/**
 * Copyright (C) 2006 Google Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.google.inject.internal;

import com.google.inject.Binder;
import com.google.inject.Binding;
import com.google.inject.ConfigurationException;
import com.google.inject.ImplementedBy;
import com.google.inject.Injector;
import com.google.inject.InjectorBuilder;
import com.google.inject.Key;
import com.google.inject.MembersInjector;
import com.google.inject.Module;
import com.google.inject.ProvidedBy;
import com.google.inject.Provider;
import com.google.inject.ProvisionException;
import com.google.inject.Scope;
import com.google.inject.TypeLiteral;
import com.google.inject.internal.InternalInjectorCreator.InjectorOptions;
import com.google.inject.internal.util.ImmutableList;
import com.google.inject.internal.util.ImmutableMap;
import com.google.inject.internal.util.ImmutableSet;
import com.google.inject.internal.util.Lists;
import com.google.inject.internal.util.Maps;
import com.google.inject.internal.util.Objects;
import com.google.inject.internal.util.SourceProvider;
import com.google.inject.internal.util.ToStringBuilder;
import com.google.inject.spi.BindingTargetVisitor;
import com.google.inject.spi.ConvertedConstantBinding;
import com.google.inject.spi.Dependency;
import com.google.inject.spi.HasDependencies;
import com.google.inject.spi.InjectionPoint;
import com.google.inject.spi.ProviderBinding;
import com.google.inject.util.Providers;
import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.lang.reflect.GenericArrayType;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;

/**
 * Default {@link Injector} implementation.
 *
 * @author crazybob@google.com (Bob Lee)
 * @see InjectorBuilder
 */
final class InjectorImpl implements Injector, Lookups {
  public static final TypeLiteral<String> STRING_TYPE = TypeLiteral.get(String.class);
  
  /** some limitations on what just in time bindings are allowed. */
  enum JitLimitation { 
    /** does not allow just in time bindings */
    NO_JIT,
    /** allows existing just in time bindings, but does not allow new ones */
    EXISTING_JIT,
    /** allows existing just in time bindings & allows new ones to be created */
    NEW_OR_EXISTING_JIT,
  }

  final State state;
  final InjectorImpl parent;
  final BindingsMultimap bindingsMultimap = new BindingsMultimap();
  final InjectorOptions options;

  /** Just-in-time binding cache. Guarded by state.lock() */
  final Map<Key<?>, BindingImpl<?>> jitBindings = Maps.newHashMap();

  Lookups lookups = new DeferredLookups(this);

  InjectorImpl(@Nullable InjectorImpl parent, State state, InjectorOptions injectorOptions) {
    this.parent = parent;
    this.state = state;
    this.options = injectorOptions;

    if (parent != null) {
      localContext = parent.localContext;
    } else {
      localContext = new ThreadLocal<Object[]>() {
        protected Object[] initialValue() {
          return new Object[1];
        }
      };
    }
  }

  /** Indexes bindings by type. */
  void index() {
    for (Binding<?> binding : state.getExplicitBindingsThisLevel().values()) {
      index(binding);
    }
  }

  <T> void index(Binding<T> binding) {
    bindingsMultimap.put(binding.getKey().getTypeLiteral(), binding);
  }

  public <T> List<Binding<T>> findBindingsByType(TypeLiteral<T> type) {
    return bindingsMultimap.getAll(type);
  }

  /** Returns the binding for {@code key} */
  public <T> BindingImpl<T> getBinding(Key<T> key) {
    Errors errors = new Errors(key);
    try {
      BindingImpl<T> result = getBindingOrThrow(key, errors, JitLimitation.EXISTING_JIT);
      errors.throwConfigurationExceptionIfErrorsExist();
      return result;
    } catch (ErrorsException e) {
      throw new ConfigurationException(errors.merge(e.getErrors()).getMessages());
    }
  }

  public <T> BindingImpl<T> getExistingBinding(Key<T> key) {
    // Check explicit bindings, i.e. bindings created by modules.
    BindingImpl<T> explicitBinding = state.getExplicitBinding(key);
    if (explicitBinding != null) {
      return explicitBinding;
    }
    synchronized (state.lock()) {
      // See if any jit bindings have been created for this key.
      for (InjectorImpl injector = this; injector != null; injector = injector.parent) {
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        BindingImpl<T> jitBinding = (BindingImpl<T>) injector.jitBindings.get(key);
        if(jitBinding != null) {
          return jitBinding;
        }
      }
    }
    
    // If Key is a Provider, we have to see if the type it is providing exists,
    // and, if so, we have to create the binding for the provider.
    if(isProvider(key)) {
      try {
        // This is safe because isProvider above ensures that T is a Provider<?>
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Key<?> providedKey = (Key<?>)getProvidedKey((Key)key, new Errors());
        if(getExistingBinding(providedKey) != null) {
          return getBinding(key);
        }
      } catch(ErrorsException e) {
        throw new ConfigurationException(e.getErrors().getMessages());
      }
    }

    // No existing binding exists.
    return null;
  }

  /**
   * Gets a binding implementation.  First, it check to see if the parent has a binding.  If the
   * parent has a binding and the binding is scoped, it will use that binding.  Otherwise, this
   * checks for an explicit binding. If no explicit binding is found, it looks for a just-in-time
   * binding.
   */
  <T> BindingImpl<T> getBindingOrThrow(Key<T> key, Errors errors, JitLimitation jitType)
      throws ErrorsException {
    // Check explicit bindings, i.e. bindings created by modules.
    BindingImpl<T> binding = state.getExplicitBinding(key);
    if (binding != null) {
      return binding;
    }

    // Look for an on-demand binding.
    return getJustInTimeBinding(key, errors, jitType);
  }

  public <T> Binding<T> getBinding(Class<T> type) {
    return getBinding(Key.get(type));
  }

  public Injector getParent() {
    return parent;
  }

  public Injector createChildInjector(Iterable<? extends Module> modules) {
    return new InternalInjectorCreator()
        .parentInjector(this)
        .addModules(modules)
        .build();
  }

  public Injector createChildInjector(Module... modules) {
    return createChildInjector(ImmutableList.of(modules));
  }

  /**
   * Returns a just-in-time binding for {@code key}, creating it if necessary.
   *
   * @throws ErrorsException if the binding could not be created.
   */
  private <T> BindingImpl<T> getJustInTimeBinding(Key<T> key, Errors errors, JitLimitation jitType)
      throws ErrorsException {


    boolean jitOverride = isProvider(key) || isTypeLiteral(key);
    if(options.jitDisabled && jitType == JitLimitation.NO_JIT && !jitOverride) {
      throw errors.jitDisabled(key).toException();
    }
    
    synchronized (state.lock()) {
      // first try to find a JIT binding that we've already created
      for (InjectorImpl injector = this; injector != null; injector = injector.parent) {
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // we only store bindings that match their key
        BindingImpl<T> binding = (BindingImpl<T>) injector.jitBindings.get(key);

        if (binding != null) {
          return binding;
        }
      }
      
      if(options.jitDisabled && jitType != JitLimitation.NEW_OR_EXISTING_JIT && !jitOverride) {
        throw errors.jitDisabled(key).toException();
      } else {
        return createJustInTimeBindingRecursive(key, errors);
      }
    }
  }

  /** Returns true if the key type is Provider (but not a subclass of Provider). */
  private static boolean isProvider(Key<?> key) {
    return key.getTypeLiteral().getRawType().equals(Provider.class);
  }
  
  private static boolean isTypeLiteral(Key<?> key) {
    return key.getTypeLiteral().getRawType().equals(TypeLiteral.class);
  }
  
  private static <T> Key<T> getProvidedKey(Key<Provider<T>> key, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    Type providerType = key.getTypeLiteral().getType();

    // If the Provider has no type parameter (raw Provider)...
    if (!(providerType instanceof ParameterizedType)) {
      throw errors.cannotInjectRawProvider().toException();
    }

    Type entryType = ((ParameterizedType) providerType).getActualTypeArguments()[0];

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // safe because T came from Key<Provider<T>>
    Key<T> providedKey = (Key<T>) key.ofType(entryType);
    return providedKey;
  }

  /** Returns true if the key type is MembersInjector (but not a subclass of MembersInjector). */
  private static boolean isMembersInjector(Key<?> key) {
    return key.getTypeLiteral().getRawType().equals(MembersInjector.class)
        && !(key.getAnnotationType() != null);
  }

  private <T> BindingImpl<MembersInjector<T>> createMembersInjectorBinding(
      Key<MembersInjector<T>> key, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    Type membersInjectorType = key.getTypeLiteral().getType();
    if (!(membersInjectorType instanceof ParameterizedType)) {
      throw errors.cannotInjectRawMembersInjector().toException();
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // safe because T came from Key<MembersInjector<T>>
    TypeLiteral<T> instanceType = (TypeLiteral<T>) TypeLiteral.get(
        ((ParameterizedType) membersInjectorType).getActualTypeArguments()[0]);
    MembersInjector<T> membersInjector = membersInjectorStore.get(instanceType, errors);

    InternalFactory<MembersInjector<T>> factory = new ConstantFactory<MembersInjector<T>>(
        Initializables.of(membersInjector));


    return new InstanceBindingImpl<MembersInjector<T>>(this, key, SourceProvider.UNKNOWN_SOURCE,
        factory, ImmutableSet.<InjectionPoint>of(), membersInjector);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a synthetic binding to {@code Provider<T>}, i.e. a binding to the provider from
   * {@code Binding<T>}.
   */
  private <T> BindingImpl<Provider<T>> createProviderBinding(Key<Provider<T>> key, Errors errors)
      throws ErrorsException {
    Key<T> providedKey = getProvidedKey(key, errors);
    BindingImpl<T> delegate = getBindingOrThrow(providedKey, errors, JitLimitation.NO_JIT);
    return new ProviderBindingImpl<T>(this, key, delegate);
  }

  private static class ProviderBindingImpl<T> extends BindingImpl<Provider<T>>
      implements ProviderBinding<Provider<T>>, HasDependencies {
    final BindingImpl<T> providedBinding;

    ProviderBindingImpl(InjectorImpl injector, Key<Provider<T>> key, Binding<T> providedBinding) {
      super(injector, key, providedBinding.getSource(), createInternalFactory(providedBinding),
          Scoping.UNSCOPED);
      this.providedBinding = (BindingImpl<T>) providedBinding;
    }

    static <T> InternalFactory<Provider<T>> createInternalFactory(Binding<T> providedBinding) {
      final Provider<T> provider = providedBinding.getProvider();
      return new InternalFactory<Provider<T>>() {
        public Provider<T> get(Errors errors, InternalContext context, Dependency dependency, boolean linked) {
          return provider;
        }
      };
    }

    public Key<? extends T> getProvidedKey() {
      return providedBinding.getKey();
    }

    public <V> V acceptTargetVisitor(BindingTargetVisitor<? super Provider<T>, V> visitor) {
      return visitor.visit(this);
    }

    public void applyTo(Binder binder) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException("This element represents a synthetic binding.");
    }

    @Override public String toString() {
      return new ToStringBuilder(ProviderBinding.class)
          .add("key", getKey())
          .add("providedKey", getProvidedKey())
          .toString();
    }

    public Set<Dependency<?>> getDependencies() {
      return ImmutableSet.<Dependency<?>>of(Dependency.get(getProvidedKey()));
    }
    
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
      if(obj instanceof ProviderBindingImpl) {
        ProviderBindingImpl<?> o = (ProviderBindingImpl<?>)obj;
        return getKey().equals(o.getKey())
          && getScoping().equals(o.getScoping())
          && Objects.equal(providedBinding, o.providedBinding);
      } else {
        return false;
      }
    }
    
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
      return Objects.hashCode(getKey(), getScoping(), providedBinding);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Converts a constant string binding to the required type.
   *
   * @return the binding if it could be resolved, or null if the binding doesn't exist
   * @throws com.google.inject.internal.ErrorsException if there was an error resolving the binding
   */
  private <T> BindingImpl<T> convertConstantStringBinding(Key<T> key, Errors errors)
      throws ErrorsException {
    // Find a constant string binding.
    Key<String> stringKey = key.ofType(STRING_TYPE);
    BindingImpl<String> stringBinding = state.getExplicitBinding(stringKey);
    if (stringBinding == null || !stringBinding.isConstant()) {
      return null;
    }

    String stringValue = stringBinding.getProvider().get();
    Object source = stringBinding.getSource();

    // Find a matching type converter.
    TypeLiteral<T> type = key.getTypeLiteral();
    MatcherAndConverter matchingConverter = state.getConverter(stringValue, type, errors, source);

    if (matchingConverter == null) {
      // No converter can handle the given type.
      return null;
    }

    // Try to convert the string. A failed conversion results in an error.
    try {
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // This cast is safe because we double check below.
      T converted = (T) matchingConverter.getTypeConverter().convert(stringValue, type);

      if (converted == null) {
        throw errors.converterReturnedNull(stringValue, source, type, matchingConverter)
            .toException();
      }

      if (!type.getRawType().isInstance(converted)) {
        throw errors.conversionTypeError(stringValue, source, type, matchingConverter, converted)
            .toException();
      }

      return new ConvertedConstantBindingImpl<T>(this, key, converted, stringBinding);
    } catch (ErrorsException e) {
      throw e;
    } catch (RuntimeException e) {
      throw errors.conversionError(stringValue, source, type, matchingConverter, e)
          .toException();
    }
  }

  private static class ConvertedConstantBindingImpl<T>
      extends BindingImpl<T> implements ConvertedConstantBinding<T> {
    final T value;
    final Provider<T> provider;
    final Binding<String> originalBinding;

    ConvertedConstantBindingImpl(
        InjectorImpl injector, Key<T> key, T value, Binding<String> originalBinding) {
      super(injector, key, originalBinding.getSource(),
          new ConstantFactory<T>(Initializables.of(value)), Scoping.UNSCOPED);
      this.value = value;
      provider = Providers.of(value);
      this.originalBinding = originalBinding;
    }

    @Override public Provider<T> getProvider() {
      return provider;
    }

    public <V> V acceptTargetVisitor(BindingTargetVisitor<? super T, V> visitor) {
      return visitor.visit(this);
    }

    public T getValue() {
      return value;
    }

    public Key<String> getSourceKey() {
      return originalBinding.getKey();
    }

    public Set<Dependency<?>> getDependencies() {
      return ImmutableSet.<Dependency<?>>of(Dependency.get(getSourceKey()));
    }

    public void applyTo(Binder binder) {
      throw new UnsupportedOperationException("This element represents a synthetic binding.");
    }

    @Override public String toString() {
      return new ToStringBuilder(ConvertedConstantBinding.class)
          .add("key", getKey())
          .add("sourceKey", getSourceKey())
          .add("value", value)
          .toString();
    }
    
    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
      if(obj instanceof ConvertedConstantBindingImpl) {
        ConvertedConstantBindingImpl<?> o = (ConvertedConstantBindingImpl<?>)obj;
        return getKey().equals(o.getKey())
          && getScoping().equals(o.getScoping())
          && Objects.equal(value, o.value);
      } else {
        return false;
      }
    }
    
    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
      return Objects.hashCode(getKey(), getScoping(), value);
    }
  }

  <T> void initializeBinding(BindingImpl<T> binding, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    if (binding instanceof ConstructorBindingImpl<?>) {
      ((ConstructorBindingImpl) binding).initialize(this, errors);
    }
  }

  <T> void initializeJitBinding(BindingImpl<T> binding, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    // Put the partially constructed binding in the map a little early. This enables us to handle
    // circular dependencies. Example: FooImpl -> BarImpl -> FooImpl.
    // Note: We don't need to synchronize on state.lock() during injector creation.
    if (binding instanceof ConstructorBindingImpl<?>) {
      Key<T> key = binding.getKey();
      jitBindings.put(key, binding);
      boolean successful = false;
      ConstructorBindingImpl cb = (ConstructorBindingImpl)binding;
      try {
        cb.initialize(this, errors);
        successful = true;
      } finally {
        if (!successful) {
          // We do not pass cb.getInternalConstructor as the second parameter
          // so that cached exceptions while constructing it get stored.
          // See TypeListenerTest#testTypeListenerThrows
          removeFailedJitBinding(key, null);
          cleanup(binding, new HashSet<Key>());
        }
      }
    }
  }
  
  /**
   * Iterates through the binding's dependencies to clean up any stray bindings that were leftover
   * from a failed JIT binding. This is required because the bindings are eagerly &
   * optimistically added to allow circular dependency support, so dependencies may pass where they
   * should have failed.
   */
  private boolean cleanup(BindingImpl<?> binding, Set<Key> encountered) {
    boolean bindingFailed = false;
    Set<Dependency<?>> deps = getInternalDependencies(binding);
    for(Dependency dep : deps) {
      Key<?> depKey = dep.getKey();
      InjectionPoint ip = dep.getInjectionPoint();
      if(encountered.add(depKey)) { // only check if we haven't looked at this key yet
        BindingImpl depBinding = jitBindings.get(depKey);
        if(depBinding != null) { // if the binding still exists, validate
          boolean failed = cleanup(depBinding, encountered); // if children fail, we fail
          if(depBinding instanceof ConstructorBindingImpl) {
            ConstructorBindingImpl ctorBinding = (ConstructorBindingImpl)depBinding;
            ip = ctorBinding.getInternalConstructor();
            if(!ctorBinding.isInitialized()) {
              failed = true;
            }
          }
          if(failed) {
            removeFailedJitBinding(depKey, ip);
            bindingFailed = true;
          }
        } else if(state.getExplicitBinding(depKey) == null) {
          // ignore keys if they were explicitly bound, but if neither JIT
          // nor explicit, it's also invalid & should let parent know.
          bindingFailed = true;
        }
      }
    }
    return bindingFailed;
  }
  
  /** Cleans up any state that may have been cached when constructing the JIT binding. */
  private void removeFailedJitBinding(Key<?> key, InjectionPoint ip) {
    jitBindings.remove(key);
    membersInjectorStore.remove(key.getTypeLiteral());
    if(ip != null) {
      constructors.remove(ip);
    }
  }
  
  /** Safely gets the dependencies of possibly not initialized bindings. */
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  private Set<Dependency<?>> getInternalDependencies(BindingImpl<?> binding) {
    if(binding instanceof ConstructorBindingImpl) {
      return ((ConstructorBindingImpl)binding).getInternalDependencies();
    } else if(binding instanceof HasDependencies) {
      return ((HasDependencies)binding).getDependencies();
    } else {
      return ImmutableSet.of();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Creates a binding for an injectable type with the given scope. Looks for a scope on the type if
   * none is specified.
   */
  <T> BindingImpl<T> createUninitializedBinding(Key<T> key, Scoping scoping, Object source,
      Errors errors, boolean jitBinding) throws ErrorsException {
    Class<?> rawType = key.getTypeLiteral().getRawType();

    // Don't try to inject arrays, or enums.
    if (rawType.isArray() || rawType.isEnum()) {
      throw errors.missingImplementation(key).toException();
    }

    // Handle TypeLiteral<T> by binding the inner type
    if (rawType == TypeLiteral.class) {
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // we have to fudge the inner type as Object
      BindingImpl<T> binding = (BindingImpl<T>) createTypeLiteralBinding(
          (Key<TypeLiteral<Object>>) key, errors);
      return binding;
    }

    // Handle @ImplementedBy
    ImplementedBy implementedBy = rawType.getAnnotation(ImplementedBy.class);
    if (implementedBy != null) {
      Annotations.checkForMisplacedScopeAnnotations(rawType, source, errors);
      return createImplementedByBinding(key, scoping, implementedBy, errors);
    }

    // Handle @ProvidedBy.
    ProvidedBy providedBy = rawType.getAnnotation(ProvidedBy.class);
    if (providedBy != null) {
      Annotations.checkForMisplacedScopeAnnotations(rawType, source, errors);
      return createProvidedByBinding(key, scoping, providedBy, errors);
    }

    
    return ConstructorBindingImpl.create(this, key, null, source, scoping, errors, jitBinding && options.jitDisabled);
  }

  /**
   * Converts a binding for a {@code Key<TypeLiteral<T>>} to the value {@code TypeLiteral<T>}. It's
   * a bit awkward because we have to pull out the inner type in the type literal.
   */
  private <T> BindingImpl<TypeLiteral<T>> createTypeLiteralBinding(
      Key<TypeLiteral<T>> key, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    Type typeLiteralType = key.getTypeLiteral().getType();
    if (!(typeLiteralType instanceof ParameterizedType)) {
      throw errors.cannotInjectRawTypeLiteral().toException();
    }

    ParameterizedType parameterizedType = (ParameterizedType) typeLiteralType;
    Type innerType = parameterizedType.getActualTypeArguments()[0];

    // this is unforunate. We don't support building TypeLiterals for type variable like 'T'. If
    // this proves problematic, we can probably fix TypeLiteral to support type variables
    if (!(innerType instanceof Class)
        && !(innerType instanceof GenericArrayType)
        && !(innerType instanceof ParameterizedType)) {
      throw errors.cannotInjectTypeLiteralOf(innerType).toException();
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // by definition, innerType == T, so this is safe
    TypeLiteral<T> value = (TypeLiteral<T>) TypeLiteral.get(innerType);
    InternalFactory<TypeLiteral<T>> factory = new ConstantFactory<TypeLiteral<T>>(
        Initializables.of(value));
    return new InstanceBindingImpl<TypeLiteral<T>>(this, key, SourceProvider.UNKNOWN_SOURCE,
        factory, ImmutableSet.<InjectionPoint>of(), value);
  }

  /** Creates a binding for a type annotated with @ProvidedBy. */
  <T> BindingImpl<T> createProvidedByBinding(Key<T> key, Scoping scoping,
      ProvidedBy providedBy, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    final Class<?> rawType = key.getTypeLiteral().getRawType();
    final Class<? extends Provider<?>> providerType = providedBy.value();

    // Make sure it's not the same type. TODO: Can we check for deeper loops?
    if (providerType == rawType) {
      throw errors.recursiveProviderType().toException();
    }

    // Assume the provider provides an appropriate type. We double check at runtime.
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    final Key<? extends Provider<T>> providerKey
        = (Key<? extends Provider<T>>) Key.get(providerType);
    final BindingImpl<? extends Provider<?>> providerBinding
        = getBindingOrThrow(providerKey, errors, JitLimitation.NEW_OR_EXISTING_JIT);

    InternalFactory<T> internalFactory = new InternalFactory<T>() {
      public T get(Errors errors, InternalContext context, Dependency dependency, boolean linked)
          throws ErrorsException {
        errors = errors.withSource(providerKey);
        Provider<?> provider = providerBinding.getInternalFactory().get(
            errors, context, dependency, true);
        try {
          Object o = provider.get();
          if (o != null && !rawType.isInstance(o)) {
            throw errors.subtypeNotProvided(providerType, rawType).toException();
          }
          @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // protected by isInstance() check above
          T t = (T) o;
          return t;
        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
          throw errors.errorInProvider(e).toException();
        }
      }
    };

    Object source = rawType;
    return new LinkedProviderBindingImpl<T>(
        this,
        key,
        source,
        Scoping.<T>scope(key, this, internalFactory, source, scoping),
        scoping,
        providerKey);
  }

  /** Creates a binding for a type annotated with @ImplementedBy. */
  private <T> BindingImpl<T> createImplementedByBinding(Key<T> key, Scoping scoping,
      ImplementedBy implementedBy, Errors errors)
      throws ErrorsException {
    Class<?> rawType = key.getTypeLiteral().getRawType();
    Class<?> implementationType = implementedBy.value();

    // Make sure it's not the same type. TODO: Can we check for deeper cycles?
    if (implementationType == rawType) {
      throw errors.recursiveImplementationType().toException();
    }

    // Make sure implementationType extends type.
    if (!rawType.isAssignableFrom(implementationType)) {
      throw errors.notASubtype(implementationType, rawType).toException();
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // After the preceding check, this cast is safe.
    Class<? extends T> subclass = (Class<? extends T>) implementationType;

    // Look up the target binding.
    final Key<? extends T> targetKey = Key.get(subclass);
    final BindingImpl<? extends T> targetBinding = getBindingOrThrow(targetKey, errors, JitLimitation.NEW_OR_EXISTING_JIT);

    InternalFactory<T> internalFactory = new InternalFactory<T>() {
      public T get(Errors errors, InternalContext context, Dependency<?> dependency, boolean linked)
          throws ErrorsException {
        return targetBinding.getInternalFactory().get(
            errors.withSource(targetKey), context, dependency, true);
      }
    };

    Object source = rawType;
    return new LinkedBindingImpl<T>(
        this,
        key,
        source,
        Scoping.<T>scope(key, this, internalFactory, source, scoping),
        scoping,
        targetKey);
  }

  /**
   * Attempts to create a just-in-time binding for {@code key} in the root injector, falling back to
   * other ancestor injectors until this injector is tried.
   */
  private <T> BindingImpl<T> createJustInTimeBindingRecursive(Key<T> key, Errors errors)
      throws ErrorsException {
    // ask the parent to create the JIT binding
    if (parent != null && !parent.options.jitDisabled) {
      try {
        return parent.createJustInTimeBindingRecursive(key, new Errors());
      } catch (ErrorsException ignored) {
      }
    }

    if (state.isBlacklisted(key)) {
      throw errors.childBindingAlreadySet(key).toException();
    }

    BindingImpl<T> binding = createJustInTimeBinding(key, errors);
    state.parent().blacklist(key);
    jitBindings.put(key, binding);
    return binding;
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new just-in-time binding created by resolving {@code key}. The strategies used to
   * create just-in-time bindings are:
   * <ol>
   *   <li>Internalizing Providers. If the requested binding is for {@code Provider<T>}, we delegate
   *     to the binding for {@code T}.
   *   <li>Converting constants.
   *   <li>ImplementedBy and ProvidedBy annotations. Only for unannotated keys.
   *   <li>The constructor of the raw type. Only for unannotated keys.
   * </ol>
   *
   * @throws com.google.inject.internal.ErrorsException if the binding cannot be created.
   */
  private <T> BindingImpl<T> createJustInTimeBinding(Key<T> key, Errors errors)
      throws ErrorsException {
    int numErrorsBefore = errors.size();

    if (state.isBlacklisted(key)) {
      throw errors.childBindingAlreadySet(key).toException();
    }

    // Handle cases where T is a Provider<?>.
    if (isProvider(key)) {
      // These casts are safe. We know T extends Provider<X> and that given Key<Provider<X>>,
      // createProviderBinding() will return BindingImpl<Provider<X>>.
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
      BindingImpl<T> binding = (BindingImpl<T>) createProviderBinding((Key) key, errors);
      return binding;
    }

    // Handle cases where T is a MembersInjector<?>
    if (isMembersInjector(key)) {
      // These casts are safe. T extends MembersInjector<X> and that given Key<MembersInjector<X>>,
      // createMembersInjectorBinding() will return BindingImpl<MembersInjector<X>>.
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
      BindingImpl<T> binding = (BindingImpl<T>) createMembersInjectorBinding((Key) key, errors);
      return binding;
    }

    // Try to convert a constant string binding to the requested type.
    BindingImpl<T> convertedBinding = convertConstantStringBinding(key, errors);
    if (convertedBinding != null) {
      return convertedBinding;
    }

    // If the key has an annotation...
    if (key.getAnnotationType() != null) {
      // Look for a binding without annotation attributes or return null.
      if (key.hasAttributes()) {
        try {
          Errors ignored = new Errors();
          return getBindingOrThrow(key.withoutAttributes(), ignored, JitLimitation.NO_JIT);
        } catch (ErrorsException ignored) {
          // throw with a more appropriate message below
        }
      }
      throw errors.missingImplementation(key).toException();
    }

    Object source = key.getTypeLiteral().getRawType();
    BindingImpl<T> binding = createUninitializedBinding(key, Scoping.UNSCOPED, source, errors, true);
    errors.throwIfNewErrors(numErrorsBefore);
    initializeJitBinding(binding, errors);
    return binding;
  }

  <T> InternalFactory<? extends T> getInternalFactory(Key<T> key, Errors errors, JitLimitation jitType)
      throws ErrorsException {
    return getBindingOrThrow(key, errors, jitType).getInternalFactory();
  }

  public Map<Key<?>, Binding<?>> getBindings() {
    return state.getExplicitBindingsThisLevel();
  }

  public Map<Key<?>, Binding<?>> getAllBindings() {
    synchronized (state.lock()) {
      return new ImmutableMap.Builder<Key<?>, Binding<?>>()
          .putAll(state.getExplicitBindingsThisLevel())
          .putAll(jitBindings)
          .build();
    }
  }

  public Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Scope> getScopeBindings() {
    return state.getScopes();
  }

  private static class BindingsMultimap {
    final Map<TypeLiteral<?>, List<Binding<?>>> multimap = Maps.newHashMap();

    <T> void put(TypeLiteral<T> type, Binding<T> binding) {
      List<Binding<?>> bindingsForType = multimap.get(type);
      if (bindingsForType == null) {
        bindingsForType = Lists.newArrayList();
        multimap.put(type, bindingsForType);
      }
      bindingsForType.add(binding);
    }


    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // safe because we only put matching entries into the map
    <T> List<Binding<T>> getAll(TypeLiteral<T> type) {
      List<Binding<?>> bindings = multimap.get(type);
      return bindings != null
          ? Collections.<Binding<T>>unmodifiableList((List) multimap.get(type)) 
          : ImmutableList.<Binding<T>>of();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns parameter injectors, or {@code null} if there are no parameters.
   */
  SingleParameterInjector<?>[] getParametersInjectors(
      List<Dependency<?>> parameters, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    if (parameters.isEmpty()) {
      return null;
    }

    int numErrorsBefore = errors.size();
    SingleParameterInjector<?>[] result = new SingleParameterInjector<?>[parameters.size()];
    int i = 0;
    for (Dependency<?> parameter : parameters) {
      try {
        result[i++] = createParameterInjector(parameter, errors.withSource(parameter));
      } catch (ErrorsException rethrownBelow) {
        // rethrown below
      }
    }

    errors.throwIfNewErrors(numErrorsBefore);
    return result;
  }

  <T> SingleParameterInjector<T> createParameterInjector(final Dependency<T> dependency,
      final Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    InternalFactory<? extends T> factory = getInternalFactory(dependency.getKey(), errors, JitLimitation.NO_JIT);
    return new SingleParameterInjector<T>(dependency, factory);
  }

  /** Invokes a method. */
  interface MethodInvoker {
    Object invoke(Object target, Object... parameters)
        throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException;
  }

  /** Cached constructor injectors for each type */
  final ConstructorInjectorStore constructors = new ConstructorInjectorStore(this);

  /** Cached field and method injectors for each type. */
  MembersInjectorStore membersInjectorStore;

  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // the members injector type is consistent with instance's type
  public void injectMembers(Object instance) {
    MembersInjector membersInjector = getMembersInjector(instance.getClass());
    membersInjector.injectMembers(instance);
  }

  public <T> MembersInjector<T> getMembersInjector(TypeLiteral<T> typeLiteral) {
    Errors errors = new Errors(typeLiteral);
    try {
      return membersInjectorStore.get(typeLiteral, errors);
    } catch (ErrorsException e) {
      throw new ConfigurationException(errors.merge(e.getErrors()).getMessages());
    }
  }

  public <T> MembersInjector<T> getMembersInjector(Class<T> type) {
    return getMembersInjector(TypeLiteral.get(type));
  }

  public <T> Provider<T> getProvider(Class<T> type) {
    return getProvider(Key.get(type));
  }

  <T> Provider<T> getProviderOrThrow(final Key<T> key, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    
    
    final InternalFactory<? extends T> factory = getInternalFactory(key, errors, JitLimitation.NO_JIT);
    final Dependency<T> dependency = Dependency.get(key);

    return new Provider<T>() {
      public T get() {
        final Errors errors = new Errors(dependency);
        try {
          T t = callInContext(new ContextualCallable<T>() {
            public T call(InternalContext context) throws ErrorsException {
              Dependency previous = context.setDependency(dependency);
              try {
                return factory.get(errors, context, dependency, false);
              } finally {
                context.setDependency(previous);
              }
            }
          });
          errors.throwIfNewErrors(0);
          return t;
        } catch (ErrorsException e) {
          throw new ProvisionException(errors.merge(e.getErrors()).getMessages());
        }
      }

      @Override public String toString() {
        return factory.toString();
      }
    };
  }

  public <T> Provider<T> getProvider(final Key<T> key) {
    Errors errors = new Errors(key);
    try {
      Provider<T> result = getProviderOrThrow(key, errors);
      errors.throwIfNewErrors(0);
      return result;
    } catch (ErrorsException e) {
      throw new ConfigurationException(errors.merge(e.getErrors()).getMessages());
    }
  }

  public <T> T getInstance(Key<T> key) {
    return getProvider(key).get();
  }

  public <T> T getInstance(Class<T> type) {
    return getProvider(type).get();
  }

  final ThreadLocal<Object[]> localContext;

  /** Looks up thread local context. Creates (and removes) a new context if necessary. */
  <T> T callInContext(ContextualCallable<T> callable) throws ErrorsException {
    Object[] reference = localContext.get();
    if (reference[0] == null) {
      reference[0] = new InternalContext();
      try {
        return callable.call((InternalContext)reference[0]);
      } finally {
        // Only clear the context if this call created it.
        reference[0] = null;
      }
    } else {
      // Someone else will clean up this context.
      return callable.call((InternalContext)reference[0]);
    }
  }

  public String toString() {
    return new ToStringBuilder(Injector.class)
        .add("bindings", state.getExplicitBindingsThisLevel().values())
        .toString();
  }

}