diff --git a/build/Android.gtest.mk b/build/Android.gtest.mk
index 3a19c40..a340588 100644
--- a/build/Android.gtest.mk
+++ b/build/Android.gtest.mk
@@ -179,6 +179,42 @@
   ART_TEST_CFLAGS += -DART_USE_PORTABLE_COMPILER=1
 endif
 
+include $(CLEAR_VARS)
+LOCAL_MODULE := libart-gtest
+LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := optional
+LOCAL_CPP_EXTENSION := cc
+LOCAL_CFLAGS := $(ART_TARGET_CFLAGS)
+LOCAL_SRC_FILES := runtime/common_runtime_test.cc compiler/common_compiler_test.cc
+LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(ART_C_INCLUDES) art/runtime art/compiler
+LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := libcutils libartd libartd-compiler libdl
+LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES += libgtest_libc++
+LOCAL_CLANG := $(ART_TARGET_CLANG)
+LOCAL_ADDITIONAL_DEPENDENCIES := art/build/Android.common_build.mk
+LOCAL_ADDITIONAL_DEPENDENCIES += art/build/Android.gtest.mk
+include external/libcxx/libcxx.mk
+include $(BUILD_SHARED_LIBRARY)
+
+include $(CLEAR_VARS)
+LOCAL_MODULE := libart-gtest
+LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := optional
+LOCAL_CPP_EXTENSION := cc
+LOCAL_CFLAGS := $(ART_HOST_CFLAGS)
+LOCAL_SRC_FILES := runtime/common_runtime_test.cc compiler/common_compiler_test.cc
+LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := $(ART_C_INCLUDES) art/runtime art/compiler
+LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := libartd libartd-compiler
+LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libcutils
+ifneq ($(WITHOUT_HOST_CLANG),true)
+  # GCC host compiled tests fail with this linked, presumably due to destructors that run.
+  LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES += libgtest_libc++_host
+endif
+LOCAL_LDLIBS += -ldl -lpthread
+LOCAL_MULTILIB := both
+LOCAL_CLANG := $(ART_HOST_CLANG)
+LOCAL_ADDITIONAL_DEPENDENCIES := art/build/Android.common_build.mk
+LOCAL_ADDITIONAL_DEPENDENCIES += art/build/Android.gtest.mk
+include external/libcxx/libcxx.mk
+include $(BUILD_HOST_SHARED_LIBRARY)
+
 # Variables holding collections of gtest pre-requisits used to run a number of gtests.
 ART_TEST_HOST_GTEST$(ART_PHONY_TEST_HOST_SUFFIX)_RULES :=
 ART_TEST_HOST_GTEST$(2ND_ART_PHONY_TEST_HOST_SUFFIX)_RULES :=
@@ -285,12 +321,12 @@
     LOCAL_MODULE_TAGS := tests
   endif
   LOCAL_CPP_EXTENSION := $$(ART_CPP_EXTENSION)
-  LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $$(art_gtest_filename) runtime/common_runtime_test.cc
+  LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $$(art_gtest_filename)
   LOCAL_C_INCLUDES += $$(ART_C_INCLUDES) art/runtime $$(art_gtest_extra_c_includes)
-  LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += libartd $$(art_gtest_extra_shared_libraries)
+  LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += libartd $$(art_gtest_extra_shared_libraries) libart-gtest
 
-  # LOCAL_ADDITIONAL_DEPENDENCIES := art/build/Android.common.mk
-  # LOCAL_ADDITIONAL_DEPENDENCIES += art/build/Android.gtest.mk
+  LOCAL_ADDITIONAL_DEPENDENCIES := art/build/Android.common_build.mk
+  LOCAL_ADDITIONAL_DEPENDENCIES += art/build/Android.gtest.mk
 
   # Mac OS linker doesn't understand --export-dynamic.
   ifneq ($$(HOST_OS)-$$(art_target_or_host),darwin-host)
@@ -304,7 +340,6 @@
     $$(eval $$(call set-target-local-clang-vars))
     $$(eval $$(call set-target-local-cflags-vars,debug))
     LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += libdl libicuuc libicui18n libnativehelper libz libcutils libvixl
-    LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES += libgtest_libc++
     LOCAL_MODULE_PATH_32 := $$(ART_TARGET_NATIVETEST_OUT)/$$(ART_TARGET_ARCH_32)
     LOCAL_MODULE_PATH_64 := $$(ART_TARGET_NATIVETEST_OUT)/$$(ART_TARGET_ARCH_64)
     LOCAL_MULTILIB := both
@@ -328,10 +363,6 @@
     LOCAL_CFLAGS += $$(ART_HOST_CFLAGS) $$(ART_HOST_DEBUG_CFLAGS)
     LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES += libicuuc-host libicui18n-host libnativehelper libz-host
     LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES += libcutils libvixl
-    ifneq ($$(WITHOUT_HOST_CLANG),true)
-      # GCC host compiled tests fail with this linked, presumably due to destructors that run.
-      LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES += libgtest_libc++_host
-    endif
     LOCAL_LDLIBS += -lpthread -ldl
     LOCAL_IS_HOST_MODULE := true
     LOCAL_MULTILIB := both
diff --git a/compiler/Android.mk b/compiler/Android.mk
index 98a4c2f..02dad2a 100644
--- a/compiler/Android.mk
+++ b/compiler/Android.mk
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@
 	dex/verification_results.cc \
 	dex/vreg_analysis.cc \
 	dex/ssa_transformation.cc \
+	dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.cc \
 	driver/compiler_driver.cc \
 	driver/dex_compilation_unit.cc \
 	jni/quick/arm/calling_convention_arm.cc \
diff --git a/compiler/common_compiler_test.cc b/compiler/common_compiler_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..051cfb6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/common_compiler_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,413 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "common_compiler_test.h"
+
+#if defined(__arm__)
+#include <sys/ucontext.h>
+#endif
+#include <fstream>
+
+#include "class_linker.h"
+#include "compiled_method.h"
+#include "dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h"
+#include "dex/verification_results.h"
+#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
+#include "driver/compiler_driver.h"
+#include "entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.h"
+#include "interpreter/interpreter.h"
+#include "mirror/art_method.h"
+#include "mirror/dex_cache.h"
+#include "mirror/object-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "thread-inl.h"
+#include "utils.h"
+
+namespace art {
+
+// Normally the ClassLinker supplies this.
+extern "C" void art_quick_generic_jni_trampoline(mirror::ArtMethod*);
+
+#if defined(__arm__)
+// A signal handler called when have an illegal instruction.  We record the fact in
+// a global boolean and then increment the PC in the signal context to return to
+// the next instruction.  We know the instruction is an sdiv (4 bytes long).
+static void baddivideinst(int signo, siginfo *si, void *data) {
+  UNUSED(signo);
+  UNUSED(si);
+  struct ucontext *uc = (struct ucontext *)data;
+  struct sigcontext *sc = &uc->uc_mcontext;
+  sc->arm_r0 = 0;     // set R0 to #0 to signal error
+  sc->arm_pc += 4;    // skip offending instruction
+}
+
+// This is in arch/arm/arm_sdiv.S.  It does the following:
+// mov r1,#1
+// sdiv r0,r1,r1
+// bx lr
+//
+// the result will be the value 1 if sdiv is supported.  If it is not supported
+// a SIGILL signal will be raised and the signal handler (baddivideinst) called.
+// The signal handler sets r0 to #0 and then increments pc beyond the failed instruction.
+// Thus if the instruction is not supported, the result of this function will be #0
+
+extern "C" bool CheckForARMSDIVInstruction();
+
+static InstructionSetFeatures GuessInstructionFeatures() {
+  InstructionSetFeatures f;
+
+  // Uncomment this for processing of /proc/cpuinfo.
+  if (false) {
+    // Look in /proc/cpuinfo for features we need.  Only use this when we can guarantee that
+    // the kernel puts the appropriate feature flags in here.  Sometimes it doesn't.
+    std::ifstream in("/proc/cpuinfo");
+    if (in) {
+      while (!in.eof()) {
+        std::string line;
+        std::getline(in, line);
+        if (!in.eof()) {
+          if (line.find("Features") != std::string::npos) {
+            if (line.find("idivt") != std::string::npos) {
+              f.SetHasDivideInstruction(true);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        in.close();
+      }
+    } else {
+      LOG(INFO) << "Failed to open /proc/cpuinfo";
+    }
+  }
+
+  // See if have a sdiv instruction.  Register a signal handler and try to execute
+  // an sdiv instruction.  If we get a SIGILL then it's not supported.  We can't use
+  // the /proc/cpuinfo method for this because Krait devices don't always put the idivt
+  // feature in the list.
+  struct sigaction sa, osa;
+  sa.sa_flags = SA_ONSTACK | SA_RESTART | SA_SIGINFO;
+  sa.sa_sigaction = baddivideinst;
+  sigaction(SIGILL, &sa, &osa);
+
+  if (CheckForARMSDIVInstruction()) {
+    f.SetHasDivideInstruction(true);
+  }
+
+  // Restore the signal handler.
+  sigaction(SIGILL, &osa, nullptr);
+
+  // Other feature guesses in here.
+  return f;
+}
+#endif
+
+// Given a set of instruction features from the build, parse it.  The
+// input 'str' is a comma separated list of feature names.  Parse it and
+// return the InstructionSetFeatures object.
+static InstructionSetFeatures ParseFeatureList(std::string str) {
+  InstructionSetFeatures result;
+  typedef std::vector<std::string> FeatureList;
+  FeatureList features;
+  Split(str, ',', features);
+  for (FeatureList::iterator i = features.begin(); i != features.end(); i++) {
+    std::string feature = Trim(*i);
+    if (feature == "default") {
+      // Nothing to do.
+    } else if (feature == "div") {
+      // Supports divide instruction.
+      result.SetHasDivideInstruction(true);
+    } else if (feature == "nodiv") {
+      // Turn off support for divide instruction.
+      result.SetHasDivideInstruction(false);
+    } else {
+      LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown instruction set feature: '" << feature << "'";
+    }
+  }
+  // Others...
+  return result;
+}
+
+CommonCompilerTest::CommonCompilerTest() {}
+CommonCompilerTest::~CommonCompilerTest() {}
+
+OatFile::OatMethod CommonCompilerTest::CreateOatMethod(const void* code, const uint8_t* gc_map) {
+  CHECK(code != nullptr);
+  const byte* base;
+  uint32_t code_offset, gc_map_offset;
+  if (gc_map == nullptr) {
+    base = reinterpret_cast<const byte*>(code);  // Base of data points at code.
+    base -= kPointerSize;  // Move backward so that code_offset != 0.
+    code_offset = kPointerSize;
+    gc_map_offset = 0;
+  } else {
+    // TODO: 64bit support.
+    base = nullptr;  // Base of data in oat file, ie 0.
+    code_offset = PointerToLowMemUInt32(code);
+    gc_map_offset = PointerToLowMemUInt32(gc_map);
+  }
+  return OatFile::OatMethod(base, code_offset, gc_map_offset);
+}
+
+void CommonCompilerTest::MakeExecutable(mirror::ArtMethod* method) {
+  CHECK(method != nullptr);
+
+  const CompiledMethod* compiled_method = nullptr;
+  if (!method->IsAbstract()) {
+    mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = method->GetDeclaringClass()->GetDexCache();
+    const DexFile& dex_file = *dex_cache->GetDexFile();
+    compiled_method =
+        compiler_driver_->GetCompiledMethod(MethodReference(&dex_file,
+                                                            method->GetDexMethodIndex()));
+  }
+  if (compiled_method != nullptr) {
+    const std::vector<uint8_t>* code = compiled_method->GetQuickCode();
+    const void* code_ptr;
+    if (code != nullptr) {
+      uint32_t code_size = code->size();
+      CHECK_NE(0u, code_size);
+      const std::vector<uint8_t>& vmap_table = compiled_method->GetVmapTable();
+      uint32_t vmap_table_offset = vmap_table.empty() ? 0u
+          : sizeof(OatQuickMethodHeader) + vmap_table.size();
+      const std::vector<uint8_t>& mapping_table = compiled_method->GetMappingTable();
+      uint32_t mapping_table_offset = mapping_table.empty() ? 0u
+          : sizeof(OatQuickMethodHeader) + vmap_table.size() + mapping_table.size();
+      OatQuickMethodHeader method_header(mapping_table_offset, vmap_table_offset,
+                                         compiled_method->GetFrameSizeInBytes(),
+                                         compiled_method->GetCoreSpillMask(),
+                                         compiled_method->GetFpSpillMask(), code_size);
+
+      header_code_and_maps_chunks_.push_back(std::vector<uint8_t>());
+      std::vector<uint8_t>* chunk = &header_code_and_maps_chunks_.back();
+      size_t size = sizeof(method_header) + code_size + vmap_table.size() + mapping_table.size();
+      size_t code_offset = compiled_method->AlignCode(size - code_size);
+      size_t padding = code_offset - (size - code_size);
+      chunk->reserve(padding + size);
+      chunk->resize(sizeof(method_header));
+      memcpy(&(*chunk)[0], &method_header, sizeof(method_header));
+      chunk->insert(chunk->begin(), vmap_table.begin(), vmap_table.end());
+      chunk->insert(chunk->begin(), mapping_table.begin(), mapping_table.end());
+      chunk->insert(chunk->begin(), padding, 0);
+      chunk->insert(chunk->end(), code->begin(), code->end());
+      CHECK_EQ(padding + size, chunk->size());
+      code_ptr = &(*chunk)[code_offset];
+    } else {
+      code = compiled_method->GetPortableCode();
+      code_ptr = &(*code)[0];
+    }
+    MakeExecutable(code_ptr, code->size());
+    const void* method_code = CompiledMethod::CodePointer(code_ptr,
+                                                          compiled_method->GetInstructionSet());
+    LOG(INFO) << "MakeExecutable " << PrettyMethod(method) << " code=" << method_code;
+    OatFile::OatMethod oat_method = CreateOatMethod(method_code, nullptr);
+    oat_method.LinkMethod(method);
+    method->SetEntryPointFromInterpreter(artInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge);
+  } else {
+    // No code? You must mean to go into the interpreter.
+    // Or the generic JNI...
+    if (!method->IsNative()) {
+      const void* method_code = kUsePortableCompiler ? GetPortableToInterpreterBridge()
+          : GetQuickToInterpreterBridge();
+      OatFile::OatMethod oat_method = CreateOatMethod(method_code, nullptr);
+      oat_method.LinkMethod(method);
+      method->SetEntryPointFromInterpreter(interpreter::artInterpreterToInterpreterBridge);
+    } else {
+      const void* method_code = reinterpret_cast<void*>(art_quick_generic_jni_trampoline);
+
+      OatFile::OatMethod oat_method = CreateOatMethod(method_code, nullptr);
+      oat_method.LinkMethod(method);
+      method->SetEntryPointFromInterpreter(artInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge);
+    }
+  }
+  // Create bridges to transition between different kinds of compiled bridge.
+  if (method->GetEntryPointFromPortableCompiledCode() == nullptr) {
+    method->SetEntryPointFromPortableCompiledCode(GetPortableToQuickBridge());
+  } else {
+    CHECK(method->GetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCode() == nullptr);
+    method->SetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCode(GetQuickToPortableBridge());
+    method->SetIsPortableCompiled();
+  }
+}
+
+void CommonCompilerTest::MakeExecutable(const void* code_start, size_t code_length) {
+  CHECK(code_start != nullptr);
+  CHECK_NE(code_length, 0U);
+  uintptr_t data = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(code_start);
+  uintptr_t base = RoundDown(data, kPageSize);
+  uintptr_t limit = RoundUp(data + code_length, kPageSize);
+  uintptr_t len = limit - base;
+  int result = mprotect(reinterpret_cast<void*>(base), len, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC);
+  CHECK_EQ(result, 0);
+
+  // Flush instruction cache
+  // Only uses __builtin___clear_cache if GCC >= 4.3.3
+#if GCC_VERSION >= 40303
+  __builtin___clear_cache(reinterpret_cast<void*>(base), reinterpret_cast<void*>(base + len));
+#else
+  // Only warn if not Intel as Intel doesn't have cache flush instructions.
+#if !defined(__i386__) && !defined(__x86_64__)
+  LOG(WARNING) << "UNIMPLEMENTED: cache flush";
+#endif
+#endif
+}
+
+void CommonCompilerTest::MakeExecutable(mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader, const char* class_name) {
+  std::string class_descriptor(DotToDescriptor(class_name));
+  Thread* self = Thread::Current();
+  StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(hs.NewHandle(class_loader));
+  mirror::Class* klass = class_linker_->FindClass(self, class_descriptor.c_str(), loader);
+  CHECK(klass != nullptr) << "Class not found " << class_name;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < klass->NumDirectMethods(); i++) {
+    MakeExecutable(klass->GetDirectMethod(i));
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < klass->NumVirtualMethods(); i++) {
+    MakeExecutable(klass->GetVirtualMethod(i));
+  }
+}
+
+void CommonCompilerTest::SetUp() {
+  CommonRuntimeTest::SetUp();
+  {
+    ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
+
+    InstructionSet instruction_set = kRuntimeISA;
+
+    // Take the default set of instruction features from the build.
+    InstructionSetFeatures instruction_set_features =
+        ParseFeatureList(Runtime::GetDefaultInstructionSetFeatures());
+
+#if defined(__arm__)
+    InstructionSetFeatures runtime_features = GuessInstructionFeatures();
+
+    // for ARM, do a runtime check to make sure that the features we are passed from
+    // the build match the features we actually determine at runtime.
+    ASSERT_LE(instruction_set_features, runtime_features);
+#endif
+
+    runtime_->SetInstructionSet(instruction_set);
+    for (int i = 0; i < Runtime::kLastCalleeSaveType; i++) {
+      Runtime::CalleeSaveType type = Runtime::CalleeSaveType(i);
+      if (!runtime_->HasCalleeSaveMethod(type)) {
+        runtime_->SetCalleeSaveMethod(
+            runtime_->CreateCalleeSaveMethod(type), type);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: make selectable
+    Compiler::Kind compiler_kind
+    = (kUsePortableCompiler) ? Compiler::kPortable : Compiler::kQuick;
+    timer_.reset(new CumulativeLogger("Compilation times"));
+    compiler_driver_.reset(new CompilerDriver(compiler_options_.get(),
+                                              verification_results_.get(),
+                                              method_inliner_map_.get(),
+                                              compiler_kind, instruction_set,
+                                              instruction_set_features,
+                                              true, new CompilerDriver::DescriptorSet,
+                                              2, true, true, timer_.get()));
+  }
+  // We typically don't generate an image in unit tests, disable this optimization by default.
+  compiler_driver_->SetSupportBootImageFixup(false);
+}
+
+void CommonCompilerTest::SetUpRuntimeOptions(RuntimeOptions* options) {
+  CommonRuntimeTest::SetUpRuntimeOptions(options);
+
+  compiler_options_.reset(new CompilerOptions);
+  verification_results_.reset(new VerificationResults(compiler_options_.get()));
+  method_inliner_map_.reset(new DexFileToMethodInlinerMap);
+  callbacks_.reset(new QuickCompilerCallbacks(verification_results_.get(),
+                                              method_inliner_map_.get()));
+  options->push_back(std::make_pair("compilercallbacks", callbacks_.get()));
+}
+
+void CommonCompilerTest::TearDown() {
+  timer_.reset();
+  compiler_driver_.reset();
+  callbacks_.reset();
+  method_inliner_map_.reset();
+  verification_results_.reset();
+  compiler_options_.reset();
+
+  CommonRuntimeTest::TearDown();
+}
+
+void CommonCompilerTest::CompileClass(mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader, const char* class_name) {
+  std::string class_descriptor(DotToDescriptor(class_name));
+  Thread* self = Thread::Current();
+  StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
+  Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(hs.NewHandle(class_loader));
+  mirror::Class* klass = class_linker_->FindClass(self, class_descriptor.c_str(), loader);
+  CHECK(klass != nullptr) << "Class not found " << class_name;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < klass->NumDirectMethods(); i++) {
+    CompileMethod(klass->GetDirectMethod(i));
+  }
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < klass->NumVirtualMethods(); i++) {
+    CompileMethod(klass->GetVirtualMethod(i));
+  }
+}
+
+void CommonCompilerTest::CompileMethod(mirror::ArtMethod* method) {
+  CHECK(method != nullptr);
+  TimingLogger timings("CommonTest::CompileMethod", false, false);
+  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, &timings);
+  compiler_driver_->CompileOne(method, &timings);
+  TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t2("MakeExecutable", &timings);
+  MakeExecutable(method);
+}
+
+void CommonCompilerTest::CompileDirectMethod(Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader,
+                                             const char* class_name, const char* method_name,
+                                             const char* signature) {
+  std::string class_descriptor(DotToDescriptor(class_name));
+  Thread* self = Thread::Current();
+  mirror::Class* klass = class_linker_->FindClass(self, class_descriptor.c_str(), class_loader);
+  CHECK(klass != nullptr) << "Class not found " << class_name;
+  mirror::ArtMethod* method = klass->FindDirectMethod(method_name, signature);
+  CHECK(method != nullptr) << "Direct method not found: "
+      << class_name << "." << method_name << signature;
+  CompileMethod(method);
+}
+
+void CommonCompilerTest::CompileVirtualMethod(Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, const char* class_name,
+                                              const char* method_name, const char* signature)
+SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  std::string class_descriptor(DotToDescriptor(class_name));
+  Thread* self = Thread::Current();
+  mirror::Class* klass = class_linker_->FindClass(self, class_descriptor.c_str(), class_loader);
+  CHECK(klass != nullptr) << "Class not found " << class_name;
+  mirror::ArtMethod* method = klass->FindVirtualMethod(method_name, signature);
+  CHECK(method != NULL) << "Virtual method not found: "
+      << class_name << "." << method_name << signature;
+  CompileMethod(method);
+}
+
+void CommonCompilerTest::ReserveImageSpace() {
+  // Reserve where the image will be loaded up front so that other parts of test set up don't
+  // accidentally end up colliding with the fixed memory address when we need to load the image.
+  std::string error_msg;
+  image_reservation_.reset(MemMap::MapAnonymous("image reservation",
+                                                reinterpret_cast<byte*>(ART_BASE_ADDRESS),
+                                                (size_t)100 * 1024 * 1024,  // 100MB
+                                                PROT_NONE,
+                                                false /* no need for 4gb flag with fixed mmap*/,
+                                                &error_msg));
+  CHECK(image_reservation_.get() != nullptr) << error_msg;
+}
+
+void CommonCompilerTest::UnreserveImageSpace() {
+  image_reservation_.reset();
+}
+
+}  // namespace art
diff --git a/compiler/common_compiler_test.h b/compiler/common_compiler_test.h
index e11f61a..df06b71 100644
--- a/compiler/common_compiler_test.h
+++ b/compiler/common_compiler_test.h
@@ -17,409 +17,68 @@
 #ifndef ART_COMPILER_COMMON_COMPILER_TEST_H_
 #define ART_COMPILER_COMMON_COMPILER_TEST_H_
 
-#include "compiler.h"
-#include "compiler_callbacks.h"
+#include <list>
+#include <vector>
+
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
-#include "dex/verification_results.h"
-#include "driver/compiler_callbacks_impl.h"
-#include "driver/compiler_driver.h"
-#include "driver/compiler_options.h"
+#include "oat_file.h"
 
 namespace art {
+namespace mirror {
+  class ClassLoader;
+}  // namespace mirror
 
-#if defined(__arm__)
+class CompilerDriver;
+class CompilerOptions;
+class CumulativeLogger;
+class DexFileToMethodInlinerMap;
+class VerificationResults;
 
-#include <sys/ucontext.h>
-
-// A signal handler called when have an illegal instruction.  We record the fact in
-// a global boolean and then increment the PC in the signal context to return to
-// the next instruction.  We know the instruction is an sdiv (4 bytes long).
-static inline void baddivideinst(int signo, siginfo *si, void *data) {
-  UNUSED(signo);
-  UNUSED(si);
-  struct ucontext *uc = (struct ucontext *)data;
-  struct sigcontext *sc = &uc->uc_mcontext;
-  sc->arm_r0 = 0;     // set R0 to #0 to signal error
-  sc->arm_pc += 4;    // skip offending instruction
-}
-
-// This is in arch/arm/arm_sdiv.S.  It does the following:
-// mov r1,#1
-// sdiv r0,r1,r1
-// bx lr
-//
-// the result will be the value 1 if sdiv is supported.  If it is not supported
-// a SIGILL signal will be raised and the signal handler (baddivideinst) called.
-// The signal handler sets r0 to #0 and then increments pc beyond the failed instruction.
-// Thus if the instruction is not supported, the result of this function will be #0
-
-extern "C" bool CheckForARMSDIVInstruction();
-
-static inline InstructionSetFeatures GuessInstructionFeatures() {
-  InstructionSetFeatures f;
-
-  // Uncomment this for processing of /proc/cpuinfo.
-  if (false) {
-    // Look in /proc/cpuinfo for features we need.  Only use this when we can guarantee that
-    // the kernel puts the appropriate feature flags in here.  Sometimes it doesn't.
-    std::ifstream in("/proc/cpuinfo");
-    if (in) {
-      while (!in.eof()) {
-        std::string line;
-        std::getline(in, line);
-        if (!in.eof()) {
-          if (line.find("Features") != std::string::npos) {
-            if (line.find("idivt") != std::string::npos) {
-              f.SetHasDivideInstruction(true);
-            }
-          }
-        }
-        in.close();
-      }
-    } else {
-      LOG(INFO) << "Failed to open /proc/cpuinfo";
-    }
-  }
-
-  // See if have a sdiv instruction.  Register a signal handler and try to execute
-  // an sdiv instruction.  If we get a SIGILL then it's not supported.  We can't use
-  // the /proc/cpuinfo method for this because Krait devices don't always put the idivt
-  // feature in the list.
-  struct sigaction sa, osa;
-  sa.sa_flags = SA_ONSTACK | SA_RESTART | SA_SIGINFO;
-  sa.sa_sigaction = baddivideinst;
-  sigaction(SIGILL, &sa, &osa);
-
-  if (CheckForARMSDIVInstruction()) {
-    f.SetHasDivideInstruction(true);
-  }
-
-  // Restore the signal handler.
-  sigaction(SIGILL, &osa, nullptr);
-
-  // Other feature guesses in here.
-  return f;
-}
-
-#endif
-
-// Given a set of instruction features from the build, parse it.  The
-// input 'str' is a comma separated list of feature names.  Parse it and
-// return the InstructionSetFeatures object.
-static inline InstructionSetFeatures ParseFeatureList(std::string str) {
-  InstructionSetFeatures result;
-  typedef std::vector<std::string> FeatureList;
-  FeatureList features;
-  Split(str, ',', features);
-  for (FeatureList::iterator i = features.begin(); i != features.end(); i++) {
-    std::string feature = Trim(*i);
-    if (feature == "default") {
-      // Nothing to do.
-    } else if (feature == "div") {
-      // Supports divide instruction.
-      result.SetHasDivideInstruction(true);
-    } else if (feature == "nodiv") {
-      // Turn off support for divide instruction.
-      result.SetHasDivideInstruction(false);
-    } else {
-      LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown instruction set feature: '" << feature << "'";
-    }
-  }
-  // Others...
-  return result;
-}
-
-// Normally the ClassLinker supplies this.
-extern "C" void art_quick_generic_jni_trampoline(mirror::ArtMethod*);
+template<class T> class Handle;
 
 class CommonCompilerTest : public CommonRuntimeTest {
  public:
+  CommonCompilerTest();
+  ~CommonCompilerTest();
+
   // Create an OatMethod based on pointers (for unit tests).
-  OatFile::OatMethod CreateOatMethod(const void* code,
-                                     const uint8_t* gc_map) {
-    CHECK(code != nullptr);
-    const byte* base;
-    uint32_t code_offset, gc_map_offset;
-    if (gc_map == nullptr) {
-      base = reinterpret_cast<const byte*>(code);  // Base of data points at code.
-      base -= kPointerSize;  // Move backward so that code_offset != 0.
-      code_offset = kPointerSize;
-      gc_map_offset = 0;
-    } else {
-      // TODO: 64bit support.
-      base = nullptr;  // Base of data in oat file, ie 0.
-      code_offset = PointerToLowMemUInt32(code);
-      gc_map_offset = PointerToLowMemUInt32(gc_map);
-    }
-    return OatFile::OatMethod(base,
-                              code_offset,
-                              gc_map_offset);
-  }
+  OatFile::OatMethod CreateOatMethod(const void* code, const uint8_t* gc_map);
 
-  void MakeExecutable(mirror::ArtMethod* method) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    CHECK(method != nullptr);
+  void MakeExecutable(mirror::ArtMethod* method) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-    const CompiledMethod* compiled_method = nullptr;
-    if (!method->IsAbstract()) {
-      mirror::DexCache* dex_cache = method->GetDeclaringClass()->GetDexCache();
-      const DexFile& dex_file = *dex_cache->GetDexFile();
-      compiled_method =
-          compiler_driver_->GetCompiledMethod(MethodReference(&dex_file,
-                                                              method->GetDexMethodIndex()));
-    }
-    if (compiled_method != nullptr) {
-      const std::vector<uint8_t>* code = compiled_method->GetQuickCode();
-      const void* code_ptr;
-      if (code != nullptr) {
-        uint32_t code_size = code->size();
-        CHECK_NE(0u, code_size);
-        const std::vector<uint8_t>& vmap_table = compiled_method->GetVmapTable();
-        uint32_t vmap_table_offset = vmap_table.empty() ? 0u
-            : sizeof(OatQuickMethodHeader) + vmap_table.size();
-        const std::vector<uint8_t>& mapping_table = compiled_method->GetMappingTable();
-        uint32_t mapping_table_offset = mapping_table.empty() ? 0u
-            : sizeof(OatQuickMethodHeader) + vmap_table.size() + mapping_table.size();
-        OatQuickMethodHeader method_header(mapping_table_offset, vmap_table_offset,
-                                           compiled_method->GetFrameSizeInBytes(),
-                                           compiled_method->GetCoreSpillMask(),
-                                           compiled_method->GetFpSpillMask(), code_size);
-
-        header_code_and_maps_chunks_.push_back(std::vector<uint8_t>());
-        std::vector<uint8_t>* chunk = &header_code_and_maps_chunks_.back();
-        size_t size = sizeof(method_header) + code_size + vmap_table.size() + mapping_table.size();
-        size_t code_offset = compiled_method->AlignCode(size - code_size);
-        size_t padding = code_offset - (size - code_size);
-        chunk->reserve(padding + size);
-        chunk->resize(sizeof(method_header));
-        memcpy(&(*chunk)[0], &method_header, sizeof(method_header));
-        chunk->insert(chunk->begin(), vmap_table.begin(), vmap_table.end());
-        chunk->insert(chunk->begin(), mapping_table.begin(), mapping_table.end());
-        chunk->insert(chunk->begin(), padding, 0);
-        chunk->insert(chunk->end(), code->begin(), code->end());
-        CHECK_EQ(padding + size, chunk->size());
-        code_ptr = &(*chunk)[code_offset];
-      } else {
-        code = compiled_method->GetPortableCode();
-        code_ptr = &(*code)[0];
-      }
-      MakeExecutable(code_ptr, code->size());
-      const void* method_code = CompiledMethod::CodePointer(code_ptr,
-                                                            compiled_method->GetInstructionSet());
-      LOG(INFO) << "MakeExecutable " << PrettyMethod(method) << " code=" << method_code;
-      OatFile::OatMethod oat_method = CreateOatMethod(method_code, nullptr);
-      oat_method.LinkMethod(method);
-      method->SetEntryPointFromInterpreter(artInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge);
-    } else {
-      // No code? You must mean to go into the interpreter.
-      // Or the generic JNI...
-      if (!method->IsNative()) {
-        const void* method_code = kUsePortableCompiler ? GetPortableToInterpreterBridge()
-                                                       : GetQuickToInterpreterBridge();
-        OatFile::OatMethod oat_method = CreateOatMethod(method_code, nullptr);
-        oat_method.LinkMethod(method);
-        method->SetEntryPointFromInterpreter(interpreter::artInterpreterToInterpreterBridge);
-      } else {
-        const void* method_code = reinterpret_cast<void*>(art_quick_generic_jni_trampoline);
-
-        OatFile::OatMethod oat_method = CreateOatMethod(method_code, nullptr);
-        oat_method.LinkMethod(method);
-        method->SetEntryPointFromInterpreter(artInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge);
-      }
-    }
-    // Create bridges to transition between different kinds of compiled bridge.
-    if (method->GetEntryPointFromPortableCompiledCode() == nullptr) {
-      method->SetEntryPointFromPortableCompiledCode(GetPortableToQuickBridge());
-    } else {
-      CHECK(method->GetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCode() == nullptr);
-      method->SetEntryPointFromQuickCompiledCode(GetQuickToPortableBridge());
-      method->SetIsPortableCompiled();
-    }
-  }
-
-  static void MakeExecutable(const void* code_start, size_t code_length) {
-    CHECK(code_start != nullptr);
-    CHECK_NE(code_length, 0U);
-    uintptr_t data = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(code_start);
-    uintptr_t base = RoundDown(data, kPageSize);
-    uintptr_t limit = RoundUp(data + code_length, kPageSize);
-    uintptr_t len = limit - base;
-    int result = mprotect(reinterpret_cast<void*>(base), len, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC);
-    CHECK_EQ(result, 0);
-
-    // Flush instruction cache
-    // Only uses __builtin___clear_cache if GCC >= 4.3.3
-#if GCC_VERSION >= 40303
-    __builtin___clear_cache(reinterpret_cast<void*>(base), reinterpret_cast<void*>(base + len));
-#else
-    LOG(WARNING) << "UNIMPLEMENTED: cache flush";
-#endif
-  }
+  static void MakeExecutable(const void* code_start, size_t code_length);
 
   void MakeExecutable(mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader, const char* class_name)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    std::string class_descriptor(DotToDescriptor(class_name));
-    Thread* self = Thread::Current();
-    StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
-    Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(hs.NewHandle(class_loader));
-    mirror::Class* klass = class_linker_->FindClass(self, class_descriptor.c_str(), loader);
-    CHECK(klass != nullptr) << "Class not found " << class_name;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < klass->NumDirectMethods(); i++) {
-      MakeExecutable(klass->GetDirectMethod(i));
-    }
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < klass->NumVirtualMethods(); i++) {
-      MakeExecutable(klass->GetVirtualMethod(i));
-    }
-  }
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
  protected:
-  virtual void SetUp() {
-    CommonRuntimeTest::SetUp();
-    {
-      ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
+  virtual void SetUp();
 
-      InstructionSet instruction_set = kNone;
+  virtual void SetUpRuntimeOptions(RuntimeOptions *options);
 
-      // Take the default set of instruction features from the build.
-      InstructionSetFeatures instruction_set_features =
-          ParseFeatureList(Runtime::GetDefaultInstructionSetFeatures());
-
-#if defined(__arm__)
-      instruction_set = kThumb2;
-      InstructionSetFeatures runtime_features = GuessInstructionFeatures();
-
-      // for ARM, do a runtime check to make sure that the features we are passed from
-      // the build match the features we actually determine at runtime.
-      ASSERT_LE(instruction_set_features, runtime_features);
-#elif defined(__aarch64__)
-      instruction_set = kArm64;
-#elif defined(__mips__)
-      instruction_set = kMips;
-#elif defined(__i386__)
-      instruction_set = kX86;
-#elif defined(__x86_64__)
-      instruction_set = kX86_64;
-#endif
-
-      runtime_->SetInstructionSet(instruction_set);
-      for (int i = 0; i < Runtime::kLastCalleeSaveType; i++) {
-        Runtime::CalleeSaveType type = Runtime::CalleeSaveType(i);
-        if (!runtime_->HasCalleeSaveMethod(type)) {
-          runtime_->SetCalleeSaveMethod(
-              runtime_->CreateCalleeSaveMethod(type), type);
-        }
-      }
-
-      // TODO: make selectable
-      Compiler::Kind compiler_kind
-          = (kUsePortableCompiler) ? Compiler::kPortable : Compiler::kQuick;
-      timer_.reset(new CumulativeLogger("Compilation times"));
-      compiler_driver_.reset(new CompilerDriver(compiler_options_.get(),
-                                                verification_results_.get(),
-                                                method_inliner_map_.get(),
-                                                compiler_kind, instruction_set,
-                                                instruction_set_features,
-                                                true, new CompilerDriver::DescriptorSet,
-                                                2, true, true, timer_.get()));
-    }
-    // We typically don't generate an image in unit tests, disable this optimization by default.
-    compiler_driver_->SetSupportBootImageFixup(false);
-  }
-
-  virtual void SetUpRuntimeOptions(Runtime::Options *options) {
-    CommonRuntimeTest::SetUpRuntimeOptions(options);
-
-    compiler_options_.reset(new CompilerOptions);
-    verification_results_.reset(new VerificationResults(compiler_options_.get()));
-    method_inliner_map_.reset(new DexFileToMethodInlinerMap);
-    callbacks_.reset(new CompilerCallbacksImpl(verification_results_.get(),
-                                               method_inliner_map_.get()));
-    options->push_back(std::make_pair("compilercallbacks", callbacks_.get()));
-  }
-
-  virtual void TearDown() {
-    timer_.reset();
-    compiler_driver_.reset();
-    callbacks_.reset();
-    method_inliner_map_.reset();
-    verification_results_.reset();
-    compiler_options_.reset();
-
-    CommonRuntimeTest::TearDown();
-  }
+  virtual void TearDown();
 
   void CompileClass(mirror::ClassLoader* class_loader, const char* class_name)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    std::string class_descriptor(DotToDescriptor(class_name));
-    Thread* self = Thread::Current();
-    StackHandleScope<1> hs(self);
-    Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> loader(hs.NewHandle(class_loader));
-    mirror::Class* klass = class_linker_->FindClass(self, class_descriptor.c_str(), loader);
-    CHECK(klass != nullptr) << "Class not found " << class_name;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < klass->NumDirectMethods(); i++) {
-      CompileMethod(klass->GetDirectMethod(i));
-    }
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < klass->NumVirtualMethods(); i++) {
-      CompileMethod(klass->GetVirtualMethod(i));
-    }
-  }
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  void CompileMethod(mirror::ArtMethod* method) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    CHECK(method != nullptr);
-    TimingLogger timings("CommonTest::CompileMethod", false, false);
-    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t(__FUNCTION__, &timings);
-    compiler_driver_->CompileOne(method, &timings);
-    TimingLogger::ScopedTiming t2("MakeExecutable", &timings);
-    MakeExecutable(method);
-  }
+  void CompileMethod(mirror::ArtMethod* method) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void CompileDirectMethod(Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, const char* class_name,
                            const char* method_name, const char* signature)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    std::string class_descriptor(DotToDescriptor(class_name));
-    Thread* self = Thread::Current();
-    mirror::Class* klass = class_linker_->FindClass(self, class_descriptor.c_str(), class_loader);
-    CHECK(klass != nullptr) << "Class not found " << class_name;
-    mirror::ArtMethod* method = klass->FindDirectMethod(method_name, signature);
-    CHECK(method != nullptr) << "Direct method not found: "
-                             << class_name << "." << method_name << signature;
-    CompileMethod(method);
-  }
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   void CompileVirtualMethod(Handle<mirror::ClassLoader> class_loader, const char* class_name,
                             const char* method_name, const char* signature)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    std::string class_descriptor(DotToDescriptor(class_name));
-    Thread* self = Thread::Current();
-    mirror::Class* klass = class_linker_->FindClass(self, class_descriptor.c_str(), class_loader);
-    CHECK(klass != nullptr) << "Class not found " << class_name;
-    mirror::ArtMethod* method = klass->FindVirtualMethod(method_name, signature);
-    CHECK(method != NULL) << "Virtual method not found: "
-                          << class_name << "." << method_name << signature;
-    CompileMethod(method);
-  }
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  void ReserveImageSpace() {
-    // Reserve where the image will be loaded up front so that other parts of test set up don't
-    // accidentally end up colliding with the fixed memory address when we need to load the image.
-    std::string error_msg;
-    image_reservation_.reset(MemMap::MapAnonymous("image reservation",
-                                                  reinterpret_cast<byte*>(ART_BASE_ADDRESS),
-                                                  (size_t)100 * 1024 * 1024,  // 100MB
-                                                  PROT_NONE,
-                                                  false /* no need for 4gb flag with fixed mmap*/,
-                                                  &error_msg));
-    CHECK(image_reservation_.get() != nullptr) << error_msg;
-  }
+  void ReserveImageSpace();
 
-  void UnreserveImageSpace() {
-    image_reservation_.reset();
-  }
+  void UnreserveImageSpace();
 
   std::unique_ptr<CompilerOptions> compiler_options_;
   std::unique_ptr<VerificationResults> verification_results_;
   std::unique_ptr<DexFileToMethodInlinerMap> method_inliner_map_;
-  std::unique_ptr<CompilerCallbacksImpl> callbacks_;
+  std::unique_ptr<CompilerCallbacks> callbacks_;
   std::unique_ptr<CompilerDriver> compiler_driver_;
   std::unique_ptr<CumulativeLogger> timer_;
 
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.cc b/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.cc
index 45dd7f0..0e46c96 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.cc
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
     true,   // kIntrinsicMinMaxFloat
     true,   // kIntrinsicMinMaxDouble
     true,   // kIntrinsicSqrt
+    false,  // kIntrinsicGet
     false,  // kIntrinsicCharAt
     false,  // kIntrinsicCompareTo
     false,  // kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength
@@ -74,6 +75,7 @@
 COMPILE_ASSERT(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicMinMaxFloat], MinMaxFloat_must_be_static);
 COMPILE_ASSERT(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicMinMaxDouble], MinMaxDouble_must_be_static);
 COMPILE_ASSERT(kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicSqrt], Sqrt_must_be_static);
+COMPILE_ASSERT(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicGet], Get_must_not_be_static);
 COMPILE_ASSERT(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCharAt], CharAt_must_not_be_static);
 COMPILE_ASSERT(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicCompareTo], CompareTo_must_not_be_static);
 COMPILE_ASSERT(!kIntrinsicIsStatic[kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength], IsEmptyOrLength_must_not_be_static);
@@ -126,6 +128,7 @@
     "D",                       // kClassCacheDouble
     "V",                       // kClassCacheVoid
     "Ljava/lang/Object;",      // kClassCacheJavaLangObject
+    "Ljava/lang/ref/Reference;",  // kClassCacheJavaLangRefReference
     "Ljava/lang/String;",      // kClassCacheJavaLangString
     "Ljava/lang/Double;",      // kClassCacheJavaLangDouble
     "Ljava/lang/Float;",       // kClassCacheJavaLangFloat
@@ -152,6 +155,7 @@
     "max",                   // kNameCacheMax
     "min",                   // kNameCacheMin
     "sqrt",                  // kNameCacheSqrt
+    "get",                   // kNameCacheGet
     "charAt",                // kNameCacheCharAt
     "compareTo",             // kNameCacheCompareTo
     "isEmpty",               // kNameCacheIsEmpty
@@ -220,6 +224,8 @@
     { kClassCacheBoolean, 0, { } },
     // kProtoCache_I
     { kClassCacheInt, 0, { } },
+    // kProtoCache_Object
+    { kClassCacheJavaLangObject, 0, { } },
     // kProtoCache_Thread
     { kClassCacheJavaLangThread, 0, { } },
     // kProtoCacheJ_B
@@ -308,6 +314,8 @@
     INTRINSIC(JavaLangMath,       Sqrt, D_D, kIntrinsicSqrt, 0),
     INTRINSIC(JavaLangStrictMath, Sqrt, D_D, kIntrinsicSqrt, 0),
 
+    INTRINSIC(JavaLangRefReference, Get, _Object, kIntrinsicGet, 0),
+
     INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, CharAt, I_C, kIntrinsicCharAt, 0),
     INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, CompareTo, String_I, kIntrinsicCompareTo, 0),
     INTRINSIC(JavaLangString, IsEmpty, _Z, kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength, kIntrinsicFlagIsEmpty),
@@ -428,6 +436,8 @@
       return backend->GenInlinedMinMaxFP(info, intrinsic.d.data & kIntrinsicFlagMin, true /* is_double */);
     case kIntrinsicSqrt:
       return backend->GenInlinedSqrt(info);
+    case kIntrinsicGet:
+      return backend->GenInlinedGet(info);
     case kIntrinsicCharAt:
       return backend->GenInlinedCharAt(info);
     case kIntrinsicCompareTo:
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h b/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h
index 5b3b104..cb8c165 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/dex_file_method_inliner.h
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@
       kClassCacheDouble,
       kClassCacheVoid,
       kClassCacheJavaLangObject,
+      kClassCacheJavaLangRefReference,
       kClassCacheJavaLangString,
       kClassCacheJavaLangDouble,
       kClassCacheJavaLangFloat,
@@ -140,6 +141,7 @@
       kNameCacheMax,
       kNameCacheMin,
       kNameCacheSqrt,
+      kNameCacheGet,
       kNameCacheCharAt,
       kNameCacheCompareTo,
       kNameCacheIsEmpty,
@@ -199,6 +201,7 @@
       kProtoCacheString_I,
       kProtoCache_Z,
       kProtoCache_I,
+      kProtoCache_Object,
       kProtoCache_Thread,
       kProtoCacheJ_B,
       kProtoCacheJ_I,
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/gen_invoke.cc b/compiler/dex/quick/gen_invoke.cc
index 79065b3..9dedeae 100755
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/gen_invoke.cc
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/gen_invoke.cc
@@ -23,9 +23,12 @@
 #include "invoke_type.h"
 #include "mirror/array.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
+#include "mirror/dex_cache.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
+#include "mirror/reference-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string.h"
 #include "mir_to_lir-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 #include "x86/codegen_x86.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -1218,6 +1221,88 @@
   return res;
 }
 
+bool Mir2Lir::GenInlinedGet(CallInfo* info) {
+  if (cu_->instruction_set == kMips) {
+    // TODO - add Mips implementation
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // the refrence class is stored in the image dex file which might not be the same as the cu's
+  // dex file. Query the reference class for the image dex file then reset to starting dex file
+  // in after loading class type.
+  uint16_t type_idx = 0;
+  const DexFile* ref_dex_file = nullptr;
+  {
+    ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
+    type_idx = mirror::Reference::GetJavaLangRefReference()->GetDexTypeIndex();
+    ref_dex_file = mirror::Reference::GetJavaLangRefReference()->GetDexCache()->GetDexFile();
+  }
+  CHECK(LIKELY(ref_dex_file != nullptr));
+
+  // address is either static within the image file, or needs to be patched up after compilation.
+  bool unused_type_initialized;
+  bool use_direct_type_ptr;
+  uintptr_t direct_type_ptr;
+  bool is_finalizable;
+  const DexFile* old_dex = cu_->dex_file;
+  cu_->dex_file = ref_dex_file;
+  RegStorage reg_class = TargetPtrReg(kArg1);
+  if (!cu_->compiler_driver->CanEmbedTypeInCode(*ref_dex_file, type_idx, &unused_type_initialized,
+                                                &use_direct_type_ptr, &direct_type_ptr,
+                                                &is_finalizable) || is_finalizable) {
+    cu_->dex_file = old_dex;
+    // address is not known and post-compile patch is not possible, cannot insert intrinsic.
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (use_direct_type_ptr) {
+    LoadConstant(reg_class, direct_type_ptr);
+  } else {
+    LoadClassType(type_idx, kArg1);
+  }
+  cu_->dex_file = old_dex;
+
+  // get the offset for flags in reference class.
+  uint32_t slow_path_flag_offset = 0;
+  uint32_t disable_flag_offset = 0;
+  {
+    ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
+    mirror::Class* reference_class = mirror::Reference::GetJavaLangRefReference();
+    slow_path_flag_offset = reference_class->GetSlowPathFlagOffset().Uint32Value();
+    disable_flag_offset = reference_class->GetDisableIntrinsicFlagOffset().Uint32Value();
+  }
+  CHECK(slow_path_flag_offset && disable_flag_offset &&
+        (slow_path_flag_offset != disable_flag_offset));
+
+  // intrinsic logic start.
+  RegLocation rl_obj = info->args[0];
+  rl_obj = LoadValue(rl_obj);
+
+  RegStorage reg_slow_path = AllocTemp();
+  RegStorage reg_disabled = AllocTemp();
+  Load32Disp(reg_class, slow_path_flag_offset, reg_slow_path);
+  Load32Disp(reg_class, disable_flag_offset, reg_disabled);
+  OpRegRegReg(kOpOr, reg_slow_path, reg_slow_path, reg_disabled);
+  FreeTemp(reg_disabled);
+
+  // if slow path, jump to JNI path target
+  LIR* slow_path_branch = OpCmpImmBranch(kCondNe, reg_slow_path, 0, nullptr);
+  FreeTemp(reg_slow_path);
+
+  // slow path not enabled, simply load the referent of the reference object
+  RegLocation rl_dest = InlineTarget(info);
+  RegLocation rl_result = EvalLoc(rl_dest, kRefReg, true);
+  GenNullCheck(rl_obj.reg, info->opt_flags);
+  LoadRefDisp(rl_obj.reg, mirror::Reference::ReferentOffset().Int32Value(), rl_result.reg,
+      kNotVolatile);
+  MarkPossibleNullPointerException(info->opt_flags);
+  StoreValue(rl_dest, rl_result);
+
+  LIR* intrinsic_finish = NewLIR0(kPseudoTargetLabel);
+  AddIntrinsicSlowPath(info, slow_path_branch, intrinsic_finish);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
 bool Mir2Lir::GenInlinedCharAt(CallInfo* info) {
   if (cu_->instruction_set == kMips) {
     // TODO - add Mips implementation
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick/mir_to_lir.h b/compiler/dex/quick/mir_to_lir.h
index fd0fe6e..c68ad6b 100644
--- a/compiler/dex/quick/mir_to_lir.h
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick/mir_to_lir.h
@@ -982,6 +982,7 @@
      */
     RegLocation InlineTargetWide(CallInfo* info);
 
+    bool GenInlinedGet(CallInfo* info);
     bool GenInlinedCharAt(CallInfo* info);
     bool GenInlinedStringIsEmptyOrLength(CallInfo* info, bool is_empty);
     virtual bool GenInlinedReverseBits(CallInfo* info, OpSize size);
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.cc b/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03bda78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "quick_compiler_callbacks.h"
+
+#include "quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
+#include "verifier/method_verifier-inl.h"
+#include "verification_results.h"
+
+namespace art {
+
+bool QuickCompilerCallbacks::MethodVerified(verifier::MethodVerifier* verifier) {
+  bool result = verification_results_->ProcessVerifiedMethod(verifier);
+  if (result) {
+    MethodReference ref = verifier->GetMethodReference();
+    method_inliner_map_->GetMethodInliner(ref.dex_file)
+        ->AnalyseMethodCode(verifier);
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+void QuickCompilerCallbacks::ClassRejected(ClassReference ref) {
+  verification_results_->AddRejectedClass(ref);
+}
+
+}  // namespace art
diff --git a/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h b/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c9614f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ART_COMPILER_DEX_QUICK_COMPILER_CALLBACKS_H_
+#define ART_COMPILER_DEX_QUICK_COMPILER_CALLBACKS_H_
+
+#include "compiler_callbacks.h"
+
+namespace art {
+
+class VerificationResults;
+class DexFileToMethodInlinerMap;
+
+class QuickCompilerCallbacks FINAL : public CompilerCallbacks {
+  public:
+    QuickCompilerCallbacks(VerificationResults* verification_results,
+                           DexFileToMethodInlinerMap* method_inliner_map)
+        : verification_results_(verification_results),
+          method_inliner_map_(method_inliner_map) {
+      CHECK(verification_results != nullptr);
+      CHECK(method_inliner_map != nullptr);
+    }
+
+    ~QuickCompilerCallbacks() { }
+
+    bool MethodVerified(verifier::MethodVerifier* verifier)
+        SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) OVERRIDE;
+
+    void ClassRejected(ClassReference ref) OVERRIDE;
+
+  private:
+    VerificationResults* const verification_results_;
+    DexFileToMethodInlinerMap* const method_inliner_map_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace art
+
+#endif  // ART_COMPILER_DEX_QUICK_COMPILER_CALLBACKS_H_
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_callbacks_impl.h b/compiler/driver/compiler_callbacks_impl.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 92adb20..0000000
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_callbacks_impl.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-#ifndef ART_COMPILER_DRIVER_COMPILER_CALLBACKS_IMPL_H_
-#define ART_COMPILER_DRIVER_COMPILER_CALLBACKS_IMPL_H_
-
-#include "compiler_callbacks.h"
-#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
-#include "verifier/method_verifier-inl.h"
-
-namespace art {
-
-class CompilerCallbacksImpl FINAL : public CompilerCallbacks {
-  public:
-    CompilerCallbacksImpl(VerificationResults* verification_results,
-                          DexFileToMethodInlinerMap* method_inliner_map)
-        : verification_results_(verification_results),
-          method_inliner_map_(method_inliner_map) {
-      CHECK(verification_results != nullptr);
-      CHECK(method_inliner_map != nullptr);
-    }
-
-    ~CompilerCallbacksImpl() { }
-
-    bool MethodVerified(verifier::MethodVerifier* verifier)
-        SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) OVERRIDE;
-    void ClassRejected(ClassReference ref) OVERRIDE {
-      verification_results_->AddRejectedClass(ref);
-    }
-
-  private:
-    VerificationResults* const verification_results_;
-    DexFileToMethodInlinerMap* const method_inliner_map_;
-};
-
-inline bool CompilerCallbacksImpl::MethodVerified(verifier::MethodVerifier* verifier) {
-  bool result = verification_results_->ProcessVerifiedMethod(verifier);
-  if (result) {
-    MethodReference ref = verifier->GetMethodReference();
-    method_inliner_map_->GetMethodInliner(ref.dex_file)
-        ->AnalyseMethodCode(verifier);
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-
-}  // namespace art
-
-#endif  // ART_COMPILER_DRIVER_COMPILER_CALLBACKS_IMPL_H_
diff --git a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver_test.cc b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver_test.cc
index 5325a68..9ae9bd4 100644
--- a/compiler/driver/compiler_driver_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/driver/compiler_driver_test.cc
@@ -25,12 +25,13 @@
 #include "dex_file.h"
 #include "gc/heap.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
-#include "mirror/class.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
+#include "mirror/class_loader.h"
 #include "mirror/dex_cache-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/compiler/elf_writer_test.cc b/compiler/elf_writer_test.cc
index e637cfb..e479322 100644
--- a/compiler/elf_writer_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/elf_writer_test.cc
@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@
 
 #include "elf_file.h"
 
+#include "base/stringprintf.h"
 #include "common_compiler_test.h"
 #include "oat.h"
+#include "utils.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/compiler/image_test.cc b/compiler/image_test.cc
index 6b26980..982e6d4 100644
--- a/compiler/image_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/image_test.cc
@@ -20,14 +20,16 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
 #include "common_compiler_test.h"
-#include "compiler/elf_fixup.h"
-#include "compiler/image_writer.h"
-#include "compiler/oat_writer.h"
+#include "elf_fixup.h"
 #include "gc/space/image_space.h"
+#include "image_writer.h"
 #include "implicit_check_options.h"
 #include "lock_word.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
+#include "oat_writer.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 #include "signal_catcher.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 #include "vector_output_stream.h"
@@ -138,7 +140,7 @@
   // Remove the reservation of the memory for use to load the image.
   UnreserveImageSpace();
 
-  Runtime::Options options;
+  RuntimeOptions options;
   std::string image("-Ximage:");
   image.append(image_location.GetFilename());
   options.push_back(std::make_pair(image.c_str(), reinterpret_cast<void*>(NULL)));
diff --git a/compiler/jni/quick/calling_convention.h b/compiler/jni/quick/calling_convention.h
index efc0b42..6db0c3b 100644
--- a/compiler/jni/quick/calling_convention.h
+++ b/compiler/jni/quick/calling_convention.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 #include "handle_scope.h"
+#include "primitive.h"
 #include "thread.h"
 #include "utils/managed_register.h"
 
diff --git a/compiler/oat_test.cc b/compiler/oat_test.cc
index d2ee0ed..1444ca0 100644
--- a/compiler/oat_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/oat_test.cc
@@ -15,15 +15,19 @@
  */
 
 #include "common_compiler_test.h"
-#include "compiler/compiler.h"
-#include "compiler/oat_writer.h"
+#include "compiler.h"
+#include "dex/verification_results.h"
+#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
+#include "dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h"
 #include "entrypoints/quick/quick_entrypoints.h"
 #include "implicit_check_options.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
-#include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
+#include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "oat_file-inl.h"
+#include "oat_writer.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 #include "vector_output_stream.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -95,8 +99,8 @@
   compiler_options_.reset(new CompilerOptions);
   verification_results_.reset(new VerificationResults(compiler_options_.get()));
   method_inliner_map_.reset(new DexFileToMethodInlinerMap);
-  callbacks_.reset(new CompilerCallbacksImpl(verification_results_.get(),
-                                             method_inliner_map_.get()));
+  callbacks_.reset(new QuickCompilerCallbacks(verification_results_.get(),
+                                              method_inliner_map_.get()));
   timer_.reset(new CumulativeLogger("Compilation times"));
   compiler_driver_.reset(new CompilerDriver(compiler_options_.get(),
                                             verification_results_.get(),
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
index ca846b3..e87b044 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/nodes.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "locations.h"
 #include "offsets.h"
+#include "primitive.h"
 #include "utils/allocation.h"
 #include "utils/arena_bit_vector.h"
 #include "utils/growable_array.h"
diff --git a/compiler/optimizing/register_allocator.h b/compiler/optimizing/register_allocator.h
index 7d4cd1a..e35ff56 100644
--- a/compiler/optimizing/register_allocator.h
+++ b/compiler/optimizing/register_allocator.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #define ART_COMPILER_OPTIMIZING_REGISTER_ALLOCATOR_H_
 
 #include "base/macros.h"
+#include "primitive.h"
 #include "utils/growable_array.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/compiler/output_stream_test.cc b/compiler/output_stream_test.cc
index 5fa0ccb..315ca09 100644
--- a/compiler/output_stream_test.cc
+++ b/compiler/output_stream_test.cc
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "file_output_stream.h"
 #include "vector_output_stream.h"
 
+#include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "buffered_output_stream.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
diff --git a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
index 0d40c8d..3f2f925 100644
--- a/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
+++ b/dex2oat/dex2oat.cc
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@
 #include "dex_file-inl.h"
 #include "dex/pass_driver_me_opts.h"
 #include "dex/verification_results.h"
-#include "driver/compiler_callbacks_impl.h"
+#include "dex/quick_compiler_callbacks.h"
+#include "dex/quick/dex_file_to_method_inliner_map.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_driver.h"
 #include "driver/compiler_options.h"
 #include "elf_fixup.h"
@@ -233,7 +234,7 @@
 class Dex2Oat {
  public:
   static bool Create(Dex2Oat** p_dex2oat,
-                     const Runtime::Options& runtime_options,
+                     const RuntimeOptions& runtime_options,
                      const CompilerOptions& compiler_options,
                      Compiler::Kind compiler_kind,
                      InstructionSet instruction_set,
@@ -460,7 +461,7 @@
     CHECK(method_inliner_map != nullptr);
   }
 
-  bool CreateRuntime(const Runtime::Options& runtime_options, InstructionSet instruction_set)
+  bool CreateRuntime(const RuntimeOptions& runtime_options, InstructionSet instruction_set)
       SHARED_TRYLOCK_FUNCTION(true, Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     if (!Runtime::Create(runtime_options, false)) {
       LOG(ERROR) << "Failed to create runtime";
@@ -1230,7 +1231,7 @@
   timings.StartTiming("dex2oat Setup");
   LOG(INFO) << CommandLine();
 
-  Runtime::Options runtime_options;
+  RuntimeOptions runtime_options;
   std::vector<const DexFile*> boot_class_path;
   if (boot_image_option.empty()) {
     size_t failure_count = OpenDexFiles(dex_filenames, dex_locations, boot_class_path);
@@ -1249,7 +1250,7 @@
   std::unique_ptr<VerificationResults> verification_results(new VerificationResults(
                                                                compiler_options.get()));
   DexFileToMethodInlinerMap method_inliner_map;
-  CompilerCallbacksImpl callbacks(verification_results.get(), &method_inliner_map);
+  QuickCompilerCallbacks callbacks(verification_results.get(), &method_inliner_map);
   runtime_options.push_back(std::make_pair("compilercallbacks", &callbacks));
   runtime_options.push_back(
       std::make_pair("imageinstructionset",
diff --git a/oatdump/oatdump.cc b/oatdump/oatdump.cc
index 0fa1a96..8834022 100644
--- a/oatdump/oatdump.cc
+++ b/oatdump/oatdump.cc
@@ -1548,7 +1548,7 @@
     return EXIT_SUCCESS;
   }
 
-  Runtime::Options options;
+  RuntimeOptions options;
   std::string image_option;
   std::string oat_option;
   std::string boot_image_option;
diff --git a/patchoat/patchoat.cc b/patchoat/patchoat.cc
index dcf8c70..85b4e6d 100644
--- a/patchoat/patchoat.cc
+++ b/patchoat/patchoat.cc
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "base/stringprintf.h"
 #include "elf_utils.h"
 #include "elf_file.h"
+#include "gc/space/image_space.h"
 #include "image.h"
 #include "instruction_set.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field.h"
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@
   }
 
   // Set up the runtime
-  Runtime::Options options;
+  RuntimeOptions options;
   NoopCompilerCallbacks callbacks;
   options.push_back(std::make_pair("compilercallbacks", &callbacks));
   std::string img = "-Ximage:" + image_location;
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@
   }
 
   // Set up the runtime
-  Runtime::Options options;
+  RuntimeOptions options;
   NoopCompilerCallbacks callbacks;
   options.push_back(std::make_pair("compilercallbacks", &callbacks));
   std::string img = "-Ximage:" + image_location;
diff --git a/runtime/Android.mk b/runtime/Android.mk
index b0c1a9c..9d42eea 100644
--- a/runtime/Android.mk
+++ b/runtime/Android.mk
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@
 	mirror/class.cc \
 	mirror/dex_cache.cc \
 	mirror/object.cc \
+	mirror/reference.cc \
 	mirror/stack_trace_element.cc \
 	mirror/string.cc \
 	mirror/throwable.cc \
diff --git a/runtime/arch/arm/entrypoints_init_arm.cc b/runtime/arch/arm/entrypoints_init_arm.cc
index cf68c65..8c6afd6 100644
--- a/runtime/arch/arm/entrypoints_init_arm.cc
+++ b/runtime/arch/arm/entrypoints_init_arm.cc
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@
 
 // Interpreter entrypoints.
 extern "C" void artInterpreterToInterpreterBridge(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                                 const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
-                                                 ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result);
+                                                  const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+                                                  ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result);
 extern "C" void artInterpreterToCompiledCodeBridge(Thread* self, MethodHelper& mh,
-                                           const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
-                                           ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result);
+                                                   const DexFile::CodeItem* code_item,
+                                                   ShadowFrame* shadow_frame, JValue* result);
 
 // Portable entrypoints.
 extern "C" void art_portable_resolution_trampoline(mirror::ArtMethod*);
diff --git a/runtime/arch/stub_test.cc b/runtime/arch/stub_test.cc
index ce8faea..25f9a5a 100644
--- a/runtime/arch/stub_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/arch/stub_test.cc
@@ -14,13 +14,14 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include <cstdio>
+
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
-
-#include <cstdio>
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -45,7 +46,7 @@
     }
   }
 
-  void SetUpRuntimeOptions(Runtime::Options *options) OVERRIDE {
+  void SetUpRuntimeOptions(RuntimeOptions *options) OVERRIDE {
     // Use a smaller heap
     for (std::pair<std::string, const void*>& pair : *options) {
       if (pair.first.find("-Xmx") == 0) {
diff --git a/runtime/barrier_test.cc b/runtime/barrier_test.cc
index 086ef44..de348dc 100644
--- a/runtime/barrier_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/barrier_test.cc
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "thread_pool.h"
+#include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 class CheckWaitTask : public Task {
diff --git a/runtime/base/mutex_test.cc b/runtime/base/mutex_test.cc
index ee0b1be..289d3ef 100644
--- a/runtime/base/mutex_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/base/mutex_test.cc
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "mutex.h"
 
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
+#include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/base/scoped_flock_test.cc b/runtime/base/scoped_flock_test.cc
index 8fa181a..1fa7a12 100644
--- a/runtime/base/scoped_flock_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/base/scoped_flock_test.cc
@@ -15,9 +15,8 @@
  */
 
 #include "scoped_flock.h"
-#include "common_runtime_test.h"
 
-#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "common_runtime_test.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker.cc b/runtime/class_linker.cc
index 1436810..2e51cf8 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker.cc
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/proxy.h"
+#include "mirror/reference-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/stack_trace_element.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
 #include "object_utils.h"
@@ -257,6 +258,13 @@
   java_lang_String->SetObjectSize(mirror::String::InstanceSize());
   java_lang_String->SetStatus(mirror::Class::kStatusResolved, self);
 
+  // Setup Reference.
+  Handle<mirror::Class> java_lang_ref_Reference(hs.NewHandle(
+      AllocClass(self, java_lang_Class.Get(), mirror::Reference::ClassSize())));
+  mirror::Reference::SetClass(java_lang_ref_Reference.Get());
+  java_lang_ref_Reference->SetObjectSize(mirror::Reference::InstanceSize());
+  java_lang_ref_Reference->SetStatus(mirror::Class::kStatusResolved, self);
+
   // Create storage for root classes, save away our work so far (requires descriptors).
   class_roots_ = mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::Class>::Alloc(self, object_array_class.Get(),
                                                            kClassRootsMax);
@@ -267,6 +275,7 @@
   SetClassRoot(kObjectArrayClass, object_array_class.Get());
   SetClassRoot(kCharArrayClass, char_array_class.Get());
   SetClassRoot(kJavaLangString, java_lang_String.Get());
+  SetClassRoot(kJavaLangRefReference, java_lang_ref_Reference.Get());
 
   // Setup the primitive type classes.
   SetClassRoot(kPrimitiveBoolean, CreatePrimitiveClass(self, Primitive::kPrimBoolean));
@@ -461,8 +470,12 @@
   SetClassRoot(kJavaLangReflectProxy, java_lang_reflect_Proxy);
 
   // java.lang.ref classes need to be specially flagged, but otherwise are normal classes
-  mirror::Class* java_lang_ref_Reference = FindSystemClass(self, "Ljava/lang/ref/Reference;");
-  SetClassRoot(kJavaLangRefReference, java_lang_ref_Reference);
+  // finish initializing Reference class
+  java_lang_ref_Reference->SetStatus(mirror::Class::kStatusNotReady, self);
+  mirror::Class* Reference_class = FindSystemClass(self, "Ljava/lang/ref/Reference;");
+  CHECK_EQ(java_lang_ref_Reference.Get(), Reference_class);
+  CHECK_EQ(java_lang_ref_Reference->GetObjectSize(), mirror::Reference::InstanceSize());
+  CHECK_EQ(java_lang_ref_Reference->GetClassSize(), mirror::Reference::ClassSize());
   mirror::Class* java_lang_ref_FinalizerReference =
       FindSystemClass(self, "Ljava/lang/ref/FinalizerReference;");
   java_lang_ref_FinalizerReference->SetAccessFlags(
@@ -1231,6 +1244,7 @@
   array_iftable_ = GetClassRoot(kObjectArrayClass)->GetIfTable();
   DCHECK(array_iftable_ == GetClassRoot(kBooleanArrayClass)->GetIfTable());
   // String class root was set above
+  mirror::Reference::SetClass(GetClassRoot(kJavaLangRefReference));
   mirror::ArtField::SetClass(GetClassRoot(kJavaLangReflectArtField));
   mirror::BooleanArray::SetArrayClass(GetClassRoot(kBooleanArrayClass));
   mirror::ByteArray::SetArrayClass(GetClassRoot(kByteArrayClass));
@@ -1354,6 +1368,7 @@
 ClassLinker::~ClassLinker() {
   mirror::Class::ResetClass();
   mirror::String::ResetClass();
+  mirror::Reference::ResetClass();
   mirror::ArtField::ResetClass();
   mirror::ArtMethod::ResetClass();
   mirror::BooleanArray::ResetArrayClass();
@@ -1600,6 +1615,8 @@
       klass.Assign(GetClassRoot(kJavaLangClass));
     } else if (strcmp(descriptor, "Ljava/lang/String;") == 0) {
       klass.Assign(GetClassRoot(kJavaLangString));
+    } else if (strcmp(descriptor, "Ljava/lang/ref/Reference;") == 0) {
+      klass.Assign(GetClassRoot(kJavaLangRefReference));
     } else if (strcmp(descriptor, "Ljava/lang/DexCache;") == 0) {
       klass.Assign(GetClassRoot(kJavaLangDexCache));
     } else if (strcmp(descriptor, "Ljava/lang/reflect/ArtField;") == 0) {
diff --git a/runtime/class_linker_test.cc b/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
index 7b5a502..7930b48 100644
--- a/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/class_linker_test.cc
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@
 #include "mirror/stack_trace_element.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/common_runtime_test.cc b/runtime/common_runtime_test.cc
index 0ed8b63..f47f13d 100644
--- a/runtime/common_runtime_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/common_runtime_test.cc
@@ -14,8 +14,31 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+#include "common_runtime_test.h"
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <dlfcn.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <ScopedLocalRef.h>
+
+#include "../../external/icu/icu4c/source/common/unicode/uvernum.h"
 #include "base/logging.h"
+#include "base/stl_util.h"
+#include "base/stringprintf.h"
+#include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
+#include "class_linker.h"
+#include "compiler_callbacks.h"
+#include "dex_file.h"
+#include "gc/heap.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "jni_internal.h"
+#include "mirror/class_loader.h"
+#include "noop_compiler_callbacks.h"
+#include "os.h"
+#include "runtime-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "thread.h"
+#include "well_known_classes.h"
 
 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
   art::InitLogging(argv);
@@ -23,3 +46,293 @@
   testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
 }
+
+namespace art {
+
+ScratchFile::ScratchFile() {
+  // ANDROID_DATA needs to be set
+  CHECK_NE(static_cast<char*>(nullptr), getenv("ANDROID_DATA")) <<
+      "Are you subclassing RuntimeTest?";
+  filename_ = getenv("ANDROID_DATA");
+  filename_ += "/TmpFile-XXXXXX";
+  int fd = mkstemp(&filename_[0]);
+  CHECK_NE(-1, fd);
+  file_.reset(new File(fd, GetFilename()));
+}
+
+ScratchFile::ScratchFile(const ScratchFile& other, const char* suffix) {
+  filename_ = other.GetFilename();
+  filename_ += suffix;
+  int fd = open(filename_.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CREAT, 0666);
+  CHECK_NE(-1, fd);
+  file_.reset(new File(fd, GetFilename()));
+}
+
+ScratchFile::ScratchFile(File* file) {
+  CHECK(file != NULL);
+  filename_ = file->GetPath();
+  file_.reset(file);
+}
+
+ScratchFile::~ScratchFile() {
+  Unlink();
+}
+
+int ScratchFile::GetFd() const {
+  return file_->Fd();
+}
+
+void ScratchFile::Unlink() {
+  if (!OS::FileExists(filename_.c_str())) {
+    return;
+  }
+  int unlink_result = unlink(filename_.c_str());
+  CHECK_EQ(0, unlink_result);
+}
+
+CommonRuntimeTest::CommonRuntimeTest() {}
+CommonRuntimeTest::~CommonRuntimeTest() {}
+
+void CommonRuntimeTest::SetEnvironmentVariables(std::string& android_data) {
+  if (IsHost()) {
+    // $ANDROID_ROOT is set on the device, but not necessarily on the host.
+    // But it needs to be set so that icu4c can find its locale data.
+    const char* android_root_from_env = getenv("ANDROID_ROOT");
+    if (android_root_from_env == nullptr) {
+      // Use ANDROID_HOST_OUT for ANDROID_ROOT if it is set.
+      const char* android_host_out = getenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT");
+      if (android_host_out != nullptr) {
+        setenv("ANDROID_ROOT", android_host_out, 1);
+      } else {
+        // Build it from ANDROID_BUILD_TOP or cwd
+        std::string root;
+        const char* android_build_top = getenv("ANDROID_BUILD_TOP");
+        if (android_build_top != nullptr) {
+          root += android_build_top;
+        } else {
+          // Not set by build server, so default to current directory
+          char* cwd = getcwd(nullptr, 0);
+          setenv("ANDROID_BUILD_TOP", cwd, 1);
+          root += cwd;
+          free(cwd);
+        }
+#if defined(__linux__)
+        root += "/out/host/linux-x86";
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
+        root += "/out/host/darwin-x86";
+#else
+#error unsupported OS
+#endif
+        setenv("ANDROID_ROOT", root.c_str(), 1);
+      }
+    }
+    setenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH", ":", 0);  // Required by java.lang.System.<clinit>.
+
+    // Not set by build server, so default
+    if (getenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT") == nullptr) {
+      setenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT", getenv("ANDROID_ROOT"), 1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // On target, Cannot use /mnt/sdcard because it is mounted noexec, so use subdir of dalvik-cache
+  android_data = (IsHost() ? "/tmp/art-data-XXXXXX" : "/data/dalvik-cache/art-data-XXXXXX");
+  if (mkdtemp(&android_data[0]) == nullptr) {
+    PLOG(FATAL) << "mkdtemp(\"" << &android_data[0] << "\") failed";
+  }
+  setenv("ANDROID_DATA", android_data.c_str(), 1);
+}
+
+const DexFile* CommonRuntimeTest::LoadExpectSingleDexFile(const char* location) {
+  std::vector<const DexFile*> dex_files;
+  std::string error_msg;
+  if (!DexFile::Open(location, location, &error_msg, &dex_files)) {
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Could not open .dex file '" << location << "': " << error_msg << "\n";
+    return nullptr;
+  } else {
+    CHECK_EQ(1U, dex_files.size()) << "Expected only one dex file in " << location;
+    return dex_files[0];
+  }
+}
+
+void CommonRuntimeTest::SetUp() {
+  SetEnvironmentVariables(android_data_);
+  dalvik_cache_.append(android_data_.c_str());
+  dalvik_cache_.append("/dalvik-cache");
+  int mkdir_result = mkdir(dalvik_cache_.c_str(), 0700);
+  ASSERT_EQ(mkdir_result, 0);
+
+  std::string error_msg;
+  java_lang_dex_file_ = LoadExpectSingleDexFile(GetLibCoreDexFileName().c_str());
+  boot_class_path_.push_back(java_lang_dex_file_);
+
+  std::string min_heap_string(StringPrintf("-Xms%zdm", gc::Heap::kDefaultInitialSize / MB));
+  std::string max_heap_string(StringPrintf("-Xmx%zdm", gc::Heap::kDefaultMaximumSize / MB));
+
+  callbacks_.reset(new NoopCompilerCallbacks());
+
+  RuntimeOptions options;
+  options.push_back(std::make_pair("bootclasspath", &boot_class_path_));
+  options.push_back(std::make_pair("-Xcheck:jni", nullptr));
+  options.push_back(std::make_pair(min_heap_string.c_str(), nullptr));
+  options.push_back(std::make_pair(max_heap_string.c_str(), nullptr));
+  options.push_back(std::make_pair("compilercallbacks", callbacks_.get()));
+  SetUpRuntimeOptions(&options);
+  if (!Runtime::Create(options, false)) {
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to create runtime";
+    return;
+  }
+  runtime_.reset(Runtime::Current());
+  class_linker_ = runtime_->GetClassLinker();
+  class_linker_->FixupDexCaches(runtime_->GetResolutionMethod());
+  class_linker_->RunRootClinits();
+
+  // Runtime::Create acquired the mutator_lock_ that is normally given away when we
+  // Runtime::Start, give it away now and then switch to a more managable ScopedObjectAccess.
+  Thread::Current()->TransitionFromRunnableToSuspended(kNative);
+
+  // We're back in native, take the opportunity to initialize well known classes.
+  WellKnownClasses::Init(Thread::Current()->GetJniEnv());
+
+  // Create the heap thread pool so that the GC runs in parallel for tests. Normally, the thread
+  // pool is created by the runtime.
+  runtime_->GetHeap()->CreateThreadPool();
+  runtime_->GetHeap()->VerifyHeap();  // Check for heap corruption before the test
+}
+
+void CommonRuntimeTest::TearDown() {
+  const char* android_data = getenv("ANDROID_DATA");
+  ASSERT_TRUE(android_data != nullptr);
+  DIR* dir = opendir(dalvik_cache_.c_str());
+  ASSERT_TRUE(dir != nullptr);
+  dirent* e;
+  while ((e = readdir(dir)) != nullptr) {
+    if ((strcmp(e->d_name, ".") == 0) || (strcmp(e->d_name, "..") == 0)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    std::string filename(dalvik_cache_);
+    filename.push_back('/');
+    filename.append(e->d_name);
+    int unlink_result = unlink(filename.c_str());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink_result);
+  }
+  closedir(dir);
+  int rmdir_cache_result = rmdir(dalvik_cache_.c_str());
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, rmdir_cache_result);
+  int rmdir_data_result = rmdir(android_data_.c_str());
+  ASSERT_EQ(0, rmdir_data_result);
+
+  // icu4c has a fixed 10-element array "gCommonICUDataArray".
+  // If we run > 10 tests, we fill that array and u_setCommonData fails.
+  // There's a function to clear the array, but it's not public...
+  typedef void (*IcuCleanupFn)();
+  void* sym = dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "u_cleanup_" U_ICU_VERSION_SHORT);
+  CHECK(sym != nullptr) << dlerror();
+  IcuCleanupFn icu_cleanup_fn = reinterpret_cast<IcuCleanupFn>(sym);
+  (*icu_cleanup_fn)();
+
+  STLDeleteElements(&opened_dex_files_);
+
+  Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->VerifyHeap();  // Check for heap corruption after the test
+}
+
+std::string CommonRuntimeTest::GetLibCoreDexFileName() {
+  return GetDexFileName("core-libart");
+}
+
+std::string CommonRuntimeTest::GetDexFileName(const std::string& jar_prefix) {
+  if (IsHost()) {
+    const char* host_dir = getenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT");
+    CHECK(host_dir != nullptr);
+    return StringPrintf("%s/framework/%s-hostdex.jar", host_dir, jar_prefix.c_str());
+  }
+  return StringPrintf("%s/framework/%s.jar", GetAndroidRoot(), jar_prefix.c_str());
+}
+
+std::string CommonRuntimeTest::GetTestAndroidRoot() {
+  if (IsHost()) {
+    const char* host_dir = getenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT");
+    CHECK(host_dir != nullptr);
+    return host_dir;
+  }
+  return GetAndroidRoot();
+}
+
+std::vector<const DexFile*> CommonRuntimeTest::OpenTestDexFiles(const char* name) {
+  CHECK(name != nullptr);
+  std::string filename;
+  if (IsHost()) {
+    filename += getenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT");
+    filename += "/framework/";
+  } else {
+    filename += "/data/nativetest/art/";
+  }
+  filename += "art-gtest-";
+  filename += name;
+  filename += ".jar";
+  std::string error_msg;
+  std::vector<const DexFile*> dex_files;
+  bool success = DexFile::Open(filename.c_str(), filename.c_str(), &error_msg, &dex_files);
+  CHECK(success) << "Failed to open '" << filename << "': " << error_msg;
+  for (const DexFile* dex_file : dex_files) {
+    CHECK_EQ(PROT_READ, dex_file->GetPermissions());
+    CHECK(dex_file->IsReadOnly());
+  }
+  opened_dex_files_.insert(opened_dex_files_.end(), dex_files.begin(), dex_files.end());
+  return dex_files;
+}
+
+const DexFile* CommonRuntimeTest::OpenTestDexFile(const char* name) {
+  std::vector<const DexFile*> vector = OpenTestDexFiles(name);
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, vector.size());
+  return vector[0];
+}
+
+jobject CommonRuntimeTest::LoadDex(const char* dex_name) {
+  std::vector<const DexFile*> dex_files = OpenTestDexFiles(dex_name);
+  CHECK_NE(0U, dex_files.size());
+  for (const DexFile* dex_file : dex_files) {
+    class_linker_->RegisterDexFile(*dex_file);
+  }
+  ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(Thread::Current());
+  ScopedLocalRef<jobject> class_loader_local(soa.Env(),
+      soa.Env()->AllocObject(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader));
+  jobject class_loader = soa.Env()->NewGlobalRef(class_loader_local.get());
+  soa.Self()->SetClassLoaderOverride(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader_local.get()));
+  Runtime::Current()->SetCompileTimeClassPath(class_loader, dex_files);
+  return class_loader;
+}
+
+CheckJniAbortCatcher::CheckJniAbortCatcher() : vm_(Runtime::Current()->GetJavaVM()) {
+  vm_->check_jni_abort_hook = Hook;
+  vm_->check_jni_abort_hook_data = &actual_;
+}
+
+CheckJniAbortCatcher::~CheckJniAbortCatcher() {
+  vm_->check_jni_abort_hook = nullptr;
+  vm_->check_jni_abort_hook_data = nullptr;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(actual_.empty()) << actual_;
+}
+
+void CheckJniAbortCatcher::Check(const char* expected_text) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(actual_.find(expected_text) != std::string::npos) << "\n"
+      << "Expected to find: " << expected_text << "\n"
+      << "In the output   : " << actual_;
+  actual_.clear();
+}
+
+void CheckJniAbortCatcher::Hook(void* data, const std::string& reason) {
+  // We use += because when we're hooking the aborts like this, multiple problems can be found.
+  *reinterpret_cast<std::string*>(data) += reason;
+}
+
+}  // namespace art
+
+namespace std {
+
+template <typename T>
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const std::vector<T>& rhs) {
+os << ::art::ToString(rhs);
+return os;
+}
+
+}  // namespace std
diff --git a/runtime/common_runtime_test.h b/runtime/common_runtime_test.h
index ac6d44b..d045031 100644
--- a/runtime/common_runtime_test.h
+++ b/runtime/common_runtime_test.h
@@ -17,73 +17,33 @@
 #ifndef ART_RUNTIME_COMMON_RUNTIME_TEST_H_
 #define ART_RUNTIME_COMMON_RUNTIME_TEST_H_
 
-#include <dirent.h>
-#include <dlfcn.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <sys/mman.h>
-#include <sys/stat.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-#include <fstream>
-#include <memory>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+#include <jni.h>
 
-#include "../../external/icu/icu4c/source/common/unicode/uvernum.h"
-#include "base/macros.h"
-#include "base/stl_util.h"
-#include "base/stringprintf.h"
-#include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
-#include "class_linker.h"
-#include "dex_file-inl.h"
-#include "entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.h"
-#include "gc/heap.h"
-#include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "instruction_set.h"
-#include "interpreter/interpreter.h"
-#include "mirror/class_loader.h"
-#include "noop_compiler_callbacks.h"
-#include "oat_file.h"
-#include "object_utils.h"
+#include <string>
+
+#include "base/mutex.h"
+#include "globals.h"
 #include "os.h"
-#include "runtime.h"
-#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
-#include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
-#include "thread.h"
-#include "utils.h"
-#include "verifier/method_verifier.h"
-#include "verifier/method_verifier-inl.h"
-#include "well_known_classes.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
+class ClassLinker;
+class CompilerCallbacks;
+class DexFile;
+class JavaVMExt;
+class Runtime;
+typedef std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const void*>> RuntimeOptions;
+
 class ScratchFile {
  public:
-  ScratchFile() {
-    // ANDROID_DATA needs to be set
-    CHECK_NE(static_cast<char*>(nullptr), getenv("ANDROID_DATA")) <<
-        "Are you subclassing RuntimeTest?";
-    filename_ = getenv("ANDROID_DATA");
-    filename_ += "/TmpFile-XXXXXX";
-    int fd = mkstemp(&filename_[0]);
-    CHECK_NE(-1, fd);
-    file_.reset(new File(fd, GetFilename()));
-  }
+  ScratchFile();
 
-  ScratchFile(const ScratchFile& other, const char* suffix) {
-    filename_ = other.GetFilename();
-    filename_ += suffix;
-    int fd = open(filename_.c_str(), O_RDWR | O_CREAT, 0666);
-    CHECK_NE(-1, fd);
-    file_.reset(new File(fd, GetFilename()));
-  }
+  ScratchFile(const ScratchFile& other, const char* suffix);
 
-  explicit ScratchFile(File* file) {
-    CHECK(file != NULL);
-    filename_ = file->GetPath();
-    file_.reset(file);
-  }
+  explicit ScratchFile(File* file);
 
-  ~ScratchFile() {
-    Unlink();
-  }
+  ~ScratchFile();
 
   const std::string& GetFilename() const {
     return filename_;
@@ -93,17 +53,9 @@
     return file_.get();
   }
 
-  int GetFd() const {
-    return file_->Fd();
-  }
+  int GetFd() const;
 
-  void Unlink() {
-    if (!OS::FileExists(filename_.c_str())) {
-      return;
-    }
-    int unlink_result = unlink(filename_.c_str());
-    CHECK_EQ(0, unlink_result);
-  }
+  void Unlink();
 
  private:
   std::string filename_;
@@ -112,222 +64,37 @@
 
 class CommonRuntimeTest : public testing::Test {
  public:
-  static void SetEnvironmentVariables(std::string& android_data) {
-    if (IsHost()) {
-      // $ANDROID_ROOT is set on the device, but not necessarily on the host.
-      // But it needs to be set so that icu4c can find its locale data.
-      const char* android_root_from_env = getenv("ANDROID_ROOT");
-      if (android_root_from_env == nullptr) {
-        // Use ANDROID_HOST_OUT for ANDROID_ROOT if it is set.
-        const char* android_host_out = getenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT");
-        if (android_host_out != nullptr) {
-          setenv("ANDROID_ROOT", android_host_out, 1);
-        } else {
-          // Build it from ANDROID_BUILD_TOP or cwd
-          std::string root;
-          const char* android_build_top = getenv("ANDROID_BUILD_TOP");
-          if (android_build_top != nullptr) {
-            root += android_build_top;
-          } else {
-            // Not set by build server, so default to current directory
-            char* cwd = getcwd(nullptr, 0);
-            setenv("ANDROID_BUILD_TOP", cwd, 1);
-            root += cwd;
-            free(cwd);
-          }
-#if defined(__linux__)
-          root += "/out/host/linux-x86";
-#elif defined(__APPLE__)
-          root += "/out/host/darwin-x86";
-#else
-#error unsupported OS
-#endif
-          setenv("ANDROID_ROOT", root.c_str(), 1);
-        }
-      }
-      setenv("LD_LIBRARY_PATH", ":", 0);  // Required by java.lang.System.<clinit>.
+  static void SetEnvironmentVariables(std::string& android_data);
 
-      // Not set by build server, so default
-      if (getenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT") == nullptr) {
-        setenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT", getenv("ANDROID_ROOT"), 1);
-      }
-    }
-
-    // On target, Cannot use /mnt/sdcard because it is mounted noexec, so use subdir of dalvik-cache
-    android_data = (IsHost() ? "/tmp/art-data-XXXXXX" : "/data/dalvik-cache/art-data-XXXXXX");
-    if (mkdtemp(&android_data[0]) == nullptr) {
-      PLOG(FATAL) << "mkdtemp(\"" << &android_data[0] << "\") failed";
-    }
-    setenv("ANDROID_DATA", android_data.c_str(), 1);
-  }
+  CommonRuntimeTest();
+  ~CommonRuntimeTest();
 
  protected:
   static bool IsHost() {
     return !kIsTargetBuild;
   }
 
-  const DexFile* LoadExpectSingleDexFile(const char* location) {
-    std::vector<const DexFile*> dex_files;
-    std::string error_msg;
-    if (!DexFile::Open(location, location, &error_msg, &dex_files)) {
-      LOG(FATAL) << "Could not open .dex file '" << location << "': " << error_msg << "\n";
-      return nullptr;
-    } else {
-      CHECK_EQ(1U, dex_files.size()) << "Expected only one dex file in " << location;
-      return dex_files[0];
-    }
-  }
+  const DexFile* LoadExpectSingleDexFile(const char* location);
 
-  virtual void SetUp() {
-    SetEnvironmentVariables(android_data_);
-    dalvik_cache_.append(android_data_.c_str());
-    dalvik_cache_.append("/dalvik-cache");
-    int mkdir_result = mkdir(dalvik_cache_.c_str(), 0700);
-    ASSERT_EQ(mkdir_result, 0);
-
-    std::string error_msg;
-    java_lang_dex_file_ = LoadExpectSingleDexFile(GetLibCoreDexFileName().c_str());
-    boot_class_path_.push_back(java_lang_dex_file_);
-
-    std::string min_heap_string(StringPrintf("-Xms%zdm", gc::Heap::kDefaultInitialSize / MB));
-    std::string max_heap_string(StringPrintf("-Xmx%zdm", gc::Heap::kDefaultMaximumSize / MB));
-
-    Runtime::Options options;
-    options.push_back(std::make_pair("bootclasspath", &boot_class_path_));
-    options.push_back(std::make_pair("-Xcheck:jni", nullptr));
-    options.push_back(std::make_pair(min_heap_string.c_str(), nullptr));
-    options.push_back(std::make_pair(max_heap_string.c_str(), nullptr));
-    options.push_back(std::make_pair("compilercallbacks", &callbacks_));
-    SetUpRuntimeOptions(&options);
-    if (!Runtime::Create(options, false)) {
-      LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to create runtime";
-      return;
-    }
-    runtime_.reset(Runtime::Current());
-    class_linker_ = runtime_->GetClassLinker();
-    class_linker_->FixupDexCaches(runtime_->GetResolutionMethod());
-    class_linker_->RunRootClinits();
-
-    // Runtime::Create acquired the mutator_lock_ that is normally given away when we
-    // Runtime::Start, give it away now and then switch to a more managable ScopedObjectAccess.
-    Thread::Current()->TransitionFromRunnableToSuspended(kNative);
-
-    // We're back in native, take the opportunity to initialize well known classes.
-    WellKnownClasses::Init(Thread::Current()->GetJniEnv());
-
-    // Create the heap thread pool so that the GC runs in parallel for tests. Normally, the thread
-    // pool is created by the runtime.
-    runtime_->GetHeap()->CreateThreadPool();
-    runtime_->GetHeap()->VerifyHeap();  // Check for heap corruption before the test
-  }
+  virtual void SetUp();
 
   // Allow subclases such as CommonCompilerTest to add extra options.
-  virtual void SetUpRuntimeOptions(Runtime::Options *options) {}
+  virtual void SetUpRuntimeOptions(RuntimeOptions* options) {}
 
-  virtual void TearDown() {
-    const char* android_data = getenv("ANDROID_DATA");
-    ASSERT_TRUE(android_data != nullptr);
-    DIR* dir = opendir(dalvik_cache_.c_str());
-    ASSERT_TRUE(dir != nullptr);
-    dirent* e;
-    while ((e = readdir(dir)) != nullptr) {
-      if ((strcmp(e->d_name, ".") == 0) || (strcmp(e->d_name, "..") == 0)) {
-        continue;
-      }
-      std::string filename(dalvik_cache_);
-      filename.push_back('/');
-      filename.append(e->d_name);
-      int unlink_result = unlink(filename.c_str());
-      ASSERT_EQ(0, unlink_result);
-    }
-    closedir(dir);
-    int rmdir_cache_result = rmdir(dalvik_cache_.c_str());
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, rmdir_cache_result);
-    int rmdir_data_result = rmdir(android_data_.c_str());
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, rmdir_data_result);
+  virtual void TearDown();
 
-    // icu4c has a fixed 10-element array "gCommonICUDataArray".
-    // If we run > 10 tests, we fill that array and u_setCommonData fails.
-    // There's a function to clear the array, but it's not public...
-    typedef void (*IcuCleanupFn)();
-    void* sym = dlsym(RTLD_DEFAULT, "u_cleanup_" U_ICU_VERSION_SHORT);
-    CHECK(sym != nullptr) << dlerror();
-    IcuCleanupFn icu_cleanup_fn = reinterpret_cast<IcuCleanupFn>(sym);
-    (*icu_cleanup_fn)();
+  std::string GetLibCoreDexFileName();
 
-    STLDeleteElements(&opened_dex_files_);
+  std::string GetDexFileName(const std::string& jar_prefix);
 
-    Runtime::Current()->GetHeap()->VerifyHeap();  // Check for heap corruption after the test
-  }
-
-  std::string GetLibCoreDexFileName() {
-    return GetDexFileName("core-libart");
-  }
-
-  std::string GetDexFileName(const std::string& jar_prefix) {
-    if (IsHost()) {
-      const char* host_dir = getenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT");
-      CHECK(host_dir != nullptr);
-      return StringPrintf("%s/framework/%s-hostdex.jar", host_dir, jar_prefix.c_str());
-    }
-    return StringPrintf("%s/framework/%s.jar", GetAndroidRoot(), jar_prefix.c_str());
-  }
-
-  std::string GetTestAndroidRoot() {
-    if (IsHost()) {
-      const char* host_dir = getenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT");
-      CHECK(host_dir != nullptr);
-      return host_dir;
-    }
-    return GetAndroidRoot();
-  }
+  std::string GetTestAndroidRoot();
 
   std::vector<const DexFile*> OpenTestDexFiles(const char* name)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    CHECK(name != nullptr);
-    std::string filename;
-    if (IsHost()) {
-      filename += getenv("ANDROID_HOST_OUT");
-      filename += "/framework/";
-    } else {
-      filename += "/data/nativetest/art/";
-    }
-    filename += "art-gtest-";
-    filename += name;
-    filename += ".jar";
-    std::string error_msg;
-    std::vector<const DexFile*> dex_files;
-    bool success = DexFile::Open(filename.c_str(), filename.c_str(), &error_msg, &dex_files);
-    CHECK(success) << "Failed to open '" << filename << "': " << error_msg;
-    for (const DexFile* dex_file : dex_files) {
-      CHECK_EQ(PROT_READ, dex_file->GetPermissions());
-      CHECK(dex_file->IsReadOnly());
-    }
-    opened_dex_files_.insert(opened_dex_files_.end(), dex_files.begin(), dex_files.end());
-    return dex_files;
-  }
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  const DexFile* OpenTestDexFile(const char* name)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    std::vector<const DexFile*> vector = OpenTestDexFiles(name);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1U, vector.size());
-    return vector[0];
-  }
+  const DexFile* OpenTestDexFile(const char* name) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  jobject LoadDex(const char* dex_name) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    std::vector<const DexFile*> dex_files = OpenTestDexFiles(dex_name);
-    CHECK_NE(0U, dex_files.size());
-    for (const DexFile* dex_file : dex_files) {
-      class_linker_->RegisterDexFile(*dex_file);
-    }
-    ScopedObjectAccessUnchecked soa(Thread::Current());
-    ScopedLocalRef<jobject> class_loader_local(soa.Env(),
-        soa.Env()->AllocObject(WellKnownClasses::dalvik_system_PathClassLoader));
-    jobject class_loader = soa.Env()->NewGlobalRef(class_loader_local.get());
-    soa.Self()->SetClassLoaderOverride(soa.Decode<mirror::ClassLoader*>(class_loader_local.get()));
-    Runtime::Current()->SetCompileTimeClassPath(class_loader, dex_files);
-    return class_loader;
-  }
+  jobject LoadDex(const char* dex_name) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   std::string android_data_;
   std::string dalvik_cache_;
@@ -338,7 +105,7 @@
   ClassLinker* class_linker_;
 
  private:
-  NoopCompilerCallbacks callbacks_;
+  std::unique_ptr<CompilerCallbacks> callbacks_;
   std::vector<const DexFile*> opened_dex_files_;
 };
 
@@ -346,29 +113,14 @@
 // rather than aborting, so be careful!
 class CheckJniAbortCatcher {
  public:
-  CheckJniAbortCatcher() : vm_(Runtime::Current()->GetJavaVM()) {
-    vm_->check_jni_abort_hook = Hook;
-    vm_->check_jni_abort_hook_data = &actual_;
-  }
+  CheckJniAbortCatcher();
 
-  ~CheckJniAbortCatcher() {
-    vm_->check_jni_abort_hook = nullptr;
-    vm_->check_jni_abort_hook_data = nullptr;
-    EXPECT_TRUE(actual_.empty()) << actual_;
-  }
+  ~CheckJniAbortCatcher();
 
-  void Check(const char* expected_text) {
-    EXPECT_TRUE(actual_.find(expected_text) != std::string::npos) << "\n"
-        << "Expected to find: " << expected_text << "\n"
-        << "In the output   : " << actual_;
-    actual_.clear();
-  }
+  void Check(const char* expected_text);
 
  private:
-  static void Hook(void* data, const std::string& reason) {
-    // We use += because when we're hooking the aborts like this, multiple problems can be found.
-    *reinterpret_cast<std::string*>(data) += reason;
-  }
+  static void Hook(void* data, const std::string& reason);
 
   JavaVMExt* vm_;
   std::string actual_;
@@ -399,10 +151,7 @@
 
 // TODO: isn't gtest supposed to be able to print STL types for itself?
 template <typename T>
-std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const std::vector<T>& rhs) {
-  os << ::art::ToString(rhs);
-  return os;
-}
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const std::vector<T>& rhs);
 
 }  // namespace std
 
diff --git a/runtime/dex_file_test.cc b/runtime/dex_file_test.cc
index c1e00fc..284aa89 100644
--- a/runtime/dex_file_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/dex_file_test.cc
@@ -18,7 +18,12 @@
 
 #include <memory>
 
+#include "base/stl_util.h"
+#include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
+#include "os.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/dex_file_verifier_test.cc b/runtime/dex_file_verifier_test.cc
index 93faeae..d475d42 100644
--- a/runtime/dex_file_verifier_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/dex_file_verifier_test.cc
@@ -16,11 +16,15 @@
 
 #include "dex_file_verifier.h"
 
-#include <memory>
+#include "sys/mman.h"
 #include "zlib.h"
+#include <memory>
 
-#include "common_runtime_test.h"
+#include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
 #include "base/macros.h"
+#include "common_runtime_test.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/dex_method_iterator_test.cc b/runtime/dex_method_iterator_test.cc
index 0d00cc3..b8f180b 100644
--- a/runtime/dex_method_iterator_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/dex_method_iterator_test.cc
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@
 
 #include "dex_method_iterator.h"
 
+#include "base/stl_util.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/entrypoints_order_test.cc b/runtime/entrypoints_order_test.cc
index c572baf..79c68a2 100644
--- a/runtime/entrypoints_order_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/entrypoints_order_test.cc
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
     EXPECT_OFFSET_DIFFP(Thread, tlsPtr_, thread_local_end, thread_local_objects, kPointerSize);
     EXPECT_OFFSET_DIFFP(Thread, tlsPtr_, thread_local_objects, rosalloc_runs, kPointerSize);
     EXPECT_OFFSET_DIFFP(Thread, tlsPtr_, rosalloc_runs, thread_local_alloc_stack_top,
-                        kPointerSize * gc::allocator::RosAlloc::kNumThreadLocalSizeBrackets);
+                        kPointerSize * kNumRosAllocThreadLocalSizeBrackets);
     EXPECT_OFFSET_DIFFP(Thread, tlsPtr_, thread_local_alloc_stack_top, thread_local_alloc_stack_end,
                         kPointerSize);
     EXPECT_OFFSET_DIFFP(Thread, tlsPtr_, thread_local_alloc_stack_end, held_mutexes, kPointerSize);
diff --git a/runtime/gc/allocator/rosalloc.h b/runtime/gc/allocator/rosalloc.h
index c0ab151..b2a5a3c 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/allocator/rosalloc.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/allocator/rosalloc.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "globals.h"
 #include "mem_map.h"
+#include "thread.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
 namespace art {
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@
   // The magic number for free pages.
   static const byte kMagicNumFree = 43;
   // The number of size brackets. Sync this with the length of Thread::rosalloc_runs_.
-  static const size_t kNumOfSizeBrackets = 34;
+  static const size_t kNumOfSizeBrackets = kNumRosAllocThreadLocalSizeBrackets;
   // The number of smaller size brackets that are 16 bytes apart.
   static const size_t kNumOfQuantumSizeBrackets = 32;
   // The sizes (the slot sizes, in bytes) of the size brackets.
diff --git a/runtime/gc/collector/immune_region.h b/runtime/gc/collector/immune_region.h
index 0c0a89b..277525e 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/collector/immune_region.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/collector/immune_region.h
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 
 #include "base/macros.h"
 #include "base/mutex.h"
-#include "gc/space/space-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace mirror {
diff --git a/runtime/gc/collector/mark_compact.h b/runtime/gc/collector/mark_compact.h
index 25cfe0f..bb85fa0 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/collector/mark_compact.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/collector/mark_compact.h
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
 }  // namespace accounting
 
 namespace space {
+  class BumpPointerSpace;
   class ContinuousMemMapAllocSpace;
   class ContinuousSpace;
 }  // namespace space
diff --git a/runtime/gc/collector/semi_space.h b/runtime/gc/collector/semi_space.h
index bff0847..7f6d1dc 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/collector/semi_space.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/collector/semi_space.h
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "garbage_collector.h"
 #include "gc/accounting/heap_bitmap.h"
 #include "immune_region.h"
+#include "mirror/object_reference.h"
 #include "object_callbacks.h"
 #include "offsets.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/gc/heap_test.cc b/runtime/gc/heap_test.cc
index 4176f4a..e6b5c75 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/heap_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/heap_test.cc
@@ -17,10 +17,11 @@
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "gc/accounting/card_table-inl.h"
 #include "gc/accounting/space_bitmap-inl.h"
+#include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
-#include "handle_scope-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace gc {
diff --git a/runtime/gc/reference_processor-inl.h b/runtime/gc/reference_processor-inl.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f619a15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/gc/reference_processor-inl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2014 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef ART_RUNTIME_GC_REFERENCE_PROCESSOR_INL_H_
+#define ART_RUNTIME_GC_REFERENCE_PROCESSOR_INL_H_
+
+#include "reference_processor.h"
+
+namespace art {
+namespace gc {
+
+inline bool ReferenceProcessor::SlowPathEnabled() {
+  return mirror::Reference::GetJavaLangRefReference()->GetSlowPathEnabled();
+}
+
+}  // namespace gc
+}  // namespace art
+
+#endif  // ART_RUNTIME_GC_REFERENCE_PROCESSOR_INL_H_
diff --git a/runtime/gc/reference_processor.cc b/runtime/gc/reference_processor.cc
index e52bc1f..d3641d1 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/reference_processor.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/reference_processor.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@
 #include "reference_processor.h"
 
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
+#include "mirror/reference.h"
 #include "mirror/reference-inl.h"
+#include "reference_processor-inl.h"
 #include "reflection.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 #include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
@@ -27,18 +29,17 @@
 namespace gc {
 
 ReferenceProcessor::ReferenceProcessor()
-    : process_references_args_(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr), slow_path_enabled_(false),
+    : process_references_args_(nullptr, nullptr, nullptr),
       preserving_references_(false), lock_("reference processor lock", kReferenceProcessorLock),
       condition_("reference processor condition", lock_) {
 }
 
 void ReferenceProcessor::EnableSlowPath() {
-  Locks::mutator_lock_->AssertExclusiveHeld(Thread::Current());
-  slow_path_enabled_ = true;
+  mirror::Reference::GetJavaLangRefReference()->SetSlowPath(true);
 }
 
 void ReferenceProcessor::DisableSlowPath(Thread* self) {
-  slow_path_enabled_ = false;
+  mirror::Reference::GetJavaLangRefReference()->SetSlowPath(false);
   condition_.Broadcast(self);
 }
 
@@ -46,11 +47,11 @@
   mirror::Object* const referent = reference->GetReferent();
   // If the referent is null then it is already cleared, we can just return null since there is no
   // scenario where it becomes non-null during the reference processing phase.
-  if (LIKELY(!slow_path_enabled_) || referent == nullptr) {
+  if (UNLIKELY(!SlowPathEnabled()) || referent == nullptr) {
     return referent;
   }
   MutexLock mu(self, lock_);
-  while (slow_path_enabled_) {
+  while (SlowPathEnabled()) {
     mirror::HeapReference<mirror::Object>* const referent_addr =
         reference->GetReferentReferenceAddr();
     // If the referent became cleared, return it. Don't need barrier since thread roots can't get
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@
     process_references_args_.is_marked_callback_ = is_marked_callback;
     process_references_args_.mark_callback_ = mark_object_callback;
     process_references_args_.arg_ = arg;
-    CHECK_EQ(slow_path_enabled_, concurrent) << "Slow path must be enabled iff concurrent";
+    CHECK_EQ(SlowPathEnabled(), concurrent) << "Slow path must be enabled iff concurrent";
   }
   // Unless required to clear soft references with white references, preserve some white referents.
   if (!clear_soft_references) {
@@ -182,7 +183,7 @@
                                                 void* arg) {
   // klass can be the class of the old object if the visitor already updated the class of ref.
   DCHECK(klass != nullptr);
-  DCHECK(klass->IsReferenceClass());
+  DCHECK(klass->IsTypeOfReferenceClass());
   mirror::HeapReference<mirror::Object>* referent = ref->GetReferentReferenceAddr();
   if (referent->AsMirrorPtr() != nullptr && !is_marked_callback(referent, arg)) {
     Thread* self = Thread::Current();
diff --git a/runtime/gc/reference_processor.h b/runtime/gc/reference_processor.h
index 2771ea8..7274457 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/reference_processor.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/reference_processor.h
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_)
       EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_)
       LOCKS_EXCLUDED(lock_);
+  // The slow path bool is contained in the reference class object, can only be set once
   // Only allow setting this with mutators suspended so that we can avoid using a lock in the
   // GetReferent fast path as an optimization.
   void EnableSlowPath() EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
@@ -60,7 +61,7 @@
                               IsHeapReferenceMarkedCallback* is_marked_callback, void* arg)
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   void UpdateRoots(IsMarkedCallback* callback, void* arg)
-    SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_, Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_, Locks::heap_bitmap_lock_);
 
  private:
   class ProcessReferencesArgs {
@@ -75,8 +76,10 @@
     MarkObjectCallback* mark_callback_;
     void* arg_;
   };
+  bool SlowPathEnabled() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   // Called by ProcessReferences.
-  void DisableSlowPath(Thread* self) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(lock_);
+  void DisableSlowPath(Thread* self) EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(lock_)
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   // If we are preserving references it means that some dead objects may become live, we use start
   // and stop preserving to block mutators using GetReferrent from getting access to these
   // referents.
@@ -84,8 +87,6 @@
   void StopPreservingReferences(Thread* self) LOCKS_EXCLUDED(lock_);
   // Process args, used by the GetReferent to return referents which are already marked.
   ProcessReferencesArgs process_references_args_ GUARDED_BY(lock_);
-  // Boolean for whether or not we need to go slow path in GetReferent.
-  volatile bool slow_path_enabled_;
   // Boolean for whether or not we are preserving references (either soft references or finalizers).
   // If this is true, then we cannot return a referent (see comment in GetReferent).
   bool preserving_references_ GUARDED_BY(lock_);
diff --git a/runtime/gc/space/dlmalloc_space_base_test.cc b/runtime/gc/space/dlmalloc_space_base_test.cc
index 129eace..02fc4a5 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/space/dlmalloc_space_base_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/space/dlmalloc_space_base_test.cc
@@ -15,7 +15,9 @@
  */
 
 #include "space_test.h"
+
 #include "dlmalloc_space.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace gc {
diff --git a/runtime/gc/space/dlmalloc_space_random_test.cc b/runtime/gc/space/dlmalloc_space_random_test.cc
index c4f8bae..4b1a1b1 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/space/dlmalloc_space_random_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/space/dlmalloc_space_random_test.cc
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "space_test.h"
+
 #include "dlmalloc_space.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/gc/space/dlmalloc_space_static_test.cc b/runtime/gc/space/dlmalloc_space_static_test.cc
index edaa198..d17d0a7 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/space/dlmalloc_space_static_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/gc/space/dlmalloc_space_static_test.cc
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "space_test.h"
+
 #include "dlmalloc_space.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/gc/space/space_test.h b/runtime/gc/space/space_test.h
index a2d4942..0291155 100644
--- a/runtime/gc/space/space_test.h
+++ b/runtime/gc/space/space_test.h
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@
 #ifndef ART_RUNTIME_GC_SPACE_SPACE_TEST_H_
 #define ART_RUNTIME_GC_SPACE_SPACE_TEST_H_
 
-#include "zygote_space.h"
-
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <memory>
 
@@ -26,6 +24,8 @@
 #include "globals.h"
 #include "mirror/array-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "zygote_space.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace gc {
diff --git a/runtime/globals.h b/runtime/globals.h
index 3a906f1..1d9f22c 100644
--- a/runtime/globals.h
+++ b/runtime/globals.h
@@ -105,6 +105,19 @@
 // If true, references within the heap are poisoned (negated).
 static constexpr bool kPoisonHeapReferences = false;
 
+// Kinds of tracing clocks.
+enum TraceClockSource {
+  kTraceClockSourceThreadCpu,
+  kTraceClockSourceWall,
+  kTraceClockSourceDual,  // Both wall and thread CPU clocks.
+};
+
+#if defined(HAVE_POSIX_CLOCKS)
+static constexpr TraceClockSource kDefaultTraceClockSource = kTraceClockSourceDual;
+#else
+static constexpr TraceClockSource kDefaultTraceClockSource = kTraceClockSourceWall;
+#endif
+
 }  // namespace art
 
 #endif  // ART_RUNTIME_GLOBALS_H_
diff --git a/runtime/handle_scope.h b/runtime/handle_scope.h
index 629e4ec..2fd42d2 100644
--- a/runtime/handle_scope.h
+++ b/runtime/handle_scope.h
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 namespace mirror {
 class Object;
 }
+
 class Thread;
 
 // HandleScopes can be allocated within the bridge frame between managed and native code backed by
diff --git a/runtime/indirect_reference_table_test.cc b/runtime/indirect_reference_table_test.cc
index 449817a..a33a981 100644
--- a/runtime/indirect_reference_table_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/indirect_reference_table_test.cc
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/instrumentation.cc b/runtime/instrumentation.cc
index 05320ce..e3d32bb 100644
--- a/runtime/instrumentation.cc
+++ b/runtime/instrumentation.cc
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 
 #include <sys/uio.h>
 
+#include "arch/context.h"
 #include "atomic.h"
 #include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
 #include "class_linker.h"
diff --git a/runtime/intern_table_test.cc b/runtime/intern_table_test.cc
index 5995d9e..d462e14 100644
--- a/runtime/intern_table_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/intern_table_test.cc
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "mirror/object.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
+#include "mirror/string.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/jdwp/object_registry.cc b/runtime/jdwp/object_registry.cc
index 29d3c8a..ad18d8a 100644
--- a/runtime/jdwp/object_registry.cc
+++ b/runtime/jdwp/object_registry.cc
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "object_registry.h"
 
+#include "mirror/class.h"
 #include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/jdwp/object_registry.h b/runtime/jdwp/object_registry.h
index e1a6875..f0314a3 100644
--- a/runtime/jdwp/object_registry.h
+++ b/runtime/jdwp/object_registry.h
@@ -17,20 +17,21 @@
 #ifndef ART_RUNTIME_JDWP_OBJECT_REGISTRY_H_
 #define ART_RUNTIME_JDWP_OBJECT_REGISTRY_H_
 
+#include <jni.h>
 #include <stdint.h>
 
 #include <map>
 
 #include "jdwp/jdwp.h"
-#include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
-#include "mirror/class.h"
-#include "mirror/class-inl.h"
-#include "mirror/object-inl.h"
-#include "object_callbacks.h"
 #include "safe_map.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
+namespace mirror {
+  class Object;
+  class Class;
+}  // namespace mirror
+
 struct ObjectRegistryEntry {
   // Is jni_reference a weak global or a regular global reference?
   jobjectRefType jni_reference_type;
diff --git a/runtime/jni_internal.cc b/runtime/jni_internal.cc
index 845691d..e97512b 100644
--- a/runtime/jni_internal.cc
+++ b/runtime/jni_internal.cc
@@ -3002,7 +3002,7 @@
     LOG(ERROR) << "Bad JNI version passed to CreateJavaVM: " << args->version;
     return JNI_EVERSION;
   }
-  Runtime::Options options;
+  RuntimeOptions options;
   for (int i = 0; i < args->nOptions; ++i) {
     JavaVMOption* option = &args->options[i];
     options.push_back(std::make_pair(std::string(option->optionString), option->extraInfo));
diff --git a/runtime/jni_internal_test.cc b/runtime/jni_internal_test.cc
index 8ef1cb6..7c7e60c 100644
--- a/runtime/jni_internal_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/jni_internal_test.cc
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "common_compiler_test.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 #include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/art_method.cc b/runtime/mirror/art_method.cc
index 1fa680d..86bac24 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/art_method.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/art_method.cc
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "art_method.h"
 
+#include "arch/context.h"
 #include "art_field-inl.h"
 #include "art_method-inl.h"
 #include "base/stringpiece.h"
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/class-inl.h
index 349d4a3..329a984 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class-inl.h
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include "iftable.h"
 #include "object_array-inl.h"
 #include "read_barrier-inl.h"
+#include "reference-inl.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "string.h"
 
@@ -591,6 +592,11 @@
   return this == ArtMethod::GetJavaLangReflectArtMethod<kReadBarrierOption>();
 }
 
+template<ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption>
+inline bool Class::IsReferenceClass() const {
+  return this == Reference::GetJavaLangRefReference<kReadBarrierOption>();
+}
+
 template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags, ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption>
 inline bool Class::IsClassClass() {
   Class* java_lang_Class = GetClass<kVerifyFlags, kReadBarrierOption>()->
@@ -642,6 +648,30 @@
   return GetFieldObject<ObjectArray<ObjectArray<Class>>>(field_offset);
 }
 
+inline MemberOffset Class::GetDisableIntrinsicFlagOffset() {
+  CHECK(IsReferenceClass());
+  // First static field
+  DCHECK(GetSFields()->Get(0)->IsArtField());
+  DCHECK_STREQ(GetSFields()->Get(0)->GetName(), "disableIntrinsic");
+  return GetSFields()->Get(0)->GetOffset();
+}
+
+inline MemberOffset Class::GetSlowPathFlagOffset() {
+  CHECK(IsReferenceClass());
+  // Second static field
+  DCHECK(GetSFields()->Get(1)->IsArtField());
+  DCHECK_STREQ(GetSFields()->Get(1)->GetName(), "slowPathEnabled");
+  return GetSFields()->Get(1)->GetOffset();
+}
+
+inline bool Class::GetSlowPathEnabled() {
+  return GetField32(GetSlowPathFlagOffset());
+}
+
+inline void Class::SetSlowPath(bool enabled) {
+  SetField32<false>(GetSlowPathFlagOffset(), enabled);
+}
+
 inline void Class::InitializeClassVisitor::operator()(
     mirror::Object* obj, size_t usable_size) const {
   DCHECK_LE(class_size_, usable_size);
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/class.h b/runtime/mirror/class.h
index 0f42044..648bdde 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/class.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/class.h
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
   }
 
   template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags = kDefaultVerifyFlags>
-  bool IsReferenceClass() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  bool IsTypeOfReferenceClass() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     return (GetAccessFlags<kVerifyFlags>() & kAccClassIsReference) != 0;
   }
 
@@ -419,6 +419,9 @@
   template<ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
   bool IsArtMethodClass() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  template<ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
+  bool IsReferenceClass() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   static MemberOffset ComponentTypeOffset() {
     return OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(Class, component_type_);
   }
@@ -976,6 +979,12 @@
   // For proxy class only.
   ObjectArray<ObjectArray<Class>>* GetThrows() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  // For reference class only.
+  MemberOffset GetDisableIntrinsicFlagOffset() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  MemberOffset GetSlowPathFlagOffset() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  bool GetSlowPathEnabled() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+  void SetSlowPath(bool enabled) SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
+
   // Used to initialize a class in the allocation code path to ensure it is guarded by a StoreStore
   // fence.
   class InitializeClassVisitor {
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache_test.cc b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache_test.cc
index 3d28dc6..ef6fc67 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/dex_cache_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/dex_cache_test.cc
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include "mirror/object_array-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace mirror {
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/object-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/object-inl.h
index 3d45683..9dbfb56 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/object-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/object-inl.h
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@
 
 template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags>
 inline bool Object::IsReferenceInstance() {
-  return GetClass<kVerifyFlags>()->IsReferenceClass();
+  return GetClass<kVerifyFlags>()->IsTypeOfReferenceClass();
 }
 
 template<VerifyObjectFlags kVerifyFlags>
@@ -806,7 +806,7 @@
   } else {
     DCHECK(!klass->IsVariableSize());
     VisitInstanceFieldsReferences<kVisitClass>(klass, visitor);
-    if (UNLIKELY(klass->IsReferenceClass<kVerifyNone>())) {
+    if (UNLIKELY(klass->IsTypeOfReferenceClass<kVerifyNone>())) {
       ref_visitor(klass, AsReference());
     }
   }
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/object.cc b/runtime/mirror/object.cc
index 5f88d54f..bc5cbcb 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/object.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/object.cc
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
       ALWAYS_INLINE SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
     // Copy java.lang.ref.Reference.referent which isn't visited in
     // Object::VisitReferences().
-    DCHECK(klass->IsReferenceClass());
+    DCHECK(klass->IsTypeOfReferenceClass());
     this->operator()(ref, mirror::Reference::ReferentOffset(), false);
   }
 
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/object_test.cc b/runtime/mirror/object_test.cc
index 7e1de5d..a7ea6c9 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/object_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/mirror/object_test.cc
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "object-inl.h"
 #include "object_array-inl.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 #include "string-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/reference-inl.h b/runtime/mirror/reference-inl.h
index 43767c8..b353402 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/reference-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/reference-inl.h
@@ -22,6 +22,11 @@
 namespace art {
 namespace mirror {
 
+inline uint32_t Reference::ClassSize() {
+  uint32_t vtable_entries = Object::kVTableLength + 5;
+  return Class::ComputeClassSize(false, vtable_entries, 2, 0, 0);
+}
+
 inline bool Reference::IsEnqueuable() {
   // Not using volatile reads as an optimization since this is only called with all the mutators
   // suspended.
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/reference.cc b/runtime/mirror/reference.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..077cd4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/runtime/mirror/reference.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Android Open Source Project
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "reference.h"
+
+namespace art {
+namespace mirror {
+
+Class* Reference::java_lang_ref_Reference_ = nullptr;
+
+void Reference::SetClass(Class* java_lang_ref_Reference) {
+  CHECK(java_lang_ref_Reference_ == nullptr);
+  CHECK(java_lang_ref_Reference != nullptr);
+  java_lang_ref_Reference_ = java_lang_ref_Reference;
+}
+
+void Reference::ResetClass() {
+  CHECK(java_lang_ref_Reference_ != nullptr);
+  java_lang_ref_Reference_ = nullptr;
+}
+
+void Reference::VisitRoots(RootCallback* callback, void* arg) {
+  if (java_lang_ref_Reference_ != nullptr) {
+    callback(reinterpret_cast<mirror::Object**>(&java_lang_ref_Reference_),
+             arg, 0, kRootStickyClass);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace mirror
+}  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/reference.h b/runtime/mirror/reference.h
index 9c9d87b..07d47d3 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/reference.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/reference.h
@@ -17,7 +17,11 @@
 #ifndef ART_RUNTIME_MIRROR_REFERENCE_H_
 #define ART_RUNTIME_MIRROR_REFERENCE_H_
 
+#include "class.h"
 #include "object.h"
+#include "object_callbacks.h"
+#include "read_barrier.h"
+#include "thread.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
@@ -36,6 +40,14 @@
 // C++ mirror of java.lang.ref.Reference
 class MANAGED Reference : public Object {
  public:
+  // Size of java.lang.ref.Reference.class.
+  static uint32_t ClassSize();
+
+  // Size of an instance of java.lang.ref.Reference.
+  static constexpr uint32_t InstanceSize() {
+    return sizeof(Reference);
+  }
+
   static MemberOffset PendingNextOffset() {
     return OFFSET_OF_OBJECT_MEMBER(Reference, pending_next_);
   }
@@ -80,6 +92,16 @@
 
   bool IsEnqueuable() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
+  template<ReadBarrierOption kReadBarrierOption = kWithReadBarrier>
+  static Class* GetJavaLangRefReference() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+    DCHECK(java_lang_ref_Reference_ != nullptr);
+    return ReadBarrier::BarrierForRoot<mirror::Class, kReadBarrierOption>(
+        &java_lang_ref_Reference_);
+  }
+  static void SetClass(Class* klass);
+  static void ResetClass(void);
+  static void VisitRoots(RootCallback* callback, void* arg);
+
  private:
   // Note: This avoids a read barrier, it should only be used by the GC.
   HeapReference<Object>* GetReferentReferenceAddr() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
@@ -92,6 +114,8 @@
   HeapReference<Reference> queue_next_;  // Note this is Java volatile:
   HeapReference<Object> referent_;  // Note this is Java volatile:
 
+  static Class* java_lang_ref_Reference_;
+
   friend struct art::ReferenceOffsets;  // for verifying offset information
   friend class gc::ReferenceProcessor;
   friend class gc::ReferenceQueue;
diff --git a/runtime/mirror/string.h b/runtime/mirror/string.h
index 8ab4db9..46bdd59 100644
--- a/runtime/mirror/string.h
+++ b/runtime/mirror/string.h
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <gtest/gtest.h>
 
+#include "object.h"
 #include "object_callbacks.h"
 #include "read_barrier.h"
 
diff --git a/runtime/monitor_pool_test.cc b/runtime/monitor_pool_test.cc
index cddc245..e1837f5 100644
--- a/runtime/monitor_pool_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/monitor_pool_test.cc
@@ -17,6 +17,8 @@
 #include "monitor_pool.h"
 
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/monitor_test.cc b/runtime/monitor_test.cc
index bdba494..af24368 100644
--- a/runtime/monitor_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/monitor_test.cc
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/string-inl.h"  // Strings are easiest to allocate
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 #include "thread_pool.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@
 
 class MonitorTest : public CommonRuntimeTest {
  protected:
-  void SetUpRuntimeOptions(Runtime::Options *options) OVERRIDE {
+  void SetUpRuntimeOptions(RuntimeOptions *options) OVERRIDE {
     // Use a smaller heap
     for (std::pair<std::string, const void*>& pair : *options) {
       if (pair.first.find("-Xmx") == 0) {
diff --git a/runtime/noop_compiler_callbacks.h b/runtime/noop_compiler_callbacks.h
index 702b2e1..65498de 100644
--- a/runtime/noop_compiler_callbacks.h
+++ b/runtime/noop_compiler_callbacks.h
@@ -25,10 +25,15 @@
  public:
   NoopCompilerCallbacks() {}
   ~NoopCompilerCallbacks() {}
+
   bool MethodVerified(verifier::MethodVerifier* verifier) OVERRIDE {
     return true;
   }
+
   void ClassRejected(ClassReference ref) OVERRIDE {}
+
+ private:
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(NoopCompilerCallbacks);
 };
 
 }  // namespace art
diff --git a/runtime/parsed_options.cc b/runtime/parsed_options.cc
index a016cc5..577691c 100644
--- a/runtime/parsed_options.cc
+++ b/runtime/parsed_options.cc
@@ -24,11 +24,13 @@
 #include "debugger.h"
 #include "gc/heap.h"
 #include "monitor.h"
+#include "runtime.h"
+#include "trace.h"
 #include "utils.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
-ParsedOptions* ParsedOptions::Create(const Runtime::Options& options, bool ignore_unrecognized) {
+ParsedOptions* ParsedOptions::Create(const RuntimeOptions& options, bool ignore_unrecognized) {
   std::unique_ptr<ParsedOptions> parsed(new ParsedOptions());
   if (parsed->Parse(options, ignore_unrecognized)) {
     return parsed.release();
@@ -164,7 +166,7 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool ParsedOptions::Parse(const Runtime::Options& options, bool ignore_unrecognized) {
+bool ParsedOptions::Parse(const RuntimeOptions& options, bool ignore_unrecognized) {
   const char* boot_class_path_string = getenv("BOOTCLASSPATH");
   if (boot_class_path_string != NULL) {
     boot_class_path_string_ = boot_class_path_string;
@@ -258,7 +260,7 @@
   method_trace_file_ = "/data/method-trace-file.bin";
   method_trace_file_size_ = 10 * MB;
 
-  profile_clock_source_ = kDefaultProfilerClockSource;
+  profile_clock_source_ = kDefaultTraceClockSource;
 
   verify_ = true;
   image_isa_ = kRuntimeISA;
@@ -542,11 +544,11 @@
         return false;
       }
     } else if (option == "-Xprofile:threadcpuclock") {
-      Trace::SetDefaultClockSource(kProfilerClockSourceThreadCpu);
+      Trace::SetDefaultClockSource(kTraceClockSourceThreadCpu);
     } else if (option == "-Xprofile:wallclock") {
-      Trace::SetDefaultClockSource(kProfilerClockSourceWall);
+      Trace::SetDefaultClockSource(kTraceClockSourceWall);
     } else if (option == "-Xprofile:dualclock") {
-      Trace::SetDefaultClockSource(kProfilerClockSourceDual);
+      Trace::SetDefaultClockSource(kTraceClockSourceDual);
     } else if (option == "-Xenable-profiler") {
       profiler_options_.enabled_ = true;
     } else if (StartsWith(option, "-Xprofile-filename:")) {
diff --git a/runtime/parsed_options.h b/runtime/parsed_options.h
index 4c74be6..b1de62a 100644
--- a/runtime/parsed_options.h
+++ b/runtime/parsed_options.h
@@ -18,17 +18,26 @@
 #define ART_RUNTIME_PARSED_OPTIONS_H_
 
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>
 
+#include <jni.h>
+
+#include "globals.h"
 #include "gc/collector_type.h"
-#include "runtime.h"
-#include "trace.h"
+#include "instruction_set.h"
+#include "profiler_options.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
+class CompilerCallbacks;
+class DexFile;
+
+typedef std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const void*>> RuntimeOptions;
+
 class ParsedOptions {
  public:
   // returns null if problem parsing and ignore_unrecognized is false
-  static ParsedOptions* Create(const Runtime::Options& options, bool ignore_unrecognized);
+  static ParsedOptions* Create(const RuntimeOptions& options, bool ignore_unrecognized);
 
   const std::vector<const DexFile*>* boot_class_path_;
   std::string boot_class_path_string_;
@@ -80,7 +89,7 @@
   std::vector<std::string> image_compiler_options_;
   ProfilerOptions profiler_options_;
   std::string profile_output_filename_;
-  ProfilerClockSource profile_clock_source_;
+  TraceClockSource profile_clock_source_;
   bool verify_;
   InstructionSet image_isa_;
 
@@ -105,7 +114,7 @@
   void Exit(int status);
   void Abort();
 
-  bool Parse(const Runtime::Options& options,  bool ignore_unrecognized);
+  bool Parse(const RuntimeOptions& options,  bool ignore_unrecognized);
   bool ParseXGcOption(const std::string& option);
   bool ParseStringAfterChar(const std::string& option, char after_char, std::string* parsed_value);
   bool ParseInteger(const std::string& option, char after_char, int* parsed_value);
diff --git a/runtime/parsed_options_test.cc b/runtime/parsed_options_test.cc
index b58a29c..5154d69 100644
--- a/runtime/parsed_options_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/parsed_options_test.cc
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
   boot_class_path += "-Xbootclasspath:";
   boot_class_path += lib_core;
 
-  Runtime::Options options;
+  RuntimeOptions options;
   options.push_back(std::make_pair(boot_class_path.c_str(), null));
   options.push_back(std::make_pair("-classpath", null));
   options.push_back(std::make_pair(lib_core.c_str(), null));
diff --git a/runtime/proxy_test.cc b/runtime/proxy_test.cc
index 093c129..57eb3f7 100644
--- a/runtime/proxy_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/proxy_test.cc
@@ -14,12 +14,13 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-#include "common_compiler_test.h"
-#include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
-
 #include <jni.h>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "common_compiler_test.h"
+#include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+
 namespace art {
 
 class ProxyTest : public CommonCompilerTest {
diff --git a/runtime/quick/inline_method_analyser.h b/runtime/quick/inline_method_analyser.h
index 5128b19..982553d 100644
--- a/runtime/quick/inline_method_analyser.h
+++ b/runtime/quick/inline_method_analyser.h
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
   kIntrinsicMinMaxFloat,
   kIntrinsicMinMaxDouble,
   kIntrinsicSqrt,
+  kIntrinsicGet,
   kIntrinsicCharAt,
   kIntrinsicCompareTo,
   kIntrinsicIsEmptyOrLength,
diff --git a/runtime/quick_exception_handler.cc b/runtime/quick_exception_handler.cc
index 49f6fe0..6581f9b 100644
--- a/runtime/quick_exception_handler.cc
+++ b/runtime/quick_exception_handler.cc
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "quick_exception_handler.h"
 
+#include "arch/context.h"
 #include "dex_instruction.h"
 #include "entrypoints/entrypoint_utils.h"
 #include "handle_scope-inl.h"
diff --git a/runtime/reference_table_test.cc b/runtime/reference_table_test.cc
index 3229039..d2877f9 100644
--- a/runtime/reference_table_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/reference_table_test.cc
@@ -17,6 +17,10 @@
 #include "reference_table.h"
 
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
+#include "mirror/array.h"
+#include "mirror/string.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/reflection.cc b/runtime/reflection.cc
index fe5e104..41421bc 100644
--- a/runtime/reflection.cc
+++ b/runtime/reflection.cc
@@ -567,6 +567,11 @@
   return true;
 }
 
+static std::string PrettyDescriptor(Primitive::Type type) {
+  std::string descriptor_string(Primitive::Descriptor(type));
+  return PrettyDescriptor(descriptor_string);
+}
+
 bool ConvertPrimitiveValue(const ThrowLocation* throw_location, bool unbox_for_result,
                            Primitive::Type srcType, Primitive::Type dstType,
                            const JValue& src, JValue* dst) {
diff --git a/runtime/reflection_test.cc b/runtime/reflection_test.cc
index abe68ef..9d10daa 100644
--- a/runtime/reflection_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/reflection_test.cc
@@ -18,9 +18,11 @@
 
 #include <float.h>
 #include <limits.h>
+#include "ScopedLocalRef.h"
 
 #include "common_compiler_test.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/runtime-inl.h b/runtime/runtime-inl.h
index d08e658..f776bcd 100644
--- a/runtime/runtime-inl.h
+++ b/runtime/runtime-inl.h
@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@
 
 #include "runtime.h"
 
+#include "read_barrier-inl.h"
+
 namespace art {
 
 inline QuickMethodFrameInfo Runtime::GetRuntimeMethodFrameInfo(mirror::ArtMethod* method) {
@@ -37,6 +39,36 @@
   }
 }
 
+inline mirror::ArtMethod* Runtime::GetResolutionMethod() {
+  CHECK(HasResolutionMethod());
+  return ReadBarrier::BarrierForRoot<mirror::ArtMethod, kWithReadBarrier>(&resolution_method_);
+}
+
+inline mirror::ArtMethod* Runtime::GetImtConflictMethod() {
+  CHECK(HasImtConflictMethod());
+  return ReadBarrier::BarrierForRoot<mirror::ArtMethod, kWithReadBarrier>(&imt_conflict_method_);
+}
+
+inline mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::ArtMethod>* Runtime::GetDefaultImt()
+    SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  CHECK(HasDefaultImt());
+  return ReadBarrier::BarrierForRoot<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::ArtMethod>, kWithReadBarrier>(
+      &default_imt_);
+}
+
+inline mirror::ArtMethod* Runtime::GetCalleeSaveMethod(CalleeSaveType type)
+    SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  DCHECK(HasCalleeSaveMethod(type));
+  return ReadBarrier::BarrierForRoot<mirror::ArtMethod, kWithReadBarrier>(
+      &callee_save_methods_[type]);
+}
+
+inline mirror::ArtMethod* Runtime::GetCalleeSaveMethodUnchecked(CalleeSaveType type)
+    SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
+  return ReadBarrier::BarrierForRoot<mirror::ArtMethod, kWithReadBarrier>(
+      &callee_save_methods_[type]);
+}
+
 }  // namespace art
 
 #endif  // ART_RUNTIME_RUNTIME_INL_H_
diff --git a/runtime/runtime.cc b/runtime/runtime.cc
index c354ad5..0ddd2ae 100644
--- a/runtime/runtime.cc
+++ b/runtime/runtime.cc
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@
 #include "fault_handler.h"
 #include "gc/accounting/card_table-inl.h"
 #include "gc/heap.h"
+#include "gc/space/image_space.h"
 #include "gc/space/space.h"
 #include "image.h"
 #include "instrumentation.h"
@@ -324,7 +325,7 @@
   GetJavaVM()->SweepJniWeakGlobals(visitor, arg);
 }
 
-bool Runtime::Create(const Options& options, bool ignore_unrecognized) {
+bool Runtime::Create(const RuntimeOptions& options, bool ignore_unrecognized) {
   // TODO: acquire a static mutex on Runtime to avoid racing.
   if (Runtime::instance_ != NULL) {
     return false;
@@ -534,7 +535,7 @@
   VLOG(startup) << "Runtime::StartDaemonThreads exiting";
 }
 
-bool Runtime::Init(const Options& raw_options, bool ignore_unrecognized) {
+bool Runtime::Init(const RuntimeOptions& raw_options, bool ignore_unrecognized) {
   CHECK_EQ(sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE), kPageSize);
 
   std::unique_ptr<ParsedOptions> options(ParsedOptions::Create(raw_options, ignore_unrecognized));
@@ -925,6 +926,7 @@
   mirror::ArtField::VisitRoots(callback, arg);
   mirror::ArtMethod::VisitRoots(callback, arg);
   mirror::Class::VisitRoots(callback, arg);
+  mirror::Reference::VisitRoots(callback, arg);
   mirror::StackTraceElement::VisitRoots(callback, arg);
   mirror::String::VisitRoots(callback, arg);
   mirror::Throwable::VisitRoots(callback, arg);
diff --git a/runtime/runtime.h b/runtime/runtime.h
index 45af437..fccccbd 100644
--- a/runtime/runtime.h
+++ b/runtime/runtime.h
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@
 #include "offsets.h"
 #include "profiler_options.h"
 #include "quick/quick_method_frame_info.h"
-#include "read_barrier-inl.h"
 #include "runtime_stats.h"
 #include "safe_map.h"
 
@@ -69,6 +68,8 @@
 class Trace;
 class Transaction;
 
+typedef std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const void*>> RuntimeOptions;
+
 // Not all combinations of flags are valid. You may not visit all roots as well as the new roots
 // (no logical reason to do this). You also may not start logging new roots and stop logging new
 // roots (also no logical reason to do this).
@@ -82,10 +83,8 @@
 
 class Runtime {
  public:
-  typedef std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const void*>> Options;
-
   // Creates and initializes a new runtime.
-  static bool Create(const Options& options, bool ignore_unrecognized)
+  static bool Create(const RuntimeOptions& options, bool ignore_unrecognized)
       SHARED_TRYLOCK_FUNCTION(true, Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   bool IsCompiler() const {
@@ -266,13 +265,10 @@
       SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   // Returns a special method that calls into a trampoline for runtime method resolution
-  mirror::ArtMethod* GetResolutionMethod() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    CHECK(HasResolutionMethod());
-    return ReadBarrier::BarrierForRoot<mirror::ArtMethod, kWithReadBarrier>(&resolution_method_);
-  }
+  mirror::ArtMethod* GetResolutionMethod() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   bool HasResolutionMethod() const {
-    return resolution_method_ != NULL;
+    return resolution_method_ != nullptr;
   }
 
   void SetResolutionMethod(mirror::ArtMethod* method) {
@@ -281,14 +277,11 @@
 
   mirror::ArtMethod* CreateResolutionMethod() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
-  // Returns a special method that calls into a trampoline for runtime imt conflicts
-  mirror::ArtMethod* GetImtConflictMethod() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    CHECK(HasImtConflictMethod());
-    return ReadBarrier::BarrierForRoot<mirror::ArtMethod, kWithReadBarrier>(&imt_conflict_method_);
-  }
+  // Returns a special method that calls into a trampoline for runtime imt conflicts.
+  mirror::ArtMethod* GetImtConflictMethod() SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   bool HasImtConflictMethod() const {
-    return imt_conflict_method_ != NULL;
+    return imt_conflict_method_ != nullptr;
   }
 
   void SetImtConflictMethod(mirror::ArtMethod* method) {
@@ -299,14 +292,10 @@
 
   // Returns an imt with every entry set to conflict, used as default imt for all classes.
   mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::ArtMethod>* GetDefaultImt()
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    CHECK(HasDefaultImt());
-    return ReadBarrier::BarrierForRoot<mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::ArtMethod>, kWithReadBarrier>(
-        &default_imt_);
-  }
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   bool HasDefaultImt() const {
-    return default_imt_ != NULL;
+    return default_imt_ != nullptr;
   }
 
   void SetDefaultImt(mirror::ObjectArray<mirror::ArtMethod>* imt) {
@@ -329,17 +318,10 @@
   }
 
   mirror::ArtMethod* GetCalleeSaveMethod(CalleeSaveType type)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    DCHECK(HasCalleeSaveMethod(type));
-    return ReadBarrier::BarrierForRoot<mirror::ArtMethod, kWithReadBarrier>(
-        &callee_save_methods_[type]);
-  }
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   mirror::ArtMethod* GetCalleeSaveMethodUnchecked(CalleeSaveType type)
-      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
-    return ReadBarrier::BarrierForRoot<mirror::ArtMethod, kWithReadBarrier>(
-        &callee_save_methods_[type]);
-  }
+      SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   QuickMethodFrameInfo GetCalleeSaveMethodFrameInfo(CalleeSaveType type) const {
     return callee_save_method_frame_infos_[type];
@@ -474,7 +456,7 @@
 
   void BlockSignals();
 
-  bool Init(const Options& options, bool ignore_unrecognized)
+  bool Init(const RuntimeOptions& options, bool ignore_unrecognized)
       SHARED_TRYLOCK_FUNCTION(true, Locks::mutator_lock_);
   void InitNativeMethods() LOCKS_EXCLUDED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
   void InitThreadGroups(Thread* self);
diff --git a/runtime/stack.cc b/runtime/stack.cc
index d5405fb..a6cf24e 100644
--- a/runtime/stack.cc
+++ b/runtime/stack.cc
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "stack.h"
 
+#include "arch/context.h"
 #include "base/hex_dump.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/class-inl.h"
@@ -366,9 +367,10 @@
   return result;
 }
 
-instrumentation::InstrumentationStackFrame& StackVisitor::GetInstrumentationStackFrame(uint32_t depth) const {
-  CHECK_LT(depth, thread_->GetInstrumentationStack()->size());
-  return thread_->GetInstrumentationStack()->at(depth);
+static instrumentation::InstrumentationStackFrame& GetInstrumentationStackFrame(Thread* thread,
+                                                                                uint32_t depth) {
+  CHECK_LT(depth, thread->GetInstrumentationStack()->size());
+  return thread->GetInstrumentationStack()->at(depth);
 }
 
 void StackVisitor::SanityCheckFrame() const {
@@ -431,7 +433,7 @@
           // the stack for an exception where the side stack will be unwound in VisitFrame.
           if (GetQuickInstrumentationExitPc() == return_pc) {
             const instrumentation::InstrumentationStackFrame& instrumentation_frame =
-                GetInstrumentationStackFrame(instrumentation_stack_depth);
+                GetInstrumentationStackFrame(thread_, instrumentation_stack_depth);
             instrumentation_stack_depth++;
             if (GetMethod() == Runtime::Current()->GetCalleeSaveMethod(Runtime::kSaveAll)) {
               // Skip runtime save all callee frames which are used to deliver exceptions.
diff --git a/runtime/stack.h b/runtime/stack.h
index 9402cdd..ef498ef 100644
--- a/runtime/stack.h
+++ b/runtime/stack.h
@@ -17,20 +17,16 @@
 #ifndef ART_RUNTIME_STACK_H_
 #define ART_RUNTIME_STACK_H_
 
-#include "dex_file.h"
-#include "instrumentation.h"
-#include "arch/context.h"
-#include "base/casts.h"
-#include "base/macros.h"
-#include "instruction_set.h"
-#include "mirror/object.h"
-#include "mirror/object_reference.h"
-#include "utils.h"
-#include "verify_object.h"
-
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <string>
 
+#include "dex_file.h"
+#include "instruction_set.h"
+#include "mirror/object_reference.h"
+#include "throw_location.h"
+#include "utils.h"
+#include "verify_object.h"
+
 namespace art {
 
 namespace mirror {
@@ -711,8 +707,6 @@
   bool GetFPR(uint32_t reg, uintptr_t* val) const;
   bool SetFPR(uint32_t reg, uintptr_t value);
 
-  instrumentation::InstrumentationStackFrame& GetInstrumentationStackFrame(uint32_t depth) const;
-
   void SanityCheckFrame() const SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
   Thread* const thread_;
diff --git a/runtime/thread.cc b/runtime/thread.cc
index 7827dfb..dcd4f23 100644
--- a/runtime/thread.cc
+++ b/runtime/thread.cc
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #include "entrypoints/quick/quick_alloc_entrypoints.h"
 #include "gc_map.h"
 #include "gc/accounting/card_table-inl.h"
+#include "gc/allocator/rosalloc.h"
 #include "gc/heap.h"
 #include "gc/space/space.h"
 #include "handle_scope.h"
@@ -1055,7 +1056,7 @@
   tls32_.state_and_flags.as_struct.state = kNative;
   memset(&tlsPtr_.held_mutexes[0], 0, sizeof(tlsPtr_.held_mutexes));
   std::fill(tlsPtr_.rosalloc_runs,
-            tlsPtr_.rosalloc_runs + gc::allocator::RosAlloc::kNumThreadLocalSizeBrackets,
+            tlsPtr_.rosalloc_runs + kNumRosAllocThreadLocalSizeBrackets,
             gc::allocator::RosAlloc::GetDedicatedFullRun());
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kMaxCheckpoints; ++i) {
     tlsPtr_.checkpoint_functions[i] = nullptr;
diff --git a/runtime/thread.h b/runtime/thread.h
index bf125f9..d08c2fc 100644
--- a/runtime/thread.h
+++ b/runtime/thread.h
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
 #include "entrypoints/jni/jni_entrypoints.h"
 #include "entrypoints/portable/portable_entrypoints.h"
 #include "entrypoints/quick/quick_entrypoints.h"
-#include "gc/allocator/rosalloc.h"
 #include "globals.h"
 #include "handle_scope.h"
 #include "instruction_set.h"
@@ -93,6 +92,8 @@
   kCheckpointRequest = 2  // Request that the thread do some checkpoint work and then continue.
 };
 
+static constexpr size_t kNumRosAllocThreadLocalSizeBrackets = 34;
+
 class Thread {
  public:
   // How much of the reserved bytes is reserved for incoming signals.
@@ -1076,7 +1077,7 @@
     size_t thread_local_objects;
 
     // There are RosAlloc::kNumThreadLocalSizeBrackets thread-local size brackets per thread.
-    void* rosalloc_runs[gc::allocator::RosAlloc::kNumThreadLocalSizeBrackets];
+    void* rosalloc_runs[kNumRosAllocThreadLocalSizeBrackets];
 
     // Thread-local allocation stack data/routines.
     mirror::Object** thread_local_alloc_stack_top;
diff --git a/runtime/thread_pool_test.cc b/runtime/thread_pool_test.cc
index 292c94f..4bd44dc 100644
--- a/runtime/thread_pool_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/thread_pool_test.cc
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include "atomic.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
+#include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/trace.cc b/runtime/trace.cc
index 1a450c4..1eb5cf8 100644
--- a/runtime/trace.cc
+++ b/runtime/trace.cc
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
 static const uint16_t kTraceRecordSizeSingleClock = 10;  // using v2
 static const uint16_t kTraceRecordSizeDualClock   = 14;  // using v3 with two timestamps
 
-ProfilerClockSource Trace::default_clock_source_ = kDefaultProfilerClockSource;
+TraceClockSource Trace::default_clock_source_ = kDefaultTraceClockSource;
 
 Trace* volatile Trace::the_trace_ = NULL;
 pthread_t Trace::sampling_pthread_ = 0U;
@@ -149,34 +149,34 @@
   temp_stack_trace_.reset(stack_trace);
 }
 
-void Trace::SetDefaultClockSource(ProfilerClockSource clock_source) {
+void Trace::SetDefaultClockSource(TraceClockSource clock_source) {
 #if defined(HAVE_POSIX_CLOCKS)
   default_clock_source_ = clock_source;
 #else
-  if (clock_source != kProfilerClockSourceWall) {
+  if (clock_source != kTraceClockSourceWall) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "Ignoring tracing request to use CPU time.";
   }
 #endif
 }
 
-static uint16_t GetTraceVersion(ProfilerClockSource clock_source) {
-  return (clock_source == kProfilerClockSourceDual) ? kTraceVersionDualClock
+static uint16_t GetTraceVersion(TraceClockSource clock_source) {
+  return (clock_source == kTraceClockSourceDual) ? kTraceVersionDualClock
                                                     : kTraceVersionSingleClock;
 }
 
-static uint16_t GetRecordSize(ProfilerClockSource clock_source) {
-  return (clock_source == kProfilerClockSourceDual) ? kTraceRecordSizeDualClock
+static uint16_t GetRecordSize(TraceClockSource clock_source) {
+  return (clock_source == kTraceClockSourceDual) ? kTraceRecordSizeDualClock
                                                     : kTraceRecordSizeSingleClock;
 }
 
 bool Trace::UseThreadCpuClock() {
-  return (clock_source_ == kProfilerClockSourceThreadCpu) ||
-      (clock_source_ == kProfilerClockSourceDual);
+  return (clock_source_ == kTraceClockSourceThreadCpu) ||
+      (clock_source_ == kTraceClockSourceDual);
 }
 
 bool Trace::UseWallClock() {
-  return (clock_source_ == kProfilerClockSourceWall) ||
-      (clock_source_ == kProfilerClockSourceDual);
+  return (clock_source_ == kTraceClockSourceWall) ||
+      (clock_source_ == kTraceClockSourceDual);
 }
 
 static void MeasureClockOverhead(Trace* trace) {
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@
   cur_offset_.StoreRelaxed(kTraceHeaderLength);
 }
 
-static void DumpBuf(uint8_t* buf, size_t buf_size, ProfilerClockSource clock_source)
+static void DumpBuf(uint8_t* buf, size_t buf_size, TraceClockSource clock_source)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_) {
   uint8_t* ptr = buf + kTraceHeaderLength;
   uint8_t* end = buf + buf_size;
diff --git a/runtime/trace.h b/runtime/trace.h
index 9c8d35b..d7836b8 100644
--- a/runtime/trace.h
+++ b/runtime/trace.h
@@ -36,20 +36,9 @@
   class ArtField;
   class ArtMethod;
 }  // namespace mirror
+
 class Thread;
 
-enum ProfilerClockSource {
-  kProfilerClockSourceThreadCpu,
-  kProfilerClockSourceWall,
-  kProfilerClockSourceDual,  // Both wall and thread CPU clocks.
-};
-
-#if defined(HAVE_POSIX_CLOCKS)
-const ProfilerClockSource kDefaultProfilerClockSource = kProfilerClockSourceDual;
-#else
-const ProfilerClockSource kDefaultProfilerClockSource = kProfilerClockSourceWall;
-#endif
-
 enum TracingMode {
   kTracingInactive,
   kMethodTracingActive,
@@ -62,7 +51,7 @@
     kTraceCountAllocs = 1,
   };
 
-  static void SetDefaultClockSource(ProfilerClockSource clock_source);
+  static void SetDefaultClockSource(TraceClockSource clock_source);
 
   static void Start(const char* trace_filename, int trace_fd, int buffer_size, int flags,
                     bool direct_to_ddms, bool sampling_enabled, int interval_us)
@@ -138,7 +127,7 @@
   static Trace* volatile the_trace_ GUARDED_BY(Locks::trace_lock_);
 
   // The default profiler clock source.
-  static ProfilerClockSource default_clock_source_;
+  static TraceClockSource default_clock_source_;
 
   // Sampling thread, non-zero when sampling.
   static pthread_t sampling_pthread_;
@@ -158,7 +147,7 @@
   // True if traceview should sample instead of instrumenting method entry/exit.
   const bool sampling_enabled_;
 
-  const ProfilerClockSource clock_source_;
+  const TraceClockSource clock_source_;
 
   // Size of buf_.
   const int buffer_size_;
diff --git a/runtime/transaction_test.cc b/runtime/transaction_test.cc
index a03b389..691aec4 100644
--- a/runtime/transaction_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/transaction_test.cc
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "mirror/array-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_field-inl.h"
 #include "mirror/art_method-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
 namespace art {
 
diff --git a/runtime/utils.cc b/runtime/utils.cc
index d038571..b56bdd0 100644
--- a/runtime/utils.cc
+++ b/runtime/utils.cc
@@ -281,11 +281,6 @@
   return result;
 }
 
-std::string PrettyDescriptor(Primitive::Type type) {
-  std::string descriptor_string(Primitive::Descriptor(type));
-  return PrettyDescriptor(descriptor_string);
-}
-
 std::string PrettyField(mirror::ArtField* f, bool with_type) {
   if (f == NULL) {
     return "null";
diff --git a/runtime/utils.h b/runtime/utils.h
index b47de81..2cb3af7 100644
--- a/runtime/utils.h
+++ b/runtime/utils.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "base/logging.h"
 #include "globals.h"
 #include "instruction_set.h"
-#include "primitive.h"
+#include "base/mutex.h"
 
 #ifdef HAVE_ANDROID_OS
 #include "cutils/properties.h"
@@ -279,7 +279,6 @@
 std::string PrettyDescriptor(mirror::String* descriptor)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 std::string PrettyDescriptor(const std::string& descriptor);
-std::string PrettyDescriptor(Primitive::Type type);
 std::string PrettyDescriptor(mirror::Class* klass)
     SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(Locks::mutator_lock_);
 
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier_test.cc b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier_test.cc
index f70faf5..a5895e6 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/method_verifier_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/method_verifier_test.cc
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include "class_linker-inl.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "dex_file.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace verifier {
diff --git a/runtime/verifier/reg_type_test.cc b/runtime/verifier/reg_type_test.cc
index 1935a5b..9dc0df1 100644
--- a/runtime/verifier/reg_type_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/verifier/reg_type_test.cc
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 #include "base/casts.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "reg_type_cache-inl.h"
+#include "scoped_thread_state_change.h"
+#include "thread-inl.h"
 
 namespace art {
 namespace verifier {
diff --git a/runtime/zip_archive_test.cc b/runtime/zip_archive_test.cc
index d303d1e..96abee2 100644
--- a/runtime/zip_archive_test.cc
+++ b/runtime/zip_archive_test.cc
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <zlib.h>
 #include <memory>
 
+#include "base/unix_file/fd_file.h"
 #include "common_runtime_test.h"
 #include "os.h"