# Copyright 2007 Google Inc.
#  Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.

"""Unittest for ipaddress module."""

from __future__ import unicode_literals

import contextlib
import operator
import pickle
import re
import sys
import unittest
import weakref

import ipaddress

# Compatibility function
import binascii
try:
    _compat_bytes_fromhex = bytes.fromhex
except AttributeError:
    def _compat_bytes_fromhex(s):
        return binascii.unhexlify(s)
_compat_str = ipaddress._compat_str


class BaseTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
    # One big change in ipaddress over the original ipaddr module is
    # error reporting that tries to assume users *don't know the rules*
    # for what constitutes an RFC compliant IP address

    # Ensuring these errors are emitted correctly in all relevant cases
    # meant moving to a more systematic test structure that allows the
    # test structure to map more directly to the module structure

    # Note that if the constructors are refactored so that addresses with
    # multiple problems get classified differently, that's OK - just
    # move the affected examples to the newly appropriate test case.

    # There is some duplication between the original relatively ad hoc
    # test suite and the new systematic tests. While some redundancy in
    # testing is considered preferable to accidentally deleting a valid
    # test, the original test suite will likely be reduced over time as
    # redundant tests are identified.

    @property
    def factory(self):
        raise NotImplementedError

    @contextlib.contextmanager
    def assertCleanError(self, exc_type, details, *args):
        """
        Ensure exception does not display a context by default

        Wraps unittest.TestCase.assertRaisesRegex
        """
        if args:
            details = details % args
        cm = self.assertRaisesRegex(exc_type, details)
        with cm as exc:
            yield exc

        # Commented out - this is not easily possible in 2.x
        # # Ensure we produce clean tracebacks on failure
        # if exc.exception.__context__ is not None:
        #     self.assertTrue(exc.exception.__suppress_context__)

    def assertAddressError(self, details, *args):
        """Ensure a clean AddressValueError"""
        return self.assertCleanError(ipaddress.AddressValueError,
                                     details, *args)

    def assertNetmaskError(self, details, *args):
        """Ensure a clean NetmaskValueError"""
        return self.assertCleanError(ipaddress.NetmaskValueError,
                                     details, *args)

    def assertInstancesEqual(self, lhs, rhs):
        """Check constructor arguments produce equivalent instances"""
        self.assertEqual(self.factory(lhs), self.factory(rhs))


class CommonTestMixin:

    def test_empty_address(self):
        with self.assertAddressError("Address cannot be empty"):
            self.factory("")

    def test_floats_rejected(self):
        with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(repr("1.0"))):
            self.factory(1.0)

    def test_not_an_index_issue15559(self):
        # Implementing __index__ makes for a very nasty interaction with the
        # bytes constructor. Thus, we disallow implicit use as an integer
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.index, self.factory(1))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, hex, self.factory(1))
        # Commented out: bytes semantics are different in 2.x
        # self.assertRaises(TypeError, bytes, self.factory(1))

    def pickle_test(self, addr):
        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
            with self.subTest(proto=proto):
                x = self.factory(addr)
                y = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(x, proto))
                self.assertEqual(y, x)


class CommonTestMixin_v4(CommonTestMixin):

    def test_leading_zeros(self):
        self.assertInstancesEqual("000.000.000.000", "0.0.0.0")
        self.assertInstancesEqual("192.168.000.001", "192.168.0.1")

    def test_int(self):
        self.assertInstancesEqual(0, "0.0.0.0")
        self.assertInstancesEqual(3232235521, "192.168.0.1")

    def test_packed(self):
        self.assertInstancesEqual(
            _compat_bytes_fromhex("00000000"), "0.0.0.0")
        self.assertInstancesEqual(
            _compat_bytes_fromhex("c0a80001"), "192.168.0.1")

    def test_negative_ints_rejected(self):
        msg = "-1 (< 0) is not permitted as an IPv4 address"
        with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg)):
            self.factory(-1)

    def test_large_ints_rejected(self):
        msg = "%d (>= 2**32) is not permitted as an IPv4 address"
        with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg % (2 ** 32))):
            self.factory(2 ** 32)

    def test_bad_packed_length(self):
        def assertBadLength(length):
            addr = b'\0' * length
            msg = "%r (len %d != 4) is not permitted as an IPv4 address"
            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg % (addr, length))):
                self.factory(addr)

        assertBadLength(3)
        assertBadLength(5)


class CommonTestMixin_v6(CommonTestMixin):

    def test_leading_zeros(self):
        self.assertInstancesEqual("0000::0000", "::")
        self.assertInstancesEqual("000::c0a8:0001", "::c0a8:1")

    def test_int(self):
        self.assertInstancesEqual(0, "::")
        self.assertInstancesEqual(3232235521, "::c0a8:1")

    def test_packed(self):
        addr = b'\0'*12 + _compat_bytes_fromhex("00000000")
        self.assertInstancesEqual(addr, "::")
        addr = b'\0'*12 + _compat_bytes_fromhex("c0a80001")
        self.assertInstancesEqual(addr, "::c0a8:1")
        addr = _compat_bytes_fromhex("c0a80001") + b'\0'*12
        self.assertInstancesEqual(addr, "c0a8:1::")

    def test_negative_ints_rejected(self):
        msg = "-1 (< 0) is not permitted as an IPv6 address"
        with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg)):
            self.factory(-1)

    def test_large_ints_rejected(self):
        msg = "%d (>= 2**128) is not permitted as an IPv6 address"
        with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg % 2 ** 128)):
            self.factory(2 ** 128)

    def test_bad_packed_length(self):
        def assertBadLength(length):
            addr = b'\0' * length
            msg = "%r (len %d != 16) is not permitted as an IPv6 address"
            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg % (addr, length))):
                self.factory(addr)
                self.factory(addr)

        assertBadLength(15)
        assertBadLength(17)


class AddressTestCase_v4(BaseTestCase, CommonTestMixin_v4):
    factory = ipaddress.IPv4Address

    def test_network_passed_as_address(self):
        addr = "127.0.0.1/24"
        with self.assertAddressError("Unexpected '/' in %r", addr):
            ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)

    def test_bad_address_split(self):
        def assertBadSplit(addr):
            with self.assertAddressError("Expected 4 octets in %r", addr):
                ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)

        assertBadSplit("127.0.1")
        assertBadSplit("42.42.42.42.42")
        assertBadSplit("42.42.42")
        assertBadSplit("42.42")
        assertBadSplit("42")
        assertBadSplit("42..42.42.42")
        assertBadSplit("42.42.42.42.")
        assertBadSplit("42.42.42.42...")
        assertBadSplit(".42.42.42.42")
        assertBadSplit("...42.42.42.42")
        assertBadSplit("016.016.016")
        assertBadSplit("016.016")
        assertBadSplit("016")
        assertBadSplit("000")
        assertBadSplit("0x0a.0x0a.0x0a")
        assertBadSplit("0x0a.0x0a")
        assertBadSplit("0x0a")
        assertBadSplit(".")
        assertBadSplit("bogus")
        assertBadSplit("bogus.com")
        assertBadSplit("1000")
        assertBadSplit("1000000000000000")
        assertBadSplit("192.168.0.1.com")

    def test_empty_octet(self):
        def assertBadOctet(addr):
            with self.assertAddressError("Empty octet not permitted in %r",
                                         addr):
                ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)

        assertBadOctet("42..42.42")
        assertBadOctet("...")

    def test_invalid_characters(self):
        def assertBadOctet(addr, octet):
            msg = "Only decimal digits permitted in %r in %r" % (octet, addr)
            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg)):
                ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)

        assertBadOctet("0x0a.0x0a.0x0a.0x0a", "0x0a")
        assertBadOctet("0xa.0x0a.0x0a.0x0a", "0xa")
        assertBadOctet("42.42.42.-0", "-0")
        assertBadOctet("42.42.42.+0", "+0")
        assertBadOctet("42.42.42.-42", "-42")
        assertBadOctet("+1.+2.+3.4", "+1")
        assertBadOctet("1.2.3.4e0", "4e0")
        assertBadOctet("1.2.3.4::", "4::")
        assertBadOctet("1.a.2.3", "a")

    def test_octal_decimal_ambiguity(self):
        def assertBadOctet(addr, octet):
            msg = "Ambiguous (octal/decimal) value in %r not permitted in %r"
            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg % (octet, addr))):
                ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)

        assertBadOctet("016.016.016.016", "016")
        assertBadOctet("001.000.008.016", "008")

    def test_octet_length(self):
        def assertBadOctet(addr, octet):
            msg = "At most 3 characters permitted in %r in %r"
            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg % (octet, addr))):
                ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)

        assertBadOctet("0000.000.000.000", "0000")
        assertBadOctet("12345.67899.-54321.-98765", "12345")

    def test_octet_limit(self):
        def assertBadOctet(addr, octet):
            msg = "Octet %d (> 255) not permitted in %r" % (octet, addr)
            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg)):
                ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr)

        assertBadOctet("257.0.0.0", 257)
        assertBadOctet("192.168.0.999", 999)

    def test_pickle(self):
        self.pickle_test('192.0.2.1')

    def test_weakref(self):
        weakref.ref(self.factory('192.0.2.1'))

    def test_bytes_message(self):
        with self.assertAddressError(r'bytes'):
            ipaddress.IPv4Address(b'192.0.2.1')
        with self.assertAddressError(r'bytes'):
            ipaddress.ip_address(b'192.0.2.1')


class AddressTestCase_v6(BaseTestCase, CommonTestMixin_v6):
    factory = ipaddress.IPv6Address

    def test_network_passed_as_address(self):
        addr = "::1/24"
        with self.assertAddressError("Unexpected '/' in %r", addr):
            ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)

    def test_bad_address_split_v6_not_enough_parts(self):
        def assertBadSplit(addr):
            msg = "At least 3 parts expected in %r"
            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr):
                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)

        assertBadSplit(":")
        assertBadSplit(":1")
        assertBadSplit("FEDC:9878")

    def test_bad_address_split_v6_too_many_colons(self):
        def assertBadSplit(addr):
            msg = "At most 8 colons permitted in %r"
            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr):
                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)

        assertBadSplit("9:8:7:6:5:4:3::2:1")
        assertBadSplit("10:9:8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1")
        assertBadSplit("::8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1")
        assertBadSplit("8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1::")
        # A trailing IPv4 address is two parts
        assertBadSplit("10:9:8:7:6:5:4:3:42.42.42.42")

    def test_bad_address_split_v6_too_many_parts(self):
        def assertBadSplit(addr):
            msg = "Exactly 8 parts expected without '::' in %r"
            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr):
                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)

        assertBadSplit("3ffe:0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1")
        assertBadSplit("9:8:7:6:5:4:3:2:1")
        assertBadSplit("7:6:5:4:3:2:1")
        # A trailing IPv4 address is two parts
        assertBadSplit("9:8:7:6:5:4:3:42.42.42.42")
        assertBadSplit("7:6:5:4:3:42.42.42.42")

    def test_bad_address_split_v6_too_many_parts_with_double_colon(self):
        def assertBadSplit(addr):
            msg = "Expected at most 7 other parts with '::' in %r"
            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr):
                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)

        assertBadSplit("1:2:3:4::5:6:7:8")

    def test_bad_address_split_v6_repeated_double_colon(self):
        def assertBadSplit(addr):
            msg = "At most one '::' permitted in %r"
            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr):
                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)

        assertBadSplit("3ffe::1::1")
        assertBadSplit("1::2::3::4:5")
        assertBadSplit("2001::db:::1")
        assertBadSplit("3ffe::1::")
        assertBadSplit("::3ffe::1")
        assertBadSplit(":3ffe::1::1")
        assertBadSplit("3ffe::1::1:")
        assertBadSplit(":3ffe::1::1:")
        assertBadSplit(":::")
        assertBadSplit('2001:db8:::1')

    def test_bad_address_split_v6_leading_colon(self):
        def assertBadSplit(addr):
            msg = "Leading ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr):
                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)

        assertBadSplit(":2001:db8::1")
        assertBadSplit(":1:2:3:4:5:6:7")
        assertBadSplit(":1:2:3:4:5:6:")
        assertBadSplit(":6:5:4:3:2:1::")

    def test_bad_address_split_v6_trailing_colon(self):
        def assertBadSplit(addr):
            msg = "Trailing ':' only permitted as part of '::' in %r"
            with self.assertAddressError(msg, addr):
                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)

        assertBadSplit("2001:db8::1:")
        assertBadSplit("1:2:3:4:5:6:7:")
        assertBadSplit("::1.2.3.4:")
        assertBadSplit("::7:6:5:4:3:2:")

    def test_bad_v4_part_in(self):
        def assertBadAddressPart(addr, v4_error):
            with self.assertAddressError("%s in %r", v4_error, addr):
                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)

        assertBadAddressPart("3ffe::1.net", "Expected 4 octets in u?'1.net'")
        assertBadAddressPart("3ffe::127.0.1",
                             "Expected 4 octets in u?'127.0.1'")
        assertBadAddressPart("::1.2.3",
                             "Expected 4 octets in u?'1.2.3'")
        assertBadAddressPart("::1.2.3.4.5",
                             "Expected 4 octets in u?'1.2.3.4.5'")
        assertBadAddressPart("3ffe::1.1.1.net",
                             "Only decimal digits permitted in u?'net' "
                             "in u?'1.1.1.net'")

    def test_invalid_characters(self):
        def assertBadPart(addr, part):
            msg = "Only hex digits permitted in %r in %r" % (part, addr)
            with self.assertAddressError(re.escape(msg)):
                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)

        assertBadPart("3ffe::goog", "goog")
        assertBadPart("3ffe::-0", "-0")
        assertBadPart("3ffe::+0", "+0")
        assertBadPart("3ffe::-1", "-1")
        assertBadPart("1.2.3.4::", "1.2.3.4")
        assertBadPart('1234:axy::b', "axy")

    def test_part_length(self):
        def assertBadPart(addr, part):
            msg = "At most 4 characters permitted in %r in %r"
            with self.assertAddressError(msg, part, addr):
                ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr)

        assertBadPart("::00000", "00000")
        assertBadPart("3ffe::10000", "10000")
        assertBadPart("02001:db8::", "02001")
        assertBadPart('2001:888888::1', "888888")

    def test_pickle(self):
        self.pickle_test('2001:db8::')

    def test_weakref(self):
        weakref.ref(self.factory('2001:db8::'))

    def test_bytes_message(self):
        with self.assertAddressError(r'bytes'):
            ipaddress.IPv6Address(b'::123')
        with self.assertAddressError(r'bytes'):
            ipaddress.ip_address(b'::123')


class NetmaskTestMixin_v4(CommonTestMixin_v4):
    """Input validation on interfaces and networks is very similar"""

    def test_split_netmask(self):
        addr = "1.2.3.4/32/24"
        with self.assertAddressError("Only one '/' permitted in %r" % addr):
            self.factory(addr)

    def test_address_errors(self):
        def assertBadAddress(addr, details):
            with self.assertAddressError(details):
                self.factory(addr)

        assertBadAddress("/", "Address cannot be empty")
        assertBadAddress("/8", "Address cannot be empty")
        assertBadAddress("bogus", "Expected 4 octets")
        assertBadAddress("google.com", "Expected 4 octets")
        assertBadAddress("10/8", "Expected 4 octets")
        assertBadAddress("::1.2.3.4", "Only decimal digits")
        assertBadAddress("1.2.3.256", re.escape("256 (> 255)"))

    def test_valid_netmask(self):
        self.assertEqual(_compat_str(self.factory('192.0.2.0/255.255.255.0')),
                         '192.0.2.0/24')
        for i in range(0, 33):
            # Generate and re-parse the CIDR format (trivial).
            net_str = '0.0.0.0/%d' % i
            net = self.factory(net_str)
            self.assertEqual(_compat_str(net), net_str)
            # Generate and re-parse the expanded netmask.
            self.assertEqual(
                _compat_str(self.factory('0.0.0.0/%s' % net.netmask)), net_str)
            # Zero prefix is treated as decimal.
            self.assertEqual(
                _compat_str(self.factory('0.0.0.0/0%d' % i)),
                net_str)
            # Generate and re-parse the expanded hostmask.  The ambiguous
            # cases (/0 and /32) are treated as netmasks.
            if i in (32, 0):
                net_str = '0.0.0.0/%d' % (32 - i)
            self.assertEqual(
                _compat_str(self.factory('0.0.0.0/%s' % net.hostmask)),
                net_str)

    def test_netmask_errors(self):
        def assertBadNetmask(addr, netmask):
            msg = "%r is not a valid netmask" % netmask
            with self.assertNetmaskError(re.escape(msg)):
                self.factory("%s/%s" % (addr, netmask))

        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "")
        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "-1")
        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "+1")
        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", " 1 ")
        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "0x1")
        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "33")
        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "254.254.255.256")
        assertBadNetmask("1.2.3.4", "1.a.2.3")
        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", "254.xyz.2.3")
        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", "240.255.0.0")
        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", "255.254.128.0")
        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", "0.1.127.255")
        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", "pudding")
        assertBadNetmask("1.1.1.1", "::")

    def test_pickle(self):
        self.pickle_test('192.0.2.0/27')
        self.pickle_test('192.0.2.0/31')  # IPV4LENGTH - 1
        self.pickle_test('192.0.2.0')     # IPV4LENGTH


class InterfaceTestCase_v4(BaseTestCase, NetmaskTestMixin_v4):
    factory = ipaddress.IPv4Interface


class NetworkTestCase_v4(BaseTestCase, NetmaskTestMixin_v4):
    factory = ipaddress.IPv4Network

    def test_subnet_of(self):
        # containee left of container
        self.assertFalse(
            self.factory('10.0.0.0/30').subnet_of(
                self.factory('10.0.1.0/24')))
        # containee inside container
        self.assertTrue(
            self.factory('10.0.0.0/30').subnet_of(
                self.factory('10.0.0.0/24')))
        # containee right of container
        self.assertFalse(
            self.factory('10.0.0.0/30').subnet_of(
                self.factory('10.0.1.0/24')))
        # containee larger than container
        self.assertFalse(
            self.factory('10.0.1.0/24').subnet_of(
                self.factory('10.0.0.0/30')))

    def test_supernet_of(self):
        # containee left of container
        self.assertFalse(
            self.factory('10.0.0.0/30').supernet_of(
                self.factory('10.0.1.0/24')))
        # containee inside container
        self.assertFalse(
            self.factory('10.0.0.0/30').supernet_of(
                self.factory('10.0.0.0/24')))
        # containee right of container
        self.assertFalse(
            self.factory('10.0.0.0/30').supernet_of(
                self.factory('10.0.1.0/24')))
        # containee larger than container
        self.assertTrue(
            self.factory('10.0.0.0/24').supernet_of(
                self.factory('10.0.0.0/30')))

    def test_subnet_of_mixed_types(self):
        self.assertRaises(
            TypeError,
            ipaddress.IPv4Network('10.0.0.0/30').supernet_of,
            ipaddress.IPv6Network('::1/128'),
        )
        self.assertRaises(
            TypeError,
            ipaddress.IPv6Network('::1/128').subnet_of,
            ipaddress.IPv4Network('10.0.0.0/30'),
        )
        self.assertRaises(
            TypeError,
            ipaddress.IPv4Network('10.0.0.0/30').subnet_of,
            ipaddress.IPv6Network('::1/128'),
        )
        self.assertRaises(
            TypeError,
            ipaddress.IPv6Network('::1/128').subnet_of,
            ipaddress.IPv4Network('10.0.0.0/30'),
        )


class NetmaskTestMixin_v6(CommonTestMixin_v6):
    """Input validation on interfaces and networks is very similar"""

    def test_split_netmask(self):
        addr = "cafe:cafe::/128/190"
        with self.assertAddressError("Only one '/' permitted in %r" % addr):
            self.factory(addr)

    def test_address_errors(self):
        def assertBadAddress(addr, details):
            with self.assertAddressError(details):
                self.factory(addr)

        assertBadAddress("/", "Address cannot be empty")
        assertBadAddress("/8", "Address cannot be empty")
        assertBadAddress("google.com", "At least 3 parts")
        assertBadAddress("1.2.3.4", "At least 3 parts")
        assertBadAddress("10/8", "At least 3 parts")
        assertBadAddress("1234:axy::b", "Only hex digits")

    def test_valid_netmask(self):
        # We only support CIDR for IPv6, because expanded netmasks are not
        # standard notation.
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(self.factory('2001:db8::/32')),
            '2001:db8::/32')
        for i in range(0, 129):
            # Generate and re-parse the CIDR format (trivial).
            net_str = '::/%d' % i
            self.assertEqual(_compat_str(self.factory(net_str)), net_str)
            # Zero prefix is treated as decimal.
            self.assertEqual(_compat_str(self.factory('::/0%d' % i)), net_str)

    def test_netmask_errors(self):
        def assertBadNetmask(addr, netmask):
            msg = "%r is not a valid netmask" % netmask
            with self.assertNetmaskError(re.escape(msg)):
                self.factory("%s/%s" % (addr, netmask))

        assertBadNetmask("::1", "")
        assertBadNetmask("::1", "::1")
        assertBadNetmask("::1", "1::")
        assertBadNetmask("::1", "-1")
        assertBadNetmask("::1", "+1")
        assertBadNetmask("::1", " 1 ")
        assertBadNetmask("::1", "0x1")
        assertBadNetmask("::1", "129")
        assertBadNetmask("::1", "1.2.3.4")
        assertBadNetmask("::1", "pudding")
        assertBadNetmask("::", "::")

    def test_pickle(self):
        self.pickle_test('2001:db8::1000/124')
        self.pickle_test('2001:db8::1000/127')  # IPV6LENGTH - 1
        self.pickle_test('2001:db8::1000')      # IPV6LENGTH


class InterfaceTestCase_v6(BaseTestCase, NetmaskTestMixin_v6):
    factory = ipaddress.IPv6Interface


class NetworkTestCase_v6(BaseTestCase, NetmaskTestMixin_v6):
    factory = ipaddress.IPv6Network

    def test_subnet_of(self):
        # containee left of container
        self.assertFalse(
            self.factory('2000:999::/56').subnet_of(
                self.factory('2000:aaa::/48')))
        # containee inside container
        self.assertTrue(
            self.factory('2000:aaa::/56').subnet_of(
                self.factory('2000:aaa::/48')))
        # containee right of container
        self.assertFalse(
            self.factory('2000:bbb::/56').subnet_of(
                self.factory('2000:aaa::/48')))
        # containee larger than container
        self.assertFalse(
            self.factory('2000:aaa::/48').subnet_of(
                self.factory('2000:aaa::/56')))

    def test_supernet_of(self):
        # containee left of container
        self.assertFalse(
            self.factory('2000:999::/56').supernet_of(
                self.factory('2000:aaa::/48')))
        # containee inside container
        self.assertFalse(
            self.factory('2000:aaa::/56').supernet_of(
                self.factory('2000:aaa::/48')))
        # containee right of container
        self.assertFalse(
            self.factory('2000:bbb::/56').supernet_of(
                self.factory('2000:aaa::/48')))
        # containee larger than container
        self.assertTrue(
            self.factory('2000:aaa::/48').supernet_of(
                self.factory('2000:aaa::/56')))


class FactoryFunctionErrors(BaseTestCase):

    def assertFactoryError(self, factory, kind):
        """Ensure a clean ValueError with the expected message"""
        addr = "camelot"
        msg = '%r does not appear to be an IPv4 or IPv6 %s'
        with self.assertCleanError(ValueError, msg, addr, kind):
            factory(addr)

    def test_ip_address(self):
        self.assertFactoryError(ipaddress.ip_address, "address")

    def test_ip_interface(self):
        self.assertFactoryError(ipaddress.ip_interface, "interface")

    def test_ip_network(self):
        self.assertFactoryError(ipaddress.ip_network, "network")


class LargestObject(ipaddress._TotalOrderingMixin):
    def __eq__(self, other):
        return isinstance(other, LargestObject)

    def __lt__(self, other):
        return False


class SmallestObject(ipaddress._TotalOrderingMixin):
    def __eq__(self, other):
        return isinstance(other, SmallestObject)

    def __lt__(self, other):
        return True


class ComparisonTests(unittest.TestCase):

    v4addr = ipaddress.IPv4Address(1)
    v4net = ipaddress.IPv4Network(1)
    v4intf = ipaddress.IPv4Interface(1)
    v6addr = ipaddress.IPv6Address(1)
    v6net = ipaddress.IPv6Network(1)
    v6intf = ipaddress.IPv6Interface(1)

    v4_addresses = [v4addr, v4intf]
    v4_objects = v4_addresses + [v4net]
    v6_addresses = [v6addr, v6intf]
    v6_objects = v6_addresses + [v6net]

    objects = v4_objects + v6_objects

    v4addr2 = ipaddress.IPv4Address(2)
    v4net2 = ipaddress.IPv4Network(2)
    v4intf2 = ipaddress.IPv4Interface(2)
    v6addr2 = ipaddress.IPv6Address(2)
    v6net2 = ipaddress.IPv6Network(2)
    v6intf2 = ipaddress.IPv6Interface(2)

    def test_foreign_type_equality(self):
        # __eq__ should never raise TypeError directly
        other = object()
        for obj in self.objects:
            self.assertNotEqual(obj, other)
            self.assertFalse(obj == other)
            self.assertEqual(obj.__eq__(other), NotImplemented)
            self.assertEqual(obj.__ne__(other), NotImplemented)

    def test_mixed_type_equality(self):
        # Ensure none of the internal objects accidentally
        # expose the right set of attributes to become "equal"
        for lhs in self.objects:
            for rhs in self.objects:
                if lhs is rhs:
                    continue
                self.assertNotEqual(lhs, rhs)

    def test_same_type_equality(self):
        for obj in self.objects:
            self.assertEqual(obj, obj)
            self.assertTrue(obj <= obj)
            self.assertTrue(obj >= obj)

    def test_same_type_ordering(self):
        for lhs, rhs in (
            (self.v4addr, self.v4addr2),
            (self.v4net, self.v4net2),
            (self.v4intf, self.v4intf2),
            (self.v6addr, self.v6addr2),
            (self.v6net, self.v6net2),
            (self.v6intf, self.v6intf2),
        ):
            self.assertNotEqual(lhs, rhs)
            self.assertTrue(lhs < rhs)
            self.assertTrue(lhs <= rhs)
            self.assertTrue(rhs > lhs)
            self.assertTrue(rhs >= lhs)
            self.assertFalse(lhs > rhs)
            self.assertFalse(rhs < lhs)
            self.assertFalse(lhs >= rhs)
            self.assertFalse(rhs <= lhs)

    def test_containment(self):
        for obj in self.v4_addresses:
            self.assertIn(obj, self.v4net)
        for obj in self.v6_addresses:
            self.assertIn(obj, self.v6net)
        for obj in self.v4_objects + [self.v6net]:
            self.assertNotIn(obj, self.v6net)
        for obj in self.v6_objects + [self.v4net]:
            self.assertNotIn(obj, self.v4net)

    def test_mixed_type_ordering(self):
        for lhs in self.objects:
            for rhs in self.objects:
                if isinstance(lhs, type(rhs)) or isinstance(rhs, type(lhs)):
                    continue
                self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: lhs < rhs)
                self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: lhs > rhs)
                self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: lhs <= rhs)
                self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: lhs >= rhs)

    def test_foreign_type_ordering(self):
        # In Python 2.x, the semantics are much less convenient, so skip all of
        # these tests there.
        if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
            return

        other = object()
        smallest = SmallestObject()
        largest = LargestObject()
        for obj in self.objects:
            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                obj < other
            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                obj > other
            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                obj <= other
            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                obj >= other
            self.assertTrue(obj < largest)
            self.assertFalse(obj > largest)
            self.assertTrue(obj <= largest)
            self.assertFalse(obj >= largest)
            self.assertFalse(obj < smallest)
            self.assertTrue(obj > smallest)
            self.assertFalse(obj <= smallest)
            self.assertTrue(obj >= smallest)

    def test_mixed_type_key(self):
        # with get_mixed_type_key, you can sort addresses and network.
        v4_ordered = [self.v4addr, self.v4net, self.v4intf]
        v6_ordered = [self.v6addr, self.v6net, self.v6intf]
        self.assertEqual(v4_ordered,
                         sorted(self.v4_objects,
                                key=ipaddress.get_mixed_type_key))
        self.assertEqual(v6_ordered,
                         sorted(self.v6_objects,
                                key=ipaddress.get_mixed_type_key))
        self.assertEqual(v4_ordered + v6_ordered,
                         sorted(self.objects,
                                key=ipaddress.get_mixed_type_key))
        self.assertEqual(NotImplemented, ipaddress.get_mixed_type_key(object))

    def test_incompatible_versions(self):
        # These should always raise TypeError
        v4addr = ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.1')
        v4net = ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.1')
        v6addr = ipaddress.ip_address('::1')
        v6net = ipaddress.ip_network('::1')

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v4addr.__lt__, v6addr)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v4addr.__gt__, v6addr)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v4net.__lt__, v6net)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v4net.__gt__, v6net)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v6addr.__lt__, v4addr)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v6addr.__gt__, v4addr)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v6net.__lt__, v4net)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, v6net.__gt__, v4net)


class IpaddrUnitTest(unittest.TestCase):

    def setUp(self):
        self.ipv4_address = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.4')
        self.ipv4_interface = ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/24')
        self.ipv4_network = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.2.3.0/24')
        self.ipv6_address = ipaddress.IPv6Interface(
            '2001:658:22a:cafe:200:0:0:1')
        self.ipv6_interface = ipaddress.IPv6Interface(
            '2001:658:22a:cafe:200:0:0:1/64')
        self.ipv6_network = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:658:22a:cafe::/64')

    def testRepr(self):
        self.assertTrue(re.match("IPv4Interface\(u?'1.2.3.4/32'\)",
                        repr(ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4'))))
        self.assertTrue(re.match("IPv6Interface\(u?'::1/128'\)",
                        repr(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1'))))

    # issue #16531: constructing IPv4Network from an (address, mask) tuple
    def testIPv4Tuple(self):
        # /32
        ip = ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.1')
        net = ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.0.2.1/32')
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.1', 32)), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip, 32)), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225985, 32)), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.1',
                                                '255.255.255.255')), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip,
                                                '255.255.255.255')), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225985,
                                                '255.255.255.255')), net)
        # strict=True and host bits set
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.IPv4Network, ('192.0.2.1', 24))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.IPv4Network, (ip, 24))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.IPv4Network, (3221225985, 24))
        self.assertRaises(
            ValueError, ipaddress.IPv4Network, ('192.0.2.1', '255.255.255.0'))
        self.assertRaises(
            ValueError, ipaddress.IPv4Network, (ip, '255.255.255.0'))
        self.assertRaises(
            ValueError, ipaddress.IPv4Network, (3221225985, '255.255.255.0'))
        # strict=False and host bits set
        net = ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.1', 24),
                                               strict=False), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip, 24),
                                               strict=False), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225985, 24),
                                               strict=False), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.1',
                                                '255.255.255.0'),
                                               strict=False), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip,
                                                '255.255.255.0'),
                                               strict=False), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225985,
                                                '255.255.255.0'),
                                               strict=False), net)

        # /24
        ip = ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.0')
        net = ipaddress.IPv4Network('192.0.2.0/24')
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.0',
                                                '255.255.255.0')), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip,
                                                '255.255.255.0')), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225984,
                                                '255.255.255.0')), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network(('192.0.2.0', 24)), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((ip, 24)), net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network((3221225984, 24)), net)

        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Interface(('192.0.2.1', 24)),
                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface('192.0.2.1/24'))
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Interface((3221225985, 24)),
                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface('192.0.2.1/24'))

    # issue #16531: constructing IPv6Network from an (address, mask) tuple
    def testIPv6Tuple(self):
        # /128
        ip = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:db8::')
        net = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:db8::/128')
        self.assertEqual(
            ipaddress.IPv6Network(('2001:db8::', '128')),
            net)
        self.assertEqual(
            ipaddress.IPv6Network(
                (42540766411282592856903984951653826560, 128)),
            net)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network((ip, '128')),
                         net)
        ip = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:db8::')
        net = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:db8::/96')
        self.assertEqual(
            ipaddress.IPv6Network(('2001:db8::', '96')),
            net)
        self.assertEqual(
            ipaddress.IPv6Network(
                (42540766411282592856903984951653826560, 96)),
            net)
        self.assertEqual(
            ipaddress.IPv6Network((ip, '96')),
            net)

        # strict=True and host bits set
        ip = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:db8::1')
        self.assertRaises(
            ValueError, ipaddress.IPv6Network, ('2001:db8::1', 96))
        self.assertRaises(
            ValueError, ipaddress.IPv6Network,
            (42540766411282592856903984951653826561, 96))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.IPv6Network, (ip, 96))
        # strict=False and host bits set
        net = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:db8::/96')
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network(('2001:db8::1', 96),
                                               strict=False),
                         net)
        self.assertEqual(
            ipaddress.IPv6Network(
                (42540766411282592856903984951653826561, 96), strict=False),
            net)
        self.assertEqual(
            ipaddress.IPv6Network((ip, 96), strict=False),
            net)

        # /96
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Interface(('2001:db8::1', '96')),
                         ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:db8::1/96'))
        self.assertEqual(
            ipaddress.IPv6Interface(
                (42540766411282592856903984951653826561, '96')),
            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:db8::1/96'))

    # issue57
    def testAddressIntMath(self):
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.1') + 255,
                         ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.2.0'))
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.1') - 256,
                         ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.0.1'))
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1') + (2 ** 16 - 2),
                         ipaddress.IPv6Address('::ffff'))
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Address('::ffff') - (2 ** 16 - 2),
                         ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1'))

    def testInvalidIntToBytes(self):
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.v4_int_to_packed, -1)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.v4_int_to_packed,
                          2 ** ipaddress.IPV4LENGTH)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.v6_int_to_packed, -1)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.v6_int_to_packed,
                          2 ** ipaddress.IPV6LENGTH)

    def testInternals(self):
        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('10.10.10.10')
        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('10.10.10.11')
        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('10.10.10.12')
        self.assertEqual(list(ipaddress._find_address_range([ip1])),
                         [(ip1, ip1)])
        self.assertEqual(list(ipaddress._find_address_range([ip1, ip3])),
                         [(ip1, ip1), (ip3, ip3)])
        self.assertEqual(list(ipaddress._find_address_range([ip1, ip2, ip3])),
                         [(ip1, ip3)])
        self.assertEqual(128, ipaddress._count_righthand_zero_bits(0, 128))
        self.assertTrue(
            re.match("IPv4Network\(u?'1.2.3.0/24'\)", repr(self.ipv4_network)))

    def testMissingAddressVersion(self):
        class Broken(ipaddress._BaseAddress):
            pass
        broken = Broken()
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(NotImplementedError, "Broken.*version"):
            broken.version

    def testMissingNetworkVersion(self):
        class Broken(ipaddress._BaseNetwork):
            pass
        broken = Broken('127.0.0.1')
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(NotImplementedError, "Broken.*version"):
            broken.version

    def testMissingAddressClass(self):
        class Broken(ipaddress._BaseNetwork):
            pass
        broken = Broken('127.0.0.1')
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(NotImplementedError, "Broken.*address"):
            broken._address_class

    def testGetNetwork(self):
        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv4_network.network_address), 16909056)
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(self.ipv4_network.network_address),
            '1.2.3.0')

        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv6_network.network_address),
                         42540616829182469433403647294022090752)
        self.assertEqual(_compat_str(self.ipv6_network.network_address),
                         '2001:658:22a:cafe::')
        self.assertEqual(_compat_str(self.ipv6_network.hostmask),
                         '::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')

    def testIpFromInt(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface._ip,
                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface(16909060)._ip)

        ipv4 = ipaddress.ip_network('1.2.3.4')
        ipv6 = ipaddress.ip_network('2001:658:22a:cafe:200:0:0:1')
        self.assertEqual(ipv4, ipaddress.ip_network(int(ipv4.network_address)))
        self.assertEqual(ipv6, ipaddress.ip_network(int(ipv6.network_address)))

        v6_int = 42540616829182469433547762482097946625
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface._ip,
                         ipaddress.IPv6Interface(v6_int)._ip)

        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_network(self.ipv4_address._ip).version,
                         4)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_network(self.ipv6_address._ip).version,
                         6)

    def testIpFromPacked(self):
        address = ipaddress.ip_address
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface._ip,
                         ipaddress.ip_interface(b'\x01\x02\x03\x04')._ip)
        self.assertEqual(address('255.254.253.252'),
                         address(b'\xff\xfe\xfd\xfc'))
        self.assertEqual(
            self.ipv6_interface.ip,
            ipaddress.ip_interface(
                b'\x20\x01\x06\x58\x02\x2a\xca\xfe'
                b'\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01').ip)
        self.assertEqual(
            address('ffff:2:3:4:ffff::'),
            address(b'\xff\xff\x00\x02\x00\x03\x00\x04' +
                    b'\xff\xff' + b'\x00' * 6))
        self.assertEqual(address('::'),
                         address(b'\x00' * 16))

    def testGetIp(self):
        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv4_interface.ip), 16909060)
        self.assertEqual(_compat_str(self.ipv4_interface.ip), '1.2.3.4')

        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv6_interface.ip),
                         42540616829182469433547762482097946625)
        self.assertEqual(_compat_str(self.ipv6_interface.ip),
                         '2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1')

    def testGetNetmask(self):
        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv4_network.netmask), 4294967040)
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(self.ipv4_network.netmask),
            '255.255.255.0')
        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv6_network.netmask),
                         340282366920938463444927863358058659840)
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.prefixlen, 64)

    def testZeroNetmask(self):
        ipv4_zero_netmask = ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/0')
        self.assertEqual(int(ipv4_zero_netmask.network.netmask), 0)
        self.assertEqual(ipv4_zero_netmask._prefix_from_prefix_string('0'), 0)
        # Removed all _is_valid_netmask tests - the method was unused upstream

        ipv6_zero_netmask = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1/0')
        self.assertEqual(int(ipv6_zero_netmask.network.netmask), 0)
        self.assertEqual(ipv6_zero_netmask._prefix_from_prefix_string('0'), 0)

    def testIPv4NetAndHostmasks(self):
        net = self.ipv4_network
        # Removed all _is_valid_netmask tests - the method was unused upstream
        self.assertFalse(net._is_hostmask('invalid'))
        self.assertTrue(net._is_hostmask('128.255.255.255'))
        self.assertFalse(net._is_hostmask('255.255.255.255'))
        self.assertFalse(net._is_hostmask('1.2.3.4'))

        net = ipaddress.IPv4Network('127.0.0.0/0.0.0.255')
        self.assertEqual(net.prefixlen, 24)

    def testGetBroadcast(self):
        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv4_network.broadcast_address), 16909311)
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(self.ipv4_network.broadcast_address),
            '1.2.3.255')

        self.assertEqual(int(self.ipv6_network.broadcast_address),
                         42540616829182469451850391367731642367)
        self.assertEqual(_compat_str(self.ipv6_network.broadcast_address),
                         '2001:658:22a:cafe:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')

    def testGetPrefixlen(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface.network.prefixlen, 24)
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.network.prefixlen, 64)

    def testGetSupernet(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.supernet().prefixlen, 23)
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(self.ipv4_network.supernet().network_address),
            '1.2.2.0')
        self.assertEqual(
            ipaddress.IPv4Interface('0.0.0.0/0').network.supernet(),
            ipaddress.IPv4Network('0.0.0.0/0'))

        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.supernet().prefixlen, 63)
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(self.ipv6_network.supernet().network_address),
            '2001:658:22a:cafe::')
        self.assertEqual(
            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::0/0').network.supernet(),
            ipaddress.IPv6Network('::0/0'))

    def testGetSupernet3(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.supernet(3).prefixlen, 21)
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(self.ipv4_network.supernet(3).network_address),
            '1.2.0.0')

        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.supernet(3).prefixlen, 61)
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(self.ipv6_network.supernet(3).network_address),
            '2001:658:22a:caf8::')

    def testGetSupernet4(self):
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.ipv4_network.supernet,
                          prefixlen_diff=2, new_prefix=1)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.ipv4_network.supernet,
                          new_prefix=25)
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.supernet(prefixlen_diff=2),
                         self.ipv4_network.supernet(new_prefix=22))

        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.ipv6_network.supernet,
                          prefixlen_diff=2, new_prefix=1)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.ipv6_network.supernet,
                          new_prefix=65)
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.supernet(prefixlen_diff=2),
                         self.ipv6_network.supernet(new_prefix=62))

    def testHosts(self):
        hosts = list(self.ipv4_network.hosts())
        self.assertEqual(254, len(hosts))
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.1'), hosts[0])
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.254'), hosts[-1])

        # special case where only 1 bit is left for address
        self.assertEqual([ipaddress.IPv4Address('2.0.0.0'),
                          ipaddress.IPv4Address('2.0.0.1')],
                         list(ipaddress.ip_network('2.0.0.0/31').hosts()))

    def testFancySubnetting(self):
        self.assertEqual(sorted(self.ipv4_network.subnets(prefixlen_diff=3)),
                         sorted(self.ipv4_network.subnets(new_prefix=27)))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          self.ipv4_network.subnets(new_prefix=23))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          self.ipv4_network.subnets(prefixlen_diff=3,
                                                    new_prefix=27))
        self.assertEqual(sorted(self.ipv6_network.subnets(prefixlen_diff=4)),
                         sorted(self.ipv6_network.subnets(new_prefix=68)))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          self.ipv6_network.subnets(new_prefix=63))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          self.ipv6_network.subnets(prefixlen_diff=4,
                                                    new_prefix=68))

    def testGetSubnets(self):
        self.assertEqual(list(self.ipv4_network.subnets())[0].prefixlen, 25)
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(list(self.ipv4_network.subnets())[0].network_address),
            '1.2.3.0')
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(list(self.ipv4_network.subnets())[1].network_address),
            '1.2.3.128')

        self.assertEqual(list(self.ipv6_network.subnets())[0].prefixlen, 65)

    def testGetSubnetForSingle32(self):
        ip = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.2.3.4/32')
        subnets1 = [_compat_str(x) for x in ip.subnets()]
        subnets2 = [_compat_str(x) for x in ip.subnets(2)]
        self.assertEqual(subnets1, ['1.2.3.4/32'])
        self.assertEqual(subnets1, subnets2)

    def testGetSubnetForSingle128(self):
        ip = ipaddress.IPv6Network('::1/128')
        subnets1 = [_compat_str(x) for x in ip.subnets()]
        subnets2 = [_compat_str(x) for x in ip.subnets(2)]
        self.assertEqual(subnets1, ['::1/128'])
        self.assertEqual(subnets1, subnets2)

    def testSubnet2(self):
        ips = [str(x) for x in self.ipv4_network.subnets(2)]
        self.assertEqual(
            ips,
            ['1.2.3.0/26', '1.2.3.64/26', '1.2.3.128/26', '1.2.3.192/26'])

        ipsv6 = [str(x) for x in self.ipv6_network.subnets(2)]
        self.assertEqual(
            ipsv6,
            ['2001:658:22a:cafe::/66',
             '2001:658:22a:cafe:4000::/66',
             '2001:658:22a:cafe:8000::/66',
             '2001:658:22a:cafe:c000::/66'])

    def testGetSubnets3(self):
        subnets = [str(x) for x in self.ipv4_network.subnets(8)]
        self.assertEqual(
            subnets[:3],
            ['1.2.3.0/32', '1.2.3.1/32', '1.2.3.2/32'])
        self.assertEqual(
            subnets[-3:],
            ['1.2.3.253/32', '1.2.3.254/32', '1.2.3.255/32'])
        self.assertEqual(len(subnets), 256)

        ipv6_network = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:658:22a:cafe::/120')
        subnets = [str(x) for x in ipv6_network.subnets(8)]
        self.assertEqual(
            subnets[:3],
            ['2001:658:22a:cafe::/128',
             '2001:658:22a:cafe::1/128',
             '2001:658:22a:cafe::2/128'])
        self.assertEqual(
            subnets[-3:],
            ['2001:658:22a:cafe::fd/128',
             '2001:658:22a:cafe::fe/128',
             '2001:658:22a:cafe::ff/128'])
        self.assertEqual(len(subnets), 256)

    def testSubnetFailsForLargeCidrDiff(self):
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          self.ipv4_interface.network.subnets(9))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          self.ipv4_network.subnets(9))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          self.ipv6_interface.network.subnets(65))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          self.ipv6_network.subnets(65))

    def testSupernetFailsForLargeCidrDiff(self):
        self.assertRaises(ValueError,
                          self.ipv4_interface.network.supernet, 25)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError,
                          self.ipv6_interface.network.supernet, 65)

    def testSubnetFailsForNegativeCidrDiff(self):
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          self.ipv4_interface.network.subnets(-1))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          self.ipv4_network.subnets(-1))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          self.ipv6_interface.network.subnets(-1))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          self.ipv6_network.subnets(-1))

    def testGetNum_Addresses(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.num_addresses, 256)
        self.assertEqual(list(self.ipv4_network.subnets())[0].num_addresses,
                         128)
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.supernet().num_addresses, 512)

        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.num_addresses, 18446744073709551616)
        self.assertEqual(list(self.ipv6_network.subnets())[0].num_addresses,
                         9223372036854775808)
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.supernet().num_addresses,
                         36893488147419103232)

    def testContains(self):
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.128/25') in
                        self.ipv4_network)
        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.4.1/24') in
                         self.ipv4_network)
        # We can test addresses and string as well.
        addr1 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.37')
        self.assertTrue(addr1 in self.ipv4_network)
        # issue 61, bad network comparison on like-ip'd network objects
        # with identical broadcast addresses.
        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/16').__contains__(
            ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.0.0.0/15')))

    def testNth(self):
        self.assertEqual(_compat_str(self.ipv4_network[5]), '1.2.3.5')
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, self.ipv4_network.__getitem__, 256)

        self.assertEqual(_compat_str(self.ipv6_network[5]),
                         '2001:658:22a:cafe::5')
        self.assertRaises(IndexError, self.ipv6_network.__getitem__, 1 << 64)

    def testGetitem(self):
        # http://code.google.com/p/ipaddr-py/issues/detail?id=15
        addr = ipaddress.IPv4Network('172.31.255.128/255.255.255.240')
        self.assertEqual(28, addr.prefixlen)
        addr_list = list(addr)
        self.assertEqual('172.31.255.128', str(addr_list[0]))
        self.assertEqual('172.31.255.128', str(addr[0]))
        self.assertEqual('172.31.255.143', str(addr_list[-1]))
        self.assertEqual('172.31.255.143', str(addr[-1]))
        self.assertEqual(addr_list[-1], addr[-1])

    def testEqual(self):
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface ==
                        ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/24'))
        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface ==
                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/23'))
        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface ==
                         ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1.2.3.4/24'))
        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface == '')
        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface == [])
        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface == 2)

        self.assertTrue(
            self.ipv6_interface ==
            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/64'))
        self.assertFalse(
            self.ipv6_interface ==
            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/63'))
        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_interface ==
                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/23'))
        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_interface == '')
        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_interface == [])
        self.assertFalse(self.ipv6_interface == 2)

    def testNotEqual(self):
        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_interface !=
                         ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/24'))
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface !=
                        ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/23'))
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface !=
                        ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1.2.3.4/24'))
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface != '')
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface != [])
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_interface != 2)

        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_address !=
                        ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.5'))
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_address != '')
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_address != [])
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_address != 2)

        self.assertFalse(
            self.ipv6_interface !=
            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/64'))
        self.assertTrue(
            self.ipv6_interface !=
            ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/63'))
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_interface !=
                        ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/23'))
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_interface != '')
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_interface != [])
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_interface != 2)

        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_address !=
                        ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.4'))
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_address != '')
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_address != [])
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv6_address != 2)

    def testSlash32Constructor(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/255.255.255.255')),
            '1.2.3.4/32')

    def testSlash128Constructor(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1/128')),
            '::1/128')

    def testSlash0Constructor(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            _compat_str(ipaddress.IPv4Interface('1.2.3.4/0.0.0.0')),
            '1.2.3.4/0')

    def testCollapsing(self):
        # test only IP addresses including some duplicates
        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.0')
        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.1')
        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.2')
        ip4 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.3')
        ip5 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.4')
        ip6 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.0')
        # check that addresses are subsumed properly.
        collapsed = ipaddress.collapse_addresses(
            [ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4, ip5, ip6])
        self.assertEqual(
            list(collapsed),
            [ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.0/30'),
             ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.4/32')])

        # test a mix of IP addresses and networks including some duplicates
        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.0')
        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.1')
        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.2')
        ip4 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.3')
        # check that addreses are subsumed properly.
        collapsed = ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4])
        self.assertEqual(list(collapsed),
                         [ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.0/30')])

        # test only IP networks
        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/24')
        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.0/24')
        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.2.0/24')
        ip4 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.3.0/24')
        ip5 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.4.0/24')
        # stored in no particular order b/c we want CollapseAddr to call
        # [].sort
        ip6 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/22')

        # check that addreses are subsumed properly.
        collapsed = ipaddress.collapse_addresses(
            [ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4, ip5, ip6])

        self.assertEqual(list(collapsed),
                         [ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/22'),
                          ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.4.0/24')])

        # test that two addresses are supernet'ed properly
        collapsed = ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ip1, ip2])
        self.assertEqual(list(collapsed),
                         [ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/23')])

        # test same IP networks
        ip_same1 = ip_same2 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.1/32')
        self.assertEqual(
            list(ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ip_same1, ip_same2])),
            [ip_same1])

        # test same IP addresses
        ip_same1 = ip_same2 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.1')
        self.assertEqual(
            list(ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ip_same1, ip_same2])),
            [ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.1/32')])
        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::/100')
        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::/120')
        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::/96')
        # test that ipv6 addresses are subsumed properly.
        collapsed = ipaddress.collapse_addresses([ip1, ip2, ip3])
        self.assertEqual(list(collapsed), [ip3])

        # the toejam test
        addr_tuples = [
            (ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.1'),
             ipaddress.ip_address('::1')),
            (ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/24'),
             ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::/120')),
            (ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.0.0/32'),
             ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::/128')),
        ]
        for ip1, ip2 in addr_tuples:
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, ipaddress.collapse_addresses,
                              [ip1, ip2])

    def testSummarizing(self):
        summarize = ipaddress.summarize_address_range
        ip1 = ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.0')
        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.255')

        # summarize works only for IPv4 & IPv6
        class IPv7Address(ipaddress.IPv6Address):
            @property
            def version(self):
                return 7
        ip_invalid1 = IPv7Address('::1')
        ip_invalid2 = IPv7Address('::1')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          summarize(ip_invalid1, ip_invalid2))
        # test that a summary over ip4 & ip6 fails
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list,
                          summarize(ip1, ipaddress.IPv6Address('::1')))
        # test a /24 is summarized properly
        self.assertEqual(list(summarize(ip1, ip2))[0],
                         ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.0/24'))
        # test an IPv4 range that isn't on a network byte boundary
        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.8')
        self.assertEqual(list(summarize(ip1, ip2)),
                         [ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.0/29'),
                          ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.8')])
        # all!
        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv4Address(0)
        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv4Address(ipaddress.IPv4Address._ALL_ONES)
        self.assertEqual([ipaddress.IPv4Network('0.0.0.0/0')],
                         list(summarize(ip1, ip2)))

        ip1 = ipaddress.ip_address('1::')
        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_address('1:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')
        # test an IPv6 is summarized properly
        self.assertEqual(list(summarize(ip1, ip2))[0],
                         ipaddress.ip_network('1::/16'))
        # test an IPv6 range that isn't on a network byte boundary
        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_address('2::')
        self.assertEqual(list(summarize(ip1, ip2)),
                         [ipaddress.ip_network('1::/16'),
                          ipaddress.ip_network('2::/128')])

        # test exception raised when first is greater than last
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list,
                          summarize(ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.0'),
                                    ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.0.0')))
        # test exception raised when first and last aren't IP addresses
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list,
                          summarize(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.0'),
                                    ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.0.0')))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list,
                          summarize(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.0'),
                                    ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.0.0')))
        # test exception raised when first and last are not same version
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list,
                          summarize(ipaddress.ip_address('::'),
                                    ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.0.0')))

    def testAddressComparison(self):
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.1') <=
                        ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.1'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.1') <=
                        ipaddress.ip_address('1.1.1.2'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('::1') <=
                        ipaddress.ip_address('::1'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('::1') <=
                        ipaddress.ip_address('::2'))

    def testInterfaceComparison(self):
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24') ==
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/16') <
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24') <
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.2/24'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.2/16') <
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24') >
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/16'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.2/24') >
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.1/24') >
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('1.1.1.2/16'))

        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64') ==
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64') <
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/80'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64') <
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::2/64'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::2/48') <
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/80') >
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::2/64') >
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/64') >
                        ipaddress.ip_interface('::2/48'))

    def testNetworkComparison(self):
        # ip1 and ip2 have the same network address
        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.0/24')
        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.1.0/32')
        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.1.2.0/24')

        self.assertTrue(ip1 < ip3)
        self.assertTrue(ip3 > ip2)

        self.assertEqual(ip1.compare_networks(ip1), 0)

        # if addresses are the same, sort by netmask
        self.assertEqual(ip1.compare_networks(ip2), -1)
        self.assertEqual(ip2.compare_networks(ip1), 1)

        self.assertEqual(ip1.compare_networks(ip3), -1)
        self.assertEqual(ip3.compare_networks(ip1), 1)
        self.assertTrue(ip1._get_networks_key() < ip3._get_networks_key())

        ip1 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:2000::/96')
        ip2 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:2001::/96')
        ip3 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001:ffff:2000::/96')

        self.assertTrue(ip1 < ip3)
        self.assertTrue(ip3 > ip2)
        self.assertEqual(ip1.compare_networks(ip3), -1)
        self.assertTrue(ip1._get_networks_key() < ip3._get_networks_key())

        # Test comparing different protocols.
        # Should always raise a TypeError.
        self.assertRaises(TypeError,
                          self.ipv4_network.compare_networks,
                          self.ipv6_network)
        ipv6 = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::/0')
        ipv4 = ipaddress.IPv4Interface('0.0.0.0/0')
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ipv4.__lt__, ipv6)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ipv4.__gt__, ipv6)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ipv6.__lt__, ipv4)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ipv6.__gt__, ipv4)

        # Regression test for issue 19.
        ip1 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.2.128/25')
        self.assertFalse(ip1 < ip1)
        self.assertFalse(ip1 > ip1)
        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.3.0/24')
        self.assertTrue(ip1 < ip2)
        self.assertFalse(ip2 < ip1)
        self.assertFalse(ip1 > ip2)
        self.assertTrue(ip2 > ip1)
        ip3 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.3.0/25')
        self.assertTrue(ip2 < ip3)
        self.assertFalse(ip3 < ip2)
        self.assertFalse(ip2 > ip3)
        self.assertTrue(ip3 > ip2)

        # Regression test for issue 28.
        ip1 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.10.10.0/31')
        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.10.10.0')
        ip3 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.10.10.2/31')
        ip4 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.10.10.2')
        sorted = [ip1, ip2, ip3, ip4]
        unsorted = [ip2, ip4, ip1, ip3]
        unsorted.sort()
        self.assertEqual(sorted, unsorted)
        unsorted = [ip4, ip1, ip3, ip2]
        unsorted.sort()
        self.assertEqual(sorted, unsorted)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ip1.__lt__,
                          ipaddress.ip_address('10.10.10.0'))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ip2.__lt__,
                          ipaddress.ip_address('10.10.10.0'))

        # <=, >=
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.1') <=
                        ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.1'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.1') <=
                        ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.2'))
        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.2') <=
                         ipaddress.ip_network('1.1.1.1'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_network('::1') <=
                        ipaddress.ip_network('::1'))
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_network('::1') <=
                        ipaddress.ip_network('::2'))
        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_network('::2') <=
                         ipaddress.ip_network('::1'))

    def testStrictNetworks(self):
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.ip_network, '192.168.1.1/24')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ipaddress.ip_network, '::1/120')

    def testOverlaps(self):
        other = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.2.3.0/30')
        other2 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.2.2.0/24')
        other3 = ipaddress.IPv4Network('1.2.2.64/26')
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_network.overlaps(other))
        self.assertFalse(self.ipv4_network.overlaps(other2))
        self.assertTrue(other2.overlaps(other3))

    def testEmbeddedIpv4(self):
        ipv4_string = '192.168.0.1'
        ipv4 = ipaddress.IPv4Interface(ipv4_string)
        v4compat_ipv6 = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::%s' % ipv4_string)
        self.assertEqual(int(v4compat_ipv6.ip), int(ipv4.ip))
        v4mapped_ipv6 = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::ffff:%s' % ipv4_string)
        self.assertNotEqual(v4mapped_ipv6.ip, ipv4.ip)
        self.assertRaises(ipaddress.AddressValueError, ipaddress.IPv6Interface,
                          '2001:1.1.1.1:1.1.1.1')

    # Issue 67: IPv6 with embedded IPv4 address not recognized.
    def testIPv6AddressTooLarge(self):
        # RFC4291 2.5.5.2
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('::FFFF:192.0.2.1'),
                         ipaddress.ip_address('::FFFF:c000:201'))
        # RFC4291 2.2 (part 3) x::d.d.d.d
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('FFFF::192.0.2.1'),
                         ipaddress.ip_address('FFFF::c000:201'))

    def testIPVersion(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_address.version, 4)
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_address.version, 6)

    def testMaxPrefixLength(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface.max_prefixlen, 32)
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.max_prefixlen, 128)

    def testPacked(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_address.packed,
                         b'\x01\x02\x03\x04')
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Interface('255.254.253.252').packed,
                         b'\xff\xfe\xfd\xfc')
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_address.packed,
                         b'\x20\x01\x06\x58\x02\x2a\xca\xfe'
                         b'\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01')
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('ffff:2:3:4:ffff::').packed,
                         b'\xff\xff\x00\x02\x00\x03\x00\x04\xff\xff' +
                         b'\x00' * 6)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1:0:0:0:0').packed,
                         b'\x00' * 6 + b'\x00\x01' + b'\x00' * 8)

    def testIpType(self):
        ipv4net = ipaddress.ip_network('1.2.3.4')
        ipv4addr = ipaddress.ip_address('1.2.3.4')
        ipv6net = ipaddress.ip_network('::1.2.3.4')
        ipv6addr = ipaddress.ip_address('::1.2.3.4')
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Network, type(ipv4net))
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Address, type(ipv4addr))
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network, type(ipv6net))
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Address, type(ipv6addr))

    def testReservedIpv4(self):
        # test networks
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_interface(
            '224.1.1.1/31').is_multicast)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('240.0.0.0').is_multicast)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('240.0.0.0').is_reserved)

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_interface(
            '192.168.1.1/17').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('192.169.0.0').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(
            '10.255.255.255').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('11.0.0.0').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('11.0.0.0').is_reserved)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(
            '172.31.255.255').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('172.32.0.0').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(True,
                         ipaddress.ip_network('169.254.1.0/24').is_link_local)

        self.assertEqual(
            True,
            ipaddress.ip_interface('169.254.100.200/24').is_link_local)
        self.assertEqual(
            False,
            ipaddress.ip_interface('169.255.100.200/24').is_link_local)

        self.assertEqual(
            True,
            ipaddress.ip_network('127.100.200.254/32').is_loopback)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(
            '127.42.0.0/16').is_loopback)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('128.0.0.0').is_loopback)
        self.assertEqual(False,
                         ipaddress.ip_network('100.64.0.0/10').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(
            False, ipaddress.ip_network('100.64.0.0/10').is_global)

        self.assertEqual(True,
                         ipaddress.ip_network('192.0.2.128/25').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(True,
                         ipaddress.ip_network('192.0.3.0/24').is_global)

        # test addresses
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('0.0.0.0').is_unspecified)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('224.1.1.1').is_multicast)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('240.0.0.0').is_multicast)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('240.0.0.1').is_reserved)
        self.assertEqual(False,
                         ipaddress.ip_address('239.255.255.255').is_reserved)

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('192.168.1.1').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('192.169.0.0').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address(
            '10.255.255.255').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('11.0.0.0').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address(
            '172.31.255.255').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('172.32.0.0').is_private)

        self.assertEqual(True,
                         ipaddress.ip_address('169.254.100.200').is_link_local)
        self.assertEqual(False,
                         ipaddress.ip_address('169.255.100.200').is_link_local)

        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('192.0.7.1').is_global)
        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address('203.0.113.1').is_global)

        self.assertEqual(True,
                         ipaddress.ip_address('127.100.200.254').is_loopback)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('127.42.0.0').is_loopback)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('128.0.0.0').is_loopback)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('0.0.0.0').is_unspecified)

    def testReservedIpv6(self):

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('ffff::').is_multicast)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(2 ** 128 - 1).is_multicast)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('ff00::').is_multicast)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('fdff::').is_multicast)

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('fecf::').is_site_local)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(
            'feff:ffff:ffff:ffff::').is_site_local)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network(
            'fbf:ffff::').is_site_local)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('ff00::').is_site_local)

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('fc00::').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(
            'fc00:ffff:ffff:ffff::').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('fbff:ffff::').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('fe00::').is_private)

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('fea0::').is_link_local)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network(
            'febf:ffff::').is_link_local)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network(
            'fe7f:ffff::').is_link_local)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('fec0::').is_link_local)

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_interface('0:0::0:01').is_loopback)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_interface('::1/127').is_loopback)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('::').is_loopback)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('::2').is_loopback)

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('0::0').is_unspecified)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('::1').is_unspecified)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_network('::/127').is_unspecified)

        self.assertEqual(True,
                         ipaddress.ip_network('2001::1/128').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(True,
                         ipaddress.ip_network('200::1/128').is_global)
        # test addresses
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('ffff::').is_multicast)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address(2 ** 128 - 1).is_multicast)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('ff00::').is_multicast)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('fdff::').is_multicast)

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('fecf::').is_site_local)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address(
            'feff:ffff:ffff:ffff::').is_site_local)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address(
            'fbf:ffff::').is_site_local)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('ff00::').is_site_local)

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('fc00::').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address(
            'fc00:ffff:ffff:ffff::').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('fbff:ffff::').is_private)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('fe00::').is_private)

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('fea0::').is_link_local)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address(
            'febf:ffff::').is_link_local)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address(
            'fe7f:ffff::').is_link_local)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('fec0::').is_link_local)

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('0:0::0:01').is_loopback)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('::1').is_loopback)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('::2').is_loopback)

        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('0::0').is_unspecified)
        self.assertEqual(False, ipaddress.ip_address('::1').is_unspecified)

        # some generic IETF reserved addresses
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_address('100::').is_reserved)
        self.assertEqual(True, ipaddress.ip_network('4000::1/128').is_reserved)

    def testIpv4Mapped(self):
        self.assertEqual(
            ipaddress.ip_address('::ffff:192.168.1.1').ipv4_mapped,
            ipaddress.ip_address('192.168.1.1'))
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('::c0a8:101').ipv4_mapped, None)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_address('::ffff:c0a8:101').ipv4_mapped,
                         ipaddress.ip_address('192.168.1.1'))

    def testAddrExclude(self):
        addr1 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.0/24')
        addr2 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.0/26')
        addr3 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.2.1.0/24')
        addr4 = ipaddress.ip_address('10.1.1.0')
        addr5 = ipaddress.ip_network('2001:db8::0/32')
        addr6 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.5/32')
        self.assertEqual(sorted(list(addr1.address_exclude(addr2))),
                         [ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.64/26'),
                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.128/25')])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, list, addr1.address_exclude(addr3))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list, addr1.address_exclude(addr4))
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, list, addr1.address_exclude(addr5))
        self.assertEqual(list(addr1.address_exclude(addr1)), [])
        self.assertEqual(sorted(list(addr1.address_exclude(addr6))),
                         [ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.0/30'),
                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.4/32'),
                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.6/31'),
                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.8/29'),
                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.16/28'),
                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.32/27'),
                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.64/26'),
                          ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.128/25')])

    def testHash(self):
        self.assertEqual(hash(ipaddress.ip_interface('10.1.1.0/24')),
                         hash(ipaddress.ip_interface('10.1.1.0/24')))
        self.assertEqual(hash(ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.0/24')),
                         hash(ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.0/24')))
        self.assertEqual(hash(ipaddress.ip_address('10.1.1.0')),
                         hash(ipaddress.ip_address('10.1.1.0')))
        # i70
        self.assertEqual(
            hash(ipaddress.ip_address('1.2.3.4')),
            hash(ipaddress.ip_address(
                int(ipaddress.ip_address('1.2.3.4')._ip))))
        ip1 = ipaddress.ip_address('10.1.1.0')
        ip2 = ipaddress.ip_address('1::')
        dummy = {}
        dummy[self.ipv4_address] = None
        dummy[self.ipv6_address] = None
        dummy[ip1] = None
        dummy[ip2] = None
        self.assertTrue(self.ipv4_address in dummy)
        self.assertTrue(ip2 in dummy)

    def testIPBases(self):
        net = self.ipv4_network
        self.assertEqual('1.2.3.0/24', net.compressed)
        net = self.ipv6_network
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, net._string_from_ip_int, 2 ** 128 + 1)

    def testIPv6NetworkHelpers(self):
        net = self.ipv6_network
        self.assertEqual('2001:658:22a:cafe::/64', net.with_prefixlen)
        self.assertEqual('2001:658:22a:cafe::/ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::',
                         net.with_netmask)
        self.assertEqual('2001:658:22a:cafe::/::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff',
                         net.with_hostmask)
        self.assertEqual('2001:658:22a:cafe::/64', str(net))

    def testIPv4NetworkHelpers(self):
        net = self.ipv4_network
        self.assertEqual('1.2.3.0/24', net.with_prefixlen)
        self.assertEqual('1.2.3.0/255.255.255.0', net.with_netmask)
        self.assertEqual('1.2.3.0/0.0.0.255', net.with_hostmask)
        self.assertEqual('1.2.3.0/24', str(net))

    def testCopyConstructor(self):
        addr1 = ipaddress.ip_network('10.1.1.0/24')
        addr2 = ipaddress.ip_network(addr1)
        addr3 = ipaddress.ip_interface('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/64')
        addr4 = ipaddress.ip_interface(addr3)
        addr5 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.1.1.1')
        addr6 = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1')

        self.assertEqual(addr1, addr2)
        self.assertEqual(addr3, addr4)
        self.assertEqual(addr5, ipaddress.IPv4Address(addr5))
        self.assertEqual(addr6, ipaddress.IPv6Address(addr6))

    def testCompressIPv6Address(self):
        test_addresses = {
            '1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8': '1:2:3:4:5:6:7:8/128',
            '2001:0:0:4:0:0:0:8': '2001:0:0:4::8/128',
            '2001:0:0:4:5:6:7:8': '2001::4:5:6:7:8/128',
            '2001:0:3:4:5:6:7:8': '2001:0:3:4:5:6:7:8/128',
            '0:0:3:0:0:0:0:ffff': '0:0:3::ffff/128',
            '0:0:0:4:0:0:0:ffff': '::4:0:0:0:ffff/128',
            '0:0:0:0:5:0:0:ffff': '::5:0:0:ffff/128',
            '1:0:0:4:0:0:7:8': '1::4:0:0:7:8/128',
            '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0': '::/128',
            '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0/0': '::/0',
            '0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1': '::1/128',
            '2001:0658:022a:cafe:0000:0000:0000:0000/66':
            '2001:658:22a:cafe::/66',
            '::1.2.3.4': '::102:304/128',
            '1:2:3:4:5:ffff:1.2.3.4': '1:2:3:4:5:ffff:102:304/128',
            '::7:6:5:4:3:2:1': '0:7:6:5:4:3:2:1/128',
            '::7:6:5:4:3:2:0': '0:7:6:5:4:3:2:0/128',
            '7:6:5:4:3:2:1::': '7:6:5:4:3:2:1:0/128',
            '0:6:5:4:3:2:1::': '0:6:5:4:3:2:1:0/128',
        }
        for uncompressed, compressed in list(test_addresses.items()):
            self.assertEqual(compressed, str(ipaddress.IPv6Interface(
                uncompressed)))

    def testExplodeShortHandIpStr(self):
        addr1 = ipaddress.IPv6Interface('2001::1')
        addr2 = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:0:5ef5:79fd:0:59d:a0e5:ba1')
        addr3 = ipaddress.IPv6Network('2001::/96')
        addr4 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.168.178.1')
        self.assertEqual('2001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001/128',
                         addr1.exploded)
        self.assertEqual('0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001/128',
                         ipaddress.IPv6Interface('::1/128').exploded)
        # issue 77
        self.assertEqual('2001:0000:5ef5:79fd:0000:059d:a0e5:0ba1',
                         addr2.exploded)
        self.assertEqual('2001:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000/96',
                         addr3.exploded)
        self.assertEqual('192.168.178.1', addr4.exploded)

    def testReversePointer(self):
        addr1 = ipaddress.IPv4Address('127.0.0.1')
        addr2 = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:db8::1')
        self.assertEqual('1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa', addr1.reverse_pointer)
        self.assertEqual('1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.8.' +
                         'b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa',
                         addr2.reverse_pointer)

    def testIntRepresentation(self):
        self.assertEqual(16909060, int(self.ipv4_address))
        self.assertEqual(42540616829182469433547762482097946625,
                         int(self.ipv6_address))

    def testForceVersion(self):
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.ip_network(1).version, 4)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv6Network(1).version, 6)

    def testWithStar(self):
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface.with_prefixlen, "1.2.3.4/24")
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface.with_netmask,
                         "1.2.3.4/255.255.255.0")
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_interface.with_hostmask,
                         "1.2.3.4/0.0.0.255")

        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.with_prefixlen,
                         '2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/64')
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.with_netmask,
                         '2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff::')
        # this probably don't make much sense, but it's included for
        # compatibility with ipv4
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.with_hostmask,
                         '2001:658:22a:cafe:200::1/::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff')

    def testNetworkElementCaching(self):
        # V4 - make sure we're empty
        self.assertFalse('network_address' in self.ipv4_network._cache)
        self.assertFalse('broadcast_address' in self.ipv4_network._cache)
        self.assertFalse('hostmask' in self.ipv4_network._cache)

        # V4 - populate and test
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.network_address,
                         ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.0'))
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.broadcast_address,
                         ipaddress.IPv4Address('1.2.3.255'))
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv4_network.hostmask,
                         ipaddress.IPv4Address('0.0.0.255'))

        # V4 - check we're cached
        self.assertTrue('broadcast_address' in self.ipv4_network._cache)
        self.assertTrue('hostmask' in self.ipv4_network._cache)

        # V6 - make sure we're empty
        self.assertFalse('broadcast_address' in self.ipv6_network._cache)
        self.assertFalse('hostmask' in self.ipv6_network._cache)

        # V6 - populate and test
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.network_address,
                         ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe::'))
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.network.network_address,
                         ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe::'))

        self.assertEqual(
            self.ipv6_network.broadcast_address,
            ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'))
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_network.hostmask,
                         ipaddress.IPv6Address('::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'))
        self.assertEqual(
            self.ipv6_interface.network.broadcast_address,
            ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:658:22a:cafe:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'))
        self.assertEqual(self.ipv6_interface.network.hostmask,
                         ipaddress.IPv6Address('::ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff'))

        # V6 - check we're cached
        self.assertTrue('broadcast_address' in self.ipv6_network._cache)
        self.assertTrue('hostmask' in self.ipv6_network._cache)
        self.assertTrue(
            'broadcast_address' in self.ipv6_interface.network._cache)
        self.assertTrue('hostmask' in self.ipv6_interface.network._cache)

    def testTeredo(self):
        # stolen from wikipedia
        server = ipaddress.IPv4Address('65.54.227.120')
        client = ipaddress.IPv4Address('192.0.2.45')
        teredo_addr = '2001:0000:4136:e378:8000:63bf:3fff:fdd2'
        self.assertEqual((server, client),
                         ipaddress.ip_address(teredo_addr).teredo)
        bad_addr = '2000::4136:e378:8000:63bf:3fff:fdd2'
        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address(bad_addr).teredo)
        bad_addr = '2001:0001:4136:e378:8000:63bf:3fff:fdd2'
        self.assertFalse(ipaddress.ip_address(bad_addr).teredo)

        # i77
        teredo_addr = ipaddress.IPv6Address('2001:0:5ef5:79fd:0:59d:a0e5:ba1')
        self.assertEqual((ipaddress.IPv4Address('94.245.121.253'),
                          ipaddress.IPv4Address('95.26.244.94')),
                         teredo_addr.teredo)

    def testsixtofour(self):
        sixtofouraddr = ipaddress.ip_address('2002:ac1d:2d64::1')
        bad_addr = ipaddress.ip_address('2000:ac1d:2d64::1')
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress.IPv4Address('172.29.45.100'),
                         sixtofouraddr.sixtofour)
        self.assertFalse(bad_addr.sixtofour)


# Monkey-patch test runner
if not hasattr(BaseTestCase, 'assertRaisesRegex'):
    class _AssertRaisesRegex(object):
        def __init__(self, expected_exception, expected_regex):
            self.expected = expected_exception
            self.expected_regex = re.compile(expected_regex)

        def __enter__(self):
            return self

        def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, tb):
            if exc_type is None:
                try:
                    exc_name = self.expected.__name__
                except AttributeError:
                    exc_name = str(self.expected)
                if self.obj_name:
                    self._raiseFailure("{} not raised by {}".format(
                        exc_name, self.obj_name))
                else:
                    self._raiseFailure("{} not raised".format(exc_name))
            if not issubclass(exc_type, self.expected):
                # let unexpected exceptions pass through
                return False
            self.exception = exc_value
            if self.expected_regex is None:
                return True

            expected_regex = self.expected_regex
            if not expected_regex.search(str(exc_value)):
                raise AssertionError('"{}" does not match "{}"'.format(
                    expected_regex.pattern, str(exc_value)))
            return True

    BaseTestCase.assertRaisesRegex = _AssertRaisesRegex
    IpaddrUnitTest.assertRaisesRegex = _AssertRaisesRegex
if not hasattr(BaseTestCase, 'assertIn'):
    def _assertIn(self, o, iterable):
        self.assertTrue(o in iterable)

    def _assertNotIn(self, o, iterable):
        self.assertFalse(o in iterable)
    BaseTestCase.assertIn = _assertIn
    BaseTestCase.assertNotIn = _assertNotIn
    IpaddrUnitTest.assertIn = _assertIn
    IpaddrUnitTest.assertNotIn = _assertNotIn
    ComparisonTests.assertIn = _assertIn
    ComparisonTests.assertNotIn = _assertNotIn
if not hasattr(BaseTestCase, 'subTest'):
    class _SubTest(object):
        def __init__(*a, **kw):
            pass

        def __enter__(*a):
            pass

        def __exit__(*a):
            pass
    BaseTestCase.subTest = _SubTest


# Test for https://github.com/phihag/ipaddress/pull/6
class Python2RangeTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_network_hosts(self):
        net = ipaddress.ip_network('::/0')
        next(net.hosts())  # This should not throw OverflowError

    def test_network_iter(self):
        net = ipaddress.ip_network('::/0')
        next(iter(net))  # This should not throw OverflowError


class CompatTest(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_bit_length(self):
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress._compat_bit_length(0), 0)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress._compat_bit_length(1), 1)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress._compat_bit_length(2), 2)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress._compat_bit_length(3), 2)
        self.assertEqual(ipaddress._compat_bit_length(4), 3)


class SingleIssuesTest(unittest.TestCase):
    # https://github.com/phihag/ipaddress/issues/14
    def test_issue_14(self):
        self.assertTrue(ipaddress.ip_address('127.0.0.1').is_private)

    def test_issue_18(self):
        net1 = ipaddress.ip_network("192.0.2.0/24")
        net2 = ipaddress.ip_network("192.0.2.112/29")
        self.assertFalse(net1.subnet_of(net2))
        self.assertTrue(net1.supernet_of(net2))
        self.assertTrue(net2.subnet_of(net1))
        self.assertFalse(net2.supernet_of(net1))


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()