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<h1>Source Annotations</h1>

<p>The Clang frontend supports several source-level annotations in the form of
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Attribute-Syntax.html">GCC-style
attributes</a> and pragmas that can help make using the Clang Static Analyzer
more useful. These annotations can both help suppress false positives as well as
enhance the analyzer's ability to find bugs.</p>

<p>This page gives a practical overview of such annotations. For more technical
specifics regarding Clang-specific annotations please see the Clang's list of <a
href="http://clang.llvm.org/docs/LanguageExtensions.html">language
extensions</a>. Details of &quot;standard&quot; GCC attributes (that Clang also
supports) can be found in the <a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/">GCC
manual</a>, with the majority of the relevant attributes being in the section on
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html">function
attributes</a>.</p>

<p>Note that attributes that are labeled <b>Clang-specific</b> are not
recognized by GCC. Their use can be conditioned using preprocessor macros
(examples included on this page).</p>

<h4>Specific Topics</h4>

<ul>
<li><a href="#generic">Annotations to Enhance Generic Checks</a>
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#null_checking"><span>Null Pointer Checking</span></a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#attr_nonnull"><span>Attribute 'nonnull'</span></a></li>
    </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#macosx">Mac OS X API Annotations</a>
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#cocoa_mem">Cocoa &amp; Core Foundation Memory Management Annotations</a>
    <ul>
      <li><a href="#attr_ns_returns_retained">Attribute 'ns_returns_retained'</a></li>
      <li><a href="#attr_ns_returns_not_retained">Attribute 'ns_returns_not_retained'</a></li>
      <li><a href="#attr_cf_returns_retained">Attribute 'cf_returns_retained'</a></li>
      <li><a href="#attr_cf_returns_not_retained">Attribute 'cf_returns_not_retained'</a></li>
      <li><a href="#attr_ns_consumed">Attribute 'ns_consumed'</a></li>
      <li><a href="#attr_cf_consumed">Attribute 'cf_consumed'</a></li>
      <li><a href="#attr_ns_consumes_self">Attribute 'ns_consumes_self'</a></li>
    </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#custom_assertions">Custom Assertion Handlers</a>
  <ul>
    <li><a href="#attr_noreturn">Attribute 'noreturn'</a></li>
    <li><a href="#attr_analyzer_noreturn">Attribute 'analyzer_noreturn'</a></li>
  </ul>
  </li>
</ul>

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<h2 id="generic">Annotations to Enhance Generic Checks</h2>
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<h3 id="null_checking">Null Pointer Checking</h3>

<h4 id="attr_nonnull">Attribute 'nonnull'</h4>

<p>The analyzer recognizes the GCC attribute 'nonnull', which indicates that a
function expects that a given function parameter is not a null pointer. Specific
details of the syntax of using the 'nonnull' attribute can be found in <a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnonnull_007d-function-attribute-2263">GCC's
documentation</a>.</p>

<p>Both the Clang compiler and GCC will flag warnings for simple cases where a
null pointer is directly being passed to a function with a 'nonnull' parameter
(e.g., as a constant). The analyzer extends this checking by using its deeper
symbolic analysis to track what pointer values are potentially null and then
flag warnings when they are passed in a function call via a 'nonnull'
parameter.</p>

<p><b>Example</b></p>

<pre class="code_example">
<span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
int bar(int*p, int q, int *r) __attribute__((nonnull(1,3)));

int foo(int *p, int *q) {
   return !p ? bar(q, 2, p) 
             : bar(p, 2, q);
}
</pre>

<p>Running <tt>scan-build</tt> over this source produces the following
output:</p>

<img src="images/example_attribute_nonnull.png" alt="example attribute nonnull">

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<h2 id="macosx">Mac OS X API Annotations</h2>
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<h3 id="cocoa_mem">Cocoa &amp; Core Foundation Memory Management
Annotations</h3>

<!--
<p>As described in <a href="/available_checks.html#retain_release">Available
Checks</a>,
-->
<p>The analyzer supports the proper management of retain counts for
both Cocoa and Core Foundation objects. This checking is largely based on
enforcing Cocoa and Core Foundation naming conventions for Objective-C methods
(Cocoa) and C functions (Core Foundation). Not strictly following these
conventions can cause the analyzer to miss bugs or flag false positives.</p>

<p>One can educate the analyzer (and others who read your code) about methods or
functions that deviate from the Cocoa and Core Foundation conventions using the
attributes described here.</p>

<h4 id="attr_ns_returns_retained">Attribute 'ns_returns_retained'
(Clang-specific)</h4>

<p>The GCC-style (Clang-specific) attribute 'ns_returns_retained' allows one to
annotate an Objective-C method or C function as returning a retained Cocoa
object that the caller is responsible for releasing (via sending a
<tt>release</tt> message to the object).</p>

<p><b>Placing on Objective-C methods</b>: For Objective-C methods, this
annotation essentially tells the analyzer to treat the method as if its name
begins with &quot;alloc&quot; or &quot;new&quot; or contains the word
&quot;copy&quot;.</p>

<p><b>Placing on C functions</b>: For C functions returning Cocoa objects, the
analyzer typically does not make any assumptions about whether or not the object
is returned retained. Explicitly adding the 'ns_returns_retained' attribute to C
functions allows the analyzer to perform extra checking.</p>

<p><b>Important note when using Garbage Collection</b>: Note that the analyzer
interprets this attribute slightly differently when using Objective-C garbage
collection (available on Mac OS 10.5+). When analyzing Cocoa code that uses
garbage collection, &quot;alloc&quot; methods are assumed to return an object
that is managed by the garbage collector (and thus doesn't have a retain count
the caller must balance). These same assumptions are applied to methods or
functions annotated with 'ns_returns_retained'. If you are returning a Core
Foundation object (which may not be managed by the garbage collector) you should
use 'cf_returns_retained'.</p>

<p><b>Example</b></p>

<pre class="code_example">
<span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
#import &lt;Foundation/Foundation.h&gt;

#ifndef __has_feature      // Optional.
#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
#endif

#ifndef NS_RETURNS_RETAINED
#if __has_feature(attribute_ns_returns_retained)
<span class="code_highlight">#define NS_RETURNS_RETAINED __attribute__((ns_returns_retained))</span>
#else
#define NS_RETURNS_RETAINED
#endif
#endif

@interface MyClass : NSObject {}
- (NSString*) returnsRetained <span class="code_highlight">NS_RETURNS_RETAINED</span>;
- (NSString*) alsoReturnsRetained;
@end

@implementation MyClass
- (NSString*) returnsRetained {
  return [[NSString alloc] initWithCString:"no leak here"];
}
- (NSString*) alsoReturnsRetained {
  return [[NSString alloc] initWithCString:"flag a leak"];
}
@end
</pre>

<p>Running <tt>scan-build</tt> on this source file produces the following output:</p>

<img src="images/example_ns_returns_retained.png" alt="example returns retained">

<h4 id="attr_ns_returns_not_retained">Attribute 'ns_returns_not_retained'
(Clang-specific)</h4>

<p>The 'ns_returns_not_retained' attribute is the complement of '<a
href="#attr_ns_returns_retained">ns_returns_retained</a>'. Where a function or
method may appear to obey the Cocoa conventions and return a retained Cocoa
object, this attribute can be used to indicate that the object reference
returned should not be considered as an &quot;owning&quot; reference being
returned to the caller.</p>

<p>Usage is identical to <a
href="#attr_ns_returns_retained">ns_returns_retained</a>.  When using the
attribute, be sure to declare it within the proper macro that checks for
its availability, as it is not available in earlier versions of the analyzer:</p>

<pre class="code_example">
<span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
#ifndef __has_feature      // Optional.
#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
#endif

#ifndef NS_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED
#if __has_feature(attribute_ns_returns_not_retained)
<span class="code_highlight">#define NS_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED __attribute__((ns_returns_not_retained))</span>
#else
#define NS_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED
#endif
#endif
</pre>

<h4 id="attr_cf_returns_retained">Attribute 'cf_returns_retained'
(Clang-specific)</h4>

<p>The GCC-style (Clang-specific) attribute 'cf_returns_retained' allows one to
annotate an Objective-C method or C function as returning a retained Core
Foundation object that the caller is responsible for releasing. 

<p><b>Placing on Objective-C methods</b>: With respect to Objective-C methods.,
this attribute is identical in its behavior and usage to 'ns_returns_retained'
except for the distinction of returning a Core Foundation object instead of a
Cocoa object. This distinction is important for two reasons:</p>

<ul>
  <li>Core Foundation objects are not automatically managed by the Objective-C
  garbage collector.</li>
  <li>Because Core Foundation is a C API, the analyzer cannot always tell that a
  pointer return value refers to a Core Foundation object. In contrast, it is
  trivial for the analyzer to recognize if a pointer refers to a Cocoa object
  (given the Objective-C type system).
</ul>

<p><b>Placing on C functions</b>: When placing the attribute
'cf_returns_retained' on the declarations of C functions, the analyzer
interprets the function as:</p>

<ol>
  <li>Returning a Core Foundation Object</li>
  <li>Treating the function as if it its name
contained the keywords &quot;create&quot; or &quot;copy&quot;. This means the
returned object as a +1 retain count that must be released by the caller, either
by sending a <tt>release</tt> message (via toll-free bridging to an Objective-C
object pointer), calling <tt>CFRelease</tt> (or similar function), or using
<tt>CFMakeCollectable</tt> to register the object with the Objective-C garbage
collector.</li>
</ol>

<p><b>Example</b></p>

<p>In this example, observe the difference in output when the code is compiled
to not use garbage collection versus when it is compiled to only use garbage
collection (<tt>-fobjc-gc-only</tt>).</p>

<pre class="code_example">
<span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
$ cat test.m
#import &lt;Cocoa/Cocoa.h&gt;

#ifndef __has_feature      // Optional.
#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
#endif

#ifndef CF_RETURNS_RETAINED
#if __has_feature(attribute_cf_returns_retained)
<span class="code_highlight">#define CF_RETURNS_RETAINED __attribute__((cf_returns_retained))</span>
#else
#define CF_RETURNS_RETAINED
#endif
#endif

@interface MyClass : NSObject {}
- (NSDate*) returnsCFRetained <span class="code_highlight">CF_RETURNS_RETAINED</span>;
- (NSDate*) alsoReturnsRetained;
- (NSDate*) returnsNSRetained <span class="code_highlight">NS_RETURNS_RETAINED</span>;
@end

<span class="code_highlight">CF_RETURNS_RETAINED</span>
CFDateRef returnsRetainedCFDate()  {
  return CFDateCreate(0, CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent());
}

@implementation MyClass
- (NSDate*) returnsCFRetained {
  return (NSDate*) returnsRetainedCFDate(); <b><i>// No leak.</i></b>
}

- (NSDate*) alsoReturnsRetained {
  return (NSDate*) returnsRetainedCFDate(); <b><i>// Always report a leak.</i></b>
}

- (NSDate*) returnsNSRetained {
  return (NSDate*) returnsRetainedCFDate(); <b><i>// Report a leak when using GC.</i></b>
}
@end
</pre>

<p>Running <tt>scan-build</tt> on this example produces the following output:</p>

<img src="images/example_cf_returns_retained.png" alt="example returns retained">

<p>When the above code is compiled using Objective-C garbage collection (i.e.,
code is compiled with the flag <tt>-fobjc-gc</tt> or <tt>-fobjc-gc-only</tt>),
<tt>scan-build</tt> produces both the above error (with slightly different text
to indicate the code uses garbage collection) as well as the following warning,
which indicates a leak that occurs <em>only</em> when using garbage
collection:</p>

<img src="images/example_cf_returns_retained_gc.png" alt="example returns retained gc">

<h4 id="attr_cf_returns_not_retained">Attribute 'cf_returns_not_retained'
(Clang-specific)</h4>

<p>The 'cf_returns_not_retained' attribute is the complement of '<a
href="#attr_cf_returns_retained">cf_returns_retained</a>'. Where a function or
method may appear to obey the Core Foundation or Cocoa conventions and return
a retained Core Foundation object, this attribute can be used to indicate that
the object reference returned should not be considered as an
&quot;owning&quot; reference being returned to the caller.</p>

<p>Usage is identical to <a
href="#attr_cf_returns_retained">cf_returns_retained</a>.  When using the
attribute, be sure to declare it within the proper macro that checks for
its availability, as it is not available in earlier versions of the analyzer:</p>

<pre class="code_example">
<span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
#ifndef __has_feature      // Optional.
#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
#endif

#ifndef CF_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED
#if __has_feature(attribute_cf_returns_not_retained)
<span class="code_highlight">#define CF_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED __attribute__((cf_returns_not_retained))</span>
#else
#define CF_RETURNS_NOT_RETAINED
#endif
#endif
</pre>

<h4 id="attr_ns_consumed">Attribute 'ns_consumed'
(Clang-specific)</h4>

<p>The 'ns_consumed' attribute can be placed on a specific parameter in either the declaration of a function or an Objective-C method.
  It indicates to the static analyzer that a <tt>release</tt> message is implicitly sent to the parameter upon
  completion of the call to the given function or method.
  
<p><b>Important note when using Garbage Collection</b>: Note that the analyzer
essentially ignores this attribute when code is compiled to use Objective-C
garbage collection.  This is because the <tt>release</tt> message does nothing
when using GC.  If the underlying function/method uses something like
<tt>CFRelease</tt> to decrement the reference count, consider using
the <a href="#attr_cf_consumed">cf_consumed</a> attribute instead.</p>

<p><b>Example</b></p>

<pre class="code_example">
<span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
#ifndef __has_feature      // Optional.
#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
#endif

#ifndef NS_CONSUMED
#if __has_feature(attribute_ns_consumed)
<span class="code_highlight">#define NS_CONSUMED __attribute__((ns_consumed))</span>
#else
#define NS_CONSUMED
#endif
#endif

void consume_ns(id <span class="code_highlight">NS_CONSUMED</span> x);

void test() {
  id x = [[NSObject alloc] init];
  consume_ns(x); <b><i>// No leak!</i></b>
}

@interface Foo : NSObject
+ (void) releaseArg:(id) <span class="code_highlight">NS_CONSUMED</span> x;
+ (void) releaseSecondArg:(id)x second:(id) <span class="code_highlight">NS_CONSUMED</span> y;
@end

void test_method() {
  id x = [[NSObject alloc] init];
  [Foo releaseArg:x]; <b><i>// No leak!</i></b>
}

void test_method2() {
  id a = [[NSObject alloc] init];
  id b = [[NSObject alloc] init];
  [Foo releaseSecondArg:a second:b]; <b><i>// 'a' is leaked, but 'b' is released.</i></b>
}
</pre>

<h4 id="attr_cf_consumed">Attribute 'cf_consumed'
(Clang-specific)</h4>

<p>The 'cf_consumed' attribute is practically identical to <a href="#attr_ns_consumed">ns_consumed</a>.
The attribute can be placed on a specific parameter in either the declaration of a function or an Objective-C method.
It indicates to the static analyzer that the object reference is implicitly passed to a call to <tt>CFRelease</tt> upon
completion of the call to the given function or method.</p>
    
<p>Operationally this attribute is nearly identical to ns_consumed
with the main difference that the reference count decrement still occurs when using Objective-C garbage
collection (which is import for Core Foundation types, which are not automatically garbage collected).</p>

<p><b>Example</b></p>

<pre class="code_example">
<span class="command">$ cat test.m</span>
#ifndef __has_feature      // Optional.
#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
#endif

#ifndef CF_CONSUMED
#if __has_feature(attribute_cf_consumed)
<span class="code_highlight">#define CF_CONSUMED __attribute__((cf_consumed))</span>
#else
#define CF_CONSUMED
#endif
#endif

void consume_cf(id <span class="code_highlight">CF_CONSUMED</span> x);
void consume_CFDate(CFDateRef <span class="code_highlight">CF_CONSUMED</span> x);

void test() {
  id x = [[NSObject alloc] init];
  consume_cf(x); <b><i>// No leak!</i></b>
}

void test2() {
  CFDateRef date = CFDateCreate(0, CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent());
  consume_CFDate(date); <b><i>// No leak, including under GC!</i></b>
  
}

@interface Foo : NSObject
+ (void) releaseArg:(CFDateRef) <span class="code_highlight">CF_CONSUMED</span> x;
@end

void test_method() {
  CFDateRef date = CFDateCreate(0, CFAbsoluteTimeGetCurrent());
  [Foo releaseArg:date]; <b><i>// No leak!</i></b>
}
</pre>

<h4 id="attr_ns_consumes_self">Attribute 'ns_consumes_self'
(Clang-specific)</h4>

<p>The 'ns_consumes_self' attribute can be placed only on an Objective-C method declaration.
  It indicates that the receiver of the message is &quot;consumed&quot; (a single reference count decremented)
  after the message is sent.  This matches the semantics of all &quot;init&quot; methods.
</p>

<p>One use of this attribute is declare your own init-like methods that do not follow the
  standard Cocoa naming conventions.</p>

<p><b>Example</b></p>
  
<pre class="code_example">
#ifndef __has_feature
#define __has_feature(x) 0 // Compatibility with non-clang compilers.
#endif

#ifndef NS_CONSUMES_SELF
#if __has_feature((attribute_ns_consumes_self))
<span class="code_highlight">#define NS_CONSUMES_SELF __attribute__((ns_consumes_self))</span>
#else
#define NS_CONSUMES_SELF
#endif
#endif

@interface MyClass : NSObject
- initWith:(MyClass *)x;
- nonstandardInitWith:(MyClass *)x <span class="code_highlight">NS_CONSUMES_SELF</span> NS_RETURNS_RETAINED;
@end
</pre>

<p>In this example, <tt>nonstandardInitWith:</tt> has the same ownership semantics as the init method <tt>initWith:</tt>.
  The static analyzer will observe that the method consumes the receiver, and then returns an object with a +1 retain count.</p>

<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
<h2 id="custom_assertions">Custom Assertion Handlers</h2>
<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->

<p>The analyzer exploits code assertions by pruning off paths where the
assertion condition is false. The idea is capture any program invariants
specified in the assertion that the developer may know but is not immediately
apparent in the code itself. In this way assertions make implicit assumptions
explicit in the code, which not only makes the analyzer more accurate when
finding bugs, but can help others better able to understand your code as well.
It can also help remove certain kinds of analyzer false positives by pruning off
false paths.</p>

<p>In order to exploit assertions, however, the analyzer must understand when it
encounters an &quot;assertion handler.&quot; Typically assertions are
implemented with a macro, with the macro performing a check for the assertion
condition and, when the check fails, calling an assertion handler.  For example, consider the following code
fragment:</p>

<pre class="code_example">
void foo(int *p) {
  assert(p != NULL);
}
</pre>

<p>When this code is preprocessed on Mac OS X it expands to the following:</p>

<pre class="code_example">
void foo(int *p) {
  (__builtin_expect(!(p != NULL), 0) ? __assert_rtn(__func__, "t.c", 4, "p != NULL") : (void)0);
}
</pre>

<p>In this example, the assertion handler is <tt>__assert_rtn</tt>. When called,
most assertion handlers typically print an error and terminate the program. The
analyzer can exploit such semantics by ending the analysis of a path once it
hits a call to an assertion handler.</p>

<p>The trick, however, is that the analyzer needs to know that a called function
is an assertion handler; otherwise the analyzer might assume the function call
returns and it will continue analyzing the path where the assertion condition
failed. This can lead to false positives, as the assertion condition usually
implies a safety condition (e.g., a pointer is not null) prior to performing
some action that depends on that condition (e.g., dereferencing a pointer).</p>

<p>The analyzer knows about several well-known assertion handlers, but can
automatically infer if a function should be treated as an assertion handler if
it is annotated with the 'noreturn' attribute or the (Clang-specific)
'analyzer_noreturn' attribute. Note that, currently, clang does not support 
these attributes on Objective-C methods and C++ methods.</p>

<h4 id="attr_noreturn">Attribute 'noreturn'</h4>

<p>The 'noreturn' attribute is a GCC-attribute that can be placed on the
declarations of functions. It means exactly what its name implies: a function
with a 'noreturn' attribute should never return.</p>

<p>Specific details of the syntax of using the 'noreturn' attribute can be found
in <a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html#index-g_t_0040code_007bnoreturn_007d-function-attribute-2264">GCC's
documentation</a>.</p>

<p>Not only does the analyzer exploit this information when pruning false paths,
but the compiler also takes it seriously and will generate different code (and
possibly better optimized) under the assumption that the function does not
return.</p>

<p><b>Example</b></p>

<p>On Mac OS X, the function prototype for <tt>__assert_rtn</tt> (declared in
<tt>assert.h</tt>) is specifically annotated with the 'noreturn' attribute:</p>

<pre class="code_example">
void __assert_rtn(const char *, const char *, int, const char *) <span class="code_highlight">__attribute__((__noreturn__))</span>;
</pre>

<h4 id="attr_analyzer_noreturn">Attribute 'analyzer_noreturn' (Clang-specific)</h4>

<p>The Clang-specific 'analyzer_noreturn' attribute is almost identical to
'noreturn' except that it is ignored by the compiler for the purposes of code
generation.</p>

<p>This attribute is useful for annotating assertion handlers that actually
<em>can</em> return, but for the purpose of using the analyzer we want to
pretend that such functions do not return.</p>

<p>Because this attribute is Clang-specific, its use should be conditioned with
the use of preprocessor macros.</p>

<p><b>Example</b>

<pre class="code_example">
#ifndef CLANG_ANALYZER_NORETURN
#if __has_feature(attribute_analyzer_noreturn)
<span class="code_highlight">#define CLANG_ANALYZER_NORETURN __attribute__((analyzer_noreturn))</span>
#else
#define CLANG_ANALYZER_NORETURN
#endif
#endif

void my_assert_rtn(const char *, const char *, int, const char *) <span class="code_highlight">CLANG_ANALYZER_NORETURN</span>;
</pre>

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