src/com/google/inject/InjectorImpl.java

/**
 * Copyright (C) 2006 Google Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package com.google.inject;

import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
import com.google.common.base.ReferenceType;
import com.google.common.collect.Lists;
import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
import com.google.common.collect.Multimap;
import com.google.common.collect.Multimaps;
import com.google.common.collect.Sets;
import com.google.inject.internal.Classes;
import com.google.inject.internal.Errors;
import com.google.inject.internal.ErrorsException;
import com.google.inject.internal.GuiceFastClass;
import com.google.inject.internal.Keys;
import com.google.inject.internal.MatcherAndConverter;
import com.google.inject.internal.Nullability;
import com.google.inject.internal.ReferenceCache;
import com.google.inject.internal.StackTraceElements;
import com.google.inject.internal.ToStringBuilder;
import com.google.inject.spi.BindingVisitor;
import com.google.inject.spi.ConvertedConstantBinding;
import com.google.inject.spi.InjectionPoint;
import com.google.inject.spi.ProviderBinding;
import com.google.inject.spi.SourceProviders;
import com.google.inject.util.Providers;
import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
import java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Member;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;
import java.lang.reflect.Type;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import net.sf.cglib.reflect.FastClass;
import net.sf.cglib.reflect.FastMethod;

/**
 * Default {@link Injector} implementation.
 *
 * @author crazybob@google.com (Bob Lee)
 * @see InjectorBuilder
 */
class InjectorImpl implements Injector {
  final Injector parentInjector;
  final Map<Key<?>, BindingImpl<?>> explicitBindings = Maps.newHashMap();
  final BindingsMultimap bindingsMultimap = new BindingsMultimap();
  final Map<Class<? extends Annotation>, Scope> scopes = Maps.newHashMap();
  final List<MatcherAndConverter> converters = Lists.newArrayList();
  final Map<Key<?>, BindingImpl<?>> parentBindings = Maps.newHashMap();
  final Set<Object> outstandingInjections = Sets.newIdentityHashSet(ReferenceType.STRONG);
  Reflection reflection;

  InjectorImpl(Injector parentInjector) {
    this.parentInjector = parentInjector;
  }

  void validateOustandingInjections(Errors errors) {
    for (Object toInject : outstandingInjections) {
      try {
        getMemberInjectors(toInject.getClass());
      } catch (ErrorsException e) {
        errors.merge(e.getErrors());
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Performs creation-time injections on all objects that require it. Whenever fulfilling an
   * injection depends on another object that requires injection, we use {@link
   * InternalContext#ensureMemberInjected} to inject that member first.
   *
   * <p>If the two objects are codependent (directly or transitively), ordering of injection is
   * arbitrary.
   */
  void fulfillOutstandingInjections(final Errors errors) {
    try {
      callInContext(new ContextualCallable<Void>() {
        public Void call(InternalContext context) {
          // loop over a defensive copy, since ensureMemberInjected() mutates the set
          for (Object toInject : Lists.newArrayList(outstandingInjections)) {
            try {
              context.ensureMemberInjected(errors, toInject);
            } catch (ErrorsException e) {
              errors.merge(e.getErrors());
            }
          }
          return null;
        }
      });
    }
    catch (ErrorsException e) {
      throw new AssertionError(e);
    }

    if (!outstandingInjections.isEmpty()) {
      throw new AssertionError("failed to satisfy " + outstandingInjections);
    }
  }

  /** Indexes bindings by type. */
  void index() {
    for (BindingImpl<?> binding : explicitBindings.values()) {
      index(binding);
    }
  }

  <T> void index(BindingImpl<T> binding) {
    bindingsMultimap.put(binding.getKey().getTypeLiteral(), binding);
  }

  // not test-covered
  public <T> List<Binding<T>> findBindingsByType(TypeLiteral<T> type) {
    return Collections.<Binding<T>>unmodifiableList(bindingsMultimap.getAll(type));
  }

  // not test-covered
  <T> List<String> getNamesOfBindingAnnotations(TypeLiteral<T> type) {
    List<String> names = Lists.newArrayList();
    for (Binding<T> binding : findBindingsByType(type)) {
      Key<T> key = binding.getKey();
      names.add(key.hasAnnotationType() ? key.getAnnotationName() : "[no annotation]");
    }
    return names;
  }

  /** Returns the binding for {@code key} */
  public <T> BindingImpl<T> getBinding(Key<T> key) {
    Errors errors = new Errors();
    try {
      BindingImpl<T> result = getBindingOrThrow(key, errors);
      ProvisionException.throwNewIfNonEmpty(errors);
      return result;
    }
    catch (ErrorsException e) {
      throw new ProvisionException(errors.merge(e.getErrors()));
    }
  }

  /**
   * Gets a binding implementation.  First, it check to see if the parent has a binding.  If the
   * parent has a binding and the binding is scoped, it will use that binding.  Otherwise, this
   * checks for an explicit binding. If no explicit binding is found, it looks for a just-in-time
   * binding.
   */
  public <T> BindingImpl<T> getBindingOrThrow(Key<T> key, Errors errors)
      throws ErrorsException {
    if (parentInjector != null) {
      BindingImpl<T> bindingImpl = getParentBinding(key);
      if (bindingImpl != null) {
        return bindingImpl;
      }
    }

    // Check explicit bindings, i.e. bindings created by modules.
    BindingImpl<T> binding = getExplicitBindingImpl(key);
    if (binding != null) {
      return binding;
    }

    // Look for an on-demand binding.
    return getJustInTimeBinding(key, errors);
  }

  /**
   * Checks the parent injector for a scoped binding, and if available, creates an appropriate
   * binding local to this injector and remembers it.
   *
   * TODO: think about this wrt parent jit bindings
   */
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  private <T> BindingImpl<T> getParentBinding(Key<T> key) {
    synchronized (parentBindings) {
      // null values will mean that the parent doesn't have this binding
      Binding<T> binding = (Binding<T>) parentBindings.get(key);
      if (binding != null) {
        return (BindingImpl<T>) binding;
      }
      try {
        binding = parentInjector.getBinding(key);
      }
      catch (ProvisionException e) {
        // if this happens, the parent can't create this key, and we ignore it
      }

      BindingImpl<T> bindingImpl = null;
      if (binding != null
          && binding.getScope() != null
          && !binding.getScope().equals(Scopes.NO_SCOPE)) {
        bindingImpl = new ProviderInstanceBindingImpl(
            this,
            key,
            binding.getSource(),
            new InternalFactoryToProviderAdapter(binding.getProvider(), binding.getSource()),
            Scopes.NO_SCOPE,
            binding.getProvider(),
            LoadStrategy.LAZY);
      }
      parentBindings.put(key, bindingImpl); // this kinda scares me
      return bindingImpl;
    }
  }

  public <T> Binding<T> getBinding(Class<T> type) {
    return getBinding(Key.get(type));
  }

  /** Gets a binding which was specified explicitly in a module. */
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  <T> BindingImpl<T> getExplicitBindingImpl(Key<T> key) {
    return (BindingImpl<T>) explicitBindings.get(key);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a just-in-time binding for {@code key}, creating it if necessary.
   *
   * @throws com.google.inject.internal.ErrorsException if the binding could not be created.
   */
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  <T> BindingImpl<T> getJustInTimeBinding(Key<T> key, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    synchronized (jitBindings) {
      // Support null values.
      if (!jitBindings.containsKey(key)) {
        BindingImpl<T> binding = createJustInTimeBinding(key, errors);
        jitBindings.put(key, binding);
        return binding;
      }
      else {
        return (BindingImpl<T>) jitBindings.get(key);
      }
    }
  }

  /** Just-in-time binding cache. */
  final Map<Key<?>, BindingImpl<?>> jitBindings = Maps.newHashMap();

  /* Returns true if the key type is Provider<?> (but not a subclass of Provider<?>). */
  static boolean isProvider(Key<?> key) {
    return key.getTypeLiteral().getRawType().equals(Provider.class);
  }

  /** Creates a synthetic binding to Provider<T>, i.e. a binding to the provider from Binding<T>. */
  private <T> BindingImpl<Provider<T>> createProviderBinding(Key<Provider<T>> key,
      LoadStrategy loadStrategy, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    Type providerType = key.getTypeLiteral().getType();

    // If the Provider has no type parameter (raw Provider)...
    if (!(providerType instanceof ParameterizedType)) {
      throw errors.cannotInjectRawProvider().toException();
    }

    Type entryType = ((ParameterizedType) providerType).getActualTypeArguments()[0];

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // safe because T came from Key<Provider<T>>
    Key<T> providedKey = (Key<T>) key.ofType(entryType);

    BindingImpl<T> delegate = getBindingOrThrow(providedKey, errors);
    return new ProviderBindingImpl<T>(this, key, delegate, loadStrategy);
  }

  static class ProviderBindingImpl<T> extends BindingImpl<Provider<T>>
      implements ProviderBinding<T> {

    final Binding<T> providedBinding;

    ProviderBindingImpl(
        InjectorImpl injector,
        Key<Provider<T>> key,
        Binding<T> providedBinding,
        LoadStrategy loadStrategy) {
      super(
          injector,
          key,
          SourceProviders.UNKNOWN_SOURCE,
          createInternalFactory(providedBinding),
          Scopes.NO_SCOPE,
          loadStrategy);
      this.providedBinding = providedBinding;
    }

    static <T> InternalFactory<Provider<T>> createInternalFactory(Binding<T> providedBinding) {
      final Provider<T> provider = providedBinding.getProvider();
      return new InternalFactory<Provider<T>>() {
        public Provider<T> get(Errors errors, InternalContext context,
            InjectionPoint injectionPoint) {
          return provider;
        }
      };
    }

    public void accept(BindingVisitor<? super Provider<T>> bindingVisitor) {
      bindingVisitor.visit(this);
    }

    public Binding<T> getTarget() {
      return providedBinding;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Converts a constant string binding to the required type.
   *
   * @return the binding if it could be resolved, or null if the binding doesn't exist
   * @throws com.google.inject.internal.ErrorsException if there was an error resolving the binding
   */
  private <T> BindingImpl<T> convertConstantStringBinding(Key<T> key, Errors errors)
      throws ErrorsException {
    // Find a constant string binding.
    Key<String> stringKey = key.ofType(String.class);
    BindingImpl<String> stringBinding = getExplicitBindingImpl(stringKey);
    if (stringBinding == null || !stringBinding.isConstant()) {
      return null;
    }

    String stringValue = stringBinding.getProvider().get();
    Object source = stringBinding.getSource();

    // Find a matching type converter.
    TypeLiteral<T> type = key.getTypeLiteral();
    MatcherAndConverter matchingConverter = null;
    for (MatcherAndConverter converter : converters) {
      if (converter.getTypeMatcher().matches(type)) {
        if (matchingConverter != null) {
          errors.ambiguousTypeConversion(stringValue, source, type, matchingConverter, converter);
        }
        matchingConverter = converter;
      }
    }

    if (matchingConverter == null) {
      // No converter can handle the given type.
      return null;
    }

    // Try to convert the string. A failed conversion results in an error.
    try {
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // This cast is safe because we double check below.
      T converted = (T) matchingConverter.getTypeConverter().convert(stringValue, type);

      if (converted == null) {
        throw errors.converterReturnedNull(stringValue, source, type, matchingConverter)
            .toException();
      }

      if (!type.getRawType().isInstance(converted)) {
        throw errors.conversionTypeError(stringValue, source, type, matchingConverter, converted)
            .toException();
      }

      return new ConvertedConstantBindingImpl<T>(this, key, converted, stringBinding);
    }
    catch (ErrorsException e) {
      throw e;
    }
    catch (Exception e) {
      throw errors.conversionError(stringValue, source, type, matchingConverter, e)
          .toException();
    }
  }

  private static class ConvertedConstantBindingImpl<T> extends BindingImpl<T>
      implements ConvertedConstantBinding<T> {
    final T value;
    final Provider<T> provider;
    final Binding<String> originalBinding;

    ConvertedConstantBindingImpl(
        InjectorImpl injector, Key<T> key, T value, Binding<String> originalBinding) {
      super(injector, key, SourceProviders.UNKNOWN_SOURCE, new ConstantFactory<T>(value),
          Scopes.NO_SCOPE, LoadStrategy.LAZY);
      this.value = value;
      provider = Providers.of(value);
      this.originalBinding = originalBinding;
    }

    @Override public Provider<T> getProvider() {
      return provider;
    }

    public void accept(BindingVisitor<? super T> bindingVisitor) {
      bindingVisitor.visit(this);
    }

    public T getValue() {
      return value;
    }

    public Binding<String> getOriginal() {
      return originalBinding;
    }

    @Override public String toString() {
      return new ToStringBuilder(ConvertedConstantBinding.class)
          .add("key", key)
          .add("value", value)
          .add("original", originalBinding)
          .toString();
    }
  }

  <T> BindingImpl<T> createBindingFromType(
      Class<T> type, LoadStrategy loadStrategy, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    BindingImpl<T> binding = createUnitializedBinding(
        type, null, SourceProviders.defaultSource(), loadStrategy, errors);
    initializeBinding(binding, errors);
    return binding;
  }

  <T> void initializeBinding(BindingImpl<T> binding, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    // Put the partially constructed binding in the map a little early. This enables us to handle
    // circular dependencies. Example: FooImpl -> BarImpl -> FooImpl.
    // Note: We don't need to synchronize on jitBindings during injector creation.
    if (binding instanceof ClassBindingImpl<?>) {
      Key<T> key = binding.getKey();
      jitBindings.put(key, binding);
      boolean successful = false;
      try {
        // TODO: does this put the binding in JIT bindings?
        binding.initialize(this, errors);
        successful = true;
      }
      finally {
        if (!successful) {
          jitBindings.remove(key);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Creates a binding for an injectable type with the given scope. Looks for a scope on the type if
   * none is specified.
   */
  <T> BindingImpl<T> createUnitializedBinding(Class<T> type, Scope scope, Object source,
      LoadStrategy loadStrategy, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    // Don't try to inject arrays, or enums.
    if (type.isArray() || type.isEnum()) {
      throw errors.missingImplementation(type).toException();
    }

    // Handle @ImplementedBy
    ImplementedBy implementedBy = type.getAnnotation(ImplementedBy.class);
    if (implementedBy != null) {
      // TODO: Scope internal factory.
      return createImplementedByBinding(type, implementedBy, loadStrategy, errors);
    }

    // Handle @ProvidedBy.
    ProvidedBy providedBy = type.getAnnotation(ProvidedBy.class);
    if (providedBy != null) {
      // TODO: Scope internal factory.
      return createProvidedByBinding(type, providedBy, loadStrategy, errors);
    }

    // We can't inject abstract classes.
    // TODO: Method interceptors could actually enable us to implement
    // abstract types. Should we remove this restriction?
    if (Modifier.isAbstract(type.getModifiers())) {
      throw errors.missingImplementation(type).toException();
    }

    // Error: Inner class.
    if (Classes.isInnerClass(type)) {
      throw errors.cannotInjectInnerClass(type).toException();
    }

    if (scope == null) {
      scope = Scopes.getScopeForType(errors, type, scopes);
    }

    Key<T> key = Key.get(type);

    LateBoundConstructor<T> lateBoundConstructor = new LateBoundConstructor<T>();
    InternalFactory<? extends T> scopedFactory
        = Scopes.scope(key, this, lateBoundConstructor, scope);
    return new ClassBindingImpl<T>(
        this, key, source, scopedFactory, scope, lateBoundConstructor, loadStrategy);
  }

  static class LateBoundConstructor<T> implements InternalFactory<T> {
    ConstructorInjector<T> constructorInjector;

    void bind(InjectorImpl injector, Class<T> implementation) throws ErrorsException {
      constructorInjector = injector.getConstructor(implementation);
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public T get(Errors errors, InternalContext context, InjectionPoint<?> injectionPoint)
        throws ErrorsException {
      checkState(constructorInjector != null, "Construct before bind, " + constructorInjector);

      // This may not actually be safe because it could return a super type of T (if that's all the
      // client needs), but it should be OK in practice thanks to the wonders of erasure.
      return (T) constructorInjector.construct(
          errors, context, injectionPoint.getKey().getRawType());
    }
  }

  /** Creates a binding for a type annotated with @ProvidedBy. */
  <T> BindingImpl<T> createProvidedByBinding(final Class<T> type, ProvidedBy providedBy,
      LoadStrategy loadStrategy, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    final Class<? extends Provider<?>> providerType = providedBy.value();

    // Make sure it's not the same type. TODO: Can we check for deeper loops?
    if (providerType == type) {
      throw errors.recursiveProviderType().toException();
    }

    // TODO: Make sure the provided type extends type. We at least check the type at runtime below.

    // Assume the provider provides an appropriate type. We double check at runtime.
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    Key<? extends Provider<T>> providerKey = (Key<? extends Provider<T>>) Key.get(providerType);
    final BindingImpl<? extends Provider<?>> providerBinding
        = getBindingOrThrow(providerKey, errors);

    InternalFactory<T> internalFactory = new InternalFactory<T>() {
      public T get(Errors errors, InternalContext context, InjectionPoint injectionPoint)
          throws ErrorsException {
        Provider<?> provider = providerBinding.internalFactory.get(errors, context, injectionPoint);
        Object o = provider.get();
        if (o != null && !type.isInstance(o)) {
          throw errors.subtypeNotProvided(providerType, type).toException();
        }

        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // protected by isInstance() check above
        T t = (T) o;
        return t;
      }
    };

    return new LinkedProviderBindingImpl<T>(
        this,
        Key.get(type),
        StackTraceElements.forType(type),
        internalFactory,
        Scopes.NO_SCOPE,
        providerKey,
        loadStrategy);
  }

  /** Creates a binding for a type annotated with @ImplementedBy. */
  <T> BindingImpl<T> createImplementedByBinding(
      Class<T> type, ImplementedBy implementedBy, LoadStrategy loadStrategy, Errors errors)
      throws ErrorsException {
    // TODO: Use scope annotation on type if present. Right now, we always use NO_SCOPE.
    Class<?> implementationType = implementedBy.value();

    // Make sure it's not the same type. TODO: Can we check for deeper cycles?
    if (implementationType == type) {
      throw errors.recursiveImplementationType().toException();
    }

    // Make sure implementationType extends type.
    if (!type.isAssignableFrom(implementationType)) {
      throw errors.notASubtype(implementationType, type).toException();
    }

    // After the preceding check, this cast is safe.
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    Class<? extends T> subclass = (Class<? extends T>) implementationType;

    // Look up the target binding.
    final BindingImpl<? extends T> targetBinding = getBindingOrThrow(Key.get(subclass), errors);

    InternalFactory<T> internalFactory = new InternalFactory<T>() {
      public T get(Errors errors, InternalContext context, InjectionPoint<?> injectionPoint)
          throws ErrorsException {
        return targetBinding.internalFactory.get(errors, context, injectionPoint);
      }
    };

    return new LinkedBindingImpl<T>(
        this,
        Key.get(type),
        StackTraceElements.forType(type),
        internalFactory,
        Scopes.NO_SCOPE,
        Key.get(subclass),
        loadStrategy);
  }

  /**
   * Returns a new just-in-time binding created by resolving {@code key}. This could be an
   * injectable class (including those with @ImplementedBy, etc.), an automatically converted
   * constant, a {@code Provider<X>} binding, etc.
   *
   * @throws com.google.inject.internal.ErrorsException if the binding cannot be created.
   */
  <T> BindingImpl<T> createJustInTimeBinding(Key<T> key, Errors errors)
      throws ErrorsException {
    // Handle cases where T is a Provider<?>.
    if (isProvider(key)) {
      // These casts are safe. We know T extends Provider<X> and that given Key<Provider<X>>,
      // createProviderBinding() will return BindingImpl<Provider<X>>.
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
      BindingImpl<T> binding
          = (BindingImpl<T>) createProviderBinding((Key) key, LoadStrategy.LAZY, errors);
      return binding;
    }

    // Try to convert a constant string binding to the requested type.
    BindingImpl<T> convertedBinding = convertConstantStringBinding(key, errors);
    if (convertedBinding != null) {
      return convertedBinding;
    }

    // If the key has an annotation...
    if (key.hasAnnotationType()) {
      // Look for a binding without annotation attributes or return null.
      if (key.hasAttributes()) {
        try {
          return getBindingOrThrow(key.withoutAttributes(), new Errors());
        }
        catch (ErrorsException ignored) {
          // throw with a more appropriate message below
        }
      }
      throw errors.missingImplementation(key).toException();
    }

    // Create a binding based on the raw type.
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    Class<T> clazz = (Class<T>) key.getTypeLiteral().getRawType();
    return createBindingFromType(clazz, LoadStrategy.LAZY, errors);
  }

  <T> InternalFactory<? extends T> getInternalFactory(Key<T> key, Errors errors)
      throws ErrorsException {
    return getBindingOrThrow(key, errors).internalFactory;
  }

  /** Field and method injectors. */
  private final Map<Class<?>, Object> injectors = new ReferenceCache<Class<?>, Object>() {
    protected Object create(Class<?> key) {
      Errors errors = new Errors();
      List<SingleMemberInjector> injectors = Lists.newArrayList();
      addInjectors(key, injectors, errors);
      return errors.hasErrors() ? errors.makeImmutable() : injectors;
    }
  };

  public List<SingleMemberInjector> getMemberInjectors(Class<?> type)
      throws ErrorsException {
    Object injectorsOrError = injectors.get(type);
    if (injectorsOrError instanceof List) {
      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // the only type of list we use
      List<SingleMemberInjector> result = (List<SingleMemberInjector>) injectorsOrError;
      return result;
    } else if (injectorsOrError instanceof Errors) {
      throw ((Errors) injectorsOrError).copy().toException();
    } else {
      throw new AssertionError();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Recursively adds injectors for fields and methods from the given class to the given list.
   * Injects parent classes before sub classes.
   */
  void addInjectors(Class clazz, List<SingleMemberInjector> injectors, Errors errors) {
    if (clazz == Object.class) {
      return;
    }

    // Add injectors for superclass first.
    addInjectors(clazz.getSuperclass(), injectors, errors);

    // TODO (crazybob): Filter out overridden members.
    addSingleInjectorsForFields(clazz.getDeclaredFields(), false, injectors, errors);
    addSingleInjectorsForMethods(clazz.getDeclaredMethods(), false, injectors, errors);
  }

  void addSingleInjectorsForMethods(Method[] methods, boolean statics,
      List<SingleMemberInjector> injectors, Errors errors) {
    addInjectorsForMembers(errors, Arrays.asList(methods), statics, injectors,
        new SingleInjectorFactory<Method>() {
          public SingleMemberInjector create(InjectorImpl injector, Method method, Errors errors)
              throws ErrorsException {
            return new SingleMethodInjector(errors, injector, method);
          }
        });
  }

  void addSingleInjectorsForFields(Field[] fields, boolean statics,
      List<SingleMemberInjector> injectors, Errors errors) {
    addInjectorsForMembers(errors, Arrays.asList(fields), statics, injectors,
        new SingleInjectorFactory<Field>() {
          public SingleMemberInjector create(InjectorImpl injector, Field field, Errors errors)
              throws ErrorsException {
            return new SingleFieldInjector(errors, injector, field);
          }
        });
  }

  <M extends Member & AnnotatedElement> void addInjectorsForMembers(
      Errors errors, List<M> members, boolean statics, List<SingleMemberInjector> injectors,
      SingleInjectorFactory<M> injectorFactory) {
    for (M member : members) {
      if (isStatic(member) != statics) {
        continue;
      }

      Inject inject = member.getAnnotation(Inject.class);
      if (inject == null) {
        continue;
      }

      Errors errorsForMember = inject.optional() ? new Errors() : errors;
      Object source = StackTraceElements.forMember(member);
      errorsForMember.pushSource(source);
      try {
        injectors.add(injectorFactory.create(this, member, errorsForMember));
      } catch (ErrorsException ignoredForNow) {
        // if this was an optional injection, it is completely ignored
      } finally {
        errorsForMember.popSource(source);
      }
    }
  }

  Map<Key<?>, BindingImpl<?>> internalBindings() {
    return explicitBindings;
  }

  // not test-covered
  public Map<Key<?>, Binding<?>> getBindings() {
    return Collections.<Key<?>, Binding<?>>unmodifiableMap(explicitBindings);
  }

  interface SingleInjectorFactory<M extends Member & AnnotatedElement> {
    SingleMemberInjector create(InjectorImpl injector, M member, Errors errors)
        throws ErrorsException;
  }

  private boolean isStatic(Member member) {
    return Modifier.isStatic(member.getModifiers());
  }

  private static class BindingsMultimap {
    final Multimap<TypeLiteral<?>, Binding<?>> multimap = Multimaps.newArrayListMultimap();

    <T> void put(TypeLiteral<T> type, BindingImpl<T> binding) {
      multimap.put(type, binding);
    }

    // safe because we only put matching entries into the map
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    <T> List<Binding<T>> getAll(TypeLiteral<T> type) {
      return (List<Binding<T>>) (List) multimap.get(type);
    }
  }

  class SingleFieldInjector implements SingleMemberInjector {
    final Field field;
    final InternalFactory<?> factory;
    final InjectionPoint<?> injectionPoint;

    public SingleFieldInjector(final Errors errors, final InjectorImpl injector, Field field)
        throws ErrorsException {
      this.field = field;

      // Ewwwww...
      field.setAccessible(true);

      final Key<?> key = Keys.get(field.getGenericType(), field, field.getAnnotations(), errors);

      Object source = StackTraceElements.forMember(field);
      errors.pushSource(source);
      try {
        factory = injector.getInternalFactory(key, errors);
      } finally {
        errors.popSource(source);
      }

      injectionPoint = InjectionPoint.newInstance(
          field, Nullability.allowsNull(field.getAnnotations()), key);
    }

    public Collection<InjectionPoint<?>> getDependencies() {
      return Collections.<InjectionPoint<?>>singleton(injectionPoint);
    }

    public void inject(Errors errors, InternalContext context, Object o) {
      context.setInjectionPoint(injectionPoint);
      errors.pushInjectionPoint(injectionPoint);
      try {
        Object value = factory.get(errors, context, injectionPoint);
        field.set(o, value);
      }
      catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
        throw new AssertionError(e);
      }
      catch (ErrorsException e) {
        errors.merge(e.getErrors());
      }
      finally {
        context.setInjectionPoint(null);
        errors.popInjectionPoint(injectionPoint);
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Gets parameter injectors.
   *
   * @param member to which the parameters belong
   * @return injections
   */
  SingleParameterInjector<?>[] getParametersInjectors(
      Member member, List<Parameter<?>> parameters, Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    SingleParameterInjector<?>[] parameterInjectors
        = new SingleParameterInjector<?>[parameters.size()];
    int index = 0;
    for (Parameter<?> parameter : parameters) {
      try {
        parameterInjectors[index] = createParameterInjector(parameter, member, errors);
      } catch (ErrorsException rethrownBelow) {
      }
      index++;
    }

    errors.throwIfNecessary();
    return parameterInjectors;
  }

  <T> SingleParameterInjector<T> createParameterInjector(final Parameter<T> parameter,
      Member member, final Errors errors) throws ErrorsException {
    InternalFactory<? extends T> factory;
    Object source = StackTraceElements.forMember(member);
    errors.pushSource(source);
    try {
      factory = getInternalFactory(parameter.getKey(), errors);
    } finally {
      errors.popSource(source);
    }

    InjectionPoint<T> injectionPoint = InjectionPoint.newInstance(
        member, parameter.getIndex(), parameter.allowsNull(), parameter.getKey());
    return new SingleParameterInjector<T>(injectionPoint, factory);
  }

  static class SingleMethodInjector implements SingleMemberInjector {
    final MethodInvoker methodInvoker;
    final SingleParameterInjector<?>[] parameterInjectors;

    public SingleMethodInjector(Errors errors, InjectorImpl injector, final Method method)
        throws ErrorsException {
      // We can't use FastMethod if the method is private.
      if (Modifier.isPrivate(method.getModifiers())
          || Modifier.isProtected(method.getModifiers())) {
        method.setAccessible(true);
        methodInvoker = new MethodInvoker() {
          public Object invoke(Object target, Object... parameters)
              throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
            return method.invoke(target, parameters);
          }
        };
      }
      else {
        FastClass fastClass = GuiceFastClass.create(method.getDeclaringClass());
        final FastMethod fastMethod = fastClass.getMethod(method);

        methodInvoker = new MethodInvoker() {
          public Object invoke(Object target, Object... parameters)
              throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException {
            return fastMethod.invoke(target, parameters);
          }
        };
      }

      parameterInjectors = method.getGenericParameterTypes().length > 0
          ? injector.getParametersInjectors(method, Parameter.forMethod(method, errors), errors)
          : null;
    }

    public void inject(Errors errors, InternalContext context, Object o) {
      try {
        Object[] parameters = getParameters(errors, context, parameterInjectors);
        methodInvoker.invoke(o, parameters);
      }
      catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
        throw new AssertionError(e);
      }
      catch (InvocationTargetException userException) {
        Throwable cause = userException.getCause() != null
            ? userException.getCause()
            : userException;
        errors.errorInjectingMethod(cause);
      }
      catch (ErrorsException e) {
        errors.merge(e.getErrors());
      }
    }

    public Collection<InjectionPoint<?>> getDependencies() {
      List<InjectionPoint<?>> dependencies
          = new ArrayList<InjectionPoint<?>>(parameterInjectors.length);
      for (SingleParameterInjector<?> parameterInjector : parameterInjectors) {
        dependencies.add(parameterInjector.injectionPoint);
      }
      return Collections.unmodifiableList(dependencies);
    }
  }

  /** Invokes a method. */
  interface MethodInvoker {
    Object invoke(Object target, Object... parameters)
        throws IllegalAccessException, InvocationTargetException;
  }

  final Map<Class<?>, Object> constructors = new ReferenceCache<Class<?>, Object>() {
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    protected Object create(Class<?> implementation) {
      Errors errors = new Errors();
      try {
        ConstructorInjector result = new ConstructorInjector(
            errors, InjectorImpl.this, implementation);
        errors.throwIfNecessary();
        return result;
      } catch (ErrorsException e) {
        return errors.merge(e.getErrors()).makeImmutable();
      }
    }
  };

  static class SingleParameterInjector<T> {
    final InjectionPoint<T> injectionPoint;
    final InternalFactory<? extends T> factory;

    public SingleParameterInjector(InjectionPoint<T> injectionPoint,
        InternalFactory<? extends T> factory) {
      this.injectionPoint = injectionPoint;
      this.factory = factory;
    }

    T inject(Errors errors, InternalContext context) throws ErrorsException {
      context.setInjectionPoint(injectionPoint);
      errors.pushInjectionPoint(injectionPoint);
      try {
        return factory.get(errors, context, injectionPoint);
      }
      finally {
        errors.popInjectionPoint(injectionPoint);
        context.setInjectionPoint(null);
      }
    }
  }

  /** Iterates over parameter injectors and creates an array of parameter values. */
  static Object[] getParameters(Errors errors, InternalContext context,
      SingleParameterInjector[] parameterInjectors) throws ErrorsException {
    if (parameterInjectors == null) {
      return null;
    }

    Object[] parameters = new Object[parameterInjectors.length];
    for (int i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {
      try {
        parameters[i] = parameterInjectors[i].inject(errors, context);
      } catch (ErrorsException e) {
        errors.merge(e.getErrors());
      }
    }

    errors.throwIfNecessary();
    return parameters;
  }

  void injectMembers(Errors errors, Object o, InternalContext context)
      throws ErrorsException {
    if (o == null) {
      return;
    }

    for (SingleMemberInjector injector : getMemberInjectors(o.getClass())) {
      injector.inject(errors, context, o);
    }
  }

  // Not test-covered
  public void injectMembers(final Object o) {
    Errors errors = new Errors();
    try {
      injectMembersOrThrow(errors, o);
    }
    catch (ErrorsException e) {
      errors.merge(e.getErrors());
    }

    ProvisionException.throwNewIfNonEmpty(errors);
  }

  public void injectMembersOrThrow(final Errors errors, final Object o)
      throws ErrorsException {
    callInContext(new ContextualCallable<Void>() {
      public Void call(InternalContext context) throws ErrorsException {
        injectMembers(errors, o, context);
        return null;
      }
    });
  }

  public <T> Provider<T> getProvider(Class<T> type) {
    return getProvider(Key.get(type));
  }

  <T> Provider<T> getProviderOrThrow(final Key<T> key, Errors errors)
      throws ErrorsException {
    final InternalFactory<? extends T> factory = getInternalFactory(key, errors);

    return new Provider<T>() {
      public T get() {
        final Errors errors = new Errors();
        try {
          T t = callInContext(new ContextualCallable<T>() {
            public T call(InternalContext context) throws ErrorsException {
              InjectionPoint<T> injectionPoint = InjectionPoint.newInstance(key);
              context.setInjectionPoint(injectionPoint);
              errors.pushInjectionPoint(injectionPoint);
              try {
                return factory.get(errors, context, injectionPoint);
              }
              finally {
                context.setInjectionPoint(null);
                errors.popInjectionPoint(injectionPoint);
              }
            }
          });
          errors.throwIfNecessary();
          return t;
        } catch (ErrorsException e) {
          throw new ProvisionException(errors.merge(e.getErrors()));
        }
      }

      @Override public String toString() {
        return factory.toString();
      }
    };
  }

  public <T> Provider<T> getProvider(final Key<T> key) {
    Errors errors = new Errors();
    try {
      Provider<T> result = getProviderOrThrow(key, errors);
      errors.throwIfNecessary();
      return result;
    }
    catch (ErrorsException e) {
      throw new ProvisionException(errors.merge(e.getErrors()));
    }
  }

  public <T> T getInstance(Key<T> key) {
    return getProvider(key).get();
  }

  public <T> T getInstance(Class<T> type) {
    return getProvider(type).get();
  }

  final ThreadLocal<InternalContext[]> localContext = new ThreadLocal<InternalContext[]>() {
    protected InternalContext[] initialValue() {
      return new InternalContext[1];
    }
  };

  /** Looks up thread local context. Creates (and removes) a new context if necessary. */
  <T> T callInContext(ContextualCallable<T> callable) throws ErrorsException {
    InternalContext[] reference = localContext.get();
    if (reference[0] == null) {
      reference[0] = new InternalContext(this);
      try {
        return callable.call(reference[0]);
      }
      finally {
        // Only remove the context if this call created it.
        reference[0] = null;
      }
    }
    else {
      // Someone else will clean up this context.
      return callable.call(reference[0]);
    }
  }

  /** Gets a constructor function for a given implementation class. */
  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
  <T> ConstructorInjector<T> getConstructor(Class<T> implementation) throws ErrorsException {
    Object o = constructors.get(implementation);
    if (o instanceof Errors) {
      throw ((Errors) o).copy().toException();
    }
    else if (o instanceof ConstructorInjector<?>) {
      return (ConstructorInjector<T>) o;
    }
    else {
      throw new AssertionError();
    }
  }

  /** Injects a field or method in a given object. */
  public interface SingleMemberInjector {
    void inject(Errors errors, InternalContext context, Object o);
    Collection<InjectionPoint<?>> getDependencies();
  }

  List<InjectionPoint<?>> getModifiableFieldAndMethodInjectionsFor(Class<?> clazz)
      throws ErrorsException {
    List<InjectionPoint<?>> dependencies = Lists.newArrayList();
    for (SingleMemberInjector singleMemberInjector : getMemberInjectors(clazz)) {
      dependencies.addAll(singleMemberInjector.getDependencies());
    }
    return dependencies;
  }

  Collection<InjectionPoint<?>> getFieldAndMethodInjectionsFor(Class<?> clazz)
      throws ErrorsException {
    return Collections.unmodifiableList(getModifiableFieldAndMethodInjectionsFor(clazz));
  }

  public String toString() {
    return new ToStringBuilder(Injector.class)
        .add("bindings", explicitBindings)
        .toString();
  }
}