| ================ |
| AddressSanitizer |
| ================ |
| |
| .. contents:: |
| :local: |
| |
| Introduction |
| ============ |
| |
| AddressSanitizer is a fast memory error detector. It consists of a compiler |
| instrumentation module and a run-time library. The tool can detect the |
| following types of bugs: |
| |
| * Out-of-bounds accesses to heap, stack and globals |
| * Use-after-free |
| * Use-after-return (to some extent) |
| * Double-free, invalid free |
| * Memory leaks (experimental) |
| |
| Typical slowdown introduced by AddressSanitizer is **2x**. |
| |
| How to build |
| ============ |
| |
| Follow the `clang build instructions <../get_started.html>`_. CMake build is |
| supported. |
| |
| Usage |
| ===== |
| |
| Simply compile and link your program with ``-fsanitize=address`` flag. The |
| AddressSanitizer run-time library should be linked to the final executable, so |
| make sure to use ``clang`` (not ``ld``) for the final link step. When linking |
| shared libraries, the AddressSanitizer run-time is not linked, so |
| ``-Wl,-z,defs`` may cause link errors (don't use it with AddressSanitizer). To |
| get a reasonable performance add ``-O1`` or higher. To get nicer stack traces |
| in error messages add ``-fno-omit-frame-pointer``. To get perfect stack traces |
| you may need to disable inlining (just use ``-O1``) and tail call elimination |
| (``-fno-optimize-sibling-calls``). |
| |
| .. code-block:: console |
| |
| % cat example_UseAfterFree.cc |
| int main(int argc, char **argv) { |
| int *array = new int[100]; |
| delete [] array; |
| return array[argc]; // BOOM |
| } |
| |
| # Compile and link |
| % clang -O1 -g -fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer example_UseAfterFree.cc |
| |
| or: |
| |
| .. code-block:: console |
| |
| # Compile |
| % clang -O1 -g -fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer -c example_UseAfterFree.cc |
| # Link |
| % clang -g -fsanitize=address example_UseAfterFree.o |
| |
| If a bug is detected, the program will print an error message to stderr and |
| exit with a non-zero exit code. To make AddressSanitizer symbolize its output |
| you need to set the ``ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH`` environment variable to point to |
| the ``llvm-symbolizer`` binary (or make sure ``llvm-symbolizer`` is in your |
| ``$PATH``): |
| |
| .. code-block:: console |
| |
| % ASAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH=/usr/local/bin/llvm-symbolizer ./a.out |
| ==9442== ERROR: AddressSanitizer heap-use-after-free on address 0x7f7ddab8c084 at pc 0x403c8c bp 0x7fff87fb82d0 sp 0x7fff87fb82c8 |
| READ of size 4 at 0x7f7ddab8c084 thread T0 |
| #0 0x403c8c in main example_UseAfterFree.cc:4 |
| #1 0x7f7ddabcac4d in __libc_start_main ??:0 |
| 0x7f7ddab8c084 is located 4 bytes inside of 400-byte region [0x7f7ddab8c080,0x7f7ddab8c210) |
| freed by thread T0 here: |
| #0 0x404704 in operator delete[](void*) ??:0 |
| #1 0x403c53 in main example_UseAfterFree.cc:4 |
| #2 0x7f7ddabcac4d in __libc_start_main ??:0 |
| previously allocated by thread T0 here: |
| #0 0x404544 in operator new[](unsigned long) ??:0 |
| #1 0x403c43 in main example_UseAfterFree.cc:2 |
| #2 0x7f7ddabcac4d in __libc_start_main ??:0 |
| ==9442== ABORTING |
| |
| If that does not work for you (e.g. your process is sandboxed), you can use a |
| separate script to symbolize the result offline (online symbolization can be |
| force disabled by setting ``ASAN_OPTIONS=symbolize=0``): |
| |
| .. code-block:: console |
| |
| % ASAN_OPTIONS=symbolize=0 ./a.out 2> log |
| % projects/compiler-rt/lib/asan/scripts/asan_symbolize.py / < log | c++filt |
| ==9442== ERROR: AddressSanitizer heap-use-after-free on address 0x7f7ddab8c084 at pc 0x403c8c bp 0x7fff87fb82d0 sp 0x7fff87fb82c8 |
| READ of size 4 at 0x7f7ddab8c084 thread T0 |
| #0 0x403c8c in main example_UseAfterFree.cc:4 |
| #1 0x7f7ddabcac4d in __libc_start_main ??:0 |
| ... |
| |
| Note that on OS X you may need to run ``dsymutil`` on your binary to have the |
| file\:line info in the AddressSanitizer reports. |
| |
| AddressSanitizer exits on the first detected error. This is by design. |
| One reason: it makes the generated code smaller and faster (both by |
| ~5%). Another reason: this makes fixing bugs unavoidable. With Valgrind, |
| it is often the case that users treat Valgrind warnings as false |
| positives (which they are not) and don't fix them. |
| |
| ``__has_feature(address_sanitizer)`` |
| ------------------------------------ |
| |
| In some cases one may need to execute different code depending on whether |
| AddressSanitizer is enabled. |
| :ref:`\_\_has\_feature <langext-__has_feature-__has_extension>` can be used for |
| this purpose. |
| |
| .. code-block:: c |
| |
| #if defined(__has_feature) |
| # if __has_feature(address_sanitizer) |
| // code that builds only under AddressSanitizer |
| # endif |
| #endif |
| |
| ``__attribute__((no_sanitize_address))`` |
| ----------------------------------------------- |
| |
| Some code should not be instrumented by AddressSanitizer. One may use the |
| function attribute |
| :ref:`no_sanitize_address <langext-address_sanitizer>` |
| (or a deprecated synonym `no_address_safety_analysis`) |
| to disable instrumentation of a particular function. This attribute may not be |
| supported by other compilers, so we suggest to use it together with |
| ``__has_feature(address_sanitizer)``. |
| |
| Initialization order checking |
| ----------------------------- |
| |
| AddressSanitizer can optionally detect dynamic initialization order problems, |
| when initialization of globals defined in one translation unit uses |
| globals defined in another translation unit. To enable this check at runtime, |
| you should set environment variable |
| ``ASAN_OPTIONS=check_initialization_order=1``. |
| |
| Blacklist |
| --------- |
| |
| AddressSanitizer supports ``src`` and ``fun`` entity types in |
| :doc:`SanitizerSpecialCaseList`, that can be used to suppress error reports |
| in the specified source files or functions. Additionally, AddressSanitizer |
| introduces ``global`` and ``type`` entity types that can be used to |
| suppress error reports for out-of-bound access to globals with certain |
| names and types (you may only specify class or struct types). |
| |
| You may use an ``init`` category to suppress reports about initialization-order |
| problems happening in certain source files or with certain global variables. |
| |
| .. code-block:: bash |
| |
| # Suppress error reports for code in a file or in a function: |
| src:bad_file.cpp |
| # Ignore all functions with names containing MyFooBar: |
| fun:*MyFooBar* |
| # Disable out-of-bound checks for global: |
| global:bad_array |
| # Disable out-of-bound checks for global instances of a given class ... |
| type:class.Namespace::BadClassName |
| # ... or a given struct. Use wildcard to deal with anonymous namespace. |
| type:struct.Namespace2::*::BadStructName |
| # Disable initialization-order checks for globals: |
| global:bad_init_global=init |
| type:*BadInitClassSubstring*=init |
| src:bad/init/files/*=init |
| |
| Memory leak detection |
| --------------------- |
| |
| For the experimental memory leak detector in AddressSanitizer, see |
| :doc:`LeakSanitizer`. |
| |
| Supported Platforms |
| =================== |
| |
| AddressSanitizer is supported on |
| |
| * Linux i386/x86\_64 (tested on Ubuntu 12.04); |
| * MacOS 10.6 - 10.9 (i386/x86\_64). |
| * Android ARM |
| |
| Ports to various other platforms are in progress. |
| |
| Limitations |
| =========== |
| |
| * AddressSanitizer uses more real memory than a native run. Exact overhead |
| depends on the allocations sizes. The smaller the allocations you make the |
| bigger the overhead is. |
| * AddressSanitizer uses more stack memory. We have seen up to 3x increase. |
| * On 64-bit platforms AddressSanitizer maps (but not reserves) 16+ Terabytes of |
| virtual address space. This means that tools like ``ulimit`` may not work as |
| usually expected. |
| * Static linking is not supported. |
| |
| Current Status |
| ============== |
| |
| AddressSanitizer is fully functional on supported platforms starting from LLVM |
| 3.1. The test suite is integrated into CMake build and can be run with ``make |
| check-asan`` command. |
| |
| More Information |
| ================ |
| |
| `http://code.google.com/p/address-sanitizer <http://code.google.com/p/address-sanitizer/>`_ |
| |