PyTorch C++ API
===============

These pages provide documentation for the public portions of the PyTorch C++
API.  This API can roughly be divided into five parts:

- **ATen**: The foundational tensor and mathematical operation library on which all else is built;
- **Autograd**: Augments ATen with automatic differentiation;
- **C++ Frontend**: High level constructs for training and evaluation of machine learning models;
- **TorchScript**: An interface to the TorchScript JIT compiler and interpreter;
- **C++ Extensions**: A means of extending the Python API with custom C++ and CUDA routines.

Together, these building blocks form a research and
production ready C++ library for tensor computation and dynamic neural
networks with strong emphasis on GPU acceleration as well as fast CPU
performance. It is currently in use at Facebook in research and
production; we look forward to welcoming more users of the PyTorch C++ API.

.. warning::

  At the moment, the C++ API should be considered "beta" stability; we may
  make major breaking changes to the backend in order to improve the API,
  or in service of providing the Python interface to PyTorch, which is our
  most stable and best supported interface.

ATen
----

ATen is fundamentally a tensor library, on top of which almost all other Python
and C++ interfaces in PyTorch are built. It provides a core ``Tensor`` class,
on which many hundreds of operations are defined. Most of these operations have
both CPU and GPU implementations, to which the ``Tensor`` class will
dynamically dispatch based on its type. A small example of using ATen could
look as follows:

.. code-block:: cpp

  #include <ATen/ATen.h>

  at::Tensor a = at::ones({2, 2}, at::kInt);
  at::Tensor b = at::randn({2, 2});
  auto c = a + b.to(at::kInt);

This ``Tensor`` class and all other symbols in ATen are found in the ``at::``
namespace, documented
`here <https://pytorch.org/cppdocs/api/namespace_at.html#namespace-at>`_.

Autograd
--------

What we term *autograd* are the portions of PyTorch's C++ API that augment the
ATen ``Tensor`` class with capabilities concerning automatic differentiation.
The autograd system records operations on tensors to form an *autograd graph*.
Calling ``backwards()`` on a leaf variable in this graph performs reverse mode
differentiation through the network of functions and tensors spanning the
autograd graph, ultimately yieldings gradients. The following example provides
a taste of this interface:

.. code-block:: cpp

  #include <torch/csrc/autograd/variable.h>
  #include <torch/csrc/autograd/function.h>

  torch::Tensor a = torch::ones({2, 2}, torch::requires_grad());
  torch::Tensor b = torch::randn({2, 2});
  auto c = a + b;
  c.backward(); // a.grad() will now hold the gradient of c w.r.t. a.

The ``at::Tensor`` class in ATen is not differentiable by default. To add the
differentiability of tensors the autograd API provides, you must use tensor
factory functions from the `torch::` namespace instead of the `at` namespace.
For example, while a tensor created with `at::ones` will not be differentiable,
a tensor created with `torch::ones` will be.

C++ Frontend
------------

The PyTorch C++ frontend provides a high level, pure C++ modeling interface for
neural network and general machine learning research and production use cases,
largely following the Python API in design and provided functionality. The C++
frontend includes the following:

- An interface for defining machine learning models through a hierarchical module system (like ``torch.nn.Module``);
- A "standard library" of pre-existing modules for the most common modeling purposes (e.g. convolutions, RNNs, batch normalization etc.);
- An optimization API, including implementations of popular optimizers such as SGD, Adam, RMSprop and others;
- A means of representing datasets and data pipelines, including functionality to load data in parallel over many CPU cores;
- A serialization format for storing and loading checkpoints of a training session (like ``torch.utils.data.DataLoader``);
- Automatic parallelization of models onto multiple GPUs (like ``torch.nn.parallel.DataParallel``);
- Support code to easily bind C++ models into Python using pybind11;
- Entry points to the TorchScript JIT compiler;
- Helpful utilities to facilitate interfacing with the ATen and Autograd APIs.

See `this document <https://pytorch.org/cppdocs/frontend.html>`_ for a more
detailed description of the C++ frontend. Relevant sections of the `torch::`
namespace related to the C++ Frontend include `torch::nn
<https://pytorch.org/cppdocs/api/namespace_torch__nn.html#namespace-torch-nn>`_,
`torch::optim
<https://pytorch.org/cppdocs/api/namespace_torch__optim.html#namespace-torch-optim>`_,
`torch::data
<https://pytorch.org/cppdocs/api/namespace_torch__data.html#namespace-torch-data>`_,
`torch::serialize
<https://pytorch.org/cppdocs/api/namespace_torch__serialize.html#namespace-torch-serialize>`_,
`torch::jit
<https://pytorch.org/cppdocs/api/namespace_torch__jit.html#namespace-torch-jit>`_
and `torch::python
<https://pytorch.org/cppdocs/api/namespace_torch__python.html#namespace-torch-python>`_.
Examples of the C++ frontend can be found in `this repository
<https://github.com/goldsborough/examples/tree/cpp/cpp>`_ which is being
expanded on a continuous and active basis.

.. note::

  Unless you have a particular reason to constrain yourself exclusively to ATen
  or the Autograd API, the C++ frontend is the recommended entry point to the
  PyTorch C++ ecosystem. While it is still in beta as we collect user feedback
  (from you!), it provides both more functionality and better stability
  guarantees than the ATen and Autograd APIs.

TorchScript
-----------

TorchScript a representation of a PyTorch model that can be understood,
compiled and serialized by the TorchScript compiler. Fundamentally, TorchScript
is a programming language in its own right. It is a subset of Python using
the PyTorch API.  The C++ interface to TorchScript encompasses three primary pieces of
functionality:

- A mechanism for loading and executing serialized TorchScript models defined in Python;
- An API for defining custom operators that extend the TorchScript standard library of operations;
- Just-in-time compilation of TorchScript programs from C++.

The first mechanism may be of great interest to you if you would like to define
your models in Python as much as possible, but subsequently export them to C++
for production environments and no-Python inference. You can find out more
about this by following `this
<https://pytorch.org/tutorials/advanced/cpp_export.html>`_ link. The second
API concerns itself with scenarios in which you would like to extend
TorchScript with custom operators, which can similarly be serialized and
invoked from C++ during inference. Lastly, the `torch::jit::compile
<https://pytorch.org/cppdocs/api/function_namespacetorch_1_1jit_1a176d99fd5bf0233119a5f49c07a1d01d.html#exhale-function-namespacetorch-1-1jit-1a176d99fd5bf0233119a5f49c07a1d01d>`_
function may be used to access the TorchScript compiler directly from C++.

C++ Extensions
--------------

*C++ Extensions* offer a simple yet powerful way of accessing all of the above
interfaces for the purpose of extending regular Python use-cases of PyTorch.
C++ extensions are most commonly used to implement custom operators in C++ or
CUDA to accelerate research in vanilla PyTorch setups. The C++ extension API
does not add any new functionality to the PyTorch C++ API. Instead, it
provides integration with Python setuptools as well as JIT compilation
mechanisms that allow access to ATen, the autograd and other C++ APIs from
Python. To learn more about the C++ extension API, see
`this tutorial <https://pytorch.org/tutorials/advanced/cpp_extension.html>`_.

Contents
--------

.. toctree::
   :maxdepth: 2

   installing
   frontend
   contributing
   api/library_root

.. toctree::
  :glob:
  :maxdepth: 1
  :caption: Notes

  notes/*

Indices and tables
==================

* :ref:`genindex`
* :ref:`modindex`
* :ref:`search`

Acknowledgements
----------------

This documentation website for the PyTorch C++ universe has been enabled by the
`Exhale <https://github.com/svenevs/exhale/>`_ project and generous investment
of time and effort by its maintainer, `svenevs <https://github.com/svenevs/>`_.
We thank Stephen for his work and his help with the PyTorch C++ documentation.