runtime/indirect_reference_table.cc - platform/art - Git at Google

 /*
  * Copyright (C) 2009 The Android Open Source Project
  *
  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
  *
  *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  * limitations under the License.
  */

 #include "indirect_reference_table-inl.h"

 #include "base/mutator_locked_dumpable.h"
 #include "base/systrace.h"
 #include "base/utils.h"
 #include "jni/java_vm_ext.h"
 #include "jni/jni_internal.h"
 #include "mirror/object-inl.h"
 #include "nth_caller_visitor.h"
 #include "reference_table.h"
 #include "runtime.h"
 #include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
 #include "thread.h"

 #include <cstdlib>

 namespace art {

 static constexpr bool kDumpStackOnNonLocalReference = false;
 static constexpr bool kDebugIRT = false;

 // Maximum table size we allow.
 static constexpr size_t kMaxTableSizeInBytes = 128 * MB;

 const char* GetIndirectRefKindString(const IndirectRefKind& kind) {
   switch (kind) {
     case kHandleScopeOrInvalid:
       return "HandleScopeOrInvalid";
     case kLocal:
       return "Local";
     case kGlobal:
       return "Global";
     case kWeakGlobal:
       return "WeakGlobal";
   }
   return "IndirectRefKind Error";
 }

 void IndirectReferenceTable::AbortIfNoCheckJNI(const std::string& msg) {
   // If -Xcheck:jni is on, it'll give a more detailed error before aborting.
   JavaVMExt* vm = Runtime::Current()->GetJavaVM();
   if (!vm->IsCheckJniEnabled()) {
     // Otherwise, we want to abort rather than hand back a bad reference.
     LOG(FATAL) << msg;
   } else {
     LOG(ERROR) << msg;
   }
 }

 IndirectReferenceTable::IndirectReferenceTable(size_t max_count,
                                                IndirectRefKind desired_kind,
                                                ResizableCapacity resizable,
                                                std::string* error_msg)
     : segment_state_(kIRTFirstSegment),
       kind_(desired_kind),
       max_entries_(max_count),
       current_num_holes_(0),
       resizable_(resizable) {
   CHECK(error_msg != nullptr);
   CHECK_NE(desired_kind, kHandleScopeOrInvalid);

   // Overflow and maximum check.
   CHECK_LE(max_count, kMaxTableSizeInBytes / sizeof(IrtEntry));

   const size_t table_bytes = max_count * sizeof(IrtEntry);
   table_mem_map_ = MemMap::MapAnonymous("indirect ref table",
                                         table_bytes,
                                         PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                                         /*low_4gb=*/ false,
                                         error_msg);
   if (!table_mem_map_.IsValid() && error_msg->empty()) {
     *error_msg = "Unable to map memory for indirect ref table";
   }

   if (table_mem_map_.IsValid()) {
     table_ = reinterpret_cast<IrtEntry*>(table_mem_map_.Begin());
   } else {
     table_ = nullptr;
   }
   segment_state_ = kIRTFirstSegment;
   last_known_previous_state_ = kIRTFirstSegment;
 }

 IndirectReferenceTable::~IndirectReferenceTable() {
 }

 void IndirectReferenceTable::ConstexprChecks() {
   // Use this for some assertions. They can't be put into the header as C++ wants the class
   // to be complete.

   // Check kind.
   static_assert((EncodeIndirectRefKind(kLocal) & (~kKindMask)) == 0, "Kind encoding error");
   static_assert((EncodeIndirectRefKind(kGlobal) & (~kKindMask)) == 0, "Kind encoding error");
   static_assert((EncodeIndirectRefKind(kWeakGlobal) & (~kKindMask)) == 0, "Kind encoding error");
   static_assert(DecodeIndirectRefKind(EncodeIndirectRefKind(kLocal)) == kLocal,
                 "Kind encoding error");
   static_assert(DecodeIndirectRefKind(EncodeIndirectRefKind(kGlobal)) == kGlobal,
                 "Kind encoding error");
   static_assert(DecodeIndirectRefKind(EncodeIndirectRefKind(kWeakGlobal)) == kWeakGlobal,
                 "Kind encoding error");

   // Check serial.
   static_assert(DecodeSerial(EncodeSerial(0u)) == 0u, "Serial encoding error");
   static_assert(DecodeSerial(EncodeSerial(1u)) == 1u, "Serial encoding error");
   static_assert(DecodeSerial(EncodeSerial(2u)) == 2u, "Serial encoding error");
   static_assert(DecodeSerial(EncodeSerial(3u)) == 3u, "Serial encoding error");

   // Table index.
   static_assert(DecodeIndex(EncodeIndex(0u)) == 0u, "Index encoding error");
   static_assert(DecodeIndex(EncodeIndex(1u)) == 1u, "Index encoding error");
   static_assert(DecodeIndex(EncodeIndex(2u)) == 2u, "Index encoding error");
   static_assert(DecodeIndex(EncodeIndex(3u)) == 3u, "Index encoding error");
 }

 bool IndirectReferenceTable::IsValid() const {
   return table_mem_map_.IsValid();
 }

 // Holes:
 //
 // To keep the IRT compact, we want to fill "holes" created by non-stack-discipline Add & Remove
 // operation sequences. For simplicity and lower memory overhead, we do not use a free list or
 // similar. Instead, we scan for holes, with the expectation that we will find holes fast as they
 // are usually near the end of the table (see the header, TODO: verify this assumption). To avoid
 // scans when there are no holes, the number of known holes should be tracked.
 //
 // A previous implementation stored the top index and the number of holes as the segment state.
 // This constraints the maximum number of references to 16-bit. We want to relax this, as it
 // is easy to require more references (e.g., to list all classes in large applications). Thus,
 // the implicitly stack-stored state, the IRTSegmentState, is only the top index.
 //
 // Thus, hole count is a local property of the current segment, and needs to be recovered when
 // (or after) a frame is pushed or popped. To keep JNI transitions simple (and inlineable), we
 // cannot do work when the segment changes. Thus, Add and Remove need to ensure the current
 // hole count is correct.
 //
 // To be able to detect segment changes, we require an additional local field that can describe
 // the known segment. This is last_known_previous_state_. The requirement will become clear with
 // the following (some non-trivial) cases that have to be supported:
 //
 // 1) Segment with holes (current_num_holes_ > 0), push new segment, add/remove reference
 // 2) Segment with holes (current_num_holes_ > 0), pop segment, add/remove reference
 // 3) Segment with holes (current_num_holes_ > 0), push new segment, pop segment, add/remove
 //    reference
 // 4) Empty segment, push new segment, create a hole, pop a segment, add/remove a reference
 // 5) Base segment, push new segment, create a hole, pop a segment, push new segment, add/remove
 //    reference
 //
 // Storing the last known *previous* state (bottom index) allows conservatively detecting all the
 // segment changes above. The condition is simply that the last known state is greater than or
 // equal to the current previous state, and smaller than the current state (top index). The
 // condition is conservative as it adds O(1) overhead to operations on an empty segment.

 static size_t CountNullEntries(const IrtEntry* table, size_t from, size_t to) {
   size_t count = 0;
   for (size_t index = from; index != to; ++index) {
     if (table[index].GetReference()->IsNull()) {
       count++;
     }
   }
   return count;
 }

 void IndirectReferenceTable::RecoverHoles(IRTSegmentState prev_state) {
   if (last_known_previous_state_.top_index >= segment_state_.top_index ||
       last_known_previous_state_.top_index < prev_state.top_index) {
     const size_t top_index = segment_state_.top_index;
     size_t count = CountNullEntries(table_, prev_state.top_index, top_index);

     if (kDebugIRT) {
       LOG(INFO) << "+++ Recovered holes: "
                 << " Current prev=" << prev_state.top_index
                 << " Current top_index=" << top_index
                 << " Old num_holes=" << current_num_holes_
                 << " New num_holes=" << count;
     }

     current_num_holes_ = count;
     last_known_previous_state_ = prev_state;
   } else if (kDebugIRT) {
     LOG(INFO) << "No need to recover holes";
   }
 }

 ALWAYS_INLINE
 static inline void CheckHoleCount(IrtEntry* table,
                                   size_t exp_num_holes,
                                   IRTSegmentState prev_state,
                                   IRTSegmentState cur_state) {
   if (kIsDebugBuild) {
     size_t count = CountNullEntries(table, prev_state.top_index, cur_state.top_index);
     CHECK_EQ(exp_num_holes, count) << "prevState=" << prev_state.top_index
                                    << " topIndex=" << cur_state.top_index;
   }
 }

 bool IndirectReferenceTable::Resize(size_t new_size, std::string* error_msg) {
   CHECK_GT(new_size, max_entries_);

   constexpr size_t kMaxEntries = kMaxTableSizeInBytes / sizeof(IrtEntry);
   if (new_size > kMaxEntries) {
     *error_msg = android::base::StringPrintf("Requested size exceeds maximum: %zu", new_size);
     return false;
   }
   // Note: the above check also ensures that there is no overflow below.

   const size_t table_bytes = new_size * sizeof(IrtEntry);
   MemMap new_map = MemMap::MapAnonymous("indirect ref table",
                                         table_bytes,
                                         PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                                         /*low_4gb=*/ false,
                                         error_msg);
   if (!new_map.IsValid()) {
     return false;
   }

   memcpy(new_map.Begin(), table_mem_map_.Begin(), table_mem_map_.Size());
   table_mem_map_ = std::move(new_map);
   table_ = reinterpret_cast<IrtEntry*>(table_mem_map_.Begin());
   max_entries_ = new_size;

   return true;
 }

 IndirectRef IndirectReferenceTable::Add(IRTSegmentState previous_state,
                                         ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj,
                                         std::string* error_msg) {
   if (kDebugIRT) {
     LOG(INFO) << "+++ Add: previous_state=" << previous_state.top_index
               << " top_index=" << segment_state_.top_index
               << " last_known_prev_top_index=" << last_known_previous_state_.top_index
               << " holes=" << current_num_holes_;
   }

   size_t top_index = segment_state_.top_index;

   CHECK(obj != nullptr);
   VerifyObject(obj);
   DCHECK(table_ != nullptr);

   if (top_index == max_entries_) {
     if (resizable_ == ResizableCapacity::kNo) {
       std::ostringstream oss;
       oss << "JNI ERROR (app bug): " << kind_ << " table overflow "
           << "(max=" << max_entries_ << ")"
           << MutatorLockedDumpable<IndirectReferenceTable>(*this);
       *error_msg = oss.str();
       return nullptr;
     }

     // Try to double space.
     if (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / 2 < max_entries_) {
       std::ostringstream oss;
       oss << "JNI ERROR (app bug): " << kind_ << " table overflow "
           << "(max=" << max_entries_ << ")" << std::endl
           << MutatorLockedDumpable<IndirectReferenceTable>(*this)
           << " Resizing failed: exceeds size_t";
       *error_msg = oss.str();
       return nullptr;
     }

     std::string inner_error_msg;
     if (!Resize(max_entries_ * 2, &inner_error_msg)) {
       std::ostringstream oss;
       oss << "JNI ERROR (app bug): " << kind_ << " table overflow "
           << "(max=" << max_entries_ << ")" << std::endl
           << MutatorLockedDumpable<IndirectReferenceTable>(*this)
           << " Resizing failed: " << inner_error_msg;
       *error_msg = oss.str();
       return nullptr;
     }
   }

   RecoverHoles(previous_state);
   CheckHoleCount(table_, current_num_holes_, previous_state, segment_state_);

   // We know there's enough room in the table.  Now we just need to find
   // the right spot.  If there's a hole, find it and fill it; otherwise,
   // add to the end of the list.
   IndirectRef result;
   size_t index;
   if (current_num_holes_ > 0) {
     DCHECK_GT(top_index, 1U);
     // Find the first hole; likely to be near the end of the list.
     IrtEntry* p_scan = &table_[top_index - 1];
     DCHECK(!p_scan->GetReference()->IsNull());
     --p_scan;
     while (!p_scan->GetReference()->IsNull()) {
       DCHECK_GE(p_scan, table_ + previous_state.top_index);
       --p_scan;
     }
     index = p_scan - table_;
     current_num_holes_--;
   } else {
     // Add to the end.
     index = top_index++;
     segment_state_.top_index = top_index;
   }
   table_[index].Add(obj);
   result = ToIndirectRef(index);
   if (kDebugIRT) {
     LOG(INFO) << "+++ added at " << ExtractIndex(result) << " top=" << segment_state_.top_index
               << " holes=" << current_num_holes_;
   }

   DCHECK(result != nullptr);
   return result;
 }

 void IndirectReferenceTable::AssertEmpty() {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < Capacity(); ++i) {
     if (!table_[i].GetReference()->IsNull()) {
       LOG(FATAL) << "Internal Error: non-empty local reference table\n"
                  << MutatorLockedDumpable<IndirectReferenceTable>(*this);
       UNREACHABLE();
     }
   }
 }

 // Removes an object. We extract the table offset bits from "iref"
 // and zap the corresponding entry, leaving a hole if it's not at the top.
 // If the entry is not between the current top index and the bottom index
 // specified by the cookie, we don't remove anything. This is the behavior
 // required by JNI's DeleteLocalRef function.
 // This method is not called when a local frame is popped; this is only used
 // for explicit single removals.
 // Returns "false" if nothing was removed.
 bool IndirectReferenceTable::Remove(IRTSegmentState previous_state, IndirectRef iref) {
   if (kDebugIRT) {
     LOG(INFO) << "+++ Remove: previous_state=" << previous_state.top_index
               << " top_index=" << segment_state_.top_index
               << " last_known_prev_top_index=" << last_known_previous_state_.top_index
               << " holes=" << current_num_holes_;
   }

   const uint32_t top_index = segment_state_.top_index;
   const uint32_t bottom_index = previous_state.top_index;

   DCHECK(table_ != nullptr);

   if (GetIndirectRefKind(iref) == kHandleScopeOrInvalid) {
     auto* self = Thread::Current();
     if (self->HandleScopeContains(reinterpret_cast<jobject>(iref))) {
       auto* env = self->GetJniEnv();
       DCHECK(env != nullptr);
       if (env->IsCheckJniEnabled()) {
         ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
         LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to remove non-JNI local reference, dumping thread";
         if (kDumpStackOnNonLocalReference) {
           self->Dump(LOG_STREAM(WARNING));
         }
       }
       return true;
     }
   }
   const uint32_t idx = ExtractIndex(iref);
   if (idx < bottom_index) {
     // Wrong segment.
     LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to remove index outside index area (" << idx
                  << " vs " << bottom_index << "-" << top_index << ")";
     return false;
   }
   if (idx >= top_index) {
     // Bad --- stale reference?
     LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to remove invalid index " << idx
                  << " (bottom=" << bottom_index << " top=" << top_index << ")";
     return false;
   }

   RecoverHoles(previous_state);
   CheckHoleCount(table_, current_num_holes_, previous_state, segment_state_);

   if (idx == top_index - 1) {
     // Top-most entry.  Scan up and consume holes.

     if (!CheckEntry("remove", iref, idx)) {
       return false;
     }

     *table_[idx].GetReference() = GcRoot<mirror::Object>(nullptr);
     if (current_num_holes_ != 0) {
       uint32_t collapse_top_index = top_index;
       while (--collapse_top_index > bottom_index && current_num_holes_ != 0) {
         if (kDebugIRT) {
           ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
           LOG(INFO) << "+++ checking for hole at " << collapse_top_index - 1
                     << " (previous_state=" << bottom_index << ") val="
                     << table_[collapse_top_index - 1].GetReference()->Read<kWithoutReadBarrier>();
         }
         if (!table_[collapse_top_index - 1].GetReference()->IsNull()) {
           break;
         }
         if (kDebugIRT) {
           LOG(INFO) << "+++ ate hole at " << (collapse_top_index - 1);
         }
         current_num_holes_--;
       }
       segment_state_.top_index = collapse_top_index;

       CheckHoleCount(table_, current_num_holes_, previous_state, segment_state_);
     } else {
       segment_state_.top_index = top_index - 1;
       if (kDebugIRT) {
         LOG(INFO) << "+++ ate last entry " << top_index - 1;
       }
     }
   } else {
     // Not the top-most entry.  This creates a hole.  We null out the entry to prevent somebody
     // from deleting it twice and screwing up the hole count.
     if (table_[idx].GetReference()->IsNull()) {
       LOG(INFO) << "--- WEIRD: removing null entry " << idx;
       return false;
     }
     if (!CheckEntry("remove", iref, idx)) {
       return false;
     }

     *table_[idx].GetReference() = GcRoot<mirror::Object>(nullptr);
     current_num_holes_++;
     CheckHoleCount(table_, current_num_holes_, previous_state, segment_state_);
     if (kDebugIRT) {
       LOG(INFO) << "+++ left hole at " << idx << ", holes=" << current_num_holes_;
     }
   }

   return true;
 }

 void IndirectReferenceTable::Trim() {
   ScopedTrace trace(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
   const size_t top_index = Capacity();
   auto* release_start = AlignUp(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(&table_[top_index]), kPageSize);
   uint8_t* release_end = table_mem_map_.End();
   madvise(release_start, release_end - release_start, MADV_DONTNEED);
 }

 void IndirectReferenceTable::VisitRoots(RootVisitor* visitor, const RootInfo& root_info) {
   BufferedRootVisitor<kDefaultBufferedRootCount> root_visitor(visitor, root_info);
   for (auto ref : *this) {
     if (!ref->IsNull()) {
       root_visitor.VisitRoot(*ref);
       DCHECK(!ref->IsNull());
     }
   }
 }

 void IndirectReferenceTable::Dump(std::ostream& os) const {
   os << kind_ << " table dump:\n";
   ReferenceTable::Table entries;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < Capacity(); ++i) {
     ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = table_[i].GetReference()->Read<kWithoutReadBarrier>();
     if (obj != nullptr) {
       obj = table_[i].GetReference()->Read();
       entries.push_back(GcRoot<mirror::Object>(obj));
     }
   }
   ReferenceTable::Dump(os, entries);
 }

 void IndirectReferenceTable::SetSegmentState(IRTSegmentState new_state) {
   if (kDebugIRT) {
     LOG(INFO) << "Setting segment state: "
               << segment_state_.top_index
               << " -> "
               << new_state.top_index;
   }
   segment_state_ = new_state;
 }

 bool IndirectReferenceTable::EnsureFreeCapacity(size_t free_capacity, std::string* error_msg) {
   size_t top_index = segment_state_.top_index;
   if (top_index < max_entries_ && top_index + free_capacity <= max_entries_) {
     return true;
   }

   // We're only gonna do a simple best-effort here, ensuring the asked-for capacity at the end.
   if (resizable_ == ResizableCapacity::kNo) {
     *error_msg = "Table is not resizable";
     return false;
   }

   // Try to increase the table size.

   // Would this overflow?
   if (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - free_capacity < top_index) {
     *error_msg = "Cannot resize table, overflow.";
     return false;
   }

   if (!Resize(top_index + free_capacity, error_msg)) {
     LOG(WARNING) << "JNI ERROR: Unable to reserve space in EnsureFreeCapacity (" << free_capacity
                  << "): " << std::endl
                  << MutatorLockedDumpable<IndirectReferenceTable>(*this)
                  << " Resizing failed: " << *error_msg;
     return false;
   }
   return true;
 }

 size_t IndirectReferenceTable::FreeCapacity() const {
   return max_entries_ - segment_state_.top_index;
 }

 }  // namespace art
	/*
	* Copyright (C) 2009 The Android Open Source Project
	*
	* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	* You may obtain a copy of the License at
	*
	* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	*
	* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	* limitations under the License.
	*/

	#include "indirect_reference_table-inl.h"

	#include "base/mutator_locked_dumpable.h"
	#include "base/systrace.h"
	#include "base/utils.h"
	#include "jni/java_vm_ext.h"
	#include "jni/jni_internal.h"
	#include "mirror/object-inl.h"
	#include "nth_caller_visitor.h"
	#include "reference_table.h"
	#include "runtime.h"
	#include "scoped_thread_state_change-inl.h"
	#include "thread.h"

	#include <cstdlib>

	namespace art {

	static constexpr bool kDumpStackOnNonLocalReference = false;
	static constexpr bool kDebugIRT = false;

	// Maximum table size we allow.
	static constexpr size_t kMaxTableSizeInBytes = 128 * MB;

	const char* GetIndirectRefKindString(const IndirectRefKind& kind) {
	switch (kind) {
	case kHandleScopeOrInvalid:
	return "HandleScopeOrInvalid";
	case kLocal:
	return "Local";
	case kGlobal:
	return "Global";
	case kWeakGlobal:
	return "WeakGlobal";
	}
	return "IndirectRefKind Error";
	}

	void IndirectReferenceTable::AbortIfNoCheckJNI(const std::string& msg) {
	// If -Xcheck:jni is on, it'll give a more detailed error before aborting.
	JavaVMExt* vm = Runtime::Current()->GetJavaVM();
	if (!vm->IsCheckJniEnabled()) {
	// Otherwise, we want to abort rather than hand back a bad reference.
	LOG(FATAL) << msg;
	} else {
	LOG(ERROR) << msg;
	}
	}

	IndirectReferenceTable::IndirectReferenceTable(size_t max_count,
	IndirectRefKind desired_kind,
	ResizableCapacity resizable,
	std::string* error_msg)
	: segment_state_(kIRTFirstSegment),
	kind_(desired_kind),
	max_entries_(max_count),
	current_num_holes_(0),
	resizable_(resizable) {
	CHECK(error_msg != nullptr);
	CHECK_NE(desired_kind, kHandleScopeOrInvalid);

	// Overflow and maximum check.
	CHECK_LE(max_count, kMaxTableSizeInBytes / sizeof(IrtEntry));

	const size_t table_bytes = max_count * sizeof(IrtEntry);
	table_mem_map_ = MemMap::MapAnonymous("indirect ref table",
	table_bytes,
	PROT_READ \| PROT_WRITE,
	/low_4gb=/ false,
	error_msg);
	if (!table_mem_map_.IsValid() && error_msg->empty()) {
	*error_msg = "Unable to map memory for indirect ref table";
	}

	if (table_mem_map_.IsValid()) {
	table_ = reinterpret_cast<IrtEntry*>(table_mem_map_.Begin());
	} else {
	table_ = nullptr;
	}
	segment_state_ = kIRTFirstSegment;
	last_known_previous_state_ = kIRTFirstSegment;
	}

	IndirectReferenceTable::~IndirectReferenceTable() {
	}

	void IndirectReferenceTable::ConstexprChecks() {
	// Use this for some assertions. They can't be put into the header as C++ wants the class
	// to be complete.

	// Check kind.
	static_assert((EncodeIndirectRefKind(kLocal) & (~kKindMask)) == 0, "Kind encoding error");
	static_assert((EncodeIndirectRefKind(kGlobal) & (~kKindMask)) == 0, "Kind encoding error");
	static_assert((EncodeIndirectRefKind(kWeakGlobal) & (~kKindMask)) == 0, "Kind encoding error");
	static_assert(DecodeIndirectRefKind(EncodeIndirectRefKind(kLocal)) == kLocal,
	"Kind encoding error");
	static_assert(DecodeIndirectRefKind(EncodeIndirectRefKind(kGlobal)) == kGlobal,
	"Kind encoding error");
	static_assert(DecodeIndirectRefKind(EncodeIndirectRefKind(kWeakGlobal)) == kWeakGlobal,
	"Kind encoding error");

	// Check serial.
	static_assert(DecodeSerial(EncodeSerial(0u)) == 0u, "Serial encoding error");
	static_assert(DecodeSerial(EncodeSerial(1u)) == 1u, "Serial encoding error");
	static_assert(DecodeSerial(EncodeSerial(2u)) == 2u, "Serial encoding error");
	static_assert(DecodeSerial(EncodeSerial(3u)) == 3u, "Serial encoding error");

	// Table index.
	static_assert(DecodeIndex(EncodeIndex(0u)) == 0u, "Index encoding error");
	static_assert(DecodeIndex(EncodeIndex(1u)) == 1u, "Index encoding error");
	static_assert(DecodeIndex(EncodeIndex(2u)) == 2u, "Index encoding error");
	static_assert(DecodeIndex(EncodeIndex(3u)) == 3u, "Index encoding error");
	}

	bool IndirectReferenceTable::IsValid() const {
	return table_mem_map_.IsValid();
	}

	// Holes:
	//
	// To keep the IRT compact, we want to fill "holes" created by non-stack-discipline Add & Remove
	// operation sequences. For simplicity and lower memory overhead, we do not use a free list or
	// similar. Instead, we scan for holes, with the expectation that we will find holes fast as they
	// are usually near the end of the table (see the header, TODO: verify this assumption). To avoid
	// scans when there are no holes, the number of known holes should be tracked.
	//
	// A previous implementation stored the top index and the number of holes as the segment state.
	// This constraints the maximum number of references to 16-bit. We want to relax this, as it
	// is easy to require more references (e.g., to list all classes in large applications). Thus,
	// the implicitly stack-stored state, the IRTSegmentState, is only the top index.
	//
	// Thus, hole count is a local property of the current segment, and needs to be recovered when
	// (or after) a frame is pushed or popped. To keep JNI transitions simple (and inlineable), we
	// cannot do work when the segment changes. Thus, Add and Remove need to ensure the current
	// hole count is correct.
	//
	// To be able to detect segment changes, we require an additional local field that can describe
	// the known segment. This is last_known_previous_state_. The requirement will become clear with
	// the following (some non-trivial) cases that have to be supported:
	//
	// 1) Segment with holes (current_num_holes_ > 0), push new segment, add/remove reference
	// 2) Segment with holes (current_num_holes_ > 0), pop segment, add/remove reference
	// 3) Segment with holes (current_num_holes_ > 0), push new segment, pop segment, add/remove
	// reference
	// 4) Empty segment, push new segment, create a hole, pop a segment, add/remove a reference
	// 5) Base segment, push new segment, create a hole, pop a segment, push new segment, add/remove
	// reference
	//
	// Storing the last known previous state (bottom index) allows conservatively detecting all the
	// segment changes above. The condition is simply that the last known state is greater than or
	// equal to the current previous state, and smaller than the current state (top index). The
	// condition is conservative as it adds O(1) overhead to operations on an empty segment.

	static size_t CountNullEntries(const IrtEntry* table, size_t from, size_t to) {
	size_t count = 0;
	for (size_t index = from; index != to; ++index) {
	if (table[index].GetReference()->IsNull()) {
	count++;
	}
	}
	return count;
	}

	void IndirectReferenceTable::RecoverHoles(IRTSegmentState prev_state) {
	if (last_known_previous_state_.top_index >= segment_state_.top_index \|\|
	last_known_previous_state_.top_index < prev_state.top_index) {
	const size_t top_index = segment_state_.top_index;
	size_t count = CountNullEntries(table_, prev_state.top_index, top_index);

	if (kDebugIRT) {
	LOG(INFO) << "+++ Recovered holes: "
	<< " Current prev=" << prev_state.top_index
	<< " Current top_index=" << top_index
	<< " Old num_holes=" << current_num_holes_
	<< " New num_holes=" << count;
	}

	current_num_holes_ = count;
	last_known_previous_state_ = prev_state;
	} else if (kDebugIRT) {
	LOG(INFO) << "No need to recover holes";
	}
	}

	ALWAYS_INLINE
	static inline void CheckHoleCount(IrtEntry* table,
	size_t exp_num_holes,
	IRTSegmentState prev_state,
	IRTSegmentState cur_state) {
	if (kIsDebugBuild) {
	size_t count = CountNullEntries(table, prev_state.top_index, cur_state.top_index);
	CHECK_EQ(exp_num_holes, count) << "prevState=" << prev_state.top_index
	<< " topIndex=" << cur_state.top_index;
	}
	}

	bool IndirectReferenceTable::Resize(size_t new_size, std::string* error_msg) {
	CHECK_GT(new_size, max_entries_);

	constexpr size_t kMaxEntries = kMaxTableSizeInBytes / sizeof(IrtEntry);
	if (new_size > kMaxEntries) {
	*error_msg = android::base::StringPrintf("Requested size exceeds maximum: %zu", new_size);
	return false;
	}
	// Note: the above check also ensures that there is no overflow below.

	const size_t table_bytes = new_size * sizeof(IrtEntry);
	MemMap new_map = MemMap::MapAnonymous("indirect ref table",
	table_bytes,
	PROT_READ \| PROT_WRITE,
	/low_4gb=/ false,
	error_msg);
	if (!new_map.IsValid()) {
	return false;
	}

	memcpy(new_map.Begin(), table_mem_map_.Begin(), table_mem_map_.Size());
	table_mem_map_ = std::move(new_map);
	table_ = reinterpret_cast<IrtEntry*>(table_mem_map_.Begin());
	max_entries_ = new_size;

	return true;
	}

	IndirectRef IndirectReferenceTable::Add(IRTSegmentState previous_state,
	ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj,
	std::string* error_msg) {
	if (kDebugIRT) {
	LOG(INFO) << "+++ Add: previous_state=" << previous_state.top_index
	<< " top_index=" << segment_state_.top_index
	<< " last_known_prev_top_index=" << last_known_previous_state_.top_index
	<< " holes=" << current_num_holes_;
	}

	size_t top_index = segment_state_.top_index;

	CHECK(obj != nullptr);
	VerifyObject(obj);
	DCHECK(table_ != nullptr);

	if (top_index == max_entries_) {
	if (resizable_ == ResizableCapacity::kNo) {
	std::ostringstream oss;
	oss << "JNI ERROR (app bug): " << kind_ << " table overflow "
	<< "(max=" << max_entries_ << ")"
	<< MutatorLockedDumpable<IndirectReferenceTable>(*this);
	*error_msg = oss.str();
	return nullptr;
	}

	// Try to double space.
	if (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / 2 < max_entries_) {
	std::ostringstream oss;
	oss << "JNI ERROR (app bug): " << kind_ << " table overflow "
	<< "(max=" << max_entries_ << ")" << std::endl
	<< MutatorLockedDumpable<IndirectReferenceTable>(*this)
	<< " Resizing failed: exceeds size_t";
	*error_msg = oss.str();
	return nullptr;
	}

	std::string inner_error_msg;
	if (!Resize(max_entries_ * 2, &inner_error_msg)) {
	std::ostringstream oss;
	oss << "JNI ERROR (app bug): " << kind_ << " table overflow "
	<< "(max=" << max_entries_ << ")" << std::endl
	<< MutatorLockedDumpable<IndirectReferenceTable>(*this)
	<< " Resizing failed: " << inner_error_msg;
	*error_msg = oss.str();
	return nullptr;
	}
	}

	RecoverHoles(previous_state);
	CheckHoleCount(table_, current_num_holes_, previous_state, segment_state_);

	// We know there's enough room in the table. Now we just need to find
	// the right spot. If there's a hole, find it and fill it; otherwise,
	// add to the end of the list.
	IndirectRef result;
	size_t index;
	if (current_num_holes_ > 0) {
	DCHECK_GT(top_index, 1U);
	// Find the first hole; likely to be near the end of the list.
	IrtEntry* p_scan = &table_[top_index - 1];
	DCHECK(!p_scan->GetReference()->IsNull());
	--p_scan;
	while (!p_scan->GetReference()->IsNull()) {
	DCHECK_GE(p_scan, table_ + previous_state.top_index);
	--p_scan;
	}
	index = p_scan - table_;
	current_num_holes_--;
	} else {
	// Add to the end.
	index = top_index++;
	segment_state_.top_index = top_index;
	}
	table_[index].Add(obj);
	result = ToIndirectRef(index);
	if (kDebugIRT) {
	LOG(INFO) << "+++ added at " << ExtractIndex(result) << " top=" << segment_state_.top_index
	<< " holes=" << current_num_holes_;
	}

	DCHECK(result != nullptr);
	return result;
	}

	void IndirectReferenceTable::AssertEmpty() {
	for (size_t i = 0; i < Capacity(); ++i) {
	if (!table_[i].GetReference()->IsNull()) {
	LOG(FATAL) << "Internal Error: non-empty local reference table\n"
	<< MutatorLockedDumpable<IndirectReferenceTable>(*this);
	UNREACHABLE();
	}
	}
	}

	// Removes an object. We extract the table offset bits from "iref"
	// and zap the corresponding entry, leaving a hole if it's not at the top.
	// If the entry is not between the current top index and the bottom index
	// specified by the cookie, we don't remove anything. This is the behavior
	// required by JNI's DeleteLocalRef function.
	// This method is not called when a local frame is popped; this is only used
	// for explicit single removals.
	// Returns "false" if nothing was removed.
	bool IndirectReferenceTable::Remove(IRTSegmentState previous_state, IndirectRef iref) {
	if (kDebugIRT) {
	LOG(INFO) << "+++ Remove: previous_state=" << previous_state.top_index
	<< " top_index=" << segment_state_.top_index
	<< " last_known_prev_top_index=" << last_known_previous_state_.top_index
	<< " holes=" << current_num_holes_;
	}

	const uint32_t top_index = segment_state_.top_index;
	const uint32_t bottom_index = previous_state.top_index;

	DCHECK(table_ != nullptr);

	if (GetIndirectRefKind(iref) == kHandleScopeOrInvalid) {
	auto* self = Thread::Current();
	if (self->HandleScopeContains(reinterpret_cast<jobject>(iref))) {
	auto* env = self->GetJniEnv();
	DCHECK(env != nullptr);
	if (env->IsCheckJniEnabled()) {
	ScopedObjectAccess soa(self);
	LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to remove non-JNI local reference, dumping thread";
	if (kDumpStackOnNonLocalReference) {
	self->Dump(LOG_STREAM(WARNING));
	}
	}
	return true;
	}
	}
	const uint32_t idx = ExtractIndex(iref);
	if (idx < bottom_index) {
	// Wrong segment.
	LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to remove index outside index area (" << idx
	<< " vs " << bottom_index << "-" << top_index << ")";
	return false;
	}
	if (idx >= top_index) {
	// Bad --- stale reference?
	LOG(WARNING) << "Attempt to remove invalid index " << idx
	<< " (bottom=" << bottom_index << " top=" << top_index << ")";
	return false;
	}

	RecoverHoles(previous_state);
	CheckHoleCount(table_, current_num_holes_, previous_state, segment_state_);

	if (idx == top_index - 1) {
	// Top-most entry. Scan up and consume holes.

	if (!CheckEntry("remove", iref, idx)) {
	return false;
	}

	*table_[idx].GetReference() = GcRoot<mirror::Object>(nullptr);
	if (current_num_holes_ != 0) {
	uint32_t collapse_top_index = top_index;
	while (--collapse_top_index > bottom_index && current_num_holes_ != 0) {
	if (kDebugIRT) {
	ScopedObjectAccess soa(Thread::Current());
	LOG(INFO) << "+++ checking for hole at " << collapse_top_index - 1
	<< " (previous_state=" << bottom_index << ") val="
	<< table_[collapse_top_index - 1].GetReference()->Read<kWithoutReadBarrier>();
	}
	if (!table_[collapse_top_index - 1].GetReference()->IsNull()) {
	break;
	}
	if (kDebugIRT) {
	LOG(INFO) << "+++ ate hole at " << (collapse_top_index - 1);
	}
	current_num_holes_--;
	}
	segment_state_.top_index = collapse_top_index;

	CheckHoleCount(table_, current_num_holes_, previous_state, segment_state_);
	} else {
	segment_state_.top_index = top_index - 1;
	if (kDebugIRT) {
	LOG(INFO) << "+++ ate last entry " << top_index - 1;
	}
	}
	} else {
	// Not the top-most entry. This creates a hole. We null out the entry to prevent somebody
	// from deleting it twice and screwing up the hole count.
	if (table_[idx].GetReference()->IsNull()) {
	LOG(INFO) << "--- WEIRD: removing null entry " << idx;
	return false;
	}
	if (!CheckEntry("remove", iref, idx)) {
	return false;
	}

	*table_[idx].GetReference() = GcRoot<mirror::Object>(nullptr);
	current_num_holes_++;
	CheckHoleCount(table_, current_num_holes_, previous_state, segment_state_);
	if (kDebugIRT) {
	LOG(INFO) << "+++ left hole at " << idx << ", holes=" << current_num_holes_;
	}
	}

	return true;
	}

	void IndirectReferenceTable::Trim() {
	ScopedTrace trace(__PRETTY_FUNCTION__);
	const size_t top_index = Capacity();
	auto* release_start = AlignUp(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(&table_[top_index]), kPageSize);
	uint8_t* release_end = table_mem_map_.End();
	madvise(release_start, release_end - release_start, MADV_DONTNEED);
	}

	void IndirectReferenceTable::VisitRoots(RootVisitor* visitor, const RootInfo& root_info) {
	BufferedRootVisitor<kDefaultBufferedRootCount> root_visitor(visitor, root_info);
	for (auto ref : *this) {
	if (!ref->IsNull()) {
	root_visitor.VisitRoot(*ref);
	DCHECK(!ref->IsNull());
	}
	}
	}

	void IndirectReferenceTable::Dump(std::ostream& os) const {
	os << kind_ << " table dump:\n";
	ReferenceTable::Table entries;
	for (size_t i = 0; i < Capacity(); ++i) {
	ObjPtr<mirror::Object> obj = table_[i].GetReference()->Read<kWithoutReadBarrier>();
	if (obj != nullptr) {
	obj = table_[i].GetReference()->Read();
	entries.push_back(GcRoot<mirror::Object>(obj));
	}
	}
	ReferenceTable::Dump(os, entries);
	}

	void IndirectReferenceTable::SetSegmentState(IRTSegmentState new_state) {
	if (kDebugIRT) {
	LOG(INFO) << "Setting segment state: "
	<< segment_state_.top_index
	<< " -> "
	<< new_state.top_index;
	}
	segment_state_ = new_state;
	}

	bool IndirectReferenceTable::EnsureFreeCapacity(size_t free_capacity, std::string* error_msg) {
	size_t top_index = segment_state_.top_index;
	if (top_index < max_entries_ && top_index + free_capacity <= max_entries_) {
	return true;
	}

	// We're only gonna do a simple best-effort here, ensuring the asked-for capacity at the end.
	if (resizable_ == ResizableCapacity::kNo) {
	*error_msg = "Table is not resizable";
	return false;
	}

	// Try to increase the table size.

	// Would this overflow?
	if (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - free_capacity < top_index) {
	*error_msg = "Cannot resize table, overflow.";
	return false;
	}

	if (!Resize(top_index + free_capacity, error_msg)) {
	LOG(WARNING) << "JNI ERROR: Unable to reserve space in EnsureFreeCapacity (" << free_capacity
	<< "): " << std::endl
	<< MutatorLockedDumpable<IndirectReferenceTable>(*this)
	<< " Resizing failed: " << *error_msg;
	return false;
	}
	return true;
	}

	size_t IndirectReferenceTable::FreeCapacity() const {
	return max_entries_ - segment_state_.top_index;
	}

	} // namespace art