename,
                    ["model", "reason", "user_stack"],
                    [current_name, reason, user_stack],
                )

        if self.args.stats:
            Stats.print_summary()


def help(fn):
    return fn.__doc__


diff_branch_default = "DIFF-BRANCH-DEFAULT"


def should_diff_branch(args):
    return args.diff_branch != diff_branch_default


def parse_args(args=None):
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument(
        "--filter", "-k", action="append", help="filter benchmarks with regexp"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--exclude", "-x", action="append", help="filter benchmarks with regexp"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--exclude-exact", action="append", help="filter benchmarks with exact match"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--total-partitions",
        type=int,
        default=1,
        choices=range(1, 10),
        help="Total number of partitions we want to divide the benchmark suite into",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--partition-id",
        type=int,
        default=0,
        help="ID of the benchmark suite partition to be run. Used to divide CI tasks",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--devices", "--device", "-d", action="append", help="cpu or cuda"
    )
    parser.add_argument("--device-index", help="CUDA device index")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--repeat", "-n", type=int, default=30, help="number of timing runs"
    )
    iterations_per_run_help = """
        Run this may iterations for each time measurement. This is mainly used for
        XLA training. We want to run multiple iterations per measurement so the
        tracing and computation for different iteartions can overlap with each
        other. This makes sure we have an accurate xla baseline.
    """
    parser.add_argument(
        "--iterations-per-run", type=int, default=1, help=iterations_per_run_help
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--randomize-input",
        action="store_true",
        help="Whether to randomize the input values. Dimensions will be kept the same.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--threads",
        "-t",
        type=int,
        help="number of threads to use for eager and inductor",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--nopython", action="store_true", help="Turn graph breaks into errors"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-skip",
        action="store_true",
        help="run models that are in the global SKIP list",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--prims-nvfuser", action="store_true", help="user prims + nvfuser backend"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dump-raw-metrics",
        action="store_true",
        help="dump raw timing metrics from speedup experiment",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--log-operator-inputs",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--channels-last",
        action="store_true",
        default=False,
        help="use channels last format",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--batch-size", "--batch_size", type=int, help="batch size for benchmarking"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--iterations", type=int, default=2, help="how many iterations to run"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--batch-size-file", type=str, help="String to load batch size from"
    )
    parser.add_argument("--cosine", action="store_true", help="use cosine similarity")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--cpp-wrapper", action="store_true", help="turn on cpp/cuda wrapper codegen"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--freezing", action="store_true", help="turn on freezing", default=False
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--ci", action="store_true", help="Flag to tell that its a CI run"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dynamic-ci-skips-only",
        action="store_true",
        help=(
            "Run only the models that would have been skipped in CI "
            "if dynamic-shapes, compared to running without dynamic-shapes.  "
            "This is useful for checking if more models are now "
            "successfully passing with dynamic shapes.  "
            "Implies --dynamic-shapes and --ci"
        ),
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dashboard", action="store_true", help="Flag to tell that its a Dashboard run"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--skip-fp64-check", action="store_true", help="skip accuracy check using fp64"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--fast", "-f", action="store_true", help="skip slow benchmarks"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--only",
        help="""Run just one model from torchbench. Or
        specify the path and class name of the model in format like:
        --only=path:<MODEL_FILE_PATH>,class:<CLASS_NAME>

        Due to the fact that dynamo changes current working directory,
        the path should be an absolute path.

        The class should have a method get_example_inputs to return the inputs
        for the model. An example looks like
        ```
        class LinearModel(nn.Module):
            def __init__(self):
                super().__init__()
                self.linear = nn.Linear(10, 10)

            def forward(self, x):
                return self.linear(x)

            def get_example_inputs(self):
                return (torch.randn(2, 10),)
        ```
    """,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--multiprocess",
        action="store_true",
        help="Create n processes based on the number of devices (distributed use case).",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--ddp",
        action="store_true",
        help="Wraps model in DDP before running it, and uses dynamo DDPOptmizer (graph breaks) by default.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--fsdp",
        action="store_true",
        help="""Wraps model in FSDP before running it. Disables cudagraphs by default.
        Doesn't recursively wrap, mainly useful for checking dynamo UnspecNNModule compatibility
    """,
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-optimize-ddp",
        action="store_true",
        help="Disables dynamo DDPOptimizer (graph breaks). (Applies only when using --ddp benchmark mode).",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--distributed-master-port",
        default="6789",
        help="Port to bind for for torch.distributed.  Use the default unless it's conflicting with another user",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dynamic-shapes",
        action="store_true",
        help="Runs a dynamic shapes version of the benchmark, if available.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dynamic-batch-only",
        action="store_true",
        help="Only assume batch dimension is dynamic.  Implies --dynamic-shapes",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--specialize-int", action="store_true", help="Run with specialize_int=True."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--use-eval-mode",
        action="store_true",
        help="sets model.eval() to reduce randomness",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--skip-accuracy-check",
        action="store_true",
        help="keeps running even when accuracy fails",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--generate-aot-autograd-stats",
        action="store_true",
        help="Generates AOT Autograd stats like how mnay graphs are sent to AOT",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--inductor-settings",
        action="store_true",
        help="Use same settings as --inductor for baseline comparisons",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--suppress-errors",
        action="store_true",
        help="Suppress errors instead of raising them",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--output",
        help="Overrides the output filename",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--output-directory",
        help="Overrides the directory to place output files.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--baseline",
        help="Compare with a prior --output",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--part",
        default=None,
        help="Specify the part of the model to run.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--export-profiler-trace",
        action="store_true",
        help="exports trace of kineto profiler",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--profiler-trace-name",
        "--profiler_trace_name",
        help="Overwrites exported trace name",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--diff-branch",
        default=diff_branch_default,
        help="delta current branch against given branch.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--tag", default=None, help="Specify a tag to be included in csv files."
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--explain",
        action="store_true",
        help="print some graph/op statistics during the run, similar to .explain()",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--stats",
        action="store_true",
        help="print graph counter stats",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--print-memory",
        action="store_true",
        help="print extra memory statistics",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--print-dataframe-summary",
        action="store_true",
        help="print dataframe result used for calculating accuracy",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--cold-start-latency",
        "--cold_start_latency",
        action="store_true",
        help="Use a fresh triton cachedir when running each model, to force cold-start compile.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--disable-cudagraphs",
        action="store_true",
        help="Disables cudagraphs for Inductor",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--disable-split-reductions",
        action="store_true",
        help="Disables split reductions for Inductor",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--disable-persistent-reductions",
        action="store_true",
        help="Disables split reductions for Inductor",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--disable-divisible-by-16",
        action="store_true",
        help="Disables divisible by 16 hint to Triton for Inductor",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--inductor-compile-mode",
        default=None,
        help="torch.compile mode argument for inductor runs.",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--print-graph-breaks",
        action="store_true",
        help="Show a warning whenever graph break",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--log-graph-breaks",
        action="store_true",
        help="log graph breaks in a file",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--trace-on-xla",
        action="store_true",
        help="Whether to trace the model on XLA or on eager device",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--xla-tolerance",
        type=float,
        default=1e-2,
        help="XLA needs a loose tolerance to pass the correctness check",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--collect-outputs",
        action="store_true",
        help="""Whether to collect outputs for training. Set this to true if we
        want to verify the numerical correctness of graidents. But that may
        cause time measurement not accurate""",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--enable-activation-checkpointing",
        action="store_true",
        help="Enables activation checkpointing for HF models",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--timing", action="store_true", help="Emits phase timing")

    parser.add_argument(
        "--progress",
        action="store_true",
        help="Print n/k models message between each model run.",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--timeout",
        type=int,
        default=2000,
        help="timeout (second) for benchmarking.",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--per_process_memory_fraction",
        type=float,
        default=1,
        help="Set per-process GPU memory fraction (limit) for reducing usable size and reproducing OOMs",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-translation-validation",
        action="store_true",
        help="Disable translation validation for accuracy builds.",
    )

    parser.add_argument(
        "--minify",
        action="store_true",
        help="Enable minification when failure is below tolerance. Save repro script for each model.",
    )

    group_fuser = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    # --nvfuser is now the default, keep the option to not break scripts
    group_fuser.add_argument("--nvfuser", action="store_true", help=argparse.SUPPRESS)
    group_fuser.add_argument("--nnc", action="store_true", help="enable NNC for GPUs")

    group_prec = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    group_prec.add_argument("--float16", action="store_true", help="cast model to fp16")
    group_prec.add_argument(
        "--bfloat16", action="store_true", help="cast model to bf16"
    )
    group_prec.add_argument("--float32", action="store_true", help="cast model to fp32")
    group_prec.add_argument(
        "--amp", action="store_true", help="use automatic mixed precision"
    )

    group_printout = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    group_printout.add_argument(
        "--verbose", "-v", action="store_true", help="enable verbose debug printouts"
    )
    group_printout.add_argument(
        "--quiet", "-q", action="store_true", help="suppress debug printouts"
    )

    group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
    group.add_argument(
        "--coverage", action="store_true", help="(default) " + help(coverage_experiment)
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--overhead", action="store_true", help=help(overhead_experiment)
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--speedup-dynamo-ts",
        action="store_true",
        help="TorchDynamo frontend with torchscript backend",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--speedup-fx2trt", action="store_true", help=help(speedup_experiment_fx2trt)
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--speedup-fx2trt-fp16",
        action="store_true",
        help=help(speedup_experiment_fx2trt),
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--print-fx",
        action="store_true",
        help="Print fx traces captured from model",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--print-aten-ops",
        action="store_true",
        help="Print traces of aten ops captured by AOT autograd",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--inductor",
        action="store_true",
        help="Measure speedup with TorchInductor",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--export",
        action="store_true",
        help="Measure pass rate with export",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--export-aot-inductor",
        action="store_true",
        help="Measure pass rate with Export+AOTInductor",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--xla", action="store_true", help="Compare TorchXLA to eager PyTorch"
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--torchscript-onnx",
        "--torchscript_onnx",
        action="store_true",
        help="Measure speedup with TorchScript ONNX, i.e. `torch.onnx.export`",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--dynamo-onnx",
        "--dynamo_onnx",
        action="store_true",
        help="Measure speedup with Dynamo ONNX, i.e. `torch.onnx.dynamo_export`",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--backend",
        choices=torch._dynamo.list_backends(exclude_tags=None),
        help="measure speedup with a given backend",
    )
    group.add_argument("--nothing", action="store_true", help=help(null_experiment))
    group.add_argument(
        "--log-conv-args",
        action="store_true",
        help="Dump convolution input/weight/bias's shape/stride/dtype and other options to json",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--recompile-profiler",
        "--recompile_profiler",
        action="store_true",
        help="Run the dynamo recompilation profiler on each model.",
    )
    group.add_argument(
        "--find-batch-sizes",
        action="store_true",
        help="finds the largest batch size that could fit on GPUs",
    )

    mode_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
    mode_group.add_argument(
        "--accuracy",
        action="store_true",
        help="Checks accuracy with small batch size and eval mode",
    )
    mode_group.add_argument(
        "--performance", action="store_true", help="Measures performance speedup"
    )
    mode_group.add_argument(
        "--tolerance",
        action="store_true",
        help="extracts the tolerance for each model with small batch size and eval mode",
    )
    run_mode_group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
    run_mode_group.add_argument(
        "--training",
        action="store_true",
        help="Performs training",
    )
    run_mode_group.add_argument(
        "--inference", action="store_true", help="Performs inference"
    )
    return parser.parse_args(args)


def process_entry(rank, runner, original_dir, args):
    args.rank = rank
    with maybe_init_distributed(
        args.init_distributed,
        rank=rank,
        world_size=args.world_size,
        port=args.distributed_master_port,
    ):
        return maybe_fresh_cache(
            run, (args.cold_start_latency and args.only) or args.ci
        )(runner, args, original_dir)


def main(runner, original_dir=None):
    if original_dir:
        os.chdir(original_dir)
    args = parse_args()
    if args.baseline:
        args.baseline = os.path.abspath(args.baseline)

    if should_diff_branch(args):
        import git

        # We do this here so we error out earlier if there's an issue
        repo = git.Repo()
        if repo.is_dirty():
            raise RuntimeError(
                "--diff-branch called on dirty branch. Commit, stash, or reset."
            )
        main_branch = repo.active_branch.name
        if main_branch == args.diff_branch:
            raise RuntimeError(
                f"--diff-branch: current branch is same as {args.diff_branch} branch, what are you diffing?"
            )

    args.init_distributed = args.only and args.multiprocess
    if args.init_distributed:
        # NB: Do NOT query device count before CUDA initialization; we're
        # going to overwrite CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES and this will result in
        # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/107300
        device_count = torch.cuda.device_count()
        if device_count <= 1:
            log.warning(
                "The use multiprocess flag is set but there are <= 1 devices available."
            )
        # multiprocess path
        args.world_size = device_count
        mp.spawn(process_entry, args=(runner, original_dir, args), nprocs=device_count)
    else:
        # single process path just uses the main process
        args.world_size = 1
        process_entry(0, runner, original_dir, args)


def run(runner, args, original_dir=None):
    # Pass the parsed args object to benchmark runner object
    runner.args = args

    args.filter = args.filter or [r"."]
    args.exclude = args.exclude or [r"^$"]
    args.exclude_exact = args.exclude_exact or []

    if args.inductor:
        assert args.backend is None
        args.backend = "inductor"
    if args.dynamic_ci_skips_only:
        args.dynamic_shapes = True
        args.ci = True
    if args.dynamic_batch_only:
        args.dynamic_shapes = True
        torch._dynamo.config.assume_static_by_default = True
    if args.dynamic_shapes:
        if not args.dynamic_batch_only:
            torch._dynamo.config.assume_static_by_default = False
    if args.specialize_int:
        torch._dynamo.config.specialize_int = True
    if args.ci:
        if args.accuracy:
            # Run fewer iterations when checking accuracy
            args.repeat = 2

            # Set translation validation on by default on CI accuracy runs.
            torch._dynamo.config.translation_validation = True

        if args.dynamic_ci_skips_only:
            # Test only the incremental set of jobs whose skipped was
            # caused solely by turning on dynamic shapes
            assert args.dynamic_shapes
            ci = functools.partial(CI, args.backend, training=args.training)
            args.filter = list(
                set(CI_SKIP[ci(dynamic=True)]) - set(CI_SKIP[ci(dynamic=False)])
            )
        else:
            ci = functools.partial(
                CI, args.backend, training=args.training, dynamic=args.dynamic_shapes
            )
            for device in args.devices:
                args.exclude_exact.extend(CI_SKIP[ci(device=device)])
    if args.ddp:
        # TODO: we could also hook DDP bench up to --speedup bench, _not_ for mgpu e2e perf,
        # but just to measure impact on singlenode of performing graph-breaks.
        # Left it as a follow up to keep this PR isolated.
        assert (
            args.accuracy
        ), "DDP benchmark is currently only hooked up to --accuracy bench"
        assert args.training, "DDP benchmark requires --training mode"
        if args.no_optimize_ddp:
            torch._dynamo.config.optimize_ddp = False
        else:
            # TODO(whc) after enabling DDPOptimizer by default this could be removed or assert
            torch._dynamo.config.optimize_ddp = True
        if args.only == "dlrm":
            log.error(
                "DLRM+DDP is unsupported as it requires sharding the embedding layer separately from DDP"
            )
            return sys.exit(-1)
    if args.accuracy:
        # Use small batch size. We use >1 batch size to ensure we test
        # batch_norm type of operators that work on batch dims.
        # TODO - Go through the failures for batch size = 2
        if args.batch_size is None:
            if runner.suite_name == "huggingface":
                args.batch_size = 1
            elif runner.suite_name == "torchbench":
                args.batch_size = 4
            else:
                # Larger batch size of TIMM models to have stable batch_norm
                assert runner.suite_name == "timm_models"
                args.batch_size = 8

        # Remove sources of randomness
        if runner.suite_name not in ("timm_models", "huggingface"):
            # TODO - Using train mode for timm_models and HF models. Move to train mode for Torchbench as well.
            args.use_eval_mode = True
        inductor_config.fallback_random = True
        if args.only is not None and args.only not in {
            "alexnet",
            "Background_Matting",
            "pytorch_CycleGAN_and_pix2pix",
            "pytorch_unet",
            "Super_SloMo",
            "vgg16",
            # https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch/issues/96724
            "Wav2Vec2ForCTC",
            "Wav2Vec2ForPreTraining",
            "sam",
        }:
            # some of the models do not support use_deterministic_algorithms
            torch.use_deterministic_algorithms(True)
        os.environ["CUBLAS_WORKSPACE_CONFIG"] = ":4096:8"
        torch.backends.cudnn.deterministic = True
        torch.backends.cudnn.allow_tf32 = False
        torch.backends.cudnn.benchmark = False
        torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = False

        # Remove randomeness when torch manual seed is called
        patch_torch_manual_seed()

        # Some models e.g. yolov3 assert batch size on n_gpus
        if "CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES" not in os.environ and not args.multiprocess:
            args.device_index = "0"

        # Stricter check to disable fallbacks
        args.suppress_errors = False

    if args.device_index is not None:
        if args.multiprocess:
            print("Cannot specify both --device_index and --multiprocess")
            return sys.exit(-1)
        os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = args.device_index

    elif args.performance:
        # Ensure that we test on real scenarios
        args.use_eval_mode = False

    if args.partition_id > args.total_partitions or args.partition_id < 0:
        print("Invalid partition id")
        return sys.exit(-1)

    if not args.devices:
        if torch.cuda.is_available():
            args.devices = ["cuda"]
        else:
            log.warning("torch.cuda.is_available() == False, using CPU")
            args.devices = ["cpu"]

    if args.devices != ["cpu"] and torch.cuda.is_available():
        global synchronize
        synchronize = torch.cuda.synchronize

    if (
        args.devices == ["cuda"]
        and torch.cuda.get_device_properties(0).total_memory < 25 * 2**30
    ):
        # OOM errors on an RTX 3090 with 24gb RAM
        runner.skip_models.update(
            {
                # torchbench
                "hf_Longformer",
                "timm_nfnet",
                "timm_efficientdet",
            }
        )
        if args.training:
            runner.skip_models.add("hf_T5")

    if args.nnc:
        torch._C._jit_override_can_fuse_on_cpu(True)
        torch._C._jit_override_can_fuse_on_gpu(True)
        torch._C._jit_set_texpr_fuser_enabled(True)
        torch._C._jit_set_nvfuser_enabled(False)

    if args.threads:
        torch.set_num_threads(args.threads)

    if args.verbose:
        torch._logging.set_logs(dynamo=logging.DEBUG)

    if args.print_graph_breaks:
        torch._logging.set_logs(graph_breaks=True)

    if args.quiet:
        torch._logging.set_logs(dynamo=logging.ERROR)

    torch._dynamo.config.suppress_errors = args.suppress_errors

    if args.training:
        runner.model_iter_fn = runner.forward_and_backward_pass
        runner.skip_models.update(runner.skip_not_suitable_for_training_models)
    else:
        runner.model_iter_fn = runner.forward_pass

    if args.fast:
        runner.skip_models.update(runner.slow_models)

    if args.devices == ["cpu"]:
        runner.skip_models.update(runner.very_slow_models)
        runner.skip_models.update(runner.skip_models_for_cpu)
    elif args.devices == ["cuda"]:
        runner.skip_models.update(runner.skip_models_for_cuda)

    if not args.multiprocess:
        runner.skip_models.update(runner.skip_multiprocess_models)

    if args.no_skip:
        runner.skip_models.clear()

    experiment = null_experiment
    global current_name, current_device, current_batch_size, output_filename, optimize_ctx, current_onnx_compiler
    optimize_ctx = contextlib.nullcontext()

    if args.overhead:
        optimize_ctx = torch._dynamo.optimize(dummy_fx_compile, nopython=args.nopython)
        experiment = speedup_experiment
        output_filename = "overheads.csv"
    elif args.inductor:
        inductor_config.debug = args.verbose
        if args.threads:
            inductor_config.cpp.threads = args.threads

        optimize_ctx = functools.partial(
            torch.compile,
            backend="inductor",
            fullgraph=args.nopython,
            mode=args.inductor_compile_mode,
        )
        experiment = speedup_experiment
        output_filename = "inductor.csv"
    elif args.export:
        optimize_ctx = torch._export.export
        experiment = speedup_experiment
        output_filename = "export.csv"
    elif args.xla:
        (dev,) = args.devices
        os.environ["PJRT_DEVICE"] = {"cuda": "GPU", "cpu": "CPU"}[dev]
        torch._dynamo.mark_dynamic = MagicMock()
        experiment = xla
        output_filename = "xla.csv"
    elif args.torchscript_onnx:
        optimize_ctx = functools.partial(
            optimize_onnx_ctx, args.output_directory or ".", OnnxModelFromTorchScript
        )
        experiment = functools.partial(
            speedup_experiment_onnx, OnnxModelFromTorchScript
        )
        output_filename = "torchscript_onnx.csv"
        current_onnx_compiler = "torchscript"
    elif args.dynamo_onnx:
        optimize_ctx = functools.partial(
            optimize_onnx_ctx,
            args.output_directory or ".",
            OnnxModelFromDynamo,
            dynamic_shapes=args.dynamic_shapes,
        )
        experiment = functools.partial(speedup_experiment_onnx, OnnxModelFromDynamo)
        output_filename = "dynamo_onnx.csv"
        current_onnx_compiler = "dynamo"
    elif args.speedup_dynamo_ts:
        optimize_ctx = torch._dynamo.optimize("ts", nopython=args.nopython)
        experiment = speedup_experiment
        output_filename = "speedup_dynamo_ts.csv"
    elif args.prims_nvfuser:
        optimize_ctx = torch._dynamo.optimize("prims_nvfuser", nopython=args.nopython)
        experiment = speedup_experiment
        backend_str = "prims_nvfuser"
        output_filename = f"accuracy_aot_{backend_str}.csv"
    elif args.print_fx:
        optimize_ctx = torch._dynamo.optimize(
            print_fx,
            nopython=args.nopython,
        )
    elif args.print_aten_ops:
        optimize_ctx = torch._dynamo.optimize(
            print_aten_ops,
            nopython=args.nopython,
        )
    elif args.nothing:
        optimize_ctx = nothing
        experiment = speedup_experiment
        output_filename = "nothing.csv"
    elif args.backend or args.export_aot_inductor:
        if args.export_aot_inductor:
            assert not args.training, "AOTInductor only supports inference"
            assert args.devices == ["cuda"], "AOTInductor only tested for CUDA"
            optimize_ctx = export_aot_inductor

            # AOTInductor doesn't support control flow yet
            runner.skip_models.update(runner.skip_models_due_to_control_flow)
        else:
            optimize_ctx = torch._dynamo.optimize(args.backend, nopython=args.nopython)
        experiment = speedup_experiment
        if args.accuracy:
            output_filename = f"accuracy_{args.backend}.csv"
        elif args.tolerance:
            output_filename = f"tolerance_{args.backend}.csv"
        else:
            output_filename = f"speedup_{args.backend}.csv"
    elif args.recompile_profiler:
        output_filename = "recompile_profiler_log.csv"
        experiment = recompile_profiler_experiment
    else:
        optimize_ctx = torch._dynamo.optimize(
            fx_insert_profiling, nopython=args.nopython
        )
        experiment = coverage_experiment
        output_filename = "coverage.csv"

    if args.inductor or args.backend == "inductor" or args.export_aot_inductor:
        inductor_config.triton.cudagraphs = not args.disable_cudagraphs
        inductor_config.triton.persistent_reductions = (
            not args.disable_persistent_reductions
        )
        inductor_config.split_reductions = not args.disable_split_reductions
        inductor_config.triton.divisible_by_16 = not args.disable_divisible_by_16
        inductor_config.cpp_wrapper = args.cpp_wrapper
        if args.inference:
            inductor_config.freezing = args.freezing

    runner.setup_amp()

    if args.output:
        output_filename = args.output

    if output_filename:
        if args.output_directory:
            output_filename = os.path.join(args.output_directory, output_filename)
        else:
            output_filename = os.path.join(
                torch._dynamo.config.base_dir, output_filename
            )

    if args.find_batch_sizes and args.only:
        for device in args.devices:
            batch_size = runner.batch_size_finder(device, args.only)
            print(args.only, batch_size)
            output_csv(output_filename, [], [args.only, batch_size])
        return

    if args.export_profiler_trace:
        if args.profiler_trace_name is None:
            if args.backend:
                args.profiler_trace_name = args.backend
            elif args.inductor:
                args.profiler_trace_name = "inductor"
            else:
                args.profiler_trace_name = "profile"
        else:
            args.profiler_trace_name = args.profiler_trace_name

    if args.no_translation_validation:
        # Overwrite 'translation_validation' config, if specified.
        torch._dynamo.config.translation_validation = False

    experiment = functools.partial(experiment, args, runner.model_iter_fn)

    if args.only and should_diff_branch(args):
        import git

        repo = git.Repo()
        main_branch = repo.active_branch.name
        try:
            # Adding diff-branch again to the args will override previous value
            call_args = (
                [sys.executable] + sys.argv + [f"--diff-branch={diff_branch_default}"]
            )
            # Run for main branch
            subprocess.check_call(call_args + [f"--tag={main_branch}"])
            # Run for comparison branch
            repo.git.checkout(args.diff_branch)
            subprocess.check_call(call_args + [f"--tag={args.diff_branch}"])
        finally:
            # Go back to main branch
            repo.git.checkout(main_branch)
    elif args.only:
        model_name = args.only
        for device in args.devices:
            batch_size = args.batch_size
            if args.batch_size_file:
                batch_size = read_batch_size_from_file(
                    args, args.batch_size_file, model_name
                )
            if model_specified_by_path(args.only):
                model, example_inputs = load_model_from_path(args.only)
                name = model.__class__.__name__
                model = model.to(device=device)
                example_inputs = tree_map_only(
                    torch.Tensor, lambda x: x.to(device=device), example_inputs
                )
            else:
                try:
                    with tqdm(desc="loading model"):
                        extra_args = []
                        if hasattr(args, "rank") and hasattr(args, "world_size"):
                            extra_args += [
                                "--rank",
                                str(args.rank),
                                "--world_size",
                                str(args.world_size),
                            ]

                        if args.part:
                            (
                                device,
                                name,
                                model,
                                example_inputs,
                                batch_size,
                            ) = runner.load_model(
                                device,
                                model_name,
                                batch_size=batch_size,
                                part=args.part,
                                extra_args=extra_args,
                            )
                        else:
                            if args.fsdp:
                                # Always load model on cpu for fsdp
                                # When initializing FSDP, we will use the cuda device if args.cuda is set
                                (
                                    _,
                                    name,
                                    model,
                                    example_inputs,
                                    batch_size,
                                ) = runner.load_model(
                                    "cpu",
                                    model_name,
                                    batch_size=batch_size,
                                    extra_args=extra_args,
                                )
                            else:
                                (
                                    device,
                                    name,
                                    model,
                                    example_inputs,
                                    batch_size,
                                ) = runner.load_model(
                                    device,
                                    model_name,
                                    batch_size=batch_size,
                                    extra_args=extra_args,
                                )
                except NotImplementedError as e:
                    print(e)
                    import traceback

                    print(traceback.format_exc())
                    logging.warning("%s failed to load", args.only)
                    continue  # bad benchmark implementation

            if args.trace_on_xla:
                xla_dev = xm.xla_device()
                model = model.to(device=xla_dev)
                example_inputs = tree_map_only(
                    torch.Tensor, lambda x: x.to(device=xla_dev), example_inputs
                )

            current_name = name
            current_device = device
            current_batch_size = batch_size
            set_model_name(name)

            # Look for stuff that looks like batch size, and mark it dynamic.
            # Better integration would integrate directly with benchmark suite
            # but cannot conveniently do this
            # NB: This must be done late enough so that we don't do more
            # conversions on the inputs
            # NB: Assumes only the first batch-y like dimension is the batch
            marked = False

            def detect_and_mark_batch(t):
                nonlocal marked
                for i, s in enumerate(t.size()):
                    if s == batch_size:
                        torch._dynamo.mark_dynamic(t, i)
                        marked = True
                        break

            if (
                args.dynamic_batch_only
                and batch_size > 1
                and model_name not in CI_SKIP_DYNAMIC_BATCH_ONLY
            ):
                tree_map_only(torch.Tensor, detect_and_mark_batch, example_inputs)
                assert marked, f"nothing in example_inputs had a dim with {batch_size}"

            if args.log_operator_inputs:
                log_operator_inputs(
                    model, example_inputs, runner.model_iter_fn, name, args
                )
                continue

            if args.per_process_memory_fraction != 1:
                torch.cuda.set_per_process_memory_fraction(
                    args.per_process_memory_fraction
                )
            if model_name in DO_NOT_CAST_INPUTS:
                model, _ = runner.cast_based_on_args(model, example_inputs)

            else:
                model, example_inputs = runner.cast_based_on_args(model, example_inputs)
            runner.run_one_model(
                name,
                model,
                example_inputs,
                optimize_ctx,
                experiment,
                explain=args.explain,
                tag=args.tag,
            )
        if args.generate_aot_autograd_stats:
            stats_file = output_filename.split(".csv")[0] + "_stats.csv"
            output_csv(
                stats_file,
                ("dev", "name", "batch_size", "total_aot_graphs", "ok_aot_graphs"),
                [
                    current_device,
                    current_name,
                    current_batch_size,
                    *Stats.aot_summary(),
                ],
            )
    else:
        if output_filename and os.path.exists(output_filename):
            os.unlink(output_filename)
        if original_dir:
            os.chdir(original_dir)
        model_names = list(runner.iter_model_names(args))
        nmodels = len(model_names)
        for i, name in enumerate(model_names):
            current_name = name
            placeholder_batch_size = 0
            if args.progress:
                print(f"Running model {i+1}/{nmodels}", flush=True)

            def write_csv(status):
                if args.accuracy:
                    headers = ["dev", "name", "batch_size", "accuracy"]
                    rows = [
                        [device, name, placeholder_batch_size, status]
                        for device in args.devices
                    ]
                elif args.performance:
                    headers = ["dev", "name", "batch_size", "speedup", "abs_latency"]
                    rows = [
                        [device, name, placeholder_batch_size, 0.0, 0.0]
                        for device in args.devices
                    ]
                else:
                    headers = []
                    rows = [
                        [device, name, placeholder_batch_size, 0.0]
                        for device in args.devices
                    ]

                for row in rows:
                    output_csv(output_filename, headers, row)

            try:
                timeout = args.timeout
                if should_diff_branch(args):
                    timeout *= 2
                subprocess.check_call(
                    [sys.executable] + sys.argv + [f"--only={name}"], timeout=timeout
                )
            except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
                print("TIMEOUT", file=sys.stderr)
                write_csv("timeout")
            except subprocess.SubprocessError:
                print("ERROR", file=sys.stderr)
                write_csv("infra_error")
        print_summary(output_filename, print_dataframe=args.print_dataframe_summary)


def log_operator_inputs(model, example_inputs, model_iter_fn, name, args):
    mode = "training" if args.training else "eval"
    output = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(args.output), f"{name}_{mode}.txt")

    # TODO - add option for coalescing inputs over multiple runs
    if os.path.exists(output):
        print(f"Skipping {name}, {output} already exists")
        return

    print(f"Running {name}")

    operator_mode = OperatorInputsMode()
    fake_tensor_mode = FakeTensorMode()

    with torch._subclasses.fake_tensor.FakeCopyMode(fake_tensor_mode):
        model_fake = copy.deepcopy(model)
        example_inputs_fake = copy.deepcopy(example_inputs)
    try:
        with fake_tensor_mode, operator_mode:
            model_iter_fn(model_fake, example_inputs_fake, collect_outputs=False)
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"{name} failed to run with fake tensors, trying real. Exception: {e}")
        operator_mode = OperatorInputsMode()
        try:
            with operator_mode:
                model_iter_fn(model, example_inputs, collect_outputs=False)
        except Exception as e2:
            print(f"{name} failed to run with real. Exception: {e2}")
            raise

    print(f"Writing output to {output}")
    operator_mode.log_to_file(output)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    raise RuntimeError(
        f"You shouldn't run {sys.argv[0]} directly, instead try timm_model.py, torchbench.py or hugginface.py"
    )