| #!/usr/bin/env python |
| |
| # Very simple serial terminal |
| # (C)2002-2011 Chris Liechti <cliechti@gmx.net> |
| |
| # Input characters are sent directly (only LF -> CR/LF/CRLF translation is |
| # done), received characters are displayed as is (or escaped trough pythons |
| # repr, useful for debug purposes) |
| |
| |
| import sys, os, serial, threading |
| try: |
| from serial.tools.list_ports import comports |
| except ImportError: |
| comports = None |
| |
| EXITCHARCTER = serial.to_bytes([0x1d]) # GS/CTRL+] |
| MENUCHARACTER = serial.to_bytes([0x14]) # Menu: CTRL+T |
| |
| DEFAULT_PORT = None |
| DEFAULT_BAUDRATE = 9600 |
| DEFAULT_RTS = None |
| DEFAULT_DTR = None |
| |
| |
| def key_description(character): |
| """generate a readable description for a key""" |
| ascii_code = ord(character) |
| if ascii_code < 32: |
| return 'Ctrl+%c' % (ord('@') + ascii_code) |
| else: |
| return repr(character) |
| |
| |
| # help text, starts with blank line! it's a function so that the current values |
| # for the shortcut keys is used and not the value at program start |
| def get_help_text(): |
| return """ |
| --- pySerial (%(version)s) - miniterm - help |
| --- |
| --- %(exit)-8s Exit program |
| --- %(menu)-8s Menu escape key, followed by: |
| --- Menu keys: |
| --- %(itself)-7s Send the menu character itself to remote |
| --- %(exchar)-7s Send the exit character itself to remote |
| --- %(info)-7s Show info |
| --- %(upload)-7s Upload file (prompt will be shown) |
| --- Toggles: |
| --- %(rts)-7s RTS %(echo)-7s local echo |
| --- %(dtr)-7s DTR %(break)-7s BREAK |
| --- %(lfm)-7s line feed %(repr)-7s Cycle repr mode |
| --- |
| --- Port settings (%(menu)s followed by the following): |
| --- p change port |
| --- 7 8 set data bits |
| --- n e o s m change parity (None, Even, Odd, Space, Mark) |
| --- 1 2 3 set stop bits (1, 2, 1.5) |
| --- b change baud rate |
| --- x X disable/enable software flow control |
| --- r R disable/enable hardware flow control |
| """ % { |
| 'version': getattr(serial, 'VERSION', 'unknown version'), |
| 'exit': key_description(EXITCHARCTER), |
| 'menu': key_description(MENUCHARACTER), |
| 'rts': key_description('\x12'), |
| 'repr': key_description('\x01'), |
| 'dtr': key_description('\x04'), |
| 'lfm': key_description('\x0c'), |
| 'break': key_description('\x02'), |
| 'echo': key_description('\x05'), |
| 'info': key_description('\x09'), |
| 'upload': key_description('\x15'), |
| 'itself': key_description(MENUCHARACTER), |
| 'exchar': key_description(EXITCHARCTER), |
| } |
| |
| if sys.version_info >= (3, 0): |
| def character(b): |
| return b.decode('latin1') |
| else: |
| def character(b): |
| return b |
| |
| LF = serial.to_bytes([10]) |
| CR = serial.to_bytes([13]) |
| CRLF = serial.to_bytes([13, 10]) |
| |
| X00 = serial.to_bytes([0]) |
| X0E = serial.to_bytes([0x0e]) |
| |
| # first choose a platform dependant way to read single characters from the console |
| global console |
| |
| if os.name == 'nt': |
| import msvcrt |
| class Console(object): |
| def __init__(self): |
| pass |
| |
| def setup(self): |
| pass # Do nothing for 'nt' |
| |
| def cleanup(self): |
| pass # Do nothing for 'nt' |
| |
| def getkey(self): |
| while True: |
| z = msvcrt.getch() |
| if z == X00 or z == X0E: # functions keys, ignore |
| msvcrt.getch() |
| else: |
| if z == CR: |
| return LF |
| return z |
| |
| console = Console() |
| |
| elif os.name == 'posix': |
| import termios, sys, os |
| class Console(object): |
| def __init__(self): |
| self.fd = sys.stdin.fileno() |
| self.old = None |
| |
| def setup(self): |
| self.old = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd) |
| new = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd) |
| new[3] = new[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO & ~termios.ISIG |
| new[6][termios.VMIN] = 1 |
| new[6][termios.VTIME] = 0 |
| termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSANOW, new) |
| |
| def getkey(self): |
| c = os.read(self.fd, 1) |
| return c |
| |
| def cleanup(self): |
| if self.old is not None: |
| termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.old) |
| |
| console = Console() |
| |
| def cleanup_console(): |
| console.cleanup() |
| |
| sys.exitfunc = cleanup_console # terminal modes have to be restored on exit... |
| |
| else: |
| raise NotImplementedError("Sorry no implementation for your platform (%s) available." % sys.platform) |
| |
| |
| def dump_port_list(): |
| if comports: |
| sys.stderr.write('\n--- Available ports:\n') |
| for port, desc, hwid in sorted(comports()): |
| #~ sys.stderr.write('--- %-20s %s [%s]\n' % (port, desc, hwid)) |
| sys.stderr.write('--- %-20s %s\n' % (port, desc)) |
| |
| |
| CONVERT_CRLF = 2 |
| CONVERT_CR = 1 |
| CONVERT_LF = 0 |
| NEWLINE_CONVERISON_MAP = (LF, CR, CRLF) |
| LF_MODES = ('LF', 'CR', 'CR/LF') |
| |
| REPR_MODES = ('raw', 'some control', 'all control', 'hex') |
| |
| class Miniterm(object): |
| def __init__(self, port, baudrate, parity, rtscts, xonxoff, echo=False, convert_outgoing=CONVERT_CRLF, repr_mode=0): |
| try: |
| self.serial = serial.serial_for_url(port, baudrate, parity=parity, rtscts=rtscts, xonxoff=xonxoff, timeout=1) |
| except AttributeError: |
| # happens when the installed pyserial is older than 2.5. use the |
| # Serial class directly then. |
| self.serial = serial.Serial(port, baudrate, parity=parity, rtscts=rtscts, xonxoff=xonxoff, timeout=1) |
| self.echo = echo |
| self.repr_mode = repr_mode |
| self.convert_outgoing = convert_outgoing |
| self.newline = NEWLINE_CONVERISON_MAP[self.convert_outgoing] |
| self.dtr_state = True |
| self.rts_state = True |
| self.break_state = False |
| |
| def _start_reader(self): |
| """Start reader thread""" |
| self._reader_alive = True |
| # start serial->console thread |
| self.receiver_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.reader) |
| self.receiver_thread.setDaemon(True) |
| self.receiver_thread.start() |
| |
| def _stop_reader(self): |
| """Stop reader thread only, wait for clean exit of thread""" |
| self._reader_alive = False |
| self.receiver_thread.join() |
| |
| |
| def start(self): |
| self.alive = True |
| self._start_reader() |
| # enter console->serial loop |
| self.transmitter_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.writer) |
| self.transmitter_thread.setDaemon(True) |
| self.transmitter_thread.start() |
| |
| def stop(self): |
| self.alive = False |
| |
| def join(self, transmit_only=False): |
| self.transmitter_thread.join() |
| if not transmit_only: |
| self.receiver_thread.join() |
| |
| def dump_port_settings(self): |
| sys.stderr.write("\n--- Settings: %s %s,%s,%s,%s\n" % ( |
| self.serial.portstr, |
| self.serial.baudrate, |
| self.serial.bytesize, |
| self.serial.parity, |
| self.serial.stopbits)) |
| sys.stderr.write('--- RTS: %-8s DTR: %-8s BREAK: %-8s\n' % ( |
| (self.rts_state and 'active' or 'inactive'), |
| (self.dtr_state and 'active' or 'inactive'), |
| (self.break_state and 'active' or 'inactive'))) |
| try: |
| sys.stderr.write('--- CTS: %-8s DSR: %-8s RI: %-8s CD: %-8s\n' % ( |
| (self.serial.getCTS() and 'active' or 'inactive'), |
| (self.serial.getDSR() and 'active' or 'inactive'), |
| (self.serial.getRI() and 'active' or 'inactive'), |
| (self.serial.getCD() and 'active' or 'inactive'))) |
| except serial.SerialException: |
| # on RFC 2217 ports it can happen to no modem state notification was |
| # yet received. ignore this error. |
| pass |
| sys.stderr.write('--- software flow control: %s\n' % (self.serial.xonxoff and 'active' or 'inactive')) |
| sys.stderr.write('--- hardware flow control: %s\n' % (self.serial.rtscts and 'active' or 'inactive')) |
| sys.stderr.write('--- data escaping: %s linefeed: %s\n' % ( |
| REPR_MODES[self.repr_mode], |
| LF_MODES[self.convert_outgoing])) |
| |
| def reader(self): |
| """loop and copy serial->console""" |
| try: |
| while self.alive and self._reader_alive: |
| data = character(self.serial.read(1)) |
| |
| if self.repr_mode == 0: |
| # direct output, just have to care about newline setting |
| if data == '\r' and self.convert_outgoing == CONVERT_CR: |
| sys.stdout.write('\n') |
| else: |
| sys.stdout.write(data) |
| elif self.repr_mode == 1: |
| # escape non-printable, let pass newlines |
| if self.convert_outgoing == CONVERT_CRLF and data in '\r\n': |
| if data == '\n': |
| sys.stdout.write('\n') |
| elif data == '\r': |
| pass |
| elif data == '\n' and self.convert_outgoing == CONVERT_LF: |
| sys.stdout.write('\n') |
| elif data == '\r' and self.convert_outgoing == CONVERT_CR: |
| sys.stdout.write('\n') |
| else: |
| sys.stdout.write(repr(data)[1:-1]) |
| elif self.repr_mode == 2: |
| # escape all non-printable, including newline |
| sys.stdout.write(repr(data)[1:-1]) |
| elif self.repr_mode == 3: |
| # escape everything (hexdump) |
| for c in data: |
| sys.stdout.write("%s " % c.encode('hex')) |
| sys.stdout.flush() |
| except serial.SerialException, e: |
| self.alive = False |
| # would be nice if the console reader could be interruptted at this |
| # point... |
| raise |
| |
| |
| def writer(self): |
| """\ |
| Loop and copy console->serial until EXITCHARCTER character is |
| found. When MENUCHARACTER is found, interpret the next key |
| locally. |
| """ |
| menu_active = False |
| try: |
| while self.alive: |
| try: |
| b = console.getkey() |
| except KeyboardInterrupt: |
| b = serial.to_bytes([3]) |
| c = character(b) |
| if menu_active: |
| if c == MENUCHARACTER or c == EXITCHARCTER: # Menu character again/exit char -> send itself |
| self.serial.write(b) # send character |
| if self.echo: |
| sys.stdout.write(c) |
| elif c == '\x15': # CTRL+U -> upload file |
| sys.stderr.write('\n--- File to upload: ') |
| sys.stderr.flush() |
| console.cleanup() |
| filename = sys.stdin.readline().rstrip('\r\n') |
| if filename: |
| try: |
| file = open(filename, 'r') |
| sys.stderr.write('--- Sending file %s ---\n' % filename) |
| while True: |
| line = file.readline().rstrip('\r\n') |
| if not line: |
| break |
| self.serial.write(line) |
| self.serial.write('\r\n') |
| # Wait for output buffer to drain. |
| self.serial.flush() |
| sys.stderr.write('.') # Progress indicator. |
| sys.stderr.write('\n--- File %s sent ---\n' % filename) |
| except IOError, e: |
| sys.stderr.write('--- ERROR opening file %s: %s ---\n' % (filename, e)) |
| console.setup() |
| elif c in '\x08hH?': # CTRL+H, h, H, ? -> Show help |
| sys.stderr.write(get_help_text()) |
| elif c == '\x12': # CTRL+R -> Toggle RTS |
| self.rts_state = not self.rts_state |
| self.serial.setRTS(self.rts_state) |
| sys.stderr.write('--- RTS %s ---\n' % (self.rts_state and 'active' or 'inactive')) |
| elif c == '\x04': # CTRL+D -> Toggle DTR |
| self.dtr_state = not self.dtr_state |
| self.serial.setDTR(self.dtr_state) |
| sys.stderr.write('--- DTR %s ---\n' % (self.dtr_state and 'active' or 'inactive')) |
| elif c == '\x02': # CTRL+B -> toggle BREAK condition |
| self.break_state = not self.break_state |
| self.serial.setBreak(self.break_state) |
| sys.stderr.write('--- BREAK %s ---\n' % (self.break_state and 'active' or 'inactive')) |
| elif c == '\x05': # CTRL+E -> toggle local echo |
| self.echo = not self.echo |
| sys.stderr.write('--- local echo %s ---\n' % (self.echo and 'active' or 'inactive')) |
| elif c == '\x09': # CTRL+I -> info |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| elif c == '\x01': # CTRL+A -> cycle escape mode |
| self.repr_mode += 1 |
| if self.repr_mode > 3: |
| self.repr_mode = 0 |
| sys.stderr.write('--- escape data: %s ---\n' % ( |
| REPR_MODES[self.repr_mode], |
| )) |
| elif c == '\x0c': # CTRL+L -> cycle linefeed mode |
| self.convert_outgoing += 1 |
| if self.convert_outgoing > 2: |
| self.convert_outgoing = 0 |
| self.newline = NEWLINE_CONVERISON_MAP[self.convert_outgoing] |
| sys.stderr.write('--- line feed %s ---\n' % ( |
| LF_MODES[self.convert_outgoing], |
| )) |
| elif c in 'pP': # P -> change port |
| dump_port_list() |
| sys.stderr.write('--- Enter port name: ') |
| sys.stderr.flush() |
| console.cleanup() |
| try: |
| port = sys.stdin.readline().strip() |
| except KeyboardInterrupt: |
| port = None |
| console.setup() |
| if port and port != self.serial.port: |
| # reader thread needs to be shut down |
| self._stop_reader() |
| # save settings |
| settings = self.serial.getSettingsDict() |
| try: |
| try: |
| new_serial = serial.serial_for_url(port, do_not_open=True) |
| except AttributeError: |
| # happens when the installed pyserial is older than 2.5. use the |
| # Serial class directly then. |
| new_serial = serial.Serial() |
| new_serial.port = port |
| # restore settings and open |
| new_serial.applySettingsDict(settings) |
| new_serial.open() |
| new_serial.setRTS(self.rts_state) |
| new_serial.setDTR(self.dtr_state) |
| new_serial.setBreak(self.break_state) |
| except Exception, e: |
| sys.stderr.write('--- ERROR opening new port: %s ---\n' % (e,)) |
| new_serial.close() |
| else: |
| self.serial.close() |
| self.serial = new_serial |
| sys.stderr.write('--- Port changed to: %s ---\n' % (self.serial.port,)) |
| # and restart the reader thread |
| self._start_reader() |
| elif c in 'bB': # B -> change baudrate |
| sys.stderr.write('\n--- Baudrate: ') |
| sys.stderr.flush() |
| console.cleanup() |
| backup = self.serial.baudrate |
| try: |
| self.serial.baudrate = int(sys.stdin.readline().strip()) |
| except ValueError, e: |
| sys.stderr.write('--- ERROR setting baudrate: %s ---\n' % (e,)) |
| self.serial.baudrate = backup |
| else: |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| console.setup() |
| elif c == '8': # 8 -> change to 8 bits |
| self.serial.bytesize = serial.EIGHTBITS |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| elif c == '7': # 7 -> change to 8 bits |
| self.serial.bytesize = serial.SEVENBITS |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| elif c in 'eE': # E -> change to even parity |
| self.serial.parity = serial.PARITY_EVEN |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| elif c in 'oO': # O -> change to odd parity |
| self.serial.parity = serial.PARITY_ODD |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| elif c in 'mM': # M -> change to mark parity |
| self.serial.parity = serial.PARITY_MARK |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| elif c in 'sS': # S -> change to space parity |
| self.serial.parity = serial.PARITY_SPACE |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| elif c in 'nN': # N -> change to no parity |
| self.serial.parity = serial.PARITY_NONE |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| elif c == '1': # 1 -> change to 1 stop bits |
| self.serial.stopbits = serial.STOPBITS_ONE |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| elif c == '2': # 2 -> change to 2 stop bits |
| self.serial.stopbits = serial.STOPBITS_TWO |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| elif c == '3': # 3 -> change to 1.5 stop bits |
| self.serial.stopbits = serial.STOPBITS_ONE_POINT_FIVE |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| elif c in 'xX': # X -> change software flow control |
| self.serial.xonxoff = (c == 'X') |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| elif c in 'rR': # R -> change hardware flow control |
| self.serial.rtscts = (c == 'R') |
| self.dump_port_settings() |
| else: |
| sys.stderr.write('--- unknown menu character %s --\n' % key_description(c)) |
| menu_active = False |
| elif c == MENUCHARACTER: # next char will be for menu |
| menu_active = True |
| elif c == EXITCHARCTER: |
| self.stop() |
| break # exit app |
| elif c == '\n': |
| self.serial.write(self.newline) # send newline character(s) |
| if self.echo: |
| sys.stdout.write(c) # local echo is a real newline in any case |
| sys.stdout.flush() |
| else: |
| self.serial.write(b) # send byte |
| if self.echo: |
| sys.stdout.write(c) |
| sys.stdout.flush() |
| except: |
| self.alive = False |
| raise |
| |
| def main(): |
| import optparse |
| |
| parser = optparse.OptionParser( |
| usage = "%prog [options] [port [baudrate]]", |
| description = "Miniterm - A simple terminal program for the serial port." |
| ) |
| |
| group = optparse.OptionGroup(parser, "Port settings") |
| |
| group.add_option("-p", "--port", |
| dest = "port", |
| help = "port, a number or a device name. (deprecated option, use parameter instead)", |
| default = DEFAULT_PORT |
| ) |
| |
| group.add_option("-b", "--baud", |
| dest = "baudrate", |
| action = "store", |
| type = 'int', |
| help = "set baud rate, default %default", |
| default = DEFAULT_BAUDRATE |
| ) |
| |
| group.add_option("--parity", |
| dest = "parity", |
| action = "store", |
| help = "set parity, one of [N, E, O, S, M], default=N", |
| default = 'N' |
| ) |
| |
| group.add_option("--rtscts", |
| dest = "rtscts", |
| action = "store_true", |
| help = "enable RTS/CTS flow control (default off)", |
| default = False |
| ) |
| |
| group.add_option("--xonxoff", |
| dest = "xonxoff", |
| action = "store_true", |
| help = "enable software flow control (default off)", |
| default = False |
| ) |
| |
| group.add_option("--rts", |
| dest = "rts_state", |
| action = "store", |
| type = 'int', |
| help = "set initial RTS line state (possible values: 0, 1)", |
| default = DEFAULT_RTS |
| ) |
| |
| group.add_option("--dtr", |
| dest = "dtr_state", |
| action = "store", |
| type = 'int', |
| help = "set initial DTR line state (possible values: 0, 1)", |
| default = DEFAULT_DTR |
| ) |
| |
| parser.add_option_group(group) |
| |
| group = optparse.OptionGroup(parser, "Data handling") |
| |
| group.add_option("-e", "--echo", |
| dest = "echo", |
| action = "store_true", |
| help = "enable local echo (default off)", |
| default = False |
| ) |
| |
| group.add_option("--cr", |
| dest = "cr", |
| action = "store_true", |
| help = "do not send CR+LF, send CR only", |
| default = False |
| ) |
| |
| group.add_option("--lf", |
| dest = "lf", |
| action = "store_true", |
| help = "do not send CR+LF, send LF only", |
| default = False |
| ) |
| |
| group.add_option("-D", "--debug", |
| dest = "repr_mode", |
| action = "count", |
| help = """debug received data (escape non-printable chars) |
| --debug can be given multiple times: |
| 0: just print what is received |
| 1: escape non-printable characters, do newlines as unusual |
| 2: escape non-printable characters, newlines too |
| 3: hex dump everything""", |
| default = 0 |
| ) |
| |
| parser.add_option_group(group) |
| |
| |
| group = optparse.OptionGroup(parser, "Hotkeys") |
| |
| group.add_option("--exit-char", |
| dest = "exit_char", |
| action = "store", |
| type = 'int', |
| help = "ASCII code of special character that is used to exit the application", |
| default = 0x1d |
| ) |
| |
| group.add_option("--menu-char", |
| dest = "menu_char", |
| action = "store", |
| type = 'int', |
| help = "ASCII code of special character that is used to control miniterm (menu)", |
| default = 0x14 |
| ) |
| |
| parser.add_option_group(group) |
| |
| group = optparse.OptionGroup(parser, "Diagnostics") |
| |
| group.add_option("-q", "--quiet", |
| dest = "quiet", |
| action = "store_true", |
| help = "suppress non-error messages", |
| default = False |
| ) |
| |
| parser.add_option_group(group) |
| |
| |
| (options, args) = parser.parse_args() |
| |
| options.parity = options.parity.upper() |
| if options.parity not in 'NEOSM': |
| parser.error("invalid parity") |
| |
| if options.cr and options.lf: |
| parser.error("only one of --cr or --lf can be specified") |
| |
| if options.menu_char == options.exit_char: |
| parser.error('--exit-char can not be the same as --menu-char') |
| |
| global EXITCHARCTER, MENUCHARACTER |
| EXITCHARCTER = chr(options.exit_char) |
| MENUCHARACTER = chr(options.menu_char) |
| |
| port = options.port |
| baudrate = options.baudrate |
| if args: |
| if options.port is not None: |
| parser.error("no arguments are allowed, options only when --port is given") |
| port = args.pop(0) |
| if args: |
| try: |
| baudrate = int(args[0]) |
| except ValueError: |
| parser.error("baud rate must be a number, not %r" % args[0]) |
| args.pop(0) |
| if args: |
| parser.error("too many arguments") |
| else: |
| # noport given on command line -> ask user now |
| if port is None: |
| dump_port_list() |
| port = raw_input('Enter port name:') |
| |
| convert_outgoing = CONVERT_CRLF |
| if options.cr: |
| convert_outgoing = CONVERT_CR |
| elif options.lf: |
| convert_outgoing = CONVERT_LF |
| |
| try: |
| miniterm = Miniterm( |
| port, |
| baudrate, |
| options.parity, |
| rtscts=options.rtscts, |
| xonxoff=options.xonxoff, |
| echo=options.echo, |
| convert_outgoing=convert_outgoing, |
| repr_mode=options.repr_mode, |
| ) |
| except serial.SerialException, e: |
| sys.stderr.write("could not open port %r: %s\n" % (port, e)) |
| sys.exit(1) |
| |
| if not options.quiet: |
| sys.stderr.write('--- Miniterm on %s: %d,%s,%s,%s ---\n' % ( |
| miniterm.serial.portstr, |
| miniterm.serial.baudrate, |
| miniterm.serial.bytesize, |
| miniterm.serial.parity, |
| miniterm.serial.stopbits, |
| )) |
| sys.stderr.write('--- Quit: %s | Menu: %s | Help: %s followed by %s ---\n' % ( |
| key_description(EXITCHARCTER), |
| key_description(MENUCHARACTER), |
| key_description(MENUCHARACTER), |
| key_description('\x08'), |
| )) |
| |
| if options.dtr_state is not None: |
| if not options.quiet: |
| sys.stderr.write('--- forcing DTR %s\n' % (options.dtr_state and 'active' or 'inactive')) |
| miniterm.serial.setDTR(options.dtr_state) |
| miniterm.dtr_state = options.dtr_state |
| if options.rts_state is not None: |
| if not options.quiet: |
| sys.stderr.write('--- forcing RTS %s\n' % (options.rts_state and 'active' or 'inactive')) |
| miniterm.serial.setRTS(options.rts_state) |
| miniterm.rts_state = options.rts_state |
| |
| console.setup() |
| miniterm.start() |
| try: |
| miniterm.join(True) |
| except KeyboardInterrupt: |
| pass |
| if not options.quiet: |
| sys.stderr.write("\n--- exit ---\n") |
| miniterm.join() |
| #~ console.cleanup() |
| |
| # - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| if __name__ == '__main__': |
| main() |
