catapult/third_party/gsutil/third_party/boto/bin/mturk - platform/external/chromium-trace - Git at Google

 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # Copyright 2012, 2014 Kodi Arfer
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 # copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
 # "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
 # without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, dis-
 # tribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
 # persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the fol-
 # lowing conditions:
 #
 # The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 # in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 #
 # THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
 # OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABIL-
 # ITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
 # SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
 # WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 # OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS

 import argparse # Hence, Python 2.7 is required.
 import sys
 import os.path
 import string
 import inspect
 import datetime, calendar
 import boto.mturk.connection, boto.mturk.price, boto.mturk.question, boto.mturk.qualification
 from boto.compat import json

 # --------------------------------------------------
 # Globals
 # -------------------------------------------------

 interactive = False
 con = None
 mturk_website = None

 default_nicknames_path = os.path.expanduser('~/.boto_mturkcli_hit_nicknames')
 nicknames = {}
 nickname_pool = set(string.ascii_lowercase)

 get_assignments_page_size = 100

 time_units = dict(
     s = 1,
     min = 60,
     h = 60 * 60,
     d = 24 * 60 * 60)

 qual_requirements = dict(
     Adult = '00000000000000000060',
     Locale = '00000000000000000071',
     NumberHITsApproved = '00000000000000000040',
     PercentAssignmentsSubmitted = '00000000000000000000',
     PercentAssignmentsAbandoned = '00000000000000000070',
     PercentAssignmentsReturned = '000000000000000000E0',
     PercentAssignmentsApproved = '000000000000000000L0',
     PercentAssignmentsRejected = '000000000000000000S0')

 qual_comparators = {v : k for k, v in dict(
     LessThan = '<', LessThanOrEqualTo = '<=',
     GreaterThan = '>', GreaterThanOrEqualTo = '>=',
     EqualTo = '==', NotEqualTo = '!=',
     Exists = 'exists').items()}

 example_config_file = '''Example configuration file:

   {
     "title": "Pick your favorite color",
     "description": "In this task, you are asked to pick your favorite color.",
     "reward": 0.50,
     "assignments": 10,
     "duration": "20 min",
     "keywords": ["color", "favorites", "survey"],
     "lifetime": "7 d",
     "approval_delay": "14 d",
     "qualifications": [
         "PercentAssignmentsApproved > 90",
         "Locale == US",
         "2ARFPLSP75KLA8M8DH1HTEQVJT3SY6 exists"
     ],
     "question_url": "http://example.com/myhit",
     "question_frame_height": 450
   }'''

 # --------------------------------------------------
 # Subroutines
 # --------------------------------------------------

 def unjson(path):
     with open(path) as o:
         return json.load(o)

 def add_argparse_arguments(parser):
     parser.add_argument('-P', '--production',
         dest = 'sandbox', action = 'store_false', default = True,
         help = 'use the production site (default: use the sandbox)')
     parser.add_argument('--nicknames',
         dest = 'nicknames_path', metavar = 'PATH',
         default = default_nicknames_path,
         help = 'where to store HIT nicknames (default: {})'.format(
             default_nicknames_path))

 def init_by_args(args):
     init(args.sandbox, args.nicknames_path)

 def init(sandbox = False, nicknames_path = default_nicknames_path):
     global con, mturk_website, nicknames, original_nicknames

     mturk_website = 'workersandbox.mturk.com' if sandbox else 'www.mturk.com'
     con = boto.mturk.connection.MTurkConnection(
         host = 'mechanicalturk.sandbox.amazonaws.com' if sandbox else 'mechanicalturk.amazonaws.com')

     try:
         nicknames = unjson(nicknames_path)
     except IOError:
         nicknames = {}
     original_nicknames = nicknames.copy()

 def save_nicknames(nicknames_path = default_nicknames_path):
     if nicknames != original_nicknames:
         with open(nicknames_path, 'w') as o:
             json.dump(nicknames, o, sort_keys = True, indent = 4)
             print >>o

 def parse_duration(s):
     '''Parses durations like "2 d", "48 h", "2880 min",
 "172800 s", or "172800".'''
     x = s.split()
     return int(x[0]) * time_units['s' if len(x) == 1 else x[1]]
 def display_duration(n):
     for unit, m in sorted(time_units.items(), key = lambda x: -x[1]):
         if n % m == 0:
             return '{} {}'.format(n / m, unit)

 def parse_qualification(inp):
     '''Parses qualifications like "PercentAssignmentsApproved > 90",
 "Locale == US", and "2ARFPLSP75KLA8M8DH1HTEQVJT3SY6 exists".'''
     inp = inp.split()
     name, comparator, value = inp.pop(0), inp.pop(0), (inp[0] if len(inp) else None)
     qtid = qual_requirements.get(name)
     if qtid is None:
       # Treat "name" as a Qualification Type ID.
         qtid = name
     if qtid == qual_requirements['Locale']:
         return boto.mturk.qualification.LocaleRequirement(
             qual_comparators[comparator],
             value,
             required_to_preview = False)
     return boto.mturk.qualification.Requirement(
         qtid,
         qual_comparators[comparator],
         value,
         required_to_preview = qtid == qual_requirements['Adult'])
           # Thus required_to_preview is true only for the
           # Worker_Adult requirement.

 def preview_url(hit):
     return 'https://{}/mturk/preview?groupId={}'.format(
         mturk_website, hit.HITTypeId)

 def parse_timestamp(s):
     '''Takes a timestamp like "2012-11-24T16:34:41Z".

 Returns a datetime object in the local time zone.'''
     return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(
         calendar.timegm(
         datetime.datetime.strptime(s, '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ').timetuple()))

 def get_hitid(nickname_or_hitid):
     return nicknames.get(nickname_or_hitid) or nickname_or_hitid

 def get_nickname(hitid):
     for k, v in nicknames.items():
         if v == hitid:
             return k
     return None

 def display_datetime(dt):
     return dt.strftime('%e %b %Y, %l:%M %P')

 def display_hit(hit, verbose = False):
     et = parse_timestamp(hit.Expiration)
     return '\n'.join([
         '{} - {} ({}, {}, {})'.format(
             get_nickname(hit.HITId),
             hit.Title,
             hit.FormattedPrice,
             display_duration(int(hit.AssignmentDurationInSeconds)),
             hit.HITStatus),
         'HIT ID: ' + hit.HITId,
         'Type ID: ' + hit.HITTypeId,
         'Group ID: ' + hit.HITGroupId,
         'Preview: ' + preview_url(hit),
         'Created {}   {}'.format(
             display_datetime(parse_timestamp(hit.CreationTime)),
             'Expired' if et <= datetime.datetime.now() else
                 'Expires ' + display_datetime(et)),
         'Assignments: {} -- {} avail, {} pending, {} reviewable, {} reviewed'.format(
             hit.MaxAssignments,
             hit.NumberOfAssignmentsAvailable,
             hit.NumberOfAssignmentsPending,
             int(hit.MaxAssignments) - (int(hit.NumberOfAssignmentsAvailable) + int(hit.NumberOfAssignmentsPending) + int(hit.NumberOfAssignmentsCompleted)),
             hit.NumberOfAssignmentsCompleted)
             if hasattr(hit, 'NumberOfAssignmentsAvailable')
             else 'Assignments: {} total'.format(hit.MaxAssignments),
             # For some reason, SearchHITs includes the
             # NumberOfAssignmentsFoobar fields but GetHIT doesn't.
         ] + ([] if not verbose else [
             '\nDescription: ' + hit.Description,
             '\nKeywords: ' + hit.Keywords
         ])) + '\n'

 def digest_assignment(a):
     return dict(
         answers = {str(x.qid): str(x.fields[0]) for x in a.answers[0]},
         **{k: str(getattr(a, k)) for k in (
             'AcceptTime', 'SubmitTime',
             'HITId', 'AssignmentId', 'WorkerId',
             'AssignmentStatus')})

 # --------------------------------------------------
 # Commands
 # --------------------------------------------------

 def get_balance():
     return con.get_account_balance()

 def show_hit(hit):
     return display_hit(con.get_hit(hit)[0], verbose = True)

 def list_hits():
     'Lists your 10 most recently created HITs, with the most recent last.'
     return '\n'.join(reversed(map(display_hit, con.search_hits(
         sort_by = 'CreationTime',
         sort_direction = 'Descending',
         page_size = 10))))

 def make_hit(title, description, keywords, reward, question_url, question_frame_height, duration, assignments, approval_delay, lifetime, qualifications = []):
     r = con.create_hit(
         title = title,
         description = description,
         keywords = con.get_keywords_as_string(keywords),
         reward = con.get_price_as_price(reward),
         question = boto.mturk.question.ExternalQuestion(
             question_url,
             question_frame_height),
         duration = parse_duration(duration),
         qualifications = boto.mturk.qualification.Qualifications(
             map(parse_qualification, qualifications)),
         max_assignments = assignments,
         approval_delay = parse_duration(approval_delay),
         lifetime = parse_duration(lifetime))
     nick = None
     available_nicks = nickname_pool - set(nicknames.keys())
     if available_nicks:
         nick = min(available_nicks)
         nicknames[nick] = r[0].HITId
     if interactive:
         print 'Nickname:', nick
         print 'HIT ID:', r[0].HITId
         print 'Preview:', preview_url(r[0])
     else:
         return r[0]

 def extend_hit(hit, assignments_increment = None, expiration_increment = None):
     con.extend_hit(hit, assignments_increment, expiration_increment)

 def expire_hit(hit):
     con.expire_hit(hit)

 def delete_hit(hit):
     '''Deletes a HIT using DisableHIT.

 Unreviewed assignments get automatically approved. Unsubmitted
 assignments get automatically approved upon submission.

 The API docs say DisableHIT doesn't work with Reviewable HITs,
 but apparently, it does.'''
     con.disable_hit(hit)
     global nicknames
     nicknames = {k: v for k, v in nicknames.items() if v != hit}

 def list_assignments(hit, only_reviewable = False):
     # Accumulate all relevant assignments, one page of results at
     # a time.
     assignments = []
     page = 1
     while True:
         rs = con.get_assignments(
             hit_id = hit,
             page_size = get_assignments_page_size,
             page_number = page,
             status = 'Submitted' if only_reviewable else None)
         assignments += map(digest_assignment, rs)
         if len(assignments) >= int(rs.TotalNumResults):
             break
         page += 1
     if interactive:
         print json.dumps(assignments, sort_keys = True, indent = 4)
         print ' '.join([a['AssignmentId'] for a in assignments])
         print ' '.join([a['WorkerId'] + ',' + a['AssignmentId'] for a in assignments])
     else:
         return assignments

 def grant_bonus(message, amount, pairs):
     for worker, assignment in pairs:
         con.grant_bonus(worker, assignment, con.get_price_as_price(amount), message)
         if interactive: print 'Bonused', worker

 def approve_assignments(message, assignments):
     for a in assignments:
         con.approve_assignment(a, message)
         if interactive: print 'Approved', a

 def reject_assignments(message, assignments):
     for a in assignments:
         con.reject_assignment(a, message)
         if interactive: print 'Rejected', a

 def unreject_assignments(message, assignments):
     for a in assignments:
         con.approve_rejected_assignment(a, message)
         if interactive: print 'Unrejected', a

 def notify_workers(subject, text, workers):
     con.notify_workers(workers, subject, text)

 def give_qualification(qualification, workers, value = 1, notify = True):
     for w in workers:
         con.assign_qualification(qualification, w, value, notify)
         if interactive: print 'Gave to', w

 def revoke_qualification(qualification, workers, message = None):
     for w in workers:
         con.revoke_qualification(w, qualification, message)
         if interactive: print 'Revoked from', w

 # --------------------------------------------------
 # Mainline code
 # --------------------------------------------------

 if __name__ == '__main__':
     interactive = True

     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     add_argparse_arguments(parser)
     subs = parser.add_subparsers()

     sub = subs.add_parser('bal',
         help = 'display your prepaid balance')
     sub.set_defaults(f = get_balance, a = lambda: [])

     sub = subs.add_parser('hit',
         help = 'get information about a HIT')
     sub.add_argument('HIT',
         help = 'nickname or ID of the HIT to show')
     sub.set_defaults(f = show_hit, a = lambda:
         [get_hitid(args.HIT)])

     sub = subs.add_parser('hits',
         help = 'list all your HITs')
     sub.set_defaults(f = list_hits, a = lambda: [])

     sub = subs.add_parser('new',
         help = 'create a new HIT (external questions only)',
         epilog = example_config_file,
         formatter_class = argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
     sub.add_argument('JSON_PATH',
         help = 'path to JSON configuration file for the HIT')
     sub.add_argument('-u', '--question-url', dest = 'question_url',
         metavar = 'URL',
         help = 'URL for the external question')
     sub.add_argument('-a', '--assignments', dest = 'assignments',
         type = int, metavar = 'N',
         help = 'number of assignments')
     sub.add_argument('-r', '--reward', dest = 'reward',
         type = float, metavar = 'PRICE',
         help = 'reward amount, in USD')
     sub.set_defaults(f = make_hit, a = lambda: dict(
         unjson(args.JSON_PATH).items() + [(k, getattr(args, k))
             for k in ('question_url', 'assignments', 'reward')
             if getattr(args, k) is not None]))

     sub = subs.add_parser('extend',
         help = 'add assignments or time to a HIT')
     sub.add_argument('HIT',
         help = 'nickname or ID of the HIT to extend')
     sub.add_argument('-a', '--assignments', dest = 'assignments',
         metavar = 'N', type = int,
         help = 'number of assignments to add')
     sub.add_argument('-t', '--time', dest = 'time',
         metavar = 'T',
         help = 'amount of time to add to the expiration date')
     sub.set_defaults(f = extend_hit, a = lambda:
         [get_hitid(args.HIT), args.assignments,
             args.time and parse_duration(args.time)])

     sub = subs.add_parser('expire',
         help = 'force a HIT to expire without deleting it')
     sub.add_argument('HIT',
         help = 'nickname or ID of the HIT to expire')
     sub.set_defaults(f = expire_hit, a = lambda:
         [get_hitid(args.HIT)])

     sub = subs.add_parser('rm',
         help = 'delete a HIT')
     sub.add_argument('HIT',
         help = 'nickname or ID of the HIT to delete')
     sub.set_defaults(f = delete_hit, a = lambda:
         [get_hitid(args.HIT)])

     sub = subs.add_parser('as',
         help = "list a HIT's submitted assignments")
     sub.add_argument('HIT',
         help = 'nickname or ID of the HIT to get assignments for')
     sub.add_argument('-r', '--reviewable', dest = 'only_reviewable',
         action = 'store_true',
         help = 'show only unreviewed assignments')
     sub.set_defaults(f = list_assignments, a = lambda:
         [get_hitid(args.HIT), args.only_reviewable])

     for command, fun, helpmsg in [
             ('approve', approve_assignments, 'approve assignments'),
             ('reject', reject_assignments, 'reject assignments'),
             ('unreject', unreject_assignments, 'approve previously rejected assignments')]:
         sub = subs.add_parser(command, help = helpmsg)
         sub.add_argument('ASSIGNMENT', nargs = '+',
             help = 'ID of an assignment')
         sub.add_argument('-m', '--message', dest = 'message',
             metavar = 'TEXT',
             help = 'feedback message shown to workers')
         sub.set_defaults(f = fun, a = lambda:
             [args.message, args.ASSIGNMENT])

     sub = subs.add_parser('bonus',
         help = 'give some workers a bonus')
     sub.add_argument('AMOUNT', type = float,
         help = 'bonus amount, in USD')
     sub.add_argument('MESSAGE',
         help = 'the reason for the bonus (shown to workers in an email sent by MTurk)')
     sub.add_argument('WIDAID', nargs = '+',
         help = 'a WORKER_ID,ASSIGNMENT_ID pair')
     sub.set_defaults(f = grant_bonus, a = lambda:
         [args.MESSAGE, args.AMOUNT,
             [p.split(',') for p in args.WIDAID]])

     sub = subs.add_parser('notify',
         help = 'send a message to some workers')
     sub.add_argument('SUBJECT',
         help = 'subject of the message')
     sub.add_argument('MESSAGE',
         help = 'text of the message')
     sub.add_argument('WORKER', nargs = '+',
         help = 'ID of a worker')
     sub.set_defaults(f = notify_workers, a = lambda:
         [args.SUBJECT, args.MESSAGE, args.WORKER])

     sub = subs.add_parser('give-qual',
         help = 'give a qualification to some workers')
     sub.add_argument('QUAL',
         help = 'ID of the qualification')
     sub.add_argument('WORKER', nargs = '+',
         help = 'ID of a worker')
     sub.add_argument('-v', '--value', dest = 'value',
         metavar = 'N', type = int, default = 1,
         help = 'value of the qualification')
     sub.add_argument('--dontnotify', dest = 'notify',
         action = 'store_false', default = True,
         help = "don't notify workers")
     sub.set_defaults(f = give_qualification, a = lambda:
         [args.QUAL, args.WORKER, args.value, args.notify])

     sub = subs.add_parser('revoke-qual',
         help = 'revoke a qualification from some workers')
     sub.add_argument('QUAL',
         help = 'ID of the qualification')
     sub.add_argument('WORKER', nargs = '+',
         help = 'ID of a worker')
     sub.add_argument('-m', '--message', dest = 'message',
         metavar = 'TEXT',
         help = 'the reason the qualification was revoked (shown to workers in an email sent by MTurk)')
     sub.set_defaults(f = revoke_qualification, a = lambda:
         [args.QUAL, args.WORKER, args.message])

     args = parser.parse_args()

     init_by_args(args)

     f = args.f
     a = args.a()
     if isinstance(a, dict):
         # We do some introspective gymnastics so we can produce a
         # less incomprehensible error message if some arguments
         # are missing.
         spec = inspect.getargspec(f)
         missing = set(spec.args[: len(spec.args) - len(spec.defaults)]) - set(a.keys())
         if missing:
             raise ValueError('Missing arguments: ' + ', '.join(missing))
         doit = lambda: f(**a)
     else:
         doit = lambda: f(*a)

     try:
         x = doit()
     except boto.mturk.connection.MTurkRequestError as e:
         print 'MTurk error:', e.error_message
         sys.exit(1)

     if x is not None:
         print x

     save_nicknames()
	#!/usr/bin/env python
	# Copyright 2012, 2014 Kodi Arfer
	#
	# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
	# copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
	# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
	# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, dis-
	# tribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit
	# persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the fol-
	# lowing conditions:
	#
	# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
	# in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
	#
	# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
	# OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABIL-
	# ITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
	# SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
	# WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
	# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS

	import argparse # Hence, Python 2.7 is required.
	import sys
	import os.path
	import string
	import inspect
	import datetime, calendar
	import boto.mturk.connection, boto.mturk.price, boto.mturk.question, boto.mturk.qualification
	from boto.compat import json

	# --------------------------------------------------
	# Globals
	# -------------------------------------------------

	interactive = False
	con = None
	mturk_website = None

	default_nicknames_path = os.path.expanduser('~/.boto_mturkcli_hit_nicknames')
	nicknames = {}
	nickname_pool = set(string.ascii_lowercase)

	get_assignments_page_size = 100

	time_units = dict(
	s = 1,
	min = 60,
	h = 60 * 60,
	d = 24 * 60 * 60)

	qual_requirements = dict(
	Adult = '00000000000000000060',
	Locale = '00000000000000000071',
	NumberHITsApproved = '00000000000000000040',
	PercentAssignmentsSubmitted = '00000000000000000000',
	PercentAssignmentsAbandoned = '00000000000000000070',
	PercentAssignmentsReturned = '000000000000000000E0',
	PercentAssignmentsApproved = '000000000000000000L0',
	PercentAssignmentsRejected = '000000000000000000S0')

	qual_comparators = {v : k for k, v in dict(
	LessThan = '<', LessThanOrEqualTo = '<=',
	GreaterThan = '>', GreaterThanOrEqualTo = '>=',
	EqualTo = '==', NotEqualTo = '!=',
	Exists = 'exists').items()}

	example_config_file = '''Example configuration file:

	{
	"title": "Pick your favorite color",
	"description": "In this task, you are asked to pick your favorite color.",
	"reward": 0.50,
	"assignments": 10,
	"duration": "20 min",
	"keywords": ["color", "favorites", "survey"],
	"lifetime": "7 d",
	"approval_delay": "14 d",
	"qualifications": [
	"PercentAssignmentsApproved > 90",
	"Locale == US",
	"2ARFPLSP75KLA8M8DH1HTEQVJT3SY6 exists"
	],
	"question_url": "http://example.com/myhit",
	"question_frame_height": 450
	}'''

	# --------------------------------------------------
	# Subroutines
	# --------------------------------------------------

	def unjson(path):
	with open(path) as o:
	return json.load(o)

	def add_argparse_arguments(parser):
	parser.add_argument('-P', '--production',
	dest = 'sandbox', action = 'store_false', default = True,
	help = 'use the production site (default: use the sandbox)')
	parser.add_argument('--nicknames',
	dest = 'nicknames_path', metavar = 'PATH',
	default = default_nicknames_path,
	help = 'where to store HIT nicknames (default: {})'.format(
	default_nicknames_path))

	def init_by_args(args):
	init(args.sandbox, args.nicknames_path)

	def init(sandbox = False, nicknames_path = default_nicknames_path):
	global con, mturk_website, nicknames, original_nicknames

	mturk_website = 'workersandbox.mturk.com' if sandbox else 'www.mturk.com'
	con = boto.mturk.connection.MTurkConnection(
	host = 'mechanicalturk.sandbox.amazonaws.com' if sandbox else 'mechanicalturk.amazonaws.com')

	try:
	nicknames = unjson(nicknames_path)
	except IOError:
	nicknames = {}
	original_nicknames = nicknames.copy()

	def save_nicknames(nicknames_path = default_nicknames_path):
	if nicknames != original_nicknames:
	with open(nicknames_path, 'w') as o:
	json.dump(nicknames, o, sort_keys = True, indent = 4)
	print >>o

	def parse_duration(s):
	'''Parses durations like "2 d", "48 h", "2880 min",
	"172800 s", or "172800".'''
	x = s.split()
	return int(x[0]) * time_units['s' if len(x) == 1 else x[1]]
	def display_duration(n):
	for unit, m in sorted(time_units.items(), key = lambda x: -x[1]):
	if n % m == 0:
	return '{} {}'.format(n / m, unit)

	def parse_qualification(inp):
	'''Parses qualifications like "PercentAssignmentsApproved > 90",
	"Locale == US", and "2ARFPLSP75KLA8M8DH1HTEQVJT3SY6 exists".'''
	inp = inp.split()
	name, comparator, value = inp.pop(0), inp.pop(0), (inp[0] if len(inp) else None)
	qtid = qual_requirements.get(name)
	if qtid is None:
	# Treat "name" as a Qualification Type ID.
	qtid = name
	if qtid == qual_requirements['Locale']:
	return boto.mturk.qualification.LocaleRequirement(
	qual_comparators[comparator],
	value,
	required_to_preview = False)
	return boto.mturk.qualification.Requirement(
	qtid,
	qual_comparators[comparator],
	value,
	required_to_preview = qtid == qual_requirements['Adult'])
	# Thus required_to_preview is true only for the
	# Worker_Adult requirement.

	def preview_url(hit):
	return 'https://{}/mturk/preview?groupId={}'.format(
	mturk_website, hit.HITTypeId)

	def parse_timestamp(s):
	'''Takes a timestamp like "2012-11-24T16:34:41Z".

	Returns a datetime object in the local time zone.'''
	return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(
	calendar.timegm(
	datetime.datetime.strptime(s, '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ').timetuple()))

	def get_hitid(nickname_or_hitid):
	return nicknames.get(nickname_or_hitid) or nickname_or_hitid

	def get_nickname(hitid):
	for k, v in nicknames.items():
	if v == hitid:
	return k
	return None

	def display_datetime(dt):
	return dt.strftime('%e %b %Y, %l:%M %P')

	def display_hit(hit, verbose = False):
	et = parse_timestamp(hit.Expiration)
	return '\n'.join([
	'{} - {} ({}, {}, {})'.format(
	get_nickname(hit.HITId),
	hit.Title,
	hit.FormattedPrice,
	display_duration(int(hit.AssignmentDurationInSeconds)),
	hit.HITStatus),
	'HIT ID: ' + hit.HITId,
	'Type ID: ' + hit.HITTypeId,
	'Group ID: ' + hit.HITGroupId,
	'Preview: ' + preview_url(hit),
	'Created {} {}'.format(
	display_datetime(parse_timestamp(hit.CreationTime)),
	'Expired' if et <= datetime.datetime.now() else
	'Expires ' + display_datetime(et)),
	'Assignments: {} -- {} avail, {} pending, {} reviewable, {} reviewed'.format(
	hit.MaxAssignments,
	hit.NumberOfAssignmentsAvailable,
	hit.NumberOfAssignmentsPending,
	int(hit.MaxAssignments) - (int(hit.NumberOfAssignmentsAvailable) + int(hit.NumberOfAssignmentsPending) + int(hit.NumberOfAssignmentsCompleted)),
	hit.NumberOfAssignmentsCompleted)
	if hasattr(hit, 'NumberOfAssignmentsAvailable')
	else 'Assignments: {} total'.format(hit.MaxAssignments),
	# For some reason, SearchHITs includes the
	# NumberOfAssignmentsFoobar fields but GetHIT doesn't.
	] + ([] if not verbose else [
	'\nDescription: ' + hit.Description,
	'\nKeywords: ' + hit.Keywords
	])) + '\n'

	def digest_assignment(a):
	return dict(
	answers = {str(x.qid): str(x.fields[0]) for x in a.answers[0]},
	**{k: str(getattr(a, k)) for k in (
	'AcceptTime', 'SubmitTime',
	'HITId', 'AssignmentId', 'WorkerId',
	'AssignmentStatus')})

	# --------------------------------------------------
	# Commands
	# --------------------------------------------------

	def get_balance():
	return con.get_account_balance()

	def show_hit(hit):
	return display_hit(con.get_hit(hit)[0], verbose = True)

	def list_hits():
	'Lists your 10 most recently created HITs, with the most recent last.'
	return '\n'.join(reversed(map(display_hit, con.search_hits(
	sort_by = 'CreationTime',
	sort_direction = 'Descending',
	page_size = 10))))

	def make_hit(title, description, keywords, reward, question_url, question_frame_height, duration, assignments, approval_delay, lifetime, qualifications = []):
	r = con.create_hit(
	title = title,
	description = description,
	keywords = con.get_keywords_as_string(keywords),
	reward = con.get_price_as_price(reward),
	question = boto.mturk.question.ExternalQuestion(
	question_url,
	question_frame_height),
	duration = parse_duration(duration),
	qualifications = boto.mturk.qualification.Qualifications(
	map(parse_qualification, qualifications)),
	max_assignments = assignments,
	approval_delay = parse_duration(approval_delay),
	lifetime = parse_duration(lifetime))
	nick = None
	available_nicks = nickname_pool - set(nicknames.keys())
	if available_nicks:
	nick = min(available_nicks)
	nicknames[nick] = r[0].HITId
	if interactive:
	print 'Nickname:', nick
	print 'HIT ID:', r[0].HITId
	print 'Preview:', preview_url(r[0])
	else:
	return r[0]

	def extend_hit(hit, assignments_increment = None, expiration_increment = None):
	con.extend_hit(hit, assignments_increment, expiration_increment)

	def expire_hit(hit):
	con.expire_hit(hit)

	def delete_hit(hit):
	'''Deletes a HIT using DisableHIT.

	Unreviewed assignments get automatically approved. Unsubmitted
	assignments get automatically approved upon submission.

	The API docs say DisableHIT doesn't work with Reviewable HITs,
	but apparently, it does.'''
	con.disable_hit(hit)
	global nicknames
	nicknames = {k: v for k, v in nicknames.items() if v != hit}

	def list_assignments(hit, only_reviewable = False):
	# Accumulate all relevant assignments, one page of results at
	# a time.
	assignments = []
	page = 1
	while True:
	rs = con.get_assignments(
	hit_id = hit,
	page_size = get_assignments_page_size,
	page_number = page,
	status = 'Submitted' if only_reviewable else None)
	assignments += map(digest_assignment, rs)
	if len(assignments) >= int(rs.TotalNumResults):
	break
	page += 1
	if interactive:
	print json.dumps(assignments, sort_keys = True, indent = 4)
	print ' '.join([a['AssignmentId'] for a in assignments])
	print ' '.join([a['WorkerId'] + ',' + a['AssignmentId'] for a in assignments])
	else:
	return assignments

	def grant_bonus(message, amount, pairs):
	for worker, assignment in pairs:
	con.grant_bonus(worker, assignment, con.get_price_as_price(amount), message)
	if interactive: print 'Bonused', worker

	def approve_assignments(message, assignments):
	for a in assignments:
	con.approve_assignment(a, message)
	if interactive: print 'Approved', a

	def reject_assignments(message, assignments):
	for a in assignments:
	con.reject_assignment(a, message)
	if interactive: print 'Rejected', a

	def unreject_assignments(message, assignments):
	for a in assignments:
	con.approve_rejected_assignment(a, message)
	if interactive: print 'Unrejected', a

	def notify_workers(subject, text, workers):
	con.notify_workers(workers, subject, text)

	def give_qualification(qualification, workers, value = 1, notify = True):
	for w in workers:
	con.assign_qualification(qualification, w, value, notify)
	if interactive: print 'Gave to', w

	def revoke_qualification(qualification, workers, message = None):
	for w in workers:
	con.revoke_qualification(w, qualification, message)
	if interactive: print 'Revoked from', w

	# --------------------------------------------------
	# Mainline code
	# --------------------------------------------------

	if __name__ == '__main__':
	interactive = True

	parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
	add_argparse_arguments(parser)
	subs = parser.add_subparsers()

	sub = subs.add_parser('bal',
	help = 'display your prepaid balance')
	sub.set_defaults(f = get_balance, a = lambda: [])

	sub = subs.add_parser('hit',
	help = 'get information about a HIT')
	sub.add_argument('HIT',
	help = 'nickname or ID of the HIT to show')
	sub.set_defaults(f = show_hit, a = lambda:
	[get_hitid(args.HIT)])

	sub = subs.add_parser('hits',
	help = 'list all your HITs')
	sub.set_defaults(f = list_hits, a = lambda: [])

	sub = subs.add_parser('new',
	help = 'create a new HIT (external questions only)',
	epilog = example_config_file,
	formatter_class = argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter)
	sub.add_argument('JSON_PATH',
	help = 'path to JSON configuration file for the HIT')
	sub.add_argument('-u', '--question-url', dest = 'question_url',
	metavar = 'URL',
	help = 'URL for the external question')
	sub.add_argument('-a', '--assignments', dest = 'assignments',
	type = int, metavar = 'N',
	help = 'number of assignments')
	sub.add_argument('-r', '--reward', dest = 'reward',
	type = float, metavar = 'PRICE',
	help = 'reward amount, in USD')
	sub.set_defaults(f = make_hit, a = lambda: dict(
	unjson(args.JSON_PATH).items() + [(k, getattr(args, k))
	for k in ('question_url', 'assignments', 'reward')
	if getattr(args, k) is not None]))

	sub = subs.add_parser('extend',
	help = 'add assignments or time to a HIT')
	sub.add_argument('HIT',
	help = 'nickname or ID of the HIT to extend')
	sub.add_argument('-a', '--assignments', dest = 'assignments',
	metavar = 'N', type = int,
	help = 'number of assignments to add')
	sub.add_argument('-t', '--time', dest = 'time',
	metavar = 'T',
	help = 'amount of time to add to the expiration date')
	sub.set_defaults(f = extend_hit, a = lambda:
	[get_hitid(args.HIT), args.assignments,
	args.time and parse_duration(args.time)])

	sub = subs.add_parser('expire',
	help = 'force a HIT to expire without deleting it')
	sub.add_argument('HIT',
	help = 'nickname or ID of the HIT to expire')
	sub.set_defaults(f = expire_hit, a = lambda:
	[get_hitid(args.HIT)])

	sub = subs.add_parser('rm',
	help = 'delete a HIT')
	sub.add_argument('HIT',
	help = 'nickname or ID of the HIT to delete')
	sub.set_defaults(f = delete_hit, a = lambda:
	[get_hitid(args.HIT)])

	sub = subs.add_parser('as',
	help = "list a HIT's submitted assignments")
	sub.add_argument('HIT',
	help = 'nickname or ID of the HIT to get assignments for')
	sub.add_argument('-r', '--reviewable', dest = 'only_reviewable',
	action = 'store_true',
	help = 'show only unreviewed assignments')
	sub.set_defaults(f = list_assignments, a = lambda:
	[get_hitid(args.HIT), args.only_reviewable])

	for command, fun, helpmsg in [
	('approve', approve_assignments, 'approve assignments'),
	('reject', reject_assignments, 'reject assignments'),
	('unreject', unreject_assignments, 'approve previously rejected assignments')]:
	sub = subs.add_parser(command, help = helpmsg)
	sub.add_argument('ASSIGNMENT', nargs = '+',
	help = 'ID of an assignment')
	sub.add_argument('-m', '--message', dest = 'message',
	metavar = 'TEXT',
	help = 'feedback message shown to workers')
	sub.set_defaults(f = fun, a = lambda:
	[args.message, args.ASSIGNMENT])

	sub = subs.add_parser('bonus',
	help = 'give some workers a bonus')
	sub.add_argument('AMOUNT', type = float,
	help = 'bonus amount, in USD')
	sub.add_argument('MESSAGE',
	help = 'the reason for the bonus (shown to workers in an email sent by MTurk)')
	sub.add_argument('WIDAID', nargs = '+',
	help = 'a WORKER_ID,ASSIGNMENT_ID pair')
	sub.set_defaults(f = grant_bonus, a = lambda:
	[args.MESSAGE, args.AMOUNT,
	[p.split(',') for p in args.WIDAID]])

	sub = subs.add_parser('notify',
	help = 'send a message to some workers')
	sub.add_argument('SUBJECT',
	help = 'subject of the message')
	sub.add_argument('MESSAGE',
	help = 'text of the message')
	sub.add_argument('WORKER', nargs = '+',
	help = 'ID of a worker')
	sub.set_defaults(f = notify_workers, a = lambda:
	[args.SUBJECT, args.MESSAGE, args.WORKER])

	sub = subs.add_parser('give-qual',
	help = 'give a qualification to some workers')
	sub.add_argument('QUAL',
	help = 'ID of the qualification')
	sub.add_argument('WORKER', nargs = '+',
	help = 'ID of a worker')
	sub.add_argument('-v', '--value', dest = 'value',
	metavar = 'N', type = int, default = 1,
	help = 'value of the qualification')
	sub.add_argument('--dontnotify', dest = 'notify',
	action = 'store_false', default = True,
	help = "don't notify workers")
	sub.set_defaults(f = give_qualification, a = lambda:
	[args.QUAL, args.WORKER, args.value, args.notify])

	sub = subs.add_parser('revoke-qual',
	help = 'revoke a qualification from some workers')
	sub.add_argument('QUAL',
	help = 'ID of the qualification')
	sub.add_argument('WORKER', nargs = '+',
	help = 'ID of a worker')
	sub.add_argument('-m', '--message', dest = 'message',
	metavar = 'TEXT',
	help = 'the reason the qualification was revoked (shown to workers in an email sent by MTurk)')
	sub.set_defaults(f = revoke_qualification, a = lambda:
	[args.QUAL, args.WORKER, args.message])

	args = parser.parse_args()

	init_by_args(args)

	f = args.f
	a = args.a()
	if isinstance(a, dict):
	# We do some introspective gymnastics so we can produce a
	# less incomprehensible error message if some arguments
	# are missing.
	spec = inspect.getargspec(f)
	missing = set(spec.args[: len(spec.args) - len(spec.defaults)]) - set(a.keys())
	if missing:
	raise ValueError('Missing arguments: ' + ', '.join(missing))
	doit = lambda: f(**a)
	else:
	doit = lambda: f(*a)

	try:
	x = doit()
	except boto.mturk.connection.MTurkRequestError as e:
	print 'MTurk error:', e.error_message
	sys.exit(1)

	if x is not None:
	print x

	save_nicknames()